diff --git a/-8kB7xIdKSM.txt b/-8kB7xIdKSM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..103304033738287900640ae7053ec7204172d60b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-8kB7xIdKSM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is the last lecture before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the last lecture before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the last lecture before
+an exam and so what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam and so what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam and so what I'm going to do is
+walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through
+a case study let's look at reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case study let's look at reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case study let's look at reacting
+systems of Ideal gases in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of Ideal gases in a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of Ideal gases in a little more
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+and then if there's time remaining I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if there's time remaining I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if there's time remaining I
+want to do nerds in a nutshell just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do nerds in a nutshell just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do nerds in a nutshell just for
+fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're going to start with reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Ideal gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this pen
+is on its way out so let me switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on its way out so let me switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on its way out so let me switch
+and we're going to consider uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to consider uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to consider uh
+our reaction of the form a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction of the form a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction of the form a plus b
+going to 2C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to 2C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to 2C
+and later on I'm going to plug into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later on I'm going to plug into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later on I'm going to plug into
+numbers and I plugged in numbers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I plugged in numbers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and I plugged in numbers for
+hydrogen plus chlorine goes to two HCL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen plus chlorine goes to two HCL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen plus chlorine goes to two HCL
+uh which is all in the gas phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is all in the gas phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is all in the gas phase
+and this is also generically discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also generically discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also generically discussed
+in the textbook so that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook so that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook so that's sort of
+convenient and here's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and here's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and here's what we're going
+to do we're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to ask
+what can we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what can we learn from plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verse composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free energy of brush system composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of brush system composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of brush system composition
+so free energy gives free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so free energy gives free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so free energy gives free energy
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the sum of partial molar gives free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of partial molar gives free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of partial molar gives free
+energy weighted by the moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy weighted by the moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy weighted by the moles
+and we know that we decompose this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum of the contributions of the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the contributions of the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the contributions of the pure
+components before they were mixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components before they were mixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components before they were mixed and
+then we have this ideal solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct so composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right is expressed by those antivis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is expressed by those antivis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is expressed by those antivis
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+here component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here component
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+that's the reference State and then here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reference State and then here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reference State and then here
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system
+that was mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was mixed
+at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+and total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just remembering what those terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just remembering what those terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just remembering what those terms are
+okay now uh we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh we're going to start
+analyzing this in a little more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing this in a little more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing this in a little more detail
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so for a univariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reacting system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+univariance that meant that there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariance that meant that there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariance that meant that there's only
+one variable right unit variant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable right unit variant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable right unit variant and
+that's a system with only one reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a system with only one reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a system with only one reaction
+so the reaction can run to the right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction can run to the right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction can run to the right or
+run to the left there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to the left there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to the left there's only one
+reaction coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction coordinate
+we saw this in almost all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this in almost all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this in almost all of the
+examples that we did the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single variable
+so we saw this before and right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw this before and right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw this before and right here
+we're going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+NC so I'm just going to arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NC so I'm just going to arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NC so I'm just going to arbitrarily
+choose the third component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the third component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the third component
+and so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we know
+that d and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that d and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that d and a
+equals D and B equals in this case minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals D and B equals in this case minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals D and B equals in this case minus
+one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+DMC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DMC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DMC
+remember this is a plus b going to 2C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a plus b going to 2C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a plus b going to 2C
+all right and we get these from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and I over Nu of I you equals constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good and so that means that n of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and so that means that n of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and so that means that n of a
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+n of a initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total change of n of a and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total change of n of a and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total change of n of a and we just
+plug that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in
+the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one half n of C minus NFC initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half n of C minus NFC initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half n of C minus NFC initial
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah stuff we've seen before in one form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah stuff we've seen before in one form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah stuff we've seen before in one form
+or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if the initial minus one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n of C minus n of C initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of C minus n of C initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of C minus n of C initial
+that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um
+just integrating those changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrating those changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrating those changes
+that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+and of course uh n of C well that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uh n of C well that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uh n of C well that's our
+independence variable so n of C equals n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence variable so n of C equals n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence variable so n of C equals n
+of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C
+uh so that's good now we've re-expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's good now we've re-expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's good now we've re-expressed
+this univariant system with only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this univariant system with only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this univariant system with only one
+variable NFC everything is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable NFC everything is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable NFC everything is in terms of
+NFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NFC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NFC
+that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+um we're also going to need also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're also going to need also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're also going to need also
+gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also gonna need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gonna need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gonna need
+in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for this particular system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this particular system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this particular system this
+happens to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to equal
+n of a initial plus n of B initial plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of a initial plus n of B initial plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of a initial plus n of B initial plus
+n of C initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of C initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of C initial
+and um that's not always guaranteed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that's not always guaranteed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um that's not always guaranteed that
+the total number of moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of moles
+is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but for this reaction for this one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this reaction for this one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this reaction for this one that
+we're doing you have the destruction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing you have the destruction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing you have the destruction of
+two moles in the creation of two moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two moles in the creation of two moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two moles in the creation of two moles
+so the number of moles is fixed so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of moles is fixed so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of moles is fixed so it's
+just uh it makes the math a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh it makes the math a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh it makes the math a little
+easier in this particular case and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in this particular case and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in this particular case and we're
+going to need n of total in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need n of total in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need n of total in order to
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+my P of I's right which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my P of I's right which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my P of I's right which are
+total pressure Over N of I over n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure Over N of I over n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure Over N of I over n total
+so that's what we're going to need our n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to need our n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to need our n
+totals for all right so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals for all right so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals for all right so now we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have uh everything except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh everything except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh everything except for the
+reference data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference data
+all right we wanted to write the Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we wanted to write the Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we wanted to write the Gibbs
+free energy as a function of composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy as a function of composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy as a function of composition
+and we're well on our way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're well on our way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're well on our way so
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+the Gibbs free energy as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibbs free energy as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gibbs free energy as a function of
+NFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and plot it okay so this is what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot it okay so this is what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot it okay so this is what we get
+Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+n of a initial minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of a initial minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of a initial minus
+one half n of C minus n of C initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemical potential of a and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of a and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of a and its
+reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference state
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+n of B initial minus one half n of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of B initial minus one half n of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of B initial minus one half n of C
+minus n of C initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n of C initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n of C initial
+times the chemical potential of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the chemical potential of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the chemical potential of B
+and it's reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's reference state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's reference state
+plus n of c times the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n of c times the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n of c times the chemical potential
+of C in its reference state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C in its reference state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C in its reference state
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the contribution from the ideal entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution from the ideal entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution from the ideal entropy
+of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mixing
+R of t n of I log n of I over n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right so so this so far is none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so this so far is none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so this so far is none of
+this is new I'm just writing things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is new I'm just writing things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is new I'm just writing things out
+a little more than I have in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more than I have in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more than I have in the past
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in order to go any farther it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to go any farther it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to go any farther it's um
+helpful to put some numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas phase reaction hydrogen plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase reaction hydrogen plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase reaction hydrogen plus
+chlorine going to hydrogen chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine going to hydrogen chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine going to hydrogen chloride
+and we're going to consider this at 298.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to consider this at 298.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to consider this at 298.
+Colin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll tell you this this reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you this this reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you this this reaction is
+really annoying this reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really annoying this reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really annoying this reaction is
+annoying for me personally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying for me personally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying for me personally because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in my lab and a lot of labs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in my lab and a lot of labs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in my lab and a lot of labs that are
+doing similar research we would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing similar research we would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing similar research we would really
+like to use hydrogen containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use hydrogen containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use hydrogen containing
+precursors and chlorine containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors and chlorine containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors and chlorine containing
+precursors to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors to uh
+to grow certain 70 characters it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow certain 70 characters it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow certain 70 characters it could
+be a very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very effective
+way of growing certain semiconductors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of growing certain semiconductors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of growing certain semiconductors in
+films the problem is that the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films the problem is that the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films the problem is that the reaction
+byproduct is hydrogen chloride or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct is hydrogen chloride or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct is hydrogen chloride or
+hydrochloric acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrochloric acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrochloric acid and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you're making hydrochloric acid you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making hydrochloric acid you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making hydrochloric acid you
+really can't have any metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't have any metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't have any metal
+in your system especially Downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system especially Downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your system especially Downstream
+and what that means is you can't use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is you can't use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is you can't use a
+lot of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of common
+semiconductor processing equipment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor processing equipment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor processing equipment you
+have to use less common equipment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use less common equipment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use less common equipment you
+have to use a lot of quartzware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use a lot of quartzware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use a lot of quartzware
+and so forth and it stands as a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and it stands as a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and it stands as a pretty
+substantial barrier to running processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial barrier to running processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial barrier to running processes
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+in a semiconductor industry where no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a semiconductor industry where no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a semiconductor industry where no
+one's really interested in swapping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's really interested in swapping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's really interested in swapping out
+stainless steel reactors for a non-metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel reactors for a non-metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel reactors for a non-metal
+reactors it can be done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors it can be done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors it can be done but
+anyway it's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's a problem
+okay so uh a little bit of an aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh a little bit of an aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh a little bit of an aside
+there so let's see the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's see the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's see the chemical
+potential of hydrogen hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of hydrogen hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of hydrogen hydrogen
+all right what is that we need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what is that we need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what is that we need to get
+this from databases so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from databases so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from databases so we're going to
+have a standard enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a standard enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a standard enthalpy
+of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen
+minus t times the standard entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t times the standard entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t times the standard entropy
+of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen
+and by convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by convention
+the standard enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard enthalpy
+of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at 298k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 298k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 298k
+and one bar to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by convention
+by convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by convention
+or definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their
+standard state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+298 Kelvin one atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+H naught set to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right similarly for Mu chlorine not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right similarly for Mu chlorine not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right similarly for Mu chlorine not
+uh chlorine two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chlorine two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chlorine two
+this is H naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is H naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is H naught
+chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine
+minus t s naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t s naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t s naught
+chlorine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine and
+um we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't need
+to look anything up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look anything up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look anything up there
+and then we have the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the chemical potential
+of HCL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HCL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HCL
+in its standard shape and this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its standard shape and this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its standard shape and this is going
+to be h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be h
+CL not minus t s not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL not minus t s not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL not minus t s not
+HCL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um this is non-zero because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is non-zero because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is non-zero because this is
+a compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+HCL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in their standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their standard
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what that is so you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that is so you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that is so you might see
+this as like this one half H2 plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as like this one half H2 plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as like this one half H2 plus one
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+CL two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL two
+going to HCL with an enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to HCL with an enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to HCL with an enthalpy
+of formation sometimes written as Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation sometimes written as Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation sometimes written as Delta
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+all right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um
+this is so so what do we do we get data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so so what do we do we get data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so so what do we do we get data
+and so you can find data for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can find data for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can find data for the
+standard entropy of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard entropy of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard entropy of of these
+components and the enthalpy of formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the enthalpy of formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the enthalpy of formation
+of HCL you can find that data let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HCL you can find that data let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HCL you can find that data let's say
+a missed Web book or pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a missed Web book or pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a missed Web book or pretty much
+anywhere else these are all pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else these are all pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else these are all pretty
+common materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I I applauded some things so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I I applauded some things so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I I applauded some things so we're
+going to look at the props
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the props
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the props
+okay so this is I plotted the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is I plotted the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is I plotted the function
+this is what it looks like so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it looks like so this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it looks like so this is um
+plotted for the case of let me put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted for the case of let me put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted for the case of let me put a
+grab a laser pointer here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab a laser pointer here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab a laser pointer here this is
+plotted for uh the case of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted for uh the case of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted for uh the case of um
+initial moles of A and B is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial moles of A and B is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial moles of A and B is one and
+initial bones of C is zero I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial bones of C is zero I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial bones of C is zero I could have
+thought I could have chosen any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I could have chosen any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I could have chosen any any
+starting conditions here I just made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting conditions here I just made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting conditions here I just made it
+simple so you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so you start with a
+stoichiometric mixture of A and B and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometric mixture of A and B and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometric mixture of A and B and no
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+and I plotted this Gibbs free energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I plotted this Gibbs free energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I plotted this Gibbs free energy of
+this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system
+as a function of NFC using data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of NFC using data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of NFC using data for
+hydrogen chlorine and hydrogen chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen chlorine and hydrogen chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen chlorine and hydrogen chloride
+I did cheat a little bit I reduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did cheat a little bit I reduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did cheat a little bit I reduced the
+formation enthalpy of HCL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation enthalpy of HCL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation enthalpy of HCL
+just because it makes the plot easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it makes the plot easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it makes the plot easier to
+read by eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read by eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read by eye
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+don't take these numbers to the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take these numbers to the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take these numbers to the bank
+don't use these in your future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use these in your future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use these in your future
+engineering and research endeavors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and research endeavors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and research endeavors
+but the science lesson still stands so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the science lesson still stands so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the science lesson still stands so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right so what does this plot telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this plot telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this plot telling us
+would somebody just please uh interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somebody just please uh interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somebody just please uh interpret
+this what does this mean what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what does this mean what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what does this mean what's the
+meaning of it well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of it well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of it well we can
+see the G is minimized approximately at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the G is minimized approximately at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the G is minimized approximately at
+1.5 moles of uh NC that is HCl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 moles of uh NC that is HCl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 moles of uh NC that is HCl
+so that being the lowest point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that being the lowest point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that being the lowest point that's
+where the reaction will settle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the reaction will settle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the reaction will settle at
+equilibrium at this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at this temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at this temperature
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+um so yeah that's that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah that's that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah that's that's exactly right
+the reaction if you start over here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction if you start over here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction if you start over here on
+the left hand side with no moles of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side with no moles of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side with no moles of C
+the reaction will proceed to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction will proceed to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction will proceed to the right
+until the Gibbs free energy is minimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the Gibbs free energy is minimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the Gibbs free energy is minimized
+and we see that point right here good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we also see it curve back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also see it curve back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also see it curve back up
+so there was a problem on the pset about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a problem on the pset about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a problem on the pset about
+this curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curvature
+and this curvature is always here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this curvature is always here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this curvature is always here
+even if it gets pushed really close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it gets pushed really close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it gets pushed really close to
+the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis
+this is to say that at equilibrium no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to say that at equilibrium no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to say that at equilibrium no
+reaction ever runs all the way to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction ever runs all the way to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction ever runs all the way to one
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+and equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equilibrium
+right there's always a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's always a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's always a little bit of
+mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing
+and that comes from the singularity of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes from the singularity of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes from the singularity of X
+log X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's another thing to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's another thing to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's another thing to see you
+can see here that in this case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here that in this case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here that in this case that the
+starting Gibbs free energy on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Gibbs free energy on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting Gibbs free energy on the left
+hand side is higher than the good free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is higher than the good free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is higher than the good free
+energy if you had full conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if you had full conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy if you had full conversion
+all right so there's a driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's a driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's a driving force
+here for the reaction to run to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the reaction to run to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the reaction to run to the
+right initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right initially
+I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not sure I'm not sure what else to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure I'm not sure what else to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure I'm not sure what else to say
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+all right now what I did is I uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what I did is I uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what I did is I uh I
+repeated the calculation for 328 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated the calculation for 328 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated the calculation for 328 Kelvin
+and so uh how did I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh how did I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh how did I do that
+let me let me switch back to the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me switch back to the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me switch back to the camera
+for a minute we'll come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute we'll come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute we'll come back to this
+data but I want somebody to to remind us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but I want somebody to to remind us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but I want somebody to to remind us
+how I would have calculated this for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I would have calculated this for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I would have calculated this for uh
+for a different temperature so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a different temperature so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a different temperature so all right
+we have here the Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here the Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here the Gibbs free energy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now I want to calculate this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to calculate this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to calculate this for a
+temperature other than 298 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature other than 298 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature other than 298 Kelvin
+what do I need what data do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right here I have temperature here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here I have temperature here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here I have temperature here so
+obviously I can I can change that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I can I can change that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I can I can change that number
+from 298 to to a different number but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 298 to to a different number but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 298 to to a different number but is
+that the only thing that I need to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only thing that I need to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only thing that I need to keep
+track of or is there something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also the heat capacity is for Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the heat capacity is for Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the heat capacity is for Edge
+Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center
+you need the heat capacities for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the heat capacities for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the heat capacities for each
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+can you tell me why what do I do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me why what do I do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me why what do I do with
+those D capacities I think you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those D capacities I think you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those D capacities I think you can get
+the H select t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H select t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H select t
+back like a patch the enthalpy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back like a patch the enthalpy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back like a patch the enthalpy as a
+function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time
+right I need to change the enthalpy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I need to change the enthalpy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I need to change the enthalpy from
+enthalpy to 98 to enthalpy at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy to 98 to enthalpy at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy to 98 to enthalpy at a
+different temperature I also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature I also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature I also need to
+update the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the entropy
+all right so I integrate heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I integrate heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I integrate heat capacity
+here I integrate heat capacity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I integrate heat capacity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I integrate heat capacity over
+temperature here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here
+I also have to change the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also have to change the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also have to change the temperature
+here so what I'm doing is I'm using heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what I'm doing is I'm using heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what I'm doing is I'm using heat
+capacity data to calculate the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity data to calculate the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity data to calculate the standard
+chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential
+at some other temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other temperature
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+so just a reminder there so I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a reminder there so I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a reminder there so I need a
+heat capacity data for all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity data for all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity data for all three
+components and I did those calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and I did those calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and I did those calculations
+I just programmed this in Matlab so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just programmed this in Matlab so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just programmed this in Matlab so
+it did it for me and I updated H's and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did it for me and I updated H's and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did it for me and I updated H's and I
+updated s's I updated Muse and I plugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated s's I updated Muse and I plugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated s's I updated Muse and I plugged
+that all into this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all into this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all into this expression
+so I haven't updated mu updated new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't updated mu updated new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't updated mu updated new
+updated mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated mu
+and of course I just changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I just changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I just changed the
+temperature there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there
+and and then I reported so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then I reported so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then I reported so let's see
+let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to
+let's go back to the graphs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the graphs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the graphs here
+okay so I repotted so uh what let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I repotted so uh what let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I repotted so uh what let's see
+uh can somebody speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can somebody speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can somebody speak to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what is this plot telling us I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this plot telling us I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this plot telling us I mean the
+the the 328 Kelvin plot is below the 298
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 328 Kelvin plot is below the 298
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 328 Kelvin plot is below the 298
+Kelvin pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin pot
+can somebody offer an explanation as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody offer an explanation as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody offer an explanation as to
+why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is
+why did it overall drop instead of rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to do with this reaction being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do with this reaction being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do with this reaction being
+either exothermic or endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either exothermic or endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either exothermic or endothermic
+so I love that and we're getting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I love that and we're getting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I love that and we're getting there
+but in this case that's not the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case that's not the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case that's not the dominant
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+in this case that's not the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case that's not the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case that's not the dominant
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could it be because the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be because the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be because the temperature is
+higher so the formation enthalpy sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so the formation enthalpy sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher so the formation enthalpy sorry
+the um Delta G has to be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it has to do not so much with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it has to do not so much with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it has to do not so much with any
+sort of reaction or formation but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reaction or formation but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reaction or formation but it has
+to do with this functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this functional form
+DG for any system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG for any system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG for any system
+equals minus s DT plus P DV plus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus s DT plus P DV plus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus s DT plus P DV plus so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+the trend in temperature of Gibbs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend in temperature of Gibbs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trend in temperature of Gibbs free
+energy tends to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy tends to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy tends to be negative
+because Gibbs varies with temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Gibbs varies with temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Gibbs varies with temperature
+with a slope of minus s and entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slope of minus s and entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slope of minus s and entropy is
+strictly positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there could be other things changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there could be other things changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there could be other things changing
+right you can have volume changing sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can have volume changing sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can have volume changing sorry
+VDP you get a volume change and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDP you get a volume change and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDP you get a volume change and you
+could have number of moles changing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have number of moles changing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have number of moles changing but
+just sort of as a as a rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of as a as a rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of as a as a rule of thumb
+for almost any system Gibbs tends to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost any system Gibbs tends to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost any system Gibbs tends to go
+down as the temperature rises and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as the temperature rises and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as the temperature rises and it
+comes simply from that coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so that we can see we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that we can see we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that we can see we can see
+that the uh the overall thing shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh the overall thing shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh the overall thing shifted
+down but it's a little bit hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but it's a little bit hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but it's a little bit hard to
+compare these two curves when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two curves when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two curves when when
+they're so shifted the dynamic range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so shifted the dynamic range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so shifted the dynamic range of
+the plot is kind of too big and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot is kind of too big and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot is kind of too big and so what
+I'm going to do is I'm going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is I'm going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is I'm going to do it
+what they do in the textbook and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do in the textbook and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do in the textbook and I'm
+going to plot um just arbitrarily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot um just arbitrarily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot um just arbitrarily the
+Gibbs free energy minus two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy minus two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy minus two times the
+Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy
+of C naught so what I'm basically doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C naught so what I'm basically doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C naught so what I'm basically doing
+is I'm pegging these plots to zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm pegging these plots to zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm pegging these plots to zero on
+the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side
+you get back into zero on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get back into zero on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get back into zero on the left hand
+side and same thing basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and same thing basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and same thing basically
+um and so now I can zoom in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so now I can zoom in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so now I can zoom in a little bit
+now I can I can draw another conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can I can draw another conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can I can draw another conclusion
+from this from these plots by comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this from these plots by comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this from these plots by comparing
+them you see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you see I
+I have them now on the same plot so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have them now on the same plot so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have them now on the same plot so I
+got the full dynamic range of the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the full dynamic range of the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the full dynamic range of the plot
+and then I'm going to zoom in even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to zoom in even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to zoom in even
+farther so now we're zoomed way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther so now we're zoomed way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther so now we're zoomed way in
+around the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the minimum
+um somebody like to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody like to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody like to point out
+an observation about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observation about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observation about these
+equilibrium points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium points
+can you draw any conclusions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you draw any conclusions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you draw any conclusions about this
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+from what's plotted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's plotted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's plotted here
+increasing temperature drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing temperature drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing temperature drives the
+reaction to the uh to the left the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to the uh to the left the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to the uh to the left the left
+yeah so Samuel's pointing out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Samuel's pointing out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so Samuel's pointing out that
+uh as you cool as you heat up Sam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you cool as you heat up Sam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you cool as you heat up Sam is
+pointing out that the minimum it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out that the minimum it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out that the minimum it gives
+free energy at 298 Kelvin is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy at 298 Kelvin is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy at 298 Kelvin is over here
+and it seems to shift a little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems to shift a little bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems to shift a little bit to
+the left as we increase the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a little subtle you need to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little subtle you need to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little subtle you need to look
+closely but it's visible if you zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely but it's visible if you zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely but it's visible if you zoom in
+zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in
+thank you zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you zoom
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um right so I'll I'll ask a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so I'll I'll ask a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so I'll I'll ask a couple
+questions and these are the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and these are the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and these are the questions
+which we're going to analyze two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to analyze two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to analyze two
+questions first is the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions first is the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions first is the reaction
+endothermic or exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic or exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic or exothermic
+and two Can you estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two Can you estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two Can you estimate
+the reaction enthalpy from the data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction enthalpy from the data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction enthalpy from the data on
+the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen
+okay so who wants to tackle number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so who wants to tackle number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so who wants to tackle number one
+question one is this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one is this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one is this reaction
+endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic
+or exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exothermic
+is it exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it exothermic
+is it exothermic and um okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it exothermic and um okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it exothermic and um okay why
+uh because we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we see that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with an increase in temperature it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an increase in temperature it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an increase in temperature it
+shifts to the left so we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts to the left so we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts to the left so we would expect
+heat to be a product of the reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to be a product of the reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to be a product of the reaction so
+that when it increases by Le chatelier's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when it increases by Le chatelier's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when it increases by Le chatelier's
+principle it will shift to the side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle it will shift to the side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle it will shift to the side that
+reduces the amount of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the amount of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the amount of heat
+yes exactly thank you that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly thank you that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly thank you that was very
+clearly said so they shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly said so they shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly said so they shot
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+I should say reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says that reacting systems um quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that reacting systems um quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that reacting systems um quote
+unquote resists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote resists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote resists
+right they don't have bumper stickers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't have bumper stickers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't have bumper stickers
+they don't actually know what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't actually know what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't actually know what they're
+doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but
+um they quote unquote resist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they quote unquote resist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they quote unquote resist the
+temperature rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in endothermic direction right they try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in endothermic direction right they try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in endothermic direction right they try
+to soak up that heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the endothermic Direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endothermic Direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endothermic Direction so
+this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction
+is observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run
+to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right with increasing t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so running backwards is endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so running backwards is endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so running backwards is endothermic
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+as written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay that's good and uh we'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay that's good and uh we'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay that's good and uh we'll also
+just remember vanthoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Beth Hof said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beth Hof said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beth Hof said
+D log k p d t equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D log k p d t equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D log k p d t equals
+Delta H naught over r t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H naught over r t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H naught over r t
+squared which is basically saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is basically saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is basically saying the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what we're observing is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're observing is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're observing is that this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh this is negative right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is negative right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is negative right
+the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction
+at equilibrium is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium is is uh
+shifting to the left so KP is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting to the left so KP is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting to the left so KP is getting
+smaller as we raise temperature so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller as we raise temperature so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller as we raise temperature so this
+this slope is negative and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slope is negative and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slope is negative and indeed
+we have an exothermic Delta H okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an exothermic Delta H okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an exothermic Delta H okay good
+so that's a sort of a concept question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a sort of a concept question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a sort of a concept question
+all right but what about number two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but what about number two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but what about number two this
+is a little bit more involved so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more involved so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more involved so I'm
+just going to step through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to step through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to step through this
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+vantov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using van Huff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using van Huff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using van Huff
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+KP DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the enthalpy of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of the reaction
+so so that's useful okay so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's useful okay so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's useful okay so here's what
+we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do
+um I'm going to ask the class how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to ask the class how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to ask the class how would
+I estimate this how would I estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I estimate this how would I estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I estimate this how would I estimate
+this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity
+isn't kfp equal to the partial pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't kfp equal to the partial pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't kfp equal to the partial pressures
+of the products over the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the products over the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the products over the partial
+pressures of the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of the reactants
+uh right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is the data I'm given so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the data I'm given so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the data I'm given so is
+there something you could do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well given that it's a ideal gas system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well given that it's a ideal gas system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well given that it's a ideal gas system
+we have the number of moles at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the number of moles at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the number of moles at
+equilibrium of HCL and from there we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of HCL and from there we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of HCL and from there we can
+extract the number of moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the number of moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the number of moles
+of the reactants which would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactants which would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactants which would be a
+substitute for the partial pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for the partial pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for the partial pressures
+great that's fantastic that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's fantastic that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's fantastic that's exactly
+what I'm looking for thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking for thank you so
+um so I just showed that plot again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just showed that plot again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just showed that plot again just
+to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of
+jog your minds and that's right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jog your minds and that's right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jog your minds and that's right so what
+we're going to do is we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is we're going to look
+at these two temperatures for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these two temperatures for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these two temperatures for which
+we're given data 298 and 328
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given data 298 and 328
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given data 298 and 328
+and we're going to eyeball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to eyeball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to eyeball
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+we're going to eyeball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to eyeball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to eyeball
+the equilibrium number of moles of c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium number of moles of c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium number of moles of c and
+I did that uh you could do it if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did that uh you could do it if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did that uh you could do it if you're
+still looking at the plot it's not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still looking at the plot it's not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still looking at the plot it's not hard
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+uh I eyeballed it I didn't Solve IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I eyeballed it I didn't Solve IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I eyeballed it I didn't Solve IT
+numerically or anything I just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically or anything I just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically or anything I just sort of
+did it to two decimal points 1.55 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it to two decimal points 1.55 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it to two decimal points 1.55 and
+1.5 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 feet
+so that's it that is the data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it that is the data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it that is the data that we
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+from there everything is calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there everything is calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there everything is calculations
+okay so NC at equilibrium is 1.55 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so NC at equilibrium is 1.55 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so NC at equilibrium is 1.55 and
+1.53 we already have expressions for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.53 we already have expressions for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.53 we already have expressions for an
+n a and NB in terms of entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a and NB in terms of entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a and NB in terms of entity
+and you can figure out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out from the
+Stoichiometry of the problem it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoichiometry of the problem it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoichiometry of the problem it comes
+out to 0.225 and 0.23 uh sorry 0.235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I have the mall numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have the mall numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have the mall numbers
+and what we just heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we just heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we just heard
+was basically Dalton's law right that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically Dalton's law right that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically Dalton's law right that we
+can get the partial pressures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the partial pressures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the partial pressures and
+therefore the equilibrium constants from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the equilibrium constants from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the equilibrium constants from
+the mole numbers so I went ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mole numbers so I went ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mole numbers so I went ahead and
+calculated those from these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated those from these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated those from these numbers
+47.5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47.5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47.5 and
+42.4 and just as a reminder here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42.4 and just as a reminder here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42.4 and just as a reminder here this is
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+I equals n i Over N total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals n i Over N total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals n i Over N total
+and again just to make it very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again just to make it very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again just to make it very very
+clear what I did for example 47.5 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I did for example 47.5 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I did for example 47.5 what
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.55 divided by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.55 divided by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.55 divided by 2
+squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over
+0.235 divided by 2 times another factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.235 divided by 2 times another factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.235 divided by 2 times another factor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+0.235 divided by two reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.235 divided by two reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.235 divided by two reaction
+coefficient so that's an example all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so that's an example all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so that's an example all
+right so these are you know as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are you know as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are you know as usual
+thermal the actual calculations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal the actual calculations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal the actual calculations are
+exceedingly simple just figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly simple just figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly simple just figuring out
+what goes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+and and then what then what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then what then what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then what then what do we do
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+these estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we don't have a derivative but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't have a derivative but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we don't have a derivative but we
+have some changes the change in log K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some changes the change in log K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some changes the change in log K of
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+and calculated it it's minus 0.114
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculated it it's minus 0.114
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculated it it's minus 0.114
+the change in temperature was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in temperature was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in temperature was um
+30 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 Kelvin
+those are the two data points we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two data points we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two data points we were
+given and so we will just say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given and so we will just say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given and so we will just say well
+um I'm in a rush and this is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm in a rush and this is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm in a rush and this is all the
+data I have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I have so
+uh let's say that this derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say that this derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say that this derivative is
+approximately equal to rise over run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to rise over run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to rise over run
+and this comes out to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.00379 the units here are inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.00379 the units here are inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.00379 the units here are inverse
+Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin
+and there that's it so Delta H naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there that's it so Delta H naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there that's it so Delta H naught
+equals r t squared D log KP DT and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r t squared D log KP DT and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r t squared D log KP DT and I'm
+going to say it's approximately equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say it's approximately equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say it's approximately equal to
+okay I estimated that R is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I estimated that R is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I estimated that R is a constant
+what temperature should I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature should I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what temperature should I use
+the temperature should I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature should I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature should I use
+maybe like the average temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like the average temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like the average temperature so
+like the one in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one in the middle
+yeah that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything we'll really do you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we'll really do you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we'll really do you know you
+remember this from calculus when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this from calculus when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this from calculus when you
+take the derivative you can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative you can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative you can like
+evaluate a function in the left or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a function in the left or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a function in the left or the
+middle or the right stuff like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle or the right stuff like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle or the right stuff like that so
+I'll use midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use midpoint
+anything will do you just have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything will do you just have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything will do you just have to use a
+number right you can't just leave it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right you can't just leave it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right you can't just leave it as
+T so we'll use a midpoint and if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we'll use a midpoint and if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we'll use a midpoint and if I do
+that I say minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I say minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I say minus
+3.09 kilojoules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.09 kilojoules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.09 kilojoules
+and uh that's the answer to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's the answer to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's the answer to the question
+that was given right estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was given right estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was given right estimate the
+enthalpy of this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's exothermic as expected that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exothermic as expected that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exothermic as expected that's good
+and I'll let you know that uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll let you know that uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll let you know that uh when I
+generated that plot I use minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated that plot I use minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated that plot I use minus two
+kilojoules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilojoules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilojoules
+so the the plots are generated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the plots are generated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the plots are generated from
+minus two kilojoules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two kilojoules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two kilojoules
+um and the heat capacities and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the heat capacities and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the heat capacities and this
+rough estimate gets us minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough estimate gets us minus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough estimate gets us minus three
+kilojoules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilojoules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilojoules
+all right well anyway the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well anyway the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well anyway the starting point
+the idea was an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I will leave you uh I want to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will leave you uh I want to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will leave you uh I want to move on
+but I'll leave you with just some ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll leave you with just some ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll leave you with just some ideas
+right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to make sure that you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make sure that you know how
+to calculate the temperature dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the temperature dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the temperature dependence
+if you arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you arise
+a little while ago right you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while ago right you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while ago right you want to
+make sure we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we do this
+and it's just an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just an interesting question
+can we estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the heat capacity difference across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity difference across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity difference across this
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from attempt series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of G of M of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G of M of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G of M of C
+right so we didn't see just now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we didn't see just now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we didn't see just now a
+temperature series we really just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature series we really just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature series we really just saw
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+two temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two temperatures
+but if you had a bunch of temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had a bunch of temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had a bunch of temperatures
+if you had a whole family of Curves at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a whole family of Curves at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a whole family of Curves at
+different temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures
+um you know you could estimate heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you could estimate heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you could estimate heat
+capacity differences from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity differences from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity differences from that
+and it's interesting to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting to think about how
+you might go about that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go about that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go about that at least
+formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+all right so in the time remaining I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in the time remaining I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in the time remaining I'd
+like to move on to nernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to move on to nernest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to move on to nernest
+um unless they're really burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unless they're really burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unless they're really burning
+questions about this in which case I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this in which case I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this in which case I'm
+happy to install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to install
+well I had a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I had a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I had a question about
+um I guess going back towards the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess going back towards the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess going back towards the start
+of working on this problem uh so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on this problem uh so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on this problem uh so in this
+particular reacting system with HCL we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reacting system with HCL we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reacting system with HCL we
+do have that end total is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have that end total is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have that end total is equal to a
+constant because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because
+for two moles of reactant we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two moles of reactant we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two moles of reactant we have two
+moles of product how would you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of product how would you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of product how would you deal with
+that not being the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not being the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not being the case
+um it's it's formally not hard it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's formally not hard it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's formally not hard it's just
+get a little Annoying the computer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little Annoying the computer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little Annoying the computer will
+take care of it for you basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of it for you basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of it for you basically what
+you do is you have these Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you have these Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you have these Expressions
+here for an A and B and C and it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for an A and B and C and it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for an A and B and C and it's all
+in terms of NC so we've reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of NC so we've reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of NC so we've reduced
+everything to one variable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to one variable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to one variable right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all that means is that the end total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that means is that the end total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that means is that the end total
+which is the sum of NIS will also then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum of NIS will also then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sum of NIS will also then
+in general have an NC dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general have an NC dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general have an NC dependence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+everything else follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all follows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all follows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all follows here
+uh when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you
+right when that's you know that General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when that's you know that General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when that's you know that General
+have an NC dependence there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an NC dependence there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an NC dependence there in the
+denominator but plug it in and plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator but plug it in and plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator but plug it in and plot it
+you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's
+um in general here right I have n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general here right I have n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general here right I have n total
+here right when using Dalton's law I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right when using Dalton's law I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right when using Dalton's law I
+just went ahead and plugged in twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went ahead and plugged in twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went ahead and plugged in twos
+there in general you'd need to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in general you'd need to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in general you'd need to calculate
+and total and it would be not other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total and it would be not other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and total and it would be not other than
+two so that would be another place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that would be another place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that would be another place where
+you need to keep track of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to keep track of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to keep track of it
+good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's a nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a nice uh
+it's a nice reaction form to analyze to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice reaction form to analyze to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice reaction form to analyze to
+just understand the math and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just understand the math and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just understand the math and the
+formalism and the fundamentals of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism and the fundamentals of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism and the fundamentals of this
+because of that conservable number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that conservable number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that conservable number
+adding a varying mole number is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a varying mole number is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a varying mole number is a
+complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication
+of course it's realistic right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's realistic right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's realistic right there's
+lots of systems you'll analyze in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of systems you'll analyze in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of systems you'll analyze in your
+careers that will not have fixed small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers that will not have fixed small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers that will not have fixed small
+number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but
+um it's a complication and so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a complication and so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a complication and so that's why
+uh you know I chose here to do a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I chose here to do a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I chose here to do a plus b
+equals 2C likewise in the textbook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2C likewise in the textbook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2C likewise in the textbook and
+lots of other textbooks we like to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other textbooks we like to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other textbooks we like to sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+particular simple cases first all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular simple cases first all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular simple cases first all right
+so now I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I want to just
+um switch gears and just take you on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um switch gears and just take you on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um switch gears and just take you on a
+very quick walk through the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick walk through the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick walk through the next
+equation and you can just sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you can just sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you can just sort of you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+stop taking notes if you like and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop taking notes if you like and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop taking notes if you like and just
+let this sort of watch over you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this sort of watch over you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this sort of watch over you it's
+it's just for context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just for context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just for context
+it's just for context all right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just for context all right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just for context all right so what
+we're going to do we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a redox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a redox
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+take a redox reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a redox reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a redox reaction
+and this and why I'm doing this now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and why I'm doing this now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and why I'm doing this now by
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+it's because it couples nicely to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it couples nicely to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because it couples nicely to some
+stuff which we have done in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which we have done in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which we have done in this class
+recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently
+and it couples nicely to what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it couples nicely to what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it couples nicely to what you're
+going to be doing in o23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's why we're doing this now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're doing this now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're doing this now okay
+so we take a redox reaction I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take a redox reaction I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take a redox reaction I'm going to
+use this one it's a very well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one it's a very well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one it's a very well-known
+reaction this is called a Dano Daniel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is called a Dano Daniel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is called a Dano Daniel
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+uh there's a guy I had to look this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a guy I had to look this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a guy I had to look this up
+JF Daniel and we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JF Daniel and we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JF Daniel and we're talking about the
+1830s he's making batteries out of zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830s he's making batteries out of zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1830s he's making batteries out of zinc
+and copper and sulfates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and copper and sulfates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and copper and sulfates so
+it's a very accountable so we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very accountable so we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very accountable so we take this
+redox reaction great and this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox reaction great and this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox reaction great and this is sort of
+key we're going to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a device this is about making stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a device this is about making stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a device this is about making stuff
+making devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making devices
+in a device engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+follow separate paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have to know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to know something about
+Plumbing you have to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plumbing you have to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plumbing you have to know something
+about Electronics right this is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Electronics right this is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Electronics right this is fine
+this is fine so this is this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine so this is this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fine so this is this is an
+example for the demo cell this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the demo cell this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the demo cell this is what
+that would actually look like Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would actually look like Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would actually look like Earth
+doesn't actually look like this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually look like this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually look like this is what
+that would actually look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would actually look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would actually look like
+we're having two beakers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having two beakers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having two beakers here
+two beakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these two beakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two beakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two beakers
+and what are we going to do here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are we going to do here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are we going to do here uh
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+have a rod of zinc metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of zinc metal and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of zinc metal and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of zinc metal and we're going to
+have a rod of copper metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're also going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're also going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're also going to have
+something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assault
+Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which can be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be uh
+a U-shaped pipette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a U-shaped pipette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a U-shaped pipette
+not pipette but you take u-shaped tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pipette but you take u-shaped tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pipette but you take u-shaped tube
+filled with brine basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with brine basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with brine basically
+and this is aqueous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are aqueous systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are aqueous systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are aqueous systems
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we have here in solution we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here in solution we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here in solution we have
+zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc
+sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aqueous aqueous zinc sulfate and aqueous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous aqueous zinc sulfate and aqueous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous aqueous zinc sulfate and aqueous
+copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we have a system where ions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have a system where ions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have a system where ions can
+go this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or we still need somewhere for electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we still need somewhere for electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we still need somewhere for electrons
+to go and so electrons we pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and so electrons we pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and so electrons we pull out
+through external circuitry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through external circuitry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through external circuitry
+put two terminals there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two terminals there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two terminals there
+and these are the voltage current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the voltage current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the voltage current
+terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what I've just drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I've just drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I've just drawn
+um if you abstract the way the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you abstract the way the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you abstract the way the details
+is every battery ever made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every battery ever made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every battery ever made
+or every electrochemical reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every electrochemical reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or every electrochemical reduction
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ever made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but you know anyway we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know anyway we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know anyway we don't have
+time for everything every made we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for everything every made we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for everything every made we're
+just going to step through this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to step through this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to step through this example
+okay so that's what we did now keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we did now keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we did now keep on
+going the electrostatic work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the electrostatic work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the electrostatic work
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you guys remember introductory physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys remember introductory physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys remember introductory physics
+the work of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n f
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e we tend to use this sort of script d e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e we tend to use this sort of script d e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e we tend to use this sort of script d e
+this is also known as electromotive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also known as electromotive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also known as electromotive
+Force but it's also sometimes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force but it's also sometimes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force but it's also sometimes just
+written in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's NF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's NF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's NF
+n equals moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals moles
+f equals the number of coulombs per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals the number of coulombs per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals the number of coulombs per mole
+of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+96 485 coulombs per mole this is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 485 coulombs per mole this is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 485 coulombs per mole this is known
+as Faraday's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the electrostatic work of doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrostatic work of doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrostatic work of doing that is
+um I'm going to call this W star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to call this W star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to call this W star
+which is also the change in energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also the change in energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also the change in energy of
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+and this is from introductory physics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is from introductory physics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is from introductory physics we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a displacement dot product with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a displacement dot product with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a displacement dot product with the
+electric field so this is a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot product with a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+displacement Fields let's see dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement Fields let's see dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement Fields let's see dot
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+if you remember how voltage is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember how voltage is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember how voltage is defined
+it's a spatial integral of the directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spatial integral of the directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a spatial integral of the directed
+field so n f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so n f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so n f
+e so the work the negative work which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so the work the negative work which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e so the work the negative work which is
+the minus change in energy of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus change in energy of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus change in energy of the system
+of moving n moles of charge across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving n moles of charge across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving n moles of charge across
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+Epsilon is nfe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is nfe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is nfe
+okay we're also going to take something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're also going to take something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're also going to take something
+called the generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+which I don't have time to derive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I don't have time to derive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I don't have time to derive but
+hopefully it's a little bit intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's a little bit intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's a little bit intuitive
+the change of Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is W star where W star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W star where W star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W star where W star
+is any reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so far in this class and really for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far in this class and really for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far in this class and really for
+the entirety of this class we only deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entirety of this class we only deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entirety of this class we only deal
+with mechanical work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mechanical work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mechanical work right
+pdv work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdv work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdv work
+and that's fine but just for this one 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine but just for this one 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine but just for this one 20
+minute segment 15 minute segment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute segment 15 minute segment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute segment 15 minute segment we're
+going to deal with electrostatic work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with electrostatic work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with electrostatic work
+we're going to admit that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to admit that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to admit that there are
+other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways
+other than mechanical ways of changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than mechanical ways of changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than mechanical ways of changing
+the energy of a system through work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of a system through work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of a system through work and
+this is Electric electrical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Electric electrical work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Electric electrical work
+electrostatic work okay so if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic work okay so if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic work okay so if we take
+this and we combine it with this we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we combine it with this we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we combine it with this we get
+something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+the nurse equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the nurse equation is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nurse equation is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nurse equation is very simple
+the change in gibbs3 on the Java system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is minus nfe as the change that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus nfe as the change that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus nfe as the change that gives
+free energy for moving n moles through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy for moving n moles through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy for moving n moles through a
+potential of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but we're going to keep going here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we're going to keep going here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we're going to keep going here
+we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use
+stuff we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we already know
+formalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism
+of reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities
+or if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like
+concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for instance in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance in this case
+Delta g equals Delta G not plus r t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta g equals Delta G not plus r t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta g equals Delta G not plus r t
+natural log and remembering the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log and remembering the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log and remembering the form of
+our reaction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction here
+using sulfite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sulfite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sulfite
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+copper activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper activity
+copper sulfate activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper sulfate activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper sulfate activity
+zinc metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a reaction quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're going to do is
+is now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we're going to
+use nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrostatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics
+that was from the previous board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was from the previous board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was from the previous board
+we're going to couple electrostatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to couple electrostatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to couple electrostatics
+and chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was thermochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was electrostatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was electrostatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was electrostatics
+and so what happens when electrostatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens when electrostatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happens when electrostatics
+and chemistry get married you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemistry get married you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemistry get married you get
+electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's written as followed n f e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus Delta
+G not minus r t Ln of Q and this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G not minus r t Ln of Q and this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G not minus r t Ln of Q and this is also
+sometimes called the nernst equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the nernst equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the nernst equation
+right this is a cell voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a cell voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a cell voltage
+something you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can measure
+easily with a voltmeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily with a voltmeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily with a voltmeter
+this is a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this reaction coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this reaction coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this reaction coefficient
+coefficient depends on concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the Daniel cell we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the Daniel cell we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the Daniel cell we have
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a Daniel cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have Epsilon not Epsilon sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Epsilon not Epsilon sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Epsilon not Epsilon sorry
+electric potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric potential
+is a reference potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reference potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reference potential
+minus RT over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RT over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RT over 2
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of zinc sulfite for the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zinc sulfite for the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zinc sulfite for the concentration
+copper sulfide sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper sulfide sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper sulfide sulfate
+what are these X X's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these X X's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these X X's are
+concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in aqueous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e naught are reference potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference potential
+defined for a reference State and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for a reference State and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for a reference State and in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+it would be concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be concentration
+of the two aqueous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two aqueous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two aqueous
+components equals one molo molal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components equals one molo molal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components equals one molo molal
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I made n equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this particular redox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involves two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you remember the the formal charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the the formal charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember the the formal charge on
+sulfate or cockroaching care okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate or cockroaching care okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfate or cockroaching care okay so
+that was very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very fast
+but I think it was worth it because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it was worth it because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it was worth it because now
+you've seen this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this stuff
+and then as you see it again in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you see it again in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you see it again in other
+classes hopefully there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes hopefully there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes hopefully there'll be some
+connections to some some material from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to some some material from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to some some material from
+o2o
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-D4GDdxJrpg.txt b/-D4GDdxJrpg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63221e9d552ea6d6fe44c4c3ee8f8329797bbd6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-D4GDdxJrpg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay today I'm speaking about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today I'm speaking about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today I'm speaking about the first
+of the three great partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three great partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three great partial differential
+equation partial differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation partial differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation partial differential equations
+so this one is called Laplace's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one is called Laplace's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one is called Laplace's equation
+named after Laplace and you see partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after Laplace and you see partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after Laplace and you see partial
+derivatives so we have I don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so we have I don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so we have I don't have time
+this equation is in steady state I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is in steady state I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is in steady state I have
+x and y I'm in the XY plane and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y I'm in the XY plane and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y I'm in the XY plane and I have
+second derivatives in X and in Y so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives in X and in Y so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives in X and in Y so I'm
+looking for solutions to that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for solutions to that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for solutions to that equation
+and of course I'm given some boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I'm given some boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I'm given some boundary
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+so time is not here the boundary values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so time is not here the boundary values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so time is not here the boundary values
+the boundary is in the XY plane maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary is in the XY plane maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary is in the XY plane maybe a
+circle think about a circle in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle think about a circle in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle think about a circle in the XY
+plane and on the circle I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and on the circle I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and on the circle I know the
+solution U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U
+so the boundary values around the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the boundary values around the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the boundary values around the circle
+or give it and I have to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give it and I have to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give it and I have to find the
+temperature you inside the circle so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you inside the circle so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you inside the circle so I
+know the temperature on the boundary I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the temperature on the boundary I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the temperature on the boundary I
+let it settle down and I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it settle down and I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it settle down and I want to know
+the temperature inside and the beauty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature inside and the beauty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature inside and the beauty is
+it solves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it solves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it solves that
+basic partial differential equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic partial differential equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic partial differential equation so
+let's find some solutions they might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find some solutions they might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find some solutions they might not
+match the boundary values but we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the boundary values but we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the boundary values but we can use
+them so u equal constant certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so u equal constant certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so u equal constant certainly
+solves the equation u equal x the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the equation u equal x the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves the equation u equal x the second
+derivatives will be 0 u equal Y here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives will be 0 u equal Y here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives will be 0 u equal Y here's a
+better one x squared minus y squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one x squared minus y squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one x squared minus y squared so
+the second derivative in the x-direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative in the x-direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative in the x-direction
+is 2 the second derivative in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 the second derivative in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 the second derivative in the
+y-direction is minus 2 so I have 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-direction is minus 2 so I have 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-direction is minus 2 so I have 2 minus
+2 it solves the equation or this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it solves the equation or this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it solves the equation or this one the
+second derivative in X is 0 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative in X is 0 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative in X is 0 second
+derivative in Y is 0 those are simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in Y is 0 those are simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in Y is 0 those are simple
+solutions but those are only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions but those are only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions but those are only a few
+solutions and we need an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and we need an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and we need an infinite
+sequence because we're going to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence because we're going to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence because we're going to match
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+conditions ok so is there a path pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions ok so is there a path pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions ok so is there a path pattern
+here so this is degree zero constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is degree zero constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is degree zero constant
+these are degree one linear these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are degree one linear these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are degree one linear these are
+degree two quadratic so I hope for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two quadratic so I hope for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two quadratic so I hope for two
+cubic ones and then I hope for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic ones and then I hope for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic ones and then I hope for two
+fourth degree ones and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth degree ones and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth degree ones and that's the
+pattern that's the pattern let me find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's the pattern let me find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that's the pattern let me find
+let me spot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me spot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me spot the
+the cubic ones X cube if I start with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic ones X cube if I start with X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic ones X cube if I start with X
+cube of course the second X derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube of course the second X derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube of course the second X derivative
+is probably 6 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably 6 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably 6 X
+so I need the second Y derivative to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need the second Y derivative to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need the second Y derivative to be
+minus 6x and I think minus 3x y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6x and I think minus 3x y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6x and I think minus 3x y squared
+does it mine the second derivative of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mine the second derivative of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mine the second derivative of in
+Y is 2 times the minus 3x is minus 6x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is 2 times the minus 3x is minus 6x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is 2 times the minus 3x is minus 6x
+cancels the 6 X from that's from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels the 6 X from that's from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels the 6 X from that's from the
+second derivative there and it works so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative there and it works so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative there and it works so
+that fits the pattern but what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits the pattern but what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits the pattern but what is the
+pattern ok here it is it's fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern ok here it is it's fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern ok here it is it's fantastic
+it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I
+get I get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get these
+crazy polynomials from taking X plus iy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy polynomials from taking X plus iy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy polynomials from taking X plus iy
+to the different powers here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different powers here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different powers here to the
+first power if n is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power if n is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power if n is 1
+and I just have X plus iy and I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just have X plus iy and I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just have X plus iy and I take the
+real part that's X so I'll take a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part that's X so I'll take a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part that's X so I'll take a real
+part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this
+the real part of this when n is 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of this when n is 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of this when n is 1 the
+real part is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part is X
+what about when n is 2 can you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about when n is 2 can you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about when n is 2 can you can you
+square that in your head so we have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that in your head so we have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that in your head so we have x
+squared and we have I squared Y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and we have I squared Y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and we have I squared Y squared
+I squared be minus 1 so I have x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I squared be minus 1 so I have x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I squared be minus 1 so I have x squared
+and I have minus y spread look the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have minus y spread look the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have minus y spread look the real
+part of this when n is 2 the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this when n is 2 the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this when n is 2 the real part
+of X plus I Y squared the real part is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus I Y squared the real part is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X plus I Y squared the real part is x
+squared minus y squared and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus y squared and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus y squared and the
+imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+was the 2i X Y so the imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the 2i X Y so the imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the 2i X Y so the imaginary part
+that multiplies I is the 2xy this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies I is the 2xy this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies I is the 2xy this is our
+pattern when n is 2 and when n is 3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern when n is 2 and when n is 3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern when n is 2 and when n is 3 I
+take X plus I Y cubed and that begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X plus I Y cubed and that begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X plus I Y cubed and that begins
+with X cube like that and then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X cube like that and then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X cube like that and then I think
+that the other real part would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other real part would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other real part would be a
+minus 3 XY squared I think you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 XY squared I think you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 XY squared I think you should
+check that and then there will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that and then there will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that and then there will be an
+imaginary part well I think I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part well I think I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part well I think I could
+figure out the imaginary part as I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the imaginary part as I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the imaginary part as I think
+maybe something like minus is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something like minus is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something like minus is something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah maybe maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe maybe it's
+3y x squared minus y cube something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3y x squared minus y cube something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3y x squared minus y cube something like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that would be the real part and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the real part and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the real part and that
+would be the imaginary part when n is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the imaginary part when n is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the imaginary part when n is 3
+and wonderfully wonderfully it works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderfully wonderfully it works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderfully wonderfully it works for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers
+exponents n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents n
+so I have now a sort of pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have now a sort of pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have now a sort of pretty big
+family of solutions a list a double list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of solutions a list a double list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of solutions a list a double list
+really the real parts and the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the real parts and the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the real parts and the imaginary
+parts for every N so I can use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts for every N so I can use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts for every N so I can use those
+to solve my find the solution U which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve my find the solution U which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve my find the solution U which
+I'm looking for the the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for the the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for the the temperature
+inside the circle right now of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the circle right now of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the circle right now of course I
+have a linear equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear equation so
+if I have several solutions I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have several solutions I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have several solutions I can
+combine them and I still have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them and I still have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them and I still have a solution
+x plus 7y will be a solution plus 11x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus 7y will be a solution plus 11x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus 7y will be a solution plus 11x
+squared minus y squared no problem Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus y squared no problem Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus y squared no problem Plus
+56 times 2xy those are all solutions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 times 2xy those are all solutions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+56 times 2xy those are all solutions so
+I'm going to find a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find a solution
+my final solution you will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final solution you will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final solution you will be a
+combination of this this this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of this this this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of this this this this this
+this this and all the others for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and all the others for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and all the others for higher
+n that's going to be my solution and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's going to be my solution and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's going to be my solution and I
+will need that infinite family see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need that infinite family see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need that infinite family see
+partial differential equations we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations we move
+up to infinite family of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to infinite family of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to infinite family of solutions
+instead of just a couple of null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just a couple of null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just a couple of null
+solutions okay so let me take an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay so let me take an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay so let me take an example
+let me take an example oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my we're taking the region to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my we're taking the region to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my we're taking the region to be a
+circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in that circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that circle
+I'm looking for the solution U of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for the solution U of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for the solution U of x and
+y and actually in a circle it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and actually in a circle it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and actually in a circle it's pretty
+natural to use polar coordinates instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to use polar coordinates instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to use polar coordinates instead
+of x and y inside a circle that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y inside a circle that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y inside a circle that that's
+inconvenient in the xy-plane it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient in the xy-plane it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconvenient in the xy-plane it's
+equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is
+involves x equals square root of 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves x equals square root of 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves x equals square root of 1 minus
+y squared or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squared or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y squared or something
+I'll switch to polar coordinates R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll switch to polar coordinates R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll switch to polar coordinates R and
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+well you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might say
+remember we had these nice family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had these nice family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had these nice family of
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+what is it still good in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it still good in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it still good in polar
+coordinates well the fact is it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates well the fact is it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates well the fact is it's even
+better so the solutions you will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so the solutions you will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so the solutions you will be the
+real part and the imaginary part now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and the imaginary part now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part and the imaginary part now
+what is X plus I Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is X plus I Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is X plus I Y
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+R and theta well we all know X is R cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and theta well we all know X is R cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and theta well we all know X is R cos
+theta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus
+I R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I R
+sine theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta and
+that's R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's R
+times cos theta plus I sine theta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cos theta plus I sine theta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cos theta plus I sine theta the
+one unforgettable complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Euler's formula e to the I theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler's formula e to the I theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler's formula e to the I theta
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+now I need its nth power the nth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need its nth power the nth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need its nth power the nth power
+of this is wonderful the real part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is wonderful the real part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is wonderful the real part and
+imaginary part of the nth power is R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of the nth power is R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of the nth power is R to
+the nth eetu the i N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth eetu the i N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth eetu the i N
+see that's my X plus iy to the enth much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's my X plus iy to the enth much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's my X plus iy to the enth much
+nicer in polar coordinates because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer in polar coordinates because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer in polar coordinates because I can
+take the real part and the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the real part and the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the real part and the imaginary
+part right away it's R to the n cos n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part right away it's R to the n cos n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part right away it's R to the n cos n
+theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and
+R to the N sine of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the N sine of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to the N sine of theta
+these are my solutions my long list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are my solutions my long list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are my solutions my long list of
+solutions to Laplace's equation and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Laplace's equation and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Laplace's equation and it's
+some combination of those some my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of those some my final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of those some my final
+thing is going to be some combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be some combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be some combination of
+those some combination may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some combination may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some combination may be
+coefficients a sub n sum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a sub n sum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a sub n sum I
+can use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can use these so maybe B sub n R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can use these so maybe B sub n R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can use these so maybe B sub n R
+to the N sine and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N sine and theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N sine and theta
+you may wonder what I'm doing but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may wonder what I'm doing but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may wonder what I'm doing but what
+I'm achieving is to find the a big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm achieving is to find the a big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm achieving is to find the a big the
+general solution of Laplace's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of Laplace's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of Laplace's equation
+instead of two constants that we had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two constants that we had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two constants that we had for
+an ordinary differential equation as C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary differential equation as C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary differential equation as C 1
+and a C 2 here I have these guys go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a C 2 here I have these guys go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a C 2 here I have these guys go from
+up to infinity and goes up to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to infinity and goes up to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to infinity and goes up to infinity
+so I have many solutions and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have many solutions and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have many solutions and any
+combination working so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination working so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination working so that's the
+general solution that's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution that's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution that's the general
+solution and I would have to match that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I would have to match that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I would have to match that
+now here's the final step and not simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the final step and not simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the final step and not simple
+not always simple I have to match this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always simple I have to match this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always simple I have to match this
+to the boundary conditions that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary conditions that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary conditions that's what
+will tell me the constants of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me the constants of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me the constants of course as
+usual C 1 and C 2 came from the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual C 1 and C 2 came from the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual C 1 and C 2 came from the matching
+the conditions now I don't have just C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions now I don't have just C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions now I don't have just C 1
+and C 2 I have this infinite family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 2 I have this infinite family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 2 I have this infinite family of
+A's infinite family of bees and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's infinite family of bees and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's infinite family of bees and I have a
+lot more to match because on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to match because on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to match because on the
+boundary here I have to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary here I have to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary here I have to match
+u 0 which is given so I might be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u 0 which is given so I might be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u 0 which is given so I might be given
+suppose I was given the u0 equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I was given the u0 equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I was given the u0 equal the
+temperature was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was
+equal one on the top half and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one on the top half and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one on the top half and on the
+bottom half say the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom half say the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom half say the temperature is
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a typical problem I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical problem I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a typical problem I have a
+circular region a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular region a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular region a
+the top half is held at one temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half is held at one temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half is held at one temperature
+the lower half is held at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower half is held at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower half is held at a different
+temperature I reach equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I reach equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I reach equilibrium
+everybody knows that along that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that along that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that along that line
+probably the temperature would be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the temperature would be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the temperature would be zero
+by symmetry but what's the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry but what's the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry but what's the temperature
+they are halfway up knotti not so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are halfway up knotti not so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are halfway up knotti not so easy
+or anywhere in there well the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anywhere in there well the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anywhere in there well the answer is
+you in the middle U of R and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the middle U of R and theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the middle U of R and theta
+inside is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is given by
+that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula
+that formula and again the a ends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula and again the a ends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula and again the a ends and
+the B ends come by matching the getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B ends come by matching the getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B ends come by matching the getting
+the right answer on the boundary well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer on the boundary well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer on the boundary well
+there's a big theory there how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big theory there how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big theory there how do I
+match these that's called a Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match these that's called a Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match these that's called a Fourier
+series that's called a Fourier series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that's called a Fourier series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that's called a Fourier series so
+I'm finding the coefficients for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm finding the coefficients for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm finding the coefficients for a
+Fourier series the A's and B's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series the A's and B's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series the A's and B's that
+match a function around the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match a function around the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match a function around the boundary
+and I could match any function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could match any function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could match any function and
+Fourier series is another entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series is another entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series is another entirely
+separate video this we've done the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate video this we've done the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate video this we've done the job
+with Laplace's equation in a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Laplace's equation in a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Laplace's equation in a circle
+we've reduced the problem to a Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reduced the problem to a Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reduced the problem to a Fourier
+series problem we have found the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series problem we have found the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series problem we have found the general
+solution and then to match it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then to match it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then to match it to a
+specific given boundary value that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific given boundary value that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific given boundary value that's a
+Fourier series problem so I'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series problem so I'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier series problem so I'll have to
+put that off to the Fourier series video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that off to the Fourier series video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that off to the Fourier series video
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0Whyfs88TYE.txt b/0Whyfs88TYE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7437397de8be2ac87c646bf70935859ba3a18a6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0Whyfs88TYE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+okay code looks a little bit daunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay code looks a little bit daunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay code looks a little bit daunting
+but it's not that bad really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not that bad really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not that bad really
+the only part of the code that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only part of the code that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only part of the code that actually
+does something is is this part right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something is is this part right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something is is this part right
+here where we're trying to do this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we're trying to do this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we're trying to do this these
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+lines the first being we get an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the first being we get an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the first being we get an input
+from the user that says how old are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the user that says how old are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the user that says how old are you
+we're converting that to an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're converting that to an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're converting that to an integer
+we're going to take that number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that number that
+they gave you that they gave us divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave you that they gave us divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave you that they gave us divide
+by 80 I'm assuming life expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 80 I'm assuming life expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 80 I'm assuming life expect
+expectancy is 80 and multiply by 100 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy is 80 and multiply by 100 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy is 80 and multiply by 100 to
+get the percent going to round it to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the percent going to round it to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the percent going to round it to one
+and then I'm going to print you've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to print you've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to print you've gone
+through that much percent of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so again we're dealing with user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again we're dealing with user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again we're dealing with user
+input which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is
+unpredictable so we're going to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable so we're going to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable so we're going to catch
+first of all a value error and that's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all a value error and that's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all a value error and that's if
+the user doesn't enter a number in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user doesn't enter a number in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user doesn't enter a number in that
+case we're going to say oops you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to say oops you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to say oops you must
+enter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a
+number and then we're going to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then we're going to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then we're going to also
+catch the zero division error which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch the zero division error which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch the zero division error which says
+print divided by uh trying to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print divided by uh trying to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print divided by uh trying to do a
+division by zero and otherwise we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division by zero and otherwise we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division by zero and otherwise we'll
+have a last except that says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a last except that says something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a last except that says something
+went VAR wrong so it looks like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went VAR wrong so it looks like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went VAR wrong so it looks like people
+are getting it right the question being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting it right the question being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting it right the question being
+if the user enters 20 what is do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the user enters 20 what is do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the user enters 20 what is do the
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+do okay so we're giving uh string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so we're giving uh string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so we're giving uh string and
+strings taken in as input and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings taken in as input and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings taken in as input and then
+trying to con convert those to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to con convert those to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to con convert those to an
+integer gives us a value error so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer gives us a value error so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer gives us a value error so it's
+going to go through this accept block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this accept block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this accept block
+here and print that which is great most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and print that which is great most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and print that which is great most
+of you guys are getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then the next one ah perfect I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the next one ah perfect I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the next one ah perfect I
+tricked some of you the next one says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked some of you the next one says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked some of you the next one says if
+the user enters zero what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user enters zero what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user enters zero what does the
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do well what does the program do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well what does the program do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well what does the program do we're
+going to take in zero we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take in zero we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take in zero we're going to do
+0 * 100 divide by 80 that's fine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 * 100 divide by 80 that's fine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 * 100 divide by 80 that's fine it's
+always going to be zero we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be zero we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be zero we're going to
+round that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round that to
+one and then we're going to print that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we're going to print that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we're going to print that
+out so no zero division error no value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so no zero division error no value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so no zero division error no value
+error everything went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error everything went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error everything went
+right so that means it's going to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means it's going to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means it's going to print
+out this the first one okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this the first one okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this the first one okay so that's
+this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here
+so the zero division error only happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the zero division error only happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the zero division error only happens
+when you're trying to divide something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to divide something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to divide something
+by zero right in this case we're not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero right in this case we're not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero right in this case we're not the
+zero is uh at the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is uh at the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is uh at the top of the
+fraction
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0YqjeqLhDDE.txt b/0YqjeqLhDDE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6169bacd3fd9da47fc4df67d1561da0bf2d4b3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0YqjeqLhDDE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11696 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome everybody to this IAP class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome everybody to this IAP class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome everybody to this IAP class
+on Matrix calculus I'm Professor Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Matrix calculus I'm Professor Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Matrix calculus I'm Professor Alan
+Edelman and the other Professor who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edelman and the other Professor who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edelman and the other Professor who uh
+the other Professor Stephen Johnson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Professor Stephen Johnson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other Professor Stephen Johnson
+who's going to have he had to go out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to have he had to go out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to have he had to go out of
+town and so we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and so we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and so we're going to take
+advantage of Zoom technology too so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of Zoom technology too so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of Zoom technology too so they
+could give lectures remotely we did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give lectures remotely we did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give lectures remotely we did some
+testing of the audio in the video so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing of the audio in the video so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing of the audio in the video so
+hopefully it'll work out just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it'll work out just fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it'll work out just fine
+um so maybe just a quick uh introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe just a quick uh introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe just a quick uh introduction
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+oh good good yes Stephen recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good good yes Stephen recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good good yes Stephen recording
+all right thank you for the reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thank you for the reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thank you for the reminder
+yeah so I even put the two reminders on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I even put the two reminders on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I even put the two reminders on
+the Blackboard yeah so that was reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard yeah so that was reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard yeah so that was reminder
+number one good okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one good okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one good okay so
+let's see so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so so
+um uh both of us are in the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh both of us are in the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh both of us are in the math
+department I'm also in uh C cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department I'm also in uh C cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department I'm also in uh C cell and
+um I run the Julia lab over in seasail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I run the Julia lab over in seasail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I run the Julia lab over in seasail
+and uh my own research involves both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh my own research involves both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh my own research involves both
+mathematics as well as Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as well as Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as well as Computing
+software Stephen you want to say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software Stephen you want to say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software Stephen you want to say a few
+words quickly about yourself hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words quickly about yourself hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words quickly about yourself hello
+everyone uh so uh some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone uh so uh some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone uh so uh some of you may
+remember me if you took 1806 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember me if you took 1806 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember me if you took 1806 in the
+spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+1806 in the spring or in the fall uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 in the spring or in the fall uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 in the spring or in the fall uh
+with me or in the fall so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me or in the fall so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me or in the fall so there's the
+two or three or four hints okay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three or four hints okay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three or four hints okay yeah so
+so those are those people who took 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are those people who took 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are those people who took 18
+and 6 with me will will have gotten one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6 with me will will have gotten one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 6 with me will will have gotten one
+hour of these 16 hours of lectures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of these 16 hours of lectures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour of these 16 hours of lectures that
+were that we're going to do this IEP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that we're going to do this IEP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that we're going to do this IEP
+and that'll be familiar but yes I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be familiar but yes I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be familiar but yes I'm I'm
+also in the math department I'm also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the math department I'm also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the math department I'm also in
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+and uh uh you know I I come into Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh you know I I come into Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh you know I I come into Matrix
+calculus through a lot of pde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus through a lot of pde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus through a lot of pde
+constrained optimization uh mainly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization uh mainly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained optimization uh mainly but
+uh I've also worked with Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've also worked with Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've also worked with Julia
+which will also be used on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will also be used on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will also be used on the problem
+of sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so I'm sorry I can't be there with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sorry I can't be there with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sorry I can't be there with you
+in person I'll be missing I'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in person I'll be missing I'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in person I'll be missing I'll be doing
+it remotely for the first week and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remotely for the first week and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remotely for the first week and a
+half and then I'll be back in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and then I'll be back in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and then I'll be back in person
+back in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in person
+okay so let me quickly show everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me quickly show everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me quickly show everybody
+the GitHub site that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GitHub site that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GitHub site that we're going to be
+using uh where did it disappear on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh where did it disappear on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh where did it disappear on me
+where did it go oh there it is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it go oh there it is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it go oh there it is okay so
+um oh no that's not the right one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh no that's not the right one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh no that's not the right one this
+was another course all right I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another course all right I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another course all right I think we
+should just Dive Right In so let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just Dive Right In so let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just Dive Right In so let me go
+ahead and do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do that
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+so yes here are the lectures the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes here are the lectures the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes here are the lectures the problem
+sets three units and we assume people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets three units and we assume people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets three units and we assume people
+are familiar with linear algebra and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with linear algebra and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with linear algebra and not
+much more okay and there's no assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more okay and there's no assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more okay and there's no assumption
+that you've already used Julia before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've already used Julia before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've already used Julia before
+but of course if you've taken 1806 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if you've taken 1806 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if you've taken 1806 with
+Professor Johnson or some other courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Johnson or some other courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Johnson or some other courses
+you you may already be somewhat familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may already be somewhat familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may already be somewhat familiar
+but you could easily learn the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could easily learn the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could easily learn the kind of
+Julia we're using here is sort of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia we're using here is sort of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia we're using here is sort of basic
+calculator Julia and so you won't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator Julia and so you won't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator Julia and so you won't need
+to to know much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to know much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to know much
+okay so let me delve right in into where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me delve right in into where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me delve right in into where
+does matrix calculus fit in so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does matrix calculus fit in so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does matrix calculus fit in so if you
+look at mit's course catalog which I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at mit's course catalog which I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at mit's course catalog which I've
+copied over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied over here
+uh this is replicated probably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is replicated probably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is replicated probably in
+universities all over the planet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities all over the planet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities all over the planet right
+there's single variable calculus this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's single variable calculus this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's single variable calculus this is
+like the first semester of calculus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first semester of calculus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first semester of calculus and
+it's required at MIT for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's required at MIT for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's required at MIT for all
+undergraduates to take 1801 and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates to take 1801 and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates to take 1801 and learn
+how to take the derivative or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take the derivative or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take the derivative or an
+integral of a function of one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function of one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function of one variable
+okay and then there's that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there's that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there's that second
+semester of the sequence 1802 where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of the sequence 1802 where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of the sequence 1802 where you
+learn Vector calculus or multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Vector calculus or multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Vector calculus or multivariate
+calculus right and so you you learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus right and so you you learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus right and so you you learn the
+basic definitions of a gradient or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic definitions of a gradient or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic definitions of a gradient or a
+Jacobian and that's kind of this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian and that's kind of this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian and that's kind of this whole
+1802 thing and like I said this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802 thing and like I said this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802 thing and like I said this is in
+every university around the world okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every university around the world okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every university around the world okay
+and I bet everybody in this room has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I bet everybody in this room has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I bet everybody in this room has
+gone through these two classes one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through these two classes one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through these two classes one way
+or another or learned it on the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another or learned it on the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another or learned it on the streets
+or something so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so uh
+so so it seems to me that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it seems to me that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it seems to me that there's
+actually a sequence that that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a sequence that that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a sequence that that's sort of
+being cut off completely arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cut off completely arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cut off completely arbitrarily
+right the sequence should go scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the sequence should go scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the sequence should go scalar
+Vector right so that's you know one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so that's you know one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right so that's you know one two
+Dimensions Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions Matrix
+uh right scalar Zero Dimensional Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right scalar Zero Dimensional Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right scalar Zero Dimensional Vector
+is one dimensional Matrix matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one dimensional Matrix matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one dimensional Matrix matrices are
+two-dimensional and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and then of course
+higher dimensional arrays right it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional arrays right it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional arrays right it makes
+it just makes sense that that that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just makes sense that that that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just makes sense that that that these
+objects are you should be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are you should be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are you should be able to do
+calculus on any of these objects when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus on any of these objects when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus on any of these objects when
+you talk about programming languages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about programming languages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about programming languages for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um some but not look every programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some but not look every programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some but not look every programming
+language has two dimensional structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has two dimensional structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has two dimensional structures
+and more right arrays so uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more right arrays so uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more right arrays so uh if you're
+familiar with Matlab it does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Matlab it does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Matlab it does not have a
+one-dimensional array people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional array people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional array people talk about
+n by one column vectors and one by n row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by one column vectors and one by n row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by one column vectors and one by n row
+vectors but they're really just matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but they're really just matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but they're really just matrices
+right uh other languages have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh other languages have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh other languages have one
+dimensional array some even have Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional array some even have Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional array some even have Zero
+Dimensional arrays right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensional arrays right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensional arrays right so these are
+the things that you find in programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you find in programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you find in programming
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+so in this is this is Julia the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this is this is Julia the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this is this is Julia the size of
+a matrix for example has two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix for example has two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix for example has two components
+the size of a vector has one component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a vector has one component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a vector has one component
+Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so
+it seems to me you know I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me you know I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me you know I've been
+teaching at MIT now I don't even want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching at MIT now I don't even want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching at MIT now I don't even want to
+count the years we're pushing on 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the years we're pushing on 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the years we're pushing on 30
+years now for me and you know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now for me and you know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now for me and you know when I
+started here linear algebra was not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here linear algebra was not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here linear algebra was not what
+it is today I mean maybe you have no pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is today I mean maybe you have no pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is today I mean maybe you have no pre
+I don't know if you folks know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you folks know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you folks know but
+linear algebra was this thing to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra was this thing to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra was this thing to avoid
+it was this like required course maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this like required course maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this like required course maybe
+and you know a few people needed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a few people needed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a few people needed it
+perhaps but uh I think because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps but uh I think because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps but uh I think because of
+machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+um and statistics and lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and statistics and lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and statistics and lots of other
+reasons linear algebra has gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons linear algebra has gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons linear algebra has gradually
+sort of taken over a much bigger part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taken over a much bigger part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taken over a much bigger part of
+today's tool you know you know tools for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's tool you know you know tools for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's tool you know you know tools for
+for lots and lots of areas that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots and lots of areas that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lots and lots of areas that you know
+compared to to when I started 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to to when I started 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to to when I started 30 years
+ago and so machine learning statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and so machine learning statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and so machine learning statistics
+engineering you know everybody needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you know everybody needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you know everybody needs
+linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra
+and uh and so it stands to reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so it stands to reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and so it stands to reason that
+you'd want to be able to do calculus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to be able to do calculus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to be able to do calculus on
+matrices and and higher dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and and higher dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and and higher dimensional
+objects especially because everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects especially because everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects especially because everybody
+these days they're doing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days they're doing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days they're doing machine
+learning I don't have to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning I don't have to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning I don't have to tell you
+because everybody in MIT is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody in MIT is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody in MIT is already
+doing it right machine learning you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it right machine learning you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it right machine learning you want
+to take you need to take gradients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you need to take gradients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you need to take gradients and
+you need to take gradients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take gradients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take gradients of
+complicated objects right so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated objects right so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated objects right so you want to
+do gradient descent you need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do gradient descent you need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do gradient descent you need to be able
+to do this sort of thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this sort of thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this sort of thing so
+I but I've always been interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but I've always been interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but I've always been interested in
+Matrix calculus I was just those you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus I was just those you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus I was just those you
+know I was like calculus to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was like calculus to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was like calculus to begin with
+and I thought the idea of doing calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought the idea of doing calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought the idea of doing calculus
+with matrices just seemed like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matrices just seemed like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matrices just seemed like you know
+I was like linear algebra I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like linear algebra I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like linear algebra I thought it
+would be sort of fun to to marry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sort of fun to to marry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sort of fun to to marry
+calculus and linear algebra and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and linear algebra and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and linear algebra and you know
+I used to go to the library and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to go to the library and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to go to the library and then
+when Google came along you'd Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Google came along you'd Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Google came along you'd Google
+Matrix calculus and uh up until fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus and uh up until fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus and uh up until fairly
+recently I was rather disappointed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I was rather disappointed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I was rather disappointed with
+what I found right Matrix calculus was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found right Matrix calculus was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found right Matrix calculus was
+that I found like three books I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I found like three books I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I found like three books I think
+with the title Matrix calculus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the title Matrix calculus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the title Matrix calculus and the
+moment I opened the book I realized no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I opened the book I realized no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I opened the book I realized no
+no this is not what I wanted at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not what I wanted at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not what I wanted at all
+right I wanted to be able to to do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I wanted to be able to to do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I wanted to be able to to do like
+the kind of calculus we did in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of calculus we did in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of calculus we did in in
+college you know 1802 capitalists but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you know 1802 capitalists but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you know 1802 capitalists but on
+higher dimensional objects okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional objects okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional objects okay so you
+know here's a little bit of a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's a little bit of a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's a little bit of a quick
+question for all of you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for all of you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for all of you to think about
+if you don't already know the answer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't already know the answer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't already know the answer you
+might ask yourself for example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask yourself for example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask yourself for example suppose
+you have the function that squares The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the function that squares The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the function that squares The
+Matrix right what should the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right what should the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right what should the derivative
+be I mean in fact you if you've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I mean in fact you if you've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I mean in fact you if you've never
+done this before you might not know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this before you might not know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this before you might not know what
+it should look like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should look like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should look like right
+um should it be should it be 2x like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should it be should it be 2x like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should it be should it be 2x like the
+scalar case well I'll tell you right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar case well I'll tell you right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar case well I'll tell you right now
+that that's not correct when X is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not correct when X is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not correct when X is not a
+scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you know then you know of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know then you know of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know then you know of course you
+could ask about you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask about you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask about you know what is the
+derivative of the Matrix inverse or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Matrix inverse or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Matrix inverse or what
+is the derivative of the Matrix inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of the Matrix inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of the Matrix inverse
+squared and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so forth
+um or yeah is the derivative of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or yeah is the derivative of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or yeah is the derivative of x
+inverse the same as Negative X and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse the same as Negative X and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse the same as Negative X and minus
+two and the answer is no so so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the answer is no so so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the answer is no so so the point
+I want to make the first point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make the first point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make the first point I want to
+make is Matrix calculus is not it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is Matrix calculus is not it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is Matrix calculus is not it's more
+complicated than scalar and Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than scalar and Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than scalar and Vector
+calculus it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it's not
+it's not a lot more complicated but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a lot more complicated but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a lot more complicated but it's
+unfamiliar to everybody who hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar to everybody who hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfamiliar to everybody who hasn't
+studied it that's what I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it that's what I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it that's what I want to say
+that that you can't just say oh I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you can't just say oh I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you can't just say oh I know
+Vector calculus I know scalar calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector calculus I know scalar calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector calculus I know scalar calculus
+it's probably just some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably just some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably just some simple
+generalization so my first message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization so my first message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization so my first message to
+you is no it's not I mean you can Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is no it's not I mean you can Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is no it's not I mean you can Master
+it you'll learn it during this IOP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll learn it during this IOP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll learn it during this IOP
+course but it's not just the it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but it's not just the it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but it's not just the it's not
+just a simple obvious generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple obvious generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple obvious generalization
+okay and so as far as applications go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so as far as applications go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so as far as applications go
+this is a bit of a collage that Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit of a collage that Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit of a collage that Stephen
+put together uh from a year or two ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together uh from a year or two ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together uh from a year or two ago
+so you could just look at this yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could just look at this yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could just look at this yourself
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um I I think you all probably you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I think you all probably you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I think you all probably you're all
+here for some reason so you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for some reason so you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for some reason so you probably
+already all know the buzzwords but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already all know the buzzwords but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already all know the buzzwords but
+machine learning parameter optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning parameter optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning parameter optimization
+stochastic grading dissent automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic grading dissent automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic grading dissent automatic
+differentiation back propagation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation back propagation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation back propagation right
+so these are all the reasons for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all the reasons for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all the reasons for doing
+Matrix calculus and this little collage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus and this little collage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus and this little collage
+here you could just see the places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could just see the places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could just see the places where
+things are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are happening
+um you know in various parts of the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know in various parts of the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know in various parts of the web
+okay so you can take a quick look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can take a quick look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can take a quick look
+yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves
+the the the the the part that interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the part that interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the part that interests
+some of us are the applications to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us are the applications to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us are the applications to
+physical problems uh as well as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical problems uh as well as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical problems uh as well as you know
+machine learning and statistics and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and statistics and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and statistics and so
+for example in the upper left here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the upper left here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the upper left here you
+have the so-called topology optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the so-called topology optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the so-called topology optimized
+aircraft Wing where uh you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft Wing where uh you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft Wing where uh you know in the
+old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days
+when people used to engineer an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people used to engineer an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people used to engineer an airplane
+wing what they would do is they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing what they would do is they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing what they would do is they would
+just pick a design and then they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick a design and then they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick a design and then they would
+just somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just somehow
+figure out the aerodynamics and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the aerodynamics and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the aerodynamics and if they
+wanted to try again they would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to try again they would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to try again they would take
+another design and figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another design and figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another design and figure out the
+aerodynamics but now with faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics but now with faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics but now with faster
+computers and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and machine learning
+techniques you could have the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques you could have the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques you could have the computer
+decide what is the you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what is the you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what is the you know you can
+optimize for whatever you want you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for whatever you want you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for whatever you want you know
+minimize fuel or or minimize metal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize fuel or or minimize metal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize fuel or or minimize metal that
+you use or whatever it is you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use or whatever it is you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use or whatever it is you want to
+optimize for and you can let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for and you can let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for and you can let the
+computer figure out the shape and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer figure out the shape and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer figure out the shape and so
+that becomes a big optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a big optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a big optimization problem
+and that becomes that gets called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes that gets called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes that gets called
+topology optimization it happens for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology optimization it happens for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology optimization it happens for an
+airplane wing it happens for fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing it happens for fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing it happens for fluid
+dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics
+so it doesn't really matter what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't really matter what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't really matter what you do
+the point is that in the old days it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that in the old days it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that in the old days it was
+hard enough to just simulate the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough to just simulate the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough to just simulate the physics
+around anything like an airplane wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around anything like an airplane wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around anything like an airplane wing
+but now we can actually put that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we can actually put that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we can actually put that that
+physics inside an inner loop and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics inside an inner loop and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics inside an inner loop and we can
+put an optimization problem around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an optimization problem around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an optimization problem around it
+right and that's that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's that's happening
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+so data science and multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so data science and multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so data science and multivariate
+statistics of course is another big area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of course is another big area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of course is another big area
+especially the computer scientists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the computer scientists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the computer scientists are
+doing this sort of stuff all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this sort of stuff all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this sort of stuff all over the
+place nowadays okay so there's you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place nowadays okay so there's you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place nowadays okay so there's you can
+take a look at this video or here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this video or here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this video or here's a
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+so uh and let me say some roles let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and let me say some roles let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and let me say some roles let me
+say a few words about the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words about the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words about the role of
+autodif or automatic differentiation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autodif or automatic differentiation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autodif or automatic differentiation so
+automatic differentiation is is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation is is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation is is a very
+exciting technology and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting technology and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting technology and one of the
+things that the one of the things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the one of the things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the one of the things that I
+like to say I mean you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say I mean you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to say I mean you can look at the
+slide but when I first learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but when I first learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but when I first learned about
+automatic differentiation I was rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation I was rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation I was rather
+surprised as to what it is and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised as to what it is and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised as to what it is and what it
+isn't so uh how many of you are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so uh how many of you are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so uh how many of you are familiar
+with auto diff already a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with auto diff already a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with auto diff already a little bit
+okay so about maybe five or six people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so about maybe five or six people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so about maybe five or six people
+have raised their hands a minority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have raised their hands a minority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have raised their hands a minority of
+the course but for sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but for sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but for sure so
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+everybody at MIT is good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at MIT is good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody at MIT is good at
+differentiating right every you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating right every you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating right every you didn't
+get into MIT if you can't differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into MIT if you can't differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into MIT if you can't differentiate
+functions you're all good at it I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you're all good at it I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you're all good at it I have
+no doubt right that every certainly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt right that every certainly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt right that every certainly if
+you came to this class but everybody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came to this class but everybody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came to this class but everybody at
+MIT can differentiate everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT can differentiate everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT can differentiate everything you
+know I don't care if you write x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't care if you write x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't care if you write x squared
+squared you know sine cosine you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you know sine cosine you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you know sine cosine you know
+arc10 maybe you have to remind yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc10 maybe you have to remind yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc10 maybe you have to remind yourself
+but yeah you can you can differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah you can you can differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah you can you can differentiate
+everything and the the nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and the the nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and the the nowadays
+automatic differentiation has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation has become
+almost more of a compiler technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost more of a compiler technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost more of a compiler technology
+than a math course right it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a math course right it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a math course right it's kind of
+become this it sort of become this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become this it sort of become this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become this it sort of become this new
+thing it's not numerical differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's not numerical differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's not numerical differentiation
+like if you take a numerical analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you take a numerical analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you take a numerical analysis
+course or maybe you see a little bit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course or maybe you see a little bit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course or maybe you see a little bit at
+the end of your calculus course where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of your calculus course where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of your calculus course where
+where you learn to take a a Delta y over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you learn to take a a Delta y over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you learn to take a a Delta y over
+a Delta X you remember you take a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta X you remember you take a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta X you remember you take a small
+difference over a small over a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference over a small over a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference over a small over a small
+change so it's not that and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so it's not that and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so it's not that and it's not
+like some of you may have used uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some of you may have used uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some of you may have used uh
+Wolfram Alpha or Mathematica where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfram Alpha or Mathematica where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfram Alpha or Mathematica where you
+let the computer differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the computer differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the computer differentiate
+symbolically and it's not that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically and it's not that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically and it's not that either
+and I think that's what makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's what makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's what makes it
+interesting that it's neither of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that it's neither of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that it's neither of those
+two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things
+right it it's something different and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it it's something different and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it it's something different and uh
+and and we'll show you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll show you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll show you a little bit
+about how it's done and the what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it's done and the what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it's done and the what you
+learn is that you should never well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn is that you should never well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn is that you should never well we
+teach 18 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach 18 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach 18 1801
+you know to do things it to me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to do things it to me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to do things it to me it's
+almost like what's happened with long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like what's happened with long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like what's happened with long
+division like maybe how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division like maybe how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division like maybe how many of you
+actually learned to do long division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learned to do long division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learned to do long division
+how many of you think you could still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you think you could still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you think you could still do
+it today if if forced to right so so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it today if if forced to right so so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it today if if forced to right so so to
+tell Stephen the whole class raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell Stephen the whole class raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell Stephen the whole class raised
+their hand for the first one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand for the first one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand for the first one and a
+minority for the second question so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority for the second question so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority for the second question so so
+but of course one of the good things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course one of the good things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course one of the good things is
+you kind of understand the vision maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of understand the vision maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of understand the vision maybe
+maybe by learning long division I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe by learning long division I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe by learning long division I'm not
+even sure but calculus is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sure but calculus is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even sure but calculus is I think
+becoming the same way where where uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming the same way where where uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming the same way where where uh you
+know we teach it the old-fashioned way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we teach it the old-fashioned way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we teach it the old-fashioned way
+and I guess that's good because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess that's good because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess that's good because you can
+learn it you know you understand it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it you know you understand it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it you know you understand it you
+know but as to as to who you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but as to as to who you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but as to as to who you know what
+should you know we don't really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know we don't really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you know we don't really think
+humans should do long division and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans should do long division and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans should do long division and it's
+getting to the point where probably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the point where probably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the point where probably uh
+you know this may be heresy here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this may be heresy here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this may be heresy here on
+Miami building two in in the math this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami building two in in the math this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami building two in in the math this
+is home of mathematics at MIT but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is home of mathematics at MIT but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is home of mathematics at MIT but I
+would say that that taking derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that that taking derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that that taking derivatives
+may or may not be as important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be as important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not be as important uh
+certainly complicated derivatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly complicated derivatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly complicated derivatives are
+Beyond human ability anyway no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond human ability anyway no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond human ability anyway no matter
+how good you are at it you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good you are at it you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good you are at it you know the
+things we want to differentiate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to differentiate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to differentiate these
+days are just too complicated okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days are just too complicated okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days are just too complicated okay so um
+what did I put over here let's see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I put over here let's see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I put over here let's see so
+um yeah so today's today's courses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so today's today's courses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so today's today's courses are
+mostly symbolic I think that's fair to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly symbolic I think that's fair to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly symbolic I think that's fair to
+say that 1801 is probably a 90 symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that 1801 is probably a 90 symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that 1801 is probably a 90 symbolic
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh and I'm saying yeah today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm saying yeah today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm saying yeah today's
+differentiation neither of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation neither of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation neither of these two
+things the math is fun we'll learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the math is fun we'll learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the math is fun we'll learn about
+in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+wait wait let me put the microphone on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait let me put the microphone on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait let me put the microphone on
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+even if you're using the computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're using the computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're using the computer to
+take derivatives right so so you write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives right so so you write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives right so so you write a
+program you let it take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you let it take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you let it take the derivative
+for you uh to use that effectively you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you uh to use that effectively you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you uh to use that effectively you
+really have to have some idea of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to have some idea of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to have some idea of what's
+going on under the hood uh because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on under the hood uh because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on under the hood uh because there
+are especially there are cases where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are especially there are cases where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are especially there are cases where it
+doesn't work well you need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work well you need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work well you need to know about
+those you need to and you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you need to and you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you need to and you need to know
+something about the technology and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the technology and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the technology and about
+what its capabilities are to know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its capabilities are to know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its capabilities are to know when
+to use forward mode or reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use forward mode or reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use forward mode or reverse mode
+differentiation and what a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and what a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and what a vector
+Jacobian product is and why it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian product is and why it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian product is and why it matters
+in order to really you know be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really you know be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really you know be a
+effective user of these things kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective user of these things kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective user of these things kinds of
+things yes Steven's getting fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yes Steven's getting fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yes Steven's getting fancy
+already a little bit faster than I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little bit faster than I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a little bit faster than I would
+have but but he's quite right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but but he's quite right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but but he's quite right that
+the that that you know uh you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that that you know uh you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that that you know uh you know I
+mean I would actually tell people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I would actually tell people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I would actually tell people that
+that it's not such a bad idea to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not such a bad idea to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not such a bad idea to know
+how an engine works if you want to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how an engine works if you want to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how an engine works if you want to drive
+a car but I guess you don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car but I guess you don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car but I guess you don't really have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um and you know these days cars don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know these days cars don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know these days cars don't
+even have engines anymore many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have engines anymore many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have engines anymore many of them
+but uh um so so so what what Stephen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um so so so what what Stephen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um so so so what what Stephen's
+saying is is that automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is is that automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is is that automatic
+differentiation is probably not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation is probably not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation is probably not quite as
+easy as driving a car that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy as driving a car that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy as driving a car that actually
+understanding the technology underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the technology underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the technology underneath
+it is will really help you to use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is will really help you to use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is will really help you to use it and
+sometimes it's necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so let me start with something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let me start with something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let me start with something you
+all know just to establish some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know just to establish some notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know just to establish some notation
+okay and then I think Stephen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I think Stephen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I think Stephen in the
+second part of today's lecture will kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of today's lecture will kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of today's lecture will kind
+of reiterate and talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reiterate and talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reiterate and talk a little bit more
+about the notation that we'll we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the notation that we'll we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the notation that we'll we'll be
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+um but I want to emphasize the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I want to emphasize the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I want to emphasize the concept
+of linearization I just want to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearization I just want to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearization I just want to get that
+word out and you'll see more of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word out and you'll see more of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word out and you'll see more of that
+pretty soon but instead the idea that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon but instead the idea that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon but instead the idea that a
+derivative is taking a non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is taking a non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is taking a non-linear
+function and pretending at least locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and pretending at least locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and pretending at least locally
+that it's a linear function I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a linear function I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a linear function I want to
+emphasize that that point of view and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that that point of view and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that that point of view and of
+course you all know that so looking over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you all know that so looking over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you all know that so looking over
+here at at this expression you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at at this expression you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at at this expression you all know
+that that that in some sense if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that in some sense if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that in some sense if you're
+sitting at a point you know x0 comma y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at a point you know x0 comma y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting at a point you know x0 comma y
+zero then the linear function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the linear function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then the linear function that's
+tangent to the curve can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to the curve can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to the curve can be written as
+you know y minus y zero is is well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know y minus y zero is is well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know y minus y zero is is well the
+linear function is equal to F Prime of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function is equal to F Prime of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function is equal to F Prime of X
+zero x minus x0 right so if I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero x minus x0 right so if I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero x minus x0 right so if I put the
+this down in the denominator it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down in the denominator it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down in the denominator it's just
+saying the change in y over the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the change in y over the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the change in y over the change
+of X is the derivative right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is the derivative right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is the derivative right
+so in some sense why we take derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense why we take derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense why we take derivatives
+this is all very trivial in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all very trivial in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all very trivial in one
+dimension but it's good to kind of keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but it's good to kind of keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but it's good to kind of keep
+track of this point of view so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of this point of view so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of this point of view so that when
+we go into higher Dimensions you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go into higher Dimensions you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go into higher Dimensions you kind of
+remember that the calculus is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the calculus is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the calculus is really
+about pretending some complicated curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pretending some complicated curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pretending some complicated curved
+surface is just locally linear uh in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is just locally linear uh in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is just locally linear uh in one
+in for one variable that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for one variable that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for one variable that's just a
+tangent line for multivariables you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line for multivariables you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line for multivariables you have
+planes hyperplanes and so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes hyperplanes and so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes hyperplanes and so forth but
+they're they're flat they're that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're flat they're that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're flat they're that's what
+a linearization is so here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linearization is so here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linearization is so here are some
+notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations
+we will use Delta to indicate finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use Delta to indicate finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will use Delta to indicate finite
+perturbations and so I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and so I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and so I have this
+approximate symbol over here okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate symbol over here okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate symbol over here okay so so
+Delta Y is approximately F Prime of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y is approximately F Prime of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y is approximately F Prime of X
+Delta X or you could take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X or you could take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X or you could take the
+infinitesimal limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal limit
+and many of you are familiar with d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you are familiar with d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you are familiar with d y
+over DX is f Prime of X but how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over DX is f Prime of X but how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over DX is f Prime of X but how many of
+you have actually seen it written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have actually seen it written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have actually seen it written this
+way where where you know or or we told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where where you know or or we told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where where you know or or we told
+you're not allowed to do that where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to do that where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to do that where you
+go right so everybody everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody knows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows this
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know maybe they told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe they told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know maybe they told you that
+this is really not a division or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really not a division or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really not a division or maybe
+they told you it is kind of a Division I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told you it is kind of a Division I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told you it is kind of a Division I
+don't know what your Calculus teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what your Calculus teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what your Calculus teacher
+told you but has anyone ever have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you but has anyone ever have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you but has anyone ever have you
+seen it like this how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it like this how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it like this how many of you have
+seen it like this where you're allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it like this where you're allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it like this where you're allowed
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+okay so almost everybody good okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so almost everybody good okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so almost everybody good okay so
+we'll talk a little bit about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about what that
+really means uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means uh here's
+here's the linearization uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the linearization uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the linearization uh that's
+instead of just using y's I'm using F's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just using y's I'm using F's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just using y's I'm using F's
+over here and uh this one is my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and uh this one is my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and uh this one is my favorite
+where you write if if Y is equal to f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you write if if Y is equal to f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you write if if Y is equal to f of
+x right so then so in fact there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right so then so in fact there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right so then so in fact there's no
+real Y at all if you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Y at all if you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Y at all if you just have a
+function of X that DF is equal to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X that DF is equal to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X that DF is equal to F
+Prime of X DX and so we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of X DX and so we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of X DX and so we have this this
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+what we have F Prime is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have F Prime is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have F Prime is a linear
+function in the end I mean in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the end I mean in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the end I mean in one
+variable it's just a constant right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's just a constant right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's just a constant right but
+it's it's it's a constant times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's a constant times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's a constant times the
+change of X is the change of f okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of X is the change of f okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of X is the change of f okay so
+you all know this it's one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know this it's one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know this it's one dimensional
+calculus but just to set the stage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus but just to set the stage okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus but just to set the stage okay
+can I say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I say something
+so you know the reason we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the reason we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the reason we don't want to
+put DX on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put DX on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put DX on the other side
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+we don't want to divide by DX one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to divide by DX one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to divide by DX one way of
+thinking about it is that pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it is that pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it is that pretty soon
+this right now it's a scalar we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now it's a scalar we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now it's a scalar we can
+divide by numbers but pretty soon X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by numbers but pretty soon X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by numbers but pretty soon X
+could be a vector or it could be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a vector or it could be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a vector or it could be some
+other thing you can't divide by a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can't divide by a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can't divide by a vector
+so it's it's harder to it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's harder to it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's harder to it's easier to
+work to generalize this kind of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to generalize this kind of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to generalize this kind of notation
+to other kinds of objects to where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other kinds of objects to where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other kinds of objects to where you
+can multiply you can operate but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply you can operate but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply you can operate but you
+can't divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't divide
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+yeah try dividing a vector by a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah try dividing a vector by a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah try dividing a vector by a vector
+doesn't really mean much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so again more trivialities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again more trivialities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again more trivialities
+Justice at the stage just to go you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice at the stage just to go you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justice at the stage just to go you know
+baby steps so here what I'm doing is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby steps so here what I'm doing is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby steps so here what I'm doing is I'm
+looking at the square function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the square function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the square function
+okay and I'm looking at it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm looking at it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm looking at it at a
+particular point the point three comma 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point the point three comma 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point the point three comma 9
+and you all know that the derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all know that the derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all know that the derivative is
+2X and so if if x equals 3 2x is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and so if if x equals 3 2x is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and so if if x equals 3 2x is equal
+to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six
+right so that's the derivative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the derivative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the derivative the
+square of 3 of course is 9 and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of 3 of course is 9 and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of 3 of course is 9 and you know
+if you do this on a computer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this on a computer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this on a computer this is
+easy to do it's you don't even need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do it's you don't even need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do it's you don't even need a
+computer really it's actually easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer really it's actually easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer really it's actually easy to
+check this even on paper and pencil but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this even on paper and pencil but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this even on paper and pencil but
+if you get closer and closer to three as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get closer and closer to three as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get closer and closer to three as
+I'm doing in these four lines over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing in these four lines over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing in these four lines over here
+of course you get closer and closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you get closer and closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you get closer and closer to
+nine and what we're interested in is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and what we're interested in is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and what we're interested in is the
+difference so you see that if I add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so you see that if I add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so you see that if I add a
+little Delta X to 3 again a 9 plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Delta X to 3 again a 9 plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Delta X to 3 again a 9 plus Delta
+Y which is is 9 plus 6 Delta X plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y which is is 9 plus 6 Delta X plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y which is is 9 plus 6 Delta X plus some
+higher order term which we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order term which we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order term which we don't care
+about right and so we see this as Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right and so we see this as Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right and so we see this as Delta
+Y is f Prime of X zero Delta X right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is f Prime of X zero Delta X right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is f Prime of X zero Delta X right
+Delta Y is 6 Delta X and so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y is 6 Delta X and so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y is 6 Delta X and so the the
+thing I want you to walk away with is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want you to walk away with is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want you to walk away with is is
+really that you know I want you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that you know I want you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that you know I want you to look
+at these numbers like this one here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these numbers like this one here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these numbers like this one here I
+think of this as the Delta X and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as the Delta X and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as the Delta X and think
+of this this red part here as the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this red part here as the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this red part here as the six
+Delta X X right so so again this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X X right so so again this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X X right so so again this this
+idea that Stephen also just said it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that Stephen also just said it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that Stephen also just said it that
+this is a linear functional this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear functional this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear functional this is the
+function that multiplies by six if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that multiplies by six if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that multiplies by six if I
+want to know the change in y I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the change in y I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the change in y I have that
+change in X and I multiply by six that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in X and I multiply by six that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in X and I multiply by six that's
+my you see eventually this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my you see eventually this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my you see eventually this is going to
+be not just multiply by 6 but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not just multiply by 6 but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not just multiply by 6 but it's going
+to be you have a vector change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you have a vector change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you have a vector change and
+you're going to multiply by a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to multiply by a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to multiply by a matrix
+okay so but just going slowly we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but just going slowly we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but just going slowly we make a
+little change and you multiply by six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little change and you multiply by six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little change and you multiply by six
+and that's that's what's going here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's what's going here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's what's going here on
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so I like to think of DX and d y as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like to think of DX and d y as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I like to think of DX and d y as
+really small numbers on a computer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small numbers on a computer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small numbers on a computer the
+the mathematicians call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematicians call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematicians call them
+infinitesimals uh I'm you know from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimals uh I'm you know from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimals uh I'm you know from you
+know there's a lot of rigorous math that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a lot of rigorous math that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a lot of rigorous math that
+makes infinitesimals work which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes infinitesimals work which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes infinitesimals work which I think
+is is sort of a great human achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sort of a great human achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sort of a great human achievement
+but of little value to to practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of little value to to practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of little value to to practical
+computations I think for practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations I think for practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations I think for practical
+computations to think of I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations to think of I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations to think of I mean you
+could think of it anyway you like but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it anyway you like but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of it anyway you like but I
+like to think of DX and d y when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of DX and d y when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of DX and d y when I'm
+when I'm actually you know when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm actually you know when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm actually you know when I'm
+working and I'm not thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and I'm not thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and I'm not thinking
+theoretically I like to think of DX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically I like to think of DX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically I like to think of DX and
+d y as like the limit of very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y as like the limit of very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y as like the limit of very small
+numbers and and you know when I play on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and and you know when I play on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and and you know when I play on
+the computer I type 0.0001 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer I type 0.0001 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer I type 0.0001 or
+0.0001 and I say that's small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0001 and I say that's small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0001 and I say that's small enough
+you know it depends on context of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it depends on context of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it depends on context of course
+but that's you know that's usually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's you know that's usually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's you know that's usually what
+I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do
+okay so all right now we get to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all right now we get to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all right now we get to go to
+where the the big boys and big girls go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the big boys and big girls go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the big boys and big girls go
+right so so we're leaving the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so we're leaving the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so we're leaving the world of
+scalar calculus and entering this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar calculus and entering this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar calculus and entering this new
+world of uh of of Matrix calculus so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of uh of of Matrix calculus so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of uh of of Matrix calculus so to
+get started let me just mention a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started let me just mention a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started let me just mention a little
+bit of notation so we it it's handy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of notation so we it it's handy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of notation so we it it's handy to
+have the element wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the element wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the element wise
+so yeah just a little bit of of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah just a little bit of of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah just a little bit of of vector
+and Matrix notation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Matrix notation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Matrix notation so
+um I like to use the Julia notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like to use the Julia notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like to use the Julia notation for
+element-wise product of vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element-wise product of vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element-wise product of vectors so
+um so so this dot times this this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so this dot times this this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so this dot times this this point
+I I like to call it Point wise times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I like to call it Point wise times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I like to call it Point wise times
+right so two three point wise times 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so two three point wise times 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so two three point wise times 10
+11 is 20 33. if you happen to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 is 20 33. if you happen to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 is 20 33. if you happen to use
+languages I think python does it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages I think python does it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages I think python does it too
+certainly Julia they pronounce it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Julia they pronounce it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Julia they pronounce it as
+broadcasting I I always hated that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting I I always hated that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting I I always hated that word
+because I don't feel it it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't feel it it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't feel it it really
+indicates what's going on I think Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates what's going on I think Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates what's going on I think Point
+wise multiply I mean to me a DOT is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise multiply I mean to me a DOT is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise multiply I mean to me a DOT is like
+a decimal point says it better but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decimal point says it better but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decimal point says it better but if
+you're used to the term broadcasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to the term broadcasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to the term broadcasting
+that's fine as well so so you see we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine as well so so you see we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine as well so so you see we're
+doing element-wise multiplication and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing element-wise multiplication and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing element-wise multiplication and I
+you know in uh in this little demo here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in uh in this little demo here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in uh in this little demo here
+you'll also see uh some people use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also see uh some people use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also see uh some people use this
+dot with a circle around it to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot with a circle around it to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot with a circle around it to indicate
+pointwise multiply I'll remind you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise multiply I'll remind you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise multiply I'll remind you if
+Case linear algebra was too long ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case linear algebra was too long ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case linear algebra was too long ago the
+notion of a trace of a matrix is is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a trace of a matrix is is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a trace of a matrix is is if
+you have a matrix a big a big Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a matrix a big a big Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a matrix a big a big Square
+Matrix then you look at the diagonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then you look at the diagonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix then you look at the diagonal and
+you add up all the numbers and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up all the numbers and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up all the numbers and that's
+and that's the the trace and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the the trace and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the the trace and uh
+if you go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to this
+matrixcalculus.org there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was oh yes there's a story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was oh yes there's a story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was oh yes there's a story here
+let me let me step back and tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me step back and tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me step back and tell you the
+story so the reason why we started one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so the reason why we started one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so the reason why we started one
+of the reasons we started teaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons we started teaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons we started teaching this
+class during IAP was because there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class during IAP was because there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class during IAP was because there was a
+question on the math Piazza you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the math Piazza you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on the math Piazza you know all
+the undergraduates have access to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undergraduates have access to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undergraduates have access to a
+Piazza page for for not for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piazza page for for not for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piazza page for for not for an
+individual class but for the majors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual class but for the majors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual class but for the majors and
+there was this question that arose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this question that arose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this question that arose which
+is uh basically this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh basically this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh basically this question
+if if Y is an N by m Matrix here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if Y is an N by m Matrix here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if Y is an N by m Matrix here I'll
+use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+I'll use the mouse so it'll get recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the mouse so it'll get recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the mouse so it'll get recorded
+properly so if Y is an N by m Matrix X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly so if Y is an N by m Matrix X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly so if Y is an N by m Matrix X
+is an N by K Matrix and Theta is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an N by K Matrix and Theta is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an N by K Matrix and Theta is also a
+matrix a k by m Matrix then this scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a k by m Matrix then this scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a k by m Matrix then this scalar
+the trace makes sense right it's a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace makes sense right it's a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace makes sense right it's a the
+trace of this multiply makes sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of this multiply makes sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of this multiply makes sense and
+one could try to understand what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could try to understand what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could try to understand what does it
+mean to take the derivative okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to take the derivative okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to take the derivative okay and uh
+and and the student on Piazza asked how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the student on Piazza asked how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the student on Piazza asked how
+do you do it and you know how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do it and you know how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do it and you know how do you
+learn how to do things like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do things like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do things like this and
+that really is the origin of this IAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really is the origin of this IAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really is the origin of this IAP
+class that here's the answer the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that here's the answer the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that here's the answer the answer
+is itself a matrix it's minus two x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself a matrix it's minus two x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself a matrix it's minus two x
+transpose times y minus X Theta and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times y minus X Theta and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times y minus X Theta and you
+can actually get the answer through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get the answer through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get the answer through this
+matrixcalclist.org right so you those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixcalclist.org right so you those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixcalclist.org right so you those of
+you want to you could look at it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you could look at it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you could look at it's kind
+of a nice web page you could type in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nice web page you could type in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nice web page you could type in
+some matrices it's got its limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matrices it's got its limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some matrices it's got its limitations
+but you can look at some of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can look at some of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can look at some of these and
+see what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on
+okay but let me go back how do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let me go back how do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let me go back how do I get
+back to my slides I'll never find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my slides I'll never find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my slides I'll never find them
+again where are my slides they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again where are my slides they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again where are my slides they're
+underneath here aren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath here aren't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath here aren't they
+no I think they're underneath yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I think they're underneath yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I think they're underneath yeah
+they're underneath oh you think I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're underneath oh you think I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're underneath oh you think I could
+have gotten it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten it that way
+full screen mode I think yeah oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full screen mode I think yeah oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full screen mode I think yeah oh okay
+let's see can I really get to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see can I really get to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see can I really get to that uh
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+never mind I don't know how I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind I don't know how I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind I don't know how I can get
+back anyway yeah so you might play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back anyway yeah so you might play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back anyway yeah so you might play with
+this a little bit and see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit and see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit and see some of the
+things you can do it has limitations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do it has limitations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do it has limitations for
+example it doesn't do a good job when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it doesn't do a good job when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it doesn't do a good job when
+the answer is higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is higher than
+two-dimensional right but you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional right but you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional right but you can take a
+look and see see what it'll do one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see see what it'll do one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see see what it'll do one of
+the things you you you might see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you you you might see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you you you might see some
+Matrix calculus in some classes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus in some classes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus in some classes for
+example I think this is on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I think this is on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I think this is on the next
+slide but I'll just put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but I'll just put it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but I'll just put it on the
+Blackboard for example you might ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard for example you might ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard for example you might ask for
+How do you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you take
+the gradient of X transpose X on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of X transpose X on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of X transpose X on things
+like that or X transpose ax I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that or X transpose ax I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that or X transpose ax I think it's
+coming up on the next slide anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up on the next slide anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up on the next slide anyway so
+how do you take the gradient with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you take the gradient with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you take the gradient with
+respect to X of objects like these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X of objects like these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X of objects like these and
+I've seen many classes at MIT do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen many classes at MIT do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen many classes at MIT do that
+and what I would say is they would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I would say is they would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I would say is they would do it
+the old-fashioned way they they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old-fashioned way they they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old-fashioned way they they do it
+variable by variable by variable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable by variable by variable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable by variable by variable as
+opposed to the holistic way so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the holistic way so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the holistic way so one of
+the things that I'd like to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I'd like to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I'd like to kind of
+invite all of you to think about and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite all of you to think about and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite all of you to think about and as
+we go through this course is to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through this course is to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through this course is to think of
+a matrix holistically or think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix holistically or think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix holistically or think of a
+vector holistically stop thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector holistically stop thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector holistically stop thinking of a
+vector as a bunch of elements or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector as a bunch of elements or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector as a bunch of elements or a
+matrix as an M by n table as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as an M by n table as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as an M by n table as you would
+see in an early linear algebra class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in an early linear algebra class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in an early linear algebra class
+think of it of a matrix is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it of a matrix is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it of a matrix is sort of
+having you know like like you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you know like like you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you know like like you know we're
+more than our hands and our feet and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than our hands and our feet and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than our hands and our feet and our
+noses and our mouths right like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noses and our mouths right like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noses and our mouths right like we're
+people right I want you to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right I want you to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right I want you to think of
+matrices that way as as a holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that way as as a holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that way as as a holistic
+object and there are ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and there are ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and there are ways of doing
+Matrix calculus without going down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus without going down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus without going down to
+the element level to kind of get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element level to kind of get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element level to kind of get that
+point across a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point across a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point across a little bit more
+I still see this today though it used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still see this today though it used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still see this today though it used it
+happened more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened more and more
+I as a professor would walk into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I as a professor would walk into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I as a professor would walk into a
+classroom to start to give a lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom to start to give a lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom to start to give a lecture and
+in the old days professors used chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the old days professors used chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the old days professors used chalk
+and blackboards I guess they still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blackboards I guess they still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blackboards I guess they still do
+that sometimes you know and I would walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes you know and I would walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes you know and I would walk
+in and I would see what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I would see what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I would see what's on the
+Blackboard from the previous class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard from the previous class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard from the previous class and
+um as I'm erasing it I would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as I'm erasing it I would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as I'm erasing it I would actually
+look and see what would be written and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see what would be written and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see what would be written and I
+would see people taking essentially I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see people taking essentially I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see people taking essentially I
+would stand back and I would look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stand back and I would look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stand back and I would look at the
+entire Blackboard and I realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Blackboard and I realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Blackboard and I realized that
+this is just a couple of Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a couple of Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a couple of Matrix
+multiplies written out element wise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies written out element wise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies written out element wise but
+it fills up the whole Blackboard because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fills up the whole Blackboard because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fills up the whole Blackboard because
+for whatever reason the professor didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason the professor didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason the professor didn't
+use Matrix notation they just use scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Matrix notation they just use scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Matrix notation they just use scalar
+notation with indices all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation with indices all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation with indices all over the place
+and one of the things you'll see is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things you'll see is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the things you'll see is how
+to kind of grow up from that point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of grow up from that point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of grow up from that point of
+view to actually sometimes it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view to actually sometimes it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view to actually sometimes it's useful
+to work with indices and sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with indices and sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with indices and sometimes it's
+comforting you feel like you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comforting you feel like you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comforting you feel like you're getting
+the right answer but in some sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer but in some sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer but in some sense it's
+more elegant when you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elegant when you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elegant when you don't have to do
+that and we'll show you how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll show you how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll show you how to do that
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+okay so uh let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh let's take a look at
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+let's let's take a look at sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take a look at sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take a look at sort of the
+various types of cases of what it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of cases of what it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of cases of what it even
+means to take a derivative right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to take a derivative right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to take a derivative right and so
+uh so so 1801 is very much in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so 1801 is very much in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so 1801 is very much in the upper
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+the upper left corner right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left corner right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left corner right so you have
+a scalar in and a scalar comes out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar in and a scalar comes out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scalar in and a scalar comes out right
+that's everybody's first semester of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everybody's first semester of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everybody's first semester of
+calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if you go along the first row over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go along the first row over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go along the first row over here
+for example probably at least in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example probably at least in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example probably at least in physics
+but very simple physics you learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very simple physics you learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very simple physics you learn the
+idea that you could have say a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you could have say a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you could have say a function
+you you could have your your position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could have your your position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could have your your position in
+three dimensions as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions as a function of time
+right so your your input is time it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so your your input is time it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so your your input is time it's a
+scalar and your output is a position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and your output is a position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and your output is a position in
+space like I'm you know for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like I'm you know for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like I'm you know for those of you
+who can't see what I'm doing online I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can't see what I'm doing online I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can't see what I'm doing online I'm
+moving my hand to indicate a trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving my hand to indicate a trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving my hand to indicate a trajectory
+in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space
+okay and of course the derivative is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course the derivative is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course the derivative is now
+is is is is is the velocity Vector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is is is the velocity Vector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is is is the velocity Vector right
+that's what the derivative is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the derivative is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the derivative is of the
+function time it's it's tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time it's it's tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time it's it's tangent to the
+curve and and its magnitude tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and and its magnitude tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and and its magnitude tells you
+how fast you're going right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast you're going right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast you're going right and that's
+that's the derivative of a vector with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the derivative of a vector with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the derivative of a vector with a
+scalar now this is not the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar now this is not the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar now this is not the sort of thing
+you would see much in in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see much in in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see much in in previous
+classes I wouldn't think but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes I wouldn't think but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes I wouldn't think but it's
+perfectly reasonable to also talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable to also talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable to also talk about
+a trajectory and Matrix space right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trajectory and Matrix space right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trajectory and Matrix space right and
+so you could have an M by n Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have an M by n Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have an M by n Matrix
+that's a function of time you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a function of time you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a function of time you know I
+could say it as every element as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say it as every element as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say it as every element as a
+function of time and of course you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and of course you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and of course you could
+take the derivative of that thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of that thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of that thing right
+which will be a fixed Matrix which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a fixed Matrix which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a fixed Matrix which if
+you could imagine M by n Matrix space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine M by n Matrix space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine M by n Matrix space
+mathematicians love to imagine High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians love to imagine High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians love to imagine High
+dimensional Matrix spaces High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Matrix spaces High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional Matrix spaces High
+dimensional spaces of all kinds so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional spaces of all kinds so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional spaces of all kinds so if
+you can imagine M by n Matrix space then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine M by n Matrix space then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine M by n Matrix space then
+the derivative would be a tangent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative would be a tangent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative would be a tangent in
+that big high dimensional space okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big high dimensional space okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big high dimensional space okay so
+that's the first row maybe it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first row maybe it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first row maybe it's a good
+time to now go down the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to now go down the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to now go down the first column
+so uh this this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this this this this
+blue it looks yeah I guess it looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue it looks yeah I guess it looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue it looks yeah I guess it looks more
+purple on the screen but it's blue is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple on the screen but it's blue is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple on the screen but it's blue is is
+sort of the the this is what you do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the this is what you do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the this is what you do in
+multivariate calculus 1802 and machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate calculus 1802 and machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate calculus 1802 and machine
+learning everywhere which is we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning everywhere which is we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning everywhere which is we take
+gradients so uh it's very typical where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients so uh it's very typical where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients so uh it's very typical where
+you have a function with many variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function with many variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function with many variables
+going in I'll just talk about vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in I'll just talk about vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in I'll just talk about vectors
+but in fact you could have lots more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact you could have lots more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact you could have lots more
+variables than just a vector but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables than just a vector but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables than just a vector but let's
+just say in machine learning you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say in machine learning you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say in machine learning you have a
+vector going in and a scalar going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector going in and a scalar going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector going in and a scalar going out
+the scalar is often called the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar is often called the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar is often called the loss
+function in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in machine learning
+and uh how many of you have heard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh how many of you have heard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh how many of you have heard the
+word loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word loss function
+everybody okay I think there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody okay I think there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody okay I think there are things
+students are learning in kindergarten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are learning in kindergarten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are learning in kindergarten
+these days so so yeah everybody's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days so so yeah everybody's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days so so yeah everybody's right
+so you're all familiar with many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're all familiar with many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're all familiar with many many
+variables coming in that's the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables coming in that's the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables coming in that's the vector
+the input and the loss function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and the loss function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and the loss function the
+scale are coming out and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale are coming out and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale are coming out and you want to
+take a gradient of that thing right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a gradient of that thing right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a gradient of that thing right and
+so if you actually literally have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you actually literally have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you actually literally have a
+vector going in then the gradient is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector going in then the gradient is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector going in then the gradient is uh
+the gradient is in fact for every scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is in fact for every scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is in fact for every scalar
+function the gradient always has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the gradient always has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the gradient always has the
+same shape as the inputs so if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shape as the inputs so if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shape as the inputs so if your
+input is a vector then the gradient is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is a vector then the gradient is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is a vector then the gradient is a
+vector right so so that's often denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector right so so that's often denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector right so so that's often denoted
+with this knobler notation you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this knobler notation you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this knobler notation you know in
+latex it's backslash nabla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latex it's backslash nabla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latex it's backslash nabla
+so usually pronounced grad F or gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually pronounced grad F or gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually pronounced grad F or gradient
+of F and uh in in Julia it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F and uh in in Julia it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F and uh in in Julia it would be a
+vector we don't have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we don't have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we don't have to talk about
+column vectors and row vectors it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors and row vectors it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors and row vectors it's it's
+simple to just say vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to just say vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to just say vectors
+it gets too confused when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets too confused when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets too confused when you have
+column vectors but people are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors but people are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors but people are used to
+that notation it's just a vector but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notation it's just a vector but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notation it's just a vector but you
+could call it a column Vector but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it a column Vector but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call it a column Vector but the
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+is the transpose it's a row Vector right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transpose it's a row Vector right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the transpose it's a row Vector right
+and uh Stephen and I we we actually went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Stephen and I we we actually went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Stephen and I we we actually went
+back and forth on this a couple years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth on this a couple years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth on this a couple years
+ago and we're absolutely convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and we're absolutely convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and we're absolutely convinced that
+this is the best way to do it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best way to do it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best way to do it that the
+gradient uh is is a vector a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh is is a vector a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh is is a vector a column
+vector and the the the F Prime is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the the the F Prime is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the the the F Prime is a uh
+row Vector so in particular I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector so in particular I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Vector so in particular I'll just
+I'll give you the answer for X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you the answer for X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you the answer for X transpose
+X so here's f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so here's f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so here's f of x
+right and we're talking about X being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we're talking about X being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we're talking about X being a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+um so the the gradient of f is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the gradient of f is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the gradient of f is equal to
+2x okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x okay but
+DF will be two x transpose DX or F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF will be two x transpose DX or F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF will be two x transpose DX or F Prime
+of X will be two x transpose and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X will be two x transpose and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X will be two x transpose and I hope
+you could start to appreciate why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could start to appreciate why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could start to appreciate why this
+is a good idea because we want this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good idea because we want this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good idea because we want this to
+be a linear operator that we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a linear operator that we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a linear operator that we put in
+you know we put in a little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we put in a little a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we put in a little a little
+Vector change and we want the output to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector change and we want the output to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector change and we want the output to
+be a scalar right so it makes no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a scalar right so it makes no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a scalar right so it makes no sense
+to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+you see it makes no sense to go 2x DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it makes no sense to go 2x DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it makes no sense to go 2x DX
+where everything this is a little Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything this is a little Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything this is a little Vector
+change and this is a little Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and this is a little Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and this is a little Vector
+there's no such thing as multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing as multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing as multiplying
+vector by vector but if we write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by vector but if we write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by vector but if we write this
+2 2x transpose then then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2x transpose then then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2x transpose then then when we
+multiply by DX as we're doing here out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by DX as we're doing here out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by DX as we're doing here out
+comes a scalar right so I make a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes a scalar right so I make a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes a scalar right so I make a little
+small change to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change to X
+infinitesimal or a tiny little change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal or a tiny little change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal or a tiny little change
+however you want to think of it and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want to think of it and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you want to think of it and out
+comes the scalar change to F and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the scalar change to F and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the scalar change to F and so this
+actually makes perfect sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes perfect sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes perfect sense
+and I don't think you would learn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think you would learn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't think you would learn it
+that way in 1802 and so this is but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way in 1802 and so this is but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way in 1802 and so this is but it
+this is this seems to lead to consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this seems to lead to consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this seems to lead to consistent
+answers and so we're going to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and so we're going to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and so we're going to encourage
+you to take that point of view all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take that point of view all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take that point of view all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I've covered four of these boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've covered four of these boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've covered four of these boxes
+let me point out that there's a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me point out that there's a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me point out that there's a color
+coding that you might have noticed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding that you might have noticed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding that you might have noticed to
+these boxes if you haven't noticed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes if you haven't noticed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes if you haven't noticed it
+already the green is when the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the green is when the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the green is when the derivative
+is is Zero Dimensional it goes along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Zero Dimensional it goes along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Zero Dimensional it goes along the
+diagonals right the blue is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals right the blue is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals right the blue is one
+dimensional answers right the vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional answers right the vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional answers right the vector and
+the gradient uh those two boxes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient uh those two boxes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient uh those two boxes and then
+the next diagonal uh it's a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next diagonal uh it's a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next diagonal uh it's a funny
+diagonals right it's going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals right it's going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals right it's going from
+Northeast to Southwest but this funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast to Southwest but this funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast to Southwest but this funny
+diagonal the the next step is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal the the next step is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal the the next step is when the
+derivative itself is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative itself is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative itself is a matrix
+right and so uh one one example was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so uh one one example was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so uh one one example was in
+the top right when you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top right when you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top right when you just have a
+trajectory and Matrix space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and Matrix space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and Matrix space
+um another one that is in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another one that is in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another one that is in the bottom
+left is if you have if your parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is if you have if your parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is if you have if your parameters
+are coming into a machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming into a machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming into a machine learning
+algorithm as an array and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm as an array and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm as an array and you have a
+loss function then the gradient as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss function then the gradient as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss function then the gradient as I
+said the gradient of a scalar function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the gradient of a scalar function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the gradient of a scalar function
+always matches the shape of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always matches the shape of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always matches the shape of the input
+right and so the gradient of a matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the gradient of a matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the gradient of a matrix is
+a matrix okay and then in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix okay and then in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix okay and then in the middle of
+these three by three arrays I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three by three arrays I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three by three arrays I think you
+would have all seen in 1802 if you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have all seen in 1802 if you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have all seen in 1802 if you I
+don't know if you remember it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you remember it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you remember it anymore
+some of you probably do most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you probably do most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you probably do most of you
+probably do some of you may forget no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do some of you may forget no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do some of you may forget no
+two doesn't always cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two doesn't always cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two doesn't always cover it
+unfortunately it doesn't cover jacobians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it doesn't cover jacobians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it doesn't cover jacobians
+and certainly not as linearization they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly not as linearization they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly not as linearization they
+sometimes do Jacobian matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do Jacobian matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do Jacobian matrices
+determinants for integrals but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants for integrals but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants for integrals but they
+don't even always cover that apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even always cover that apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even always cover that apparently
+but you mean you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you mean you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you mean you mean
+students in 1802 will not see a Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in 1802 will not see a Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in 1802 will not see a Jacobian
+matrix in some form or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in some form or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in some form or another
+apparently what does MIT come to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently what does MIT come to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently what does MIT come to how
+many of you have actually taken 1802 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have actually taken 1802 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have actually taken 1802 at
+MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+okay and among those how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and among those how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and among those how many of you
+think you first once learned about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you first once learned about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you first once learned about a
+Jacobian matrix so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix so you don't have to
+remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it
+okay well we've got a good set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we've got a good set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we've got a good set of
+students because apparently they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students because apparently they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students because apparently they learn
+Jacobian matrices I would have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrices I would have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrices I would have thought
+that that would just go without saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would just go without saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would just go without saying
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but it's very often it's only it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very often it's only it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very often it's only it's only
+for for multi-dimensional integration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for multi-dimensional integration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for multi-dimensional integration so
+it's only determinants of jacobians that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only determinants of jacobians that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only determinants of jacobians that
+they ever see so the Jacobian and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ever see so the Jacobian and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ever see so the Jacobian and the
+and it's determinant they kind of mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's determinant they kind of mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's determinant they kind of mix
+get get kind of mixed together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get kind of mixed together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get kind of mixed together
+all right that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that sounds
+unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate
+but okay thanks for the update on 1802.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay thanks for the update on 1802.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay thanks for the update on 1802.
+um I know a few years back I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know a few years back I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know a few years back I actually
+looked at the 1802 ASE notes and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the 1802 ASE notes and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the 1802 ASE notes and I know
+that that it was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it was there
+but uh I don't know what changes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I don't know what changes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I don't know what changes have
+been made okay so uh so so but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made okay so uh so so but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made okay so uh so so but in the
+event uh just to kind of set the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh just to kind of set the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh just to kind of set the stage
+this is where you have a vector input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you have a vector input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you have a vector input
+and a vector output right so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vector output right so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vector output right so you have a
+function in say three dimensions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in say three dimensions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in say three dimensions and the
+you know and the output is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the output is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and the output is also a
+function say in three or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function say in three or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function say in three or it could be
+lower or higher Dimensions right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower or higher Dimensions right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower or higher Dimensions right and uh
+the if if you if you have n Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if if you if you have n Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if if you if you have n Dimensions
+going in and M as in married Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and M as in married Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and M as in married Dimensions
+going out then uh the derivative is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out then uh the derivative is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out then uh the derivative is most
+naturally done if you do it as a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally done if you do it as a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally done if you do it as a matrix
+not as in a linear operator but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as in a linear operator but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as in a linear operator but if you
+do as a matrix it'll be an M by n Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as a matrix it'll be an M by n Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as a matrix it'll be an M by n Matrix
+okay and then of course we get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then of course we get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then of course we get into the
+interesting situations As you move down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situations As you move down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting situations As you move down
+this table the situations where that web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table the situations where that web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table the situations where that web
+page doesn't do a very good job at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page doesn't do a very good job at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page doesn't do a very good job at it
+but we're going to show you how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to show you how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to show you how to do
+this how to think about just even what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how to think about just even what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how to think about just even what
+what what's a good notation when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's a good notation when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's a good notation when you
+start moving into a higher order arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving into a higher order arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving into a higher order arrays
+right where where it's no longer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where where it's no longer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where where it's no longer you
+know the derivative is no longer uh best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the derivative is no longer uh best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the derivative is no longer uh best
+expressed with two-dimensional matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed with two-dimensional matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed with two-dimensional matrices
+anymore and so that's that's down on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and so that's that's down on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and so that's that's down on the
+bottom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+here here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here are some
+answers to to set the stage then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to to set the stage then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to to set the stage then again
+we're going to show you how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show you how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show you how to do this
+but I think it's kind of nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's kind of nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's kind of nice to
+foreshadow a little bit of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadow a little bit of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadow a little bit of what you're
+going to see so so here I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see so so here I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see so so here I'm going to use
+this sort of operator notation starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of operator notation starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of operator notation starting
+with one you're familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one you're familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one you're familiar with the
+derivative of x cubed is 3x squared DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x cubed is 3x squared DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x cubed is 3x squared DX
+right so everybody kind of knows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so everybody kind of knows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so everybody kind of knows that
+and just to encourage you just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to encourage you just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to encourage you just to
+remember what I've said before that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I've said before that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I've said before that I
+want you to think of this as if I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think of this as if I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think of this as if I make a
+little small change to X my change to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little small change to X my change to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little small change to X my change to my
+function will be 3x squared times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will be 3x squared times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function will be 3x squared times that
+small change right if if I'm at x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change right if if I'm at x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small change right if if I'm at x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I make a 0.01 change then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I make a 0.01 change then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I make a 0.01 change then the
+result is going to be 3 7 squared times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is going to be 3 7 squared times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is going to be 3 7 squared times
+0.01 approximately right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 approximately right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 approximately right
+right and of course that that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course that that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course that that gets
+better as 0.01 gets closer and closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as 0.01 gets closer and closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as 0.01 gets closer and closer to
+zero okay so uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so uh here's
+here's here's one that in fact let's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's one that in fact let's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's one that in fact let's use
+the mouse again just to to emphasize but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse again just to to emphasize but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse again just to to emphasize but
+this one here whoops anyone do that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here whoops anyone do that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here whoops anyone do that this
+one here is is uh let's see we have a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is is uh let's see we have a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is is uh let's see we have a I
+want this to be a vector input and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be a vector input and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be a vector input and a
+scalar output so it's this box again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar output so it's this box again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar output so it's this box again and
+it's the same thing I wrote over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing I wrote over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing I wrote over here
+I'm just using prime instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using prime instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using prime instead of
+transpose but I want to again I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose but I want to again I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose but I want to again I want to
+encourage you that if you make if x is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you that if you make if x is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you that if you make if x is a
+little X is a vector and DX is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X is a vector and DX is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X is a vector and DX is a small
+change to that Vector then you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to that Vector then you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to that Vector then you take the
+dot product right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product right so
+I hope everybody realizes that X like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope everybody realizes that X like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope everybody realizes that X like if
+you ever go X transpose y that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever go X transpose y that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever go X transpose y that's the
+same thing as a DOT product right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as a DOT product right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as a DOT product right that
+means multiply all the elements and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means multiply all the elements and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means multiply all the elements and then
+add them everything up right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them everything up right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them everything up right so this is
+a DOT product between 2X and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product between 2X and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product between 2X and which is
+this is you know I'm at the point x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know I'm at the point x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know I'm at the point x and
+my change is a little DX this dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my change is a little DX this dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my change is a little DX this dot
+product will be the change to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will be the change to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will be the change to X
+transpose X okay and here's a here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X okay and here's a here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X okay and here's a here's
+your first Matrix answer I told you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first Matrix answer I told you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first Matrix answer I told you the
+that if you square a matrix I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you square a matrix I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you square a matrix I told you
+the answer is not like 2x right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is not like 2x right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is not like 2x right what is
+it well in fact there's no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well in fact there's no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well in fact there's no because
+matrices don't commute the the X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices don't commute the the X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices don't commute the the X and the
+DX don't commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX don't commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX don't commute
+in a way you could think about it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way you could think about it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way you could think about it this
+way should we go X DX times 2 or DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way should we go X DX times 2 or DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way should we go X DX times 2 or DX
+times x times two well in fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x times two well in fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x times two well in fact there's
+no reason to prefer one over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to prefer one over the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to prefer one over the other
+and in fact the correct answer is to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the correct answer is to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the correct answer is to add
+the multiplications both ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplications both ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplications both ways so
+so if you make a small change to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you make a small change to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you make a small change to a
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+and you can ask what is the change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can ask what is the change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can ask what is the change to
+the square then this is the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square then this is the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square then this is the correct
+answer this is it and you see now maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is it and you see now maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is it and you see now maybe
+for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time
+y we need to think of it as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y we need to think of it as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y we need to think of it as a linear
+operator we can't we can write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we can't we can write this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we can't we can write this out
+as a big Matrix you see if but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a big Matrix you see if but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a big Matrix you see if but it's not
+a good idea right it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea right it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea right it might be
+comfortable but we don't recommend it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable but we don't recommend it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable but we don't recommend it so
+you see you could think of X as as N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you could think of X as as N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you could think of X as as N
+squared variables if x is an N by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared variables if x is an N by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared variables if x is an N by n
+Matrix right if x is an N by n Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right if x is an N by n Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right if x is an N by n Matrix
+here's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's X
+that's n by n you know we have N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n by n you know we have N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n by n you know we have N squared
+variables and so we could think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so we could think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so we could think of the
+function that takes that squares a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that takes that squares a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that takes that squares a
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+if you want you could like flatten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you could like flatten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you could like flatten
+everything and think of it as of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and think of it as of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and think of it as of going
+from N squared variables to N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from N squared variables to N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from N squared variables to N squared
+variables and then the derivative would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and then the derivative would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and then the derivative would
+have n to the fourth things in it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n to the fourth things in it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n to the fourth things in it you
+could write it as an N squared by N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it as an N squared by N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it as an N squared by N
+squared Matrix but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Matrix but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Matrix but we're not
+recommending that we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending that we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending that we're saying
+just think of it as this linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as this linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as this linear operator
+okay and that's going to be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's going to be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's going to be the the
+answer for the derivative of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for the derivative of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for the derivative of x squared
+okay for a matrix Square obviously it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a matrix Square obviously it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a matrix Square obviously it
+reduces to 2x DX when when it scalars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to 2x DX when when it scalars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to 2x DX when when it scalars
+but it's much better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much better than that
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+sometimes I open up a Julia to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I open up a Julia to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I open up a Julia to do this
+but I think these slides kind of say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think these slides kind of say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think these slides kind of say it
+all so just to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so just to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so just to kind of
+hit home on both the The Matrix square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit home on both the The Matrix square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit home on both the The Matrix square
+and the the X transpose X I'll just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the X transpose X I'll just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the X transpose X I'll just give
+you a numerical example just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a numerical example just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a numerical example just to make
+sure this is completely clear so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this is completely clear so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this is completely clear so let's
+consider the function X transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the function X transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the function X transpose X
+right so I hope you all realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I hope you all realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I hope you all realize that
+just the sum of the squares of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sum of the squares of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sum of the squares of the
+entries of of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of of x
+right and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if
+if I'm at the point 3 4 wait so I'm at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm at the point 3 4 wait so I'm at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm at the point 3 4 wait so I'm at a
+point in space two dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space two dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space two dimensional space
+three four right so my function value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four right so my function value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four right so my function value is
+9 squared is 9 plus 16 is 25.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 squared is 9 plus 16 is 25.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 squared is 9 plus 16 is 25.
+right and let's make a little change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let's make a little change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let's make a little change
+let's let's say my DX is I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's say my DX is I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's say my DX is I'm going to go
+0.001 in my first Direction and 0.002 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.001 in my first Direction and 0.002 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.001 in my first Direction and 0.002 in
+the next Direction well you could do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next Direction well you could do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next Direction well you could do the
+math and basically the answer is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and basically the answer is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and basically the answer is about
+25.022
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25.022
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25.022
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+um so so here we're explicitly making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so here we're explicitly making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so here we're explicitly making
+those changes right but the whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes right but the whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those changes right but the whole point
+of calculus is is to have like a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus is is to have like a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus is is to have like a formula
+for it for doing that right like in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it for doing that right like in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it for doing that right like in in
+you know the reason why we don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reason why we don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the reason why we don't just
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+do do the calculation that's on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do the calculation that's on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do the calculation that's on this
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+is because the magic of calculus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the magic of calculus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the magic of calculus is
+there's an exact way to do it uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an exact way to do it uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an exact way to do it uh and so
+and this is this is this is that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is this is that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is this is that exact
+way if you go 2x 0 transpose DX you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you go 2x 0 transpose DX you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you go 2x 0 transpose DX you see
+we're going to get that right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get that right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get that right answer
+okay and that's what we love about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what we love about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what we love about
+calculus okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus okay and
+um so so the Delta f is going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the Delta f is going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the Delta f is going to be that
+any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that
+so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could
+I don't know well let me just see do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know well let me just see do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know well let me just see do you
+want me to see me do do this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to see me do do this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to see me do do this with a
+matrix I don't think I put in the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I don't think I put in the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I don't think I put in the slides
+should I do a matrix quickly in Julia we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do a matrix quickly in Julia we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do a matrix quickly in Julia we
+could do it you want people people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it you want people people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it you want people people are
+saying yes I should do it all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yes I should do it all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yes I should do it all right so
+let's open up a Julia quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's open up a Julia quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's open up a Julia quickly
+you know I think this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think this is the sort of
+thing that's just easy enough I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's just easy enough I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's just easy enough I could
+actually just do it in the rebel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just do it in the rebel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just do it in the rebel
+should I do with the vs code or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do with the vs code or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I do with the vs code or just
+doing the rep I'll just do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the rep I'll just do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the rep I'll just do it in the
+rebel okay so let's get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebel okay so let's get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebel okay so let's get a
+Julia this is a bit impromptu but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia this is a bit impromptu but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia this is a bit impromptu but why
+not okay so here let's just grab a Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what I'd like to do is demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I'd like to do is demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I'd like to do is demonstrate
+So the plan here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the plan here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the plan here
+is to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to demonstrate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um d x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I do this
+make that DX squared is going to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that DX squared is going to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that DX squared is going to equal
+DX times X Plus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX times X Plus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX times X Plus X
+DX okay so that's going to be my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so that's going to be my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so that's going to be my goal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+any particular size you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular size you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular size you want to see
+three by three good enough I guess so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three good enough I guess so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three by three good enough I guess so
+let's just do three by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do three by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do three by three
+it'll make this a little bit bigger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll make this a little bit bigger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll make this a little bit bigger so
+uh I don't even think I need linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't even think I need linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't even think I need linear
+algebra let's see I don't think I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra let's see I don't think I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra let's see I don't think I need
+any packages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any packages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any packages so
+should I take all right let's let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I take all right let's let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I take all right let's let me
+hear your nine favorite integers small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear your nine favorite integers small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear your nine favorite integers small
+don't make them too big come on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make them too big come on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make them too big come on just
+shout out nine integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shout out nine integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shout out nine integers
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+negative three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative three
+one two three thank you okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three thank you okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three thank you okay that
+occurring along here three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six seven eight all right just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven eight all right just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six seven eight all right just to show
+you that there's nothing up my sleeve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there's nothing up my sleeve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there's nothing up my sleeve
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's go Y is equal to x squared maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go Y is equal to x squared maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go Y is equal to x squared maybe
+so here's the Matrix Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the Matrix Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the Matrix Square
+okay so you can check that yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can check that yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can check that yourselves
+and let's take a DX to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a DX to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's take a DX to be
+oh let's just go 0.001 times Rand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's just go 0.001 times Rand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's just go 0.001 times Rand of
+three three oh is that too ugly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three oh is that too ugly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three oh is that too ugly that's
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+let's just do it okay so here's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do it okay so here's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do it okay so here's a bunch
+of ugly numbers okay so so everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ugly numbers okay so so everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ugly numbers okay so so everybody
+understands that I'm sitting at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that I'm sitting at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that I'm sitting at this
+Matrix X and I'm moving over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix X and I'm moving over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix X and I'm moving over to
+X Plus DX right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus DX right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus DX right so
+um and I want to know the difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I want to know the difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I want to know the difference so
+let's do that right so d y will do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that right so d y will do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that right so d y will do it
+for us numerically is going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us numerically is going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us numerically is going to be this
+is going to be X plus d x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be X plus d x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be X plus d x squared
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+x squared okay so there's the d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared okay so there's the d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared okay so there's the d y
+okay and now let's compare that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now let's compare that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now let's compare that with
+this magic Matrix calculus formula The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magic Matrix calculus formula The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magic Matrix calculus formula The
+Matrix calculus formula is x times DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus formula is x times DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus formula is x times DX
+plus d x times x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d x times x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d x times x and
+you know this is where I always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is where I always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is where I always have
+that fear that I made a mistake or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fear that I made a mistake or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fear that I made a mistake or a
+typo but let's let's hit enter and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo but let's let's hit enter and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo but let's let's hit enter and see
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+and look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at that
+you see so this is the numerical way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so this is the numerical way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see so this is the numerical way of
+calculating a derivative just see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a derivative just see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a derivative just see where
+I am over there minus where I started or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am over there minus where I started or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am over there minus where I started or
+there's this magic formula and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this magic formula and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this magic formula and just to
+show you that these other these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that these other these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that these other these other
+ways you might think of doing it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you might think of doing it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you might think of doing it won't
+work like 2x DX that's not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like 2x DX that's not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like 2x DX that's not right
+um or two times DX times x I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or two times DX times x I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or two times DX times x I don't need
+that at times that's not right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at times that's not right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at times that's not right but the
+one that the one that is right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that the one that is right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that the one that is right here
+let's put it back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is clearly that one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly that one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly that one okay so
+okay so I haven't showed you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I haven't showed you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I haven't showed you how to
+derive it yet but that's coming soon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it yet but that's coming soon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it yet but that's coming soon but
+I just wanted you to sort of really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted you to sort of really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted you to sort of really I
+feel for me I don't know if your minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for me I don't know if your minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for me I don't know if your minds
+work this way but for me seeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this way but for me seeing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this way but for me seeing this
+is is pretty convincing right like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is pretty convincing right like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is pretty convincing right like I
+feel like I know what's going on right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like I know what's going on right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like I know what's going on right I
+really I really like looking at it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I really like looking at it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I really like looking at it this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+okay so uh I mean after all if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh I mean after all if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh I mean after all if I were
+doing calculus on a computer for scalers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing calculus on a computer for scalers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing calculus on a computer for scalers
+I would I would just take X Plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I would just take X Plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would I would just take X Plus DX
+squared you know for scalars and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you know for scalars and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you know for scalars and this is
+what I would do and I would get 2x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would do and I would get 2x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would do and I would get 2x in
+fact we can just to remind you that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can just to remind you that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can just to remind you that this
+really is the same thing we could take X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the same thing we could take X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the same thing we could take X
+to be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be three
+and DX to be 0.001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DX to be 0.001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and DX to be 0.001
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+um and then we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can go
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+and I can compare that with with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can compare that with with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can compare that with with what
+everybody knows to be from ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows to be from ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows to be from ordinary
+calculus 2x times DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus 2x times DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus 2x times DX
+right and you know to the right number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know to the right number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know to the right number
+of digits they match okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digits they match okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of digits they match okay any questions
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+all right so hopefully you now kind of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so hopefully you now kind of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so hopefully you now kind of I
+believe at least experimentally not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe at least experimentally not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe at least experimentally not
+theoretically that that that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically that that that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically that that that you know
+Matrix calculus kind of works all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus kind of works all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix calculus kind of works all right
+so getting back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting back to
+um to the slides here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the slides here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the slides here
+so it's helpful to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's helpful to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's helpful to know
+certain rules that you all learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rules that you all learned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rules that you all learned in
+freshman calculus extend to matrices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman calculus extend to matrices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman calculus extend to matrices so
+you might remember that you learned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might remember that you learned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might remember that you learned the
+product rule right so what's the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule right so what's the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule right so what's the product
+rule say say that yeah you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule say say that yeah you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule say say that yeah you know people
+learn it with different notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it with different notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it with different notations
+um many people learn it as d u v equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many people learn it as d u v equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many people learn it as d u v equals
+U DV Plus vdu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U DV Plus vdu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U DV Plus vdu
+right other people learn the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other people learn the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other people learn the product
+rule with other notations but the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule with other notations but the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule with other notations but the thing
+that I want you to know is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to know is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to know is that the
+product rule just works for matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule just works for matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule just works for matrices and
+vectors as well as for scalars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as well as for scalars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as well as for scalars so
+anytime you have a compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you have a compatible
+Vector product or Matrix like a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector product or Matrix like a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector product or Matrix like a vector
+dot product or a matrix times Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product or a matrix times Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product or a matrix times Vector
+where where the this where the sizes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the this where the sizes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the this where the sizes all
+work out then um it's perfectly okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out then um it's perfectly okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out then um it's perfectly okay to
+take the Matrix rule d a b to be d a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Matrix rule d a b to be d a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Matrix rule d a b to be d a b
+plus ADB okay so this one the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ADB okay so this one the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ADB okay so this one the only thing
+is that you have to remember is matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have to remember is matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have to remember is matrices
+don't commute so if a is on the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't commute so if a is on the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't commute so if a is on the left and
+B is on the right a must always so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is on the right a must always so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is on the right a must always so in
+all the formats a must be on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the formats a must be on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the formats a must be on the left
+and B must always be on the right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B must always be on the right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B must always be on the right like
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+if right so so for example this this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if right so so for example this this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if right so so for example this this was
+a little bit giving you the the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit giving you the the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit giving you the the wrong
+idea I mean it might have been better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I mean it might have been better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I mean it might have been better to
+say u d v plus d u v you see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say u d v plus d u v you see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say u d v plus d u v you see because
+this will work for matrices right I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will work for matrices right I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will work for matrices right I must
+always keep the U on the left and the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always keep the U on the left and the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always keep the U on the left and the V
+on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right
+and that's that's the only rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's the only rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's the only rule that
+makes matrices just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes matrices just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes matrices just a little bit
+different from scalars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from scalars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from scalars
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+so so let's apply that to X transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's apply that to X transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's apply that to X transpose X
+right and so if we apply it to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if we apply it to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if we apply it to X
+transpose X it says that d x transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X it says that d x transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose X it says that d x transpose X
+will be DX trans plus X Plus X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be DX trans plus X Plus X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be DX trans plus X Plus X transpose
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+okay and here's where students get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's where students get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's where students get
+confused I'm going to go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused I'm going to go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused I'm going to go ahead and
+combine them and violate every rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them and violate every rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them and violate every rule that
+I just said I'm going to say that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said I'm going to say that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said I'm going to say that I can
+combine them and get two x transpose DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them and get two x transpose DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them and get two x transpose DX
+wait a minute what are how is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute what are how is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute what are how is it that
+I'm I can combine this here when I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I can combine this here when I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I can combine this here when I just
+told you that you can't put things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that you can't put things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that you can't put things in
+other orders anybody want to tell me why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other orders anybody want to tell me why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other orders anybody want to tell me why
+in this case I can get away with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I can get away with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I can get away with it
+I just said to you the 8 must be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said to you the 8 must be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just said to you the 8 must be on the
+left and the B must be on the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the B must be on the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the B must be on the right and
+here I am I'm telling you that that DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I am I'm telling you that that DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I am I'm telling you that that DX
+transpose x and x transpose DX are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose x and x transpose DX are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose x and x transpose DX are
+actually the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same thing
+how come I'm allowed to do that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come I'm allowed to do that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how come I'm allowed to do that in this
+one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and combine these two can anybody tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combine these two can anybody tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combine these two can anybody tell
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+yes please in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the dot product's just a scalar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the dot product's just a scalar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the dot product's just a scalar it
+doesn't matter what order you do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what order you do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what order you do it in
+exactly right if I just to kind of show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right if I just to kind of show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right if I just to kind of show
+you in Julia oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in Julia oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in Julia oh
+you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what
+there's a tiny little hole where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tiny little hole where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tiny little hole where the
+wire comes out and if the chair leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire comes out and if the chair leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire comes out and if the chair leg
+falls into that hole I go down with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into that hole I go down with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls into that hole I go down with it
+all right so here we go so let's say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here we go so let's say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here we go so let's say x
+is let's say x is one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say x is one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say x is one two three
+oh actually let's put it with commas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh actually let's put it with commas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh actually let's put it with commas
+okay and if DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if DX
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+0.001 times Rand of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.001 times Rand of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.001 times Rand of three
+see I think if I did it this way you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think if I did it this way you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think if I did it this way you'd
+all believe it if I go can I do Dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all believe it if I go can I do Dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all believe it if I go can I do Dot and
+base let's see maybe maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base let's see maybe maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base let's see maybe maybe not
+not defined okay so but anyway I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defined okay so but anyway I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defined okay so but anyway I don't
+even want to do it that way let's go X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even want to do it that way let's go X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even want to do it that way let's go X
+transpose DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose DX
+okay and D X transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and D X transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and D X transpose X
+you see they're exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see they're exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see they're exactly the same thing
+after all the dot product of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the dot product of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the dot product of the the
+right so so my point is the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so my point is the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so my point is the dot product
+of X and DX is of course the same as DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and DX is of course the same as DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and DX is of course the same as DX
+and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X
+okay so um so a times B just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so a times B just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so a times B just to remind
+you a times B is not B times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a times B is not B times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a times B is not B times a
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um but X transpose y equals y transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but X transpose y equals y transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but X transpose y equals y transpose
+x if x and y are vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if x and y are vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x if x and y are vectors
+understood those two you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood those two you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood those two you understand the
+difference between the general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the general case
+where things don't commute and the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things don't commute and the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things don't commute and the dot
+product where things do commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product where things do commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product where things do commute
+okay so students seem to get confused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so students seem to get confused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so students seem to get confused by
+that sometimes and so I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes and so I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes and so I just wanted to
+say that as clearly as I know how Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that as clearly as I know how Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that as clearly as I know how Okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one more time using the product rule on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time using the product rule on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time using the product rule on
+DX transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX transpose X
+you can use this approach to write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this approach to write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this approach to write it as
+D you use the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D you use the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D you use the product rule
+okay and then you recognize that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you recognize that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you recognize that those
+two dot products are the same and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dot products are the same and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dot products are the same and so you
+can combine them into two x transpose DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine them into two x transpose DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can combine them into two x transpose DX
+okay and so uh in a way now this one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so uh in a way now this one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so uh in a way now this one of
+course you could do it with it to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you could do it with it to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you could do it with it to take
+the gradient of X transpose X is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of X transpose X is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of X transpose X is not
+hard to do the old-fashioned way and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do the old-fashioned way and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do the old-fashioned way and you
+know there's no you could decide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no you could decide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no you could decide for
+yourselves but on the Blackboard let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves but on the Blackboard let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves but on the Blackboard let me
+just quickly remind you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly remind you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly remind you that
+here's the old-fashioned way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the old-fashioned way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the old-fashioned way to do it
+the old-fashioned way is to say f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old-fashioned way is to say f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old-fashioned way is to say f of x
+equals x transpose X is the sum of the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x transpose X is the sum of the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x transpose X is the sum of the x
+i squared and so this is like the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i squared and so this is like the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i squared and so this is like the baby
+way to do it but this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it but this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it but this is the sort of
+thing that you'll see in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you'll see in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you'll see in a lot of
+classes right and you'll you'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes right and you'll you'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes right and you'll you'll learn
+that the the gradient of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the gradient of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the gradient of f
+is the vector that has the F dx1 all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vector that has the F dx1 all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vector that has the F dx1 all the
+way down to DF dxn and so you'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to DF dxn and so you'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to DF dxn and so you'll you'll
+look at f of x i and you'll say oh the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at f of x i and you'll say oh the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at f of x i and you'll say oh the F
+of d x i is equal to 2 x i and so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d x i is equal to 2 x i and so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d x i is equal to 2 x i and so you'll
+put them all in a vector and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all in a vector and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all in a vector and you would
+say ha the gradient of f is equal to 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ha the gradient of f is equal to 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ha the gradient of f is equal to 2x
+right and that's you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's you know there's
+nothing wrong with that I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with that I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with that I mean you know
+you get good at this sort of thing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get good at this sort of thing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get good at this sort of thing but I
+hope you can sort of see the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you can sort of see the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you can sort of see the advantage
+of doing it holistically I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it holistically I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it holistically I don't have to
+use indices I don't have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use indices I don't have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use indices I don't have to think about
+what this thing is made of I just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing is made of I just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing is made of I just do
+this little trick here and boom I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little trick here and boom I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little trick here and boom I get
+the answer right away right it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer right away right it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer right away right it's kind of
+like a magic trick for vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a magic trick for vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a magic trick for vectors and
+matrices that like if you take courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that like if you take courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that like if you take courses
+where people are taking gradients or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are taking gradients or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are taking gradients or or
+all the other students in the class are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other students in the class are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other students in the class are
+going to do it this way and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it this way and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it this way and you're going
+to know the secret trick of being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the secret trick of being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the secret trick of being able
+to get the gradient this ways right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the gradient this ways right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the gradient this ways right so
+you'll have superpowers that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have superpowers that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have superpowers that they don't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+okay so of course both ways work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course both ways work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course both ways work
+but uh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh okay so
+okay so so here let's see we have d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here let's see we have d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here let's see we have d u
+transpose V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose V is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh this this is this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this is this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this is this is sort of the
+point that I was making already so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I was making already so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I was making already so I
+think we have that okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have that okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have that okay any questions
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+so let's just again a little warm up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just again a little warm up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just again a little warm up
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so it's sometimes it's good to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's sometimes it's good to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's sometimes it's good to sort
+of count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of count
+um how many parameters are needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many parameters are needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many parameters are needed to
+express an answer I mean parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express an answer I mean parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express an answer I mean parameters are
+sort of a vague term but think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a vague term but think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a vague term but think about it
+as how many numbers do I need if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as how many numbers do I need if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as how many numbers do I need if I'm
+going to put something in a matrix how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put something in a matrix how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put something in a matrix how
+many elements so so let me ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements so so let me ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements so so let me ask you
+quickly if I have a function that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly if I have a function that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly if I have a function that takes
+n inputs to M outputs and I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n inputs to M outputs and I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n inputs to M outputs and I do want to
+express the derivative as a matrix how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the derivative as a matrix how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the derivative as a matrix how
+many numbers do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so n inputs M outputs how many numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n inputs M outputs how many numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n inputs M outputs how many numbers
+do I need to express it as a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need to express it as a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need to express it as a matrix
+n times n all right everybody knows okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times n all right everybody knows okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times n all right everybody knows okay
+and I think this is my last slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is my last slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is my last slide so
+I'll just say a few words about second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say a few words about second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say a few words about second
+derivatives quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives quickly
+and then maybe we take like a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe we take like a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe we take like a five
+minute break or something and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break or something and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break or something and then uh
+and and then Stephen will will speak so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then Stephen will will speak so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then Stephen will will speak so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so I don't know how much we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know how much we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know how much we're going to
+talk about second derivatives in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about second derivatives in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about second derivatives in this
+class but there's one example that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but there's one example that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but there's one example that comes
+up so often that it's probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so often that it's probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so often that it's probably just
+worth mentioning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth mentioning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth mentioning and
+in a way it I think when I first learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way it I think when I first learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way it I think when I first learned
+about differentiating vectors I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about differentiating vectors I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about differentiating vectors I always
+got confused between the Hessian which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got confused between the Hessian which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got confused between the Hessian which
+is a matrix it's a second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix it's a second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix it's a second derivative
+Matrix and the Jacobian which is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and the Jacobian which is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and the Jacobian which is also a
+matrix but it's a first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but it's a first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but it's a first derivative
+Matrix right so so uh so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right so so uh so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right so so uh so so the
+so so so let me be clear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so let me be clear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so let me be clear uh
+if you have a function from RM to RN you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a function from RM to RN you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a function from RM to RN you
+can express the answer as an M by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express the answer as an M by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express the answer as an M by n
+Matrix and that's what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that's what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and that's what we call the
+Jacobian right so the big point I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian right so the big point I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian right so the big point I'm just
+saying is it's a function from vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is it's a function from vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is it's a function from vectors
+to vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vectors
+the other case that comes up very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case that comes up very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case that comes up very often
+is when you have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have a function
+if you have a function from vectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a function from vectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a function from vectors to
+scalars okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars okay and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so um so so so examples like X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so so so examples like X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so so so examples like X transpose
+ax would be you know Vector transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax would be you know Vector transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax would be you know Vector transpose
+Matrix times Vector as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times Vector as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times Vector as a function of the
+vector okay and uh and so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector okay and uh and so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector okay and uh and so now the
+so so if it's going from Vector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if it's going from Vector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if it's going from Vector to
+scalar remember that the the gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar remember that the the gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar remember that the the gradient is
+a vector it's one dimensional but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector it's one dimensional but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector it's one dimensional but the
+second derivative is often expressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is often expressed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is often expressed as
+a matrix and that's what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and that's what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and that's what we call the
+Hessian so you might ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian so you might ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian so you might ask yourself
+if we're trying to get away from element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're trying to get away from element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're trying to get away from element
+wise Matrix representations what's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise Matrix representations what's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise Matrix representations what's sort
+of the abstraction that we will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the abstraction that we will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the abstraction that we will need to
+talk about second derivatives and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about second derivatives and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about second derivatives and the
+answer in advance linear algebra classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in advance linear algebra classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in advance linear algebra classes
+is called a quadratic form okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a quadratic form okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a quadratic form okay and
+we'll see what that's so so we don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what that's so so we don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what that's so so we don't we
+can get past the the clunkiness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get past the the clunkiness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get past the the clunkiness of
+matrices that you know like 1806 and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that you know like 1806 and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that you know like 1806 and get
+into the more abstraction and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the more abstraction and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the more abstraction and those are
+the quadratic forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic forms
+okay so I think that's the end of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think that's the end of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think that's the end of what
+I'm going to say today left chance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say today left chance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say today left chance for
+questions otherwise what should we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions otherwise what should we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions otherwise what should we take
+should we take a five minute break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we take a five minute break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we take a five minute break
+Stephen what do you think or a little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen what do you think or a little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen what do you think or a little a
+little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure five minutes five minutes is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure five minutes five minutes is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure five minutes five minutes is good
+all right so I've got 1203 on the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I've got 1203 on the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I've got 1203 on the clock
+back here so um let's just take a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here so um let's just take a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here so um let's just take a five
+minute break to 1208 and people can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break to 1208 and people can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break to 1208 and people can get
+some water or ask me some questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some water or ask me some questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some water or ask me some questions or
+read their email or whatever you do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read their email or whatever you do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read their email or whatever you do in
+five minutes all right and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes all right and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes all right and then uh
+Steven you can grab the screen and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven you can grab the screen and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven you can grab the screen and set
+yourself up
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1IJPugWssVs.txt b/1IJPugWssVs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59f1ad89a27235558a04af629a63e0be1248902a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1IJPugWssVs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3700 @@
+Well, it's my privilege to introduce Henry
+Pohl today.
+
+Henry has been a longtime colleague of mine
+working in the early days of Apollo and Shuttle.
+
+He is an old country boy but he has created
+more innovative designs on technical problems
+
+than anybody I know.
+
+And we will try to bring some of those out
+because he has really created some very innovative
+
+solutions to technical problems.
+
+And I am going to set Henry up a little bit
+so let me set the stage for you a little bit.
+
+I was manager of the Space Shuttle Orbiter,
+and the engineers came to me and said, Aaron,
+
+the waste management system on the Shuttle
+is not working very well.
+
+Now, the waste management system, in simple
+terms, is the toilet.
+
+They said the toilet is not working very well,
+and we really need to go off and design a
+
+new toilet.
+
+I thought for a moment, well, that's probably
+a pretty important thing to do, so we did.
+
+Well, it turns out the original contract,
+and I am quoting a little bit from memory,
+
+was about $10 million.
+
+Now, $10 million for a toilet when you can
+go down to any place and get a toilet for
+
+a couple hundred dollars is a pretty high
+number.
+
+But that wasn't the worst of it.
+
+The worst of it, about six months later they
+came to me and said, Aaron, guess what?
+
+It's not $10 million.
+
+It's $20 million.
+
+Congress got wind of this and wanted me to
+come up and testify.
+
+And you can see what kind of fun they are
+going to have.
+
+Waste management, they're really going to
+have fun with this subject.
+
+And you may know some people in congress,
+but the name was Mr.
+
+Sensenbrenner from Wisconsin.
+
+I remember very clearly.
+
+He is still in congress now.
+
+He was head of the Science Committee, and
+that is who we had to go testify for.
+
+Well, there was a reporter for The Washington
+Post.
+
+Her name was Kathy Sawyer.
+
+Now, Kathy was the science reporter for The
+Washington Post.
+
+Very, very good.
+
+Kathy was very smart, very fair, but she really
+bore in on things.
+
+Kathy got wind of this so she wanted to publish
+an article on it.
+
+She called me and said would you please talk
+to me about the waste management system?
+
+I said, boy, she is going to get me in trouble.
+
+I said, I will tell you what, I've got somebody
+that could really tell you about the waste
+
+management system, and I will have Henry Pohl
+call you.
+
+I talked to Henry about it.
+
+Now, that is going to be Henry's introduction
+to this class of what he told Kathy Sawyer
+
+because it is a classic.
+
+Henry, it is all yours.
+
+Aaron almost forgot 
+about Kathy Sawyer.
+
+Kathy called me up and said can you explain
+to me how I might explain to my neighbor's
+
+14 year old daughter why NASA has spent $10
+million building a toilet?
+
+And I said I will try.
+
+And I thought for a little bit on how am I
+going to start out on this?
+
+I said, you know, if you take the commode
+that you've got in your bathroom and you bolt
+
+it upside down on the ceiling, now try using
+it.
+
+[LAUGHTER] I said that is really a little
+better situation than we have on the Orbiter
+
+because at least we know which way the gravity
+field is on that.
+
+In orbit you don't know.
+
+Most of the time you don't have any, but it
+might be to the right or left or up or down.
+
+You know, that was the only reporter that
+I ever talked to it that put everything down
+
+verbatim of what I said, the questions she
+asked and what I said and printed that article
+
+in the newspaper.
+
+But that kind of sets a stage for operating
+in the absence of gravity.
+
+I explained to her that the Space Shuttle
+volume that the people had to live in is about
+
+the same volume as you have in a modern bathroom.
+
+If you look at a bathroom with a shower and
+a room just outside with a sink and everything,
+
+we have just about that same volume in the
+Shuttle.
+
+Now, you seal that all up, you've got a certain
+amount of air that you can use in there and
+
+you only have the air to replace gravity.
+
+You've got to have a flow of air to direct
+whatever you want to direct in a certain direction.
+
+You use that air.
+
+You run it through.
+
+You've got to deodorize it.
+
+You've got to clean it.
+
+You've got to run it back into the cabin almost
+instantly.
+
+Otherwise, you pull the vacuum in the cabin.
+
+And so whenever you start putting all of that
+equipment in there and all that stuff in there
+
+on something that has never been done before,
+$10 million or $20 million is kind of cheap
+
+when you get right down to it.
+
+You look at the number of people that that
+will hire for a year working on it is cheap.
+
+But to try to get that message across is not
+easy.
+
+Go ahead and give me my first slide.
+
+Let me just tell you another one since Aaron
+got me off on a tangent here.
+
+The Chicago Tribune called me one day when
+we had a problem on Shuttle, and she was badmouthing
+
+the Shuttle.
+
+And all she wanted to do was get a comment
+out of me that I agreed with something that
+
+she said since she could quote it.
+
+And I said I don't agree with you.
+
+I said you know that Orbiter is really a pretty
+good vehicle when you look at what it has
+
+to do.
+
+I said you realize when it's in orbit it is
+going eight times faster than a bullet when
+
+it leaves the muzzle of a .30-06?
+
+Silence on the other end.
+
+What's a .30-06?
+
+Well, I knew that wasn't a good example.
+
+[LAUGHTER] But I told her that is a military
+rifle that was used in the Second World War.
+
+And I used to fire that thing in the desert.
+
+And I could pull the trigger and see that
+bullet hit the ground out of that 300 yards
+
+almost instantly.
+
+Now, that shuttle is going eight times faster
+than that.
+
+And I could see the headlines in the Chicago
+Tribune, the shuttle flies eight times faster
+
+than a bullet.
+
+Long silence.
+
+She said maybe I ought to find something else
+to write about.
+
+I said why?
+
+She said I don't think I have a story here.
+
+Well, it wasn't a story because it wasn't
+negative.
+
+Kathy Sawyer was the only time I ever got
+a good story from the press.
+
+I want you all to feel free to ask questions.
+
+I'm here more to talk about what you're interested
+in talking about than my thoughts, so feel
+
+free to ask questions any time.
+
+I would like to talk about a half an hour.
+
+Somebody is going to have to tell me when
+a half an hour is up.
+
+And then I would like to have some time for
+some questions.
+
+My first involvement in the Space Shuttle
+was Max Faget kind of came up with this idea
+
+of a winged vehicle going into space.
+
+And we kicked it around for a while.
+
+And he formed a little committee, very small,
+about 20 people as I recall.
+
+Put the people in a room.
+
+He wanted to keep it quiet.
+
+He wanted to keep it secret until he got enough
+data so that he could know whether it was
+
+feasible or not.
+
+Well, they wanted me to send the best engineer
+I had over there.
+
+And he appointed a guy by the name of Jim
+Chamberlain to head up that group.
+
+I sent a guy over there.
+
+They closed the doors, had a guard in front
+of the doors so nobody could come in, no information
+
+could get out.
+
+On the third day, Jim Chamberlain called me
+up and said I need to have a talk with my
+
+engineer.
+
+I said why?
+
+He said he balked.
+
+I said what do you mean he balked?
+
+He says, Henry, you know what an old mule
+does when they balk, don't you?
+
+I said, yeah, they won't go.
+
+He said, well, that's your Mr.
+
+Kindrick, he won't go.
+
+I called up my engineer and said what's going
+on over there, girl?
+
+He said, oh, they don't know what they want.
+
+He said they gave me some requirements.
+
+I designed them an RCS system for it.
+
+They gave me another set of requirements.
+
+I designed another RCS system.
+
+They gave me some different requirements.
+
+I designed them a different RCS system.
+
+And then they came out with another set of
+requirements.
+
+I'm just going to wait until they decide what
+they want and then I'll design them an RCS
+
+system for it.
+
+Well, what he didn't understand was that's
+the way you go about setting the requirements.
+
+You get a small group of people together.
+
+You set down a set of requirements.
+
+You try to put a vehicle together and see
+where it punches out.
+
+Usually weight, CG, something.
+
+So you change the requirements up a little
+bit and you design another system.
+
+You do that very quickly and you look at where
+that one punches out.
+
+And then you change your requirements again
+and you look at those requirements and where
+
+it punched out.
+
+The first requirements, where it punched out.
+
+You change the requirements a little bit and
+see where it punches out.
+
+Very, very quickly you run through many configurations.
+
+That got the Shuttle started.
+
+After it got started we kept changing the
+requirements as we went through the program.
+
+I would suggest that you understand your requirements
+very, very clearly, and the impact of your
+
+requirements very clearly.
+
+Things like fail op fail safe, or fail safe
+fail safe fail op are very, very good buzz
+
+words.
+
+But unless you really understand the impact
+of those, they can actually make a system
+
+less safe.
+
+I can make a very good case that a two engine
+airplane is safer than a four engine airplane
+
+simply by the way that you set your requirements.
+
+FAA has a requirement that an airplane has
+to take off with one engine out.
+
+If you've got a two engine airplane then most
+of the time you've got 100% more power than
+
+you need.
+
+If you have a four engine airplane you only
+have 25% more power than you need.
+
+Most airplane crashes are caused from lack
+of power at the right time.
+
+If you've got the power when you need it then
+you can get out of most bad situations.
+
+Our original requirements on the Shuttle,
+after we got that started, was to keep the
+
+operations cost low.
+
+We wanted to keep the maintenance cost and
+the operations cost low.
+
+We initially were looking at oxygen/hydrogen
+systems.
+
+In fact, all of the early orbiters had the
+hydrogen/oxygen onboard.
+
+In place of their payload, we had hydrogen
+tanks and oxygen tanks in there and carried
+
+the hydrogen/oxygen onboard.
+
+And we actually looked at using the hydrogen
+out of those tanks.
+
+You get it free to power the OMS and the RCS.
+
+And we looked at all kinds of ways of getting
+the pressure up high enough to be able to
+
+use the residuals to power the vehicle.
+
+One of the students asked the question the
+other day and we didn't give a very good answer
+
+that we did at one time look at putting the
+hydrogen in the payload bay of the Shuttle.
+
+All of the very early configurations of the
+Shuttle had the hydrogen and the oxygen in
+
+the Shuttle in place of payload bay.
+
+That was the very early configuration.
+
+Later on, as DOD got involved and other people
+wanted big spaces and carrying greyhound buses
+
+up there and things like that we had to use
+that space and that's when we came up with
+
+the external tank.
+
+And that's when we came up with a side-by-side
+configuration on it.
+
+That's the way I recall it.
+
+But we looked at oxygen/hydrogen.
+
+Then we went to methane because we were looking
+at bulk densities so that we had smaller tanks,
+
+smaller volumes.
+
+Then we looked at oxygen/alcohol.
+
+And I really thought we had a good system
+with oxygen/alcohol.
+
+I had a lot of confidence in that system.
+
+We used it on Redstone.
+
+My first job was working on Redstone.
+
+I really liked alcohol.
+
+I thought we had developed a good ignition
+system for the RCS so we didn't have to worry
+
+about the thousand starts.
+
+But obviously that was going to cost us money
+and cost a lot of development money.
+
+And, as time went on, we changed from having
+low operational cost to low development cost.
+
+And when we went to low development cost then
+we went to bipropellant on the OMS and initially
+
+to monopropellant on the RCS.
+
+When I say bipropellant, what I mean are storables,
+monomethyl hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide.
+
+Both are storable propellants.
+
+They are self-igniting so you don't have to
+have an ignition system for it.
+
+That simplifies the design a whole lot.
+
+We had a lot of experience with those propellants
+on Titan II, on Agena and on Apollo, all of
+
+the Apollo stages used either aerozine 50
+and nitrogen tetroxide or monomethyl hydrogen.
+
+So, we went to that.
+
+On the RCS, we initially went to hydrazine
+as a monopropellant because it was the simplest
+
+system, the cheapest system, but very quickly
+the weight got out of hand and we had to go
+
+to something that had a little bit more performance
+than a hydrazine because all of that weight
+
+was in the backend of the vehicle.
+
+And the backend of the vehicle was getting
+too heavy.
+
+If you only remember two things out of this
+exercise and what I have to say today, two
+
+things I want you to remember is that it is
+just not natural to think in terms of the
+
+absence of gravity and it is not natural to
+think in terms of the absence of pressure.
+
+When you think about it, you live in it around
+here on the ground, it is so natural that
+
+it's hard to think in terms of designing systems
+and the impact that the absence of gravity
+
+has or the absence of pressure has on the
+design of the systems.
+
+The other thing I would like for you to remember
+is that there is no substitute for a good
+
+well thought out test program.
+
+Let me give you the OMS as an example.
+
+We did not have a vibration test program on
+the propulsion systems, on the OMS or the
+
+RCS in the program because, by that time,
+we had good structural programs, we could
+
+analyze the effect of vibration and stress
+on the vehicle.
+
+But we had a good propulsion test program
+and we built an OMS pod, just like the ones
+
+we had on the vehicle for qualification.
+
+And when we got through with all the propulsion
+tests on it, and we went through that program
+
+in a breeze, we had no problems at all with
+it, so we finished it early.
+
+We took that pod down to JSC, we put it in
+a vibro-acoustic facility, and while we were
+
+running the QVVT the low level vibration test
+on that pod just to get the response of how
+
+things responded to everything, the helium
+bottle fell out.
+
+Five minutes after that helium bottle fell
+out every structural guy in the world could
+
+tell you it should have fell out, it would
+fall out, but nobody thought about it in advance.
+
+What happened, we had taken a high pressure
+helium line coming out of the bottom of the
+
+tank and going five feet or eight feet over
+to the structure and bolting it to the structure
+
+over there.
+
+Now, when you started shaking it, that was
+acting as a torquing element on that tank
+
+and torquing that tank this way.
+
+And the struts they had coming down holding
+the tank, it was fatiguing where they were
+
+put onto the tank.
+
+It fatigued them right in there and broke
+them off very quick, but we didn't pick it
+
+up.
+
+The OMS was very, very straightforward from
+a development standpoint.
+
+We came out with a platelet injector that
+gave us very good combustion.
+
+You have to explain what a platelet injector
+is.
+
+OK.
+
+A platelet injector is one where we used photographic
+techniques to etch holes in the injector.
+
+You could get a very, very fine pattern.
+
+You made it in very thin sheets and you coated
+the sheet with a coating where you could put
+
+them in a press and heat them and glue them
+together.
+
+You came up with an injector design that was
+made out of many, many thousands of very thin
+
+plates that set up the manifolding on it.
+
+Normal injectors you have to do a lot of very
+integrated drilling.
+
+Normal injectors, you drill out a manifold
+in the back, and then you take the face plate
+
+and you have to drill holes in it.
+
+And the problem we get into when you start
+doing that is with these very small drills
+
+they tend to walk or bend.
+
+And you don't get a straight hole.
+
+You don't get a good spray pattern.
+
+With a platelet injector we could get a very
+close match.
+
+We could just kind of dribble a field in there
+and oxidizer in there where it always matched
+
+real well.
+
+We got very high performance out of it.
+
+We're talking about the injector up here where
+you have the fuel and oxygen, and then you
+
+have to have a whole bunch of holes in a pattern
+such that the fuel and the oxidizer are properly
+
+mixed when they ignite inside.
+
+You need to get the oxidizer to impinge on
+a fuel very precisely so that with an aero-storable
+
+propellant, a hypergolic propellant as we
+call it, that is self-igniting.
+
+And basically what you have is when the two
+fuels come together it is like having a very
+
+strong acid and a very strong base coming
+together.
+
+The first reaction that you get is a heating
+reaction.
+
+That chemical reaction that you get will take
+the propellant temperature up to 800, 1000,
+
+1200 degrees.
+
+Anyway, it gets it up to the combustion temperature
+and then you start the combustion process.
+
+So you don't have to use any other ignition
+source.
+
+All you do is bring those two propellants
+together and you get that chemical reaction
+
+that provides the energy, the heat to heat
+the propellant to the combustion temperature.
+
+Like all high performance rocket engines,
+we had a stability problem with the OMS.
+
+And we had to put big acoustic cavities.
+
+38% of the injector on the OMS was cavities
+designed and sized to damp out the stability,
+
+so we had a very good stable engine.
+
+The RCS, on the other hand, is a totally different
+design.
+
+Now, we put the propellant tanks on the RCS
+up in front of the OMS tanks for aerodynamic
+
+purposes.
+
+That gave us a 30 foot propellant line down
+to the RCS.
+
+Then we would manifold three, four, five engines
+on the end of that pipe that is pulsing in
+
+and out of phase or steady state.
+
+Some of them were running at 40 millisecond
+or 80 millisecond pulses.
+
+Some of them might be running at four times
+that on a pulse width.
+
+And some of them may be running at steady
+state.
+
+Anyway, the dynamics, the pressure in that
+line that the engine sees varies somewhere
+
+between vapor pressure and about 1000 psi.
+
+And, since one propellant is 1.6 times the
+density of the other propellant, when that
+
+valve opens down there, that pressure wave
+has got to go back up to the tank and come
+
+back down to the injector before you get basically
+any flow out of it.
+
+Just the compressibility that you have in
+the pipe will come out.
+
+The pressure essentially drops to vapor pressure.
+
+And we use helium to pressurize those tanks.
+
+When we use helium to pressurize those tanks,
+the helium is dissolved in the propellant.
+
+When it gets down to the engine it comes out
+as solution.
+
+The engine has to be able to stay together
+at any mixture ratio and almost any pressure.
+
+And you are looking at hundreds of thousands
+of starts over the life of one of those programs
+
+on one of those engines.
+
+And we talk about pulse width.
+
+Pulse width is the minimum ohm time that you
+can have on a rocket engine.
+
+Now, there is a volume between the face of
+the valve and the face of the injector that
+
+we call dribble volume.
+
+The larger that volume is the larger the pulse
+width you need on it.
+
+You would like to have the seat of the valve
+to be the face of the injector so you have
+
+zero dribble volume in there.
+
+That way you would get closer to a square
+wave pulse.
+
+And your friends in Guidance Control, they
+always want to square away pulse.
+
+And they want it to have an infinite thrust
+level and zero width so that you put an instantaneous
+
+pulse.
+
+It makes it easier for them to calculate where
+the vehicle is going to go than if you get
+
+one that builds up kind of slow and goes down
+kind of slow.
+
+The dribble volume, the volume that you have
+between the valve seat and the injector phase
+
+when the engine shuts down, when the valve
+closes that flow stops and that amount of
+
+propellant stays in there.
+
+Now, in a vacuum, when it gets down to the
+vapor pressure starts boiling out and goes
+
+out through the chamber.
+
+And you have a refrigeration effect from that
+boiling of the propellant.
+
+If the pulse width is too short then the refrigeration
+effect will overcome the heating effect from
+
+that short pulse and you keep reducing the
+temperature of the hardware.
+
+The colder the propellant gets the more heat
+you have to put in the chemical reaction,
+
+when it first comes together, to get it to
+ignite.
+
+You get an ignition delay in the thing and
+then you start getting into hard starts if
+
+it gets too cold.
+
+So, we set our pulse width on the Shuttle
+at 40 milliseconds.
+
+That was the neutral point at which the refrigeration
+effect equaled the heating effect from the
+
+pulse, and so you would maintain the temperature.
+
+We later on went to 80 milliseconds on it
+because we added the Veniers.
+
+That gave us a little bit of heat input.
+
+It's a pretty tough design in itself.
+
+The valve that we used for a 1000 pound rocket
+on the Orbiter weighed less than the valves
+
+that we used on the Apollo program for 100
+pound thruster.
+
+And what we did is we went to a pilot operated
+valve.
+
+That was kind of my concept that I borrowed
+from Sears Roebuck.
+
+If you ever take a washing machine apart on
+a Sears Roebuck and you look at how the valve
+
+is designed, it is a pilot operated valve.
+
+And they use the water pressure to open the
+valve.
+
+Well, I thought that was good way to go.
+
+You put a very small coil in there, a quick
+acting coil and replace that rubber bellows
+
+that used on a Sears Roebuck washing machine
+with a stainless steel diaphragm and you've
+
+got it made.
+
+Well, unfortunately the water pressure in
+a house doesn't vary as much as the water
+
+hammer does on the Space Shuttle.
+
+So, before we got through with the design
+of that valve, it got to be a very complex
+
+valve.
+
+And it was a very expensive valve but it worked.
+
+Probably the other thing we ought to say about
+designing any system that is going to work
+
+with these hypergolic fuels, I mean they just
+eat away at things like O ring seals.
+
+I mean it's just nasty stuff.
+
+And so, in addition to the mechanical problems
+that Henry is talking about, you've got all
+
+the materials problems which just makes your
+life harder.
+
+We really wanted to stay away from hypergols,
+from the very strong acids and the very strong
+
+bases for the simple reason that there are
+very few materials that are compatible with
+
+them.
+
+As a matter of fact, the main reason we went
+to a hydrazine RCS in the beginning was to
+
+avoid having an expulsion system in the oxidizer
+because we had no material available that
+
+you could put in there as a diaphragm to push
+the propellants out that was compatible with
+
+N2O4 that you could make cycles with.
+
+We could have used metal bellows, but they
+weren't very reliable.
+
+They were extremely heavy.
+
+And so we had to come up with a better system
+than that.
+
+And then we kind of got to looking into putting
+in screens in the system.
+
+And that was really a hard sell.
+
+I mean I spent lots of time with Aaron.
+
+I was convinced that system would work because
+if you look at an automobile gas tank, every
+
+fuel tank on every automobile has got a sock
+in it.
+
+That sock is about an inch and a half in diameter,
+and it will suck every drop of fuel out of
+
+that gas tank.
+
+They putit in a little sump in there, and
+it will just draw that tank dry before it
+
+will break down and let air go through it.
+
+I was convinced that we could build one of
+those systems and make it work.
+
+But if you look at an automobile, you know
+it goes over rough roads, it bounces, you've
+
+got G fields, you've got all kinds of forces
+on that thing, and yet it works very good.
+
+The problem we had in trying to sell that
+concept to the program, though, was how do
+
+you prove it?
+
+The only technique we had to prove it was
+through analysis.
+
+And you're trying to prove that something
+like that will work purely from analysis.
+
+And qualified by analysis was a hard, hard
+sell.
+
+We, later on in a program, came up with techniques
+where we could wrap tape around most of the
+
+screens in there so that we close up most
+of the area.
+
+And so we would draw a propellant in, in very
+small areas with aerospaces on top and prove
+
+that you could get down to a certain delta
+P and cross it before it would break down
+
+to qualify our analysis.
+
+We still were not satisfied with that so we
+made up a system with a glass tank, we put
+
+it on our vomit comet and flew it.
+
+And that was the only time where I ever road
+that thing.
+
+If we had made one more time it would have
+been all over for me.
+
+[LAUGHTER] But you get up 38,000 feet and
+you make a dive on that thing.
+
+And you can maintain zero G in it through
+that 30 second or 38 second period of time.
+
+And by expelling the right amount at the right
+levels we could prove that it would work.
+
+And it has worked very, very well on all the
+flights.
+
+In the future design of the spacecraft, what
+is going to be the difference in the RCS system?
+
+Because every system is going to have to have
+some kind of reaction control system.
+
+What do you think they are going to go with
+in the future systems?
+
+I really believe that we ought to go with
+either methane and LOX or alcohol and LOX.
+
+I think it's a much cleaner system.
+
+We developed that little piece of electric
+igniter for the Shuttle Program.
+
+We never used it after we went away from those
+systems.
+
+But you buy these little latch torches now
+that you push a button and pull a trigger
+
+on it.
+
+And they light off most of the time, although
+the last one I got didn't light too well.
+
+But we have good, reliable ignition systems
+now.
+
+And I think that you can design a system now
+that has the reliability that you need for
+
+a space system.
+
+Otherwise, we've done nothing in this country
+since the Shuttle Program on developing [OVERLAPPING
+
+VOICES].
+
+The things you have got to remember is that
+the thermal characteristics are very, very
+
+different in a vacuum than it is on earth.
+
+It is very different in the absence of gravity.
+
+You wouldn't think gravity would make any
+difference in it but it does.
+
+You've got some fluid in the tank.
+
+You put some heat on the bottom of the tank.
+
+Where does heat go?
+
+It goes to the top of the tank.
+
+The top of the tank is always the hottest
+part.
+
+When you've got a liquid in one G, you put
+it in zero G, you put heat on the bottom of
+
+the tank, a bubble forms down there, it pushes
+the liquid away from it and nothing comes
+
+out of the tank.
+
+Let me have some questions.
+
+I'm slightly confused on the fuel that the
+system uses.
+
+Both RCS and the OMS use hydrazine or hypergolic?
+
+I'm confused.
+
+Hydrazine is N2H4.
+
+We use that as a monopropellant.
+
+A bipropellant earth storable.
+
+A monopropellant system you normally run it
+over a catalytic bed and it decomposes.
+
+Yes.
+
+There are two monopropellants out there that
+work very good.
+
+One is hydrogen peroxide.
+
+And if you can get it above 90% it gets a
+little more stable.
+
+And the other one is hydrazine.
+
+Both of those you run through a catalyst.
+
+When it hits a catalyst you get the reaction
+out of it and it breaks down.
+
+The hydrogen peroxide breaks down to steam
+and oxygen, and hydrazine breaks down to hydrogen
+
+and ammonia, NH3.
+
+But both of those give you hot gases then
+for propulsion.
+
+You mix that with an acid and you get combustion.
+
+And we used aerozine 50 which I mentioned.
+
+Aerozine 50 was 50% hydrazine and 50% unsymmetrical
+dimethylhydrazine.
+
+Monomethylhydrazine is just that, monomethylhydrazine.
+
+It is a lot more stable than is hydrazine.
+
+It has a wider freezing /boiling point than
+hydrazine.
+
+Hydrazine has a lot of the characteristics
+of water as far as density, freezing and boiling.
+
+It will freeze at about the same temperature
+as water, it will boil at about the same temperature
+
+as water and it has almost the same density
+as water.
+
+Monomethylhydrazine has a little bit slightly
+less density, it gives you a slightly better
+
+performance but it freezes at like minus 63
+degrees or something like that.
+
+Monomethylhydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide.
+
+The same thing for the OMS.
+
+Now, one of the things we do is we put about
+four-tenths of a percent of nitric oxide in
+
+the nitrogen tetroxide to keep the tanks from
+breaking.
+
+We have titanium tanks.
+
+And on the Apollo Program we got into a very
+serious problem because a tank started exploding.
+
+It turned out with aerozine 50 or monopropellant
+hydrazine, we had a little bit of water in
+
+there and that gave off a little bit of free
+hydrogen.
+
+And that free hydrogen, titanium just does
+not like hydrogen.
+
+How many people have taken fraction mechanics?
+
+Well, fraction mechanics really started from
+that.
+
+That's when we started working with a gentleman
+called Dr.
+
+Tiffany at Boeing.
+
+We worked with the whole world on that problem.
+
+That's how fraction mechanics really got started.
+
+You were going to ask something.
+
+While we're talking about fractions, one of
+the other problems of dealing with these hypergolic
+
+fuels is the freezing problem.
+
+Maybe we will talk a little bit about that.
+
+Because, unlike water, when the hydrazine
+freezes it shrinks.
+
+And so if you imagine that you've got hydrazine
+liquid in a line under pressure and now it
+
+gets too cold so it freezes.
+
+And now that leaves a little bit of free volume
+so you get more liquid that comes in there
+
+and that will freeze.
+
+Until finally the entire line is clogged up
+with solid hydrazine.
+
+Now, when it warms up it expands and you crack
+the line.
+
+And now you've got a hypergolic leak which
+is really bad news.
+
+So, in fact, maintaining thermal control of
+the OMS and RCS propellant lines becomes a
+
+very critical issue.
+
+And there are heating coils all over the place
+and thermostats.
+
+And so, again, you don't just have a propulsion
+system in the systems engineering that we
+
+talked about.
+
+It affects the thermal, the electrical system,
+because all these things are inner-related.
+
+If you lose an electrical system so that you
+cannot run the heaters then you run the risk
+
+of losing your propellant system.
+
+And so then you have to have redundant heaters
+and so on.
+
+And it gets more and more complicated.
+
+That was a major, major problem we had on
+Apollo 13.
+
+We didn't have enough power.
+
+We had to turn everything off quick.
+
+And trying to get those people to let that
+temperature go down out of limits was not
+
+easy.
+
+And I remember sitting down and spending an
+entire night running out the thermal calculations
+
+and calculating out when we could turn the
+heaters off or we could keep the service module
+
+off of that vehicle and not freeze the propellant
+and the RCS on the command module.
+
+And then I got really, really worried.
+
+I gave myself four degrees above freezing
+on that system, and I missed it two degrees.
+
+It got two degrees colder than we had planned.
+
+The design of the RCS system was very, very
+complicated.
+
+How many RCS specialists do we have on the
+Shuttle, 40?
+
+Thirty-eight primary and four Vernier.
+
+And so it's a very complicated system in designing
+it.
+
+It had a lot of requirements placed on it.
+
+On the other hand, the OMS engine, as I recall,
+we have never had a failure on the OMS engine.
+
+The OMS engine has been very, very successful.
+
+It is a very straightforward program.
+
+By getting the combustion close to the injector
+on the OMS then we could make the chamber
+
+small on the OMS.
+
+And, by making the chamber very small on the
+OMS, then you could cool it.
+
+You could put cooling channels down the chamber
+and run the fuel down there and keep the chamber
+
+cool so it wouldn't burn out.
+
+Now, we also did the same thing on the RCS
+a little bit different.
+
+The RCS is a buried installation.
+
+We have to run that engine for 500 seconds
+or more if we want to use it for de-orbit
+
+in case the OMS plays out sometimes.
+
+That engine has to stay together on these
+very, very short burns.
+
+It also has to stay together on these very,
+very long burns with fluctuating inlet pressures
+
+and fluctuating mixture ratios.
+
+We found that if we make a very, very short
+chamber -- And that's why when you look at
+
+the RCS it is a big chamber, it is very short.
+
+We could put enough fuel down the walls of
+that chamber to effectively cool the chamber
+
+so it would only go up steady states to a
+certain safe temperature and still have good
+
+performance out of it.
+
+So, we put a lot of fuel down the walls on
+it.
+
+Looking in this direction, if this is the
+injector plate, the holes around the outer
+
+most layer, those are all fuel.
+
+So, you basically get a fuel bath coming along
+that actually comes in contact.
+
+And if you have a fuel-rich mixture, the same
+as in a car, the fuel mixture burns cooler.
+
+The thing that you're really afraid of, in
+fact, you have to deal with a lot of contingencies
+
+on this system, what happens if you get a
+clog in one of your feed lines?
+
+The worst situation you can get in is that
+you get a clog in your fuel inlet line, and
+
+that gives you an oxidizer-rich mixture which
+burns hot.
+
+And you can then actually get a melt through.
+
+And so you've got to shut your engine down
+in a hurry if that happens.
+
+These are very, very small orifices, and a
+lot of them around the outside of it.
+
+And if you get a couple of these orifices
+plugged then that becomes a hot spot on the
+
+side of the chamber.
+
+And we used columbium, which has very poor
+heat transfer.
+
+We used molybdenum on Apollo which has good
+heat transfer.
+
+To return to your point about the possibility
+of using the RCS as a backup for reentry,
+
+what prevents one from using a series of relatively
+short burns [carried on the mass?] of the
+
+Orbiter to smooth out the velocity chain?
+
+Why do you have to have a single file of second
+burn?
+
+Before you start to burn, to come back in,
+how much time you can put in between those
+
+and how short, a 1,000 pound thruster for
+deorbit takes a fairly long burn.
+
+And the engine goes to steady state fairly
+quick, you know, in a matter of 20 seconds.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] We ran RCS engines
+for the Shuttle up to an hour and a half on
+
+a single burn.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] Even though you put
+it in multiple burns you still have to have
+
+fairly long pulse widths on each one of them.
+
+And that impacts the guidance very, very badly.
+
+Let me help with a little orbital mechanics.
+
+We talked about this before.
+
+You're in orbit.
+
+When you do a burn, you can do a retrograde
+burn which lowers the other side of your orbit
+
+so that now becomes the perigee.
+
+The thing is, from orbital mechanics, the
+most efficient way to do a burn is to have,
+
+like Henry said, an infinite thrust with a
+zero pulse width.
+
+You do what they call an impulsive burn.
+
+But, in the real world, that never happens.
+
+Now, it is 45 minutes from here to here, it's
+a 90 minute orbit.
+
+Now, when you have two OMS engines, a typical
+deorbit burn lasts two to two and a half minutes.
+
+You're burning over this segment.
+
+It's pretty close to an impulsive burn.
+
+You lose one OMS engine and now you have to
+double it.
+
+Now you're up to a five minute burn.
+
+But, if you lose your second OMS engine and
+now you have to do an RCS deorbit, now you're
+
+getting into a 10, 15 minute burn.
+
+And so you're actually really far away from
+optimum.
+
+And the burn gets much less efficient.
+
+And so if you have plenty of propellant you're
+fine, but if you're low on propellant you
+
+need to worry about the efficiency of your
+burn.
+
+If you were to do a little bit of a burn and
+then shut it down to let your engines cool
+
+off and then you try to complete the burn
+around here, now it has gotten really, really
+
+inefficient and you might run out of propellant.
+
+We spent an enormous amount of time with our
+orbital mechanics people and our guidance
+
+people trying to get the OMS strut down as
+low as we could get it.
+
+Because the lower you can get it the smaller
+the hardware, the lighter the weight of the
+
+hardware and the performance is essentially
+the same.
+
+The ISP for a 3,000 pound engine is essentially
+the same as it is for a 20,000 or maybe even
+
+a little bit higher for 3,000.
+
+We had 5,000 pound thrust in there.
+
+We had 4,000 pound thrust in there.
+
+I think we finally wound up with 3,500.
+
+Been left up to me, I think we could have
+done it with a 1,500 pound thrust engine.
+
+But we compromised.
+
+Yes.
+
+Professor Cohen once mentioned that some people
+suggested putting some RCS thrusters on the
+
+edge of the wing tips, but that would be very
+difficult after the design was finalized.
+
+All of our early configurations that we had,
+we had the RCS pods out on the wing tips.
+
+It made the RCS very efficient.
+
+Our RCS was the OMS at one time, and we had
+it all out on the wing tips.
+
+It didn't make our structures friends too
+happy at first because that puts a lot of
+
+mass out into the wings and they didn't like
+it too much, but after they got looking at
+
+it that turned out that really wasn't much
+of a driver.
+
+It made the RCS very efficient.
+
+The thing that kind of changed that is when
+we put the big payload bay on the inside of
+
+the vehicle and then we had to put a big OMS
+pod on there.
+
+And then to put the RCS pods out on a wing
+tip of a delta system out there just didn't
+
+weigh out good.
+
+It was more efficient from a weight standpoint
+to put the OMS and RCS together because we
+
+actually had those two interconnected.
+
+If we have to do an OMS burn with the RCS,
+we can take the propellant out of the OMS
+
+tank to feed the RCS.
+
+And so it just made a more efficient system
+to bring it all in.
+
+We had another requirement.
+
+When we went to the acid-based propellants,
+we had a requirement that we had to have removable
+
+pods.
+
+You had to be able to take the propulsion
+system off of the orbiter and take it over
+
+to another facility to rework it because we
+knew we were going to have a lot of work and
+
+rework on those systems, at least early on.
+
+You had a question right here.
+
+To what extent can you change orbits due to
+a higher or lower orbit [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+That is very limited, but we do have the capability
+to go up and down in orbit.
+
+I don't know, maybe 50 miles.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I don't have a good answer.
+
+I don't remember that.
+
+That has been too long ago.
+
+With a full load you have a few hundred feet
+per second, I would have to go and look up,
+
+you cannot make the plane change.
+
+No, plane changes are out.
+
+But we certainly have gone from, let's see,
+like 180 nautical mile orbits down to a 105
+
+mile.
+
+I remember one flight where we did that.
+
+To go up, you know, what you really want to
+do is, of course, use your main propulsion
+
+system to get into the right orbit that you
+want to go to.
+
+Then, if you're going to do a rendezvous,
+you have to change the height a little bit.
+
+But you typically try to get orbit insertion
+within about 20 nautical miles, so about 40
+
+kilometers radius of your ultimate intended
+orbit.
+
+For some special missions, like I was on one
+mission where we were up at about 180 nautical
+
+miles doing various operations, but then the
+last couple of days they wanted to look at
+
+the interaction of the Orbiter with the atomic
+oxygen and nitrogen which causes this orbiter
+
+glow phenomena, which maybe some of you have
+heard about.
+
+We had to go down to about 105 nautical miles,
+which is about as low as you can go and stay
+
+in orbit for more than a day or so.
+
+And so, yeah, that was OK because that was
+just you're doing part of your deorbit burn
+
+but then you stop.
+
+What you wouldn't want to do is go to a 105
+mile orbit and then go up, and then you would
+
+have to come all the way down again.
+
+I think we will take one more question and
+go to break.
+
+It is awfully easy to decrease the orbit because
+you're using part of the energy that you have
+
+to use to come back home anyway.
+
+When you start trying to go up is when you're
+adding.
+
+But we have a lot of contingency propellant
+onboard.
+
+We've got contingent propellant in case the
+main engines shut off early.
+
+Then you have to use the RCS.
+
+If you've got a docking mission we've got
+propellant in there for three or four attempts
+
+at docking and things like that.
+
+There is extra propellant that you can use
+to give you a little bit of a boost.
+
+You had a question here.
+
+Going back to the comment that was made about
+the [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] and presenting
+
+a hazard that way, what kind of feedback did
+the crew have when something like that was
+
+happening?
+
+Were there sensors in that system [UNINTELLIGIBLE
+PHRASE]?
+
+I don't hear too well.
+
+The question is what sort of sensors do we
+have for the operation of the engines?
+
+There are pressure sensors.
+
+There are temperature sensors.
+
+Again, remember when we were talking earlier,
+though, sensors don't always tell the truth.
+
+Sometimes you can get sensor failures.
+
+And so we spent a lot of time practicing.
+
+And you work out all the different scenarios.
+
+This is what you will see if you have a real
+failure.
+
+This is what you will see if you have a sensor
+failure.
+
+And, before you shut down a good working engine,
+you would like to confirm the fact that it
+
+is really an engine problem, not a sensor
+problem.
+
+On the other hand, you don't want to take
+a chance that you're going to get into an
+
+oxidizer-rich situation and blow up your engine.
+
+You practice and after a while get pretty
+good at diagnosing the problems fairly quickly.
+
+The computer doesn't normally shut down the
+OMS engine on its own.
+
+The computer will not shut down any of the
+propulsion systems on its own.
+
+It will shut down the main engine, but none
+of these will it shut down on its own.
+
+Somebody has got to take some action to shut
+it down.
+
+We get an awful lot of data on the ground,
+too, that you don't have in the cockpit that
+
+you can look at different instruments and
+backup things and try to understand where
+
+there is a sensor failure.
+
+Any other questions on OMS/RCS?
+
+During entry, when you're coming down using
+the RCS for like trajectory guidance before
+
+your aerosurfaces are usable, how much propellant
+would you typically use?
+
+Is there like a certain percentage that would
+be average?
+
+That's a pretty low percentage, and I don't
+recall.
+
+That has been a long time now, and I don't
+recall the numbers.
+
+But I would say it's less than 10% of the
+propellant.
+
+What did you say?
+
+About 10%.
+
+Well, at least that ought to be a pretty good
+number.
+
+[LAUGHTER] It's not a lot of propellant come
+back in on it.
+
+The vehicle is a fairly stable vehicle.
+
+Now, on Columbia, I guess they either ran
+out of propellant or just about ran out of
+
+propellant on it trying to hold it.
+
+RCS was doing all it could to try to hold
+that vehicle on course after it started picking
+
+up drag on one side.
+
+And we actually did have procedures in place
+for what we called a no RCS entry if you had
+
+run out of propellant entirely.
+
+I don't know if it would have worked.
+
+You tried to get it into a stable aerodynamic
+situation as possible and just hold it there.
+
+I never had to actually do it.
+
+Anymore OMS/RCS questions?
+
+Otherwise, why don't we take a little break
+and then we will come back for APU/hydraulics.
+
+Two minute break.
+
+Thank you all.
+
+Appreciate it.
+
+You're not finished.
+
+APU/hydraulics.
+
+And I guess I need to point out some acronyms.
+
+Calling the APU an APU was the biggest mistake
+we ever made.
+
+That gave me more grief than any other system
+that I had to deal with, the acronym.
+
+APU stands for auxiliary power unit.
+
+And the Aerospace Safety Advisory Committee
+-- I will tell you, Henry, my kids growing
+
+up used to think it was a three letter bad
+word.
+
+I mean they thought APU was a bad word.
+
+[LAUGHTER] Because every time I got a call
+there was something wrong with it.
+
+If we would have called it primary power unit
+then we would have had a lot less grief in
+
+trying to defend it to the outside world.
+
+APU/hydraulics, like the OMS and RCS, all
+of our first activity was directed toward
+
+keeping the operational cost down low, keeping
+the maintenance cost down low.
+
+And we looked at those kinds of systems that
+gave you clean propellants, easy propellants
+
+to deal with and you didn't have to worry
+about the strong bases and strong acids to
+
+work with.
+
+Later on, as time went on, we got more into
+looking at what we could do cheap from a development
+
+standpoint and let the operational cost float,
+because it is obvious that the money was not
+
+going to be there to put into a big development
+program.
+
+The control of the vehicle in the atmosphere
+was a major, major activity to try to find
+
+out what you could get by with versus what
+you would like to have.
+
+You try to move these huge barn doors fast
+and a whole lot, there are huge forces on
+
+those things.
+
+It takes lots and lots of power to move them
+and move them quick.
+
+And our aero people and our guidance people
+would like to have, like we were talking a
+
+while ago, an instantaneous impulse into that
+vehicle.
+
+When it starts to drift a little bit and they
+want to move it some other way they like to
+
+put an impulse in there and just kick it right
+back where it is supposed to be instantly.
+
+But that becomes impractical when you look
+at these kinds of systems.
+
+We started out with dual tandem actuators.
+
+Now, dual tandem actuators is something that
+fail op fail safe criteria.
+
+In other words, you had two pistons and one
+actuator driven by two different hydraulic
+
+systems and you would move them together.
+
+When you start looking at all of the failure
+modes associated with dual tandem actuators,
+
+even though it meets the fail op fail safe
+criteria that makes the safety people happy
+
+and the people that are looking at the buzz
+words, it actually was making the system less
+
+safe.
+
+Was that because you had a single passenger
+[using up?] all the hydraulic fluid?
+
+No.
+
+What happened in a dual tandem actuator, in
+order to get them to work well, if you busted
+
+an actuator then that became a big sponge?
+
+You didn't have any way to take that space
+out.
+
+Trying to have that actuator work when the
+other half went out made it very, very difficult,
+
+from a design standpoint, to come up with
+a system that you could lock it in place.
+
+And we even had designs where if one hydraulic
+system failed that that shaft would actually
+
+lock itself.
+
+With the absence of pressure it would lock
+itself.
+
+Well, that becomes a failure in itself because
+if that mechanism fails then you've got a
+
+locked actuator.
+
+One thing you cannot stand on an aeroplane
+is for an actuator not to move.
+
+We were finally able to convince the people.
+
+And Aaron was having lots and lots problems
+about that time because all of the weight
+
+was in the backend of the vehicle.
+
+The dual tandem actuators were extremely heavy
+and the backend of the vehicle was getting
+
+too heavy, so we actually went to a single
+actuator.
+
+And we put switching valves in there where
+we could switch any one of the four APU systems
+
+into that actuator.
+
+And we had four APUs at that time.
+
+Weight was still a problem so we were able
+to convince the community that we could live
+
+with three APUs and have one APU fail and
+come home normal mode with two.
+
+And if you had two failures you could still
+land the vehicle with one actuator.
+
+You lost a whole bunch of systems but you
+could still land it with one APU.
+
+And we almost did that one time, because if
+someone would have told me that we would ever
+
+have two failures of the same type on the
+same flight of the nature that we had I would
+
+have never believed it.
+
+But we came home on one flight with two APUs
+burning.
+
+We had a fire in both of the APUs.
+
+And the reason for that, after the fact again,
+is very, very simple.
+
+We went through a very good quality program.
+
+We did everything that we needed to on those
+things only to find out that we had not planned
+
+on landing the vehicle in California and piggy
+backing it back down to the Cape over and
+
+over again.
+
+What happens when you do that is that you
+land the vehicle, there is a little bit of
+
+residual APU hydrazine in those tubes between
+the valves and the injector.
+
+You go back up into a vacuum or low pressure.
+
+All the air goes out of the system.
+
+And then we come and land in Florida.
+
+It is always humid in Florida.
+
+There is a lot of moisture there.
+
+And as that moist air started feeding back
+in the engine, it went up past the [cat?]
+
+bed and got in those tubes between the valve
+and the injector and set up a very, very corrosive
+
+environment of residual hydrazine and water.
+
+And that gave off free hydrogen.
+
+And you had hydrogen or intergranular corrosion
+in those tubes.
+
+And we had two of them break on the same flight,
+but it worked.
+
+We spent an awful lot of time looking at power
+sources to power the hydraulic systems.
+
+And we even looked at going with all electrical
+systems.
+
+DOD had some very good fuel cells out there
+that had a lot of promise.
+
+It put an awful lot of power at that time.
+
+Let me just digress a little bit and talk
+about shuttle fuel cells.
+
+I don't think anybody can cover that.
+
+On Gemini the fuel cells never did work.
+
+We always came back with half voltage or partial
+voltage and most of the fuel cells out.
+
+On Apollo, it only took 14 PhDs to start them
+and shut them down.
+
+And then you couldn't start them again.
+
+On the Space Shuttle, those fuel cells, it
+is just a very, very good battery with the
+
+chemicals stored external to the battery.
+
+They would make an outstanding DC welder.
+
+I mean you could put electrodes in that thing
+and put an electrical rod in there and strike
+
+and arc and weld with them and break the arc,
+strike and arc and weld and break the arc.
+
+And they just do it repeatedly.
+
+You can throw a switch, they are on, you throw
+a switch and they are off.
+
+And so they are very, very simple.
+
+I really, really wanted us to go with an all
+electrical system using electrical motors
+
+and power hinges and electrical mechanical
+actuators to drive the systems because I was
+
+absolutely convinced that one of these days
+we were going to have a leak in the hydraulic
+
+system.
+
+And when we have a leak in the hydraulic system
+we are going to have a fire.
+
+All airplanes have hydraulic leaks.
+
+Now, you don't have to worry too much about
+hydraulic leaks on an airplane.
+
+You have enough pressure where you seldom
+have to worry about a fire.
+
+We went from 5606 hydraulic fluid to 83282
+hydraulic fluid simply because it was advertised
+
+as being more flame-resistant.
+
+It is really not more flame-resistant.
+
+The 83282 hydraulic fluid has a much, much
+lower vapor pressure than does 5606.
+
+And a way that they test it is they have got
+a Bunsen burner out here.
+
+They take a pipe cleaner and dip it in the
+fluid, clamp it in this device that rotates
+
+past that Bunsen burner and they count the
+number of times it will go across it before
+
+the fire starts.
+
+Well, with 5606, it will usually start on
+a third burn.
+
+With 83282 it takes 10, 11, 12 passes before
+it will ignite and start burning simply because
+
+it has a lower vapor pressure and you cannot
+burn any liquid in a liquid stage.
+
+You have to get it warm enough so that it
+will gasify.
+
+And then you have to heat it enough in a gas
+phase to get it up to the combustion temperature
+
+or put a spark in it after it is in the gas
+phase.
+
+But it won't ignite as a liquid.
+
+Well, with 6506, if you have a leak in the
+hydraulic system going uphill you probably
+
+don't have to worry about it coming home because
+it's gone.
+
+It all boils off and is gone.
+
+With 83282 all it does is soak out into the
+structure and in the insulation and all over
+
+the place.
+
+And then when you come back home, if it gets
+in a hot spot and you start heating it up,
+
+it forms a gas and you're going to get an
+explosion in the back of the vehicle.
+
+So, that was a bad decision, Aaron.
+
+We went in a bad direction, but it gave everybody
+a warm feeling.
+
+We would have went with an electric mechanical
+system but, by that time, we had a lot of
+
+hydraulic people working on the program.
+
+And we would lay those people all off and
+we had our whole bunch of electrical mechanical
+
+people, and a lot of people were concerned
+about the immaturity of those systems.
+
+And again it boiled down to development cost.
+
+Did we really have the energy source that
+could handle that?
+
+Oh, I'm convinced that we could have put six
+or eight of those fuel cells that we've got
+
+on there right now and could have handled
+it.
+
+Broke it down.
+
+And the fuel cells that DOD had under development
+at that time were very, very good fuel cells.
+
+If I was upgrading the shuttle today that
+is one of the things that I absolutely would
+
+go to.
+
+I would go to something to get rid of the
+hydraulic fluid.
+
+It creates a lot of other kinds of problems
+that you have to deal with.
+
+Actually, before the decision was made that
+the shuttle was going to be retired in five
+
+years, NASA was working on upgrades if we
+were going to fly the shuttle for another
+
+20 or 25 years.
+
+And one of the upgrades, which actually got
+to a fairly advanced stage in the design,
+
+was just what you were saying.
+
+Get rid of the APU/hydraulics, use the latest
+technology now available for electromechanical
+
+actuators.
+
+But the problem, I don't know the details
+of it, but the costs just kept going up and
+
+up and up.
+
+And by the time it went up above about $300
+million they just said we cannot afford to
+
+do this.
+
+The problem we always had in trying to upgrade
+the propulsion, we could have gone to an alcohol/LOX
+
+space RCS/OMS on it.
+
+We could have upgraded to an electromechanical
+system, but it seemed to me like that the
+
+displays and those kinds of upgrades took
+a lot of computers.
+
+Those systems took a lot of priority in where
+the monies went in trying to upgrade the Orbiter.
+
+We did go from four to three systems.
+
+We did go from 4 APUs to 3 APUs and still
+having the ability to land the vehicle with
+
+one APU.
+
+We look at hydrogen/oxygen APUs.
+
+We looked at bipropellant APUs.
+
+We looked at monopropellant APUs.
+
+We looked at pulse modulated versus pressure
+modulated.
+
+If you don't know what I mean by that, pulse
+modulated is when you have a valve that goes
+
+open and closed and you get steady state pressure
+in your gas generator while it is on.
+
+Pressure modulated you have a throttle valve
+where you throttle the flow down going to
+
+the gas generator to give you just the power
+that you need for the load that you are trying
+
+to pull at the time.
+
+And that was the easiest system to come up
+with simply because we did not know at the
+
+time if we could build a valve that was capable
+of millions and millions of cycles and not
+
+a leak.
+
+But the problem with a pressure modulated
+system was that most of the time you're operating
+
+at very, very low power levels.
+
+The power just peaks up every once in a while
+to high power levels.
+
+But when you're running very low pressures
+in a gas turbine, the turbine becomes less
+
+efficient.
+
+And the less efficient the turbine becomes
+the more propellant you have to burn and,
+
+again, the weight goes up.
+
+So we kind of bit the bullet on that and went
+to a pressure modulated system where we varied
+
+the ohm time.
+
+In valve development we were very successful.
+
+We had very little trouble getting a valve
+that would work, except for contamination.
+
+We always had a little contamination.
+
+We had a lot of problems down the Cape with
+early valves leaking.
+
+We finally put good filters in the system
+and that eliminated that.
+
+Yes.
+
+Was the reason to go from four to three APUs
+just a weight issue?
+
+It's again a weight issue.
+
+All of that weight was in the back of the
+vehicle, and the back of the vehicle was always
+
+too heavy.
+
+And every time we could take a pound out of
+the back of the vehicle, we could take a pound
+
+of ballast out of the front of the vehicle,
+so there were two pounds you didn't have to
+
+carry.
+
+So, it was strictly weight.
+
+I'm sorry, the APUs are turbines?
+
+I mean you're combusting [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+The APUs we settled on was going with a monopropellant
+hydrazine, feed that through a catalyst bed
+
+and then through a turbine.
+
+We looked at dual stage, triple stage turbines.
+
+We finally wound up with a single stage turbine
+running at about 38,000 to 45,000, I don't
+
+remember the exact number now, RPM.
+
+About ten inches in diameter [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+The gas went in and then made a pass and went
+back through, so we got maybe 5%, 10% more
+
+power out of it the second time through, a
+little bit more power out of it the second
+
+time through.
+
+When we contracted for the APU, the contractor
+did not have altitude facilities.
+
+And so they proposed that we did not need
+to test the APU in a vacuum because that was
+
+all structure and all they had to do was pull
+a vacuum on the exhaust and could get the
+
+performance out of that.
+
+So we did not have it in our quality program
+to test the APU in a vacuum.
+
+Fortunately, Dr.
+
+Cohen gave us enough money to buy an APU offline
+of the Shuttle Program.
+
+We brought it down to JSC.
+
+We put it in our vacuum facilities there.
+
+And we programmed the vacuum facility to go
+down in pressure.
+
+The Orbiter was going up in altitude.
+
+And we ran the ascent profile and shut the
+APU off just like we would on a first flight.
+
+And five minutes after we shut it off it exploded,
+it detonated.
+
+I mean talk about things coming unglued.
+
+Everything came unglued.
+
+Aaron came unglued.
+
+We got another APU.
+
+We brought it down there.
+
+We brought all of the contractor people down,
+everybody down there.
+
+We repeated the test.
+
+It exploded again.
+
+[LAUGHTER] By that time we discovered what
+the problem was.
+
+We have a requirement in the program that
+you can only have hot surfaces up to about
+
+500 degrees.
+
+I don't remember the exact temperature, but
+some temperature like 500 degrees.
+
+If it is higher than that you have to shield
+it.
+
+The gas generator is obviously running over
+500 degrees, probably up around 800, 900 degrees,
+
+so we put a heat shield around it.
+
+We covered that whole thing up and had about
+a half-inch standoff in the insulation on
+
+that thing.
+
+When you run it in one atmosphere, if you
+shut it off it acts like a chimney.
+
+The air heats up between the insulation and
+the hot surface and goes out the top.
+
+It draws cold air in.
+
+It goes out the top.
+
+It draws more cold air in so it cools it off.
+
+So the heat never did soak out into the valves
+and get the valves too hot.
+
+When you put it in a vacuum there is no place
+for that heat to go.
+
+And so all of that heat that was in the gas
+generator and all of the catalyst and all
+
+of that soaked back out through the structure
+and through the tubes back up to the valves
+
+and got the valves up to the temperature at
+which hydrazine will detonate.
+
+And it did.
+
+It is so simple.
+
+It is so easy to understand after you know
+about it.
+
+But to think about it, I remember sitting
+around there one night to 8:00, 9:00 with
+
+all of my troops discussing the pros and cons
+of an altitude facility.
+
+Do we have to have it?
+
+Do we have to direct the contractor to put
+one in?
+
+And we could not come up with a good reason
+to put an altitude test in the program so
+
+we didn't put it in there.
+
+Fortunately, just like on ohms with the helium
+bottle falling out, we had a backup because
+
+some of the people weren't confident in flying
+the vehicle without that test.
+
+And we found something that we didn't expect.
+
+The message that Henry is giving you on testing
+is the same message that J.R.
+
+Thompson gave you on testing on the main engine.
+
+And, in contrast, we didn't really do that
+type of testing on the solid rocket booster,
+
+the fair we had and on the foam.
+
+And that is the difference, we really tested.
+
+When we saw a problem we tested it.
+
+And we came out very fortunate, but we did
+do it.
+
+Another thing with the development of the
+APU, we flew those things on airplanes all
+
+the time in case they lost main engine, our
+fighter aircraft and then some of the other
+
+airplanes including that supersonic plane
+that we had.
+
+It had APUs in there in case they lost engine
+power to provide hydraulics to be able to
+
+land the vehicle.
+
+And that got a lot of the flack because the
+Aerospace Safety Committee told me that those
+
+systems never did work because they're called
+auxiliary power units.
+
+They never worked when you needed them.
+
+But they had those systems.
+
+And they were good systems.
+
+But when we tried to use that same kind of
+design on the Shuttle the oil wouldn't go
+
+back to the sump in the absence of gravity.
+
+You sling it out and it just coats the walls
+on an automobile.
+
+You put an oil pan down the bottom, you put
+a pump right at the bottom, you put a little
+
+filter in there and pump the oil out and pump
+it through the engine and use it over and
+
+over and over.
+
+But when you have no bottom, you have no place
+for that oil to go.
+
+So we had to come up with a technique where
+we could use the gears as oil pumps.
+
+And we came up with very, very close tolerances
+between the gear and the case, and let the
+
+gear sling the oil out or pump the oil out
+into a cavity and pipe it off to where we
+
+had a sump to where we could pick oil up with
+an oil pump and pump it back through the system.
+
+And we had some problems with some hydrazine
+getting in there and gelling it one time.
+
+And Fram came out with this deal where you
+could pay me now or you can pay me later kind
+
+of thing because they still aren't changing
+the oil filter.
+
+Hydraulics was mostly off the shelf at the
+time, the pump and that stuff.
+
+We did go to titanium propellant lines or
+hydraulic lines.
+
+We did develop a special fitting to put titanium
+lines together.
+
+It turned out to be very, very good.
+
+We did have to add a water boiler to cool
+the hydraulic fluid because on airplanes just
+
+put a little radiator in there and use the
+atmosphere to cool it, but that didn't work
+
+in space.
+
+The first one they came up with was a bucket
+and it had a core of tubes in that bucket
+
+with a pipe that went out with some baffles
+in there to keep the liquid from going out.
+
+But there, again, they did not understand
+the absence of gravity.
+
+When in zero G and you put heat in that water,
+it just pushes the water out away from the
+
+tube.
+
+And all the water would go out the exhaust
+pipe and you would have nothing but gas in
+
+the tank.
+
+We had to change that design and go into what
+we call a water spray barge.
+
+To pulse the water in there as a spray is
+more efficient.
+
+But complicated that system very much.
+
+It still does.
+
+It is very, very difficult to handle water
+in a vacuum.
+
+Getting back to the RCS one moment, the first
+rain we had down there at the Cape, the RCS
+
+jets filled up with water.
+
+And they wanted to launch that system assuming
+that the water would boil out when they started
+
+going uphill.
+
+But, no, what happens is when you put water
+in a vacuum, about 60% of it will go to a
+
+gas and 30% will freeze.
+
+When it freezes then it is a solid, you cannot
+get it out, it just has to sublime which takes
+
+weeks and months.
+
+Now, trying to get us a water boiler, we had
+valves in there that were supposed to open
+
+and close when the pressure built up.
+
+Well, when you get past that valve, when that
+valve would open up that steam would instantly
+
+freeze on the outside and it keeps growing
+back.
+
+Finally, the valve would be stopped up and
+you would build the pressure up way high and
+
+would blow the ice out.
+
+The pressure would come back down and start
+working again.
+
+So, we went to an orifice.
+
+Trying to size that orifice to the right size
+where it maintains a little pressure in there,
+
+and you've got a variable load on the system
+and you're putting variable energy into it,
+
+that's difficult to design that, too.
+
+The water boiler still freezes.
+
+We still have a freezing problem on it.
+
+It is not an easy solution to it.
+
+Questions?
+
+Do you lose that water?
+
+Yeah, we just dump it overboard.
+
+We have a whole bunch of tubes going through
+this water, and we spray the water in, in
+
+a spray.
+
+And it makes one pass through those tubes
+and then it goes out the exhaust.
+
+If you wanted to come up with some kind of
+regenerative system where you would use the
+
+water over and over and over then you've got
+to go through some kind of system to cool
+
+the water or you have to carry too much water
+aboard.
+
+Well, if you want to cool the water, the only
+way you really have got to cool it is by using
+
+more water or supplementing some of that water.
+
+In a vacuum, you cannot just put it out on
+a surface some place.
+
+I guess the temperature varies maybe.
+
+Henry, could you say a word about the flight
+control hydraulics lab, the tests we ran with
+
+the hydraulic systems.
+
+The hydraulic system was probably one of the
+most thoroughly tested systems that we had
+
+as far as mechanical systems were concerned.
+
+We built a whole hydraulic system integrated
+with the avionics, and we had it designed
+
+so you could put loads on it and react the
+loads.
+
+And you could program in what you thought
+was typical emissions where you could vary
+
+everything.
+
+The only difference is instead of driving
+the hydraulic pumps with APUs, we drove the
+
+hydraulic pumps with electric motors because
+we had ground-based electric motors to drive
+
+them.
+
+And one of the things we ground ruled out
+was the use of flex hoses -belts- simply because
+
+they, at that time, were notorious for fatiguing
+and breaking and not working very good.
+
+So we put trombone tubes in.
+
+Take a long tube and bring it back this way
+and tie it in.
+
+And now, as the actuator moved, it could move.
+
+And you had enough spring or enough give in
+those tubes.
+
+On the very first time they fired that thing
+up, standing up in there in the control room
+
+looking at it, those trombone tubes just vanished.
+
+They would be there and then all at once you
+wouldn't see them.
+
+And I mean you couldn't see them.
+
+You're standing up there in the control room
+looking and there are no tubes in there.
+
+They were shaking so bad that you couldn't
+see them.
+
+So we went through a big effort to figure
+out ways to damp those things and isolate
+
+them so that they didn't vibrate.
+
+We had a major failure.
+
+It was a hard, hard sell to convince the people
+to go to a single actuary, from a dual tandem
+
+single actuator.
+
+Well, no more than we got our first single
+actuator built, the initial design had too
+
+much slack in a tube that went from one side
+to the other side because you had to have
+
+an expansion joint in there.
+
+And we had an O ring in there.
+
+And they had too much slack in there and it
+blew one of the O rings out.
+
+Well, of course, when you blew an O ring out
+you lost all the hydraulics not only from
+
+that system but all three systems because
+it was downstream of the switching valves.
+
+And when one system ran out of fluid it would
+switch over to the other one and you would
+
+run out of fluid.
+
+Had we not had a very, very strong guy in
+the Program Office at that time that never
+
+gave up on anything that would have probably
+finished us off as far as single actuators
+
+are concerned.
+
+But we were able to convince the program that
+if we tightened the tolerance up on it, paid
+
+very close attention to the tolerance on it
+that it could not happen.
+
+And it has not happened again.
+
+Another question?
+
+Yes.
+
+You talked a little bit before about maybe
+substituting an electromechanical system for
+
+hydraulic.
+
+Would there be any other changes you would
+make in the design if you had to go back and
+
+do it again?
+
+Oh, if I had to do it again, I definitely
+would go with electromechanical systems.
+
+Now, that takes on many varieties.
+
+You could have small electric motors driving
+a hydraulic system right at the unit.
+
+Like you put an electric motor on an actuator.
+
+And that electric motor drives a small hydraulic
+pump that would move the actuator if you did
+
+not have confidence in worm gears and screw
+jacks and those kind of things to provide
+
+the mechanical force, power hinges and things
+like that.
+
+But there is absolutely no question in my
+mind that one of the safest things you could
+
+do for the Orbiter right now would be to replace
+the APUs in the hydraulic system with an electrical
+
+system.
+
+We have the motor technology, we have, I think,
+the gear and the ball screw technology to
+
+be able to do that.
+
+I think we could do it cheap.
+
+I think that would really change the operational
+cost.
+
+It would reduce the operational of cost immensely.
+
+It would move the CG further forward on the
+vehicle so you probably could take out a little
+
+bit more of the ballast that we usually fly
+on the front-end.
+
+I guess we're still flying it.
+
+We always did.
+
+I have another question.
+
+You talked earlier and you had it on the slide,
+but you didn't really talk about it, how you
+
+were shifting weight between budgets, when
+it came to like the controls people versus
+
+the hydraulics people and the APUs.
+
+And I was wondering if you could kind of just
+expand on that of how, in an actual development
+
+program, it goes back and forth.
+
+I mean does it usually come down from high
+you're going to do this and you're going to
+
+do that, or is it usually they let you kind
+of work it out between the groups or what?
+
+The control people have no weight budget.
+
+I mean their budget is the electrons that
+flow back and forth and the requirements.
+
+What they do is they start out a requirement
+that they would like to have.
+
+And it is usually two, three, four times what
+they absolutely have to have.
+
+And then you have to sit down and start negotiating
+with them and explaining to them what it is
+
+costing.
+
+And often it gets down to the fact that the
+vehicle won't fly.
+
+I mean it just flat won't fly.
+
+And when they are convinced then that it cannot
+fly then they are willing to concede that
+
+they can get by with a little more.
+
+And it still won't fly and so they can get
+by with a little bit more.
+
+And that's kind of the way you get it done.
+
+That's what you do.
+
+You have a work breakdown structure, and you
+parcel that work breakdown structure out to
+
+your subsystem managers.
+
+Now, there was an issue in the Shuttle and
+the Apollo Program, since I was a project
+
+manager, you give the subsystem managers the
+requirements and the authority technically.
+
+You tell them what their constraint is for
+dollars, you give them the weight bogies or
+
+the weight requirements, the function requirements,
+performance requirements, the schedule requirements,
+
+but you keep the dollars.
+
+Now, that's been a very long argument.
+
+Do you allow the subsystem managers to actually
+have control over the dollars?
+
+We decided not to.
+
+That was a very big argument of whether you
+should let the other people have the dollars.
+
+I kept the dollars.
+
+They had to come to me if they wanted to make
+a big change outside their work breakdown
+
+structure because I had the problem of trading
+off the dollars between the propulsion system
+
+and the structure system or the aerodynamic
+system.
+
+And you can argue that was the right or wrong
+thing to do but that was how we did it.
+
+And I am not sure if aircraft companies like
+Boeing now or Lockheed Martin how they do
+
+it, but they all start off with a work breakdown
+structure of some type.
+
+Yes.
+
+At that stage,do you also give them target
+weights?
+
+You can target weights also, yeah.
+
+Negotiated target weights and negotiated schedules.
+
+And they develop the performance.
+
+You basically use the target weights, from
+the preliminary designs that you've done,
+
+to look at the concept that you're looking
+at to make sure that it is feasible.
+
+And when it looks like that is a feasible
+design, then you break up the weights and
+
+you give all of the subsystem people their
+target weights to stay within of which almost
+
+immediately the weights start growing.
+
+That's right.
+
+And, when you're a project manager like I
+was, it is career limiting.
+
+The first thing is your weight starts to go
+up.
+
+The next thing is you start to have schedule
+slips because you're finding technology problems.
+
+And then the cost starts to go up.
+
+You really come with a lot of career limiting
+problems in project managing, but you have
+
+to have good people working for you.
+
+I think, Henry, another interesting thing
+you might talk about is, they've seen Bass
+
+Redd talk about the aerodynamics, they are
+going to have Phil Hattis talk about the guidance,
+
+navigation and control, you might give them
+your perspective with the hydraulic system
+
+of tying those systems together.
+
+You mentioned it a little bit but it is probably
+a little bit harder than you think in putting
+
+the requirements on the hydraulic system.
+
+I probably spent more personal time dealing
+with the avionics people, the guidance people
+
+and the aero people than I did working with
+the subsystem designs early on just trying
+
+to get some reasonableness in the requirements.
+
+Trying to get the size of the OMS engines
+down, trying to get the size of the RCS down,
+
+trying to get the pulse width a little bit
+wider.
+
+On the hydraulics, that was a major, major
+issue because those were really big weight
+
+items.
+
+On the OMS and RCS it was not a big weight
+impact, it was a performance impact of how
+
+much propellants you had to carry onboard.
+
+But on the hydraulics, on the design of that
+system, how fast you had to move one of those
+
+flaps on that thing was a big big issue.
+
+And I spent lots of time going over and looking
+at their data, looking at what they were coming
+
+up with, looking at their what-ifs.
+
+That is what drives a system, is what if this
+happens or what if that happens?
+
+Another problem I remember we had was the
+gimbal rate of the main engines.
+
+The requirement they put on the gimbal rate.
+
+That was a compounded problem, too, because
+you were kind of dealing between centers.
+
+But, yeah, the gimbal weight.
+
+And the need for a gimbal system on the solid
+rocket motors, if I had my day in court, we
+
+would take the gimbal system off of the solid
+rocket boosters.
+
+That would save six or seven or eight tons
+of weight back there.
+
+If you would take that system out, it would
+make the solid rocket boosters much more reliable
+
+because they've got those great big old boots
+in there and those big springs.
+
+They horse those things back and forth with
+huge actuators on them.
+
+And the only reason we could not eliminate
+the gimbal system on the SRBs is that we had
+
+one SRB that burned out with the max burn
+time.
+
+And the other one on the other side burned
+out with minimum burn time.
+
+And we lost the top engine on the SSME on
+the same flight.
+
+Now, you know the probability of that happening
+is once in a billion.
+
+But, yet, that is what drives the requirement
+for having the gimbal system.
+
+We would have to gimbal the main engines another
+two degrees to make that work.
+
+But that is what drove the design, that requirement
+that we have on the solid rocket motors.
+
+So, if I can leave you with one message, it
+is understand your requirements extremely
+
+well and understand the impact that that requirement
+is having on your system and on the flyability
+
+of the vehicle.
+
+I told you that Henry had a lot of innovative
+design.
+
+Talk a little bit more about the RCS.
+
+I thought you were going to mention that before.
+
+When they got water and how you solved that
+problem.
+
+This is Henry Pohl's solution to a very complex
+problem on the RCS system, on the pad.
+
+When we got the RCS engines filled up with
+water we needed to come up with a design to
+
+keep the water out of the engines in case
+of rain because it always rains at the Cape.
+
+So that requirement fell on the contractor
+to design a system to keep water from getting
+
+into the RCS engines.
+
+They came up with a plug with the throat and
+another big seal to go around those big scarf
+
+nozzles out there with an O ring on that.
+
+And that was all tied together with cables.
+
+And they stuck a big pole upside the vehicle.
+
+And just before liftoff they were going to
+pop that pole over and jerk all of that stuff
+
+out.
+
+And they were going to jerk it out fast enough
+so that those big tanks would not fall down
+
+and hit the tile and knock all the tile off.
+
+Well, that looked kind of complex and complicated
+to me.
+
+We had a grocery store across the street by
+the name of Wine Gardens, and I went down
+
+and got a roll of that wrapping paper that
+you use to wrap meats in that has wax on one
+
+side and then paper on the other side.
+
+I call it butcher paper, but butcher paper
+is actually a little bit different.
+
+If you go down and buy something it is freezer
+paper, but I bought a roll of that.
+
+Then I got back up into the meeting by the
+time it was over and said this is the way
+
+to fix it.
+
+And I started tearing off sheets off and passed
+it around to the managers to look at.
+
+We are going to glue that on the surface with
+the wax side out and glue it on with RTV.
+
+And then, when you lift it off, it would come
+off.
+
+It was light.
+
+It wouldn't hurt the tile.
+
+If it impacted anything it wasn't going to
+hurt anything.
+
+If it didn't come off when you fired the RCS
+you would blow it off or burn it off.
+
+And that is what we did.
+
+And we glued that on all of them.
+
+[LAUGHTER] It sounds funny but it is true.
+
+You look at the Orbiter sitting on the pad
+and all the RCS jets are covered up with paper.
+
+But after I left they changed that.
+
+They changed from butcher paper to a special
+paper developed special for that purpose that
+
+is made out of Teflon.
+
+You have to tell them one more story about
+the SSME on the launch pad and the hydrogen.
+
+This was JR's.
+
+When we did the first firing on the pad -- Just
+a test firing on the launch pad to make sure
+
+that everything worked right, we blew the
+back end out of the shuttle.
+
+When those main engines light off, each one
+of those engines dump out about 125 pounds
+
+of hydrogen before it ignites.
+
+That hydrogen is cold.
+
+It is fairly dense in liquid form.
+
+It is 4.5 pounds per cubic foot or something.
+
+By that time it is a little bit lighter.
+
+It goes down in the flame pit.
+
+It mixes with a lot of air in there.
+
+And then the flame hits it and detonates.
+
+And it blew the backend out of the vehicle.
+
+We needed a quick fix because we're going
+to launch that thing in three or four days.
+
+I looked at the problem and said we will just
+put Roman candles under it.
+
+You put a bunch of Roman candles under there
+that fire those balls out across there and
+
+the hydrogen comes out.
+
+That will ignite the hydrogen.
+
+It will burn and won't accumulate behind the
+pit.
+
+And that is what we did.
+
+Those sparklers you see coming on before the
+main engines light off, those are my Roman
+
+candles.
+
+And as long as we're talking about blowing
+the back end of the Orbiter out, maybe you
+
+can talk about the pressure wave as well.
+
+The pressure wave that came back and the water
+suppression.
+
+We had another problem, more of an acoustical
+problem from the pressure waves coming back
+
+up under the Orbiter, and we needed some kind
+of a solution to do that.
+
+Back while I was in Huntsville as a test engineer
+in a test lab there in Huntsville, we blew
+
+the windows out seven miles away when we started
+firing the Saturn 5 vehicle.
+
+We spent a lot of time on sound suppression
+techniques to reduce the pressure effect.
+
+And one of the things we came up with is we
+found water is very good at damping that.
+
+When we had that problem down the Cape what
+we did is put those sausages, the hammocks
+
+across down there and fill them with water
+to damp out the pressure wave that came back
+
+up to the back of the vehicle.
+
+There is another one of them.
+
+Essentially like big water balloons.
+
+We called them sausage.
+
+It was a fabric across the bottom, filled
+it up with water and it was strong enough
+
+to hold the water up.
+
+And then that dampened the sound waves, the
+shockwaves that came back up through the vehicle.
+
+Again, just remember that it is not natural
+for earth-bound humans to think in terms of
+
+the absence of gravity and the absence of
+pressure.
+
+I cannot stress that too much.
+
+You take a pot of water, you put it on the
+stove and it gets hot on top.
+
+You put it on a stove at zero G, it does not
+get hot on top.
+
+It pushes all the water out.
+
+Heat transfer.
+
+You don't realize how much heat is transferred
+out through the atmosphere.
+
+If you have no atmosphere you don't get any
+of that heat transfer out.
+
+The other thing to remember is that there
+is absolutely no substitute for a very well
+
+thought out test program.
+
+It is not easy to test in the absence of gravity.
+
+It is not easy to test in the absence of pressure
+when you are reducing large quantities of
+
+gas or chemicals.
+
+But that is very, very important.
+
+And that is the one thing that really separates
+a space program from anything that we do here
+
+on earth, is that you have no atmosphere and
+you have no gravity to help you in your design.
+
+Yet, all of our thought process is based on
+having gravity and having an atmosphere.
+
+And some of the designs of various experiments
+that I've worked with on Spacelab flights
+
+and other flights, numerous failures.
+
+And over half of the equipment that failed,
+this is stuff generally that we use inside
+
+the shuttle, it was because of thermal problems
+that they would overheat just because people
+
+didn't get the calculations right.
+
+You have no convection.
+
+And getting the thermal design to work is
+just really difficult.
+
+Convection is one of the major problems that
+is overlooked because when you put heat in
+
+one place on the ground it goes up.
+
+If you take the gravity away it will not go
+up.
+
+And that changes the whole complex, the thermal
+matrix.
+
+Henry talked a little bit about the screen
+system that was developed for the OMS and
+
+RCS tanks, but just to make sure you appreciate
+the complexity of this, you've probably seen
+
+pictures of astronauts playing with food and
+liquid, you blow these big liquid bubbles
+
+and they just sort of float there.
+
+Well, the liquid does the same thing inside
+a fuel tank.
+
+And when you push the button because you want
+to turn your engine to turn on, how do you
+
+get the fuel to flow into the engine?
+
+And, as Henry said, in the old-days you had
+kind of a diaphragm.
+
+Everything was in like a little balloon and
+you would pressurize the outside of the balloon
+
+and that would force the fuel out, but that
+balloon would get eaten away.
+
+I mean remember that was a system that is
+only used for one flight.
+
+Now we have a system that has to be reusable.
+
+And if you didn't want to replace those diaphragms
+or balloons every flight you needed something
+
+that was a different system.
+
+And that is where they came up with the idea
+of the screens which would have surface tension
+
+so enough of the propellant would stick to
+the screen.
+
+And then you would get the helium on the other
+side that would push it out of the screen.
+
+With the OMS, of course, once you got the
+system started then you're producing an acceleration.
+
+And it is always in the same direction so
+that the OMS tanks are designed so that they
+
+only have to feed enough propellant through
+the screening system to get the engine started.
+
+And then everything, I won't call it gravity-fed,
+but is fed by the acceleration.
+
+When both engines are burning, it is about
+a tenth of a G.
+
+But the RCS, that can push you in any direction.
+
+And so you have to have a system which will
+continuously feed, no matter which direction
+
+your acceleration vector is.
+
+It is a really complex and cleaver system.
+
+And the design is based strictly on surface
+tension.
+
+Why are there so many RCS engines?
+
+For example, in the nose, there are 16.
+
+Is that for redundancy?
+
+Part of it is for redundancy and part of it
+is to make sure that you've got one to cover
+
+every direction.
+
+I guess we've got six going down in front.
+
+Now, we need two of those for certain maneuvers.
+
+So you can lose four of them.
+
+And we have four going out.
+
+You can lose one on either side.
+
+And remember you need a couple pair.
+
+You would like to be able to do a pure rotation.
+
+If you just fire one engine in the aft you're
+going to get a rotation, but you will also
+
+get a translation.
+
+So, you need a couple pairs.
+
+And then for redundancy we have three sets.
+
+If you add up the x-axis, the y-axis, the
+z-axis, you've got to be able to translate
+
+in three axies, you've got to be able to rotate
+about three axies, and then you need dual
+
+redundancy for each of that axis.
+
+You add it up and you end up with 38 primary
+jets.
+
+And then, on top of that, those are 850 pound
+jets.
+
+They use a lot of propellant.
+
+When you are in orbit generally and all you
+worry about is your attitude and you're not
+
+doing a propulsive burn for rendezvous or
+anything, we shut down the primary RCS system
+
+and we just use six little 25 pound Vernier
+thrusters, all of which are pointed down.
+
+When you use those for attitude control they
+do give you a little bit of propulsive impulse
+
+as well.
+
+But it is a small enough thrust that it doesn't
+change your orbit by very much.
+
+Let me tell you another story about the expulsion
+devices on the Shuttle.
+
+Back in my young days, I grew up in the country,
+and we had a Ford tractor.
+
+The Ford tractor had a screen in the fuel
+tank and it stood up about that tall.
+
+And it had a little stand pipe in there.
+
+And the valve was such that when you got down
+you could set the valve one way and it would
+
+leave about a gallon of fuel in the tank.
+
+You turn it the other way at the end and it
+would use that gallon of fuel out, kind of
+
+like a gas gauge on the early Volkswagen.
+
+Well, what happened is that I had that out
+one day and it had a tenth of an inch diameter
+
+hole punched in that screen about halfway
+up on the screen.
+
+I said that screen is not doing any good if
+it has a hole in it.
+
+I got me a ball of solder and I stopped up
+that screen.
+
+You know, after that, you could have it set
+where the fuel are supposed to remain in the
+
+tank.
+
+And when it quit it was empty.
+
+You'd switch it over and it still wouldn't
+run.
+
+You couldn't get home.
+
+You would have to walk home.
+
+Well, it turned out that they had put that
+hole in there as a vacuum breaker to break
+
+the vacuum on it.
+
+And that is the way that the Shuttle system
+works.
+
+The screens that we have in there, it is fine
+enough so that the surface tension across
+
+those small pores is strong enough so that
+it will keep the air from punching through,
+
+unless you put a big hole in them.
+
+We had to make sure.
+
+And that was another one of the things that
+convinced me that we could design a screen
+
+system that would work in the absence of gravity.
+
+It goes back to a Ford tractor.
+
+It goes all the way back to 1947 and a Ford
+tractor.
+
+Henry, we've come to the end.
+
+Let's thank Henry.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,1657 @@
+ANNOUNCER: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+HERBERT GROSS: Hi, our topic
+today sounds a little bit
+
+naughty at first glance.
+
+It's called improper
+integrals.
+
+And rather than give a long
+speech about why they're
+
+called improper, let me try and
+start our lecture a little
+
+bit different from our usual
+approach, by giving you a
+
+little bit of a mathematical
+calculus riddle.
+
+Namely, let me just say this.
+
+We'll call our lecture today
+improper integrals, and we'll
+
+start off by saying
+find the flaw.
+
+I would like to integrate
+'dx' over 'x squared'
+
+from minus 1 to 1.
+
+Using the first fundamental
+theorem of integral calculus,
+
+I say this is 'G of 1' minus 'G
+of minus 1' where 'G prime'
+
+is any function whose
+derivative
+
+is '1 over 'x squared''.
+
+Well, in particular, do I know a
+function whose derivative is
+
+'1 over 'x squared''?
+
+Well, I guess minus
+'1 over x'.
+
+In other words, the derivative
+of 'x' to the minus 1 is minus
+
+'x' to the minus 2.
+
+With the minus in front
+that makes it plus.
+
+'x' to the minus 2.
+
+That's plus '1 over
+'x squared''.
+
+In any event, I can then
+compute that 'G
+
+of 1' is minus 1.
+
+'G of minus 1' is 1.
+
+Therefore, 'G of 1' minus 'G of
+minus 1' is minus 1 minus
+
+1, is minus 2.
+
+Therefore, the integral from
+minus 1 to 1, 'dx' over 'x
+
+squared', is minus 2.
+
+And the question is,
+find the flaw.
+
+Find the flaw.
+
+And since again, we're on
+limited time, let me, if you
+
+haven't already discovered the
+flaw, at least point out why
+
+you should be suspicious
+of a flaw.
+
+Remember, we visualized this
+as an area under a curve.
+
+In other words, in a way, the
+base of our region is the
+
+closed interval from minus 1
+to 1, and the height of our
+
+region at any point is given
+by '1 over 'x squared''.
+
+Well, look at '1 over
+'x squared''.
+
+Certainly, '1 over 'x squared''
+can't be negative
+
+because for any real number
+'x', its square is
+
+non-negative.
+
+And one over a non-negative
+number is certainly
+
+non-negative.
+
+In particular then, since my
+region never goes below the
+
+x-axis, I would expect that the
+area represented by this
+
+should be positive.
+
+In other words, this is the sum
+of positive numbers taken
+
+in the limit.
+
+In other words, the fact that
+the integrand is non-negative
+
+tells me that whenever the
+integral turns out to be, it
+
+must be at least as big as 0,
+and minus 2 does not fulfill
+
+that criteria.
+
+In other words, something must
+be wrong here because we get a
+
+negative answer in a situation
+where a negative answer is
+
+preposterous.
+
+And the reason that I wanted
+to pick this approach is I
+
+think that the best way to
+motivate that something is
+
+wrong is precisely by winding up
+with a preposterous answer
+
+in a situation where we know
+the answer is preposterous.
+
+Then we know we must be on our
+guard to see what went wrong.
+
+And what did go wrong?
+
+Well, the key point is this.
+
+And again, it's something that
+we've said many, many times.
+
+But I think it takes a counter
+example before it
+
+really sinks in.
+
+People are always quoting
+the first
+
+fundamental theorem in general.
+
+It's easy to remember that the
+integral from 'a' to 'b', ''f
+
+of x' dx' is 'G of b' minus
+'G of a', where 'G
+
+prime' equals 'f'.
+
+But the thing that we must be
+extremely careful of is that
+
+this definition requires that
+'f' be at least piecewise
+
+continuous on the interval
+from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+Remember when we took the limit
+and put the squeeze on,
+
+we required that there be
+continuity, so we could pass
+
+to the limit.
+
+The important point is in this
+particular example that we're
+
+dealing with, observe that '1
+over 'x squared'' is infinite.
+
+I write this in quotation marks
+to point out you have a
+
+1/0 form, which we usually
+abbreviate as infinity.
+
+In other words, '1 over 'x
+squared'' increases without
+
+bound as 'x' approaches 0.
+
+And notice that 0 was within the
+limits of our integration
+
+from minus 1 to 1.
+
+At any rate, without further
+ado, this leads to a
+
+fundamental definition.
+
+Which in terms of today's
+lesson, I call
+
+definition number 1.
+
+And that is the integral from
+'a' to 'b', 'f of x dx is
+
+called 'improper'.
+
+And there are going to be two
+types of improper integrals as
+
+we'll find out very shortly.
+
+But it's called improper of the
+first kind, if and only if
+
+'f' is infinite for at least one
+'c' in the interval from
+
+'a' to 'b'.
+
+And again, let me caution you
+about this and I'll summarize
+
+at the end of the lecture
+again to remind you.
+
+If you look at this particular
+integral, it doesn't look at
+
+all suspicious.
+
+In fact, that's where the
+trap came in in this
+
+problem over here.
+
+The reason that we wound up with
+minus 2 is that we just
+
+integrated '1 over 'x squared'',
+forgetting that
+
+there was a point at which the
+integrand was infinite in the
+
+given interval.
+
+And so the question that comes
+up is, how shall we handle
+
+this if we have an
+infinity in here?
+
+And the answer is, let's work
+around the point at which the
+
+integral or the integrand
+is infinite.
+
+Let's see what that means.
+
+And this again, is a
+continuation of the
+
+definition, I guess.
+
+If 'c' is the only point in the
+closed interval from 'a'
+
+to 'b' at which 'f' is infinite,
+we defined the
+
+integral from 'a' to 'b',
+''f of x' dx' to be
+
+the following limit.
+
+It's the limit as
+'h' approaches 0
+
+through positive values.
+
+The definite integral from
+'a' to 'c' minus 'h'.
+
+In other words, you're stopping
+somewhere before you
+
+get to this bad point,
+evaluating ''f of x' dx'.
+
+And there's no harm done in here
+because you see, 'f of x'
+
+is infinite only at 'x' equals
+'c' in this problem.
+
+Consequently, if you stop prior
+to 'c', 'f of x' is at
+
+least piecewise continuous
+every place in here.
+
+Then you jump over the bad
+point, pick up again at 'c
+
+plus h' and say plus the
+integral from 'c plus h' to
+
+'b', ''f of x' dx'.
+
+This limit as 'h' approaches
+0 through positive values.
+
+Now again, this may sound
+very abstract.
+
+So to give this a more realistic
+meaning to you,
+
+let's interpret this again
+in terms of an area.
+
+What we're saying is
+this pictorially.
+
+We have a function which is
+piecewise continuous at least
+
+on the entire interval from
+'a' to 'b', except at the
+
+point 'c' where we have an
+infinite discontinuity, an
+
+infinite jump.
+
+What we do is, is we pick a
+positive number 'h' and knock
+
+off the interval 'c minus h' to
+'c plus h' surrounding 'c'.
+
+We then compute the area.
+
+We then compute the area
+of this shaded region.
+
+That's exactly what's inside
+the brackets over here.
+
+You see, notice that
+this sum is what?
+
+It's the sum of two integrals,
+one of which names this area,
+
+and the other of which
+names this area.
+
+And what we say is, let's put
+the squeeze on and see what
+
+limiting value this area
+approaches as we squeeze all
+
+the space out around 'c'.
+
+In other words, what's really
+happening over here?
+
+What we're really saying is, why
+can't we treat an infinite
+
+region the same as if it were
+a finite region taking the
+
+limit as the size of the strip
+in here goes to 0?
+
+And here's the key point.
+
+You see, as 'h' approaches 'c'
+from both sides, notice that
+
+the width of this region
+approaches 0.
+
+By the same token, the
+height of the region
+
+is approaching infinity.
+
+In essence, what we're running
+into again, is the problem of
+
+determining the area of an
+infinite region involves the
+
+study of infinity times 0.
+
+In fact, the question sort of
+is, does 'h' go to 0 faster
+
+than 'f of 'c plus or minus
+h'' goes to infinity?
+
+In fact, I think that's an
+important enough observation,
+
+so I've written it down
+here to make sure
+
+that you notice it.
+
+The question centers about the
+question, the problem of
+
+whether 'h' approaches
+0 faster than--
+
+whatever this means.
+
+Faster than 'f of 'c plus or
+minus h'' approaches infinity.
+
+In our particular example,
+this didn't happen.
+
+Now again, if you're afraid of
+the symbol infinity, let's
+
+deal with the finite case and
+take the limit later.
+
+In other words, instead of
+looking at the integral from 0
+
+to 1, 'dx' over 'x squared',
+let's look at the integral
+
+from 'h' to 1.
+
+Integral from 'h' to 1, 'dx'
+over 'x squared', and then
+
+later we'll take the limit
+as 'h' approaches 0.
+
+In particular, if this is my
+region 'R', namely bounded
+
+above by the curve 'y' equals '1
+over 'x squared'', below by
+
+the x-axis.
+
+On the left by the line 'x'
+equals 'h' and on the right by
+
+the line 'x' equals 1, the
+area of the region 'R' is
+
+written what?
+
+Integral 'h' to 1, 'dx'
+over 'x squared'.
+
+Notice that as long as 'h' is
+not 0, our integrand is
+
+continuous.
+
+Therefore, we can use the first
+fundamental theorem to
+
+evaluate it.
+
+It's what?
+
+It's minus '1 over x' evaluated
+between 'h' and 1.
+
+Putting in the upper limit
+gives me a minus 1.
+
+Putting in the lower limit
+gives me minus '1/h'.
+
+But I'm subtracting that, so
+it becomes plus '1/h'.
+
+In other words, the area of my
+region 'R' is 1/h minus 1.
+
+Notice then that 'A sub R' as
+'h' approaches 0 from the
+
+right becomes the limit of '1/h'
+as 'h' approaches 0 from
+
+the right minus 1.
+
+And the limit of '1/h' as 'h'
+approaches 0 from the right is
+
+clearly infinity.
+
+In other words, as 'h' gets
+arbitrarily close to 0 through
+
+positive values, '1/h' increases
+without any bound.
+
+In other words, what this means
+in plain English is that
+
+we can make the area of the
+region 'R' as arbitrarily as
+
+large as we wish just by
+choosing 'h' to be
+
+sufficiently close to 0 here.
+
+You see, in other words, as
+'h' approaches 0, what's
+
+happening here is that this
+curve is not approaching the
+
+y-axis fast enough to allow
+us to get a finite area.
+
+And by the way, let me make
+one little aside comparing
+
+this with our previous answer.
+
+You may recall, and let me just
+pull this board down here
+
+to remind you of that.
+
+You may recall that when we
+worked this problem before, we
+
+got the wrong answer,
+negative 2.
+
+OK, now look it.
+
+In terms of my problem over
+here, we went from minus 1 to
+
+1 so this is only 1/2
+of the region that
+
+we're talking about.
+
+Notice that the minus
+2 comes from this.
+
+See twice minus 1 by symmetry.
+
+The interesting thing is notice
+here that when you take
+
+the limit--
+
+well, forgetting that there's
+an infinite discontinuity
+
+here, when you let 'h' approach
+0, you tend to say
+
+let's forget about the function
+of 'h' in here.
+
+Notice here as 'h' approaches
+0, this
+
+thing went to infinity.
+
+By ignoring it, that's where
+you got the answer minus 2.
+
+In other words, by assuming
+that as 'h' got small, the
+
+function of 'h' got small, we
+threw out an infinite part of
+
+our answer.
+
+In other words, this was
+the thing that we
+
+had to worry about.
+
+In this particular case, we
+slurred over something that
+
+wasn't going to 0 fast enough.
+
+By the way, let me caution you
+and point out that in this
+
+particular example it happened
+that infinity
+
+times 0 became infinite.
+
+It is possible, however, that
+as 'h' approaches 0, it may
+
+happen that 'h' approaches 0
+fast enough, so that we do get
+
+a finite area.
+
+To show you this, let's just
+change the problem slightly.
+
+Instead of taking 'y' equals
+'1 over 'x squared'', let's
+
+take 'y' equals '1 over the
+'square root of x''.
+
+The same problem, and by the
+way, here's the subtlety of
+
+this again.
+
+If you were to sketch 'y' equals
+'1 over the 'square
+
+root of x'' alongside of 'y'
+equals '1 over 'x squared''--
+
+in fact, fast enough so that
+even though we get an infinite
+
+region, it has only
+a finite area.
+
+In particular, here's
+what I'm saying now.
+
+Let 'R' be the region bounded
+above by 'y' equals '1 over
+
+the 'square root of x',
+below by the x-axis.
+
+On the left by 'x' equals
+'h' and on the right
+
+by 'x' equals 1.
+
+Again, since the only place that
+'1 over the 'square root
+
+of x'' has an infinite
+discontinuity is when 'x' is
+
+0, and since 'h' is greater
+than 0 here, we have a
+
+continuous integrand.
+
+The area of the region 'R'
+therefore is given by what?
+
+Any function whose derivative is
+'1 over the 'square root of
+
+x'' evaluated between
+'h' and 1.
+
+Again, sparing you
+the details.
+
+Observe that if you
+differentiate twice 'x to the
+
+1/2', the 1/2 and the 2 cancel
+and you get '1 over the
+
+'square root of x''.
+
+In other words, 2 square root
+of 'x' is the function whose
+
+derivative is '1 over the
+'square root of x''.
+
+If I now evaluate that between
+1 and 'h', I get 2 minus 2
+
+'square root of h'.
+
+If I now take the limit of 'A
+sub R' as 'h' approaches 0,
+
+notice that what happens here
+is that as 'h' approaches 0,
+
+so does the square
+root of 'h'.
+
+And the area turns out
+to be 2 in the limit.
+
+In other words, the area of
+the region 'R' in this
+
+particular case, is also
+a function of 'h'.
+
+But the part that depends
+on 'h' goes to 0
+
+as 'h' goes to 0.
+
+In fact, notice in this
+particular case, and why I
+
+couldn't have started with this
+example is that if I took
+
+this example and you did it the
+incorrect way, in other
+
+words, if you failed to notice
+that '1 over the 'square root
+
+of x'' was discontinuous at 'x'
+equals 0, and you just did
+
+this problem mechanically, and
+evaluated this between 0 and
+
+1, you would have got
+the right answer.
+
+And the reason that you would
+have got the right answer, is
+
+that in the limit process,
+notice here that the part of
+
+the answer that depends
+on 'h' does actually
+
+go to 0 in the limit.
+
+At any rate, using all of this
+as motivation, we come to a
+
+new piece of terminology
+that we should define.
+
+Namely, if 'f' is infinite at
+'x' equals 'c', where 'c' is
+
+someplace in the interval from
+'a' to 'b', then the improper
+
+integral 'a' to 'b', ''f of x'
+dx' is called convergent if
+
+the particular limit that we
+talked about previously in the
+
+definition of how you compute
+integral from 'a' to 'b', ''f
+
+of x' dx', if that particular
+limit exists, meaning it's a
+
+finite number, then we call
+the integral a convergent
+
+improper integral.
+
+On the other hand,
+meaning what?
+
+If this limit doesn't exist, if
+for example, the limit is
+
+infinite, then we call the
+integral divergent.
+
+In other words, in our
+first example, the
+
+integral was divergent.
+
+In the second example, the
+integral was convergent.
+
+By the way, it's rather
+interesting to point out too--
+
+I shouldn't say it's
+rather interesting.
+
+It's just my excuse of I don't
+know of any other way of
+
+motivating improper integrals
+of the second kind.
+
+But the thing that's worth
+observing is this.
+
+When we evaluated the area under
+the curve here from 0 to
+
+1, we elected to pick
+strips like this.
+
+Remember this is why we
+got into that infinite
+
+discontinuity; we picked out
+strips to look like this.
+
+The question that comes up is,
+why couldn't we have picked
+
+our strips to be horizontal?
+
+In other words, if we had
+in terms of say, inverse
+
+functions, inverted the role of
+'x' and 'y', why couldn't
+
+we have computed our area by
+picking strips like this and
+
+adding them all up from 1 to
+'b', and then taking the limit
+
+as 'b' went to infinity?
+
+In other words, if I wanted to
+compute the area of this
+
+region using horizontal strips,
+I would have had what?
+
+I would have had the area of the
+region 'R' is the integral
+
+from 1 to 'b'.
+
+And remember, if 'y' equals '1
+over 'x squared'', 'x' is '1
+
+over the 'square root of y''.
+
+Therefore, the area of the
+region 'R' is the interval
+
+from 1 to 'b', 'dy' over
+the square root of 'y'.
+
+Notice that the square root of
+'y' is certainly continuous.
+
+'1 over the 'square
+root of y'' is
+
+continuous in this interval.
+
+At any rate, I could then have
+evaluated this integrand here
+
+and taken the limit as 'b'
+approached infinity.
+
+And by the way, the abbreviation
+for writing the
+
+limit of the integral 1 to 'b'
+as 'b' approaches infinity, is
+
+to simply write integral from
+1 to infinity 'dy' over the
+
+square root of 'y'.
+
+And this is all this
+thing means.
+
+For example, in this particular
+case, notice that
+
+as 'b' goes to infinity, so does
+the square root of 'b'.
+
+Therefore, 2 'square root of b'
+minus 2 goes to infinity as
+
+'b' approaches infinity.
+
+And we find by a second method
+that the area of
+
+our region is infinite.
+
+And again, we have another kind
+of improper integral.
+
+But structurally, this
+improper integral is
+
+completely different
+from the improper
+
+integral that we had before.
+
+Namely, before we had an
+improper integral where the
+
+integrand became infinite,
+even though the limits of
+
+integration stayed finite.
+
+Notice what happens
+in this case.
+
+In this particular case, notice
+that the integrand
+
+stays finite.
+
+It's the limits of integration
+that become infinite.
+
+In other words, this leads to
+our next definition of a new
+
+type of improper integral.
+
+Namely, the integral say, from
+'a' to infinity ''f of x' dx'.
+
+Whereby this we mean the
+abbreviation limit as 'b'
+
+approaches infinity, integral
+from 'a' to 'b', ''f of x'
+
+dx', where 'f' is continuous
+in this entire range.
+
+In other words, for 'x' greater
+than or equal to 'a'.
+
+That type of an integral is
+called an improper integral of
+
+the second kind.
+
+In other words, in the first
+kind, the integrand becomes
+
+infinite, but the limits of
+integration are finite.
+
+In the second kind, the
+integrand stays finite, but
+
+the limits of integration take
+on an infinite range.
+
+And the important point is
+that these two are very
+
+closely connected.
+
+In other words, in terms of the
+example that I just showed
+
+you, I wanted you to see how you
+can get from an integral
+
+of the first kind to an improper
+integral of the
+
+second kind just by replacing
+your vertical strips by
+
+horizontal strips.
+
+In fact, in terms of my first
+example over here notice that
+
+indeed, '1 over 'x squared'' and
+'1 over the 'square root
+
+of x'', where 'x' is at least
+as big as 0, are inverses.
+
+By the way, the reason I say 'x'
+is, in fact, bigger than
+
+0, otherwise I'll have
+a 0 denominator here.
+
+The reason I point this out is
+that if you don't presuppose
+
+that x is positive, remember,
+the square root function or
+
+the squaring function is not
+1:1, so I have to be very
+
+careful when I talk about
+inverse functions.
+
+The thing I want to see however
+is, the graph of 'y'
+
+equals '1 over 'x squared'' is
+the inverse of the graph 'y'
+
+equals '1 over the 'square
+root of x''.
+
+In other words, essentially, by
+interchanging the role of
+
+the x- and y-axes, you go from
+one graph to the other.
+
+You see, in particular, the
+integral 1 to infinity, 'dx'
+
+over 'x squared'.
+
+Namely, finding the area of this
+particular region is the
+
+inverse of finding the area
+of this particular region.
+
+In other words, notice that
+'y' equals '1 over 'x
+
+squared'' behaves for large
+values of 'x' the same as 'y'
+
+equals '1 over the 'square root
+of x'' behaves for small
+
+parts of the values of 'x'.
+
+Again, let me point out that
+much of this will be done much
+
+more hard core in our learning
+exercises and in the reading
+
+material and the like.
+
+And so I pass over some of this
+in a fairly quick way.
+
+But what I want to make sure is
+clear before we begin the
+
+exercises and the reading
+material is that we have a
+
+good idea as to what improper
+integrals mean.
+
+At any rate, continuing on this
+way, what do I mean by
+
+the integral from
+1 to infinity,
+
+'dx' over 'x squared'?
+
+Well, it's an improper integral
+of a second type
+
+because the integrand is finite
+between 1 and infinity.
+
+The limits of integration span
+an infinite space over here.
+
+At any rate, it's what?
+
+The limit as 'b' approaches
+infinity, integral from 1 to
+
+'b', 'dx' over 'x squared'.
+
+At any rate, what
+is the integral
+
+of '1 over 'x squared''.
+
+It's minus '1/x'.
+
+If I evaluate that that's minus
+''1 over b' plus 1'.
+
+And if I now take the limit as
+'b' approaches infinity that
+
+answer is 1.
+
+In other words, what this means
+
+pictorially is the following.
+
+If I look at the area of this
+region 'R' for any value of
+
+'b' whatsoever, that area is
+equal to 1 minus '1/b'.
+
+In other words, no matter how
+big 'b' becomes, the area of
+
+this region 'R' can never
+be as big as one unit.
+
+And in the limit, as 'b' goes
+out as far as we wish, what
+
+we're really saying is what?
+
+That the area of this region
+'R' can be made arbitrarily
+
+close to 1 just by choosing 'b'
+to be arbitrarily large.
+
+And by the way, this you see
+leads to an interesting
+
+observation.
+
+Namely, at this end of the
+spectrum, the curve was not
+
+approaching the y-axis
+fast enough to make
+
+this integral finite.
+
+Remember, the integral from 0
+to 1, 'dx' over 'x squared'
+
+was infinite.
+
+However, for large values of
+'x', the curve does approach
+
+the x-axis fast enough, so that
+not only is the enclosed
+
+area finite, it can't even
+be bigger than 1.
+
+I thought that might be an
+interesting example for you to
+
+think about for a while.
+
+Another type of interesting
+example worth thinking about
+
+for a while is this
+second example.
+
+Let's take the region 'R' to be
+bounded above by 'y' equals
+
+'1/x', on the left by 'x' equals
+1, on the right by 'x'
+
+equals 'b', and below
+by the x-axis.
+
+And let's compute the area
+of the region 'R'.
+
+Again, the area of the region
+'R' is a definite integral
+
+from 1 to 'b', 'dx' over 'x'.
+
+And that's equal to the
+natural log of 'b'.
+
+Namely, this integral is log
+absolute value of 'x'.
+
+Log absolute value of
+'b' is just 'log b'.
+
+Log 1 is 0.
+
+So the area of the region
+'R' is 'log b'.
+
+As 'b' increases without bound,
+its log increases
+
+without bound, we find
+that the area of the
+
+region 'R' is infinite.
+
+In fact, another way of
+saying this is what?
+
+This is the integral 1 to
+infinity 'dx' over 'x'.
+
+And this is, therefore, what?
+
+A divergent improper integral
+of the second type.
+
+All right, so far so
+good at any rate.
+
+Let me review our volumes of
+revolution and rotation.
+
+Let's take the region 'R' and
+rotate it about the x-axis.
+
+If we rotate 'R' about the
+x-axis, remember a volume of
+
+revolution is just pi 'y
+squared' 'dx' from 1 to 'b'.
+
+Well, my 'y' is '1/x'.
+
+That's '1 over x squared'.
+
+The integral of '1 over x
+squared' is minus '1/x'.
+
+Notice then as before, the
+volume when I rotate 'R' about
+
+the x-axis is just pi times
+'1 minus '1/b''.
+
+In other words, what this say
+is as 'b' gets very, very
+
+large, so does 'R'.
+
+Yet, if I rotate 'R' about the
+x-axis, no matter how big 'b'
+
+is the volume is just pi
+times '1 minus '1/b''.
+
+As 'b' approaches infinity, this
+goes to 0 and my volume
+
+is just pi.
+
+In other words, this area
+gets infinitely large.
+
+Yet, the volume generated
+by rotating that
+
+area remains finite.
+
+Again, another idiosyncrasy
+of working with improper
+
+integrals and infinite
+regions.
+
+You've got to be very, very
+careful about how rapidly
+
+something approaches 0 or
+infinity because infinity
+
+times 0 is indeterminate.
+
+In other words, here is a very
+important observation, an
+
+infinite area can enclose or can
+generate a finite volume.
+
+Be very, very careful
+in dealing
+
+with improper integrals.
+
+And by the way, let me make
+one computational aside.
+
+In trying to determine whether a
+particular improper integral
+
+is convergent or not, we do not
+have to be able to compute
+
+the limit itself.
+
+I mention this because
+it's very important.
+
+Sometime you'll be given an
+integral which you don't know
+
+how to integrate directly.
+
+A typical example that usually
+comes up, integral ''e to the
+
+minus 'x squared' dx', say
+between 1 and infinity.
+
+And you want to know whether
+this converges or not.
+
+You don't care what the limit
+is because once you know it
+
+converges, you can approximate
+it to as great a degree of
+
+accuracy as you wish.
+
+So the question is, does this
+converge or doesn't it?
+
+And again, the answer is, let's
+see what happens on this
+
+particular range, for example.
+
+In other words, we know, for
+example, that if 'x' is
+
+greater than or equal to 1 for
+numbers in magnitude at least
+
+as big as 1, the square
+exceeds the number.
+
+In particular by the way, if 'x
+squared' exceeds 'x', minus
+
+'x squared' cannot
+exceed minus 'x'.
+
+In other words, on this
+particular interval that we're
+
+dealing with, say from 1 to
+'b', as 'b' approaches
+
+infinity, 'e to the minus
+'x squared'' is
+
+less than minus 'x'.
+
+Therefore, because the
+exponential function is 1:1,
+
+''e to the minus 'x squared'
+dx' from 1 to 'b' cannot
+
+exceed the integral from 1 to
+'b', ''e to the minus x' dx'.
+
+In other words, since this
+exponent is less than this
+
+exponent, this integral
+is less than this one.
+
+However, it turns out that we
+know how to evaluate this one.
+
+How do we integrate 'e
+to the minus x'?
+
+It's just minus 'e
+to the minus x'.
+
+And if we evaluate that between
+1 and 'b', we find
+
+that we get '1/e' minus '1
+over 'e to the b'' power.
+
+'b' is some positive number.
+
+This thing here is less
+than infinity.
+
+In fact, as 'b' approaches
+infinity, this approaches 0,
+
+and the limiting
+value is '1/e'.
+
+In other words, what we now know
+is, is that whatever this
+
+improper integral is, it cannot
+exceed '1/e' even
+
+though we don't know what
+the exact answer is.
+
+Pictorially, you see what
+happens over here is that the
+
+curve which I've drawn in the
+accentuated chalk, this curve
+
+is 'y' equals 'e to the
+minus 'x squared''.
+
+The light curve is 'y' equals
+'e to the minus x'.
+
+Notice that these two curves
+crisscross when 'x' equals 1.
+
+And all we're saying is that
+since the white curve chops
+
+off a finite area and the
+accentuated curve, the dark
+
+curve is inside the white one,
+certainly the area enclosed by
+
+the black curve cannot exceed
+that of the white curve.
+
+In other words, if this region
+here approaches a finite value
+
+as 'x' goes to infinity, so
+must the other region.
+
+And this is essentially
+the theory
+
+behind improper integrals.
+
+In closing, there is one
+thing I would like
+
+to say about this.
+
+It's a short summary, but
+here's the whole idea.
+
+It may be difficult to evaluate
+improper integrals of
+
+a second kind.
+
+But in the certain manner of
+
+speaking, they're not dangerous.
+
+In what manner of speaking?
+
+Well, when you see the limits on
+the integral sign like a to
+
+infinity, or minus infinity to
+'b', or minus infinity to
+
+infinity, you're
+on the lookout.
+
+You're on the lookout
+to be careful about
+
+something going wrong.
+
+There's something about the
+symbol infinity, which
+
+hopefully strikes a certain fear
+or respect in your minds
+
+when you work mathematically.
+
+See, we have a warning to
+be ware in this case.
+
+However, the dangerous part is
+that when you're given an
+
+improper integral of the first
+type, and I don't know the
+
+best way of saying this other
+than to say perhaps, that
+
+mathematics has no built-in
+burglar alarms.
+
+What I mean by that is if you're
+supposed to multiply 5
+
+and 3 to get the right answer to
+a problem, and instead you
+
+add 5 and 3, you're going to
+get 8 for the answer even
+
+though it's incorrect.
+
+There's not going to be a buzzer
+that goes off and says,
+
+please do not add these
+two numbers.
+
+In other words, if you go ahead
+over here and you forget
+
+that 'f of x' may be infinite
+and you go ahead and integrate
+
+this using the first fundamental
+theorem, you're
+
+going to get an answer just like
+we did in our beginning
+
+exercise at the beginning
+of the lecture.
+
+It happened to be the
+wrong answer.
+
+So in other words, the word of
+warning here is whenever you
+
+see an integral with finite
+limits of integration, check
+
+the integrand and make sure it
+doesn't blow up, it doesn't
+
+become infinite.
+
+At any rate, with these words
+we finish our block on
+
+integration.
+
+And until next time, good bye.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2AuvCEep4Jc.txt b/2AuvCEep4Jc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..487bf335f11803bb7fc6bc8a9aa41b0370e89a11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2AuvCEep4Jc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15936 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dr ocw.mit.edu moses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr ocw.mit.edu moses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr ocw.mit.edu moses
+who is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is going to
+give us a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a talk
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+will clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will clarify
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+get us to think deeply about the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us to think deeply about the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us to think deeply about the nature
+of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering
+as a land of discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a land of discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a land of discipline
+i think he'll talk less about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he'll talk less about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he'll talk less about
+engineering as a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering as a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering as a um
+professional society which is what a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional society which is what a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional society which is what a lot
+of people talk about when they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people talk about when they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people talk about when they talk
+about engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about engineering
+or as a profession they are taught and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as a profession they are taught and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as a profession they are taught and i
+think he's going to talk less about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's going to talk less about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's going to talk less about it
+as a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a um
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+practice of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of work
+another sociology supports we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sociology supports we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sociology supports we're not
+going to talk a whole lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a whole lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a whole lot about
+what engineers do when they go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what engineers do when they go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what engineers do when they go on the
+job we're going to talk about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job we're going to talk about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job we're going to talk about what we
+call the learning disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the learning disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the learning disciplines
+incidentally that's what that's a focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that's what that's a focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that's what that's a focus
+focus so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and as i said i'm teaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as i said i'm teaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as i said i'm teaching this
+course engineering ethics as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course engineering ethics as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course engineering ethics as an
+engagement of tuning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit on the ethics a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on the ethics a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on the ethics a lot more
+and we'll cut another case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll cut another case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll cut another case
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with that i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that i think
+you're ready right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready right okay
+okay so the emphasis here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the emphasis here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the emphasis here is going to be
+sort of a philosophy of engineering as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a philosophy of engineering as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a philosophy of engineering as
+opposed to ethics ethics will can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to ethics ethics will can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to ethics ethics will can be
+drawn from that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from that so
+uh how would you classify engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how would you classify engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how would you classify engineering
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+metaphysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics
+epistemology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemology
+okay this is really more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is really more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is really more about
+metaphysics and epistemology than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics and epistemology than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics and epistemology than it is
+about ethic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ethic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ethic
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i i won't have too many references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i won't have too many references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i won't have too many references
+because this is so i i didn't uh spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is so i i didn't uh spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is so i i didn't uh spend
+my life trying to remember everybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life trying to remember everybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life trying to remember everybody who
+said what but this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what but this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what but this is sort of
+my belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my belief
+and i think there's some a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think there's some a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think there's some a lot of
+truth to what i have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth to what i have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth to what i have to say
+okay so here we're gonna ask a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we're gonna ask a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we're gonna ask a question
+how do different countries think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do different countries think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do different countries think about
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes
+uh germany and japan have relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh germany and japan have relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh germany and japan have relatively
+positive attitudes to engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive attitudes to engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive attitudes to engineering
+britain much less positive and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britain much less positive and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britain much less positive and in
+britain uh an engineer someone who runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britain uh an engineer someone who runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britain uh an engineer someone who runs
+and who operates engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who operates engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who operates engines
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in france contrast and uh the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in france contrast and uh the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in france contrast and uh the word
+engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+is very similar to the word uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to the word uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to the word uh for
+ingenious ingenue or something i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious ingenue or something i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious ingenue or something i can't
+pronounce it necessarily very well much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it necessarily very well much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it necessarily very well much
+more positive attitude toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more positive attitude toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more positive attitude toward
+engineering than in britain where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering than in britain where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering than in britain where do we
+get uh most of our ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh most of our ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh most of our ideas from
+britain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britain
+okay so but nevertheless there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but nevertheless there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but nevertheless there's there
+is a clear difference in the u.s no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clear difference in the u.s no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clear difference in the u.s no no
+i'd like the lights on if you don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like the lights on if you don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like the lights on if you don't mind
+um there's a clear difference in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a clear difference in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a clear difference in in the
+us with britain we're more we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with britain we're more we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with britain we're more we're not
+quite as positive as in japan but not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as positive as in japan but not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as positive as in japan but not as
+negative as in britain somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative as in britain somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative as in britain somewhere in the
+middle okay so what's our claim our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle okay so what's our claim our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle okay so what's our claim our
+thesis okay national cultural values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis okay national cultural values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis okay national cultural values
+especially the dominant philosophies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the dominant philosophies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the dominant philosophies
+in a particular country has a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular country has a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular country has a great deal
+to do with these differences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these differences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with these differences and
+attitudes toward engineering that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes toward engineering that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes toward engineering that's one
+belief that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief that i have
+also another belief a general belief is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another belief a general belief is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also another belief a general belief is
+there's no right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no right answer
+everything depends on context as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything depends on context as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything depends on context as a
+context change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context change
+cultures change slowly but they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures change slowly but they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures change slowly but they do
+change uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh and so
+for example if you compare american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you compare american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you compare american
+attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes
+toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward
+manufacturing in the 60s and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing in the 60s and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing in the 60s and then in the
+80s and then in this decade there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s and then in this decade there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s and then in this decade there's a
+lot of differences because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of differences because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of differences because of
+competitiveness issues so uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness issues so uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness issues so uh it's it's
+not a static situation at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so continuing this sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuing this sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so continuing this sort of an
+uh discussion of these cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussion of these cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussion of these cultural
+attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah compare engineering to medicine law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah compare engineering to medicine law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah compare engineering to medicine law
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+business at a business mba type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business at a business mba type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business at a business mba type
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+the kids who come to mit have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids who come to mit have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids who come to mit have been
+viewed as not entirely but largely sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as not entirely but largely sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as not entirely but largely sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh lower middle class or maybe middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower middle class or maybe middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower middle class or maybe middle
+middle class people who are aspiring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class people who are aspiring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class people who are aspiring to
+move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up
+in the economic chain okay now let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economic chain okay now let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economic chain okay now let's say
+they have moved up in the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have moved up in the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have moved up in the economic
+change do they want their kids to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change do they want their kids to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change do they want their kids to go
+into engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into engineering
+do mommies and daddies want to what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do mommies and daddies want to what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do mommies and daddies want to what do
+they want they want him to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want they want him to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want they want him to become
+and and maybe mbas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe mbas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe mbas right
+now that's not true in that country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not true in that country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not true in that country
+in japan the engineers are more highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan the engineers are more highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan the engineers are more highly
+valued than lawyers i would dare say huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued than lawyers i would dare say huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued than lawyers i would dare say huh
+in india too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india too okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in india too okay
+in the u.s parents want their children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s parents want their children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s parents want their children
+become doctors lawyers mba right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become doctors lawyers mba right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become doctors lawyers mba right
+if you want more women and minorities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want more women and minorities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want more women and minorities to
+enter engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter engineering
+okay you can concentrate on getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can concentrate on getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can concentrate on getting
+women and minorities into engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and minorities into engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and minorities into engineering
+but it will also pay to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will also pay to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will also pay to improve the
+general attitude toward engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general attitude toward engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general attitude toward engineering
+all right it is it's it's not bad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it is it's it's not bad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it is it's it's not bad but
+it's not as good as it is in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as good as it is in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as good as it is in other
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ah now you can go too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah now you can go too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah now you can go too far
+in germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in germany
+if you are a professor doctor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a professor doctor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a professor doctor okay
+you're going to a company in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to a company in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to a company in the united
+states they'll say what does he know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states they'll say what does he know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states they'll say what does he know
+he's an academic etc in germany you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an academic etc in germany you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an academic etc in germany you say
+yes sir absolutely yes sir we do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir absolutely yes sir we do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir absolutely yes sir we do what
+you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+you can go too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go too far
+but another aspect where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another aspect where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another aspect where the
+problem problems show up as in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem problems show up as in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem problems show up as in in
+britain or in england the lords if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britain or in england the lords if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+britain or in england the lords if
+you're aristocracy well you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're aristocracy well you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're aristocracy well you know if you
+have a big company you need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big company you need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big company you need an
+aristocrat to become the ceo what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocrat to become the ceo what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocrat to become the ceo what do
+they know about that business not lotch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know about that business not lotch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know about that business not lotch
+but they're aristocrats by golly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're aristocrats by golly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're aristocrats by golly they
+deserve to be ceos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve to be ceos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserve to be ceos
+you know that's not necessarily the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's not necessarily the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's not necessarily the best
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so you have problems in britain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have problems in britain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have problems in britain
+in technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let me switch gears a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me switch gears a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me switch gears a little
+bit and this is getting closer to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and this is getting closer to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and this is getting closer to my
+real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest
+uh who are the greatest two greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are the greatest two greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are the greatest two greatest
+philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers
+in antiquity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in antiquity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in antiquity
+plato and aristotle well i could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato and aristotle well i could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato and aristotle well i could have
+said moses now is tala but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said moses now is tala but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said moses now is tala but
+but but that that's that requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that that's that requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that that's that requires
+another lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lecture
+a quote okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quote okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plato is moses writing in attic greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i i didn't make that one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i didn't make that one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i didn't make that one up
+but that's side side side discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's side side side discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's side side side discussion
+so the two greatest philosophers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two greatest philosophers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two greatest philosophers in
+antiquity played on aristotle this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquity played on aristotle this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquity played on aristotle this is
+we're talking about 380 bc aristotle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about 380 bc aristotle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about 380 bc aristotle was
+played a student makes life interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a student makes life interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a student makes life interesting
+okay have a very different attitude than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have a very different attitude than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have a very different attitude than
+math science problem solving design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math science problem solving design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math science problem solving design
+organization and these differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and these differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and these differences
+between plato and aristotle show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between plato and aristotle show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between plato and aristotle show up
+in the next 2400 years again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 2400 years again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 2400 years again and again
+and again it's as if somehow or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's as if somehow or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's as if somehow or other
+these are the two polls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two polls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two polls
+okay of ways of thinking uh deeply about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of ways of thinking uh deeply about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of ways of thinking uh deeply about
+a lot of important issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of important issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of important issue
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+aristotle was interested in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle was interested in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle was interested in science
+if you look at bio his uh what is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at bio his uh what is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at bio his uh what is he
+known for in biology is anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the classification of things into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classification of things into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classification of things into
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+etc families that say oh he was a born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc families that say oh he was a born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc families that say oh he was a born
+classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier
+now how did he get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how did he get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how did he get
+he he he got money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he he got money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he he got money
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+to send people out throughout the greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send people out throughout the greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send people out throughout the greek
+islands and to get him all the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands and to get him all the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands and to get him all the various
+kinds of flowers plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of flowers plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of flowers plants
+different kinds of animals that want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of animals that want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of animals that want to
+have you so he could classify it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you so he could classify it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you so he could classify it all
+where'd he get the money to send all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where'd he get the money to send all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where'd he get the money to send all
+these people out he had a student famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people out he had a student famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people out he had a student famous
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+aristotle did who was a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you got it alexander the great you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it alexander the great you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it alexander the great you know
+how much money he got out of alexander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money he got out of alexander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money he got out of alexander
+the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great
+30 talents of gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 talents of gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 talents of gold
+yeah i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i know
+multi-million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-million dollars
+30 talents of gold that he spent to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 talents of gold that he spent to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 talents of gold that he spent to do
+this research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research
+and what did he do he came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did he do he came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did he do he came up with
+structures for classifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we call these what i call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call these what i call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we call these what i call these
+structures these are called tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures these are called tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures these are called tree
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+so in his biology work he creates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in his biology work he creates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in his biology work he creates this
+classification structure we still use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification structure we still use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification structure we still use it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but turns out that everything he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turns out that everything he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but turns out that everything he did
+his mode of thought everything turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mode of thought everything turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mode of thought everything turned
+out to have this kind of a diagram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have this kind of a diagram so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have this kind of a diagram so
+let's look at the the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the the world
+according to aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to aristotle
+tip of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip of the world
+is god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is god
+but there is no god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is no god
+this is called the unmoved mover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the unmoved mover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the unmoved mover
+right ring a bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ring a bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ring a bell
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+on in the world is somewhere in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you take a snapshot you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you take a snapshot you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you take a snapshot you know where
+everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+advance one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance one
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+things moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things moved
+but they're still in a tree structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're still in a tree structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're still in a tree structure
+maybe slightly different one but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe slightly different one but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe slightly different one but the
+tree structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree structure
+little problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little problem with this
+aristotelian physics he cannot express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotelian physics he cannot express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotelian physics he cannot express
+the notion a which is newton's law uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion a which is newton's law uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion a which is newton's law uh an
+object in motion remains in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in motion remains in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in motion remains in motion
+unless there's a force applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's a force applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's a force applied
+the concept of motion doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of motion doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of motion doesn't exist
+because every you always all what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every you always all what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every you always all what you
+have are snapshots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are snapshots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are snapshots
+so a thing is always somewhere it ain't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a thing is always somewhere it ain't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a thing is always somewhere it ain't
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+okay now you take another snapshot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you take another snapshot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you take another snapshot it's
+somewhere else okay there was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else okay there was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else okay there was something
+happen we don't talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we don't talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we don't talk about that
+so this but nevertheless the point i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this but nevertheless the point i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this but nevertheless the point i'm
+trying to make is in back of aristotle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make is in back of aristotle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make is in back of aristotle's
+mind is this notion and it explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is this notion and it explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is this notion and it explains
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+aristotelian logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotelian logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotelian logic
+you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it
+my guess is aristotelian ethics will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is aristotelian ethics will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is aristotelian ethics will
+have this character i haven't studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this character i haven't studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this character i haven't studied
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+my guess is aristotle i think has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is aristotle i think has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my guess is aristotle i think has that
+character because that's how aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character because that's how aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character because that's how aristotle
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+everything breaks down decomposes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything breaks down decomposes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything breaks down decomposes those
+things get decomposed things get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get decomposed things get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get decomposed things get into
+finer and finer detail empiricism rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer and finer detail empiricism rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer and finer detail empiricism rules
+details matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+trees top-down tree structures he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees top-down tree structures he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees top-down tree structures he's a
+reductionist power excellence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist power excellence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist power excellence
+loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves
+science plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science plato
+very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's he's not a scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's not a scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's not a scientist
+he's a mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a mathematician
+plato describes himself as a geometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato describes himself as a geometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato describes himself as a geometer
+actually proved the theorem in geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proved the theorem in geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proved the theorem in geometry
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+he is an idealist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is an idealist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is an idealist
+every ideal forms remember the how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ideal forms remember the how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ideal forms remember the how many
+different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+perfect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh
+bodies there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies there are
+things are ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are ideal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+thinker details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker details
+abstract thinking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract thinking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract thinking okay
+what kind of structure does he have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of structure does he have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of structure does he have in
+back of his mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these kinds of pyramids are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of pyramids are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of pyramids are called
+layered systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what's uh plato's most famous book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uh plato's most famous book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uh plato's most famous book
+the republic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the republic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the republic
+okay here is society in the republic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is society in the republic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is society in the republic
+at the tip of this society is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember philosopher king that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that this level of people who work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this level of people who work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this level of people who work
+together they're not individualistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they're not individualistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they're not individualistic
+this is highly individualistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is highly individualistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is highly individualistically
+oriented i'm not saying aristotle was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented i'm not saying aristotle was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented i'm not saying aristotle was as
+individualistic as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic as
+people became later but that lends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people became later but that lends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people became later but that lends
+itself to individualism this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to individualism this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to individualism this these
+people are together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are together
+okay this is communism before marx okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is communism before marx okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is communism before marx okay
+these are called the guardians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they are the top layer of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are the top layer of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are the top layer of this
+society the perfect society okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society the perfect society okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society the perfect society okay
+uh it also called the gold layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it also called the gold layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it also called the gold layer
+and therefore this is silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this is silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this is silver
+and this is bronze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is bronze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is bronze
+and people here wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people here wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people here wind up
+in this level because they didn't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this level because they didn't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this level because they didn't they
+they couldn't pass certain educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't pass certain educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't pass certain educational
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+levels and they wind up in here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and they wind up in here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and they wind up in here because
+the intermediate educational level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate educational level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediate educational level the
+smartest people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest people
+the ones who pass all the tests they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who pass all the tests they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones who pass all the tests they
+wind up in here and the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up in here and the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up in here and the absolute
+smartest person at any given time is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest person at any given time is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartest person at any given time is the
+philosopher king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher king
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the key is here these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key is here these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key is here these guys are
+absolutely work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely work together
+only a theorist like plato could make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a theorist like plato could make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a theorist like plato could make an
+unbelievable mistake about society which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable mistake about society which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable mistake about society which
+is what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he did
+in order to be sure that these guardians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be sure that these guardians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be sure that these guardians
+who determine who passes a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who determine who passes a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who determine who passes a test
+won't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't give
+uh won't give their own children an un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh won't give their own children an un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh won't give their own children an un
+unfair advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair advantage
+he wanted to be sure they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to be sure they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to be sure they didn't know
+who their own children were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who their own children were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who their own children were
+therefore all the women in here are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore all the women in here are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore all the women in here are at
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+no one gets married to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one gets married to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one gets married to a particular
+person okay because then they'd know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay because then they'd know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay because then they'd know who
+was the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the father
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+only only a theorist could make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only a theorist could make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only a theorist could make this
+mistake okay all right there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake okay all right there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake okay all right there's nothing
+perfect about this it's just an entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect about this it's just an entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect about this it's just an entirely
+different way of thinking abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking abstraction
+reductionism okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionism okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionism okay
+this is plato was a member of the greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plato was a member of the greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plato was a member of the greek
+aristocracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocracy
+okay of course if his his party fell out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course if his his party fell out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course if his his party fell out
+of favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of favor
+and he he got pretty pissed off if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he got pretty pissed off if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he got pretty pissed off if uh
+maybe you can cut that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can cut that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can cut that out
+he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got
+quite unhappy at the killing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unhappy at the killing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unhappy at the killing of the
+socrates at the fact that his party lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socrates at the fact that his party lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socrates at the fact that his party lost
+etc with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc with the
+with the athenians and he tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the athenians and he tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the athenians and he tried to
+create a an ideal society in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a an ideal society in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a an ideal society in
+in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um
+in in sicily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in sicily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in sicily
+but that didn't work but in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that didn't work but in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that didn't work but in any case
+it's a entirely different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a entirely different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a entirely different way of
+thinking is my claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is my claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is my claim
+there isn't anything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and engineering let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering let's go back to
+engineering needs both science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering needs both science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering needs both science and
+mathematics and my claim is mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and my claim is mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and my claim is mathematics
+is a different is ideal science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different is ideal science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different is ideal science is
+empirical you need both the abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical you need both the abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical you need both the abstract
+capability from science and the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability from science and the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability from science and the sort of
+reductionistic worldview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionistic worldview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionistic worldview
+of mathematics and if you have a society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics and if you have a society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics and if you have a society
+that is highly empirical like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is highly empirical like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is highly empirical like the
+british emphasizing science you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british emphasizing science you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british emphasizing science you may not
+get good engineering if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good engineering if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good engineering if you have a
+society it's too heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it's too heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it's too heavily
+abstract that's unlikely but if then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that's unlikely but if then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that's unlikely but if then you
+probably also won't work i can't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably also won't work i can't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably also won't work i can't think
+of an example like that quite but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an example like that quite but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an example like that quite but a
+society that has both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that has both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that has both
+working for it like the germans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for it like the germans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for it like the germans
+or the japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the japanese
+then engineering will flourish that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then engineering will flourish that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then engineering will flourish that's my
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is a
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+i claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that
+when you americans talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you americans talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you americans talk about
+hierarchies they always usually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies they always usually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies they always usually think
+this way almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way almost
+but this is also hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is also hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is also hierarchy
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+people here are in some sense higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here are in some sense higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here are in some sense higher
+than people there likewise people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than people there likewise people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than people there likewise people here
+higher than that etc this philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than that etc this philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than that etc this philosopher
+king is the highest of all give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king is the highest of all give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king is the highest of all give me an
+organization that is modeled like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a university exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university exactly and
+and and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the provost these are the deans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provost these are the deans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the provost these are the deans
+uh department heads faculty or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh department heads faculty or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh department heads faculty or maybe
+these are the full professors associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the full professors associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the full professors associate
+professors and assistant professors it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and assistant professors it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and assistant professors it's
+a pure three-layered hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure three-layered hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure three-layered hierarchy
+and in olden times all the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in olden times all the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in olden times all the full
+professors would get together and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors would get together and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors would get together and make
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+okay as a body not it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as a body not it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as a body not it okay
+what happened in in a critical year for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in in a critical year for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in in a critical year for
+university in 1807
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university in 1807
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university in 1807
+is that there was this character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there was this character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there was this character
+to get his name right now uh in berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get his name right now uh in berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get his name right now uh in berlin
+in the in the hospital in berlin and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the hospital in berlin and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the hospital in berlin and he
+had this notion that he had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this notion that he had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this notion that he had to
+split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the
+the surgeons from the uh with the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgeons from the uh with the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surgeons from the uh with the guys
+who checked to see uh if the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who checked to see uh if the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who checked to see uh if the uh
+if the stuff was done right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the stuff was done right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the stuff was done right the
+pathologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologist
+they were constantly fighting each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were constantly fighting each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were constantly fighting each other
+passages saying you you know you made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages saying you you know you made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages saying you you know you made a
+mistake it sort of said no no i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it sort of said no no i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it sort of said no no i did
+perfect don't tell me i made a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect don't tell me i made a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect don't tell me i made a mistake
+you know so he created departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so he created departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so he created departments
+and departments break up the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and departments break up the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and departments break up the university
+okay and break up the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and break up the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and break up the structure
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this was in berlin in 1807 and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was in berlin in 1807 and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was in berlin in 1807 and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in again in the medical school this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in again in the medical school this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in again in the medical school this was
+at johns hopkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at johns hopkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at johns hopkins
+okay and in 1885 it made it to harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in 1885 it made it to harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in 1885 it made it to harvard
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ever since we've we've had it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since we've we've had it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since we've we've had it in the
+united states but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states but
+where did the university get their idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the university get their idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the university get their idea
+how to organize things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to organize things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to organize things
+you said last time the original uni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said last time the original uni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said last time the original uni
+universities like bologna and paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities like bologna and paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities like bologna and paris
+paris especially paris and oxford were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paris especially paris and oxford were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paris especially paris and oxford were
+associated with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with what
+the uh well the way i said it was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh well the way i said it was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh well the way i said it was that
+they were associated with the holy roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were associated with the holy roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were associated with the holy roman
+empire holy roman empire okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empire holy roman empire okay you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empire holy roman empire okay you're
+getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close
+so where does this come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does this come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does this come from
+the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the church
+the pope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pope
+the cardinals the bishops the priests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinals the bishops the priests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinals the bishops the priests
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let me tell you moses was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me tell you moses was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me tell you moses was the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+platonist this shows up in the bible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where how does it show up in the bible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close high priest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the kohanim the priests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kohanim the priests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kohanim the priests
+the levi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levi's
+the israelites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you want to talk about neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want to talk about neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want to talk about neural
+networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+it ain't quite like that but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ain't quite like that but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ain't quite like that but but it's
+getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close
+so we see examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see examples
+in in what in the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in what in the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in what in the west
+plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+and his mode of thought was dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his mode of thought was dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his mode of thought was dominant
+until about thirteen hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what happened
+what happened was starting a let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened was starting a let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened was starting a let me
+guess around 11 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess around 11 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess around 11 50
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+people rediscovered aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rediscovered aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rediscovered aristotle
+his writings were lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the rediscovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rediscovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rediscovery
+started with the arabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the arabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the arabs
+they had access to aristotle's writings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had access to aristotle's writings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had access to aristotle's writings
+from the middle east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the middle east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the middle east
+and it was they went through uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was they went through uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was they went through uh people
+like maimonides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maimonides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maimonides
+okay and then finally i went through st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally i went through st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally i went through st
+thomas aquinas around 1250 let me guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas aquinas around 1250 let me guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas aquinas around 1250 let me guess
+and by 1250 st thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by 1250 st thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by 1250 st thomas
+uh then redefined catholicism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then redefined catholicism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then redefined catholicism
+to be more in line with aristotelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more in line with aristotelian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more in line with aristotelian
+logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational
+somewhat more individualistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more individualistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more individualistic
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+somewhat more not so much science based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more not so much science based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more not so much science based
+i don't think saint thomas really cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think saint thomas really cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think saint thomas really cared
+much for the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for the signs
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+that whole development beginning 1250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole development beginning 1250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole development beginning 1250
+led eventually to the renaissance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led eventually to the renaissance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led eventually to the renaissance
+to a science mode emphasis etc etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a science mode emphasis etc etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a science mode emphasis etc etc etc
+and that's why the name of the rose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the name of the rose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the name of the rose that
+we were talking about last time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about last time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about last time it's
+such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+interesting book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting book
+because it was written for about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was written for about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was written for about this
+time when the transition from platonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when the transition from platonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when the transition from platonic
+thought or neoplatonic thought of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought or neoplatonic thought of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought or neoplatonic thought of the
+church to aristotelian thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church to aristotelian thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church to aristotelian thought
+could be influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be influenced
+one way or the other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other okay
+and that's why the murders occurred when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the murders occurred when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the murders occurred when
+people read aristotle's logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people read aristotle's logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people read aristotle's logic
+okay which book had a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which book had a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which book had a tremendous
+influence on the way people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on the way people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on the way people were
+thinking uh in the renaissance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh in the renaissance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh in the renaissance and
+beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to be insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be insane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be insane
+okay there he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there he is
+he's like he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like he's
+sean connery is the guy who figures out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sean connery is the guy who figures out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sean connery is the guy who figures out
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+who who killed uh and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he was roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was roughly
+the conflation of several characters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflation of several characters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflation of several characters but
+roughly william
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly william
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly william
+that was i don't know if he was william
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was i don't know if he was william
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was i don't know if he was william
+lockham but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockham but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockham but they
+the the the author obviously made it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the author obviously made it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the author obviously made it up
+okay but but he had a point and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but but he had a point and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but but he had a point and i think
+that's the point that here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point that here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point that here is a
+tremendous sea change in western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous sea change in western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous sea change in western
+thinking from a neoplatonic i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking from a neoplatonic i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking from a neoplatonic i'm not
+saying plato is right it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying plato is right it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying plato is right it just
+it's different and it has advantage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different and it has advantage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different and it has advantage in
+some cases disadvantage in other cases a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases disadvantage in other cases a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases disadvantage in other cases a
+tremendous sea change going on in mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous sea change going on in mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous sea change going on in mode
+of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought
+okay and so this guy was trying to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this guy was trying to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this guy was trying to hold
+back and say no no no let's keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and say no no no let's keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and say no no no let's keep the
+order okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nice
+in a sense this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense this slide
+uh coming up catholic church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming up catholic church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming up catholic church
+historically influenced by neoplatonism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically influenced by neoplatonism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically influenced by neoplatonism
+organizational hierarchies largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational hierarchies largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational hierarchies largely
+layered pope college of cardinal synods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered pope college of cardinal synods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered pope college of cardinal synods
+of bishops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bishops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bishops
+aristotle is closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle is closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle is closer to
+protestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protestant
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+protestantism is closer to science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protestantism is closer to science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protestantism is closer to science
+uh etc a it's more network-oriented as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh etc a it's more network-oriented as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh etc a it's more network-oriented as
+opposed to centralized hierarchies lends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to centralized hierarchies lends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to centralized hierarchies lends
+itself to more network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to more network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to more network
+uh distributed kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distributed kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distributed kind of things
+um and that's the final comment be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's the final comment be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's the final comment be
+careful dear student not all hierarchies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful dear student not all hierarchies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful dear student not all hierarchies
+are alike americans think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alike americans think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are alike americans think
+all hierarchies are like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hierarchies are like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hierarchies are like this
+but here is an example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here is an example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here is an example this is
+hierarchical in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical in a different way
+and it has advantages and disadvantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has advantages and disadvantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has advantages and disadvantages
+i would claim i don't know if i do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would claim i don't know if i do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would claim i don't know if i do it in
+the slides that japanese organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides that japanese organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides that japanese organizations
+are more like this than they are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more like this than they are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more like this than they are like
+that internally locally they are tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that internally locally they are tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that internally locally they are tree
+structured but there is a way of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured but there is a way of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured but there is a way of looking
+at the structure of the firm which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structure of the firm which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structure of the firm which has
+this character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this character
+uh as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well
+because japan does have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because japan does have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because japan does have that
+uh set of approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+philosophy and religion intimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and religion intimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and religion intimately
+connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+intimately connected to ways of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engineering is going to flourish i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is going to flourish i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is going to flourish i said
+this before nations have both a holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before nations have both a holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before nations have both a holistic
+as well as reductionistic motors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as reductionistic motors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as reductionistic motors so
+plato is the ultimate holistic thinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato is the ultimate holistic thinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato is the ultimate holistic thinker
+but also rational so in a sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also rational so in a sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also rational so in a sense in
+contrast to mysticism which tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to mysticism which tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to mysticism which tends to be
+holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic
+okay and not necessarily rational plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and not necessarily rational plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and not necessarily rational plato
+has is rational but he also tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is rational but he also tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is rational but he also tends to
+think holistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think holistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think holistically
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+these guys all work together it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys all work together it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys all work together it's the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+we are trying to improve this society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to improve this society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to improve this society
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+platonic model over there yeah we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platonic model over there yeah we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platonic model over there yeah we talk
+about the university yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the university yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the university yeah
+let's talk about the university but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the university but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the university but this
+time let's talk about it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's talk about it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's talk about it in terms of the
+curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum
+yeah and let's talk about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and let's talk about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and let's talk about how we
+organize the curriculum yeah now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the curriculum yeah now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the curriculum yeah now let's
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+two kinds of careers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of careers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of careers
+general education yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general education yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general education yeah
+and the specialist right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the specialist right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the specialist right
+it's just occurred to me that maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just occurred to me that maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just occurred to me that maybe we
+could think of general education in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of general education in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of general education in the
+platonic model because that's the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platonic model because that's the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platonic model because that's the way it
+was at each level everybody knows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at each level everybody knows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at each level everybody knows a
+little bit of something about it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of something about it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of something about it well
+but but that's exactly right it is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that's exactly right it is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but that's exactly right it is when
+you think of middle ages the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of middle ages the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of middle ages the university
+taught either quadrillium or the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught either quadrillium or the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught either quadrillium or the you
+know the four things the rhetoric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the four things the rhetoric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the four things the rhetoric and
+and and geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and geometry and
+everybody was learning the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was learning the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was learning the same thing
+yes okay the specialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay the specialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay the specialization
+starts occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts occurring
+with the medical schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the medical schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the medical schools
+okay the medical student said we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the medical student said we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the medical student said we need
+you to understand anatomy okay it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand anatomy okay it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand anatomy okay it isn't
+one of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the four
+things that everybody's taught okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that everybody's taught okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that everybody's taught okay so
+the medical schools force the issue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical schools force the issue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical schools force the issue on
+specialization and they force the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization and they force the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization and they force the issue
+on department structure there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on department structure there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on department structure there was no
+department structure in in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department structure in in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department structure in in the middle
+ages right all the professors were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages right all the professors were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages right all the professors were the
+four professors were alike right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four professors were alike right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four professors were alike right and
+they would teach their courses all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would teach their courses all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would teach their courses all right
+but they'd get together for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'd get together for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'd get together for
+lunch or whatever it's all we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch or whatever it's all we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch or whatever it's all we work
+together right we're in it together it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right we're in it together it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right we're in it together it's
+a whole just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole just
+oh no they would make money uh by asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no they would make money uh by asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no they would make money uh by asking
+the students to pay tuition to if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students to pay tuition to if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students to pay tuition to if they
+attend their classes etc but it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend their classes etc but it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend their classes etc but it seems
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+the departmental structure really made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the departmental structure really made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the departmental structure really made
+it an absolute sea change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an absolute sea change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an absolute sea change
+in in the nature of the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the nature of the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the nature of the research
+university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how does germany get to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how does germany get to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how does germany get to have
+this holistic and reductionistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holistic and reductionistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this holistic and reductionistic
+thing partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing partly because
+germany is catholic in the south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany is catholic in the south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany is catholic in the south
+protestant in the north and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protestant in the north and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protestant in the north and they have
+melded the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melded the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melded the two
+views i'm not saying catholicism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views i'm not saying catholicism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views i'm not saying catholicism is
+super platonic it's more platonic than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super platonic it's more platonic than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super platonic it's more platonic than
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+than it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is not
+they've melded these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've melded these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've melded these
+these views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these views
+and you could argue well people say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could argue well people say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could argue well people say how
+did nazism succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did nazism succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did nazism succeed
+when the germans are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the germans are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the germans are so
+highly educated and you know this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly educated and you know this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly educated and you know this that
+and the other thing and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing and the answer is
+hitler beat them up and he tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitler beat them up and he tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitler beat them up and he tried to
+break the melding he tried to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the melding he tried to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the melding he tried to get the
+southern point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up become dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up become dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up become dominant
+over the over the the northern view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the over the the northern view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the over the the northern view
+rather than melding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than melding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than melding
+break break the building and he and took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break break the building and he and took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break break the building and he and took
+a while but he succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while but he succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while but he succeeded
+and so uh the germans behaved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the germans behaved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh the germans behaved in
+ways that were surprising to people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that were surprising to people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that were surprising to people who
+knew them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew them
+the japanese had three dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the japanese had three dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the japanese had three dominant
+religions and uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions and uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions and uh have
+the most flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most flexible
+culture in terms of attitudes toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in terms of attitudes toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in terms of attitudes toward
+reductionism holism they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionism holism they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionism holism they can be
+they could switch on a dime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+you have to say something special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say something special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say something special about
+germany when it comes to the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany when it comes to the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany when it comes to the university
+of the research industry yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the research industry yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the research industry yes because
+everybody else was talking about handing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else was talking about handing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else was talking about handing
+down traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down traditional
+knowledge i mean nobody was adding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge i mean nobody was adding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge i mean nobody was adding to
+aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle
+no that changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that changed
+uh indeed so you so you what the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indeed so you so you what the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indeed so you so you what the first
+wave say between saint thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave say between saint thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave say between saint thomas
+and say 1550 1600 the first wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say 1550 1600 the first wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say 1550 1600 the first wave
+they they viewed the greeks when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they viewed the greeks when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they viewed the greeks when they
+whom they rediscovered right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom they rediscovered right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom they rediscovered right
+as god i mean that what they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as god i mean that what they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as god i mean that what they said
+went okay so let me give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went okay so let me give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went okay so let me give you an example
+i may have the numbers wrong but i the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may have the numbers wrong but i the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may have the numbers wrong but i the
+ideas just right so when aristotle said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas just right so when aristotle said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas just right so when aristotle said
+an aristotle member was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aristotle member was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aristotle member was
+a somebody who'd gathered a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somebody who'd gathered a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somebody who'd gathered a lot of
+information they had these 30 talents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they had these 30 talents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information they had these 30 talents of
+gold allowed him to do these things when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold allowed him to do these things when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold allowed him to do these things when
+aristotle said that a fly had eight legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle said that a fly had eight legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle said that a fly had eight legs
+no one bothered to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one bothered to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one bothered to check
+okay well the flies have six legs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well the flies have six legs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well the flies have six legs or
+maybe he said six and they have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he said six and they have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he said six and they have eight
+but whatever it was they got it wrong no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever it was they got it wrong no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever it was they got it wrong no
+one checked because aristotle said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one checked because aristotle said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one checked because aristotle said so
+okay in medicine for hundreds a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in medicine for hundreds a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in medicine for hundreds a thousand
+years galen's book on medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years galen's book on medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years galen's book on medicine
+galen said i tell you what to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galen said i tell you what to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galen said i tell you what to do you
+know take the blood out you you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take the blood out you you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take the blood out you you give
+them these root extracts you know none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them these root extracts you know none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them these root extracts you know none
+of which works okay but galen said i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which works okay but galen said i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which works okay but galen said i
+know what i'm doing and he wrote at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what i'm doing and he wrote at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what i'm doing and he wrote at that
+time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period
+through the middle ages that's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle ages that's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the middle ages that's what they
+did no one bothered to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did no one bothered to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did no one bothered to check
+okay science begins slowly but surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay science begins slowly but surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay science begins slowly but surely
+around say let's say 1600 certainly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around say let's say 1600 certainly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around say let's say 1600 certainly okay
+and they are doing experiments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are doing experiments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are doing experiments in the
+middle ages they weren't doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle ages they weren't doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle ages they weren't doing
+experiments they were buying aristotle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments they were buying aristotle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments they were buying aristotle's
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+okay the philosopher was telling you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the philosopher was telling you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the philosopher was telling you to
+do this it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this it is
+okay it's only later that they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's only later that they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's only later that they actually
+changed but the fact is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but the fact is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but the fact is that they
+aristotle was a necessary bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle was a necessary bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle was a necessary bridge
+between the neoplatonic thought of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the neoplatonic thought of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the neoplatonic thought of the
+dark ages and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark ages and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark ages and the first
+millennium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennium
+say after christ and and and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say after christ and and and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say after christ and and and it was a
+necessary bridge to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary bridge to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary bridge to allow
+these the science to to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the science to to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the science to to develop
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so germany and japan have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so germany and japan have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so germany and japan have a
+positive attitude toward engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive attitude toward engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive attitude toward engineering and
+in the 1980s when we were losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1980s when we were losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1980s when we were losing
+in car manufacturing to the germans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in car manufacturing to the germans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in car manufacturing to the germans and
+japanese especially japanese uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese especially japanese uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese especially japanese uh we were
+really trying to figure out why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to figure out why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to figure out why is it
+that they were doing so well and again i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were doing so well and again i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were doing so well and again i
+would say it's a little bit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's a little bit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's a little bit of this
+issue coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue coming up
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+here we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we were
+you know highly individualistic weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know highly individualistic weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know highly individualistic weren't
+working as teams as well we learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as teams as well we learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as teams as well we learned that
+the japanese worked in teams and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the japanese worked in teams and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the japanese worked in teams and so we
+picked up on some of these things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up on some of these things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up on some of these things in the
+early 90s teamwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s teamwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s teamwork
+okay did we really understand how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did we really understand how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did we really understand how the
+japanese work no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese work no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese work no
+but we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got
+we made a fair progress i mean our cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made a fair progress i mean our cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made a fair progress i mean our cars
+nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays
+based on teamwork and a number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on teamwork and a number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on teamwork and a number of other
+things we've picked up from the japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've picked up from the japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've picked up from the japanese
+really are better than they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are better than they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are better than they were
+otherwise okay now it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise okay now it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise okay now it turns out the
+japanese didn't stop improving and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese didn't stop improving and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese didn't stop improving and we
+didn't did we didn't realize that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't did we didn't realize that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't did we didn't realize that so
+what we what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what's happening in the
+automobile industry in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry in the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry in the united states
+is that they have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have taken
+their understanding of the the toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their understanding of the the toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their understanding of the the toyota
+process as it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process as it's called
+okay the lean manufacturing is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lean manufacturing is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lean manufacturing is another
+term for it they've taken their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for it they've taken their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for it they've taken their
+understanding and they've made it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and they've made it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and they've made it into a
+religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion
+you know you do this you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you do this you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you do this you do that you
+know reduce waste you do just in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reduce waste you do just in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know reduce waste you do just in time
+you do this you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this you do that
+the japanese the toyota people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the japanese the toyota people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the japanese the toyota people have
+figured out hey you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out hey you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out hey you know
+that doesn't work as well as we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work as well as we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't work as well as we should
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+it used to be uh the the the toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be uh the the the toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be uh the the the toyota
+people had this line of where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had this line of where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had this line of where you
+basically put the car together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically put the car together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically put the car together
+and the idea was that things move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was that things move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was that things move
+you know without stopping now if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know without stopping now if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know without stopping now if any
+anybody screwed up your job as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody screwed up your job as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody screwed up your job as in
+somebody on the line is to pull the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the line is to pull the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the line is to pull the cord
+stop the line fix the thing at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the line fix the thing at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the line fix the thing at its
+source not at the end when it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source not at the end when it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source not at the end when it's hard to
+fix fix it at its source okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix fix it at its source okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix fix it at its source okay and then
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+well these lines were very long and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these lines were very long and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these lines were very long and they
+had maybe 50 different people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had maybe 50 different people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had maybe 50 different people on the
+line and these poor japanese were who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and these poor japanese were who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and these poor japanese were who
+noticed a an error they were afraid oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed a an error they were afraid oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed a an error they were afraid oh
+my god you know we stopped this 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god you know we stopped this 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god you know we stopped this 50
+person line uh maybe i shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person line uh maybe i shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person line uh maybe i shouldn't
+i'm scared i'm not going to do it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm scared i'm not going to do it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm scared i'm not going to do it okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+they figured this out they said hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured this out they said hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured this out they said hey we
+can't have a 50-person line you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a 50-person line you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a 50-person line you know
+moving you know without and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving you know without and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving you know without and having
+everything just in time no no stacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just in time no no stacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just in time no no stacking
+up of anything blah blah blah and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of anything blah blah blah and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of anything blah blah blah and if we
+really want to fix the error at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to fix the error at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to fix the error at its
+source we're going to have to break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we're going to have to break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we're going to have to break it
+up into lines of maybe 10 you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into lines of maybe 10 you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into lines of maybe 10 you know now
+psychologically you're more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically you're more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically you're more likely to
+pull the cord when you should etc did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the cord when you should etc did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the cord when you should etc did
+the americans understand this no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the americans understand this no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the americans understand this no because
+they had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this
+rules okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules okay
+they're following the rules of 1988 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're following the rules of 1988 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're following the rules of 1988 and
+by 1998 they were falling behind behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1998 they were falling behind behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1998 they were falling behind behind
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a
+we learned from the japanese but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned from the japanese but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned from the japanese but not
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now of all the major manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of all the major manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of all the major manufacturing
+countries in the world england had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the world england had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the world england had the
+the most problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most problem
+so not only is it largely a protestant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only is it largely a protestant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only is it largely a protestant
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+country so it means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so it means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so it means it
+there's nothing wrong with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing wrong with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing wrong with that
+obviously but it means that you are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but it means that you are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but it means that you are more
+likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be
+here everything is high more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything is high more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything is high more
+individualistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic
+reductionistic science based not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionistic science based not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionistic science based not so much
+engineering because you have both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering because you have both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering because you have both of
+these things going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things going on
+okay in addition to which they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in addition to which they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in addition to which they still
+have this remnant of the hierarchy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this remnant of the hierarchy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this remnant of the hierarchy from
+the middle ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle ages
+because of aristocracy so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of aristocracy so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of aristocracy so they don't
+have the mode of thought but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mode of thought but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mode of thought but they have
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really
+problematic and so what happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic and so what happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic and so what happened in the
+automobile industry in in england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry in in england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile industry in in england
+it got bought out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got bought out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got bought out
+right i mean ford owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean ford owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean ford owns
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+they're on jaguar the germans own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on jaguar the germans own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on jaguar the germans own
+land rover or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land rover or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land rover or something
+mercedes owns one of the companies uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercedes owns one of the companies uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercedes owns one of the companies uh so
+basically there's nothing left i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's nothing left i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's nothing left i mean
+they're just lost out completely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just lost out completely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just lost out completely on the
+automobile part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile part
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+they have just as many smart people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have just as many smart people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have just as many smart people
+tinkerers people come up with ideas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkerers people come up with ideas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinkerers people come up with ideas but
+you know when it comes down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when it comes down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when it comes down to a
+sizeable business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizeable business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizeable business
+then you run into this issue we better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run into this issue we better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you run into this issue we better
+get a load in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a load in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a load in there
+and and and it doesn't necessarily work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and it doesn't necessarily work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and it doesn't necessarily work
+very well so obviously they do very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so obviously they do very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so obviously they do very well
+in certain issues like insurance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain issues like insurance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain issues like insurance and
+variety of other kinds of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of other kinds of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of other kinds of things but
+when it comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes down to
+things that require depth of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that require depth of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that require depth of engineering
+and and large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and large scale
+they they have really done poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the u.s
+gets much of its philosophy at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets much of its philosophy at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets much of its philosophy at least
+from britain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from britain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from britain
+so to some degree engineering is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to some degree engineering is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to some degree engineering is not as
+highly valued as dr lawyer mba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly valued as dr lawyer mba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly valued as dr lawyer mba
+but we do better than the british
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do better than the british
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do better than the british
+because we don't have a class structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have a class structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have a class structured
+mentality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentality
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+many of our technological firms are run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of our technological firms are run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of our technological firms are run
+by their founders at least initially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their founders at least initially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their founders at least initially and
+others who may have an mba but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who may have an mba but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who may have an mba but they are
+they they appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they appreciate
+the technology to to a large degree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology to to a large degree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology to to a large degree and
+so they do we do better okay now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do we do better okay now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do we do better okay now we
+could we do even better i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we do even better i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we do even better i think the
+answer is yes but it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes but it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes but it's not going to be
+easy to make the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make the transition
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now so i've taken you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so i've taken you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so i've taken you uh
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+1300 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1300 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1300 the
+people realize that there was a conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realize that there was a conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people realize that there was a conflict
+between those two because aristotle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two because aristotle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two because aristotle was
+rediscovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovered
+and the university professors said now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the university professors said now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the university professors said now
+wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute
+you know there are these different modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are these different modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are these different modes
+of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought
+so there became a controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there became a controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there became a controversy
+and it was called the nominalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versus realism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controversy you ever hear that term yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy you ever hear that term yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy you ever hear that term yeah
+uh about somewhere in the 1300s i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about somewhere in the 1300s i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about somewhere in the 1300s i would
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute
+which which one of these guys plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which one of these guys plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which one of these guys plato
+aristotle is likely to be the realist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question
+it's plato right so let me explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plato right so let me explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plato right so let me explain what
+the issue here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue here is
+lambda calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda calculus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the meaning of a name in lambda calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of a name in lambda calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of a name in lambda calculus
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+nothing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing right
+x is an x it could just as well be a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is an x it could just as well be a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is an x it could just as well be a y
+all right that's the aristotelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's the aristotelian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's the aristotelian
+position in the 14th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the 14th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the 14th century
+nominalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominalism
+names don't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names don't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names don't mean anything
+realism says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism says
+the name might tell you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name might tell you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name might tell you something about
+the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all about the future of this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the future of this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the future of this person
+boy names mean a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy names mean a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy names mean a lot
+they convey the reality of the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they convey the reality of the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they convey the reality of the situation
+they get at the essence of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get at the essence of the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get at the essence of the person
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+a chair isn't just a chair that think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair isn't just a chair that think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair isn't just a chair that think of
+shakespeare rose is a rhodes by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakespeare rose is a rhodes by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shakespeare rose is a rhodes by any
+other name nominalist position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other name nominalist position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other name nominalist position
+a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair
+is a representative of the ideal chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a representative of the ideal chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a representative of the ideal chair
+in heaven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heaven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heaven
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the fact that it's a chair means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's a chair means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's a chair means that
+there's a direct correspondence to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a direct correspondence to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a direct correspondence to the
+ideal this thing is a copy it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal this thing is a copy it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal this thing is a copy it's not as
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+but it's it's a chair it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a chair it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a chair it has some
+chairness to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairness to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairness to it
+okay so once i learned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once i learned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once i learned that the
+corresponding name chair to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding name chair to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding name chair to the
+chairness of the thing that's a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairness of the thing that's a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairness of the thing that's a chair
+there's there's a reality attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a reality attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a reality attached to
+the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name
+okay that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was the
+i wouldn't say that aristotle and plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't say that aristotle and plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't say that aristotle and plato
+would argue quite this way in 400 bc but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue quite this way in 400 bc but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue quite this way in 400 bc but
+in 1400 bc the professors were arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1400 bc the professors were arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1400 bc the professors were arguing
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+okay as their descendants if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as their descendants if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as their descendants if you will
+intellectual descendants this was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual descendants this was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual descendants this was a big
+issue and it shows up in the bible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and it shows up in the bible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and it shows up in the bible
+when moses says to god now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when moses says to god now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when moses says to god now if you're
+going to send me down to pharaoh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send me down to pharaoh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send me down to pharaoh what
+should i tell him and the jewish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i tell him and the jewish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i tell him and the jewish the
+other other hebrews what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other hebrews what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other hebrews what's your name
+and boy does remember the answer what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boy does remember the answer what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boy does remember the answer what a
+weird answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird answer
+i am that i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am that i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am that i am
+is that a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a name
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+there's somebody who doesn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody who doesn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody who doesn't want to
+tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+the name because the name would reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name because the name would reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name because the name would reveal
+too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much
+of the essence and this is in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the essence and this is in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the essence and this is in essence
+it's indescribable has no limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indescribable has no limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's indescribable has no limit
+therefore attaching a name to it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore attaching a name to it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore attaching a name to it is is
+too restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a person who believes that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a person who believes that name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a person who believes that name
+really represent reality of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really represent reality of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really represent reality of a kind
+okay therefore don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore don't get
+god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god
+no name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no name
+be careful with the name be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful with the name be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful with the name be very careful
+it really is circumscribing too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is circumscribing too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is circumscribing too much
+this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since we can talk about films in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we can talk about films in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we can talk about films in this
+class i don't know if you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i don't know if you're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i don't know if you're familiar
+with this film called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's a young mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a young mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a young mathematician
+jesus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jesus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jesus
+uh who is trying to figure out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who is trying to figure out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who is trying to figure out some
+patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+number pi as you take it out yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number pi as you take it out yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number pi as you take it out yeah so
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+digits and be able to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and be able to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and be able to predict
+the future with him and he's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future with him and he's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future with him and he's being
+accosted by all of these people from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accosted by all of these people from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accosted by all of these people from the
+stock market and everything and he winds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market and everything and he winds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market and everything and he winds
+up with these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these um
+with this rabbi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this rabbi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this rabbi
+who wants him to tell wants him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants him to tell wants him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants him to tell wants him to
+say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that
+there's a pattern in pie after so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pattern in pie after so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pattern in pie after so many
+numbers and then it repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then it repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then it repeats
+and it is the name of god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is the name of god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is the name of god
+now i never understood that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i never understood that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i never understood that part of the
+film okay so that so that brings up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film okay so that so that brings up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film okay so that so that brings up a
+different issue i wasn't going to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issue i wasn't going to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issue i wasn't going to bring
+it up without now to mention this i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up without now to mention this i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up without now to mention this i'll
+tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh this this is moses way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this is moses way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this is moses way of thinking
+okay abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay abstract
+don't bother me with details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother me with details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother me with details
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+the rabbis actually learned from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbis actually learned from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbis actually learned from the
+greeks you see alexander the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeks you see alexander the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeks you see alexander the great
+attacks the middle east around 322
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks the middle east around 322
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks the middle east around 322
+bc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bc
+okay so they come after that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they come after that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they come after that they're
+affected by the greeks they won't admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the greeks they won't admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the greeks they won't admit
+it necessarily but they're affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it necessarily but they're affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it necessarily but they're affected by
+they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become
+ultra empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra empirical
+ultra rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra rational
+logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+uh not so much individualistic but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not so much individualistic but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not so much individualistic but they
+take on a lot of aristotelian kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on a lot of aristotelian kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on a lot of aristotelian kind of
+way of looking at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at things
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+become even more so in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become even more so in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become even more so in the case of
+maimonides when when my when aristotle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maimonides when when my when aristotle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maimonides when when my when aristotle's
+writings were rediscovered right by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings were rediscovered right by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings were rediscovered right by the
+by the arabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the arabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the arabs
+he he spoke arabic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he spoke arabic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he spoke arabic
+and he learned from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he learned from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he learned from them
+and he he modified judaism to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he modified judaism to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he modified judaism to become
+even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more
+logical rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule based
+he has axioms he's got 13 axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has axioms he's got 13 axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has axioms he's got 13 axioms
+it's it's amazing all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's amazing all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's amazing all right
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+do the do the the jews rediscover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the do the the jews rediscover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the do the the jews rediscover
+aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle
+because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have
+and it comes back to what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes back to what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes back to what you were
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+in mysticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mysticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mysticism
+kabbalah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabbalah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kabbalah
+what's kabbalah spend a lot of its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kabbalah spend a lot of its time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kabbalah spend a lot of its time
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the name of god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay god is without end there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay god is without end there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay god is without end there's only one
+god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god
+and boy if you only knew the name of god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boy if you only knew the name of god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boy if you only knew the name of god
+this would be so powerful a weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be so powerful a weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be so powerful a weapon
+okay because you can get all the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you can get all the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you can get all the power
+of the universe in your hand and you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe in your hand and you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe in your hand and you got
+to be very careful you can't do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful you can't do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very careful you can't do that you
+got you got to shy away from that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you got to shy away from that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got you got to shy away from that it's
+really you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know it's
+that's it's one of the key issues so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's one of the key issues so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's one of the key issues so to
+the extent that mysticism which exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that mysticism which exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent that mysticism which exists
+in every religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every religion
+on earth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earth uh
+is the closest analog we we now have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the closest analog we we now have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the closest analog we we now have in
+religion i would say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion i would say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion i would say uh
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+platonic thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platonic thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platonic thought
+not quite there but but it carries some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite there but but it carries some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite there but but it carries some
+of the same ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+because it's supposed to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's supposed to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's supposed to be something
+that looks like what it like what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like what it like what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like what it like what it
+referenced yeah but you see think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced yeah but you see think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced yeah but you see think of the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+mosaic commandment do not make a graven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosaic commandment do not make a graven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosaic commandment do not make a graven
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+so if you want to have god be abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to have god be abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to have god be abstract
+and and the mystics do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the mystics do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the mystics do okay
+if you want to god be abstract you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to god be abstract you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to god be abstract you can't
+have a a real icon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a real icon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a real icon
+that goes against abstraction and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes against abstraction and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes against abstraction and now
+you've got it down there there this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it down there there this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got it down there there this is
+what god looked no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what god looked no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what god looked no no no no
+can't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have that
+can't have that see moses really was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have that see moses really was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have that see moses really was an
+abstract thinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract thinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract thinker
+there's one god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one god
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+no graven image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no graven image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no graven image
+be careful with the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful with the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful with the name
+do not take the lord's name in vain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not take the lord's name in vain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not take the lord's name in vain
+i say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say that's
+simpler than what he probably said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than what he probably said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than what he probably said in
+mind don't ever use the lord's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because then you are attached too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you are attached too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you are attached too much
+to uh specificity to to this abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh specificity to to this abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh specificity to to this abstract
+notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+to continue the path this is 14th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue the path this is 14th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue the path this is 14th
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+in the 18th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+so let's say this is about 1700 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say this is about 1700 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say this is about 1700 and this
+is about 1775.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 1775.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 1775.
+a lot of things happened around 1776 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things happened around 1776 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things happened around 1776 it
+turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out
+what what is khan what is hume saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is khan what is hume saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is khan what is hume saying
+among other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things
+he's british
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's british
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's british
+german
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+german
+and from now on the british and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from now on the british and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from now on the british and the
+germans are going to be fighting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germans are going to be fighting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germans are going to be fighting each
+other and they're fighting over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're fighting over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're fighting over this
+set of issues kant yoon says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of issues kant yoon says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of issues kant yoon says
+a baby is born tabula rasa i think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baby is born tabula rasa i think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baby is born tabula rasa i think he
+got the term from aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the term from aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the term from aristotle
+which means the baby doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the baby doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the baby doesn't know
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+complete clean slate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete clean slate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete clean slate
+and everything is learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is learned
+everything is learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is learned
+okay the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the
+biologists would argue right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists would argue right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists would argue right
+that claim would be hey these genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that claim would be hey these genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that claim would be hey these genes
+really have an impact no no no to him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have an impact no no no to him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have an impact no no no to him a
+baby clean slate all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby clean slate all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby clean slate all right
+and that's the british
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the british
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the british
+view which emphasizes logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which emphasizes logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which emphasizes logic
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+rationality of that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality of that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality of that kind
+kant comes in and what's the name of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kant comes in and what's the name of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kant comes in and what's the name of his
+famous book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous book
+critique of pure reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of pure reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of pure reason
+because hume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hume
+is is is sort of the ultimate pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is sort of the ultimate pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is sort of the ultimate pure
+reason view you have axioms you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason view you have axioms you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason view you have axioms you have
+deduction mechanisms and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction mechanisms and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction mechanisms and everything
+follows from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from that
+okay no no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no no no no no
+it's khan says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's khan says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's khan says
+pure reason doesn't explain the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure reason doesn't explain the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure reason doesn't explain the world
+very well or not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well or not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well or not enough
+and he believes in built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+which i forget what exactly what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i forget what exactly what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i forget what exactly what he
+calls them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls them uh
+what what is kantian uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is kantian uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is kantian uh
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+right you have built-in categories so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have built-in categories so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have built-in categories so if
+you look at uh if you look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at uh if you look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at uh if you look at uh
+cognitive science nowadays and you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science nowadays and you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science nowadays and you ask
+the question you know how does a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you know how does a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you know how does a child
+manage to see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to see things
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we know that they have their they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that they have their they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that they have their they they
+have built-in mechanisms for seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built-in mechanisms for seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built-in mechanisms for seeing
+certain things there's a famous paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things there's a famous paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things there's a famous paper
+written by one of our colleagues which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by one of our colleagues which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by one of our colleagues which
+says what the fly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fly's eye tells the fly's brain is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly's eye tells the fly's brain is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly's eye tells the fly's brain is that
+what it is yeah i think that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is yeah i think that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is yeah i think that's what it
+is what the fly's eye tells the fly's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the fly's eye tells the fly's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the fly's eye tells the fly's
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+and what and what they did was they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what and what they did was they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what and what they did was they they
+would put electrodes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put electrodes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put electrodes into the
+fly's brain and they would see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly's brain and they would see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly's brain and they would see when
+things would light up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would light up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would light up
+and they would send images across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would send images across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would send images across the
+field of view of the fly and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view of the fly and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view of the fly and it turns
+out that if you had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you had uh
+a a something which looked like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a something which looked like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a something which looked like this and
+it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went
+through the field of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the field of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the field of view
+of the eye and it moved then certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eye and it moved then certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eye and it moved then certain
+kinds of things would light up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things would light up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things would light up
+you see those neurons in the in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those neurons in the in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those neurons in the in in the
+fly's eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly's eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly's eye
+we're looking for things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for things like that
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+because that could be a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that could be a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that could be a uh
+that could be something that could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be something that could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be something that could it
+could eat now is it is this a fly's eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could eat now is it is this a fly's eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could eat now is it is this a fly's eye
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh i'm sorry it's a frog what the frog's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry it's a frog what the frog's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry it's a frog what the frog's
+eye tells the frog's brain and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye tells the frog's brain and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye tells the frog's brain and what's
+the frog wanna do eat flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog wanna do eat flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frog wanna do eat flies
+okay so you see something moving like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see something moving like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see something moving like
+that that's a fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a fly
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this thing was trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing was trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing was trained
+built in category to look for for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in category to look for for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in category to look for for that
+kind of stuff okay and i don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff okay and i don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff okay and i don't know what
+we are trained to do but the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trained to do but the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trained to do but the assumption
+that we have in categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in categories
+has a lot of truth here this is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of truth here this is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of truth here this is a more
+of a platonic view not purely platonic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a platonic view not purely platonic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a platonic view not purely platonic a
+more of a platonic view than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a platonic view than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a platonic view than an
+aristotelian view which would say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotelian view which would say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotelian view which would say it's
+really just logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just logic
+you know it all follows from a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it all follows from a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it all follows from a few
+axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms
+and so when you see lord russell you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you see lord russell you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you see lord russell you may
+have heard lord russell a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard lord russell a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard lord russell a famous
+logician mathematician in the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logician mathematician in the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logician mathematician in the 20th
+century say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century say
+as a cambridge professor say you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cambridge professor say you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cambridge professor say you know i
+can't understand these germans i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't understand these germans i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't understand these germans i mean
+you know can't but who can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can't but who can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can't but who can understand
+them and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and of course
+other philosophers will say khan's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other philosophers will say khan's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other philosophers will say khan's the
+greatest philosopher in the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest philosopher in the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest philosopher in the last two
+three hundred years okay but the british
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred years okay but the british
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hundred years okay but the british
+especially the cambridge school are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the cambridge school are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the cambridge school are just
+they don't get it they can't they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get it they can't they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get it they can't they don't
+understand it okay so this different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it okay so this different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it okay so this different
+mode of thought which in my opinion goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of thought which in my opinion goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode of thought which in my opinion goes
+way back to aristotle and plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to aristotle and plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to aristotle and plato
+different ways of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of thinking about the
+world even though aristotle was plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world even though aristotle was plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world even though aristotle was plato
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+they didn't see eye to eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does this have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this have to do with
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+taft introduced this as uh being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taft introduced this as uh being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taft introduced this as uh being a
+different way of looking at engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of looking at engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of looking at engineering
+um people who write about engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people who write about engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people who write about engineering
+philosophy tend to emphasize what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy tend to emphasize what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy tend to emphasize what makes
+engineering unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering unique
+different from science different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from science different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from science different from
+mathematics different from social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics different from social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics different from social
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+okay design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay design
+for example makes engineering unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example makes engineering unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example makes engineering unique
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+i want to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to argue
+i think engineering isn't that unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think engineering isn't that unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think engineering isn't that unique
+because in a sense everybody designs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a sense everybody designs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a sense everybody designs in
+the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university
+so let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about
+what what they design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they design
+and philosophers care about design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and philosophers care about design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and philosophers care about design
+issues but in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but in the sense
+this approach okay is systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach okay is systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach okay is systems
+systems engineering take a problem break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering take a problem break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems engineering take a problem break
+it up into parts keep doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into parts keep doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into parts keep doing it
+blah blah blah all the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah all the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah all the great
+american systems engineer think this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american systems engineer think this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american systems engineer think this way
+this approach is maybe more the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach is maybe more the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach is maybe more the way
+mathematicians like to solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians like to solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians like to solve problems
+take a problem abstract it make it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a problem abstract it make it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a problem abstract it make it even
+more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract
+get it down to something so simple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it down to something so simple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it down to something so simple that
+you can actually solve the abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually solve the abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually solve the abstract
+problem and now specialize to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and now specialize to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and now specialize to a
+particular solution here get it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution here get it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution here get it down to
+a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+the simplest thing okay which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest thing okay which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest thing okay which you can
+solve and back it up this one no move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and back it up this one no move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and back it up this one no move it
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+and then down no no no these guys said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down no no no these guys said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down no no no these guys said
+no no down then up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no down then up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no down then up
+different way of looking at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of looking at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of looking at things
+and nobody is absolutely right all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody is absolutely right all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody is absolutely right all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk about design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about design
+organization etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization etc
+so i claim designers of interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i claim designers of interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i claim designers of interest to
+every field in the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+writers composers artists obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers composers artists obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers composers artists obviously
+architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects
+biologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists
+nowadays maybe physicists not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays maybe physicists not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays maybe physicists not so much
+though i don't know i mean they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i don't know i mean they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i don't know i mean they would
+say look we're not trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we're not trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look we're not trying to figure out
+the nature of design because really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of design because really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of design because really you
+only care about one design how did god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about one design how did god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about one design how did god
+do it in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in the first place
+right okay so design variation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so design variation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so design variation which is
+the sort of the interesting thing to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the interesting thing to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the interesting thing to me
+how do you maintain flexibility in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you maintain flexibility in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you maintain flexibility in the
+design so you can make changes easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so you can make changes easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so you can make changes easily
+things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's
+not an issue biologists care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an issue biologists care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an issue biologists care about
+design variation because of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design variation because of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design variation because of development
+and evolution things that start but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evolution things that start but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evolution things that start but it
+physicists less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists less so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so i bottom line you have to look hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i bottom line you have to look hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i bottom line you have to look hard
+to find a field which doesn't isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a field which doesn't isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a field which doesn't isn't
+interested in design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in design
+and therefore has some relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore has some relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore has some relationship to
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the claim is that legacy views and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the claim is that legacy views and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the claim is that legacy views and
+lots of different legacies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different legacies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different legacies
+we as humans have a legacy we're limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as humans have a legacy we're limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as humans have a legacy we're limited
+by our ability to solve problems uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our ability to solve problems uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our ability to solve problems uh the
+phrase seven plus or minus two ring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase seven plus or minus two ring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase seven plus or minus two ring a
+bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell
+you've heard it right and but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard it right and but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard it right and but you
+haven't and you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't and you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't and you haven't
+okay so there was this psychologist here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there was this psychologist here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there was this psychologist here
+at mit 50 years ago his name was george
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit 50 years ago his name was george
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit 50 years ago his name was george
+miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miller
+and he wrote a paper called the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote a paper called the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote a paper called the magic
+number seven plus or minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number seven plus or minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number seven plus or minus two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the magic number seven plus or minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic number seven plus or minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic number seven plus or minus two
+is based on experiments that he did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on experiments that he did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on experiments that he did with
+people now you know ring a bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now you know ring a bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now you know ring a bell
+and what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you think
+how many different things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different things you can
+remember it could be numbers it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it could be numbers it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it could be numbers it could be
+words how many different things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words how many different things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words how many different things you
+could remember at a time right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remember at a time right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remember at a time right and
+people can do go between five and nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can do go between five and nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can do go between five and nine
+depending on the individual uh et cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the individual uh et cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the individual uh et cetera
+et cetera et cetera so here is a legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera et cetera so here is a legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera et cetera so here is a legacy
+a restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a restriction
+that we inherit as humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we inherit as humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we inherit as humans
+assuming he's right of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming he's right of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming he's right of course
+uh and he seems to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he seems to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he seems to be uh
+but there are other legacies other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other legacies other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other legacies other
+things that restrict our ability to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that restrict our ability to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that restrict our ability to do
+things one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is
+the country we were born in uh maybe our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country we were born in uh maybe our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country we were born in uh maybe our
+religion maybe certainly our education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion maybe certainly our education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion maybe certainly our education
+if we're trained as electrical engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're trained as electrical engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're trained as electrical engineers
+or civil engineers or mathematicians you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or civil engineers or mathematicians you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or civil engineers or mathematicians you
+know that'll have a way of affecting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that'll have a way of affecting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that'll have a way of affecting it
+i'm certainly affected by having been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm certainly affected by having been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm certainly affected by having been
+trained in mathematics uh because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained in mathematics uh because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained in mathematics uh because you
+know remember this guy is things like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know remember this guy is things like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know remember this guy is things like a
+mathematician not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician not
+that's a logician that's a funny kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a logician that's a funny kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a logician that's a funny kind of
+mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so let's look at mathematics which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at mathematics which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at mathematics which i
+know a little bit about the history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit about the history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit about the history and
+especially in the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the 19th century
+british mathematicians didn't do well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british mathematicians didn't do well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british mathematicians didn't do well in
+the 19th century because they were so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century because they were so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century because they were so in
+love with newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with newton
+so what they did was they went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they went into
+study of differential equations special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of differential equations special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of differential equations special
+cases differential equations even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases differential equations even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases differential equations even more
+special cases this of solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases this of solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases this of solution
+differential equation this had the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation this had the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation this had the other
+thing and they got stuck in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and they got stuck in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and they got stuck in there and
+they really didn't make much progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really didn't make much progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really didn't make much progress
+and again it shows the empirical aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it shows the empirical aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it shows the empirical aspects
+that special cases empiricism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special cases empiricism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that special cases empiricism
+are very closely connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very closely connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very closely connected
+on the other hand the germans who i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the germans who i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the germans who i
+claim have this more abstract view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim have this more abstract view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim have this more abstract view of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made
+enormous progress in certainly by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous progress in certainly by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous progress in certainly by the
+mid 19th century in algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 19th century in algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 19th century in algebra
+algebraic geometry algebraic topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometry algebraic topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometry algebraic topology
+abstract algebra blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract algebra blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract algebra blah blah blah
+all of which emphasize abstraction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which emphasize abstraction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which emphasize abstraction which
+is a consistent with their kantian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a consistent with their kantian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a consistent with their kantian
+philosophy which again is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy which again is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy which again is consistent
+with a platonic way of looking at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a platonic way of looking at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a platonic way of looking at things
+uh et cetera et cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh et cetera et cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh et cetera et cetera
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in these guys one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these guys one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these guys one out
+in terms of most of mathematics not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of most of mathematics not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of most of mathematics not all
+certainly logic the kind of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly logic the kind of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly logic the kind of stuff that
+we study in computer science logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study in computer science logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we study in computer science logic and
+combinatorics is more like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics is more like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics is more like this
+okay but the stuff we don't study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the stuff we don't study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the stuff we don't study in
+computer science that is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that is real
+mathematics topology geometry uh well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics topology geometry uh well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics topology geometry uh well we
+do a little bit of algebraic geometry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of algebraic geometry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit of algebraic geometry uh
+algebra uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra uh
+even analysis tends to be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even analysis tends to be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even analysis tends to be much more
+abstract much more based on these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract much more based on these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract much more based on these kinds
+of notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notions
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so i would say most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would say most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would say most
+by the mid 20th century suddenly most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mid 20th century suddenly most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mid 20th century suddenly most
+mathematicians followed the german
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians followed the german
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians followed the german
+approach doesn't mean the german
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach doesn't mean the german
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach doesn't mean the german
+approach is right for everything i keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is right for everything i keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is right for everything i keep
+saying there is no right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there is no right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there is no right answer
+but let me tell you you can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me tell you you can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me tell you you can take this
+too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far
+the french took it too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the french took it too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the french took it too far
+so what one one of the mis problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what one one of the mis problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what one one of the mis problems you
+can run into if you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run into if you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run into if you're going to be
+abstract is to is to say well i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract is to is to say well i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract is to is to say well i'm going
+to make lots and lots and lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make lots and lots and lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make lots and lots and lots and lots
+and lots and lots and lots lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots and lots and lots lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots and lots and lots lots of
+abstractions and i have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions and i have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions and i have a whole
+power with 20 different abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power with 20 different abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power with 20 different abstract
+actually in software we see this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in software we see this a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in software we see this a lot
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if people building in one software layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people building in one software layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people building in one software layer
+above a layer you know they go nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above a layer you know they go nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above a layer you know they go nuts
+right the idea is to have relatively few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea is to have relatively few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea is to have relatively few
+layers that really add something rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers that really add something rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers that really add something rather
+than lots and layers that add very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lots and layers that add very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lots and layers that add very
+little and if you're a logician and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and if you're a logician and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and if you're a logician and you
+and you buy into the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you buy into the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you buy into the notion that
+abstraction is a good thing but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction is a good thing but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction is a good thing but if you
+carry it to the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it to the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it to the extreme
+then you'll have so many layers you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have so many layers you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have so many layers you just
+get lost completely you don't really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lost completely you don't really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lost completely you don't really say
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+that's what happened in mid 19th 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened in mid 19th 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happened in mid 19th 20th
+century in france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in france
+there was a movement called the bubaki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a movement called the bubaki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a movement called the bubaki
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+the buba ki was a napoleon one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buba ki was a napoleon one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buba ki was a napoleon one of
+napoleon's generals they made up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napoleon's generals they made up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napoleon's generals they made up the
+name okay so the bunch of mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name okay so the bunch of mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name okay so the bunch of mathematicians
+wrote under the name burbanki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote under the name burbanki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote under the name burbanki
+okay and they redid they reproved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they redid they reproved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they redid they reproved
+a lot of mathematics that was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of mathematics that was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of mathematics that was already
+known okay from a fundamental point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known okay from a fundamental point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known okay from a fundamental point of
+view of set theory and logic and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of set theory and logic and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of set theory and logic and and it
+had this had an effect for example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this had an effect for example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this had an effect for example on
+education k-12 in the 60s and 70s when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education k-12 in the 60s and 70s when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education k-12 in the 60s and 70s when
+we did new math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did new math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did new math
+okay that was those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was those guys
+okay in the american context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the american context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the american context
+so burbank was gonna revolutionize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so burbank was gonna revolutionize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so burbank was gonna revolutionize the
+teaching and research and mathematics by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and research and mathematics by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and research and mathematics by
+redoing it all from a very fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing it all from a very fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing it all from a very fundamental
+point of view lots and lots and lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view lots and lots and lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view lots and lots and lots and
+lots and lots and lots of abstractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots and lots of abstractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots and lots of abstractions
+yeah and eventually people said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and eventually people said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and eventually people said this is
+this is absolutely insane get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely insane get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely insane get rid of
+those guys and they stop doing it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys and they stop doing it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys and they stop doing it okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+don't not to you don't don't go crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't not to you don't don't go crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't not to you don't don't go crazy
+for abstractions right some are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for abstractions right some are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for abstractions right some are good
+too many is too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah so back to an issue i discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so back to an issue i discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so back to an issue i discussed
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just i'll read it with you uh u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just i'll read it with you uh u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just i'll read it with you uh u.s
+manufacturers in 1980s were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers in 1980s were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers in 1980s were very
+concerned over the ability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned over the ability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned over the ability of the
+japanese to manufacture cars more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese to manufacture cars more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese to manufacture cars more
+cheaply with higher quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply with higher quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply with higher quality
+than the americans the german produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the americans the german produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the americans the german produced
+cars with greater performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars with greater performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars with greater performance
+than the americans not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the americans not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the americans not necessarily
+higher quality or cheaper but better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher quality or cheaper but better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher quality or cheaper but better
+performance and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and so the
+cause between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause between those two
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then we started looking at the toyota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started looking at the toyota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started looking at the toyota
+process now i got to tell you a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now i got to tell you a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now i got to tell you a story
+there was a toyota a joint toyota gm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a toyota a joint toyota gm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a toyota a joint toyota gm
+plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+in california called numi i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in california called numi i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in california called numi i don't know
+why it was called newman at some meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it was called newman at some meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it was called newman at some meaning
+and basically they took over an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they took over an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they took over an existing
+gm plant took over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gm plant took over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gm plant took over all the
+union labor that they had in the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union labor that they had in the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union labor that they had in the plan
+and they re-taught them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they re-taught them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they re-taught them
+with japanese managers how to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with japanese managers how to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with japanese managers how to do things
+and the quality went way up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quality went way up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quality went way up their
+production rate went way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate went way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate went way up
+and gm sent all their vice presidents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gm sent all their vice presidents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gm sent all their vice presidents to
+go in there and investigate what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in there and investigate what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in there and investigate what did
+these guys do with our plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys do with our plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys do with our plan
+they're working with us they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working with us they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working with us they did
+something it all works we don't and i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it all works we don't and i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it all works we don't and i i
+i talked to one guy who had seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked to one guy who had seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked to one guy who had seen the
+plant six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant six times
+he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says
+i don't see anything different they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see anything different they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see anything different they do
+the same thing we do what is going on i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we do what is going on i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we do what is going on i
+mean why i can't figure this out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why i can't figure this out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why i can't figure this out so
+finally he admitted i said okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally he admitted i said okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally he admitted i said okay okay
+let the guys who run the plant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the guys who run the plant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the guys who run the plant the
+japanese guy give me a three-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese guy give me a three-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese guy give me a three-hour
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as to what they think is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what they think is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what they think is different
+so he finally after six visits to a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he finally after six visits to a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he finally after six visits to a plan
+where he didn't get it okay got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he didn't get it okay got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he didn't get it okay got a
+three-hour lecture and then his eyes lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-hour lecture and then his eyes lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-hour lecture and then his eyes lit
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+okay it was such a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was such a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was such a different way of
+thinking he just didn't couldn't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking he just didn't couldn't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking he just didn't couldn't see it
+simply could not see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply could not see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply could not see it
+okay but one once explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but one once explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but one once explained
+uh it made sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it made sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it made sense
+so uh it's it was a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's it was a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's it was a different way of
+looking at things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at things and
+we learned from them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned from them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned from them uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i claimed that the reason that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claimed that the reason that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claimed that the reason that they were
+successful is they looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful is they looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful is they looked at the
+production process in this more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process in this more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process in this more abstract
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and they could and and that fits in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could and and that fits in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could and and that fits in with
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+national cultural values my son might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national cultural values my son might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national cultural values my son might
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+that in germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in germany
+where quality wasn't so much the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where quality wasn't so much the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where quality wasn't so much the issue
+it was mastery of details the german
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mastery of details the german
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mastery of details the german
+mastery of details is a big deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastery of details is a big deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastery of details is a big deal of
+their culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their culture
+meister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meister
+i call him meister ebermeister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call him meister ebermeister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call him meister ebermeister
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that gave him the ability to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave him the ability to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave him the ability to do things
+better and better some people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better some people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better some people actually
+claim the germans lost world war two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the germans lost world war two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the germans lost world war two
+because they were too wedded to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were too wedded to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were too wedded to this
+notion of mastery so they they have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of mastery so they they have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of mastery so they they have all
+these great guys on their production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these great guys on their production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these great guys on their production
+plans making uh tanks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans making uh tanks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans making uh tanks right
+well each one of them makes a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well each one of them makes a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well each one of them makes a slightly
+different tank which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tank which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tank which
+you know based on his way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know based on his way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know based on his way of doing
+things he won't listen to anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he won't listen to anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he won't listen to anybody else
+you'd break the bank this way so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd break the bank this way so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd break the bank this way so the
+germans went into battle against russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germans went into battle against russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germans went into battle against russia
+with a whole slew of tanks okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whole slew of tanks okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whole slew of tanks okay which
+are fine and danny each of them worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine and danny each of them worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine and danny each of them worked
+very well until for some reason some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well until for some reason some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well until for some reason some
+part failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part failed
+and they had a problem getting any parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had a problem getting any parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had a problem getting any parts
+because all the parts were different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the parts were different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the parts were different
+whereas the americans made the same tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the americans made the same tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the americans made the same tank
+over and over and over again and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again and by
+golly there was no problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golly there was no problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golly there was no problem with
+interchangeable parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable parts
+yeah anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anyways
+probably not the only reason they lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the only reason they lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not the only reason they lost
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+maybe one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one other
+so we learned from the japanese who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learned from the japanese who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learned from the japanese who are
+still ahead as i said before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ahead as i said before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ahead as i said before and
+one of the things we learned was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we learned was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we learned was wrong
+so one of the things we thought we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things we thought we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things we thought we
+learned is how to organize firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we realized were hierarchical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we realized were hierarchical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we realized were hierarchical but
+we but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we but what
+as they grew we allowed the hierarchy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they grew we allowed the hierarchy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they grew we allowed the hierarchy to
+grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+into many many levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into many many levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into many many levels
+and so we said no no the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we said no no the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we said no no the way to
+understand the japanese is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the japanese is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the japanese is
+they don't have middle managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have middle managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have middle managers
+let's get rid of the middle managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get rid of the middle managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get rid of the middle managers
+well what it really to me explains is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what it really to me explains is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what it really to me explains is we
+don't understand middle management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand middle management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand middle management
+what's the role of a middle manager well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role of a middle manager well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role of a middle manager well
+in the american way a role of the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the american way a role of the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the american way a role of the middle
+manager is to check up on people are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager is to check up on people are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager is to check up on people are you
+doing what you're supposed to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what you're supposed to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what you're supposed to be doing
+are you screwing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you screwing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you screwing up
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+oh that's not the role of a middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's not the role of a middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's not the role of a middle
+manager role the middle manager is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager role the middle manager is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager role the middle manager is is
+there any way i can help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way i can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way i can help you
+can i teach you what it is that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i teach you what it is that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i teach you what it is that you need
+to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+okay on the next project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the next project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the next project
+i mean it's a it's a different attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's a it's a different attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's a it's a different attitude
+toward the role of middle manager you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the role of middle manager you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the role of middle manager you
+can have fewer levels of middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have fewer levels of middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have fewer levels of middle
+management if you recognize what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management if you recognize what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management if you recognize what the
+proper role is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper role is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper role is
+but if you simply say middle management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you simply say middle management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you simply say middle management
+is just at waste just added fat let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just at waste just added fat let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just at waste just added fat let's
+get rid of it you're going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it you're going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of it you're going to run
+yourself into some difficulty and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into some difficulty and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into some difficulty and i
+think many companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what saved us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what saved us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what saved us
+in the 90s is the next is the line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 90s is the next is the line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 90s is the next is the line here
+the two problems one problem number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two problems one problem number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two problems one problem number one
+is the japanese got hurt by the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the japanese got hurt by the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the japanese got hurt by the real
+estate bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate bubble
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+in 1988
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1988
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1988
+or 89
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 89
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 89
+the the government of new zealand sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the government of new zealand sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the government of new zealand sold
+its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh
+embassy in downtown tokyo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embassy in downtown tokyo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embassy in downtown tokyo
+and the value of real estate was so high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of real estate was so high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of real estate was so high
+they were able to zero out their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to zero out their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to zero out their
+national debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national debt
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the value of the few acres in downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the few acres in downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the few acres in downtown
+tokyo near the uh the the emperor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokyo near the uh the the emperor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokyo near the uh the the emperor's
+palace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palace
+was equal to this assessed value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to this assessed value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal to this assessed value of
+california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+california
+i mean it was out of sight and did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it was out of sight and did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it was out of sight and did they
+have a bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bubble
+okay and then the japanese don't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the japanese don't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the japanese don't allow
+themselves to let the banks go out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to let the banks go out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to let the banks go out of
+business readily and therefore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business readily and therefore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business readily and therefore they
+could just took years and years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just took years and years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just took years and years and
+years to get out of this and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to get out of this and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to get out of this and they're
+just starting to come out of it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starting to come out of it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starting to come out of it and so
+that helped the americans in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped the americans in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped the americans in the in the
+90s they didn't have the japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s they didn't have the japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s they didn't have the japanese
+the same japanese to compete with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same japanese to compete with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same japanese to compete with and
+what hurt the germans in the 90s was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hurt the germans in the 90s was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hurt the germans in the 90s was
+reunification with east germany where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reunification with east germany where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reunification with east germany where
+the west germans had to send a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west germans had to send a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west germans had to send a lot of
+money over to make the east germans uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money over to make the east germans uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money over to make the east germans uh
+appear a little closer in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear a little closer in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear a little closer in terms of their
+economic status to to to to the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic status to to to to the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic status to to to to the west
+germans and so they got hurt that way on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germans and so they got hurt that way on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germans and so they got hurt that way on
+the other hand now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand now
+she could say well so so so we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could say well so so so we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could say well so so so we're doing
+fine against these guys but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine against these guys but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine against these guys but they're
+coming back okay my argument but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back okay my argument but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back okay my argument but now
+everybody is worried about china in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is worried about china in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is worried about china in
+india and it's not clear exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india and it's not clear exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india and it's not clear exactly how
+these different modes of thought and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different modes of thought and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different modes of thought and
+variations on them are going to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on them are going to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on them are going to deal
+with the challenge from you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the challenge from you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the challenge from you know a
+billion three or whatever the number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion three or whatever the number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion three or whatever the number is
+of people in china and the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in china and the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in china and the in the
+indian challenge i i'm not predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indian challenge i i'm not predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indian challenge i i'm not predicting
+the future i'm just saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future i'm just saying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future i'm just saying that this
+way of thinking about it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about it tends to
+clarify at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify at least
+in my thinking uh what what has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my thinking uh what what has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my thinking uh what what has been
+going on even as recently as a decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on even as recently as a decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on even as recently as a decade
+ago but in terms of predicting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but in terms of predicting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but in terms of predicting the
+future it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future it's not
+not as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i hope you stay up there we got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you stay up there we got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you stay up there we got some
+more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay or comments let's have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or comments let's have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or comments let's have a little
+more discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could we hear a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we hear a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we hear a little bit more about
+the toyota gm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toyota gm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toyota gm
+lumi plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumi plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumi plug
+manager went out there and couldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager went out there and couldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager went out there and couldn't see
+it the vice president went out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the vice president went out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the vice president went out there
+yeah three hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he may not realize the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may not realize the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he may not realize the importance of
+things like just in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like just in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like just in time
+you know i mean he meant you know things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean he meant you know things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean he meant you know things
+were being delivered but you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being delivered but you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being delivered but you know they
+got deliveries and gm plans too but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got deliveries and gm plans too but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got deliveries and gm plans too but the
+fact that their deliveries were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that their deliveries were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that their deliveries were
+relatively few and specialized to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively few and specialized to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively few and specialized to the
+cars just now being worked on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars just now being worked on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars just now being worked on you know
+maybe something he may not may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something he may not may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something he may not may have
+missed right now mind you this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed right now mind you this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed right now mind you this is the
+guy who came a year later here and gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who came a year later here and gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who came a year later here and gave
+a talk at kresge and he said well i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk at kresge and he said well i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk at kresge and he said well i got
+my mba at mit and then he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mba at mit and then he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mba at mit and then he had a
+briefcase with him he threw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefcase with him he threw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefcase with him he threw out the
+contents of briefcase it was a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of briefcase it was a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of briefcase it was a bunch of
+books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books
+and he says these are the books they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says these are the books they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says these are the books they
+taught me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught me
+okay now in the automobile business we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in the automobile business we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in the automobile business we
+have recalls for things that don't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have recalls for things that don't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have recalls for things that don't work
+mit should have a recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit should have a recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit should have a recall
+and for free they should re-educate us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for free they should re-educate us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for free they should re-educate us
+it was a character all right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a character all right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a character all right okay so
+after he learned these things he he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he learned these things he he saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he learned these things he he saw
+the light the trouble as i said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light the trouble as i said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light the trouble as i said earlier
+and maybe you missed it tony is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you missed it tony is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you missed it tony is is that
+in some sense it became a religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it became a religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it became a religion
+after a while you know these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while you know these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while you know these are the
+seven steps to heaven and uh and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven steps to heaven and uh and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven steps to heaven and uh and and and
+and we didn't realize the japanese were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't realize the japanese were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't realize the japanese were
+constantly tinkering with the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly tinkering with the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly tinkering with the process
+and they were improving and improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were improving and improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were improving and improving
+and uh even the germans it got better i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh even the germans it got better i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh even the germans it got better i
+mean what what happened was that th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what what happened was that th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what what happened was that th of
+all the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the firms
+the worst performing in terms of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst performing in terms of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst performing in terms of quality
+and cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cost
+well not so much quality but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not so much quality but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not so much quality but certainly
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+with daimler benz mercedes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with daimler benz mercedes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with daimler benz mercedes
+and the president of mercedes called up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the president of mercedes called up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the president of mercedes called up
+president of mit in 88 89 and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of mit in 88 89 and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of mit in 88 89 and he said
+you can't publish that result you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't publish that result you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't publish that result you're
+going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like
+laughing stock you can't tell me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing stock you can't tell me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing stock you can't tell me a
+mercedes is the worst performing plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercedes is the worst performing plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercedes is the worst performing plant
+on earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earth
+well we published a result anyway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we published a result anyway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we published a result anyway and
+this guy got canned the new guy came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy got canned the new guy came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy got canned the new guy came in
+and he says i'm going to make every vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says i'm going to make every vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says i'm going to make every vice
+president and the company read that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and the company read that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president and the company read that book
+okay so he got religion and they all did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he got religion and they all did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he got religion and they all did
+because you know once you show what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know once you show what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know once you show what the
+numbers are you know a little dose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are you know a little dose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are you know a little dose of
+reality uh it made a big difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality uh it made a big difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality uh it made a big difference in
+the automobile industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you do a certain job you do it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a certain job you do it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a certain job you do it really
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+maybe you get a different kind of reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you get a different kind of reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you get a different kind of reward
+but you won't be promoted to okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you won't be promoted to okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you won't be promoted to okay so
+it's a promotion process so remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a promotion process so remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a promotion process so remind you
+you don't have very many levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have very many levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have very many levels
+and you can't so you one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't so you one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't so you one of the things
+that happens is promotions if they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens is promotions if they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens is promotions if they do
+occur are slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur are slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur are slow
+americans love to be promoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans love to be promoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans love to be promoted
+okay fast i want to be i want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fast i want to be i want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fast i want to be i want to be
+promoted fast right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted fast right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted fast right
+two three years on the job and i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three years on the job and i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three years on the job and i want
+out of here okay leave all the mess to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here okay leave all the mess to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here okay leave all the mess to
+my successor all right so uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my successor all right so uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my successor all right so uh the the
+japanese move slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese move slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese move slowly
+now in terms of promotion what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of promotion what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in terms of promotion what happens
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first off they retire early 55 unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off they retire early 55 unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off they retire early 55 unless
+they happen to be senior management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen to be senior management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen to be senior management and
+they can retire at 60 or 65 maybe but 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can retire at 60 or 65 maybe but 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can retire at 60 or 65 maybe but 55
+is the normal retirement age for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the normal retirement age for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the normal retirement age for
+so-called salaried workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called salaried workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called salaried workers
+and what happens is they move over to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is they move over to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is they move over to a
+subsidiary company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary company
+and beca and the subsidiary company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beca and the subsidiary company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beca and the subsidiary company
+knows that they better hire some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that they better hire some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that they better hire some of
+these guys otherwise they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys otherwise they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys otherwise they're not going
+to remain as part of the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain as part of the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain as part of the supply chain
+as much so slower promotions not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much so slower promotions not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much so slower promotions not
+non-existent but slower promotions some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existent but slower promotions some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existent but slower promotions some
+people don't get promoted but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't get promoted but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't get promoted but they don't
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+demoted either they get sort of put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demoted either they get sort of put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demoted either they get sort of put
+given a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a uh
+a a a a a chair uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a a chair uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a a chair uh
+further away from the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from the action
+so in principle everybody in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle everybody in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle everybody in a given
+level at the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at the company
+is at a given level of the company but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at a given level of the company but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at a given level of the company but
+when you listen to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you listen to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you listen to people
+you listen only to a few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you listen only to a few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you listen only to a few of them
+the others can talk all they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others can talk all they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others can talk all they want
+nobody's going to pay much attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to pay much attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to pay much attention to
+they everybody realizes that within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they everybody realizes that within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they everybody realizes that within this
+particular level all these guys are 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular level all these guys are 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular level all these guys are 40
+years old two or three of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old two or three of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old two or three of them are
+really the ones to listen to so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the ones to listen to so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the ones to listen to so it's a
+complicated game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated game
+but again very much related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again very much related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again very much related to this
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+okay whereas the high fast promotion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whereas the high fast promotion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whereas the high fast promotion if
+you have 20 different levels you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 20 different levels you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 20 different levels you want to
+go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so and again also the salary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and again also the salary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and again also the salary
+ratio we worry about how high the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio we worry about how high the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio we worry about how high the ratio
+is in the united states you know several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the united states you know several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the united states you know several
+hundred to one between a ceo and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred to one between a ceo and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred to one between a ceo and the
+lowest paid worker but maybe only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest paid worker but maybe only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest paid worker but maybe only a
+dozen to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen to one
+in japan i mean it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan i mean it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan i mean it's a different
+attitude and again the attitude of we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude and again the attitude of we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude and again the attitude of we're
+all in it together this is we are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in it together this is we are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in it together this is we are the
+toyota team right and we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toyota team right and we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toyota team right and we are going to
+beat out not only gm and ford but nissan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat out not only gm and ford but nissan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat out not only gm and ford but nissan
+and honda this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honda this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honda this is our
+on the other hand we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand we're going to
+cooperate between toyota and nissan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate between toyota and nissan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate between toyota and nissan
+we're going to cooperate on processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cooperate on processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cooperate on processes
+not on products we're going to cooperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on products we're going to cooperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on products we're going to cooperate
+on business practices on knowledge but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on business practices on knowledge but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on business practices on knowledge but
+not things are intimately tied to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not things are intimately tied to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not things are intimately tied to our
+products so there's a an attitude about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so there's a an attitude about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so there's a an attitude about
+what's to be cooperated on and what's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's to be cooperated on and what's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's to be cooperated on and what's to
+be competed on and it's uh it is it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be competed on and it's uh it is it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be competed on and it's uh it is it is a
+very different way of doing business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different way of doing business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different way of doing business and
+it works some of the time not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works some of the time not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works some of the time not all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+nothing works all the time you hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can i ask you about your um your claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i ask you about your um your claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i ask you about your um your claim
+that design isn't unique to engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that design isn't unique to engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that design isn't unique to engineering
+of course not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course not
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+which i agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i agree with
+um but so then i wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so then i wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so then i wonder
+how do you think about defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about defining
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+i guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you
+that engineering is closer than since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering is closer than since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering is closer than since
+what systems philosophers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what systems philosophers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what systems philosophers do
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+no assistance philosophy but there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no assistance philosophy but there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no assistance philosophy but there's all
+kinds of systems are organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of systems are organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of systems are organizational
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+all kinds of things what engineers tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things what engineers tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things what engineers tend
+to do is they they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is they they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is they they use the
+the knowledge of math science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge of math science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge of math science
+and engineering science in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering science in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering science in order to
+develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+products processes systems for society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products processes systems for society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products processes systems for society
+there's certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain kinds
+absolutely absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely
+absolutely but but stina said so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely but but stina said so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely but but stina said so is
+design and music i mean you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and music i mean you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and music i mean you know there's
+uh but the musician doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the musician doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the musician doesn't necessarily
+rely on his understanding of physics he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on his understanding of physics he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on his understanding of physics he
+doesn't rely on energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rely on energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rely on energy
+is as a variable doesn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a variable doesn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as a variable doesn't so
+like music isn't necessary it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like music isn't necessary it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like music isn't necessary it's
+constrained in some ways but not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in some ways but not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in some ways but not in
+other words let me give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words let me give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words let me give you an example
+of constraint so i was taking music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constraint so i was taking music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constraint so i was taking music
+appreciation 101
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation 101
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation 101
+and uh student got up in the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh student got up in the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh student got up in the course and
+he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said
+professor i don't understand how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor i don't understand how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor i don't understand how did
+mozart manage to write so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mozart manage to write so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mozart manage to write so many
+symphonies when he was so constrained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symphonies when he was so constrained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symphonies when he was so constrained by
+the sonata form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sonata form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sonata form
+aba but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aba but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aba but
+professor's answer was because mozart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's answer was because mozart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's answer was because mozart
+was so constrained by the sonata form he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so constrained by the sonata form he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so constrained by the sonata form he
+was able to write lots of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraints can be good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints can be good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints can be good okay
+constraints can be good so computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints can be good so computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints can be good so computer
+scientists actually have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists actually have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists actually have a problem
+they're not so constrained by physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so constrained by physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so constrained by physics
+and so they can try anything right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can try anything right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they can try anything right and
+boy they bollocks it up they get overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy they bollocks it up they get overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy they bollocks it up they get overly
+complex software without you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex software without you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex software without you know
+realizing it and uh after a while they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing it and uh after a while they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing it and uh after a while they
+can't make any further changes i'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any further changes i'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make any further changes i'll give
+you an example of overly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of overly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of overly complex
+software so jimmy carter was president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so jimmy carter was president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so jimmy carter was president
+before you were born but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you were born but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you were born but
+he was i i remember him well i'm chucked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was i i remember him well i'm chucked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was i i remember him well i'm chucked
+after this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this too
+and uh he he was not the smartest guy he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he he was not the smartest guy he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he he was not the smartest guy he
+was an engineer so not not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an engineer so not not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an engineer so not not necessarily
+the smartest politician and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smartest politician and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smartest politician and one of the
+things he he decided he was going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he he decided he was going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he he decided he was going to do
+because he he believed in truth and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he he believed in truth and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he he believed in truth and all
+that is he was going to allow people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is he was going to allow people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is he was going to allow people to
+call him on the radio on saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him on the radio on saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him on the radio on saturday
+afternoons and ask any question they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoons and ask any question they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoons and ask any question they
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a lady called up and she said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lady called up and she said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lady called up and she said well you
+know i get social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i get social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i get social security
+and social security is updated my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social security is updated my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social security is updated my my
+check is increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is increased
+relative to inflation in those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to inflation in those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to inflation in those days
+inflation was quite high and it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was quite high and it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was quite high and it's done
+once a year now really because inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a year now really because inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a year now really because inflation
+is so high it would really help me a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so high it would really help me a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so high it would really help me a lot
+if it were done twice a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were done twice a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were done twice a year
+he said okay i'll look into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said okay i'll look into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said okay i'll look into it
+some months later some enterprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some months later some enterprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some months later some enterprising
+journalist said whatever happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist said whatever happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist said whatever happened to
+that lady's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lady's question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lady's question
+and carter had to own up he said well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carter had to own up he said well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carter had to own up he said well we
+asked the people at uh hhs you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the people at uh hhs you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the people at uh hhs you know
+where they could do this and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they could do this and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they could do this and they said
+well if they tried doing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if they tried doing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if they tried doing that they
+couldn't guarantee that the checks would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't guarantee that the checks would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't guarantee that the checks would
+come out because the system was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out because the system was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out because the system was so
+complicated the ramification of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the ramification of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the ramification of that
+little change could create such a havoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little change could create such a havoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little change could create such a havoc
+that they dare not do it that's overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they dare not do it that's overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they dare not do it that's overly
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a minute to go guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute to go guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute to go guys
+according to that watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well thanks again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well thanks again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well thanks again
+and next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next week
+we're off tuesday is that right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're off tuesday is that right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're off tuesday is that right yes
+because tuesday is a monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because tuesday is a monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because tuesday is a monday
+tuesdays a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesdays a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesdays a month
+okay well then uh first thing i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then uh first thing i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then uh first thing i need to
+know is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is um
+what kind of publication rights are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of publication rights are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of publication rights are you
+gonna give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give us
+with these slides since i've got them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these slides since i've got them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these slides since i've got them on
+my machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my machine
+okay can we send them to the class oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can we send them to the class oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can we send them to the class oh
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+all right then i'll take responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then i'll take responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then i'll take responsibility
+for that okay i have a greeting scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that okay i have a greeting scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that okay i have a greeting scheme
+all right and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and um
+i'll be frank with you i really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be frank with you i really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be frank with you i really don't
+want to put it in concrete until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put it in concrete until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put it in concrete until
+we talk about it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about it now
+uh i want to be on to reveal some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i want to be on to reveal some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i want to be on to reveal some of my
+subconscious before you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to look at partly a democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at partly a democratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at partly a democratic
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+and i emphasize part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i emphasize part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i emphasize part
+all right and you can say what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and you can say what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and you can say what you think
+is right what you think is fair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right what you think is fair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right what you think is fair and
+unfair about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair about
+but frankly that's not what i'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but frankly that's not what i'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but frankly that's not what i'm looking
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+what i'm really looking for you to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm really looking for you to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm really looking for you to say
+is well look doctor blue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well look doctor blue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well look doctor blue this
+lady scheme here is not as tough as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady scheme here is not as tough as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady scheme here is not as tough as we
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+we want a more rigorous class in here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a more rigorous class in here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a more rigorous class in here we
+want to do x y and z i'm really looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do x y and z i'm really looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do x y and z i'm really looking
+for you to add something to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to add something to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to add something to this
+you don't have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do that
+but if you think something's unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think something's unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think something's unfair
+about it i want to hear about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it i want to hear about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it i want to hear about it and
+wherever wherever i go from there i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever wherever i go from there i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever wherever i go from there i want
+to be able to say well i heard from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to say well i heard from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to say well i heard from you
+and they want to do it but i heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to do it but i heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to do it but i heard
+that it comes down to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it comes down to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it comes down to it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+your next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next
+assignment how you doing with this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment how you doing with this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment how you doing with this book
+my book something happened with the mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my book something happened with the mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my book something happened with the mail
+but they're rescinding and i should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're rescinding and i should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're rescinding and i should get
+in the healthy things okay so i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the healthy things okay so i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the healthy things okay so i should
+definitely about next thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely about next thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely about next thursday
+everything hold that far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything hold that far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything hold that far away
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we can share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can share
+in the next couple days well i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next couple days well i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next couple days well i have
+another copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy
+along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+i have actually an older version in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have actually an older version in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have actually an older version in my
+office i'll give you the updated version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office i'll give you the updated version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office i'll give you the updated version
+what i want you to do is read two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do is read two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to do is read two cases
+since we have so much time i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have so much time i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have so much time i want you to
+read um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read um
+the ford pinto case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ford pinto case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ford pinto case
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i want you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to read
+the challenger kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next week we'll start converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we'll start converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we'll start converging
+on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+something much more high quality but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more high quality but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more high quality but the
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+all right and then we're gonna start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then we're gonna start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then we're gonna start
+putting the ethics and the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the ethics and the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the ethics and the engineering
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh my assignment the next for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my assignment the next for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my assignment the next for the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+to turn in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn in the first
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+and i'm going to use the format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use the format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use the format
+i'd like to see what's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to see what's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to see what's done
+uh once you get my method down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you get my method down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you get my method down
+then we'll start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll start talking about
+uh a liberal education we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a liberal education we'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a liberal education we'll start with
+your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name
+uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also
+i'm gonna sign that you listen to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna sign that you listen to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna sign that you listen to watch
+this video cheers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3KG_stlWxGw.txt b/3KG_stlWxGw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da044dc0fe6cd9b87bc520c7245a34bb280ee1d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3KG_stlWxGw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello my name is Justin we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is Justin we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is Justin we're going to
+do a quick project together today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick project together today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick project together today to
+cast a reproduction of a figurine using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast a reproduction of a figurine using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast a reproduction of a figurine using
+a simple two-part mold and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple two-part mold and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple two-part mold and we're going
+to look at how to do that and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at how to do that and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at how to do that and this is
+the kit of materials that you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kit of materials that you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kit of materials that you've been
+sent that you'll need to complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent that you'll need to complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent that you'll need to complete this
+exercise you should all have a quart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you should all have a quart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you should all have a quart of
+this Alia safe material and a pint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Alia safe material and a pint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Alia safe material and a pint of
+plaster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaster of
+Paras along with some dust masks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paras along with some dust masks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paras along with some dust masks and
+gloves some modeling clay a knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves some modeling clay a knife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves some modeling clay a knife
+tape some cardboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape some cardboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape some cardboard
+boxes safety glasses scissors a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes safety glasses scissors a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes safety glasses scissors a
+ruler this figurine that will be molding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler this figurine that will be molding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler this figurine that will be molding
+around and cutting that to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and cutting that to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and cutting that to work
+on we're going to first set up the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we're going to first set up the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we're going to first set up the box
+and you'll see all this in video and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see all this in video and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see all this in video and add
+some clay to it uh we're going to embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clay to it uh we're going to embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clay to it uh we're going to embed
+the figurine in it and build up Clay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figurine in it and build up Clay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figurine in it and build up Clay to
+what's called The Parting line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called The Parting line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called The Parting line and
+there's another diagram that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another diagram that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another diagram that will
+explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept and once we have that set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and once we have that set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and once we have that set up
+we'll cast algaas safe which is a skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cast algaas safe which is a skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cast algaas safe which is a skin
+safe molding material into the top half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe molding material into the top half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe molding material into the top half
+of this mold and we'll allow it to cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this mold and we'll allow it to cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this mold and we'll allow it to cure
+then we're going to flip the mold over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to flip the mold over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to flip the mold over
+we're going to take the bottom off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the bottom off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the bottom off
+remove the model clay and cast more ales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the model clay and cast more ales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the model clay and cast more ales
+safe in and what this is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe in and what this is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe in and what this is going to give
+us is a two-part mold that we can open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is a two-part mold that we can open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is a two-part mold that we can open
+and close and use to cast the plaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close and use to cast the plaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close and use to cast the plaster
+into that will make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that will make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that will make the
+reproduction so here we are we open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction so here we are we open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction so here we are we open the
+mold we take the figurine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold we take the figurine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold we take the figurine
+Out close it again we cast plaster into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out close it again we cast plaster into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Out close it again we cast plaster into
+it and once the plaster cures we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and once the plaster cures we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and once the plaster cures we have
+our reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first step is to prepare the box now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is to prepare the box now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is to prepare the box now
+the first thing I did was figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I did was figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I did was figure out how
+to fold it we're about to cut it in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold it we're about to cut it in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold it we're about to cut it in half
+and it's a little more straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little more straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little more straightforward
+to understand how it goes together for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how it goes together for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how it goes together for
+me when it's in the hole and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when it's in the hole and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when it's in the hole and then later
+when I cut it in half I can see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I cut it in half I can see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I cut it in half I can see how the
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+assembles so here we go flip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembles so here we go flip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembles so here we go flip it
+over and I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and I'm going to take the
+ruler and start measuring to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and start measuring to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and start measuring to find the
+center the ruler is not long enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the ruler is not long enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the ruler is not long enough to
+measure the full width of the box where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the full width of the box where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the full width of the box where
+the those flaps are so I measure up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those flaps are so I measure up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those flaps are so I measure up here
+where the box is narrower find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the box is narrower find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the box is narrower find the
+middle the ruler is also not long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the ruler is also not long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the ruler is also not long enough
+to cut the whole box in one go so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut the whole box in one go so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut the whole box in one go so I'm
+actually going to make three marks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to make three marks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to make three marks and
+make sure that the marks are all close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the marks are all close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the marks are all close
+enough to each other that when I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to each other that when I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to each other that when I flip
+the ruler around here I go and measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ruler around here I go and measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ruler around here I go and measure
+from the opposite side in case I did any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the opposite side in case I did any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the opposite side in case I did any
+uh had any errors in my division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had any errors in my division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had any errors in my division
+make sure the marks are in the center so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the marks are in the center so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the marks are in the center so
+it was 3 and 516 inch off that edge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 3 and 516 inch off that edge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 3 and 516 inch off that edge to
+find the center line and here I am with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the center line and here I am with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the center line and here I am with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ruler and I've got two marks on the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and I've got two marks on the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and I've got two marks on the edge
+of the ruler I'm going to take the knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ruler I'm going to take the knife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ruler I'm going to take the knife
+make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a
+cut this is a safety knife so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this is a safety knife so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this is a safety knife so it will
+close if you let go of it can't leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close if you let go of it can't leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close if you let go of it can't leave it
+open accidentally hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open accidentally hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open accidentally hurt
+yourself so I cut as far as I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so I cut as far as I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so I cut as far as I can make
+sure it's cut through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's cut through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's cut through
+I'm going to shift the Box along so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to shift the Box along so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to shift the Box along so that
+I'm still over the cutting mat you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still over the cutting mat you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still over the cutting mat you don't
+want to cut on top of a table or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cut on top of a table or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to cut on top of a table or another
+nice surface that you might care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice surface that you might care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice surface that you might care about
+so we sent you the cutting mat so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sent you the cutting mat so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sent you the cutting mat so you
+can do your cutting without damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do your cutting without damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do your cutting without damaging
+whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underneath flip the box back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath flip the box back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath flip the box back over
+remember how to fold it up when it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to fold it up when it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to fold it up when it's a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+box and here I go fold it together close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and here I go fold it together close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and here I go fold it together close
+the side close what was the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side close what was the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side close what was the top and
+we've got a nice half box and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a nice half box and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a nice half box and the reason
+I did this is because the whole box was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this is because the whole box was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this is because the whole box was
+quite a bit larger than the figurine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit larger than the figurine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit larger than the figurine and
+it would have needed a lot of the algaes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have needed a lot of the algaes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have needed a lot of the algaes
+SAA material to make our mold uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAA material to make our mold uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAA material to make our mold uh and
+most of that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of that would have
+been not contributing much to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been not contributing much to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been not contributing much to the
+process so we're going to save a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so we're going to save a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so we're going to save a lot of
+alga safe material here which gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alga safe material here which gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alga safe material here which gives you
+enough that you can do this process more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can do this process more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can do this process more
+than once if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wish here's a quick concept called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish here's a quick concept called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish here's a quick concept called uh
+draft angle so if you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft angle so if you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft angle so if you have something
+that you're trying to pull out from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to pull out from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to pull out from a
+parallel mold it's either going to jam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel mold it's either going to jam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel mold it's either going to jam
+or it's going to scratch the part or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's going to scratch the part or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's going to scratch the part or
+you're going to have problems draft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have problems draft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have problems draft
+angle is this little bit of angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is this little bit of angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is this little bit of angle
+between the direction that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the direction that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the direction that you're
+extracting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the
+part and the mold walls parting line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the mold walls parting line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the mold walls parting line is
+a concept that relates to where the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept that relates to where the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept that relates to where the two
+parts of a two-part mold will come apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of a two-part mold will come apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of a two-part mold will come apart
+it's a lot of the word part in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sentence anyhow if you refer back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence anyhow if you refer back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence anyhow if you refer back to
+that initial set of diagrams this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial set of diagrams this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial set of diagrams this is the
+start of our process and I'm putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of our process and I'm putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of our process and I'm putting a
+layer of clay down into this box it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of clay down into this box it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of clay down into this box it
+doesn't matter a whole lot exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter a whole lot exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter a whole lot exactly how
+thick this is I ended up using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick this is I ended up using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick this is I ended up using
+about a quarter about a half pound here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a quarter about a half pound here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a quarter about a half pound here
+because we got two pounds and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got two pounds and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got two pounds and this was a
+one pound bar half of the shipment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pound bar half of the shipment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pound bar half of the shipment and
+I've broke that in half and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've broke that in half and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've broke that in half and I'm
+measuring just to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring just to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring just to make sure that the
+figurine is roughly going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine is roughly going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine is roughly going to be in the
+center of the box when I put it in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the box when I put it in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the box when I put it in here
+so I measure the Box see where the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I measure the Box see where the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I measure the Box see where the depth
+of the clay is the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clay is the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clay is the thickness of the
+figurine then I push it into the clay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine then I push it into the clay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine then I push it into the clay
+and you'll notice that the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that the base of the
+figurine is right up against one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine is right up against one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine is right up against one side
+side of the Box nice and snug and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the Box nice and snug and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the Box nice and snug and then I
+start working the modeling clay into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working the modeling clay into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working the modeling clay into
+these sort of cylinders that I can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of cylinders that I can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of cylinders that I can work
+down in around and I'm building the clay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in around and I'm building the clay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in around and I'm building the clay
+up to the height of The Parting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line You'll see here soon that I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line You'll see here soon that I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line You'll see here soon that I use the
+ruler and this is just to push down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and this is just to push down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and this is just to push down the
+modeling clay to The Parting line in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling clay to The Parting line in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling clay to The Parting line in the
+little kind of crease between the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of crease between the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of crease between the body
+and the head of the figurine where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the head of the figurine where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the head of the figurine where my
+finger is a little bit too to thick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger is a little bit too to thick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger is a little bit too to thick to
+get in there so that's what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in there so that's what I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in there so that's what I'm doing
+here on the rest of it I'm just molding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the rest of it I'm just molding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the rest of it I'm just molding
+with my finger and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my finger and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my finger and then I'm going to
+make two dimples in the modeling clay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two dimples in the modeling clay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two dimples in the modeling clay
+and these are what we would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are what we would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are what we would call
+registration features so the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration features so the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration features so the surface is
+fairly irregular and the mold should fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly irregular and the mold should fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly irregular and the mold should fit
+the two halves together pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two halves together pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two halves together pretty well
+anyhow but those two dimples are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow but those two dimples are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow but those two dimples are going
+to really help us to make sure that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really help us to make sure that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really help us to make sure that part
+one and part two of the mold can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and part two of the mold can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and part two of the mold can only
+connect to each other in one very exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to each other in one very exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to each other in one very exact
+Banner so they line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctly I was intending to send you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I was intending to send you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I was intending to send you a
+wooden stir stick but I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden stir stick but I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden stir stick but I forgot to
+include them so I ended up making one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include them so I ended up making one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include them so I ended up making one
+out of cardboard very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of cardboard very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of cardboard very straightforward
+just slice off a piece of cardboard from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slice off a piece of cardboard from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slice off a piece of cardboard from
+the shipping box the original one I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shipping box the original one I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shipping box the original one I made
+was the cardboard from the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the cardboard from the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the cardboard from the back of the
+knife packaging fold it a few times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife packaging fold it a few times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife packaging fold it a few times so
+that it's a little bit stiffer wrap tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a little bit stiffer wrap tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a little bit stiffer wrap tape
+around it if it gets saturated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it if it gets saturated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it if it gets saturated with
+water or it bends or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or it bends or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or it bends or something else
+happens to it then you can just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to it then you can just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to it then you can just make
+another one pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one pretty
+easily you'll notice that this video is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily you'll notice that this video is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily you'll notice that this video is
+all sped up quite a bit so it's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sped up quite a bit so it's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sped up quite a bit so it's not in
+real time so don't expect to work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time so don't expect to work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time so don't expect to work as
+quickly as I appear to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as I appear to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as I appear to be
+working the other thing I did kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working the other thing I did kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working the other thing I did kind of as
+I was going along was to take the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going along was to take the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going along was to take the two
+powders the plaster and the AL safe out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powders the plaster and the AL safe out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powders the plaster and the AL safe out
+of the containers that they were shipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the containers that they were shipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the containers that they were shipped
+in and put them into the plastic bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and put them into the plastic bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and put them into the plastic bags
+because we're going to use the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to use the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to use the two
+containers as mixing containers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers as mixing containers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers as mixing containers which
+you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+shortly and the Ziploc bags are a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly and the Ziploc bags are a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly and the Ziploc bags are a nice
+place to store the powder and keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to store the powder and keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to store the powder and keep them
+dry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry and
+clean this is important you should read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean this is important you should read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean this is important you should read
+the technical data sheet completely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical data sheet completely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical data sheet completely so
+that you get the instructions on mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get the instructions on mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get the instructions on mixing
+and how to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to use the
+material uh the alfe is mixed by volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh the alfe is mixed by volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh the alfe is mixed by volume
+typically one part by volume of warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically one part by volume of warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically one part by volume of warm
+water to powder uh you put the water in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to powder uh you put the water in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to powder uh you put the water in
+the cup first and then you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cup first and then you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cup first and then you add the
+powder to it and then you stir it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder to it and then you stir it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder to it and then you stir it's
+pretty forgiving so the ratio doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty forgiving so the ratio doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty forgiving so the ratio doesn't
+have to be perfect here I'm turning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be perfect here I'm turning this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be perfect here I'm turning this
+container into a crude but effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container into a crude but effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container into a crude but effective
+graduated cylinder by just adding strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated cylinder by just adding strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated cylinder by just adding strips
+of tape so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tape so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tape so that I can
+see uh how much water to put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh how much water to put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh how much water to put in the
+container so I'm going to put two tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container so I'm going to put two tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container so I'm going to put two tape
+widths of water and two tape widths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths of water and two tape widths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths of water and two tape widths of
+alga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alga
+safe and this amount worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and this amount worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and this amount worked out
+perfectly for me if you had less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly for me if you had less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly for me if you had less
+clay in your box you might need a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay in your box you might need a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay in your box you might need a little
+bit more alga safe so if you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more alga safe so if you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more alga safe so if you want to be
+on the safe side you could do two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the safe side you could do two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the safe side you could do two and a
+half tape widths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each add water to the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each add water to the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each add water to the height of the
+second tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a scoop full of powder I had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a scoop full of powder I had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a scoop full of powder I had this
+extra container around you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra container around you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra container around you could also
+carefully dump the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully dump the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully dump the
+powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder
+uh from the bag into the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the bag into the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the bag into the mixing
+container note that I'm wearing uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container note that I'm wearing uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container note that I'm wearing uh the
+latex gloves and it's also good to wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latex gloves and it's also good to wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latex gloves and it's also good to wear
+a dust mask if you you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dust mask if you you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dust mask if you you can do this
+Outdoors or someplace like a garage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoors or someplace like a garage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoors or someplace like a garage
+that's away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's away
+from area in your house that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from area in your house that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from area in your house that you might
+want to keep clean that's good this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep clean that's good this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep clean that's good this
+powder is not toxic uh but generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder is not toxic uh but generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder is not toxic uh but generally
+speaking it's not good to inhale any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it's not good to inhale any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it's not good to inhale any
+type of dust so if you can avoid doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of dust so if you can avoid doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of dust so if you can avoid doing
+that you see I'm making a tiny bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see I'm making a tiny bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see I'm making a tiny bit of
+dust if you're careful with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust if you're careful with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust if you're careful with your
+stirring you should be able to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring you should be able to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring you should be able to stay
+pretty clean it's important to note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clean it's important to note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clean it's important to note here
+I'm scraping the walls of the container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm scraping the walls of the container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm scraping the walls of the container
+to make sure there's no pockets of dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure there's no pockets of dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure there's no pockets of dry
+powder and I'm going going to scrape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder and I'm going going to scrape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder and I'm going going to scrape
+back and forth across the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth across the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth across the bottom of the
+container also to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container also to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container also to make sure that the
+water is fully incorporated into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is fully incorporated into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is fully incorporated into the
+powder and there's no clumps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here like I said the algaas saafe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like I said the algaas saafe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like I said the algaas saafe is
+pretty forgiving as far as ratio you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty forgiving as far as ratio you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty forgiving as far as ratio you
+have only about five minutes of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only about five minutes of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only about five minutes of time to
+get it mixed up though if you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it mixed up though if you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it mixed up though if you wait
+longer than that or you forget some step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than that or you forget some step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than that or you forget some step
+or you have to run and do something it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have to run and do something it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have to run and do something it's
+going to harden in the mixing container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to harden in the mixing container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to harden in the mixing container
+so you want to be able to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to be able to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to be able to do this
+quickly uh have everything set up out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh have everything set up out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh have everything set up out
+and in place before you start for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in place before you start for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in place before you start for this
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+specifically so here I am scraping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically so here I am scraping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically so here I am scraping it
+all into the top half of the mold right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all into the top half of the mold right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all into the top half of the mold right
+on top of the figurine you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the figurine you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the figurine you don't need
+any kind of mold release which you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of mold release which you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of mold release which you would
+probably need with other casting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need with other casting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need with other casting
+materials to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to help
+prevent what you might be using from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent what you might be using from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent what you might be using from
+sticking to the thing you're casting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to the thing you're casting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to the thing you're casting it
+onto but this alga safe typically does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto but this alga safe typically does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto but this alga safe typically does
+stick so it goes in there and it'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so it goes in there and it'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so it goes in there and it'll come
+off nicely and cleanly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off nicely and cleanly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off nicely and cleanly
+after I'm also wearing gloves which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I'm also wearing gloves which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I'm also wearing gloves which you
+saw me take off the material is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw me take off the material is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw me take off the material is not
+hazardous to your skin ales saafe is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazardous to your skin ales saafe is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazardous to your skin ales saafe is in
+fact a life casting material meant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a life casting material meant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a life casting material meant for
+making reproductions of uh for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making reproductions of uh for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making reproductions of uh for like
+costume design and that sort of thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume design and that sort of thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume design and that sort of thing of
+people's you know it's meant to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's you know it's meant to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's you know it's meant to be in
+contact with your skin so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with your skin so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with your skin so you don't have
+to worry about any hazards when using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about any hazards when using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about any hazards when using it
+but if you don't want it on your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't want it on your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't want it on your hands
+we've sent you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sent you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sent you some
+gloves the same goes for the plaster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves the same goes for the plaster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves the same goes for the plaster and
+the modeling clay not hazardous to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modeling clay not hazardous to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modeling clay not hazardous to touch
+but if you don't want it on your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't want it on your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't want it on your hands
+so you want to stay a little bit cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to stay a little bit cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to stay a little bit cleaner
+please feel free to wear the gloves if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please feel free to wear the gloves if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please feel free to wear the gloves if
+you don't wear the gloves you're not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't wear the gloves you're not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't wear the gloves you're not at
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+risk so here I am I've cut the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so here I am I've cut the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so here I am I've cut the bottom
+off the cardboard box and I'm pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the cardboard box and I'm pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the cardboard box and I'm pulling
+the modeling clay out so I flipped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modeling clay out so I flipped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modeling clay out so I flipped it
+over to make sure that the alga safe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to make sure that the alga safe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to make sure that the alga safe was
+still secure where I cast it in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still secure where I cast it in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still secure where I cast it in the top
+and I waited about 10 minutes after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I waited about 10 minutes after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I waited about 10 minutes after I
+cast it uh you do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast it uh you do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast it uh you do want to
+do the two steps of casting alga safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the two steps of casting alga safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the two steps of casting alga safe
+and the step of casting plaster all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the step of casting plaster all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the step of casting plaster all on
+the same day the alga safe is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day the alga safe is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day the alga safe is going to
+dry out and start to shrink and possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry out and start to shrink and possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry out and start to shrink and possibly
+crack it's going to depend somewhat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack it's going to depend somewhat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack it's going to depend somewhat on
+temperature and humidity but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and humidity but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and humidity but it is a
+temporary mold material so this mold is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary mold material so this mold is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary mold material so this mold is
+only going to last through this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to last through this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to last through this exercise
+you couldn't reuse it in a week or month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't reuse it in a week or month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't reuse it in a week or month
+here I've pulled all the clay out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've pulled all the clay out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've pulled all the clay out the
+alga safe is still in there the figurine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alga safe is still in there the figurine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alga safe is still in there the figurine
+is still embedded safely in the alga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still embedded safely in the alga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still embedded safely in the alga
+safe just quickly you want to pull all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe just quickly you want to pull all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe just quickly you want to pull all
+the hardened alga safe out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardened alga safe out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardened alga safe out of your
+container before you use it for mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container before you use it for mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container before you use it for mixing
+again I noticed that the second side in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I noticed that the second side in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I noticed that the second side in
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+particular uh exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh exercise
+here was a larger volume than the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was a larger volume than the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was a larger volume than the first
+side so I know I'm going to need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I know I'm going to need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I know I'm going to need more
+alga safe so I've added two more lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alga safe so I've added two more lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alga safe so I've added two more lines
+of tape to to the mixing container I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tape to to the mixing container I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tape to to the mixing container I'm
+going to fill water to the third line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fill water to the third line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fill water to the third line
+and then powder up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sixth same process though get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth same process though get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth same process though get the
+alfe in on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alfe in on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alfe in on top of the
+water it's a little bit more volume so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water it's a little bit more volume so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water it's a little bit more volume so
+there's a little bit higher chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit higher chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit higher chance of
+stirring up dust so I went a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring up dust so I went a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring up dust so I went a little bit
+slower this time when I'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower this time when I'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower this time when I'm doing the
+mixing to keep the dust down as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing to keep the dust down as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing to keep the dust down as much as
+possible can still see a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible can still see a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible can still see a little
+bit once it's Incorporated enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit once it's Incorporated enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit once it's Incorporated enough that
+there's not much loose powder to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much loose powder to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much loose powder to make
+dust I speed up the stirring I scrape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust I speed up the stirring I scrape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust I speed up the stirring I scrape
+the walls again I scrape across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls again I scrape across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls again I scrape across the
+bottom of the container to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the container to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the container to make sure
+there's no dry powder clumps just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dry powder clumps just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dry powder clumps just like
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+time once it's nicely mixed I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time once it's nicely mixed I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time once it's nicely mixed I'll just
+pour it in on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figurine now there are steps we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine now there are steps we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine now there are steps we could
+take to be a lot more careful here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to be a lot more careful here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to be a lot more careful here to
+make sure we don't trap air bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we don't trap air bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we don't trap air bubbles
+we'll see in the final product that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in the final product that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in the final product that I
+have some air bubes but I'm not worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some air bubes but I'm not worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some air bubes but I'm not worried
+about that for the purposes of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that for the purposes of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that for the purposes of this
+exercise 10 minutes pass and we're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise 10 minutes pass and we're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise 10 minutes pass and we're ready
+to pull the cardboard off the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull the cardboard off the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull the cardboard off the second
+side of alfe has hardened or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of alfe has hardened or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of alfe has hardened or
+cured cardboard sticks to it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cured cardboard sticks to it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cured cardboard sticks to it a little
+bit but that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem then we crack open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then we crack open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem then we crack open the
+mold and you can see the figurine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold and you can see the figurine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold and you can see the figurine
+releases nicely from one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is just an open bottom mold so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just an open bottom mold so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just an open bottom mold so
+we're going to be pouring right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be pouring right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be pouring right into the
+figurine there's not going to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine there's not going to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurine there's not going to be any
+runners or Gates or any other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners or Gates or any other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runners or Gates or any other uh
+elements to the mold that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements to the mold that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements to the mold that you would
+typically see in a more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically see in a more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically see in a more sophisticated
+molding process or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding process or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding process or something like
+injection molding or metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection molding or metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection molding or metal
+casting here I'm just going to reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting here I'm just going to reuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting here I'm just going to reuse
+part of this cardboard when I wrap I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this cardboard when I wrap I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this cardboard when I wrap I'm
+going to wrap tape around this mold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wrap tape around this mold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wrap tape around this mold and
+the aler sa is a little bit soft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aler sa is a little bit soft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aler sa is a little bit soft and
+rubbery and I don't want the tape to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbery and I don't want the tape to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbery and I don't want the tape to cut
+into it the mold and it also doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it the mold and it also doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it the mold and it also doesn't
+stick to the mold very well so having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to the mold very well so having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to the mold very well so having
+this little three-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little three-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little three-sided
+um semi box of cardboard just helps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um semi box of cardboard just helps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um semi box of cardboard just helps the
+tape stick and helps give some structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape stick and helps give some structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape stick and helps give some structure
+to the whole thing to make sure it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole thing to make sure it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole thing to make sure it's not
+squeezed in a way that distorts the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed in a way that distorts the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed in a way that distorts the form
+inside it's a few pieces of tape to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it's a few pieces of tape to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it's a few pieces of tape to
+secure it it still didn't feel great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure it it still didn't feel great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure it it still didn't feel great so
+I decided to wrap a couple pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to wrap a couple pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to wrap a couple pieces of
+tape all the way around all sides so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape all the way around all sides so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape all the way around all sides so the
+tape comes back around and sticks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape comes back around and sticks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape comes back around and sticks to
+itself you can see the tape peeling from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you can see the tape peeling from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you can see the tape peeling from
+the shorter pieces down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorter pieces down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorter pieces down
+below so I'll do that with two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so I'll do that with two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so I'll do that with two two
+passes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes I think
+yeah again the technical data sheet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again the technical data sheet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again the technical data sheet is
+important mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important mixing
+plaster is sort of an art form and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaster is sort of an art form and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaster is sort of an art form and I
+didn't do it perfectly you can try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it perfectly you can try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it perfectly you can try to do
+it by weight and you'll get a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by weight and you'll get a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by weight and you'll get a pretty
+good result if you have a scale that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good result if you have a scale that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good result if you have a scale that's
+in the right range here but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right range here but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right range here but most
+professional PL plers are never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional PL plers are never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional PL plers are never going to
+have a scale involved with mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a scale involved with mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a scale involved with mixing
+plaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaster
+so I used I had a lot more here than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I used I had a lot more here than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I used I had a lot more here than I
+needed but I was just trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but I was just trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but I was just trying to figure
+out how much water would be enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much water would be enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how much water would be enough that
+I would be sure that I wouldn't run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be sure that I wouldn't run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be sure that I wouldn't run
+short and now what you see here is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and now what you see here is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and now what you see here is I'm
+carefully sort of sprinkling the plaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully sort of sprinkling the plaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully sort of sprinkling the plaster
+in a little bit at a time and I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit at a time and I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit at a time and I'm trying
+to let it soak in uh this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let it soak in uh this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let it soak in uh this is an
+important part of the process you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the process you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of the process you don't
+want to just dump all of your plaster in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just dump all of your plaster in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just dump all of your plaster in
+one big pile it's just not going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big pile it's just not going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big pile it's just not going to work
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+well some people would be sifting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well some people would be sifting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well some people would be sifting this
+through a Sie a fine mesh screen of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a Sie a fine mesh screen of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a Sie a fine mesh screen of some
+sort in order to really make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in order to really make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in order to really make sure that
+it's loose powder and there's no clumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's loose powder and there's no clumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's loose powder and there's no clumps
+or chunks but for this purpose we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chunks but for this purpose we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chunks but for this purpose we'll be
+okay like this now one way that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like this now one way that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like this now one way that you can
+tell when you have enough powder is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell when you have enough powder is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell when you have enough powder is that
+these little floating islands of powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little floating islands of powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little floating islands of powder
+take longer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take longer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take longer to
+disappear um I don't know exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear um I don't know exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear um I don't know exactly how
+long they're supposed to take I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they're supposed to take I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long they're supposed to take I end up
+with a mix that's a little bit wetter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mix that's a little bit wetter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mix that's a little bit wetter
+than I wanted which we'll see at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I wanted which we'll see at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I wanted which we'll see at the
+end but what I did was Stir It Up and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end but what I did was Stir It Up and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end but what I did was Stir It Up and I
+could feel that it was pretty thin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could feel that it was pretty thin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could feel that it was pretty thin it
+felt pretty low viscosity not much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt pretty low viscosity not much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt pretty low viscosity not much more
+than water so I realized I needed to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than water so I realized I needed to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than water so I realized I needed to add
+some at this point and I start sifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some at this point and I start sifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some at this point and I start sifting
+more back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and I decided that this was probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I decided that this was probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I decided that this was probably
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out that a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that a little bit more
+powder would have been yeah I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder would have been yeah I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder would have been yeah I guess I
+give it one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go now unlike the alga safe which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now unlike the alga safe which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now unlike the alga safe which you
+have to cast as quickly as possible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cast as quickly as possible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cast as quickly as possible you
+actually want to mix the plaster up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to mix the plaster up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to mix the plaster up
+thoroughly and then let it sit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly and then let it sit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly and then let it sit in the
+container for 5 or 10 minutes at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container for 5 or 10 minutes at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container for 5 or 10 minutes at least
+uh to really saturate before you pour it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to really saturate before you pour it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to really saturate before you pour it
+into the mold so you won't see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mold so you won't see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mold so you won't see that in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+video but I did let it sit for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while I'm going to pour it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in decided to add a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in decided to add a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in decided to add a little bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+and then I decided I didn't want that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I decided I didn't want that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I decided I didn't want that c
+cap of extra plaster on top of the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap of extra plaster on top of the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap of extra plaster on top of the part
+so I scraped it back off this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I scraped it back off this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I scraped it back off this is going
+to take anywhere from 30 minutes to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take anywhere from 30 minutes to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take anywhere from 30 minutes to an
+hour maybe longer now the first sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour maybe longer now the first sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour maybe longer now the first sign
+that I had too much water is that water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had too much water is that water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had too much water is that water
+has come out of the mold and it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come out of the mold and it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come out of the mold and it's on the
+cutting mat uh the other thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting mat uh the other thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting mat uh the other thing is that
+there's a an indentation in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a an indentation in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a an indentation in the bottom
+of my cast part well what was the top in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my cast part well what was the top in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my cast part well what was the top in
+the casting it will be the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the casting it will be the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the casting it will be the bottom of the
+figurine when it's sitting on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table that's because the plaster powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's because the plaster powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's because the plaster powder
+settled some of the water leaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled some of the water leaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled some of the water leaked
+out and then there was a little puddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then there was a little puddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then there was a little puddle
+of water on top of the part that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water on top of the part that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water on top of the part that I
+cast here I am finding out where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast here I am finding out where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast here I am finding out where the
+mold opens pulling it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold opens pulling it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold opens pulling it back
+open and releasing the part and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and releasing the part and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and releasing the part and of
+course it's got some chunks on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's got some chunks on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's got some chunks on the
+outside which is where there were air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside which is where there were air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside which is where there were air
+bubbles in the mold and a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles in the mold and a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles in the mold and a little bit of
+a extra Ridge where The Parting line was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a extra Ridge where The Parting line was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a extra Ridge where The Parting line was
+but on the whole for a quick exercise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the whole for a quick exercise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the whole for a quick exercise it
+seems to have worked pretty well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3KJeK-UUADA.txt b/3KJeK-UUADA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c16cc285e44fd958c3143a37e7333b87a206e16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3KJeK-UUADA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+In this exercise, we will learn how semaphores
+can be used to ensure that different precedence
+
+constraints in our programs can be satisfied.
+
+Before diving into the use of semaphores to
+enforce our precedence requirements, let's
+
+review what tools we have available to us.
+
+You can think of a semaphore as a shared resource
+that is limited in quantity.
+
+If we have a semaphore S that is initialized
+to 0 then it represents the fact that currently
+
+resource S is not available.
+
+If S equals 1, then that means that exactly
+one S resource is available for use.
+
+If S equals 2, then there are 2 S resources
+available, and so on.
+
+In order to make use of the shared resource,
+a process must first grab that resource.
+
+This is achieved by adding a wait(S) call
+before the code that requires the resource.
+
+As long as the value of S equals 0, the code
+that is waiting for this resource is stalled
+
+meaning that it can't get past the wait(S)
+command.
+
+To get past the wait(S) call, the value of
+semaphore S must be greater than 0, indicating
+
+that the resource is available.
+
+Grabbing the resource is achieved by decrementing
+the value of the semaphore by 1.
+
+Analogous to the wait(S) command, we have
+a signal(S) command.
+
+A signal of semaphore S indicates that one
+additional S resource has become available.
+
+The signal(S) command increments the value
+of S by 1.
+
+The result of this is that a process that
+is waiting on S will now be able to grab it
+
+and proceed with the next line of code.
+
+Now, lets consider two processes, P1 and P2,
+that run concurrently.
+
+P1 has two sections of code where section
+A is followed by section B.
+
+Similarly, P2 has two sections which are C
+followed by D.
+
+Within each process execution proceeds sequentially,
+so we are guaranteed that A will always precede
+
+B, and C will always precede D.
+Let's also assume that there is no looping
+
+and that each process runs exactly once.
+
+We want to consider how we can make use of
+different semaphores to ensure any necessary
+
+precedence constraints in the code.
+
+Suppose that the constraint that we need to
+satisfy is that the section B code completes
+
+before the section C code begins execution.
+
+We can achieve this using semaphore S by first
+initializing the semaphore to 0 in shared
+
+memory.
+
+Next, in order to ensure that section C code
+does not begin running too early, we add a
+
+wait(S) call before the section C code.
+
+As long as S = 0, the code in process P2 will
+not get to run.
+
+P1 on the other hand, will not be constrained
+in this way, so section A code can begin running
+
+right away.
+
+Since section B follows section A, it will
+be executed after section A.
+
+Once B completes, process P1 needs to signal
+our semaphore to indicate that it is now okay
+
+for process P2 to begin its execution.
+
+The signal(S) call will set S = 1, which will
+allow P2 to finally move beyond the wait(S)
+
+command.
+
+Next, lets consider a slightly more complicated
+constraint where section D precedes section
+
+A, OR section B precedes section C.
+In other words, P1 and P2 cannot overlap.
+
+One has to run followed by the other but either
+of them can be the one to run first.
+
+To achieve this we want to use our S semaphore
+as a mutual exclusion semaphore.
+
+A mutual exclusion semaphore, or mutex, ensures
+that only one complete block of code can run
+
+at a time without getting interrupted.
+
+This can be achieved by initializing our semaphore
+S to 1 and having a wait(S) statement at the
+
+top of both processes.
+
+Since S is initialized to 1, only one of the
+two processes will be able to grab the S semaphore.
+
+Whichever process happens to grab it first
+is the one that will run first.
+
+There is one last piece of code we need to
+add to complete our requirements which is
+
+that at the end of both processes' code, we
+must signal(S).
+
+If we do not signal(S) then only the process
+that happened to grab the S semaphore first
+
+will get to run while the other is stuck waiting
+for the S semaphore.
+
+If at the end of the process, we signal S,
+then S gets incremented back to 1 thus allowing
+
+the next process to execute.
+
+Note that because this code does not loop,
+there is no concern about the first process
+
+grabbing the S semaphore again.
+
+Finally, lets consider one last set of constraints.
+
+In this case, we want to ensure that the first
+section of both processes P1 and P2 run before
+
+the second section of processes P1 and P2.
+
+In other words A must precede B and D, and
+C must precede B and D.
+
+The constraint that A must precede B, and
+C must precede D is satisfied by default because
+
+the code is always executed in order.
+
+This means that our constraint reduces to
+A preceding D, and C preceding B.
+
+To achieve this, we need to use two semaphores,
+say S and T and initialize them to 0.
+
+After the first section of a process completes,
+it should signal to the other process that
+
+it may begin its second section of code provided
+that it has already completed its first section
+
+of code.
+
+To ensure that it has already completed its
+first section of code, we place the signal
+
+calls between the two sections of code in
+each process.
+
+In addition to signaling the other process
+that it may proceed, each of the processes
+
+needs to wait for the semaphore that the other
+process is signaling.
+
+This combination of signal and wait ensures
+that sections A and C of the code will run
+
+before sections B and D.
+Since the semaphores are initialized to 0,
+
+the wait(S) will not complete until P1 calls
+signal(S) at which point it has already completed
+
+section A.
+Similarly, the wait(T) will not complete until
+
+P2 calls signal(T) at which point it has already
+completed section C.
+
+So once the processes can get past their wait
+commands, we are guaranteed that both first
+
+sections of code have already run.
+
+We have also not forced any additional constraints
+by requiring A to run before C or C to run
+
+before A, and so on.
+
+Of course we could have swapped our use of
+the S and T semaphores and ended up with exactly
+
+the same behavior.
+
+Note, however, that we cannot swap the signal
+and wait commands around.
+
+If we tried to call wait before signal, then
+both processes would get deadlocked waiting
+
+for a semaphore that never gets signaled.
+
+This highlights the fact that when using semaphores
+you must always be very careful to not only
+
+worry about satisfying the desired requirements,
+but also ensuring that there is no possibility
+
+of ending up in a deadlock situation where
+one or more processes can never run to completion.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4WsMeqCKpgI.txt b/4WsMeqCKpgI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2532483b184e8b64547d4756143416259f039476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4WsMeqCKpgI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11759 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu of today's lecture is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu of today's lecture is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu of today's lecture is uh
+coherence States coherent states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence States coherent states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence States coherent states of the
+harmonic oscillator so um let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator so um let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator so um let let me
+Begin by telling you about some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Begin by telling you about some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Begin by telling you about some things
+you've we've learned in the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've we've learned in the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've we've learned in the last lecture
+and uh here they are we learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here they are we learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here they are we learned how to
+calculate the so-called Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the so-called Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the so-called Heisenberg
+operators remember if you have a shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators remember if you have a shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators remember if you have a shinger
+operator you subject it to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you subject it to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you subject it to this
+transformation with a unitary operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation with a unitary operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation with a unitary operator
+that creates time Evolution and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates time Evolution and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates time Evolution and that
+gives you the Heisenberg operator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the Heisenberg operator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the Heisenberg operator we
+learn things about Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn things about Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn things about Heisenberg
+expectation values if the hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values if the hamiltonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values if the hamiltonian is
+time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent
+AG time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG time
+independent the formula is quite simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the formula is quite simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the formula is quite simple
+and gives you the Heisenberg operator at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you the Heisenberg operator at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives you the Heisenberg operator at
+a later time so we did this um we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a later time so we did this um we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a later time so we did this um we found
+in fact Heisenberg operator satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact Heisenberg operator satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact Heisenberg operator satisfy
+equations of motion and we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and we calculated
+the Heisenberg operators for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Heisenberg operators for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Heisenberg operators for the
+harmonic oscillator that was our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator that was our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator that was our main
+achievement last time a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement last time a formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement last time a formula for the
+time development of the X and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time development of the X and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time development of the X and P
+operators in the Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the Heisenberg
+picture and that really um contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and that really um contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and that really um contains all
+the information of the Dynamics as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information of the Dynamics as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information of the Dynamics as you
+will see today when we will be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see today when we will be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see today when we will be using
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+stuff now I left uh I suggested that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now I left uh I suggested that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now I left uh I suggested that you
+read uh um and you may do it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh um and you may do it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh um and you may do it later
+there's no need that you've done it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need that you've done it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no need that you've done it for
+today the information on the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the information on the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the information on the time
+development of the creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the creation and
+Annihilation operators you see the a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation operators you see the a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation operators you see the a and
+a dagger are different versions of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger are different versions of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger are different versions of X and
+P are linear combination so the A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P are linear combination so the A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P are linear combination so the A and
+the a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a dagger
+operators also can be thought as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators also can be thought as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators also can be thought as
+shredding operators that have no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding operators that have no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding operators that have no time
+dependence and suddenly if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and suddenly if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and suddenly if you go to the
+Heisenberg picture the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture the creation
+inhalation operators become time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalation operators become time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalation operators become time
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+operators so that's in the notes um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so that's in the notes um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so that's in the notes um you
+can read about it so we Define the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read about it so we Define the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read about it so we Define the time
+dependent operator a hat to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent operator a hat to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent operator a hat to be the
+Heisenberg version of a hat and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg version of a hat and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg version of a hat and you're
+supposed to do a calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do a calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do a calculation and
+um try it or read it and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try it or read it and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try it or read it and the answer is
+very nice uh simply a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice uh simply a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice uh simply a phase
+dependence the a is a at time equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence the a is a at time equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence the a is a at time equal Z
+the shinger 1 * e to Theus I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shinger 1 * e to Theus I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shinger 1 * e to Theus I Omega
+T then the a dagger is just what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then the a dagger is just what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then the a dagger is just what you
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+expect the dagger of this which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the dagger of this which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the dagger of this which the
+phase has an opposite sign and a becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase has an opposite sign and a becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase has an opposite sign and a becomes
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+finally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if you
+substitute this A and A daggers in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this A and A daggers in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this A and A daggers in this
+formula for example you could say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for example you could say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for example you could say x
+Heisenberg is a Heisenberg plus a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg is a Heisenberg plus a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg is a Heisenberg plus a dagger
+Heisenberg and you substitute those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg and you substitute those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg and you substitute those
+Heisenberg values there you will obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg values there you will obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg values there you will obtain
+this same for the momentum if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same for the momentum if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same for the momentum if you put
+Heisenberg Heisenberg Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg Heisenberg Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg Heisenberg Heisenberg
+remember if you have an equality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you have an equality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you have an equality of
+shredding operators it also holds where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding operators it also holds where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding operators it also holds where
+you put High in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put High in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put High in every
+operator and therefore if you put P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and therefore if you put P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and therefore if you put P
+Heisenberg AA and use those values you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg AA and use those values you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg AA and use those values you
+will recover this equation so in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recover this equation so in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recover this equation so in a sense
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equations are equivalent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones and that's uh basically our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and that's uh basically our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and that's uh basically our
+situation this is what we've learned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this is what we've learned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this is what we've learned so
+far and um our goal today is to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and um our goal today is to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and um our goal today is to apply
+this to understand um coherent states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to understand um coherent states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to understand um coherent states of
+the harmonic oscillator now why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator now why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator now why do we
+want to understand coherent states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand coherent states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand coherent states of
+the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic
+oscillator you want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator you want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator you want to understand
+coherent States because the energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent States because the energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent States because the energy I
+states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are
+extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily
+Quantum the energy I states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum the energy I states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum the energy I states of the
+harmonic oscillator don't look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator don't look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator don't look at all
+and you've seen the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've seen the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've seen the expectation value of
+the position it's time independent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position it's time independent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position it's time independent it
+just doesn't change expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't change expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't change expectation value of
+any operator in a stationary state is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any operator in a stationary state is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any operator in a stationary state is a
+constant it just doesn't change so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it just doesn't change so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it just doesn't change so you
+have this any I State any energy IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this any I State any energy IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this any I State any energy IG
+state of the harmonic oscillator you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the harmonic oscillator you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the harmonic oscillator you ask
+what is the position of this particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the position of this particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the position of this particle
+doing answer is nothing what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing answer is nothing what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing answer is nothing what is the
+momentum of this particle doing nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this particle doing nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this particle doing nothing
+um so uh nevertheless of course it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh nevertheless of course it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh nevertheless of course it's an
+interesting state but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting state but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting state but we want to
+construct States quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct States quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct States quantum mechanical
+states that behave a little like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that behave a little like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that behave a little like the
+classical States we're accustomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical States we're accustomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical States we're accustomed
+to and that's what coherent states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and that's what coherent states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and that's what coherent states
+do will have an application of coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do will have an application of coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do will have an application of coherent
+states to light photons coherent photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to light photons coherent photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to light photons coherent photons
+what are they we'll see it later this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they we'll see it later this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they we'll see it later this
+week so uh so that's the reason we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so uh so that's the reason we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so uh so that's the reason we want
+to understand coherent States because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand coherent States because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand coherent States because we
+want some states that in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some states that in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some states that in some ways
+behave classically or close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave classically or close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave classically or close to
+classically so they have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically so they have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically so they have many
+applications the states and uh you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the states and uh you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the states and uh you will
+see some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some of
+them in this lecture I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in this lecture I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in this lecture I'm going to try to
+keep this Blackboard there untouched so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this Blackboard there untouched so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this Blackboard there untouched so
+that we can refer to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+um so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so our first step is considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first step is considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first step is considering
+translation operators so let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operators so let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operators so let's consider
+the unitary translation operators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+operators so this translation operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so this translation operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so this translation operator
+that I will write as T sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will write as T sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will write as T sub
+x0 will be defined to be the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 will be defined to be the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 will be defined to be the exponential
+of e to the minus i p hat x0 over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the minus i p hat x0 over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the minus i p hat x0 over H
+bar you have seen such operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we've seen a lot of them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we've seen a lot of them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we've seen a lot of them in the
+homework so first of all why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unitary well it's unitary because x0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary well it's unitary because x0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary well it's unitary because x0 is
+supposed to be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a real
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 P is her Mission therefore this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 P is her Mission therefore this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 P is her Mission therefore this is
+with the I is anti her Mission and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the I is anti her Mission and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the I is anti her Mission and an
+exponential of anti Herm Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of anti Herm Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of anti Herm Mission
+operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is
+unitary now it has actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary now it has actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary now it has actually a very
+simple property the multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple property the multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple property the multiplication of
+two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators is what well you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators is what well you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators is what well you have an
+exponential e to the minus IP x0 and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the minus IP x0 and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the minus IP x0 and an
+exponential follow e to the minus i p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential follow e to the minus i p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential follow e to the minus i p
+y0 now if you're well trained in 805 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 now if you're well trained in 805 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 now if you're well trained in 805 you
+should get little nervous for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get little nervous for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get little nervous for a second
+because you don't know can I treat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know can I treat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know can I treat it
+easily and then you relax yes these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and then you relax yes these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and then you relax yes these two
+operators whatever the number is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators whatever the number is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators whatever the number is here
+this with another one with a y z would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with another one with a y z would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with another one with a y z would
+commute therefore they can be put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute therefore they can be put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute therefore they can be put
+together in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the
+exponential and this is T of x0 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y0 no cbell Baker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 no cbell Baker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y0 no cbell Baker
+Houser needed here it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houser needed here it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houser needed here it's just
+straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+so what is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is T
+x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+dagger tx0 dagger if you take the dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger tx0 dagger if you take the dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger tx0 dagger if you take the dagger
+you change the I with a minus this I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the I with a minus this I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the I with a minus this I for
+a minus I so it's exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus I so it's exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus I so it's exactly the same as
+changing the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the sign of
+x0 so this is T of Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so this is T of Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so this is T of Min -
+x0 and by this identity T of Min - x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 and by this identity T of Min - x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 and by this identity T of Min - x0
+with a t of x0 would be T of 0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a t of x0 would be T of 0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a t of x0 would be T of 0 which is
+the unit operator so T of Min - x0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit operator so T of Min - x0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit operator so T of Min - x0 is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+inverse of T of x0 confirming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of T of x0 confirming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of T of x0 confirming that the
+operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is
+unitary the inverse is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dagger so I used here that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so I used here that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so I used here that this is the
+inverse because T minus x0 * tx0 is T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse because T minus x0 * tx0 is T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse because T minus x0 * tx0 is T of
+0 is equal to one so I could mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is equal to one so I could mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is equal to one so I could mention
+here T of0 is equal to the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so these are our translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so these are our translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so these are our translation
+operators but you don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but you don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but you don't get the
+intuition of what they do unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of what they do unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of what they do unless you
+compute a little more and the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a little more and the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a little more and the little
+more that you should comp compute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that you should comp compute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that you should comp compute is
+this what is tx0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is tx0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what is tx0
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tx0 and what is T x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 and what is T x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 and what is T x0
+dager P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tx0 now why do we ask for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 now why do we ask for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 now why do we ask for this
+particular things why don't I ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things why don't I ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things why don't I ask what
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+X hat multiplied by tx0 why do I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X hat multiplied by tx0 why do I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X hat multiplied by tx0 why do I ask
+this is because an operator acting on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because an operator acting on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because an operator acting on an
+operator always does this if you say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator always does this if you say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator always does this if you say an
+operator is acting on another operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is acting on another operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is acting on another operator
+the first operator that is acting is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first operator that is acting is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first operator that is acting is you
+put it here with its inverse it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here with its inverse it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here with its inverse it happens
+to be unitary so you put the dagger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unitary so you put the dagger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unitary so you put the dagger and
+you put the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the operator
+here and this is the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the right thing to do
+um it has a simple answer and a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has a simple answer and a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has a simple answer and a simple
+interpret ation as we'll see now so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret ation as we'll see now so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret ation as we'll see now so what
+is T this commutator supposed to be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T this commutator supposed to be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T this commutator supposed to be well
+you probably imagine what this is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably imagine what this is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably imagine what this is you've
+calculated it in homework so I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it in homework so I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it in homework so I will not
+do it again it's x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again it's x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again it's x +
+x0 so you get the operator x + x0 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so you get the operator x + x0 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so you get the operator x + x0 time
+the unit operator that was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit operator that was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit operator that was done
+before and here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+P why because P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P why because P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P why because P
+had is the only operator that exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is the only operator that exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is the only operator that exists in
+this translation thing so p commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this translation thing so p commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this translation thing so p commutes
+with P so these two operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P so these two operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P so these two operators
+commute and the T dagger hits the T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and the T dagger hits the T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and the T dagger hits the T and
+it's equal to one so that's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+so why is this reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is this reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is this reasonable
+it's because of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of the following
+situation if you have a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation if you have a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation if you have a state
+P you can ask for example what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P you can ask for example what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P you can ask for example what is the
+expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of
+x in the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and if this state represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and if this state represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and if this state represents a
+particle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that
+is sitting somewhere here rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting somewhere here rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting somewhere here rough
+the expectation value of x is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of x is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of x is basically
+that Vector that tells you where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector that tells you where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vector that tells you where the
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+is so you could ask then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the expectation value of x in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expectation value of x in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expectation value of x in the
+state t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 so you you want to know what does tx0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so you you want to know what does tx0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so you you want to know what does tx0
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+do here it seems to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here it seems to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here it seems to say
+something takes the operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something takes the operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something takes the operator and
+displaces it but that seems abstract if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaces it but that seems abstract if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaces it but that seems abstract if
+you ask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask this
+question this seems more physical you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this seems more physical you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this seems more physical you
+take you had a state you act with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you had a state you act with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you had a state you act with an
+operator it's another state how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's another state how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's another state how does it
+look well this expectation value would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look well this expectation value would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look well this expectation value would
+be the expectation value of x on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tx0 and the bra would be P tx0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dagger so actually that expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so actually that expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so actually that expectation
+value builds precisely this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value builds precisely this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value builds precisely this
+combination and that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and that's why it's
+meaningful and since you know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful and since you know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful and since you know what this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+p um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p um
+x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 this is equal to the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 this is equal to the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 this is equal to the expectation
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+x in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the original
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+plus x0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 so the expectation value of x in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so the expectation value of x in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so the expectation value of x in the
+new state tx0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state tx0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state tx0
+side is the expectation value of x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the expectation value of x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is the expectation value of x in
+the Old State plus x0 so it indeed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Old State plus x0 so it indeed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Old State plus x0 so it indeed if
+this is X and you could do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X and you could do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X and you could do this for
+vectors and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and here is
+x0 well the expectation value of x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 well the expectation value of x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 well the expectation value of x in
+the new state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new state the
+T x0 operator took the state and moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T x0 operator took the state and moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T x0 operator took the state and moved
+it by a displacement x0 so that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by a displacement x0 so that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by a displacement x0 so that the new
+expectation value is the old one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 so that's physically why these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so that's physically why these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so that's physically why these things
+are relevant a couple of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relevant a couple of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relevant a couple of other things
+you've shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've shown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've shown in the
+homework and you could retry doing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and you could retry doing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and you could retry doing them
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+tx0 on the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 on the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 on the X
+state by this intuition is should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by this intuition is should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state by this intuition is should be the
+x + x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + x0
+state it moves the state to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it moves the state to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it moves the state to the
+right and uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh if
+SI has a wave function P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI has a wave function P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI has a wave function P of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+tx0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 of
+P has a wave function P of x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P has a wave function P of x - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P has a wave function P of x - x
+KN since you know that s of x - x is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN since you know that s of x - x is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN since you know that s of x - x is the
+wave function fun translated by X knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function fun translated by X knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function fun translated by X knot
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+right the sign is always the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the sign is always the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the sign is always the opposite
+one when you write side of x- X knot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when you write side of x- X knot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when you write side of x- X knot the
+function has been moved to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has been moved to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has been moved to the right
+xot so this is our whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xot so this is our whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xot so this is our whole
+um discussion and reminder of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um discussion and reminder of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um discussion and reminder of what the
+translation operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operators
+are so we've got our translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so we've got our translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so we've got our translation
+operator let's see how we can use it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator let's see how we can use it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator let's see how we can use it and
+we'll use it to Define the coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use it to Define the coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use it to Define the coherent
+States so here comes the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so here comes the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so here comes the definition of
+what a coherent state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a coherent state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a coherent state
+is it's a beginning definition our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a beginning definition our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a beginning definition our
+working definition until we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working definition until we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working definition until we understand
+it enough that we can generalize it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enough that we can generalize it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enough that we can generalize it by
+the time we finish the lecture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we finish the lecture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we finish the lecture this
+definition will be generalized in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition will be generalized in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition will be generalized in a very
+nice way um in a very elegant way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way um in a very elegant way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way um in a very elegant way so
+coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States so here it goes I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so here it goes I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so here it goes I'm going to
+take the vacuum state of the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the vacuum state of the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the vacuum state of the harmonic
+oscillator the ground state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the ground state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the ground state of the
+harmonic oscillator and simply displace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and simply displace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and simply displace
+it with a translation Operator by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a translation Operator by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a translation Operator by
+x0 so this is going to be e to Theus i p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so this is going to be e to Theus i p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so this is going to be e to Theus i p
+x x0 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h0 and I want a name for this state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 and I want a name for this state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 and I want a name for this state and
+that's the worst part of it um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the worst part of it um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the worst part of it um there's
+no great name for it um all notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no great name for it um all notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no great name for it um all notations
+are not I don't know if any notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not I don't know if any notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not I don't know if any notation
+that is very good um it's if it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very good um it's if it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very good um it's if it's very
+good it's cumbersome so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's cumbersome so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's cumbersome so
+um so I'll write it like this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'll write it like this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'll write it like this a little
+misleading I'll put a Tilda over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading I'll put a Tilda over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading I'll put a Tilda over the
+state you could say it's a til over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you could say it's a til over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you could say it's a til over the
+X but it really morally speaking it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but it really morally speaking it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but it really morally speaking it's a
+til over the whole state it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+til over the whole state it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+til over the whole state it means that
+this thing you should read there's an x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing you should read there's an x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing you should read there's an x0
+here used for a translation operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here used for a translation operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here used for a translation operator
+that appears here so that's the state X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears here so that's the state X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears here so that's the state X
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+zero intuitively you know what it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero intuitively you know what it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero intuitively you know what it is you
+have the harmonic oscillator potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the harmonic oscillator potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the harmonic oscillator potential
+here is X the ground state is some wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is X the ground state is some wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is X the ground state is some wave
+function like that this state has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like that this state has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like that this state has been
+moved to position x0 and presumably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to position x0 and presumably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to position x0 and presumably some
+sort of wave function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wave function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wave function like
+that because this translates the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because this translates the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because this translates the wave
+function so the ground state move it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the ground state move it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the ground state move it up
+there to the right that's what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to the right that's what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to the right that's what it is
+that's a coherent State and this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a coherent State and this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a coherent State and this there's
+no time dependence here so far so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time dependence here so far so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time dependence here so far so this
+is the State at some instant of time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the State at some instant of time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the State at some instant of time the
+coherence State maybe you call it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence State maybe you call it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence State maybe you call it at
+time equals zero let's leave Time Frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time equals zero let's leave Time Frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time equals zero let's leave Time Frozen
+for a little while until we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while until we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while until we understand
+what the state does then we'll put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the state does then we'll put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the state does then we'll put the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+back so a few remarks on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so a few remarks on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so a few remarks on this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now don't think these are position State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now don't think these are position State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now don't think these are position State
+that's a possible mistake that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a possible mistake that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a possible mistake that's not a
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+State this is a coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is a coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is a coherent
+state if this would be position I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if this would be position I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if this would be position I can
+say you say Delta of this minus that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you say Delta of this minus that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you say Delta of this minus that but
+there nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nothing to do with
+that can you tell without doing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can you tell without doing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can you tell without doing any
+computation what is this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation what is this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation what is this number
+how much should it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much should it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much should it be
+yes it should be one why because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it should be one why because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it should be one why because it's a
+unitary operator acting on this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator acting on this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator acting on this thing so
+it preserves length so this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it preserves length so this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it preserves length so this should be
+equal to 0 0 should be one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 0 should be one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 0 should be one very
+good no need to do the computation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good no need to do the computation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good no need to do the computation it's
+just one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SI Associated to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI Associated to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI Associated to this
+state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is
+the ground state wave function at x - x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state wave function at x - x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state wave function at x - x0
+where this refers to the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this refers to the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this refers to the wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+x 0 is si0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so this is what I was saying here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this is what I was saying here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this is what I was saying here the
+wave function has been translated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function has been translated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function has been translated to
+x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+um the remark over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the remark over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the remark over there
+so uh these are our coherent States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh these are our coherent States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh these are our coherent States and
+we want to understand the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand the first few
+basic things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things about
+them so we can do the following simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computations so if I have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so if I have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations so if I have to do the
+following if I have to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if I have to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if I have to compute the
+expectation value of any operator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of any operator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of any operator a
+on a coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a coherent
+State I use the fact that I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I use the fact that I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State I use the fact that I want to go
+back to the vacuum so I put tx0 dger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the vacuum so I put tx0 dger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the vacuum so I put tx0 dger a
+tx0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero because that way I trade back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that way I trade back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that way I trade back to
+what the vacuum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the vacuum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the vacuum is
+doing it's much easier to do that than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's much easier to do that than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it's much easier to do that than
+to try to to calculate something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to to calculate something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to to calculate something from
+scratch so from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch so from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch so from for
+example we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have
+here um that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um that x
+notot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot
+x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x
+notot well you would replace it by T XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot well you would replace it by T XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot well you would replace it by T XT
+T dager XT which you know is X hat + x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T dager XT which you know is X hat + x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T dager XT which you know is X hat + x
+KN we calculated it a few seconds ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+Blackboard and therefore you got what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and therefore you got what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and therefore you got what is
+the expectation value of x on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of x on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of x on the ground
+state is zero very good and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is zero very good and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is zero very good and therefore we
+just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got
+x0 which is what you would expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 which is what you would expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 which is what you would expect the
+expectation value of x on the coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x on the coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x on the coherent
+state is X zero you're there you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is X zero you're there you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is X zero you're there you've been
+displaced how about the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 P hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 P hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 P hat
+x0 well P acted by the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 well P acted by the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 well P acted by the translation
+operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is
+unchanged therefore we got zero P zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged therefore we got zero P zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged therefore we got zero P zero
+and again that's zero so this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's zero so this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that's zero so this state
+still has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has no
+momentum it represents a t equal z a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it represents a t equal z a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it represents a t equal z a
+state that is over here and just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is over here and just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is over here and just by
+looking at it um it's just sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it um it's just sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it um it's just sitting there
+has no momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatsoever another question that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever another question that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever another question that is uh
+interesting what is the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what is the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what is the expectation
+value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the
+hamiltonan on the coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well
+um this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this should
+be now you imagine in your head T dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now you imagine in your head T dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now you imagine in your head T dagger
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+t now H is p^ s over 2 m and that p^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t now H is p^ s over 2 m and that p^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t now H is p^ s over 2 m and that p^2
+over 2 m gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 m gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 m gets
+unchanged P ^2 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged P ^2 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged P ^2 / 2
+m is not Chang because T dagger and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is not Chang because T dagger and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is not Chang because T dagger and T
+does nothing to it t Dagger from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing to it t Dagger from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing to it t Dagger from the
+left T nevertheless the hamiltonian has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left T nevertheless the hamiltonian has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left T nevertheless the hamiltonian has
+a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1
+12 m Omega 2 x hat and X hat is changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 m Omega 2 x hat and X hat is changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 m Omega 2 x hat and X hat is changed
+by becoming X hat plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x0 well uh we don't want to compute too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 well uh we don't want to compute too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 well uh we don't want to compute too
+hard uh too too much effort here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh too too much effort here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh too too much effort here so
+first we realize that here's the P ^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we realize that here's the P ^2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we realize that here's the P ^2 /
+2 m and here's the M Omega squ x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 m and here's the M Omega squ x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 m and here's the M Omega squ x squared
+so that's the whole hamiltonian so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the whole hamiltonian so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the whole hamiltonian so we
+got 0 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 0 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 0 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the terms that extra terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the terms that extra terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the terms that extra terms that
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+here but what terms come here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what terms come here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what terms come here there's a
+product of an X notot and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X between 0 and Zer X not is a number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X between 0 and Zer X not is a number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X between 0 and Zer X not is a number so
+you have an X between 0 and 0 Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an X between 0 and 0 Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an X between 0 and 0 Z and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+zero so the cross product here won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the cross product here won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the cross product here won't
+contribute to the expectation value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the expectation value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the expectation value so
+the last term that is there is the 12 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term that is there is the 12 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term that is there is the 12 m
+is a number Omega squar x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number Omega squar x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number Omega squar x0
+SAR and what is the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR and what is the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR and what is the expectation value of
+the hamiltonian on the vacuum is H Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian on the vacuum is H Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian on the vacuum is H Omega
+over 2 + 12 M Omega 2 x0 2 and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 + 12 M Omega 2 x0 2 and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 + 12 M Omega 2 x0 2 and you start
+seeing a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a classical
+Behavior the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior the expectation value of the
+energy at this point is a little Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at this point is a little Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at this point is a little Quantum
+thing plus the whole cost of stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing plus the whole cost of stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing plus the whole cost of stretching
+something all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all the way to
+x0 1/ 12 of K squared k for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 1/ 12 of K squared k for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 1/ 12 of K squared k for the
+oscillator x0 squar so the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator x0 squar so the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator x0 squar so the energy of
+this thing is quite reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is quite reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is quite reasonably
+approximated if x0 is large enough by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated if x0 is large enough by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated if x0 is large enough by
+the second term and this is the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term and this is the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term and this is the cost of
+energy of having a particle off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of having a particle off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of having a particle off the
+potential so it's behaving the in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it's behaving the in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it's behaving the in a
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+way um you can do a couple more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um you can do a couple more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um you can do a couple more of
+uh little uh exercises that I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little uh exercises that I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little uh exercises that I'll put
+here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um as things for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as things for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as things for you to
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exercise x0 Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise x0 Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise x0 Tilda
+x² x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² x0
+TAA just calculate it's just useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA just calculate it's just useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA just calculate it's just useful to
+have x0 squ + H bar over 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x0 squ + H bar over 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x0 squ + H bar over 2 m
+Omega and X 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and X 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and X 0
+Tilda p² x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda p² x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda p² x0
+Tilda is m h Omega / 2 and finally x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda is m h Omega / 2 and finally x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda is m h Omega / 2 and finally x0
+till the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till the x
+p+ p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p+ p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p+ p
+x x0 Tia is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+any questions these are exercises for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions these are exercises for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions these are exercises for
+you to practice a little this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to practice a little this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to practice a little this
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+vales questions on what we've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vales questions on what we've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vales questions on what we've done so
+far yes so using these C States is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yes so using these C States is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yes so using these C States is most
+significant only in the ground state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant only in the ground state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant only in the ground state or
+is it also important to use using for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it also important to use using for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it also important to use using for
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+other well we've take can it to be we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other well we've take can it to be we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other well we've take can it to be we've
+Define a coherent state by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a coherent state by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a coherent state by taking the
+ground state and moving it and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and moving it and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and moving it and these are
+particularly interesting you could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting you could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting you could try
+to figure out what would happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what would happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what would happen if you
+would take an excited state and you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take an excited state and you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take an excited state and you move
+it things are a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it things are a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it things are a little more
+complicated and in a sense they can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and in a sense they can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and in a sense they can all
+be understood in terms of what we do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood in terms of what we do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood in terms of what we do to
+the ground state so we will not focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state so we will not focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state so we will not focus on
+them too much in a sense you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them too much in a sense you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them too much in a sense you will see
+when we generalize this is how um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we generalize this is how um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we generalize this is how um what
+we're doing is very special in at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is very special in at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is very special in at least
+one simple way so we'll always focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one simple way so we'll always focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one simple way so we'll always focus on
+translating the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating the ground
+state other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state other
+questions yes um where does the term coh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes um where does the term coh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes um where does the term coh
+arise why is it cohere when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise why is it cohere when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise why is it cohere when you
+translate okay here is the the thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate okay here is the the thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate okay here is the the thing of
+the coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent
+state is this an energy State at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is this an energy State at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is this an energy State at this
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+moment what do you think is this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment what do you think is this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment what do you think is this an
+energy I State this state over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I State this state over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I State this state over
+here no it won't be an energy State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no it won't be an energy State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no it won't be an energy State
+there's something funny about it energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something funny about it energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something funny about it energy
+states are all these defused things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are all these defused things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are all these defused things they
+never look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never look like
+that so this is not an energy I say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is not an energy I say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is not an energy I say and
+you've done things with non-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done things with non-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done things with non-energy
+States they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they change
+shape as they evolve they change shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape as they evolve they change shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape as they evolve they change shape
+what we will see very soon is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will see very soon is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will see very soon is that this
+state if we let it go it will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if we let it go it will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if we let it go it will start
+moving back and forth without changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving back and forth without changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving back and forth without changing
+shape it's going to do an amazing thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape it's going to do an amazing thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape it's going to do an amazing thing
+it's not as you know energy I say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as you know energy I say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as you know energy I say you're
+superposed to energy states you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposed to energy states you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposed to energy states you get
+something that changes in time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that changes in time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that changes in time and the
+shape changes and you've even done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape changes and you've even done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape changes and you've even done
+problems like that but this state is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like that but this state is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like that but this state is so
+exceptional that even as we let it go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional that even as we let it go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional that even as we let it go in
+time it's going to change but the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to change but the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to change but the shape
+is not going to spread out you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to spread out you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to spread out you remember
+when you considered a pulse in a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you considered a pulse in a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you considered a pulse in a free
+particle how it disappears and stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle how it disappears and stretches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle how it disappears and stretches
+away well in the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away well in the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away well in the harmonic oscillator
+this has been so well prepared that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been so well prepared that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been so well prepared that this
+thing as time goes by will just move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as time goes by will just move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as time goes by will just move and
+oscillate like a particle and it does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate like a particle and it does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate like a particle and it does so
+coherently doesn't change shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherently doesn't change shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherently doesn't change shape
+when we talk about light coherent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about light coherent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about light coherent light
+is what you get from lasers and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get from lasers and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get from lasers and so if
+you want to understand lasers you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to understand lasers you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to understand lasers you have
+to understand coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States okay so um this brings us there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so um this brings us there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so um this brings us there
+to time Evolution so let's do time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution so time evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what will happen we'll have a state X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will happen we'll have a state X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what will happen we'll have a state X
+notot goes to X not comma T so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot goes to X not comma T so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot goes to X not comma T so that's
+notation that's what we'll mean by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that's what we'll mean by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that's what we'll mean by the
+state at a later time and how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at a later time and how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at a later time and how are we
+going to explore this well we're all set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explore this well we're all set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explore this well we're all set
+with our Heisenberg operator so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our Heisenberg operator so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our Heisenberg operator so we'll
+take expectation values of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take expectation values of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take expectation values of things to
+figure out how things look so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how things look so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how things look so what do we
+have here we'll ask for X not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here we'll ask for X not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here we'll ask for X not
+t and we'll put the shredding operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and we'll put the shredding operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and we'll put the shredding operator
+in between here x not t and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between here x not t and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between here x not t and this is what
+we'll call the expectation value of a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the expectation value of a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the expectation value of a as
+time goes by in the x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State this is what we call this but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is what we call this but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this is what we call this but then
+we have the time Evolution so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the time Evolution so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the time Evolution so this is
+equal to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the original
+state Heisenberg operator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Heisenberg operator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Heisenberg operator of
+a original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state and if you wish you could then put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and if you wish you could then put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and if you wish you could then put
+the T operator as we had in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T operator as we had in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T operator as we had in the top
+Blackboard to the right and reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard to the right and reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard to the right and reduce it
+even more but we've computed a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more but we've computed a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more but we've computed a lot of
+this coherence State expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coherence State expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coherence State expectation value
+so let's leave it like that um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's leave it like that um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's leave it like that um so you
+could if you wish say this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you wish say this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you wish say this is equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+tx0 dger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 dger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx0 dger
+ah um t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah um t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah um t
+x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+z so you can ultimately reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so you can ultimately reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so you can ultimately reduce it to
+expectation values of things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum so okay we're all set let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so okay we're all set let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so okay we're all set let's try
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and the reason this is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the reason this is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the reason this is a nice
+calculation is that the time evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is that the time evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is that the time evolution
+of the state is a little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state is a little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state is a little complicated
+we'll figure it out later but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure it out later but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure it out later but it's
+easier to work with the time Evol state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to work with the time Evol state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to work with the time Evol state
+so here it goes what is the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it goes what is the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it goes what is the expectation
+value of x as a function of time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x as a function of time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x as a function of time on the
+X notot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X notot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X notot
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+well it says here take the X not State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says here take the X not State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it says here take the X not State
+and take the Heisenberg value of x so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the Heisenberg value of x so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the Heisenberg value of x so we
+have it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it up
+there X cine Omega t + p/ m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there X cine Omega t + p/ m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there X cine Omega t + p/ m
+Omega sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sin Omega
+t x not forget about time evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x not forget about time evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x not forget about time evolution of
+the coherence say we've evolved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherence say we've evolved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherence say we've evolved the
+operator on the other hand we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the other hand we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the other hand we have that
+the expectation value of p is zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of p is zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of p is zero in
+the coherent State and the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent State and the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent State and the expectation
+value of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x is
+x0 so end of story calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so end of story calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 so end of story calculation
+over x0 cosine of Omega t that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x0 cosine of Omega t that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x0 cosine of Omega t that's the
+expectation value in time this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value in time this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value in time this thing is
+oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classically as nice as can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically as nice as can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically as nice as can
+be so uh classical Behavior again of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so uh classical Behavior again of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so uh classical Behavior again of a
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+State how about expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State how about expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State how about expectation value of
+P x0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P x0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P x0 of
+T if it's oscillating in better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if it's oscillating in better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if it's oscillating in better be
+moving and it better have some momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and it better have some momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and it better have some momentum
+so let's put the momentum operator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put the momentum operator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put the momentum operator here
+the Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Heisenberg
+one so we'll have P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we'll have P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we'll have P
+hat cosine Omega T minus M Omega X sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat cosine Omega T minus M Omega X sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat cosine Omega T minus M Omega X sin
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+T x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T x0
+TAA and this is zero but X has x0 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA and this is zero but X has x0 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA and this is zero but X has x0 there
+so M Omega x0 sin of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T which is equal to M DDT of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is equal to M DDT of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is equal to M DDT of the
+expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x here it is the expectation value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here it is the expectation value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here it is the expectation value of x
+uh M DDT of that is minus M Oma x0 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M DDT of that is minus M Oma x0 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M DDT of that is minus M Oma x0 sin
+Omega T that's what it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T that's what it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T that's what it should
+be and this thing is really oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and this thing is really oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and this thing is really oscillating
+classically not only the exposition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically not only the exposition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically not only the exposition but
+the momentum is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is doing
+that now the other thing that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the other thing that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the other thing that we can
+compute and we want to compute is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and we want to compute is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute and we want to compute is uh the
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+thing you know you have this state we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know you have this state we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know you have this state we
+said it's coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's coherent
+Evolution so the ground state is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution so the ground state is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution so the ground state is this
+state that is a minimum uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is a minimum uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is a minimum uncertainty
+packet it has a Delta X uncertainty in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet it has a Delta X uncertainty in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet it has a Delta X uncertainty in X
+and a Delta P their product saturates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Delta P their product saturates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Delta P their product saturates
+the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty
+inequality and when we move the state x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and when we move the state x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and when we move the state x0
+well the Delta X will be the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Delta X will be the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Delta X will be the same the
+Delta P will be the same and it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P will be the same and it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P will be the same and it's that
+but now as it starts to move we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now as it starts to move we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now as it starts to move we want to
+see if the shape is kept the same maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the shape is kept the same maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if the shape is kept the same maybe
+it fens up and shrinks down and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fens up and shrinks down and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fens up and shrinks down and does
+things in the middle so the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the middle so the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the middle so the issue of
+coherency of this state is the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherency of this state is the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherency of this state is the issue
+whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the
+uncertainties remain the same if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties remain the same if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties remain the same if the
+uncertainties remain the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties remain the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties remain the same and
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+saturated the product is saturating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated the product is saturating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated the product is saturating
+inequality you know that the shape has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality you know that the shape has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality you know that the shape has
+to be gausian and it must be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be gausian and it must be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be gausian and it must be the same
+shape that is running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that is running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that is running
+around so what we need to compute is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so what we need to compute is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so what we need to compute is the
+uncertainty in X for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in X for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in X for example so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+how do Delta X of T and Delta P of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behave that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave that's our
+question and let's see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do well we have this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well we have this computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well we have this computation
+actually if you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you don't have the
+Heisenberg picture is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture is kind of a
+nightmare um with the Heisenberg picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare um with the Heisenberg picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare um with the Heisenberg picture
+it it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a lot
+easier Delta x² of T would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier Delta x² of T would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier Delta x² of T would be the
+expectation value of x not t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x not t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x not t of
+x² X not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T minus expectation value of x not t x X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus expectation value of x not t x X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus expectation value of x not t x X
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared I wrote what the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I wrote what the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I wrote what the definition of
+the uncertainty squared is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty squared is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty squared is is the
+expectation value of the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the operator
+squared minus the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus the square of the
+expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the
+operator and of course everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and of course everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and of course everything is
+going to turn Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn Heisenberg
+immediately so this thing maybe I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so this thing maybe I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so this thing maybe I can go
+one more line here would be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more line here would be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more line here would be X
+not X Heisenberg squar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X Heisenberg squar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X Heisenberg squar of
+t x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x
+knot minus um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot minus um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot minus um this is
+simple this we've calculated it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this we've calculated it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this we've calculated it's that
+expectation value at the top is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value at the top is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value at the top is the
+expectation value of x in time it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x in time it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x in time it's that
+so this is min - x0 2 cosine squ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is min - x0 2 cosine squ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is min - x0 2 cosine squ of
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T so what do we have to do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so what do we have to do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so what do we have to do we have to
+focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so this term is equal to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so this term is equal to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so this term is equal to X
+KN and you have X Heisenberg squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN and you have X Heisenberg squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN and you have X Heisenberg squared so
+let's do it x^ s cosine Omega t plus p^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it x^ s cosine Omega t plus p^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it x^ s cosine Omega t plus p^
+squ over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ over
+m^ S w^ 2 sin 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^ S w^ 2 sin 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^ S w^ 2 sin 2 Omega
+t plus um 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus um 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus um 1 /
+MW cosine Omega I'm sorry cosine Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW cosine Omega I'm sorry cosine Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW cosine Omega I'm sorry cosine Omega T
+sin Omega t x p + p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x x Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tilla that's just that term and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilla that's just that term and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilla that's just that term and I just
+squared that thing but I suggested a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that thing but I suggested a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that thing but I suggested a few
+exercises here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises here this is
+zero in fact it's zero in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in fact it's zero in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in fact it's zero in the ground
+state as well so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero X SAR gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero X SAR gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero X SAR gives
+you the top equation x0 2 + HR / 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the top equation x0 2 + HR / 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the top equation x0 2 + HR / 2 m
+Omega cosine s Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus p^2 over M2 w^2 so p^2 is m h Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p^2 over M2 w^2 so p^2 is m h Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p^2 over M2 w^2 so p^2 is m h Omega
+/ 2 and then you have m²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 and then you have m²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 and then you have m²
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+s sin s Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and that's this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and that's this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and that's this whole
+term and the thing that we're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the thing that we're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the thing that we're supposed
+to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is
+subtract this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract this
+here you see that the X not squ cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see that the X not squ cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see that the X not squ cosine
+squ of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ of Omega
+T cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so what do we get h bar/ 2 MW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what do we get h bar/ 2 MW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what do we get h bar/ 2 MW
+cosine ^ 2 Omega T but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine ^ 2 Omega T but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine ^ 2 Omega T but this
+thing is also h bar/ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is also h bar/ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is also h bar/ 2
+MW sin s Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW sin s Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW sin s Omega
+T So this whole thing all the times have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this whole thing all the times have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this whole thing all the times have
+disappeared Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared Delta
+x² the time dep pendant here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² the time dep pendant here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² the time dep pendant here has
+disappeared with that and the COS squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared with that and the COS squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared with that and the COS squar
+with sin squar have combine and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sin squar have combine and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sin squar have combine and you get
+H bar over 2 m Omega which was this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar over 2 m Omega which was this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar over 2 m Omega which was this is
+I'm sorry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry of
+T we work very hard to put the T there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we work very hard to put the T there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we work very hard to put the T there
+we should leave it the uncertainty as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should leave it the uncertainty as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should leave it the uncertainty as a
+function of time has not changed is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time has not changed is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time has not changed is the
+original uncertainty of the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uncertainty of the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original uncertainty of the ground state
+so this is moving in a nice way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is moving in a nice way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is moving in a nice way you're
+supposed to compute now as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to compute now as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to compute now as well the
+uncertainty in P I leave that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in P I leave that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in P I leave that as an
+exercise Delta p^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise Delta p^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise Delta p^
+s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of
+t equal m h Omega /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equal m h Omega /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equal m h Omega /
+2 so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exercise practice with coherent States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise practice with coherent States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise practice with coherent States
+um it's worth doing it I think actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's worth doing it I think actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's worth doing it I think actually
+there's going to be a problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a problem in the
+homework set in which you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework set in which you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework set in which you're going to
+ask to do most of these things including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask to do most of these things including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask to do most of these things including
+things I'm doing here on the Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm doing here on the Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm doing here on the Blackboard
+so you will practice this so between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will practice this so between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will practice this so between
+these two Delta P Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Delta P Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Delta P Delta X
+um Delta X of T Delta P of T is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Delta X of T Delta P of T is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Delta X of T Delta P of T is in fact
+equal to H bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H bar over
+two and um this is a minimum uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and um this is a minimum uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and um this is a minimum uncertainty
+thing and it behaves quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nicely all right so the name coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely all right so the name coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely all right so the name coherent
+now should make sense you've produced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now should make sense you've produced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now should make sense you've produced a
+Quantum state that has about the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state that has about the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum state that has about the energy
+of a state that you're familiar with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a state that you're familiar with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a state that you're familiar with and
+it moves classically and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves classically and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves classically and it doesn't
+change shape as it moves so it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coherently so our next task therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherently so our next task therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherently so our next task therefore
+will be to understand it in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to understand it in the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to understand it in the energy
+basis because uh in the energy basis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because uh in the energy basis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because uh in the energy basis it
+looks like a miracle you've suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a miracle you've suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a miracle you've suddenly
+managed to produce a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to produce a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to produce a set of
+states of different energies created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of different energies created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of different energies created a
+superposition and suddenly it moves in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition and suddenly it moves in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition and suddenly it moves in a
+nice way why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way why does that
+happen so we need to understand uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so we need to understand uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so we need to understand uh the
+energy basis and as we do that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy basis and as we do that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy basis and as we do that we'll
+understand how to generalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to generalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to generalize the
+coherent States completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent States completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent States completely
+so um let's go on with that and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's go on with that and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's go on with that and let's
+explore this in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis so what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so what do we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have the coherent State don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the coherent State don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the coherent State don't need to
+put the time yet is e to the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the time yet is e to the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the time yet is e to the exponential
+of Min - i p x0 over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Min - i p x0 over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Min - i p x0 over H
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+um there is as you've seen already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is as you've seen already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is as you've seen already a
+length scale in the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale in the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale in the harmonic oscillator
+a famous length scale and we'll have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a famous length scale and we'll have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a famous length scale and we'll have an
+abbreviation for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation for it
+um it's the length scale d 0^ 2 H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the length scale d 0^ 2 H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the length scale d 0^ 2 H bar
+over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M
+Omega you can use the parameters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega you can use the parameters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega you can use the parameters of the
+harmonic oscillator H bar and M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator H bar and M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator H bar and M and
+Omega to produce a length scale and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega to produce a length scale and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega to produce a length scale and that
+length scale is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale is D
+KN is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN is essentially the
+uncertainty in the position on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the position on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the position on the
+ground state up to square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state up to square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state up to square root of
+two it's the way you know it's you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's the way you know it's you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's the way you know it's you want
+to construct the length there it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct the length there it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct the length there it is it's
+the only way you can construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you can construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you can construct the
+length so I'm going to use that notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so I'm going to use that notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so I'm going to use that notation
+so let me put what p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put what p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put what p
+is into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is into that
+formula and U simplify it so this is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and U simplify it so this is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and U simplify it so this is on
+the vacum I'm sorry I stopped half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacum I'm sorry I stopped half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacum I'm sorry I stopped half the
+way so this is exponential of x0 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this is exponential of x0 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this is exponential of x0 over
+Square < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK
+2D a dagger minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D a dagger minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D a dagger minus
+a on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum um plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum um plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum um plug in the
+P get the H bars and you will see the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P get the H bars and you will see the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P get the H bars and you will see the D
+enters in that way um it's the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters in that way um it's the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters in that way um it's the way it
+has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+enter Because this exponential should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter Because this exponential should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter Because this exponential should
+have no units and therefore X KN over D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no units and therefore X KN over D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no units and therefore X KN over D
+KN has no units and the A's and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN has no units and the A's and the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN has no units and the A's and the a
+daggers have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers have no
+units so it couldn't be any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so it couldn't be any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so it couldn't be any way
+different like that the ey also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like that the ey also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like that the ey also
+shouldn't be there because this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be there because this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be there because this operator
+the I was there to make this anti her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I was there to make this anti her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I was there to make this anti her
+Mission but this with this real is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission but this with this real is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission but this with this real is
+already anti Herm Mission you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already anti Herm Mission you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already anti Herm Mission you see you
+take the dagger it becomes minus itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the dagger it becomes minus itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the dagger it becomes minus itself
+so this is anti Herm Mission no need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is anti Herm Mission no need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is anti Herm Mission no need for
+an i in fact an I would be wrong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i in fact an I would be wrong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i in fact an I would be wrong so
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+I and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+now we want to figure out how this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to figure out how this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to figure out how this looks
+in the energy basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy basis
+so what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to
+do we're going to have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're going to have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we're going to have to do something
+with that exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that exponential
+we're going to have to reorder it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to reorder it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to reorder it this
+is a job for Baker cell house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a job for Baker cell house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a job for Baker cell house
+dorf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorf
+um which one well this one e to the X +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which one well this one e to the X +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which one well this one e to the X +
+Y is equal to e to the x e to the y e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to e to the x e to the y e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to e to the x e to the y e to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+min-2 I don't know this by heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XY and stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and stops
+there if and only if x commutator with Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if and only if x commutator with Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if and only if x commutator with Y
+commutes with X and commutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with X and commutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with X and commutes with
+Y there was a problem in the home in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y there was a problem in the home in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y there was a problem in the home in the
+test that uh there was an operator with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that uh there was an operator with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that uh there was an operator with
+XP plus PX acting on X and after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP plus PX acting on X and after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP plus PX acting on X and after you
+commute it uh you get X again and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute it uh you get X again and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute it uh you get X again and you
+keep have to keep including terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep have to keep including terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep have to keep including terms so
+this stops here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commutes with X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with X and
+Y and why do I want this because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and why do I want this because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and why do I want this because I
+actually want to split the creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to split the creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to split the creation and
+Annihilation operators I want them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation operators I want them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation operators I want them in
+separate exponentials I I you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate exponentials I I you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate exponentials I I you know we
+have that energy I states are creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that energy I states are creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that energy I states are creation
+operators on the vacuum but here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators on the vacuum but here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators on the vacuum but here I have
+creation minus destruction so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation minus destruction so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation minus destruction so if I
+expand exponential I'm going to get lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand exponential I'm going to get lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand exponential I'm going to get lots
+of creation and destruction and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creation and destruction and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creation and destruction and I'm
+going to spend hours trying to sort it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend hours trying to sort it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend hours trying to sort it
+out if you did expand it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you did expand it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you did expand it I
+bet you won't see it through so easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet you won't see it through so easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet you won't see it through so easily
+probably will take you forever and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will take you forever and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will take you forever and it
+might not work out so so expanding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not work out so so expanding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not work out so so expanding an
+exponential is something that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is something that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is something that uh you
+know should be reluctant to do on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should be reluctant to do on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should be reluctant to do on the
+other hand this is a a nice option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand this is a a nice option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand this is a a nice option
+because then you think of this as e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you think of this as e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you think of this as e to
+the x0 over < TK of 2D KN a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x0 over < TK of 2D KN a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x0 over < TK of 2D KN a
+dagger minus x0 over < TK of 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger minus x0 over < TK of 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger minus x0 over < TK of 2D
+KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this analogy x with this and Y with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analogy x with this and Y with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analogy x with this and Y with this
+it's like why is this thing minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like why is this thing minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like why is this thing minus that
+and X is that you could have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X is that you could have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X is that you could have done it
+other way around but then you would run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around but then you would run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around but then you would run
+into trouble again why because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble again why because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble again why because I want
+the Y factor that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y factor that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y factor that has the
+annihilators to be to the right of the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilators to be to the right of the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilators to be to the right of the X
+Factor that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor that has the
+creation why because if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+annihilators closer to the vacuum that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilators closer to the vacuum that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilators closer to the vacuum that's
+good annihilators closer to the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good annihilators closer to the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good annihilators closer to the vacuum
+is what you really want because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you really want because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you really want because if you
+have Creators close to the vacuum they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Creators close to the vacuum they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Creators close to the vacuum they
+create state but then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create state but then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create state but then you have the
+annihilators and you have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilators and you have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilators and you have to start
+working them out on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working them out on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working them out on the other hand if
+the annihilators are close to the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annihilators are close to the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the annihilators are close to the vacuum
+they just kill the vacuum and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just kill the vacuum and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just kill the vacuum and you can
+forget them so it's very important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget them so it's very important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget them so it's very important that
+you identify x with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify x with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify x with
+this and Y with this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that this
+is e to the X over < TK of 2 d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the X over < TK of 2 d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the X over < TK of 2 d a
+dagger e to the minus X KN over Square <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger e to the minus X KN over Square <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger e to the minus X KN over Square <
+TK 2 d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK 2 d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK 2 d
+a and now you're supposed to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now you're supposed to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now you're supposed to do the
+commutator of these two things and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of these two things and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of these two things and the
+commutator is the commutator of an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator is the commutator of an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator is the commutator of an a
+dagger with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A and that is one so this commutator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and that is one so this commutator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and that is one so this commutator is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+number crucial because if it wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number crucial because if it wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number crucial because if it wasn't a
+number if it would be an A or an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if it would be an A or an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if it would be an A or an a
+dagger it would not commute with a X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger it would not commute with a X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger it would not commute with a X and
+Y and you have to include more terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and you have to include more terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and you have to include more terms so
+the fact that this commutator is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this commutator is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this commutator is a
+number allows you to use this formula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number allows you to use this formula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number allows you to use this formula so
+now we'll put this Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll put this Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll put this Factor
+here minus 12 then you have x with Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus 12 then you have x with Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus 12 then you have x with Y and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0
+minus x0 over < TK 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x0 over < TK 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x0 over < TK 2D
+sared minus and this Factor square and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sared minus and this Factor square and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sared minus and this Factor square and a
+dagger with a which is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger with a which is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger with a which is minus
+one so that's that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so the
+let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write
+it the coherent State therefore X not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the coherent State therefore X not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the coherent State therefore X not
+TAA is equal to e to the X KN over < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA is equal to e to the X KN over < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA is equal to e to the X KN over < TK
+2 D KN a dagger e to the minus X KN over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 D KN a dagger e to the minus X KN over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 D KN a dagger e to the minus X KN over
+< TK 2 D A and this Factor that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK 2 D A and this Factor that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK 2 D A and this Factor that seems to
+be e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e to
+Theus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus um
+14 x s over D KN squared and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 x s over D KN squared and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 x s over D KN squared and here is
+this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice
+vacuum yes factor is right so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum yes factor is right so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum yes factor is right so what is
+this well this is a number so I can pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this is a number so I can pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this is a number so I can pull
+it to the left and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the left and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the left and here is the
+exponential of the annihilator operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the annihilator operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the annihilator operator
+now expand exponential it's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now expand exponential it's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now expand exponential it's one that
+survives but the first term has an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives but the first term has an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives but the first term has an a
+kills it the second has an a squar kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills it the second has an a squar kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills it the second has an a squar kills
+it everything kills it this thing acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it everything kills it this thing acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it everything kills it this thing acting
+on the vacuum is just one that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vacuum is just one that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vacuum is just one that's why
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+simple so what have we gotten the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so what have we gotten the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so what have we gotten the state
+x0 Tilda is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 Tilda is e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 Tilda is e to
+-4 x0 2 over d^ 2ar time e to the x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 x0 2 over d^ 2ar time e to the x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 x0 2 over d^ 2ar time e to the x0
+over < TK of 2 d a dagger on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum well this is nice uh not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum well this is nice uh not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum well this is nice uh not quite
+energy states but uh we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states but uh we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states but uh we're almost
+there what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what is this
+e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+-4 x 0^ 2/ d^ 2 and now expand this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 x 0^ 2/ d^ 2 and now expand this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 x 0^ 2/ d^ 2 and now expand this is
+the sum from n = 1 to Infinity 1 / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from n = 1 to Infinity 1 / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from n = 1 to Infinity 1 / n
+factorial X KN over s < TK of 2 D KN to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial X KN over s < TK of 2 D KN to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial X KN over s < TK of 2 D KN to
+the n a hat dagger to the n on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what was the nth energy igen State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the nth energy igen State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the nth energy igen State
+you probably remember the N energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably remember the N energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably remember the N energy I
+state is a dagger to the n on the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is a dagger to the n on the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is a dagger to the n on the vacuum
+over square root of n factorial so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of n factorial so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of n factorial so we've
+got a little more than a square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little more than a square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little more than a square root of
+n factorial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial so
+I'll maybe do it here we get e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll maybe do it here we get e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll maybe do it here we get e to the
+-4 x0 0 2 over D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 x0 0 2 over D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 x0 0 2 over D
+2qu um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2qu um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2qu um
+sum from n equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+infinity 1 over Square < TK of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity 1 over Square < TK of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity 1 over Square < TK of n
+factorial X over sare < TK of 2 D KN to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial X over sare < TK of 2 D KN to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial X over sare < TK of 2 D KN to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+N times the nth energy IG state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+messy but not so bad let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but not so bad let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but not so bad let
+me I think actually I won't need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I think actually I won't need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I think actually I won't need that
+anymore well no I may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore well no I may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore well no I may I
+will um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um so
+let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write
+it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe
+again looks a well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looks a well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looks a well it's
+okay let's r write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's r write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's r write it as
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CN um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay so I got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CNS and N so this is a very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS and N so this is a very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS and N so this is a very precise
+superposition of energy I States very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of energy I States very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of energy I States very
+delicate superposition of energy ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicate superposition of energy ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delicate superposition of energy ion
+States um let me write it in the f F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um let me write it in the f F in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States um let me write it in the f F in
+way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um
+CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared why would I care about CN squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared why would I care about CN squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared why would I care about CN squar
+um CN squar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CN squar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CN squar is the
+probability to find the coherent state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to find the coherent state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to find the coherent state
+in the nth energy ion State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nth energy ion State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nth energy ion State the
+amplitude to have it in the nth energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude to have it in the nth energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude to have it in the nth energy
+IG state is CN so that probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG state is CN so that probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG state is CN so that probability to
+find it in the N energy ion state is CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in the N energy ion state is CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it in the N energy ion state is CN
+2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+for X still the 0 to B in the nth energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X still the 0 to B in the nth energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X still the 0 to B in the nth energy
+ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion
+state that is what exponential of - 12 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is what exponential of - 12 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is what exponential of - 12 x
+0^ 2 over d 0^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0^ 2 over d 0^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0^ 2 over d 0^
+2 and I have to square that so I have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I have to square that so I have 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I have to square that so I have 1
+/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+have to square that coefficient there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to square that coefficient there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to square that coefficient there so
+it's x0 2ar over 2 d 0^ 2 that's nice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's x0 2ar over 2 d 0^ 2 that's nice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's x0 2ar over 2 d 0^ 2 that's nice is
+the same one here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N so it's easier to think of this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so it's easier to think of this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so it's easier to think of this if you
+invent a new letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a new letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a new letter
+Lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to
+be uh x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh x0
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+over 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2D
+2 then CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 then CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 then CN
+2 is equal to e to Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equal to e to Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equal to e to Theus
+Lambda Lambda to the N Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes like is that something we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like is that something we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like is that something we should
+expect to be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let me say it this way in a second it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me say it this way in a second it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me say it this way in a second it
+will become clear that this was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become clear that this was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become clear that this was almost
+necessary I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary I actually
+don't know very deeply why this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know very deeply why this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know very deeply why this is true
+and I'm always a little puzzled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm always a little puzzled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm always a little puzzled and
+uncomfortable at this point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable at this point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable at this point in
+805 so what is really strange about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 so what is really strange about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+805 so what is really strange about this
+is that this is the so-called Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is the so-called Pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is the so-called Pon
+distribution um so there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um so there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um so there's something
+about this energy igen stat that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this energy igen stat that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this energy igen stat that they're
+Pon distributed in a coherent state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon distributed in a coherent state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon distributed in a coherent state so
+these are probabilities as I claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are probabilities as I claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are probabilities as I claimed
+probabilities to finding n and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to finding n and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to finding n and indeed
+let's check the sum of the CN squar from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check the sum of the CN squar from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check the sum of the CN squar from
+n = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n = 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n = 1 to
+Infinity let's see what it is and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity let's see what it is and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity let's see what it is and you
+will see you cannot Tinker with this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see you cannot Tinker with this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see you cannot Tinker with this of
+this is e to the minus Lambda the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e to the minus Lambda the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is e to the minus Lambda the sum
+from n = 1 to Infinity Lambda to the N /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n = 1 to Infinity Lambda to the N /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n = 1 to Infinity Lambda to the N /
+n factorial and that sum uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial and that sum uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial and that sum uh it's not
+from n equal 1 it's zero to Infinity I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equal 1 it's zero to Infinity I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equal 1 it's zero to Infinity I'm
+sorry did I write once anywhere yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry did I write once anywhere yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry did I write once anywhere yeah
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+zero okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay this is
+zero there is the ground state um so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there is the ground state um so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there is the ground state um so um
+from n equal 0 to infinity and this is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equal 0 to infinity and this is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equal 0 to infinity and this is e
+to Theus Lambda e to the Lambda which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Theus Lambda e to the Lambda which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Theus Lambda e to the Lambda which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um yes this is Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um yes this is Pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um yes this is Pon
+distributed um it's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed um it's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed um it's some sort of
+distribution like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution like
+that so if you have the NS the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you have the NS the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you have the NS the C
+NS you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're Pon distributions have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Pon distributions have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Pon distributions have to do
+with uh if you have a radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh if you have a radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh if you have a radioactive
+material it has a lifetime and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it has a lifetime and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it has a lifetime and you say
+how many events should I the lifetime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many events should I the lifetime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many events should I the lifetime is
+5 years how many events should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 years how many events should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 years how many events should you
+expect to happen in a week these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to happen in a week these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to happen in a week these are
+Plus on distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus on distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus on distributed
+um so um it's a bon distribution it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um it's a bon distribution it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um it's a bon distribution it's a
+very nice thing um so let me make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice thing um so let me make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice thing um so let me make one
+more remark about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more remark about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more remark about
+it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's it's quite something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+so one question that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question that you could
+ask is what is the most probable n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is what is the most probable n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is what is the most probable n
+that's a good question you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question you know you have
+a coherent state so it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coherent state so it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coherent state so it's going to have
+the superposition of the vacuum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superposition of the vacuum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superposition of the vacuum the
+first what is the most probable n so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is the most probable n so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is the most probable n so the
+expectation value of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of n
+now I'm thinking of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm thinking of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm thinking of it
+probabilistically so I'm thinking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically so I'm thinking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically so I'm thinking this
+is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution then I will show for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then I will show for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then I will show for you
+that this is really Computing what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is really Computing what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is really Computing what you
+want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but
+probabilistically what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically what is the
+expectation value of n you should sum n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of n you should sum n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of n you should sum n
+times the probability that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this is of
+sum over n e to Theus Lambda Lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over n e to Theus Lambda Lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over n e to Theus Lambda Lambda to
+the N / n factorial so you got an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N / n factorial so you got an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N / n factorial so you got an N
+there and the way you get an N there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the way you get an N there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the way you get an N there
+well the e to the minus Lambda goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the e to the minus Lambda goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the e to the minus Lambda goes
+out and the N can be reproduced by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the N can be reproduced by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the N can be reproduced by doing
+Lambda DD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda DD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda DD
+Lambda on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum cuz Lambda DD Lambda on this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum cuz Lambda DD Lambda on this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum cuz Lambda DD Lambda on this sum
+brings down an N puts back the Lambda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings down an N puts back the Lambda so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings down an N puts back the Lambda so
+it gives you the thing you had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the thing you had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the thing you had and
+that's what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is
+so so here you get e to the minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here you get e to the minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here you get e to the minus Lambda
+Lambda DD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda DD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda DD
+Lambda of e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda of e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda of e to the
+Lambda and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and that is
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expectation value of the
+most sort of not the peak but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sort of not the peak but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sort of not the peak but the
+expected value of n in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of n in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of n in this
+distribution the level that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the level that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the level that you're going
+to be excited is basically Lambda so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be excited is basically Lambda so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be excited is basically Lambda so if
+x0 is a thousand times bigger than d0o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is a thousand times bigger than d0o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is a thousand times bigger than d0o
+you've move this thing a thousand times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've move this thing a thousand times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've move this thing a thousand times
+the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum
+uncertainty then you're occupying most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty then you're occupying most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty then you're occupying most
+strongly the levels at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly the levels at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly the levels at 1
+million get um x0 over d0 controls which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million get um x0 over d0 controls which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million get um x0 over d0 controls which
+n is the most likely um indeed look uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the most likely um indeed look uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the most likely um indeed look uh
+this n suppose you would compute x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n suppose you would compute x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n suppose you would compute x0
+Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda
+n hat x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tilda this is what you would think is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda this is what you would think is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda this is what you would think is an
+occupation number this sounds a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation number this sounds a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation number this sounds a little
+hand wavy but this is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand wavy but this is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand wavy but this is the number
+operator the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator the expected value of the
+number operator in the coherent state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator in the coherent state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator in the coherent state
+but this is you know you have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is you know you have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is you know you have that the
+coherent state is this so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent state is this so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent state is this so let's
+substitute that in there so you got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in there so you got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in there so you got two
+sums over n and over M and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums over n and over M and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums over n and over M and you would
+have c m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have c m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have c m
+star m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+CN I've substituted x0 and x0 dager the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN I've substituted x0 and x0 dager the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN I've substituted x0 and x0 dager the
+C's in fact are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's in fact are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's in fact are
+real and then the number operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and then the number operator on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and then the number operator on
+here is little n and then you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is little n and then you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is little n and then you get the
+chronical Delta so this is sum over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronical Delta so this is sum over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronical Delta so this is sum over n
+and m c m CN it's real and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m c m CN it's real and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m c m CN it's real and then you get
+n Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Delta
+MN so this is in fact the sum Over N CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN so this is in fact the sum Over N CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN so this is in fact the sum Over N CN
+s so what we wrote here this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so what we wrote here this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so what we wrote here this is really
+the expectation value of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator and uh one can do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and uh one can do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and uh one can do more
+calculations here of a calculation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations here of a calculation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations here of a calculation that
+is particularly interesting to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is particularly interesting to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is particularly interesting to discover
+what the States look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the States look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the States look
+like is the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+energy so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's
+another sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of
+U relevant measure how how big is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U relevant measure how how big is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U relevant measure how how big is the
+uncertainty in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the energy
+like what are basically the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are basically the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what are basically the Delta
+e Associated to the coherent State how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Associated to the coherent State how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Associated to the coherent State how
+how does it look like is it very sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it look like is it very sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it look like is it very sharp
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+so it's a good question and uh it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good question and uh it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good question and uh it's in
+the notes I leave it for you to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes I leave it for you to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes I leave it for you to try to
+calculate it Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it Delta
+e in the coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in the coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in the coherent
+State X not how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State X not how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State X not how much is
+it and it turns out to be the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it turns out to be the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it turns out to be the following
+H Omega x/ squ root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2D so actually actually maybe this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D so actually actually maybe this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D so actually actually maybe this is a
+little surprising but uh Delta e over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprising but uh Delta e over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprising but uh Delta e over H
+Omega is equal to x kn/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d so actually the W energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so actually the W energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so actually the W energy
+uncertainty for a classical looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty for a classical looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty for a classical looking
+coherence state I'm sorry I'm missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence state I'm sorry I'm missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence state I'm sorry I'm missing a
+square root of two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what is a classical looking coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a classical looking coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a classical looking coherent
+State it's a state in which X not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State it's a state in which X not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State it's a state in which X not is
+much bigger than the quantum D so X not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than the quantum D so X not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than the quantum D so X not
+much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than
+D so in that case this is a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so in that case this is a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so in that case this is a large
+number for a classical State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classical state but in that case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical state but in that case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical state but in that case the
+uncertainty in Delta e e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in Delta e e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in Delta e e is
+really big compared to the spacing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big compared to the spacing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big compared to the spacing of
+the harmonic oscillator so you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator so you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator so you have here
+is the ground state here is H Omega here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ground state here is H Omega here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ground state here is H Omega here
+is the coherent State maybe and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coherent State maybe and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coherent State maybe and you have
+a lot of energy levels that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy levels that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy levels that are
+excited so if x0 over the is a th well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited so if x0 over the is a th well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited so if x0 over the is a th well
+at least a thousand energy levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a thousand energy levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a thousand energy levels are
+excited but you shouldn't fear that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited but you shouldn't fear that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited but you shouldn't fear that too
+much because at the same time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because at the same time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because at the same time the
+expectation value of e over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of e over Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of e over Delta
+e the expectation value of is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the expectation value of is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the expectation value of is something
+we calculated at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculated at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculated at the beginning of the
+lecture you have the oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you have the oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you have the oscillator
+displaced so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced so this is
+roughly 12 M Omega 2 x^ 2 throw away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 12 M Omega 2 x^ 2 throw away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 12 M Omega 2 x^ 2 throw away the
+ground state energy that's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy that's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy that's supposed to
+be very little Delta e is H bar Omega X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very little Delta e is H bar Omega X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very little Delta e is H bar Omega X
+over < TK of 2 and this is again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over < TK of 2 and this is again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over < TK of 2 and this is again the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes this state is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this state is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this state is very
+funny it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny it
+contains an uncertainty that measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains an uncertainty that measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains an uncertainty that measured in
+harmonic oscillator levels contains many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator levels contains many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator levels contains many
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+but still the uncertainty is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still the uncertainty is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still the uncertainty is much
+smaller by the same amount than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller by the same amount than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller by the same amount than the
+average energy so this state is a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy so this state is a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy so this state is a state
+of some almost definite energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some almost definite energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some almost definite energy the
+uncertainty being much smaller but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty being much smaller but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty being much smaller but even
+though it's much smaller it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's much smaller it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's much smaller it still
+contains a lot of levels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillator so uh that thing gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so uh that thing gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so uh that thing gives you a
+reasonable picture of this so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable picture of this so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable picture of this so you're
+ready for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for a
+generalization this is the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization this is the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization this is the time to
+generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize
+the the coherent States and produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the coherent States and produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the coherent States and produce the
+set of coherent states that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coherent states that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coherent states that are most
+useful eventually and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flexible and we do them as follows we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible and we do them as follows we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible and we do them as follows we
+basically are inspired by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are inspired by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are inspired by this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to write the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator and here we change notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and here we change notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and here we change notation
+this x0 was here but now we'll introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x0 was here but now we'll introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x0 was here but now we'll introduce
+what is called the alpha coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the alpha coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the alpha coherent
+State most General coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State most General coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State most General coherent
+state is going to be obtained by acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is going to be obtained by acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is going to be obtained by acting
+with a unitary operator on the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a unitary operator on the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a unitary operator on the vacuum
+so far so good D of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unitary but now generalize what you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary but now generalize what you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary but now generalize what you had
+there here you put a minus a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here you put a minus a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here you put a minus a dagger
+minus a because that was anti hermiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a because that was anti hermiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a because that was anti hermiss
+and you put a real constant now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put a real constant now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put a real constant now this
+Alpha will belong to the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha will belong to the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha will belong to the complex
+numbers quantum mechanics is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers quantum mechanics is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers quantum mechanics is all about
+complex number numbers you got like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number numbers you got like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number numbers you got like a
+complex Vector spaces complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Vector spaces complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Vector spaces complex numbers
+it's all over the place so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all over the place so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all over the place so how do we do
+this we do this exponential of alpha a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we do this exponential of alpha a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we do this exponential of alpha a
+dagger and I want it to be anti Herm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and I want it to be anti Herm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and I want it to be anti Herm
+Mission so I should put minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission so I should put minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission so I should put minus Alpha
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+a on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the
+vacuum this thing for Alpha equal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum this thing for Alpha equal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum this thing for Alpha equal this
+real number reduces to that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number reduces to that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number reduces to that but
+now with Alpha complex is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with Alpha complex is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with Alpha complex is a little more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+operator and it's more General but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and it's more General but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and it's more General but it's
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+unitary and it preserves a norm and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary and it preserves a norm and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary and it preserves a norm and it's
+most of what you want from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of what you want from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of what you want from the
+states so the first thing you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so the first thing you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so the first thing you do to
+figure out what this operator does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this operator does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this operator does
+is to calculate something that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to calculate something that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to calculate something that maybe you
+would not expect it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not expect it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not expect it to be
+simple but it's worth doing um what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it's worth doing um what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it's worth doing um what is a
+acting on the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State well uh I would have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well uh I would have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State well uh I would have to do a
+acting on this exponential of alpha a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this exponential of alpha a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this exponential of alpha a
+dagger minus Alpha star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger minus Alpha star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger minus Alpha star
+a on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum now
+u a kills the vacuum so maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a kills the vacuum so maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a kills the vacuum so maybe you're
+accustomed already to the next step I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed already to the next step I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed already to the next step I
+can replace that product by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace that product by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace that product by a
+commutator because the other ordering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator because the other ordering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator because the other ordering is
+zero so this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is equal to the
+commutator because the other term when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator because the other term when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator because the other term when a
+is on the other side is zero anyway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the other side is zero anyway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the other side is zero anyway and
+now I have to compute the commutator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to compute the commutator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to compute the commutator of
+a with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential again it's a a little scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential again it's a a little scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential again it's a a little scary
+but uh a with an exponential e to the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh a with an exponential e to the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh a with an exponential e to the B
+it's in the formula sheet this cble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the formula sheet this cble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the formula sheet this cble
+Baker houseoff again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker houseoff again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baker houseoff again is
+AB e to the B if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB e to the B if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB e to the B if
+a commutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is
+b a with B is a with B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b a with B is a with B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b a with B is a with B the
+exponent is just Alpha * 1 because it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is just Alpha * 1 because it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is just Alpha * 1 because it so
+it's a number so this is safe so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number so this is safe so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number so this is safe so you get
+Alpha times the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential but the same exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but the same exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential but the same exponential
+means the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha a little quick isn't it okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha a little quick isn't it okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha a little quick isn't it okay a
+with B this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B this
+Factor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor was
+Alpha and e to the b anyway on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and e to the b anyway on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and e to the b anyway on the
+vacuum is the state Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum is the state Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum is the state Alpha
+so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you
+go you have achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impossible you've diagonalized a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible you've diagonalized a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible you've diagonalized a non
+Herm Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator this is not her Mission and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is not her Mission and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this is not her Mission and you
+found the tigon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the tigon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the tigon
+values how could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values how could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values how could that
+happen well U it can happen but then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well U it can happen but then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well U it can happen but then all
+the theorems that you like about uh her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorems that you like about uh her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorems that you like about uh her
+Mission operators don't hold so it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission operators don't hold so it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission operators don't hold so it's a a
+fluke this can be done but then states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke this can be done but then states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluke this can be done but then states
+that correspond to different igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to different igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to different igen values
+will not be orthogonal and they will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be orthogonal and they will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be orthogonal and they will not
+form a complete set of states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a complete set of states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a complete set of states and
+nothing will be quite as you may think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will be quite as you may think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will be quite as you may think
+it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would
+be but still it's quite remarkable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but still it's quite remarkable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but still it's quite remarkable that
+this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be
+done so this characterizes the coh state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so this characterizes the coh state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so this characterizes the coh state
+in a nice way they're igen states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice way they're igen states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice way they're igen states of the
+destruction operator and they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction operator and they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction operator and they are the
+most general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most general
+exponentials of creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials of creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials of creation and
+Annihilation operators acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation operators acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation operators acting on the
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+now we knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we knew that
+when Alpha is real it has to do with x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Alpha is real it has to do with x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Alpha is real it has to do with x0
+so we've put a complex Alpha what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've put a complex Alpha what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've put a complex Alpha what will
+it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do
+a complex Alpha what it does is gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex Alpha what it does is gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex Alpha what it does is gives
+the original coherent State some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original coherent State some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original coherent State some
+momentum remember the original state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum remember the original state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum remember the original state
+that we had was an x0 and how did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had was an x0 and how did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had was an x0 and how did it
+move x0 cosine of Omega T So at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move x0 cosine of Omega T So at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move x0 cosine of Omega T So at time
+equals zero it had zero momentum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero it had zero momentum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero it had zero momentum this
+creates a coherent State at x0 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a coherent State at x0 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a coherent State at x0 and it
+gives it a momentum controlled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it a momentum controlled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it a momentum controlled by the
+imaginary part of this thing in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of this thing in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of this thing in fact we
+can do this as follows you can ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this as follows you can ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this as follows you can ask what
+is the expectation value of x in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expectation value of x in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expectation value of x in this
+state well X is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state well X is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state well X is written
+here is D over Square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is D over Square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is D over Square < TK of
+2 Alpha a + a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Alpha a + a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Alpha a + a
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+Alpha and look these are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and look these are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and look these are easy to
+compute a gives on Alpha gives you Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a gives on Alpha gives you Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a gives on Alpha gives you Alpha
+a dagger on Alpha you don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger on Alpha you don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger on Alpha you don't know what it
+is but a dagger on bra Alpha is Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but a dagger on bra Alpha is Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but a dagger on bra Alpha is Alpha
+star so this one you know on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so this one you know on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so this one you know on the right
+this one you know on the left and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you know on the left and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you know on the left and it
+gives you D over < TK of 2 Alpha + Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you D over < TK of 2 Alpha + Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you D over < TK of 2 Alpha + Alpha
+star so it's Square < TK of 2 the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so it's Square < TK of 2 the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so it's Square < TK of 2 the real
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+alpha so the real part of alpha is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha so the real part of alpha is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha so the real part of alpha is the
+expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of
+x similarly so I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and I'm almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm almost
+done waiting for the punch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line similarly you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line similarly you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line similarly you can calculate the
+imaginary or the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary or the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary or the expectation value of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+would be Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be Alpha
+P Alpha and P is a minus a dager so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Alpha and P is a minus a dager so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Alpha and P is a minus a dager so
+you're going to get alpha alpha star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get alpha alpha star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get alpha alpha star
+minus Alpha so the imaginary part so p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha so the imaginary part so p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha so the imaginary part so p
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+actually a square root of 2 H bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a square root of 2 H bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a square root of 2 H bar over
+the imaginary part of alpha so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part of alpha so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary part of alpha so the
+physics is clear maybe the formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is clear maybe the formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is clear maybe the formulas are
+a little messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little messy
+but when you have an alpha the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you have an alpha the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you have an alpha the real part
+of alpha is telling you where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha is telling you where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha is telling you where you're
+positioning the coherent State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning the coherent State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning the coherent State the
+imaginary part of alpha is telling what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of alpha is telling what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of alpha is telling what
+kick are you giving it to it and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick are you giving it to it and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick are you giving it to it and you you
+now have produced the most General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have produced the most General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have produced the most General
+coherent state so how do we describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent state so how do we describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent state so how do we describe
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+geometrically we imagine it the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+and here it is the alpha plane here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it is the alpha plane here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it is the alpha plane here is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+vector the complex number Alpha that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the complex number Alpha that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the complex number Alpha that
+you've chosen maybe for your state some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've chosen maybe for your state some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've chosen maybe for your state some
+particular complex value Alpha on the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular complex value Alpha on the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular complex value Alpha on the x
+axis the real part of alpha is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the real part of alpha is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the real part of alpha is the
+expectation value of x over Square < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x over Square < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x over Square < TK
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+2D the real part of alpha is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D the real part of alpha is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D the real part of alpha is the
+expectation value of x over Square < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x over Square < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x over Square < TK
+of 2 2D and the imaginary part of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 2D and the imaginary part of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 2D and the imaginary part of alpha
+is expectation value of p over square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expectation value of p over square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expectation value of p over square
+root of 2 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2 H
+Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and there it is your state at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and there it is your state at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and there it is your state at time
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero what is it going to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is it going to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is it going to do a little
+later well that will be the last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later well that will be the last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later well that will be the last thing I
+want to calculate for you of it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate for you of it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate for you of it's a nice
+answer and you should see it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and you should see it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and you should see it going to
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+me two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes and what is it well Alpha at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and what is it well Alpha at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and what is it well Alpha at
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+T you have to evolve the state e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you have to evolve the state e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you have to evolve the state e to the
+minus I HT over H bar on the state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I HT over H bar on the state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I HT over H bar on the state which
+is e to the alpha a dagger minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the alpha a dagger minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the alpha a dagger minus Alpha
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+a e to the I'll put an e to the I HT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a e to the I'll put an e to the I HT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a e to the I'll put an e to the I HT
+over H bar and then e to the minus I HT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar and then e to the minus I HT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar and then e to the minus I HT
+over H bar and the vacuum so I put a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar and the vacuum so I put a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar and the vacuum so I put a one
+here I evolve with this but I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I evolve with this but I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I evolve with this but I take the
+state and put this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and put this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and put this and
+that this is simple is e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is simple is e to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is simple is e to the minus I
+Omega / t two that's the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega / t two that's the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega / t two that's the energy of the
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state but what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it's pretty
+much the Heisenberg operator but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the Heisenberg operator but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the Heisenberg operator but the
+sign came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong well it didn't come out wrong uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong well it didn't come out wrong uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong well it didn't come out wrong uh
+it's what it is uh it just means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what it is uh it just means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what it is uh it just means that
+what I have to put here is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to put here is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to put here is is the
+Heisenberg operator at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg operator at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg operator at minus
+t because I have t for minus t so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t because I have t for minus t so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t because I have t for minus t so this
+is e to the alpha a Heisenberg at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the alpha a Heisenberg at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the alpha a Heisenberg at minus
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+dagger minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger minus Alpha
+star I'm sorry I have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star I'm sorry I have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star I'm sorry I have too many
+parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's it much
+better uh minus Alpha star a Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh minus Alpha star a Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh minus Alpha star a Heisenberg
+of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus
+t acting on this thing and what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t acting on this thing and what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t acting on this thing and what is this
+well we have the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have the formula for the
+Heisenberg States here so you got e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg States here so you got e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg States here so you got e to
+the alpha h a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha h a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha h a
+dagger of minus t would be um e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger of minus t would be um e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger of minus t would be um e to the
+minus I Omega t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega t a
+dagger and here you have minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and here you have minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and here you have minus Alpha
+star e to the I Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star e to the I Omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star e to the I Omega t
+a on E to Theus I Omega H bar over two *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on E to Theus I Omega H bar over two *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on E to Theus I Omega H bar over two *
+the vacuum and look what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum and look what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum and look what has
+happened Alpha has become Alpha * e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened Alpha has become Alpha * e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened Alpha has become Alpha * e to
+the minus I Omega T because the star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus I Omega T because the star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus I Omega T because the star is
+here it's minus the star one so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's minus the star one so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's minus the star one so the only
+thing that has changed is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has changed is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has changed is that this
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+Alpha at time T is e to Theus i h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha at time T is e to Theus i h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha at time T is e to Theus i h bar
+Omega /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega /
+2 um I'm sorry I'm missing a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I
+drop yeah minus I Omega T /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 - I Omega T /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - I Omega T /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - I Omega T /
+2 - I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - I I
+Omega T / 2 times the coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T / 2 times the coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T / 2 times the coherent
+State the time independent coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the time independent coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the time independent coherent
+state of value e to Theus I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of value e to Theus I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of value e to Theus I Omega T
+Alpha that's a new complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number that's what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's what has
+happened the number Alpha has become e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the number Alpha has become e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the number Alpha has become e
+to Theus I Omega T now this is a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Theus I Omega T now this is a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Theus I Omega T now this is a phase
+for the whole State multiplicative it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole State multiplicative it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole State multiplicative it's
+irrelevant so what has this Alpha done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant so what has this Alpha done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant so what has this Alpha done
+has been rotated by e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been rotated by e to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been rotated by e to the minus I
+Omega T So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T So
+this at a time T is the state Alpha T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at a time T is the state Alpha T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at a time T is the state Alpha T
+here is the state Alpha and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the state Alpha and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the state Alpha and it has
+rotated by Omega T so the coherent State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated by Omega T so the coherent State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated by Omega T so the coherent State
+can be visualize as a complex number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be visualize as a complex number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be visualize as a complex number in
+this complex plane his real part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex plane his real part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex plane his real part is the
+expectation value of x at time equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x at time equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x at time equals 0
+whose imaginary part is the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose imaginary part is the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose imaginary part is the expectation
+value of the momentum at time equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the momentum at time equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the momentum at time equals z
+and how does it evolve this state just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does it evolve this state just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does it evolve this state just
+rotates with frequency Omega all along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates with frequency Omega all along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates with frequency Omega all along
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+forever all right that's it for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever all right that's it for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever all right that's it for today
+see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you on
+Wednesday thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4gSOn3_rBWs.txt b/4gSOn3_rBWs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef2e6bfc239780395819cf17e91fd3b8e53e59e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4gSOn3_rBWs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the reason why all this matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why all this matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why all this matters is
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+is a big deal 90 percent and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big deal 90 percent and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big deal 90 percent and you know
+this is you can study this these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you can study this these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you can study this these are
+wonderful charts to study but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful charts to study but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful charts to study but
+you know depending on what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depending on what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depending on what you want to
+do heat is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do heat is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do heat is almost
+always involved heat being a transfer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always involved heat being a transfer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always involved heat being a transfer of
+thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy
+and so so 90 of the current energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so 90 of the current energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so 90 of the current energy
+budget basically goes through the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget basically goes through the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget basically goes through the middle
+in some way that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way that's a lot
+but then if you look at things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you look at things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you look at things like this
+which you shouldn't because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you shouldn't because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you shouldn't because you can't
+read it but if you blow up these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it but if you blow up these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it but if you blow up these are all
+the inputs on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs on the left
+all the ways we make energy here's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ways we make energy here's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ways we make energy here's how
+we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use it
+and here's the result here's what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the result here's what i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the result here's what i want
+to get the punch line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the punch line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the punch line is
+rejected energy whatever these units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected energy whatever these units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected energy whatever these units
+doesn't matter it's 60 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's 60 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's 60 percent
+uh what does rejected energy mean wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what does rejected energy mean wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what does rejected energy mean wasted
+all this precious fossil fuel stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this precious fossil fuel stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this precious fossil fuel stuff
+we're burning and all the solar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're burning and all the solar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're burning and all the solar energy
+we're collecting anything we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're collecting anything we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're collecting anything we're doing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+60 of it goes into heat wasted heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 of it goes into heat wasted heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 of it goes into heat wasted heat
+and so the reason why this matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the reason why this matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the reason why this matters is
+because there are these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are these materials
+that we can use to try to capture some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to try to capture some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to try to capture some
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+right there are materials we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are materials we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are materials we can use to
+try to capture some of that it all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to capture some of that it all comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to capture some of that it all comes
+down to chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to chemistry
+these are called phase change materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called phase change materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called phase change materials
+and if you plot the melting temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot the melting temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you plot the melting temperature
+that's this that's this melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this that's this melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this that's this melting
+temperature right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right
+tm versus how much of its delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm versus how much of its delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm versus how much of its delta
+h how much delta h you have you get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h how much delta h you have you get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h how much delta h you have you get all
+sorts of classes and materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of classes and materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of classes and materials
+but you know so you might want a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know so you might want a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know so you might want a certain
+melting temperature for wherever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting temperature for wherever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting temperature for wherever you're
+operating but then you might not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating but then you might not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating but then you might not get
+a high enough delta h or you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high enough delta h or you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high enough delta h or you might want
+really high delta h's but then the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high delta h's but then the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high delta h's but then the thing
+doesn't melt until 700 c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't melt until 700 c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't melt until 700 c
+which is way too high so we got to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is way too high so we got to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is way too high so we got to fill
+this out we need materials here we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out we need materials here we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out we need materials here we need
+materials here that's a call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials here that's a call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials here that's a call to
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+that's a call to chemistry you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a call to chemistry you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a call to chemistry you know so
+this and it all has to do with the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it all has to do with the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it all has to do with the phase
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+these are it's a weird name these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are it's a weird name these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are it's a weird name these are
+called phase change materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called phase change materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called phase change materials
+but that's true of all materials but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's true of all materials but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's true of all materials but
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+when you're talking about storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about storing
+thermal energy we use the term phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy we use the term phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy we use the term phase
+change materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5ZpqI8zz1HM.txt b/5ZpqI8zz1HM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aff817244fbed8c7abfc1d4f54e1f3a969470623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5ZpqI8zz1HM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1571 @@
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+This video is about
+derivatives.
+
+Two rules for finding
+new derivatives.
+
+If we know the derivative
+of a function f--
+
+say we've found that--
+
+and we know the derivative
+of g--
+
+we've found that--
+
+then there are functions that
+we can build out of those.
+
+And two important and
+straightforward ones are the
+
+product, f of x times g of x,
+and the quotient, the ratio f
+
+of x over g of x.
+
+So those are the two
+rules we need.
+
+If we know df dx and we know dg
+dx, what's the derivative
+
+of the product?
+
+Well, it is not df
+dx times dg dx.
+
+And let me reduce the suspense
+by writing down what it is.
+
+It's the first one times the
+derivative of the second, we
+
+know that, plus another term,
+the second one times the
+
+derivative of the first. OK.
+
+So that's the rule to learn.
+
+Two terms, you see
+the pattern.
+
+And maybe I ought to use it,
+give you some examples, see
+
+what it's good for, and
+also some idea of
+
+where it comes from.
+
+And then go on to the
+quotient rule,
+
+which is a little messier.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me just start by using
+this in some examples.
+
+Right underneath, here.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me take, as a first
+example, f of x equals x
+
+squared and g of x equals x.
+
+So then what is p of x?
+
+It's x squared times x.
+
+I'm multiplying the functions.
+
+So I've got x cubed, and I want
+to know its derivative.
+
+And I know the derivatives
+of these guys.
+
+OK, so what does the
+rule tell me?
+
+It tells me that the derivative
+of p, dp dx--
+
+so p is x cubed.
+
+So I'm looking for the
+derivative of x cubed.
+
+And if you know that, it's OK.
+
+Let's just see it
+come out here.
+
+So the derivative of x cubed,
+by my formula there, is the
+
+first one, x squared, times the
+derivative of the second,
+
+which is 1, plus the second one,
+x, times the derivative
+
+of the first, which is 2x.
+
+So what do we get?
+
+x squared, two more x
+squared, 3x squared.
+
+The derivative of x cubed
+is 3x squared.
+
+x cubed goes up faster than
+x squared, and this
+
+is a steeper slope.
+
+Oh, let's do x to the fourth.
+
+So x to the fourth-- now I'll
+take f to be x cubed, times x.
+
+Because x cubed, I just found.
+
+x, its derivative is 1, so I
+can do the derivative of x
+
+fourth the same way.
+
+It'll be f.
+
+So practicing that formula again
+with x cubed and x, it's
+
+x cubed times 1 plus this guy
+times the derivative of f.
+
+Right?
+
+I'm always going back
+to that formula.
+
+So the derivative of f, x
+cubed, we just found--
+
+3x squared-- so I'll
+put it in.
+
+And what do we have?
+
+x cubed here, three more
+x cubeds here.
+
+That's a total of 4x cubed.
+
+OK.
+
+We got another one.
+
+Big deal.
+
+What is important is--
+
+and it's really what
+math is about--
+
+is the pattern, which we can
+probably guess from those two
+
+examples and the one we
+already knew, that the
+
+derivative of x squared
+was 2x.
+
+So everybody sees a 2 here and
+a 3 here and a 4 here, coming
+
+from 2, 3, and 4 there.
+
+And everybody also sees that
+the power dropped by one.
+
+The derivative of x
+squared was an x.
+
+The derivative of x cubed
+involved an x squared.
+
+Well, let's express this
+pattern in algebra.
+
+It's looking like the derivative
+of x to the n--
+
+we hope for any n.
+
+We've got it for n equals 2,
+3, 4, probably 0 and 1.
+
+And if the pattern continues,
+what do we think?
+
+This 4, this n shows up there,
+and the power drops by 1.
+
+So that'll be x to the n minus
+1, the same power minus 1, one
+
+power below.
+
+So that's a highly important
+formula.
+
+And actually it's important
+to know it, not--
+
+right now, well, we've done
+two or three examples.
+
+I guess the right way for me
+to get this for n equals--
+
+so we really could check
+1, 2, 3, and so on.
+
+All the positive integers.
+
+We could complete the proof.
+
+We could establish
+the pattern.
+
+Actually, induction would
+be one way to do it.
+
+If we know it for, as we did
+here, for n equals 3, then
+
+we've got it for 4.
+
+If we know it for 4, the same
+product formula would get it
+
+for 5 and onwards, and would
+give us that answer.
+
+Good.
+
+Even better is the fact that
+this formula is also true if n
+
+is a fraction.
+
+If we're doing the square root
+of x, you recognize the square
+
+root of x is x to the--
+
+what's the exponent there
+for square root?
+
+1/2.
+
+So I would like to
+know for 1/2.
+
+OK, let me take a couple of
+steps to get to that one.
+
+All right.
+
+The steps I'm going to take are
+going to look just like
+
+this, but this was powers of x,
+and it'll be very handy if
+
+I can do powers of f of x.
+
+I'd like to know--
+
+I want to find--
+
+So here's what I'm headed for.
+
+I'd like to know the derivative
+of f of x to the
+
+n-th power equals what?
+
+That's what I'd like to know.
+
+So let me do f of x.
+
+Let me do it just
+as I did before.
+
+Take n equals 2,
+f of x squared.
+
+So what's the derivative of
+f of x squared, like sine
+
+squared or whatever
+we're squaring.
+
+Cosine squared.
+
+Well, for f of x squared, all
+I'm doing is I'm taking f to
+
+be the same as g.
+
+I'll use the product rule.
+
+If g and f are the same, then
+I've got something squared.
+
+And my product rule says that
+the derivative-- and I just
+
+copy this rule.
+
+Now I'm taking p is going
+to be f squared, right?
+
+Can I just write f
+squared equals--
+
+so it's f times--
+
+f is the same as g.
+
+Are you with me?
+
+I'm just using the rule in a
+very special case when the two
+
+functions are the same.
+
+The derivative of
+f squared is f.
+
+What do I have? f times the
+derivative of f, df dx.
+
+That's the first term.
+
+And then what's the
+second term?
+
+Notice I wrote f instead of g,
+because they're the same.
+
+And the second term is,
+again, a copy of that.
+
+So I have 2 of these.
+
+Times 2, just the way
+I had a 2 up there.
+
+This was the case
+of x squared.
+
+This is the case of
+f of x squared.
+
+Let me go one more
+step to f cubed.
+
+What am I going to
+do for f cubed?
+
+The derivative of--
+
+hold on.
+
+I have to show you what to
+pay attention to here.
+
+To pay attention to is--
+
+the 2 we're familiar with.
+
+This would have been the x,
+that's not a big deal.
+
+But there's something new.
+
+A df dx factor is coming in.
+
+It's going to stay with us.
+
+Let me see it here.
+
+The derivative of
+f of x cubed.
+
+Now let's practice
+with this one.
+
+OK.
+
+So now what am I
+going to take?
+
+How do I get f of x cubed?
+
+Well, I've got f, so I'd better
+take g to be f squared.
+
+Then when I multiply,
+I've got cubed.
+
+So g is now going to be f
+squared for this case.
+
+Can I take my product rule
+with f times f squared?
+
+My product rule of f times
+f squared is--
+
+I'm doing this now with g equals
+f squared, just the way
+
+I did it over there at
+some point with one
+
+of them as a square.
+
+OK.
+
+I'm near the end of
+this calculation.
+
+OK.
+
+So what do I have. If this
+thing is cubed, I
+
+have f times f squared.
+
+That's f cubed.
+
+And I take its derivative
+by the rule.
+
+So I take f times the derivative
+of f squared, which
+
+I just figured out
+as 2f df dx.
+
+That's the f dg dx.
+
+And now I have g, which is
+f squared, times df dx.
+
+What are you seeing there?
+
+You're seeing--
+
+well, again, these combine.
+
+That's what's nice about
+this example.
+
+Here I have one f squared df dx,
+and here I have two more.
+
+That's, all together, three.
+
+So the total was 3 times
+f squared times df dx.
+
+And let me write down what
+that pattern is saying.
+
+Here it will be n.
+
+Because here it was a 2.
+
+Here it's going to be
+2 plus 1-- that's 3.
+
+And now if I have the n-th
+power, I'm expecting an n
+
+times the next lower power
+of f, f to the n
+
+minus 1, times what?
+
+Times this guy that's hanging
+around, df dx.
+
+That's my--
+
+you could call that
+the power rule.
+
+The derivative of a power.
+
+This would be the power rule
+for just x to the n-th, and
+
+this is the derivative of a
+function of x to the n-th.
+
+There's something special
+here that we're
+
+going to see more of.
+
+This will be, also, an example
+of what's coming as maybe the
+
+most important rule,
+the chain rule.
+
+And typical of it is that when
+I take this derivative, I
+
+follow that same pattern--
+
+n, this thing, to one lower
+power, but then the derivative
+
+of what's inside.
+
+Can I use those words?
+
+Because I'll use it again
+for the chain rule.
+
+n times one lower
+power, times the
+
+derivative of what's inside.
+
+And why do I want to
+do such a thing?
+
+Because I'd like to find out
+the derivative of the
+
+square root of x.
+
+OK.
+
+Can we do that?
+
+I want to use this, now.
+
+So I want to use this to find
+the derivative of the
+
+square root of x.
+
+OK.
+
+So that will be my function.
+
+f of x will be the
+square root of x.
+
+So this is a good example.
+
+That's x to the 1/2 power.
+
+What would I love
+to have happen?
+
+I would like this formula to
+continue with n equals 1/2,
+
+but no change in the formula.
+
+And that does happen.
+
+How can I do that?
+
+OK, well, square root of
+x is what I'm tackling.
+
+The easy thing would
+be, if I square
+
+that, I'll get x, right?
+
+The square of the square root.
+
+Well, square root
+of x squared--
+
+so there's f of x.
+
+I'm just going to use the fact
+that the square root of x
+
+squared is x.
+
+Such is mathematics.
+
+You can write down really
+straightforward ideas, but it
+
+had to come from somewhere.
+
+And now what am I going to do?
+
+I'm going to take
+the derivative.
+
+Well, the derivative on
+the right side is a 1.
+
+The derivative of x is 1.
+
+What is the derivative of
+that left-hand side?
+
+Well, that fits my pattern.
+
+You see, here is my
+f of x, squared.
+
+And I had a little
+formula for the
+
+derivative of f of x squared.
+
+So the derivative of this
+is 2 times the thing
+
+to one lower power--
+
+square root of x just
+to the first power--
+
+times the derivative of what's
+inside, if you allow me to use
+
+those words.
+
+It's this, df dx.
+
+And that's of course what I
+actually wanted, the square
+
+root of x, dx.
+
+This lecture is not going
+to have too many more
+
+calculations, but this
+is a good one to see.
+
+That's clear.
+
+I take the derivative
+of both sides.
+
+That's clear.
+
+This is the 2 square
+root of x.
+
+And now I've got what I want,
+as soon as I move these over
+
+to the other side.
+
+So I divide by that.
+
+Can I now just do that with an
+eraser, or maybe just X it
+
+out, and put it here.
+
+1 over 2 square root of x.
+
+Am I seeing what I want
+for the derivative of
+
+square root of x?
+
+I hope so.
+
+I'm certainly seeing the 1/2.
+
+So the 1/2--
+
+that's the n.
+
+It's supposed to show up here.
+
+And then what do I
+look for here?
+
+One lower power than 1/2,
+which will be x
+
+to the minus 1/2.
+
+And is that what I have?
+
+Yes.
+
+You see the 1/2.
+
+And that square root of x,
+that's x to the 1/2, but it's
+
+down in the denominator.
+
+And things in the
+denominator--
+
+the exponent for those,
+there's a minus sign.
+
+We'll come back to that.
+
+That's a crucial fact, going
+back to algebra.
+
+But, you know, calculus is
+now using all that--
+
+I won't say stuff.
+
+All those good things
+that we learned in
+
+algebra, like exponents.
+
+So that was a good example.
+
+OK.
+
+So my pattern held
+for n equals 1/2.
+
+And maybe I'll just say that
+it also would hold for cube
+
+roots, and any root,
+and other powers.
+
+In other words, I get
+this formula.
+
+This is the handy formula that
+we're trying to get.
+
+We got it very directly for
+positive whole numbers.
+
+Now I'm getting it for
+n equals 1 over any--
+
+now I'm getting it for capital
+Nth roots, like 1/2.
+
+Then I could go on
+to get it for--
+
+I could take then the n-th
+power of the n-th root.
+
+I could even stretch this
+to get up to m over n.
+
+Any fraction, I can get to.
+
+But I can't get to negative
+exponents yet, because those
+
+are divisions.
+
+Negative exponent is a division,
+and I'm going to
+
+need the quotient rule,
+which is right
+
+now still a big blank.
+
+OK.
+
+Pause for a moment.
+
+We've used the product rule.
+
+I haven't explained
+it, though.
+
+Let me, so, explain
+the product rule.
+
+Where did it come from?
+
+I'm going back before the
+examples, and before that
+
+board full of chalk, back to
+that formula and just think,
+
+where did it come from?
+
+How did we find the derivative
+of f times g,
+
+of the product p?
+
+So we needed delta p, right?
+
+And then I'm going to
+divide by delta x.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me try to make--
+
+what's the delta p when p is--
+
+remember, p is f times g.
+
+Thinking about f times g, maybe
+let's make it visual.
+
+Let's make it like a rectangle,
+where this side is
+
+f of x and this side
+is g of x.
+
+Then this area is f
+times g, right?
+
+The area of a rectangle.
+
+And that's our p.
+
+OK, that's sitting there at x.
+
+Now move it a little.
+
+Move x a little bit.
+
+Move x a little and figure out,
+how much does p change?
+
+That's our goal.
+
+We need the change in p.
+
+If I move x by a little bit,
+then f changes a little, by a
+
+little amount, delta f, right?
+
+And g changes a little, by
+a little amount, delta g.
+
+You remember those deltas?
+
+So it's the change in f.
+
+There's a delta x in here.
+
+x is the starting point.
+
+It's the thing we
+move a little.
+
+When we move x a little, by
+delta x, f will move a little,
+
+g will move a little, and their
+
+product will move a little.
+
+And now, can you see, in the
+picture, where is the product?
+
+Well, this is where
+f moved to.
+
+This is where g moved to.
+
+The product is this,
+that bigger area.
+
+So where is delta p?
+
+Where is the change between
+the bigger area and the
+
+smaller area?
+
+It's this.
+
+I have to figure out, what's
+that new area?
+
+The delta p is in here.
+
+OK, can you see what
+that area--
+
+well, look, here's
+the way to do it.
+
+Cut it up into little
+three pieces.
+
+Because now they're little
+rectangles, and we know the
+
+area of rectangles.
+
+Right?
+
+So help me out here.
+
+What is the area of
+that rectangle?
+
+Well, its base is f, and
+its height is delta g.
+
+So that is f times delta g.
+
+What about this one?
+
+That has height g and
+base delta f.
+
+So here I'm seeing a g times
+delta f, for that area.
+
+And what about this little
+corner piece?
+
+Well, its height is just delta
+g, its width is delta f.
+
+This is delta g times delta f.
+
+And it's going to disappear.
+
+This is like a perfect place
+to recognize that an
+
+expression--
+
+that's sort of like
+second order.
+
+Let me use words without
+trying to
+
+pin them down perfectly.
+
+Here is a zero-order, an
+f, a real number, times
+
+a small delta g.
+
+So that's first order.
+
+That's going to show up--
+
+you'll see it disappear.
+
+These three pieces, remember,
+were the delta p.
+
+So what have I got here?
+
+I've got this piece, f delta
+g, and I'm always
+
+dividing by delta x.
+
+And then I have this piece,
+which is the g times the delta
+
+f, and I divide by
+the delta x.
+
+And then this piece that I'm
+claiming I don't have to worry
+
+much about, because I divide
+that by delta x.
+
+So that was the third piece.
+
+This is it, now.
+
+The picture has led to the
+algebra, the formula for delta
+
+p, the change in the product
+divided by delta x.
+
+That's what calculus says--
+
+OK, look at that, and then
+take the tricky step, the
+
+calculus step, which is let
+delta x get smaller and
+
+smaller and smaller,
+approaching 0.
+
+So what do those three terms
+do as delta x gets smaller?
+
+Well, all the deltas
+get smaller.
+
+So what happens to this term
+as delta x goes to 0?
+
+As the change in x is just
+tiny, tiny, tiny?
+
+That term is the one that gives
+the delta g over delta
+
+x, in the limit when delta x
+goes to 0, is that one, right?
+
+And this guy is giving my g.
+
+That ratio is familiar, df dx.
+
+You see, the cool thing about
+splitting it into these pieces
+
+was that we got this piece
+by itself, which was
+
+just the f delta g.
+
+And we know what that does.
+
+It goes here.
+
+And this piece--
+
+we know what that does.
+
+And now, what about
+this dumb piece?
+
+Well, as delta x goes
+to 0, this would go
+
+to df dx, all right.
+
+But what would delta g do?
+
+It'll go to 0.
+
+You see, we have two little
+things divided by only one
+
+little thing.
+
+This ratio is sensible, it gives
+df dx, but this ratio is
+
+going to 0.
+
+So forget it.
+
+And now the two pieces that we
+have are the two pieces of the
+
+product rule.
+
+OK.
+
+Product rule sort of visually
+makes sense.
+
+OK.
+
+I'm ready to go to the
+quotient rule.
+
+OK, so how am I going to deal,
+now, with a ratio of
+
+f divided by g?
+
+OK.
+
+Let's put that on
+a fourth board.
+
+How to deal then with the
+ratio of f over g.
+
+Well, what I know is the
+product rule, right?
+
+So let me multiply both sides
+by g of x and get a product.
+
+There, that looks better.
+
+Of course the part that I don't
+know is in here, but
+
+just fire away.
+
+Take the derivative
+of both sides.
+
+OK.
+
+The derivative of the left
+side is df dx, of course.
+
+Now I can use the
+product rule.
+
+It's g of x, dq dx.
+
+That's the very, very
+thing I'm wanting.
+
+dq dx--
+
+that's my big empty space.
+
+That's going to be the
+quotient rule.
+
+And then the second one
+is q of x times dg dx.
+
+That's the product rule
+applied to this.
+
+Now I have it.
+
+I've got dq dx.
+
+Well, I've got to get
+it by itself.
+
+I want to get dq dx by itself.
+
+So I'm going to move this
+part over there.
+
+Let me, even, multiply
+both sides--
+
+this q, of course, I recognize
+as f times g.
+
+This is f of x times g of x.
+
+That's what q was.
+
+Now I'm going to--
+
+oh, was not.
+
+It was f of x over g of x.
+
+Good Lord.
+
+You would never have allowed
+me to go on.
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+This is came from the product
+rule, and now my final job is
+
+just to isolate dq dx and
+see what I've got.
+
+What I'll have will be
+the quotient rule.
+
+One good way is if I multiply
+both sides by g.
+
+So I multiply everything by
+g, so here's a g, df dx.
+
+And now this guy I'm going to
+bring over to the other side.
+
+When I multiply that by g, that
+just knocks that out.
+
+When I bring it over,
+it comes over with a
+
+minus sign, f dg dx.
+
+And this one got multiplied by
+g, so right now I'm looking at
+
+g squared, dq dx.
+
+The guy I want.
+
+Again, just algebra.
+
+Moving stuff from one
+side to the other
+
+produced the minus sign.
+
+Multiplying by g, you
+see what happened.
+
+So what do I now finally do?
+
+I'm ready to write
+this formula in.
+
+I've got it there.
+
+I've got dq dx, just
+as soon as I divide
+
+both sides by g squared.
+
+So let me write that
+left-hand side.
+
+g df dx minus f dg dx, and I
+have to divide everything--
+
+this g squared has got
+to come down here.
+
+It's a little bit messier
+formula but
+
+you get used to it.
+
+g squared.
+
+That's the quotient rule.
+
+Can I say it in words?
+
+Because I actually say
+those words to myself
+
+every time I use it.
+
+So here are the words I say,
+because that's a kind of
+
+messy-looking expression.
+
+But if you just think
+about words--
+
+so for me, remember we're
+dealing with f over g. f is
+
+the top, g at the bottom.
+
+So I say to myself, the bottom
+times the derivative of the
+
+top minus the top times the
+derivative of the bottom,
+
+divided by the bottom squared.
+
+That wasn't brilliant,
+but anyway, I
+
+remember it that way.
+
+OK.
+
+so now, finally, I'm ready to go
+further with this pattern.
+
+I still like that pattern.
+
+We've got the quotient rule, so
+the two rules are now set,
+
+and I want to do one last
+example before stopping.
+
+And that example is going to
+be a quotient, of course.
+
+And it might as well be
+a negative power of x.
+
+So now my example--
+
+last example for today--
+
+my quotient is going to be 1.
+
+The f of x will be 1 and the
+g of x-- so this is my f.
+
+This is my g.
+
+I have a ratio of two things.
+
+And as I've said, this
+is x to the minus n.
+
+Right?
+
+That's what we mean.
+
+We can think again
+about exponents.
+
+A negative exponent becomes
+positive when it's in the
+
+denominator.
+
+And we want it in the
+denominator so we can use this
+
+crazy quotient rule.
+
+All right.
+
+So let me think through
+the quotient rule.
+
+So the derivative of this ratio,
+which is x to the minus
+
+n That's the q, is 1
+over x to the n.
+
+The derivative is--
+
+OK, ready for the
+quotient rule?
+
+Bottom times the derivative
+of the top--
+
+ah, but the top's just
+a constant, so its
+
+derivative is 0--
+
+minus--
+
+remembering that minus-- the
+top times the derivative of
+
+the bottom.
+
+Ha.
+
+Now we have a chance to use our
+
+pattern with a plus exponent.
+
+The derivative of the bottom
+is nx to the n minus 1.
+
+So it's two terms, again,
+but with a minus sign.
+
+And then the other thing I must
+remember is, divide by g
+
+squared, x to the
+n twice squared.
+
+OK.
+
+That's it.
+
+Of course, I'm going
+to simplify it,
+
+and then I'm done.
+
+So this is 0.
+
+Gone.
+
+This is minus n, which I like.
+
+I like to see minus
+n come down.
+
+That's my pattern, that this
+exponent should come down.
+
+Minus n, and then I want
+to see-- oh, what
+
+else do I have here?
+
+What's the power of x?
+
+Well, here I have an
+x to the n-th.
+
+And here I have, twice, so can
+I cancel this one and just
+
+keep this one?
+
+So I still have an
+x to the minus 1.
+
+I don't let him go.
+
+Actually the pattern's here.
+
+The answer is minus n minus
+capital N, which was the
+
+exponent, times x to
+one smaller power.
+
+This is x to the minus n, and
+then there's another x
+
+to the minus 1.
+
+The final result was that the
+derivative is minus nx to the
+
+minus n, minus 1.
+
+And that's the good pattern
+that matches here.
+
+When little n matches minus
+big N, that pattern is the
+
+same as that.
+
+So we now have the derivatives
+of powers of x as an example
+
+from the quotient rule
+and the product rule.
+
+Well, I just have to
+say one thing.
+
+We haven't got--
+
+We've fractions, we've got
+negative numbers, but we don't
+
+have a whole lot of other
+numbers, like pi.
+
+We don't know what is,
+for example, the
+
+derivative of x to the pi.
+
+Because pi isn't--
+
+pi is positive, so we're OK in
+the product rule, but it's not
+
+a fraction and we haven't
+got it yet.
+
+What do you think it is?
+
+You're right--
+
+it is pi x to the pi minus 1.
+
+Well, actually I never met x
+to the pi in my life, until
+
+just there, but I've certainly
+met all kinds of powers of x
+
+and this is just one
+more example.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's quotient rule--
+
+first came product rule, power
+rule, and then quotient rule,
+
+leading to this calculation.
+
+Now, the quotient rule I can
+use for other things, like
+
+sine x over cosine x.
+
+We're far along, and one
+more big rule will
+
+be the chain rule.
+
+OK, that's for another time.
+
+Thank you.
+
+[NARRATOR:]
+
+This has been a production
+of MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare and Gilbert Strang.
+
+Funding for this video was
+provided by the Lord
+
+Foundation.
+
+To help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access
+
+to MIT courses, please
+make a donation at
+
+ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/68KXOYTc1mk.txt b/68KXOYTc1mk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86c1eb081cba10563093cfb1d86052d0d836eb53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/68KXOYTc1mk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so today I'm trying something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today I'm trying something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today I'm trying something
+different this semester I wanted to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this semester I wanted to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this semester I wanted to tell
+you guys about sort of one way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys about sort of one way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys about sort of one way that you
+can discover things in biology and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discover things in biology and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discover things in biology and this
+is gonna fall in sort of the genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna fall in sort of the genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna fall in sort of the genetics
+cluster of lectures I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of lectures I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of lectures I want to show you
+how you can go from being interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can go from being interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can go from being interested in
+some property of an organism or even its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some property of an organism or even its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some property of an organism or even its
+behavior how would you go from there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior how would you go from there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior how would you go from there to
+identifying genes and mechanisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying genes and mechanisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying genes and mechanisms that
+are responsible for that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for that type of
+behavior or appearance okay so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or appearance okay so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or appearance okay so today
+we're gonna go from some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go from some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go from some type of
+phenotype or a process that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype or a process that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype or a process that you're
+interested in such as maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in such as maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in such as maybe the
+appearance of an organism but you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of an organism but you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of an organism but you were
+even going to go more abstract at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to go more abstract at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to go more abstract at that
+because at the end I'm gonna tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end I'm gonna tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end I'm gonna tell you
+about you can even if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you can even if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you can even if you're interested
+in behavior you can try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in behavior you can try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in behavior you can try to figure out
+the genes and mechanisms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes and mechanisms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes and mechanisms that are
+involved in determining the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in determining the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in determining the behavior of
+an organism okay so the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism okay so the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism okay so the question is how
+do you go from something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you go from something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you go from something you're
+interested in learning about an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning about an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning about an organism
+to actually identifying genes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually identifying genes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually identifying genes and
+mechanisms that are important for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and on my title slide here I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on my title slide here I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on my title slide here I have three
+fruit fly mutant phenotypes you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit fly mutant phenotypes you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit fly mutant phenotypes you can see
+and each of these mutants defined genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these mutants defined genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these mutants defined genes
+that were subsequently found to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were subsequently found to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were subsequently found to be
+present or homologous genes were present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or homologous genes were present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or homologous genes were present
+in humans and were shown to be play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans and were shown to be play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans and were shown to be play
+important roles in human biology okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important roles in human biology okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important roles in human biology okay so
+later on in the lecture I'll kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the lecture I'll kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the lecture I'll kind of
+explain what each of these phenotypes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what each of these phenotypes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what each of these phenotypes is
+but first I want to just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first I want to just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first I want to just kind of
+highlight the importance of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the importance of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the importance of model
+organisms and their use in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and their use in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and their use in biology
+you've been seeing them already I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been seeing them already I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been seeing them already I've
+talked a bit about flies we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a bit about flies we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a bit about flies we talked about
+Mendel's pea plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's pea plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's pea plants
+I just now have a compendium of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just now have a compendium of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just now have a compendium of model
+organisms that I'm gonna throw up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that I'm gonna throw up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that I'm gonna throw up to
+tell you about so we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about so we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about so we've talked about
+bacteria and the importance of bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and the importance of bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and the importance of bacteria
+in elucidating the flow of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elucidating the flow of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in elucidating the flow of information
+from DNA to RNA to protein bacteria were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DNA to RNA to protein bacteria were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from DNA to RNA to protein bacteria were
+also extremely important for elucidating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also extremely important for elucidating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also extremely important for elucidating
+the initial mechanisms of gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial mechanisms of gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial mechanisms of gene
+regulation okay I mentioned yeast a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation okay I mentioned yeast a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation okay I mentioned yeast a
+little bit in the last lecture when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the last lecture when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the last lecture when I
+mentioned tetrad analysis but we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned tetrad analysis but we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned tetrad analysis but we'll talk
+about yeast a lot more later when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeast a lot more later when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeast a lot more later when we
+start talking about the regulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the regulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the regulation of
+cell division and the cell cycle because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division and the cell cycle because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division and the cell cycle because
+yeast played a pivotal role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast played a pivotal role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast played a pivotal role in
+identifying the gene that's critical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the gene that's critical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the gene that's critical for
+this decision of a cell whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision of a cell whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision of a cell whether or not
+to divide also one terrific model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide also one terrific model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide also one terrific model
+organism in plants is a rabid abscess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism in plants is a rabid abscess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism in plants is a rabid abscess
+thaliana and a rabid abscess has also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaliana and a rabid abscess has also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaliana and a rabid abscess has also
+played an important role in elucidating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played an important role in elucidating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played an important role in elucidating
+mechanisms of development but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of development but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of development but also in
+making advances in scientific research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making advances in scientific research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making advances in scientific research
+that relate to agriculture such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relate to agriculture such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relate to agriculture such as
+disease resistance and host-pathogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease resistance and host-pathogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease resistance and host-pathogen
+interactions okay so the two heroes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay so the two heroes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay so the two heroes of
+today's lecture will be the round worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture will be the round worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture will be the round worm
+see an arab Dittus elegans and the fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an arab Dittus elegans and the fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an arab Dittus elegans and the fruit
+fly Drosophila melanogaster but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly Drosophila melanogaster but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly Drosophila melanogaster but before
+getting into studies in those organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into studies in those organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into studies in those organisms
+I wanted to highlight a couple important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to highlight a couple important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to highlight a couple important
+vertebrate model organisms the zebrafish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrate model organisms the zebrafish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrate model organisms the zebrafish
+and the mouse and so you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mouse and so you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mouse and so you can see the
+mouse's is our lab mascot but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse's is our lab mascot but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse's is our lab mascot but it's also
+an important genetic model in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important genetic model in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important genetic model in particular
+there are many models and mice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many models and mice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many models and mice that
+mimic cancer and so these have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic cancer and so these have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic cancer and so these have been
+useful for elucidating mechanisms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for elucidating mechanisms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for elucidating mechanisms of
+cancer i so it's really unethical for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer i so it's really unethical for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer i so it's really unethical for us
+to do a lot of different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of different types of
+experiments on humans but i will mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on humans but i will mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on humans but i will mention
+that there are human cell lines such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are human cell lines such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are human cell lines such as
+the HeLa cell line and these also play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HeLa cell line and these also play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HeLa cell line and these also play
+an important role in biology research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important role in biology research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important role in biology research
+but these cell lines are taken out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these cell lines are taken out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these cell lines are taken out of
+context right they're not functioning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right they're not functioning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right they're not functioning in
+the context of an entire organism so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of an entire organism so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of an entire organism so
+human cell lines are important but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cell lines are important but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cell lines are important but you
+have to understand that they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand that they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand that they're they're
+sort of an in vitro system that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an in vitro system that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an in vitro system that they're
+out of the context of a functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the context of a functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the context of a functioning
+organism okay so why is it that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay so why is it that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay so why is it that we
+research these model organisms so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research these model organisms so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research these model organisms so there
+are some practical reasons most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some practical reasons most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some practical reasons most of them
+are fairly small and they're easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly small and they're easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fairly small and they're easy to
+house large numbers of them in a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house large numbers of them in a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house large numbers of them in a lab
+they're often cheap to to house in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often cheap to to house in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often cheap to to house in the
+lab and work with also they a lot they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and work with also they a lot they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and work with also they a lot they
+develop fast right and especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop fast right and especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop fast right and especially when
+we consider genetics the rate limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider genetics the rate limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider genetics the rate limiting
+step in genetics research is the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in genetics research is the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in genetics research is the time it
+takes from the conception of an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes from the conception of an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes from the conception of an organism
+to the time that that organism can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time that that organism can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time that that organism can
+reproduce sexually okay so these model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce sexually okay so these model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce sexually okay so these model
+organisms most of them reproduce very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms most of them reproduce very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms most of them reproduce very
+quickly and so that accelerates the pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and so that accelerates the pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and so that accelerates the pace
+of research okay but maybe most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research okay but maybe most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research okay but maybe most
+importantly is the fact that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly is the fact that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly is the fact that we are
+related to each of these model organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each of these model organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each of these model organisms
+through evolution because we all arose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through evolution because we all arose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through evolution because we all arose
+from a common ancestor okay and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a common ancestor okay and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a common ancestor okay and just to
+highlight this example using the fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this example using the fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this example using the fruit
+fly the fruit fly has 17,000 genes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the fruit fly has 17,000 genes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly the fruit fly has 17,000 genes when
+compared to our 20,000 genes so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our 20,000 genes so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our 20,000 genes so we have
+roughly the same order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same order of magnitude
+number of genes as the fruit fly and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of genes as the fruit fly and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of genes as the fruit fly and so
+let's let's think about important genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's think about important genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's think about important genes
+let's think about just genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about just genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about just genes that are
+associated with human diseases if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with human diseases if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with human diseases if we
+just consider human disease-causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consider human disease-causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consider human disease-causing
+genes 75% of the human disease-causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes 75% of the human disease-causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes 75% of the human disease-causing
+genes have a homologous gene in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes have a homologous gene in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes have a homologous gene in the
+fruit fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit fly
+okay so we're we're similar to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're we're similar to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're we're similar to these
+model organisms such as the fruit fly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model organisms such as the fruit fly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model organisms such as the fruit fly in
+particular genes that are important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular genes that are important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular genes that are important for
+understanding human disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I came across this quote when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I came across this quote when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I came across this quote when
+preparing for the lecture and I liked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for the lecture and I liked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for the lecture and I liked it
+from John Wren who's a contemporary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from John Wren who's a contemporary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from John Wren who's a contemporary of
+ours and John Rin said genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours and John Rin said genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours and John Rin said genetic
+approaches are as fundamental to biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches are as fundamental to biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches are as fundamental to biology
+as math is to physics and I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as math is to physics and I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as math is to physics and I think this
+is an apt quote because both genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an apt quote because both genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an apt quote because both genetics
+and math themselves are scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and math themselves are scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and math themselves are scientific
+disciplines but they can be leveraged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines but they can be leveraged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines but they can be leveraged to
+sort of learn things about biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of learn things about biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of learn things about biology and
+physics respectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics respectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics respectively
+okay so genetics really plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so genetics really plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so genetics really plays a
+fundamental role in biology in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental role in biology in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental role in biology in the
+discovery of new biological mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of new biological mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of new biological mechanisms
+okay so now I want to just briefly take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to just briefly take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to just briefly take
+you through how is it that we discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through how is it that we discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through how is it that we discover
+things using genetics and I'm gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things using genetics and I'm gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things using genetics and I'm gonna take
+you through a type of approach that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through a type of approach that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through a type of approach that's
+called a forward genetic screen and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a forward genetic screen and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a forward genetic screen and I'll
+get to the orchestra in just a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the orchestra in just a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the orchestra in just a minute
+but I briefly just want to define what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I briefly just want to define what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I briefly just want to define what a
+forward genetic screen is so when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward genetic screen is so when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward genetic screen is so when a
+forward genetic screen is a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward genetic screen is a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward genetic screen is a type of
+approach you would do if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you would do if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you would do if you don't know
+the genes that are involved in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes that are involved in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes that are involved in a
+specific process but you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific process but you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific process but you want to
+identify them so in a forward genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify them so in a forward genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify them so in a forward genetic
+screen you don't know the genes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen you don't know the genes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen you don't know the genes and
+mechanisms involved so you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms involved so you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms involved so you don't know
+what these genes are you might not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these genes are you might not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these genes are you might not even
+have a genome sequence of the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a genome sequence of the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a genome sequence of the organism
+you don't need a genome sequence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a genome sequence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a genome sequence in
+order to do a forward genetic screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do a forward genetic screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do a forward genetic screen
+because you don't know the genes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know the genes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know the genes but
+you're interested in a particular aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in a particular aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in a particular aspect
+of development or of organismal function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development or of organismal function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development or of organismal function
+and you want to identify the genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to identify the genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to identify the genes that
+are important for that so when starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for that so when starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for that so when starting
+a forward genetic screen you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward genetic screen you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward genetic screen you have to
+then infer what a possible phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then infer what a possible phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then infer what a possible phenotype
+would look like if you broke genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if you broke genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if you broke genes that
+were involved in that process so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were involved in that process so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were involved in that process so the
+mantra of geneticists is that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantra of geneticists is that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantra of geneticists is that we are
+going to break genes and then look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break genes and then look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break genes and then look at
+the result right and see if it gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result right and see if it gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result right and see if it gives the
+phenotype we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype we're interested in
+okay so in a forward genetic screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in a forward genetic screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in a forward genetic screen
+you're looking for a phenotype that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for a phenotype that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for a phenotype that you
+would expect if you affected a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect if you affected a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect if you affected a certain
+process if you disrupt a process okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you disrupt a process okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you disrupt a process okay so
+think about this Orchestra up here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this Orchestra up here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this Orchestra up here let's
+say you are interested in what regulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you are interested in what regulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you are interested in what regulates
+each of these sections in the orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these sections in the orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these sections in the orchestra
+right what what is the master regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what what is the master regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what what is the master regulator
+of this Orchestra if you will right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Orchestra if you will right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Orchestra if you will right and
+so the conceptually what a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conceptually what a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conceptually what a genetic
+screen would involve is taking hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen would involve is taking hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen would involve is taking hundreds
+maybe thousands of orchestras like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe thousands of orchestras like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe thousands of orchestras like this
+one and just shooting an individual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and just shooting an individual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and just shooting an individual in
+this Orchestra and removing them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Orchestra and removing them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Orchestra and removing them from
+the orchestra right and so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orchestra right and so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orchestra right and so you would
+let's say you remove let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you remove let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you remove let's say you
+remove this guy right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this guy right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this guy right here
+then maybe nothing really happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe nothing really happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe nothing really happens
+because they're like you know 30 or 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're like you know 30 or 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're like you know 30 or 40
+other violinists and that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other violinists and that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other violinists and that's not the
+major control circuit right so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major control circuit right so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major control circuit right so then you
+would infer that this gene is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would infer that this gene is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would infer that this gene is not
+important for the regulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the regulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the regulation of the
+orchestra well let's say you took out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra well let's say you took out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra well let's say you took out
+Bernstein right and then then you listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein right and then then you listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein right and then then you listen
+to the orchestra and find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the orchestra and find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the orchestra and find that the
+sections are uncoordinated there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections are uncoordinated there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections are uncoordinated there's you
+know the bassist start doing crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the bassist start doing crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the bassist start doing crazy
+things on their own so then in the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on their own so then in the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on their own so then in the logic
+of Joseph's legend etics you would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Joseph's legend etics you would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Joseph's legend etics you would then
+name that gene uncoordinated and infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that gene uncoordinated and infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that gene uncoordinated and infer
+that that gene has some important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gene has some important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gene has some important role
+in sort of coordinating the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of coordinating the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of coordinating the different
+sections of the orchestra okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the orchestra okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the orchestra okay so the
+the goal in genetics is to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal in genetics is to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal in genetics is to end up
+identify a mutation that alters a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a mutation that alters a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a mutation that alters a gene
+function that gives you a phenotype that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that gives you a phenotype that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that gives you a phenotype that
+you're interested in and rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in and rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in and rather than
+taking a gun and shooting members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a gun and shooting members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a gun and shooting members of the
+orchestra in genetics you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra in genetics you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra in genetics you try to
+identify mutations so you try to induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify mutations so you try to induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify mutations so you try to induce
+mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+okay so we're looking for mutations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're looking for mutations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're looking for mutations and
+these mutations could be spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mutations could be spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mutations could be spontaneous
+mutations meaning you didn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations meaning you didn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations meaning you didn't do anything
+to induce it but they just appear as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to induce it but they just appear as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to induce it but they just appear as a
+variant in the population and so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant in the population and so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant in the population and so we've
+talked about Thomas Hunt Morgan and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Thomas Hunt Morgan and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Thomas Hunt Morgan and the
+white mutant and the white gene so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white mutant and the white gene so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white mutant and the white gene so the
+white mutant was a spontaneous mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white mutant was a spontaneous mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white mutant was a spontaneous mutation
+Morgan's lab didn't do anything special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's lab didn't do anything special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's lab didn't do anything special
+they just looked at lots of flies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just looked at lots of flies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just looked at lots of flies and
+over the decades they identified this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the decades they identified this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the decades they identified this
+one special male fly that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one special male fly that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one special male fly that they could
+work on okay but nowadays researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on okay but nowadays researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on okay but nowadays researchers
+have way to accelerate this process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have way to accelerate this process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have way to accelerate this process and
+so we can induce mutations and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can induce mutations and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can induce mutations and the way
+we can induce mutations is by using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can induce mutations is by using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can induce mutations is by using some
+type of mutagen okay so for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of mutagen okay so for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of mutagen okay so for example you
+could have some sort of chemical mutagen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have some sort of chemical mutagen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have some sort of chemical mutagen
+that increases the error rate and deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increases the error rate and deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increases the error rate and deep
+DNA replication or you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replication or you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replication or you could use
+radiation to induce DNA damage and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation to induce DNA damage and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation to induce DNA damage and that
+essentially accelerates the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially accelerates the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially accelerates the frequency of
+mutations that occur in the genome of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that occur in the genome of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that occur in the genome of an
+organism okay and so the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay and so the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay and so the process of
+mutagen izing and organism isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagen izing and organism isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagen izing and organism isn't
+specific to genes you're just inducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to genes you're just inducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to genes you're just inducing
+random mutations across the genome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random mutations across the genome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random mutations across the genome of
+the individual okay so if I took let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual okay so if I took let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual okay so if I took let's
+say this piece I'm drawing here is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this piece I'm drawing here is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this piece I'm drawing here is part
+of a chromosome and these boxes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chromosome and these boxes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chromosome and these boxes are
+genes you're inducing random mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes you're inducing random mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes you're inducing random mutations
+and maybe one mutation hits this gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe one mutation hits this gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe one mutation hits this gene
+right so that's that's a mutation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's a mutation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's a mutation that
+might affect the function of an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect the function of an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect the function of an organism
+you might have other mutations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have other mutations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have other mutations that are
+outside genes and may have no effect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside genes and may have no effect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside genes and may have no effect or
+you could have a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a different kind of
+mutation which isn't in the coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation which isn't in the coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation which isn't in the coding
+region of the gene but maybe affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the gene but maybe affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the gene but maybe affects the
+regulation of this blue gene over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of this blue gene over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of this blue gene over here
+okay so this is a random process if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a random process if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a random process if
+you're sort of feeding an organism some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of feeding an organism some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of feeding an organism some
+chemical mutagen you're inducing random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical mutagen you're inducing random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical mutagen you're inducing random
+mutations in different places and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in different places and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in different places and you
+don't know which are the ones that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which are the ones that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which are the ones that you
+you want until you look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want until you look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want until you look at their
+phenotypes and try to find the needle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes and try to find the needle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes and try to find the needle in
+the haystack okay so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the haystack okay so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the haystack okay so let me show you
+some examples so let's say we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples so let's say we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples so let's say we were
+interested in our body pattern right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in our body pattern right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in our body pattern right we
+all have a body we are our head is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have a body we are our head is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have a body we are our head is in
+our head position or asses in our ass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our head position or asses in our ass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our head position or asses in our ass
+position we have arms that are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we have arms that are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we have arms that are in a
+right position or legs are in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right position or legs are in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right position or legs are in the right
+position right let's say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position right let's say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position right let's say we're
+interested in figuring out what genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in figuring out what genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in figuring out what genes
+were responsible for that body pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were responsible for that body pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were responsible for that body pattern
+what kind of a mutants might you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a mutants might you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a mutants might you look
+for anyone Rachel what's that a mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anyone Rachel what's that a mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anyone Rachel what's that a mutant
+with his body parts in the wrong place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his body parts in the wrong place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his body parts in the wrong place
+right you could get maybe you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could get maybe you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could get maybe you have like
+a leg where your arm should be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leg where your arm should be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leg where your arm should be coming
+out or maybe you have two heads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or maybe you have two heads or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or maybe you have two heads or
+something like that so you'd look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so you'd look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so you'd look for
+some sort of defect in the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of defect in the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of defect in the pattern
+formation and so this would be obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and so this would be obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and so this would be obviously
+unethical to do in humans but in model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical to do in humans but in model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethical to do in humans but in model
+organisms we can actually find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms we can actually find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms we can actually find these
+types of mutations I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of mutations I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of mutations I'm just gonna
+highlight a couple mutants this one's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight a couple mutants this one's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight a couple mutants this one's an
+obvious one so this fly has two wings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one so this fly has two wings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one so this fly has two wings
+you can see them kind of folded over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see them kind of folded over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see them kind of folded over
+each other right here but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right here but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right here but there's a
+specific class of mutant that was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific class of mutant that was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific class of mutant that was called
+wingless where the flies have fewer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingless where the flies have fewer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingless where the flies have fewer than
+two wings this particular fly has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wings this particular fly has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wings this particular fly has only
+one wing okay and this wingless mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wing okay and this wingless mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wing okay and this wingless mutant
+defined a gene that became known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a gene that became known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a gene that became known as
+wingless and is a it's a gene that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingless and is a it's a gene that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingless and is a it's a gene that has a
+homologous gene in humans and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous gene in humans and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous gene in humans and this
+particular gene defines an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene defines an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene defines an entire
+signaling pathway which looks sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling pathway which looks sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling pathway which looks sorry
+which is important in stem cell biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important in stem cell biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is important in stem cell biology
+and is also over activated in cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is also over activated in cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is also over activated in cancer
+okay but obviously we don't have wings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but obviously we don't have wings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but obviously we don't have wings
+so this gene didn't get discovered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gene didn't get discovered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gene didn't get discovered in
+humans it was discovered in flies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans it was discovered in flies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans it was discovered in flies and
+then only later on it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only later on it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only later on it was
+inferred or was discovered that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred or was discovered that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred or was discovered that there's
+a related gene in humans okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a related gene in humans okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a related gene in humans okay so that's
+one example one of the other phenotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example one of the other phenotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example one of the other phenotypes
+I showed you is called not normally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you is called not normally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you is called not normally a
+fly wing has a nice smooth margin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly wing has a nice smooth margin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly wing has a nice smooth margin but
+not music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chunk taken out of them at the end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk taken out of them at the end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk taken out of them at the end okay
+so again the gene became known as notch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the gene became known as notch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the gene became known as notch
+because of this fly phenotype but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this fly phenotype but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this fly phenotype but again
+there's a human notch and human notch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a human notch and human notch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a human notch and human notch
+again is involved in human diseases such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is involved in human diseases such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is involved in human diseases such
+as cancer okay so that's two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cancer okay so that's two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cancer okay so that's two examples
+but now I want to talk to you about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I want to talk to you about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I want to talk to you about how
+one might find the needle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might find the needle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might find the needle in the
+haystack how can you have a concerted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haystack how can you have a concerted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haystack how can you have a concerted
+effort to identify genes that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to identify genes that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to identify genes that have the
+function sort of in a given process I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sort of in a given process I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sort of in a given process I'm
+going to tell you about work done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about work done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about work done by
+Eric whish house and Christian new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric whish house and Christian new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric whish house and Christian new
+slayin vole hard because they did one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slayin vole hard because they did one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slayin vole hard because they did one of
+the more famous genetic screens that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more famous genetic screens that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more famous genetic screens that had
+been done and they won the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and they won the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and they won the Nobel Prize
+for their results in 1995 okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their results in 1995 okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their results in 1995 okay so I'm
+going to take you through this classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take you through this classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take you through this classic
+genetic screen and this is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic screen and this is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic screen and this is in this
+screen they're going to induce mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen they're going to induce mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen they're going to induce mutations
+so I'm gonna take a parental generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna take a parental generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna take a parental generation
+and this screen was done using fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this screen was done using fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this screen was done using fruit
+flies and they took male fruit flies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies and they took male fruit flies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies and they took male fruit flies and
+treated the mouse with a mutagen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated the mouse with a mutagen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated the mouse with a mutagen to
+induce mutations in the gametes of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce mutations in the gametes of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce mutations in the gametes of these
+dis mal these mal flies that would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis mal these mal flies that would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis mal these mal flies that would then
+be passed to subsequent generations pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be passed to subsequent generations pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be passed to subsequent generations pay
+and they mated the mutagenize mouths to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they mated the mutagenize mouths to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they mated the mutagenize mouths to
+females and then they went on to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females and then they went on to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females and then they went on to look at
+to isolate individual f1 progeny so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate individual f1 progeny so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate individual f1 progeny so
+we're gonna look at individual f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna look at individual f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna look at individual f1
+progeny in this generation so in the f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny in this generation so in the f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny in this generation so in the f1
+the f1 progeny have the potential to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f1 progeny have the potential to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f1 progeny have the potential to get
+one mutagenize chromosome from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mutagenize chromosome from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mutagenize chromosome from their
+father and we'll get a normal chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and we'll get a normal chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and we'll get a normal chromosome
+from the mother okay so I'll just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mother okay so I'll just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mother okay so I'll just draw
+this like this we're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this we're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like this we're independent
+mutations are going to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations are going to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations are going to be different
+colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors
+so that has maybe a mutation on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that has maybe a mutation on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that has maybe a mutation on one of
+its chromosomes another fly because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its chromosomes another fly because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its chromosomes another fly because this
+is random might have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is random might have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is random might have a different
+mutation on the same or a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation on the same or a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation on the same or a different
+chromosome I'll draw a couple more maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome I'll draw a couple more maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome I'll draw a couple more maybe
+one of these flies doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these flies doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these flies doesn't have a
+mutation that's been induced and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that's been induced and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that's been induced and then
+I'll draw just one independent mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw just one independent mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw just one independent mutation
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+okay so again this is random so to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again this is random so to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again this is random so to see
+random mutations you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random mutations you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random mutations you have to take
+individual flies now are you gonna see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual flies now are you gonna see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual flies now are you gonna see a
+phenotype in this f1 generation so miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype in this f1 generation so miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype in this f1 generation so miles
+is it Malik or miles sorry miles good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Malik or miles sorry miles good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Malik or miles sorry miles good
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+exactly so what miles just said is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what miles just said is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so what miles just said is that
+basically he said that these mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically he said that these mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically he said that these mutations
+if they're loss-of-function mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're loss-of-function mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're loss-of-function mutations
+are going to be recessive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be recessive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be recessive because
+they're going to be overshadowed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be overshadowed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be overshadowed by a
+normal functioning gene on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal functioning gene on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal functioning gene on the other
+chromosome right so if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome right so if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome right so if you're looking
+for a loss-of-function mutation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a loss-of-function mutation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a loss-of-function mutation that's
+likely going to be recessive and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely going to be recessive and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely going to be recessive and you
+would not see it in the f1 generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not see it in the f1 generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not see it in the f1 generation
+okay so in order to look for organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in order to look for organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in order to look for organisms
+that have incorrect incorrect body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have incorrect incorrect body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have incorrect incorrect body
+patterning you need to get a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning you need to get a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning you need to get a situation
+where each of the mutated chromosomes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each of the mutated chromosomes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each of the mutated chromosomes is
+homozygous recessive okay and to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive okay and to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygous recessive okay and to do that
+you have to do more crosses so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do more crosses so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do more crosses so what the
+researchers did was to take independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers did was to take independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers did was to take independent
+organ individual organisms and cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ individual organisms and cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ individual organisms and cross
+them all again to non-mutated flies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember flies don't south cross so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember flies don't south cross so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember flies don't south cross so they
+need a male and a female that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a male and a female that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a male and a female that has the
+same mutated chromosome mating to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mutated chromosome mating to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mutated chromosome mating to each
+other in order to see a recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in order to see a recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in order to see a recessive
+phenotype so because you only have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype so because you only have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype so because you only have an
+individual fly for each of these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual fly for each of these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual fly for each of these you
+need to get more than one fly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get more than one fly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get more than one fly with the
+same mutation so they may - to a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mutation so they may - to a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mutation so they may - to a normal
+fly but now you can get in the F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly but now you can get in the F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly but now you can get in the F to
+multiple f2 males and females that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple f2 males and females that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple f2 males and females that will
+have the same mutated chromosome okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same mutated chromosome okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same mutated chromosome okay so
+here let's draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so with the still still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with the still still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with the still still
+heterozygous at this point but at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous at this point but at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous at this point but at this
+point you just generated multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you just generated multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you just generated multiple
+organisms now and female to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms now and female to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms now and female to have the
+same chromosome that arose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chromosome that arose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chromosome that arose from
+essentially the same chromosome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same chromosome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same chromosome and the
+father okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father okay
+the male gamete in the parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male gamete in the parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male gamete in the parental
+generation see oh I did green okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation see oh I did green okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation see oh I did green okay okay
+so now we have mouths and females both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have mouths and females both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have mouths and females both
+of which are heterozygous and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which are heterozygous and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which are heterozygous and you know
+I'm skipping some of the details of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm skipping some of the details of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm skipping some of the details of this
+cross just you'll have to take my word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross just you'll have to take my word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross just you'll have to take my word
+for the fact that they can keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fact that they can keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fact that they can keep track of
+which chromosome is which and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chromosome is which and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chromosome is which and I'm not
+going to tell you how they did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how they did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how they did that
+because it's kind of like fly genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of like fly genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of like fly genetics
+and it's not terribly important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not terribly important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not terribly important that you
+know it but just so now you have males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it but just so now you have males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it but just so now you have males
+and females and now you can look in f3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and females and now you can look in f3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and females and now you can look in f3
+and from each of these lines each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from each of these lines each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from each of these lines each of
+these lines you're going to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines you're going to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines you're going to cross
+siblings to each other so you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings to each other so you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings to each other so you're doing a
+sibling cross what fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling cross what fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling cross what fraction of the
+progeny for each of these sibling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny for each of these sibling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny for each of these sibling
+crosses should be homozygous for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses should be homozygous for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses should be homozygous for the
+mutant chromosome yes Steven 1/4 exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant chromosome yes Steven 1/4 exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant chromosome yes Steven 1/4 exactly
+right so Stevens Stevens exactly right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Stevens Stevens exactly right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Stevens Stevens exactly right a
+quarter of the progeny should get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the progeny should get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the progeny should get two
+copies of the mutated chromosome so 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the mutated chromosome so 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the mutated chromosome so 25
+percent should be homozygous recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you can screen this f3 progeny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can screen this f3 progeny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can screen this f3 progeny
+for each of these independent lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these independent lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these independent lines and
+look for flies at some stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for flies at some stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for flies at some stage of
+development that are defective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that are defective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that are defective in
+patterning okay and so I'll show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning okay and so I'll show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning okay and so I'll show you how
+where my clicker go all right so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my clicker go all right so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my clicker go all right so they're
+looking for ink rock correct body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for ink rock correct body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for ink rock correct body
+pattern so if you yes your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so if you yes your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so if you yes your question
+what's your name again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name again
+Georgia yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so they're able to select for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so they're able to select for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so they're able to select for the
+mutated chromosome yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated chromosome yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated chromosome yeah
+and I'm skipping over how they did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm skipping over how they did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm skipping over how they did that
+because it's kind of I so tarik but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of I so tarik but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of I so tarik but
+you're right some would be normal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right some would be normal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right some would be normal but
+they I'm just telling you they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I'm just telling you they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I'm just telling you they're able
+to figure out the ones that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the ones that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the ones that have the
+mutant chromosome and they made sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant chromosome and they made sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant chromosome and they made sure to
+keep those in the next generation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep those in the next generation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep those in the next generation okay
+good question Georgia alright so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question Georgia alright so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question Georgia alright so they
+can screen at three for a phenotype it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can screen at three for a phenotype it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can screen at three for a phenotype it
+turns out all of the mutations they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out all of the mutations they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out all of the mutations they're
+interested in are lethal so they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are lethal so they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are lethal so they have to
+look at the larval stages for ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the larval stages for ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the larval stages for ones that
+have a defect in patterning so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a defect in patterning so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a defect in patterning so this is
+what a Drosophila larvae looks like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a Drosophila larvae looks like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a Drosophila larvae looks like and
+you can see it has this segmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it has this segmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it has this segmented
+pattern here this is the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here this is the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here this is the head of the
+larvae the tail of the larvae but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larvae the tail of the larvae but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larvae the tail of the larvae but you
+see there are these segments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there are these segments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there are these segments that
+alternate between smooth cuticle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate between smooth cuticle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate between smooth cuticle and
+hairy cuticle they have things called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy cuticle they have things called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy cuticle they have things called
+denticles which are these hairlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denticles which are these hairlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denticles which are these hairlike
+projections which are essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections which are essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections which are essentially what
+the maggot uses for traction so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maggot uses for traction so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maggot uses for traction so it can
+crawl around okay so they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawl around okay so they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawl around okay so they're basically
+just looking at maggots here and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at maggots here and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at maggots here and looking
+at the pattern of segments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pattern of segments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pattern of segments in the
+maggots okay but what they found is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maggots okay but what they found is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maggots okay but what they found is a
+mutant here's the mutant here which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant here's the mutant here which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant here's the mutant here which just
+has these hairlike projections all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these hairlike projections all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these hairlike projections all
+across the cuticle without these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the cuticle without these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the cuticle without these
+intervening regions of naked cuticle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening regions of naked cuticle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening regions of naked cuticle
+okay and because it's there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and because it's there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and because it's there's a lot of
+like hairlike projections here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hairlike projections here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hairlike projections here it
+reminded the researchers of a hedgehog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded the researchers of a hedgehog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded the researchers of a hedgehog
+and so this mutant became known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this mutant became known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this mutant became known as
+Hedgehog and the Hedgehog gene was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hedgehog and the Hedgehog gene was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hedgehog and the Hedgehog gene was the
+founding member of an entire signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding member of an entire signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding member of an entire signaling
+pathway known as the hedgehog pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway known as the hedgehog pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway known as the hedgehog pathway
+that plays important roles in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays important roles in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays important roles in human
+development and also human cancer so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and also human cancer so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and also human cancer so the
+human gene for Hedgehog or one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human gene for Hedgehog or one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human gene for Hedgehog or one of the
+most important ones in humans is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important ones in humans is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important ones in humans is known
+as sonic hedgehog so you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sonic hedgehog so you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sonic hedgehog so you see that the
+geneticists have kind of an odd sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists have kind of an odd sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists have kind of an odd sense of
+humor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor
+so but the sonic hedgehog gene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the sonic hedgehog gene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the sonic hedgehog gene is
+important in cancer and actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in cancer and actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in cancer and actually there
+are now a number of drugs that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now a number of drugs that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now a number of drugs that are being
+developed to target the hedgehog pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed to target the hedgehog pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed to target the hedgehog pathway
+and one was approved back in 2012 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one was approved back in 2012 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one was approved back in 2012 for
+use in treating basal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in treating basal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in treating basal
+carcinoma and there's currently another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinoma and there's currently another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinoma and there's currently another
+drug that's in phase two clinical trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug that's in phase two clinical trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug that's in phase two clinical trials
+for treating some forms of leukemia okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for treating some forms of leukemia okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for treating some forms of leukemia okay
+so this is a story that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a story that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a story that goes from
+identifying this weird fly mutant all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying this weird fly mutant all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying this weird fly mutant all
+the way to clinical trials developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to clinical trials developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to clinical trials developing
+drugs that are whose purpose is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are whose purpose is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are whose purpose is to
+inhibit this signaling pathway which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit this signaling pathway which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit this signaling pathway which
+Hedgehog is the signal the extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hedgehog is the signal the extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hedgehog is the signal the extracellular
+ligand for okay so now I'm gonna switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand for okay so now I'm gonna switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligand for okay so now I'm gonna switch
+gears and tell you about another story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears and tell you about another story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears and tell you about another story
+it's a bit like this one except this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit like this one except this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit like this one except this one
+has an MIT connection so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an MIT connection so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an MIT connection so I'm going to
+tell you about work done at MIT in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about work done at MIT in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about work done at MIT in the
+worm see an Arab Titus elegans and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm see an Arab Titus elegans and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm see an Arab Titus elegans and this
+work was done in the lab of Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was done in the lab of Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was done in the lab of Robert
+Horvitz who was a member of our biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horvitz who was a member of our biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horvitz who was a member of our biology
+department and Robert Horvitz for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and Robert Horvitz for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and Robert Horvitz for his
+work won the Nobel Prize along with john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work won the Nobel Prize along with john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work won the Nobel Prize along with john
+sulston and Sydney Brenner Brenner for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulston and Sydney Brenner Brenner for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulston and Sydney Brenner Brenner for
+their work on how cells decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work on how cells decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work on how cells decide what
+fates they give rise to and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fates they give rise to and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fates they give rise to and specifically
+and one thing that the Horvitz lab has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing that the Horvitz lab has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing that the Horvitz lab has
+done is to elucidate the mechanisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is to elucidate the mechanisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is to elucidate the mechanisms that
+determine whether or not a cell lives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not a cell lives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not a cell lives or
+dies during development okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies during development okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies during development okay so if we
+think about the development of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the development of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the development of an
+organism we all start from a single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism we all start from a single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism we all start from a single cell
+and this thing these cells the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing these cells the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing these cells the cell
+divides into different cells but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into different cells but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into different cells but
+different cells in our body give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cells in our body give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cells in our body give rise to
+different cell fates okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cell fates okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cell fates okay so if we
+consider just a generic cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just a generic cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just a generic cell division
+here you have a parent cell a it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a parent cell a it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have a parent cell a it might
+divide into cell be and cell C and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide into cell be and cell C and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide into cell be and cell C and maybe
+cell B might have a particular fate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell B might have a particular fate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell B might have a particular fate it
+might go on to develop into a neuron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go on to develop into a neuron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go on to develop into a neuron or
+a muscle cell whatever it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a muscle cell whatever it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a muscle cell whatever it doesn't matter
+right but one fate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but one fate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but one fate that
+that Horvitz Alston and Brenner saw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Horvitz Alston and Brenner saw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Horvitz Alston and Brenner saw is
+that sometimes cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes cells
+their fate was to just die okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fate was to just die okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fate was to just die okay and this
+was very stereotypic you get a death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this was defined as programmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this was defined as programmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this was defined as programmed
+cell death because it followed a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell death because it followed a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell death because it followed a very
+stereotypic where the same cell each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypic where the same cell each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypic where the same cell each
+time would undergo cell death okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time would undergo cell death okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time would undergo cell death okay so it
+seems like there's a program for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like there's a program for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like there's a program for it
+this also is called apoptosis so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also is called apoptosis so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also is called apoptosis so what
+really enabled this work is the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enabled this work is the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enabled this work is the biology
+of C elegans and here I'm showing you C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C elegans and here I'm showing you C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C elegans and here I'm showing you C
+elegans development this is the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans development this is the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans development this is the C
+elegans zygote this cell divides into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans zygote this cell divides into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans zygote this cell divides into
+two cells that are different one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cells that are different one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cells that are different one is
+called a B one is called p1 and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a B one is called p1 and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a B one is called p1 and we know
+exactly what the fates for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the fates for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the fates for the
+descendants of both these cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of both these cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants of both these cells are
+based on the work of Saul Steinbrenner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the work of Saul Steinbrenner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the work of Saul Steinbrenner
+and Horvitz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Horvitz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Horvitz
+now you get a four cell stage where a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get a four cell stage where a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get a four cell stage where a B
+divides into two cells and p1 divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into two cells and p1 divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides into two cells and p1 divides
+into two cells and a gun we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two cells and a gun we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two cells and a gun we know the
+fates of all these cells and what what C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fates of all these cells and what what C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fates of all these cells and what what C
+elegans researchers have done because C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans researchers have done because C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans researchers have done because C
+elegans is a relatively simple organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans is a relatively simple organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegans is a relatively simple organism
+there are only 947 cells in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only 947 cells in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only 947 cells in every
+individual worm so they're 947 somatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual worm so they're 947 somatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual worm so they're 947 somatic
+cells and this is stereotypic every worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and this is stereotypic every worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and this is stereotypic every worm
+has these 947 cells okay how many cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these 947 cells okay how many cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these 947 cells okay how many cells
+do you have more than or less than 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have more than or less than 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have more than or less than 1,000
+you have more than 1,000 cells right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more than 1,000 cells right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more than 1,000 cells right
+that makes you much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you much more complicated
+right so really the practical aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really the practical aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really the practical aspect of
+C elegans is it has a much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C elegans is it has a much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C elegans is it has a much simpler
+composition and they can track what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and they can track what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and they can track what
+happens to every single one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to every single one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to every single one of these
+cells they know when every cell divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they know when every cell divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they know when every cell divides
+and what the daughter cells of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the daughter cells of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the daughter cells of that
+division will turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division will turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division will turn into
+in other words they know the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they know the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they know the entire
+lineage of this animal okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineage of this animal okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineage of this animal okay so this is a
+picture of the lineage that's showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the lineage that's showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the lineage that's showing
+you what happens to every single cell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what happens to every single cell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what happens to every single cell in
+the development of an adult worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of an adult worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of an adult worm
+okay and so what particularly interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what particularly interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what particularly interested
+robert Horvitz is 131 cells during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robert Horvitz is 131 cells during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robert Horvitz is 131 cells during the
+development of this animal underwent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of this animal underwent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of this animal underwent
+programmed cell death okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed cell death okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed cell death okay and this is
+not random cell death it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not random cell death it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not random cell death it's the same
+cells every time right they know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells every time right they know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells every time right they know what
+happens to every single cell in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to every single cell in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to every single cell in the
+development of this organism so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of this organism so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of this organism so they
+know when there's a division in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when there's a division in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when there's a division in one
+specific cell dies every time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cell dies every time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cell dies every time in the
+organism okay so it's really a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay so it's really a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism okay so it's really a unique
+scenario where you can really see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you can really see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you can really see what
+becomes of every cell that is present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes of every cell that is present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes of every cell that is present in
+the organism okay so now let's talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism okay so now let's talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism okay so now let's talk a
+little bit about the death process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the death process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the death process so
+that I'll make the cell death process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll make the cell death process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll make the cell death process
+simple you start with a live cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you start with a live cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you start with a live cell okay
+so you have a live cell that live cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a live cell that live cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a live cell that live cell
+dies such that you then have a dead cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then after the cell dies after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after the cell dies after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after the cell dies after the
+cell dies the remnants of that dead cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell dies the remnants of that dead cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell dies the remnants of that dead cell
+are engulfed by neighboring cells such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are engulfed by neighboring cells such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are engulfed by neighboring cells such
+that you no longer have you no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you no longer have you no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you no longer have you no longer
+see that cell so the last step in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that cell so the last step in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that cell so the last step in this
+process is engulfment now a key aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is engulfment now a key aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is engulfment now a key aspect
+of one of Horvitz is screens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of Horvitz is screens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of Horvitz is screens is that
+other researchers had identified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other researchers had identified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other researchers had identified a
+mutation that affected cell death that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that affected cell death that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that affected cell death that
+specifically blocked this engulfment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically blocked this engulfment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically blocked this engulfment
+process okay and this gene is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay and this gene is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay and this gene is called
+said one is the first cell death mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one is the first cell death mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one is the first cell death mutant
+that was identified said stands for cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was identified said stands for cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was identified said stands for cell
+death abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey so CED short for said so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so CED short for said so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so CED short for said so so
+researchers in the C elegans field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers in the C elegans field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers in the C elegans field
+started isolating these cell death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started isolating these cell death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started isolating these cell death
+abnormal mutants where something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal mutants where something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal mutants where something
+happened in the cell death process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the cell death process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the cell death process that
+was abnormal okay and I'll tell you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was abnormal okay and I'll tell you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was abnormal okay and I'll tell you why
+how this was leveraged by the Horvitz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this was leveraged by the Horvitz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this was leveraged by the Horvitz
+lab to identify basically a pathway of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab to identify basically a pathway of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab to identify basically a pathway of
+genes that were involved in cell death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that were involved in cell death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that were involved in cell death
+so this is now a worm and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now a worm and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now a worm and what you see
+in this worm are these bubble like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this worm are these bubble like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this worm are these bubble like
+structures that are cells that are dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are cells that are dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are cells that are dead
+but haven't been engulfed okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but haven't been engulfed okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but haven't been engulfed okay so these
+these dead cells because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dead cells because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dead cells because they're not
+engulfed are visible in the adult worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engulfed are visible in the adult worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engulfed are visible in the adult worm
+and so you can basically just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can basically just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can basically just look at
+adult worms and see whether or not these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult worms and see whether or not these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult worms and see whether or not these
+bubble like structures are present okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble like structures are present okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble like structures are present okay
+and it said one mutant in a wild-type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it said one mutant in a wild-type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it said one mutant in a wild-type
+worm you don't see this and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm you don't see this and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm you don't see this and so it's
+harder to see but this provided a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to see but this provided a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to see but this provided a visual
+assay to look for mutations that block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay to look for mutations that block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay to look for mutations that block
+the cell death process because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell death process because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell death process because if you
+block the process upstream of said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the process upstream of said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the process upstream of said one
+and engulfment you no longer will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engulfment you no longer will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engulfment you no longer will see
+these bubble like structures okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bubble like structures okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bubble like structures okay and so
+that is what the Horvitz lab did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what the Horvitz lab did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what the Horvitz lab did they
+started with said one mutant worms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with said one mutant worms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with said one mutant worms so
+they're starting with the said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting with the said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting with the said one
+mutant and they then mutagenize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant and they then mutagenize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant and they then mutagenize these
+said one mutants sorry mutagenize and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one mutants sorry mutagenize and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one mutants sorry mutagenize and so
+they're essentially looking for second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're essentially looking for second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're essentially looking for second
+mutants in this animal that will affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants in this animal that will affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants in this animal that will affect
+the bretton the death process okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bretton the death process okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bretton the death process okay I'll
+take you through the logic of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you through the logic of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you through the logic of this so
+for the remainder of the generations I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the remainder of the generations I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the remainder of the generations I'm
+going to tell you about they're all said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about they're all said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you about they're all said
+one mutant okay so because this said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mutant okay so because this said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mutant okay so because this said one
+said one is homozygous in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one is homozygous in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one is homozygous in this case
+and worms are hermaphrodites meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worms are hermaphrodites meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worms are hermaphrodites meaning
+they have both male and female sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have both male and female sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have both male and female sex
+organs and therefore they can self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and therefore they can self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and therefore they can self
+fertilize so this is a self cross and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilize so this is a self cross and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilize so this is a self cross and so
+said one remains homozygous mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one remains homozygous mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one remains homozygous mutant
+throughout all these crosses okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout all these crosses okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout all these crosses okay now
+similar to the flyscreen they they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the flyscreen they they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the flyscreen they they can
+look for individual or they can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for individual or they can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for individual or they can you get
+individual worms here just get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual worms here just get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual worms here just get some
+colors so we can compare different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so we can compare different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so we can compare different
+chromosomes right so this chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes right so this chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes right so this chromosome
+might have one mutants this chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have one mutants this chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have one mutants this chromosome
+could have another mutant and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have another mutant and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have another mutant and this
+chromosome could have another mutant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome could have another mutant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome could have another mutant and
+maybe this one doesn't have a mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this one doesn't have a mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this one doesn't have a mutant
+okay but again these are heterozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but again these are heterozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but again these are heterozygous
+animals so if you're looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so if you're looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so if you're looking for a
+loss-of-function mutant you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss-of-function mutant you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss-of-function mutant you would not
+see the phenotype at this stage okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the phenotype at this stage okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the phenotype at this stage okay so
+what was done in this screen is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was done in this screen is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was done in this screen is because
+these are worms and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are worms and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are worms and they're
+hermaphrodites they basically allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermaphrodites they basically allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermaphrodites they basically allowed
+each of these worms to self cross so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these worms to self cross so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these worms to self cross so now
+we're talking just about a self cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because this the individual a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because this the individual a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because this the individual a single
+worm has just one of these chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm has just one of these chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm has just one of these chromosomes
+when it undergoes a self cross part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it undergoes a self cross part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it undergoes a self cross part of a
+quarter of the progeny will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the progeny will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the progeny will be
+homozygous recessive for the mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here we have the f1 generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have the f1 generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have the f1 generation
+and now they can just look at the f2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they can just look at the f2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they can just look at the f2
+generation and they're looking for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and they're looking for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and they're looking for some
+fraction of the worms resulting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the worms resulting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the worms resulting from
+each individual that has a phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual that has a phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual that has a phenotype
+that looks like a cell death mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a cell death mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a cell death mutant
+phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so they're essentially going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so they're essentially going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so they're essentially going to
+screen through the f2 generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen through the f2 generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen through the f2 generation and
+look for worms that fail to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for worms that fail to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for worms that fail to have these
+bubble like structures in the adult worm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble like structures in the adult worm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble like structures in the adult worm
+okay so they're looking for a loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they're looking for a loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they're looking for a loss of
+these refract isle structures okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these refract isle structures okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these refract isle structures okay and
+they got one this mutant this is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got one this mutant this is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got one this mutant this is now a
+double mutant between said one and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double mutant between said one and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double mutant between said one and said
+three and you see how you no longer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and you see how you no longer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and you see how you no longer have
+these big bubble like structures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big bubble like structures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big bubble like structures in the
+worm okay so they identified a mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm okay so they identified a mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm okay so they identified a mutant
+and thus a gene that's called said three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus a gene that's called said three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus a gene that's called said three
+which which basically causes a failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which basically causes a failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which basically causes a failure
+of the cells to undergo cell death now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells to undergo cell death now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells to undergo cell death now
+given what I've given what I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what I've given what I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given what I've given what I've shown
+you is this necessarily a mutant that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is this necessarily a mutant that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is this necessarily a mutant that's
+involved in cell death can you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in cell death can you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in cell death can you think of
+an alternative explanation for why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative explanation for why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative explanation for why you
+would lose these sort of bubble like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lose these sort of bubble like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lose these sort of bubble like
+structures what else could be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures what else could be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures what else could be happening
+you know when you do a screen like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you do a screen like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you do a screen like this
+and we'd use science and generate gen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd use science and generate gen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd use science and generate gen in
+general you have to think through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you have to think through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you have to think through all
+the different types of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different types of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different types of possibilities
+yes Georgia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent Georgia said you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent Georgia said you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent Georgia said you could have
+remute ated said one right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remute ated said one right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remute ated said one right so one
+possibility is that you isolated a said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that you isolated a said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that you isolated a said
+one reverting which means you changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reverting which means you changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reverting which means you changed
+its you changed its DNA sequence so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its you changed its DNA sequence so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its you changed its DNA sequence so that
+now the said one gene is functional okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the said one gene is functional okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the said one gene is functional okay
+so one scenario here is you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one scenario here is you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one scenario here is you could have
+you could have some type of revert --nt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have some type of revert --nt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have some type of revert --nt
+or you could have a suppressor mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have a suppressor mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could have a suppressor mutation
+maybe you have a mutation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have a mutation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have a mutation that
+suppresses bypasses the function of said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppresses bypasses the function of said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppresses bypasses the function of said
+one such that now that the cells can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one such that now that the cells can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one such that now that the cells can
+engulf the dead cell okay so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engulf the dead cell okay so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engulf the dead cell okay so you could
+also have the suppressor Okura or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the suppressor Okura or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the suppressor Okura or the
+alternative scenario the one we that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative scenario the one we that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative scenario the one we that we
+want is that we've affected the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is that we've affected the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is that we've affected the cell
+death process and identified something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death process and identified something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death process and identified something
+that is a bonafide cell death mutant how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a bonafide cell death mutant how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a bonafide cell death mutant how
+would you differentiate between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you differentiate between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you differentiate between these
+two any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should this have an extra cell no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this have an extra cell no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this have an extra cell no it
+Stephen says no I agree there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen says no I agree there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen says no I agree there should be
+no extra cell here right because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no extra cell here right because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no extra cell here right because if you
+restored the phagocytic process then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restored the phagocytic process then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restored the phagocytic process then the
+cell should die it should be engulfed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell should die it should be engulfed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell should die it should be engulfed
+and there shouldn't be an extra cell but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there shouldn't be an extra cell but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there shouldn't be an extra cell but
+what if this is a bonafide cell death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if this is a bonafide cell death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if this is a bonafide cell death
+mutant then you should have extra cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant then you should have extra cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant then you should have extra cells
+and it turns out the said three mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the said three mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the said three mutant
+blocks all 131 of these cell deaths so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks all 131 of these cell deaths so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks all 131 of these cell deaths so
+that you have a hundred thirty-one extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a hundred thirty-one extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a hundred thirty-one extra
+cells right because they know the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right because they know the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right because they know the entire
+cell lineage of this worm and can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell lineage of this worm and can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell lineage of this worm and can see
+whether or not cells are present or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not cells are present or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not cells are present or not
+they can tell if there are extra cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can tell if there are extra cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can tell if there are extra cells
+or not and therefore that allowed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and therefore that allowed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and therefore that allowed them
+to infer that they had an actual mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer that they had an actual mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer that they had an actual mutant
+that was affecting the mechanism by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was affecting the mechanism by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was affecting the mechanism by
+which that promotes the cell to die okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that promotes the cell to die okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that promotes the cell to die okay
+and this shows that this cell death it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows that this cell death it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shows that this cell death it
+shows that cell death is an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that cell death is an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that cell death is an active
+process it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not
+just some random event that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some random event that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some random event that's happening
+is an active process that is controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an active process that is controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an active process that is controlled
+by genes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by genes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by genes okay
+so there's an active mechanism involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an active mechanism involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an active mechanism involved
+in the cell death okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell death okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell death okay any questions
+about sort of how these like screens go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of how these like screens go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of how these like screens go
+and the crosses before I move on okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crosses before I move on okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crosses before I move on okay so
+I have one more story to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one more story to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one more story to tell you about
+and this relates to behavior okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this relates to behavior okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this relates to behavior okay so now
+I want to tell you about behavior all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to tell you about behavior all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to tell you about behavior all
+right we all behave some of us better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we all behave some of us better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we all behave some of us better
+than others so so how is it we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others so so how is it we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others so so how is it we can go
+from something as abstract as behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something as abstract as behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something as abstract as behavior
+to specific genes and mechanisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specific genes and mechanisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specific genes and mechanisms that
+control this okay and I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this okay and I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this okay and I'm going to tell
+you about work that was awarded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about work that was awarded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about work that was awarded the
+Nobel Prize last year two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize last year two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize last year two of these
+researchers their careers are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers their careers are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers their careers are at
+Brandeis and so what they discovered as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandeis and so what they discovered as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandeis and so what they discovered as
+the mechanisms that controls circadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms that controls circadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms that controls circadian
+rhythm in organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm in organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm in organisms
+okay so circadian rhythm so circadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so circadian rhythm so circadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so circadian rhythm so circadian
+rhythm is a behavior right we are awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm is a behavior right we are awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm is a behavior right we are awake
+during certain parts of the day and RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during certain parts of the day and RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during certain parts of the day and RS
+in our sleep at night and if we are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our sleep at night and if we are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our sleep at night and if we are so
+if you're hidden from the light-dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're hidden from the light-dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're hidden from the light-dark
+cycle you continue this cycle for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you continue this cycle for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you continue this cycle for some
+amount of time okay so there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time okay so there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time okay so there's something
+intrinsic in our system such that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic in our system such that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic in our system such that we
+sort of want to exist on this 24-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want to exist on this 24-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want to exist on this 24-hour
+wake sleep cycle okay that's why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake sleep cycle okay that's why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake sleep cycle okay that's why it's a
+pain in the ass to travel to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the ass to travel to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the ass to travel to the other
+side of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the world
+okay so how can we identify so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can we identify so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how can we identify so we want
+to identify sort of what controls this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify sort of what controls this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify sort of what controls this
+behavior what then might be a phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior what then might be a phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior what then might be a phenotype
+you might look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would happen if you break circadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you break circadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you break circadian
+rhythm yeah Rachel it wouldn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm yeah Rachel it wouldn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm yeah Rachel it wouldn't have a
+nice clear wake sleep cycle exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clear wake sleep cycle exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice clear wake sleep cycle exactly so
+the screen what they did is to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen what they did is to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen what they did is to look at
+look for flies that where they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for flies that where they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for flies that where they didn't
+have this robust wake sleep cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this robust wake sleep cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this robust wake sleep cycle okay
+so you basically look for flies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you basically look for flies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you basically look for flies that are
+like awake at night and identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like awake at night and identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like awake at night and identify the
+mutations that cause this to happen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that cause this to happen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that cause this to happen okay
+I'll show you an example of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example of what the
+data looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data looks like
+so what each of these lines is is each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what each of these lines is is each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what each of these lines is is each
+tick mark is a measurement of fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick mark is a measurement of fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick mark is a measurement of fly
+activity so what you see our flies sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so what you see our flies sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so what you see our flies sleep
+they're awake they're asleep they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're awake they're asleep they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're awake they're asleep they're
+awake okay and a researchers identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awake okay and a researchers identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awake okay and a researchers identified
+mutants that didn't show this 24-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that didn't show this 24-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that didn't show this 24-hour
+cycle so some are just totally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so some are just totally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so some are just totally a
+rhythmic other mutants alter the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythmic other mutants alter the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythmic other mutants alter the period
+of this cycle so that it's either longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this cycle so that it's either longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this cycle so that it's either longer
+or shorter okay so this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or shorter okay so this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or shorter okay so this is a really
+elegant way to look for genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant way to look for genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant way to look for genes that are
+important for circadian rhythm I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for circadian rhythm I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for circadian rhythm I'll take
+you through the genetic screen this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through the genetic screen this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through the genetic screen this was
+done by Konopka and Benzer and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Konopka and Benzer and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by Konopka and Benzer and they did
+a nice they did a nice screen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice they did a nice screen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice they did a nice screen it
+involves a genetic trick which I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a genetic trick which I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a genetic trick which I'll show
+you there's a type of chromosome called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a type of chromosome called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a type of chromosome called
+attached X and flies where two X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached X and flies where two X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached X and flies where two X
+chromosomes are fused to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are fused to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are fused to each other so
+two x chromosomes fused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if a fly has two x-chromosomes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a fly has two x-chromosomes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a fly has two x-chromosomes as
+female if it just has one x chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female if it just has one x chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female if it just has one x chromosome
+it's now okay so that's how fly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now okay so that's how fly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now okay so that's how fly that's
+what determines fly gender so then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines fly gender so then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines fly gender so then these
+researchers took males and mutagenize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers took males and mutagenize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers took males and mutagenize
+them and they cross these males to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they cross these males to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they cross these males to
+attach to X females and when you cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to X females and when you cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach to X females and when you cross
+nails to attach next X females you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nails to attach next X females you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nails to attach next X females you do
+something clever which is half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something clever which is half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something clever which is half of the
+progeny dies because you need an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny dies because you need an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progeny dies because you need an X
+chromosome and you can't have three x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and you can't have three x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and you can't have three x
+chromosomes but your females are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes but your females are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes but your females are all
+attached to X Y so the females actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to X Y so the females actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to X Y so the females actually
+get their X chromosomes from their mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their X chromosomes from their mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get their X chromosomes from their mom
+which is the opposite of the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the opposite of the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the opposite of the way it
+normally works and the males get their X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally works and the males get their X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally works and the males get their X
+chromosome from dad okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome from dad okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome from dad okay because the
+attached X train has a Y chromosome okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached X train has a Y chromosome okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached X train has a Y chromosome okay
+so this is a little bit of a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit of a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit of a genetic
+trick and the fly the reason it was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and the fly the reason it was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and the fly the reason it was done
+in this case is they wanted to mutate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is they wanted to mutate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is they wanted to mutate
+the X chromosome and then have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X chromosome and then have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X chromosome and then have the
+father's pass on their X chromosome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father's pass on their X chromosome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father's pass on their X chromosome to
+their sons because there's only one copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sons because there's only one copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sons because there's only one copy
+of the X chromosome so if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X chromosome so if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X chromosome so if you get a
+mutation on X you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation on X you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation on X you don't have to
+homozygote homozygotes it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygote homozygotes it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homozygote homozygotes it because
+there's only one copy of it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one copy of it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one copy of it okay
+so it's a little bit of a genetic trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit of a genetic trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit of a genetic trick
+that in this case serve the researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case serve the researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case serve the researchers
+a generation on their screen okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generation on their screen okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generation on their screen okay so you
+take this and then you identify males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and then you identify males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and then you identify males
+now that have a mutated x chromosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that have a mutated x chromosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that have a mutated x chromosome and
+they have only one x chromosome so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have only one x chromosome so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have only one x chromosome so that
+they should be able to observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be able to observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be able to observe the
+behavior even here okay but to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior even here okay but to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior even here okay but to establish
+a line of flies that have this mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line of flies that have this mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line of flies that have this mutation
+they then took these f1 mutated males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then took these f1 mutated males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then took these f1 mutated males
+and cross them again to attached X flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cross them again to attached X flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cross them again to attached X flies
+and again in doing this all the males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again in doing this all the males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again in doing this all the males
+from this cross are mutant so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this cross are mutant so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this cross are mutant so now you
+have multiple males all of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple males all of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple males all of which are
+mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant
+so you can start with a single now f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can start with a single now f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can start with a single now f1
+and by crossing it to this strain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by crossing it to this strain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by crossing it to this strain here
+you get a lot of males now that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of males now that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of males now that have the
+mutant chromosome and you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant chromosome and you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant chromosome and you can look at
+their behavior to determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior to determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior to determine whether
+you've affected circadian rhythm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've affected circadian rhythm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've affected circadian rhythm okay
+does everyone understand how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone understand how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone understand how the
+attached X works here it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached X works here it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached X works here it's kind of a
+little bit of a trick but you know flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a trick but you know flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a trick but you know flies
+have these tools that you can use to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these tools that you can use to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these tools that you can use to to
+save you time in the lab okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you time in the lab okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you time in the lab okay so these
+mutants that the the Benzer lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that the the Benzer lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that the the Benzer lab
+identified had altered period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified had altered period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified had altered period of the
+sleep/wake cycle and therefore the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep/wake cycle and therefore the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep/wake cycle and therefore the gene
+was named period okay so this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was named period okay so this screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was named period okay so this screen
+identified a gene called period this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a gene called period this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a gene called period this is
+a gene and there's a homologue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene and there's a homologue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene and there's a homologue of the
+period gene in humans okay and the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period gene in humans okay and the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period gene in humans okay and the gene
+in humans is associated with familial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans is associated with familial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans is associated with familial
+advanced sleep phase syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced sleep phase syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced sleep phase syndrome
+okay so defects in the genes that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so defects in the genes that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so defects in the genes that were
+identified in in Drosophila actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in in Drosophila actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in in Drosophila actually are
+relevant to human sleep disorders okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to human sleep disorders okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to human sleep disorders okay
+all right I'm all set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6HWeg0Q8VP4.txt b/6HWeg0Q8VP4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05e1d492e464a7765630f6d9d617408de167e331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6HWeg0Q8VP4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi last time we introduced the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi last time we introduced the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi last time we introduced the idea of a
+feedback system and we spent some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system and we spent some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system and we spent some time
+looking at what's really the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what's really the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what's really the fundamental
+property of a feedback system namely its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a feedback system namely its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a feedback system namely its
+ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to
+desensitize the Clos Loop transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitize the Clos Loop transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitize the Clos Loop transfer
+function to change es in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to change es in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to change es in the forward
+path gain and we found out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain and we found out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain and we found out that that
+sort of desensitivity is is obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of desensitivity is is obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of desensitivity is is obtained
+really only in exchange for starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only in exchange for starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only in exchange for starting
+with a larger amount of forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a larger amount of forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a larger amount of forward path
+gain than we actually need we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain than we actually need we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain than we actually need we then
+looked at the way feedback can modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the way feedback can modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the way feedback can modify
+impedance levels in a feedback system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance levels in a feedback system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance levels in a feedback system we
+Illustrated this with with an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated this with with an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated this with with an electronic
+system system an operational amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system system an operational amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system system an operational amplifier
+but the same kind of modification goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same kind of modification goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same kind of modification goes
+on in mechanical systems if we ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in mechanical systems if we ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in mechanical systems if we ask for
+the output stiffness of a Servo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output stiffness of a Servo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output stiffness of a Servo
+mechanism we get the same kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we get the same kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we get the same kinds of
+relationships that's a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that's a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that's a mechanical
+impedance rather than an electrical one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance rather than an electrical one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance rather than an electrical one
+but the same general kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same general kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same general kinds of things
+happen today I'd like to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen today I'd like to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen today I'd like to continue
+looking at basic properties of feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at basic properties of feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at basic properties of feedback
+systems I'd like to look at how feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'd like to look at how feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'd like to look at how feedback
+systems modify noise injected at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems modify noise injected at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems modify noise injected at various
+points in the loop and also see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the loop and also see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the loop and also see how
+feedback can be used to moderate certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback can be used to moderate certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback can be used to moderate certain
+kinds of nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nonlinear
+linearities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider the system that we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the system that we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the system that we show
+here and here we have a system with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here we have a system with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here we have a system with an
+input output of course a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output of course a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output of course a feedback
+transfer function or a feedback element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function or a feedback element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function or a feedback element
+that monitors the output and applies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that monitors the output and applies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that monitors the output and applies it
+back uh to the summing point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh to the summing point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh to the summing point and then
+what we've shown in addition to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've shown in addition to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've shown in addition to our
+input presumably the output is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input presumably the output is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input presumably the output is supposed
+to be some function of the input we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some function of the input we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some function of the input we have
+three disturbances that are injected at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three disturbances that are injected at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three disturbances that are injected at
+various points in the system here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points in the system here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points in the system here we
+have a disturbance that's injected at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a disturbance that's injected at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a disturbance that's injected at
+the same point that the actual input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point that the actual input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point that the actual input
+signal is applied we have a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is applied we have a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is applied we have a second
+disturbance that's injected after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance that's injected after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance that's injected after some
+gain in the forward path after the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in the forward path after the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain in the forward path after the gain
+A1 and we finally have a a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and we finally have a a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and we finally have a a third
+disturbance that's injected uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance that's injected uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance that's injected uh after
+another another amount of gain has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another amount of gain has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another amount of gain has been
+achieved in the forward path if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved in the forward path if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved in the forward path if we were
+looking at a a physical system that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a a physical system that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a a physical system that this
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+represent why we could consider for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent why we could consider for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent why we could consider for
+example some sort of an audio amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some sort of an audio amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some sort of an audio amplifier
+we have an input signal and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an input signal and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an input signal and a
+disturbance injected at the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance injected at the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance injected at the same point
+as the input signal might be noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input signal might be noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the input signal might be noise
+associated with the pickup for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the pickup for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the pickup for example
+if we have a a audio reproduction system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a a audio reproduction system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a a audio reproduction system
+noise injected simultaneously with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise injected simultaneously with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise injected simultaneously with the
+input signal or at the same point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal or at the same point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal or at the same point in the
+system would be noise that was picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would be noise that was picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would be noise that was picked up
+by the cartridge that was tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cartridge that was tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cartridge that was tracking
+record for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record for
+example our second noise Source might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our second noise Source might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example our second noise Source might be
+noise that comes in for example at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that comes in for example at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that comes in for example at the
+output of a pre- amplifying stage we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of a pre- amplifying stage we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of a pre- amplifying stage we
+have an amplifier maybe a transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amplifier maybe a transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amplifier maybe a transistor
+amplifier that's providing the package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that's providing the package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that's providing the package
+of gain A1 uh if there's some noise on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gain A1 uh if there's some noise on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gain A1 uh if there's some noise on
+the supply voltage associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply voltage associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply voltage associated with that
+amplifier the output stage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the output stage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the output stage of the
+amplifier is oftimes dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is oftimes dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is oftimes dependent on the
+supply voltage as well as on its input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply voltage as well as on its input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply voltage as well as on its input
+signal and so our second disturbance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and so our second disturbance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and so our second disturbance uh
+reflect noise introduced because of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect noise introduced because of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect noise introduced because of of a
+an improperly regulated Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an improperly regulated Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an improperly regulated Supply
+associated with a preamplifier or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a preamplifier or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a preamplifier or a
+noisy Supply associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy Supply associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy Supply associated with a
+preamplifier and then finally we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamplifier and then finally we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamplifier and then finally we might
+consider uh the third disturbance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh the third disturbance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh the third disturbance which
+occurs near the output of the system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs near the output of the system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs near the output of the system uh
+as reflecting noise associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reflecting noise associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reflecting noise associated with the
+power handling stage uh of our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power handling stage uh of our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power handling stage uh of our final
+amplifier and so if we were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and so if we were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and so if we were thinking
+about an audio system this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an audio system this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an audio system this might be the
+physical significance of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical significance of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical significance of the various
+disturbances that are shown well here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances that are shown well here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances that are shown well here we
+have a A system that actually has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a A system that actually has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a A system that actually has four
+inputs a desired input and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs a desired input and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs a desired input and then the
+three noises that we talked about and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three noises that we talked about and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three noises that we talked about and we
+can of course write the output as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course write the output as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course write the output as the
+superposition of the responses to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of the responses to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of the responses to those
+four inputs when we do that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four inputs when we do that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four inputs when we do that we get
+VI times the forward path over one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI times the forward path over one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI times the forward path over one minus
+the loop transmission that's always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission that's always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission that's always the
+EXP ression that we get for a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXP ression that we get for a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXP ression that we get for a closed
+loop gain and we we saw that last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop gain and we we saw that last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop gain and we we saw that last time
+so we get VI * A1 A2 that's the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get VI * A1 A2 that's the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get VI * A1 A2 that's the forward
+path for the vi input uh the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for the vi input uh the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for the vi input uh the loop
+transmission for this particular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for this particular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for this particular system
+again we can break the loop we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can break the loop we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can break the loop we get a
+minus A1 A2 f for the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A1 A2 f for the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A1 A2 f for the loop transmission
+consequently one minus Loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently one minus Loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently one minus Loop transmission
+is 1 plus A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 plus A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 plus A1
+a2f so the the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2f so the the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2f so the the relationship between the
+output voltage and the input voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage and the input voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage and the input voltage is
+the forward path A1 A2 over 1 plus A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path A1 A2 over 1 plus A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path A1 A2 over 1 plus A1
+a2f since the first disturbance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2f since the first disturbance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2f since the first disturbance is
+injected at that same point the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected at that same point the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected at that same point the transfer
+function relating the output to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function relating the output to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function relating the output to the
+first disturbance is the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first disturbance is the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first disturbance is the same as that
+which links the input to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which links the input to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which links the input to the first
+disturbance similarly when we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance similarly when we calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance similarly when we calculate
+the output in response to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in response to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in response to the second
+disturbance we get its forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance we get its forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance we get its forward path
+which is A2 over 1us the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is A2 over 1us the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is A2 over 1us the loop
+transmission the loop transmission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission the loop transmission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission the loop transmission is
+the same for all cases so we get A2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for all cases so we get A2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for all cases so we get A2 over
+1 + A1 a2f finally when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + A1 a2f finally when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + A1 a2f finally when we look at the
+third disturbance we get its forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third disturbance we get its forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third disturbance we get its forward
+path simply one over one minus Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path simply one over one minus Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path simply one over one minus Loop
+transmission we get 1 over 1 + A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission we get 1 over 1 + A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission we get 1 over 1 + A1
+a2f I've repeated those expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2f I've repeated those expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2f I've repeated those expressions
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and uh simply repeating that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh simply repeating that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh simply repeating that the output
+voltage is a1h 2 over 1 + A1 A2 f *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is a1h 2 over 1 + A1 A2 f *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is a1h 2 over 1 + A1 A2 f *
+VI plus A1 A2 over 1 + A1 A2 f * vd1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI plus A1 A2 over 1 + A1 A2 f * vd1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI plus A1 A2 over 1 + A1 A2 f * vd1 the
+gain from the input and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain from the input and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain from the input and the first
+disturbance are exactly the same since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance are exactly the same since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance are exactly the same since
+they appear at the same point or applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear at the same point or applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear at the same point or applied
+are are applied to the system at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are applied to the system at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are applied to the system at the
+same point plus A2 over 1+ A1 A2 f *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point plus A2 over 1+ A1 A2 f *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point plus A2 over 1+ A1 A2 f *
+vd2 plus 1 over 1 + A1 A2 ftimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 plus 1 over 1 + A1 A2 ftimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 plus 1 over 1 + A1 A2 ftimes the
+third disturbance I think we can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third disturbance I think we can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third disturbance I think we can get a
+little better emphasis of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better emphasis of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little better emphasis of the important
+features the important feature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features the important feature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features the important feature of this
+expression uh by factoring out the A1 A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh by factoring out the A1 A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh by factoring out the A1 A2
+over 1 + A1 A2 F when we do that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 + A1 A2 F when we do that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 + A1 A2 F when we do that we get
+that factor out in front then we get e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor out in front then we get e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor out in front then we get e
+VI plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI plus
+vd1 we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd1 we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd1 we get a
+vd2 divided by this uh this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 divided by this uh this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd2 divided by this uh this should
+actually be A1 uh I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third
+disturbance and so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance and so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance and so what this
+relationship emphasizes is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship emphasizes is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship emphasizes is the fact that
+that when we ask for the attenuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we ask for the attenuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we ask for the attenuation of
+disturbances that occur in the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances that occur in the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances that occur in the closed
+loop system further Downstream why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop system further Downstream why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop system further Downstream why we
+find that the attenuation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the attenuation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the attenuation of these
+disturbances relative to the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances relative to the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances relative to the input is
+dependent on the gain that separates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the gain that separates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the gain that separates the
+input and the point that the disturbance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the point that the disturbance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the point that the disturbance
+is applied that's certainly reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied that's certainly reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied that's certainly reasonable
+because if we look at the system what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we look at the system what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we look at the system what
+happens is we apply an input we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we apply an input we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is we apply an input we then
+amplify it by a given amount and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify it by a given amount and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify it by a given amount and then we
+inject the noise and consequently we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject the noise and consequently we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject the noise and consequently we
+boost the strength of the desired input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost the strength of the desired input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost the strength of the desired input
+by a certain amount either A1 or A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a certain amount either A1 or A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a certain amount either A1 or A2
+relative to the noise that's injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the noise that's injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the noise that's injected
+further downst stream notice there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further downst stream notice there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further downst stream notice there's no
+moderation of a disturbance injected at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation of a disturbance injected at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation of a disturbance injected at
+0.1 relative to the input that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 relative to the input that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 relative to the input that's
+reasonable since 0.1 is the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable since 0.1 is the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable since 0.1 is the same point
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+significance for an actual system if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance for an actual system if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance for an actual system if we
+think back to the system I described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to the system I described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back to the system I described
+where we we talk about an audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we we talk about an audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we we talk about an audio
+amplifier the significance of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the significance of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the significance of the actual
+system is for the actual system is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is for the actual system is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is for the actual system is that
+uh fine noise that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fine noise that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fine noise that comes
+in at the point where the input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the point where the input signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the point where the input signal
+is generated uh can't be removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generated uh can't be removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generated uh can't be removed
+feedback gives there no mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback gives there no mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback gives there no mechanism for
+improving that that's really a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving that that's really a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving that that's really a a
+fundamental signal noise ratio kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental signal noise ratio kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental signal noise ratio kind of a
+thing or detectability issue and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or detectability issue and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or detectability issue and there's
+nothing we can do about that via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing we can do about that via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing we can do about that via
+feedback however uh if we had some noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback however uh if we had some noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback however uh if we had some noise
+injected as I had mentioned as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected as I had mentioned as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected as I had mentioned as a
+consequence of imperfect regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of imperfect regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of imperfect regulation
+associated with a power supply powering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a power supply powering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a power supply powering
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+preamplifier we can attenuate that to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamplifier we can attenuate that to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamplifier we can attenuate that to a
+certain extent depending on the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent depending on the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent depending on the signal
+path gain preceding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain preceding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain preceding that
+noise uh we attenuate disturbances down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise uh we attenuate disturbances down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise uh we attenuate disturbances down
+here by an even greater amount this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by an even greater amount this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by an even greater amount this may
+be very significant uh it's often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very significant uh it's often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very significant uh it's often times
+fairly easy to get a well-regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy to get a well-regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy to get a well-regulated
+supply for a preamplifier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply for a preamplifier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply for a preamplifier the
+preamplifiers run at very low power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamplifiers run at very low power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamplifiers run at very low power
+levels and so it's not very hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so it's not very hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so it's not very hard to get
+a well-regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-regulated
+supply uh for the preamplifier however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply uh for the preamplifier however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply uh for the preamplifier however
+if you have a power handling stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a power handling stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a power handling stage
+getting a very well regulated power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a very well regulated power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a very well regulated power
+supply at the 100 watt level is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply at the 100 watt level is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply at the 100 watt level is a fairly
+difficult thing and so this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing and so this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing and so this technique
+may give us a way of tolerating a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may give us a way of tolerating a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may give us a way of tolerating a more
+poorly regulated power supply associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly regulated power supply associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly regulated power supply associated
+with the power amplifier and effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the power amplifier and effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the power amplifier and effectively
+minimizing the effects of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the effects of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the effects of that
+disturbance or that noise associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance or that noise associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance or that noise associated
+with the power supply by preceding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the power supply by preceding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the power supply by preceding the
+point at which the noise is injected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which the noise is injected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which the noise is injected by
+sufficient gain we still control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient gain we still control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient gain we still control the
+overall closed loop gain principally by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall closed loop gain principally by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall closed loop gain principally by
+means of f providing the A1 A2 product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of f providing the A1 A2 product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of f providing the A1 A2 product
+is sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently
+large we can look at an open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large we can look at an open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large we can look at an open loop
+solution to this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this same
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+uh consider the system shown where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider the system shown where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider the system shown where we
+have a completely open loop system a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a completely open loop system a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a completely open loop system a 1
+A2 we inject VI and vd1 vd2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 we inject VI and vd1 vd2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 we inject VI and vd1 vd2
+vd3 and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd3 and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vd3 and then we
+attenuate uh the resultant output by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate uh the resultant output by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate uh the resultant output by a
+factor 1 over 1 + A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 over 1 + A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 over 1 + A1
+a2f if we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2f if we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2f if we write
+the relationship between the output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between the output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between the output and
+the four inputs or the one input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four inputs or the one input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four inputs or the one input and
+three disturbances in this case we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three disturbances in this case we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three disturbances in this case we get
+exactly the same expression as we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same expression as we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same expression as we got
+here and so here we have an open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so here we have an open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so here we have an open loop
+solution that gives us the same input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that gives us the same input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that gives us the same input to
+Output relationship as does the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output relationship as does the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output relationship as does the closed
+loop solution my point being that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop solution my point being that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop solution my point being that the uh
+moderation of noise isn't feedback isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation of noise isn't feedback isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation of noise isn't feedback isn't
+essential for the moderation of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for the moderation of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for the moderation of noise
+the only thing that's important is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's important is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's important is the
+gain that precedes the noise the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain that precedes the noise the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain that precedes the noise the point
+at which the noise is injected you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the noise is injected you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the noise is injected you
+recognize of course that usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize of course that usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize of course that usually the
+feedback solution will be a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback solution will be a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback solution will be a much more
+practical one if we look back at our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical one if we look back at our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical one if we look back at our our
+system we have an attenuator here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have an attenuator here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have an attenuator here uh
+clearly the quantity one over one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the quantity one over one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the quantity one over one plus
+A1 a2f can be a very very large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 a2f can be a very very large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 a2f can be a very very large number
+uh it's not very practical to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not very practical to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not very practical to talk about
+a power amplifier with an output power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power amplifier with an output power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power amplifier with an output power
+level of 100 watts and and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of 100 watts and and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of 100 watts and and then an
+attenuator just immediately preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuator just immediately preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuator just immediately preceding
+the output we have to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output we have to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output we have to start with
+megawatts back in here if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatts back in here if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatts back in here if we have a
+large attenuation ratio so the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large attenuation ratio so the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large attenuation ratio so the uh the
+open loop solution may be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop solution may be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop solution may be a very
+impractical one but my reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical one but my reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical one but my reason for
+bringing this up is just to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing this up is just to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing this up is just to indicate
+that that there's nothing really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's nothing really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's nothing really really
+fundamental about feedback the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental about feedback the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental about feedback the important
+thing here is the gain that precedes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the gain that precedes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the gain that precedes the
+point at which we inject the the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which we inject the the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which we inject the the noise
+or correspondingly the the preferential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or correspondingly the the preferential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or correspondingly the the preferential
+gain we apply to the signal before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain we apply to the signal before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain we apply to the signal before we
+inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject
+noise there's another situation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise there's another situation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise there's another situation where we
+might find that feedback would help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find that feedback would help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find that feedback would help us
+or at least might hold out the hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least might hold out the hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least might hold out the hope for
+helping us uh suppose we have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping us uh suppose we have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping us uh suppose we have a system
+that includes a nonlinearity and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes a nonlinearity and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes a nonlinearity and in
+particular a nonlinearity in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a nonlinearity in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a nonlinearity in the forward
+path now we say said that feedback can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path now we say said that feedback can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path now we say said that feedback can
+be used to desensitize us to variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to desensitize us to variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to desensitize us to variations
+in forward path gain we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in forward path gain we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in forward path gain we can look at
+nonlinearity as a variation in forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity as a variation in forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity as a variation in forward
+path gain that's dependent on Signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain that's dependent on Signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain that's dependent on Signal
+level that's what we mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that's what we mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that's what we mean by a
+nonlinearity if we have at least a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity if we have at least a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity if we have at least a a
+nonlinearity without energy storage we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity without energy storage we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity without energy storage we
+find that that's simply an element whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that that's simply an element whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that that's simply an element whose
+gain is proportional to Signal level uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain is proportional to Signal level uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain is proportional to Signal level uh
+because or if that nonlinearity is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because or if that nonlinearity is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because or if that nonlinearity is is
+applied in the forward path or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in the forward path or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied in the forward path or is
+located in the forward path of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in the forward path of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in the forward path of a
+feedback system we might anticipate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system we might anticipate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system we might anticipate that
+the desensitivity associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desensitivity associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desensitivity associated with
+feedback systems would tend to moderate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems would tend to moderate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems would tend to moderate
+the effects of the nonlinearity and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of the nonlinearity and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of the nonlinearity and I'd
+like to look at a system with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characteristic here we again have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic here we again have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic here we again have our
+input the output notice I've changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the output notice I've changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the output notice I've changed
+notation I have the lowercase variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I have the lowercase variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I have the lowercase variable
+the capital subscript uh which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital subscript uh which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital subscript uh which is a
+total variable and I can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variable and I can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variable and I can represent
+relationships in a nonl linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships in a nonl linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships in a nonl linear system
+that way the earlier block diagram was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way the earlier block diagram was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way the earlier block diagram was a
+linear one uh we have the input we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear one uh we have the input we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear one uh we have the input we
+measure the output and scale it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the output and scale it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the output and scale it by a
+factor F of 0.1 uh clearly the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor F of 0.1 uh clearly the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor F of 0.1 uh clearly the objective
+here is to build an amplifier whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to build an amplifier whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to build an amplifier whose
+closed loop gain is 10 uh the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop gain is 10 uh the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop gain is 10 uh the ideal
+relationship between the output and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the output and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the output and the
+input providing the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input providing the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input providing the loop transmission
+magnitude is large enough uh would be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is large enough uh would be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is large enough uh would be 1
+over F uh we'd get an output that's 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over F uh we'd get an output that's 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over F uh we'd get an output that's 10
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+input uh the we then in the forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh the we then in the forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh the we then in the forward path
+have an amplifier that provides a gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amplifier that provides a gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amplifier that provides a gain
+of a th000 let's say and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a th000 let's say and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a th000 let's say and then a
+nonlinear element and that completes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element and that completes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element and that completes the
+forward path so here we have a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path so here we have a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path so here we have a nonlinear
+amplifier in a forward path and uh uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier in a forward path and uh uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier in a forward path and uh uh a
+linear feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element for purposes of analysis let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element for purposes of analysis let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element for purposes of analysis let's
+assume some characteristics associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some characteristics associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some characteristics associated
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+nonlinear element that are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element that are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element that are like
+this we have a dead zone in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have a dead zone in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have a dead zone in other words
+the input to the nonlinearity shown on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the nonlinearity shown on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the nonlinearity shown on
+this axis has to reach one volt before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis has to reach one volt before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis has to reach one volt before
+the output of the nonlinearity begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the nonlinearity begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the nonlinearity begins to
+change uh that dead zone is typical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh that dead zone is typical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh that dead zone is typical uh
+for example of many power handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example of many power handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example of many power handling
+stages again let me draw an analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages again let me draw an analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages again let me draw an analogy
+between this system and a power audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this system and a power audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this system and a power audio
+amplifier one very common topology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier one very common topology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier one very common topology for
+an audio amplifier involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audio amplifier involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an audio amplifier involves
+complimentary emitter follower a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary emitter follower a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary emitter follower a
+pushpull pair of emitter followers using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushpull pair of emitter followers using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushpull pair of emitter followers using
+a PNP and an npn transistor that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PNP and an npn transistor that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PNP and an npn transistor that sort of
+topology uh has very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology uh has very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology uh has very nice
+characteristics in terms of maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in terms of maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in terms of maximum
+power output versus quiescent power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output versus quiescent power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output versus quiescent power
+consumption and that sort of thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and that sort of thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and that sort of thing and
+so a very popular topology for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a very popular topology for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a very popular topology for for a
+high power amplifier involves this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high power amplifier involves this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high power amplifier involves this sort
+of complimentary emitter follower but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complimentary emitter follower but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complimentary emitter follower but at
+least in the simplest versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the simplest versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the simplest versions of that
+circuit there's a crossover problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit there's a crossover problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit there's a crossover problem in
+particular what one has to do is exceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what one has to do is exceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what one has to do is exceed
+the forward threshold of the transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward threshold of the transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward threshold of the transistors
+approximately 6/10 of a volt in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 6/10 of a volt in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 6/10 of a volt in order to
+get the output to change and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the output to change and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the output to change and that's the
+sort of characteristic we've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of characteristic we've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of characteristic we've shown here
+uh we imply that there's a region from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we imply that there's a region from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we imply that there's a region from
+minus1 to+ one for which the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to+ one for which the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to+ one for which the output
+doesn't change we then go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change we then go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change we then go through a
+region uh for inputs between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh for inputs between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh for inputs between one and
+three uh where the slope is one we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh where the slope is one we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh where the slope is one we then
+go through a region of reduced slope uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a region of reduced slope uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a region of reduced slope uh
+in here the slope is is uh a tenth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here the slope is is uh a tenth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here the slope is is uh a tenth
+rather than one we go from 3 to 8 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than one we go from 3 to 8 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than one we go from 3 to 8 on the
+input from 2 to 2 and a half on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from 2 to 2 and a half on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from 2 to 2 and a half on the
+output and finally a region where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and finally a region where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and finally a region where the
+slope becomes zero the nonlinearity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope becomes zero the nonlinearity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope becomes zero the nonlinearity is
+symmetrical the again if we were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical the again if we were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical the again if we were trying
+to relate this to a power amplifier we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate this to a power amplifier we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate this to a power amplifier we
+mentioned the crossover Distortion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the crossover Distortion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the crossover Distortion we
+then get a a linear region uh a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get a a linear region uh a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get a a linear region uh a region
+where the power handling element might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the power handling element might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the power handling element might
+be beginning to saturate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be beginning to saturate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be beginning to saturate and then
+finally a region where we've reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a region where we've reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a region where we've reached
+hard saturation the output no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard saturation the output no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard saturation the output no longer
+changes in response to the input uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in response to the input uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in response to the input uh in
+reality if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if we look at the
+characteristics of power handling stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of power handling stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of power handling stages
+they aren't quite as abrupt as this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't quite as abrupt as this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they aren't quite as abrupt as this but
+might curve a bit and do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might curve a bit and do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might curve a bit and do something like
+so and eventually saturate so this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and eventually saturate so this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and eventually saturate so this might
+be a reasonable approximation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonable approximation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonable approximation to the
+nonlinear characteristics associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear characteristics associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear characteristics associated
+with many power handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many power handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many power handling
+stages we can analyze this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages we can analyze this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages we can analyze this particular
+system fairly easily in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system fairly easily in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system fairly easily in general the
+analysis of non your systems is is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of non your systems is is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of non your systems is is quite
+challenging and we'll we'll have more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and we'll we'll have more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and we'll we'll have more to
+say about that later in the subject but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about that later in the subject but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about that later in the subject but
+there this particular one is is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this particular one is is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this particular one is is quite
+easy and the reason the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and the reason the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and the reason the reason is that
+we speculated or hypothesized at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we speculated or hypothesized at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we speculated or hypothesized at the
+beginning that the forward path had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that the forward path had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that the forward path had no
+Dynamics and that that gives us a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and that that gives us a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and that that gives us a an
+easy way to solve the system uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to solve the system uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to solve the system uh what we
+can do for this particular one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do for this particular one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do for this particular one is to
+look at the various signal levels we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the various signal levels we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the various signal levels we
+recognize here that the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize here that the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize here that the nonlinear
+element is p wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is p wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is p wise
+linear and we can assume a value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and we can assume a value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and we can assume a value for the
+output uh it's particularly convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh it's particularly convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh it's particularly convenient
+if we assume a value that is at a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume a value that is at a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume a value that is at a break
+point of the nonlinearity once we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the nonlinearity once we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the nonlinearity once we've
+made that assumption we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that assumption we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that assumption we're able to
+determine all of the other signals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine all of the other signals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine all of the other signals in
+the system uh we assume a value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system uh we assume a value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system uh we assume a value for the
+output voltage once we know or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage once we know or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage once we know or have
+assumed that value of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that value of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that value of course we
+determine VF immediately the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine VF immediately the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine VF immediately the transfer
+characteristics of the nonlinear element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the nonlinear element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the nonlinear element
+determine VA the VA that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine VA the VA that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine VA the VA that corresponds to
+that value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of
+VB since VA is the output of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB since VA is the output of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VB since VA is the output of an
+amplifier with a linear amplifier with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier with a linear amplifier with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier with a linear amplifier with a
+gain of a th we immediately determine ve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of a th we immediately determine ve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of a th we immediately determine ve
+and then we recognize that at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we recognize that at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we recognize that at this point
+we have the relationship VI minus VF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the relationship VI minus VF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the relationship VI minus VF
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ve or VI equals V uh plus VF so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ve or VI equals V uh plus VF so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ve or VI equals V uh plus VF so once
+we've assumed a value for V out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed a value for V out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've assumed a value for V out that
+pegs VF the nonlinearity pegs VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegs VF the nonlinearity pegs VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegs VF the nonlinearity pegs VA
+consequently ve we can determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently ve we can determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently ve we can determine the
+value of VI that gives us that value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of VI that gives us that value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of VI that gives us that value of
+V out if we do this for values of V out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V out if we do this for values of V out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V out if we do this for values of V out
+at the break points why we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the break points why we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the break points why we're basically
+able to connect the dots follow the dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to connect the dots follow the dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to connect the dots follow the dots
+and get the overall input to Output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the overall input to Output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the overall input to Output
+transfer characteristic for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system uh I've indicated the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh I've indicated the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh I've indicated the important
+relation ships uh other than those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation ships uh other than those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation ships uh other than those
+associated with nonlinearity for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with nonlinearity for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with nonlinearity for this
+system uh in particular the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh in particular the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh in particular the fact that
+the error voltage is simply 10 Theus 3r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error voltage is simply 10 Theus 3r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error voltage is simply 10 Theus 3r
+times the voltage at the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the voltage at the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the voltage at the input to the
+nonlinearity that reflects the gain of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity that reflects the gain of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity that reflects the gain of a
+th in the forward path uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th in the forward path uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th in the forward path uh that the
+relationship at the summing Point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship at the summing Point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship at the summing Point uh
+tells us that the error voltage is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the error voltage is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the error voltage is the
+input voltage minus VF solving for Vi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage minus VF solving for Vi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage minus VF solving for Vi so
+that we can uh determine the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can uh determine the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can uh determine the input
+voltage that ultimately gives rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that ultimately gives rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that ultimately gives rise to a
+given output put uh from this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given output put uh from this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given output put uh from this equation
+we simply get VI is equal to V plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply get VI is equal to V plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply get VI is equal to V plus
+VF well we can do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF well we can do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF well we can do those
+manipulations and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations and they're
+summarized in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table and as I say what we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and as I say what we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and as I say what we can do is
+assume some value for V out if we recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some value for V out if we recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some value for V out if we recall
+the original nonlinearity the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original nonlinearity the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original nonlinearity the maximum
+negative value of V out is minus 2.5 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value of V out is minus 2.5 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value of V out is minus 2.5 so
+uh we can uh consider are two cases one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can uh consider are two cases one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can uh consider are two cases one
+where uh we're right at that break point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh we're right at that break point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh we're right at that break point
+uh with an input voltage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with an input voltage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with an input voltage to the
+nonlinearity of minus 8 volts uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity of minus 8 volts uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity of minus 8 volts uh which
+gives rise to an output of of minus 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to an output of of minus 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to an output of of minus 2.5
+and we can then Chase through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can then Chase through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can then Chase through the
+relationships that we indicated earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that we indicated earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that we indicated earlier
+VF will be one4 of V out uh V will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF will be one4 of V out uh V will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF will be one4 of V out uh V will be
+1,000th of VA and we can determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000th of VA and we can determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000th of VA and we can determine the
+corresponding input voltage uh by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding input voltage uh by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding input voltage uh by adding
+uh V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh V and
+VF and we then continue that we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF and we then continue that we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF and we then continue that we go to
+the next break point in the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next break point in the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next break point in the transfer
+characteristics at minus two uh we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics at minus two uh we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics at minus two uh we find
+out that bf is of course um 210 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that bf is of course um 210 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that bf is of course um 210 of a
+volt the input to the nonlinearity is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt the input to the nonlinearity is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt the input to the nonlinearity is is
+minus 3 volts that tells us we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 volts that tells us we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3 volts that tells us we need
+three molts at the input to the gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three molts at the input to the gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three molts at the input to the gain of
+a th000 amplifier the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 amplifier the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 amplifier the corresponding
+value for Vi is .203 volts and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for Vi is .203 volts and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for Vi is .203 volts and so forth
+uh we now go to the point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we now go to the point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we now go to the point where the
+input is zero uh and there's there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is zero uh and there's there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is zero uh and there's there's two
+uh range of values there that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh range of values there that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh range of values there that that uh
+car or the output of the system is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car or the output of the system is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car or the output of the system is zero
+there's a range of values at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a range of values at the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a range of values at the input
+to the nonlinearity in particular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonlinearity in particular values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonlinearity in particular values
+between minus one and plus one at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus one and plus one at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus one and plus one at the
+input to the nonlinearity give us zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the nonlinearity give us zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the nonlinearity give us zero
+at the output of the nonlinearity zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output of the nonlinearity zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output of the nonlinearity zero
+for VF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for VF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for VF
+correspondingly uh and we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly uh and we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly uh and we can calculate
+the corresponding ve to these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding ve to these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding ve to these two points
+corresponding VI and then we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding VI and then we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding VI and then we can do the
+same kind of things for positive inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of things for positive inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of things for positive inputs
+and so now we have the uh relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have the uh relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have the uh relationship
+between the input and the output at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the input and the output at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the input and the output at all
+break points and as I indicated we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break points and as I indicated we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break points and as I indicated we
+simply connect the dots when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connect the dots when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply connect the dots when we do
+that we get the following closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get the following closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get the following closed loop
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+characteristic uh one of the things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh one of the things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh one of the things this
+is grossly not to scale one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is grossly not to scale one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is grossly not to scale one of the
+things we notice is that the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we notice is that the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we notice is that the relative
+size of the Dead Zone has been very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the Dead Zone has been very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the Dead Zone has been very very
+dramatically reduced uh originally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically reduced uh originally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically reduced uh originally we
+had a dead zone whose width was one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a dead zone whose width was one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a dead zone whose width was one unit
+here we're all the way we're all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're all the way we're all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're all the way we're all the way
+down to 10 the minus 3 for the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 10 the minus 3 for the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 10 the minus 3 for the half
+width of the Dead Zone along the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the Dead Zone along the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width of the Dead Zone along the input
+axis we then get into the region recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis we then get into the region recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis we then get into the region recall
+in here that the incremental forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that the incremental forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that the incremental forward
+path gain of our system was a th000 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain of our system was a th000 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain of our system was a th000 we
+had the amplifier gain of a000 000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the amplifier gain of a000 000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the amplifier gain of a000 000 and
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+the uh attenuation of a tenth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh attenuation of a tenth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh attenuation of a tenth in the
+feedback path but the nonlinearity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path but the nonlinearity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path but the nonlinearity here
+has a gain of one consequently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a gain of one consequently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a gain of one consequently the
+incremental forward path gain is a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental forward path gain is a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental forward path gain is a th000
+f is a tenth uh if we calculate on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a tenth uh if we calculate on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is a tenth uh if we calculate on an
+incremental basis the closed loop gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental basis the closed loop gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental basis the closed loop gain
+we find out it's uh 1,00 over 1 plus 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find out it's uh 1,00 over 1 plus 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find out it's uh 1,00 over 1 plus 100
+one minus the loop Transmission in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the loop Transmission in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the loop Transmission in that
+region get a slope of 9.9 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region get a slope of 9.9 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region get a slope of 9.9 that's the
+same result of course we get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result of course we get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result of course we get by
+connecting the dots uh if we do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the dots uh if we do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the dots uh if we do the same
+thing when the gain of the forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when the gain of the forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when the gain of the forward path
+the incremental gain of the forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental gain of the forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental gain of the forward path
+has dropped by a factor of 10 because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has dropped by a factor of 10 because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has dropped by a factor of 10 because of
+the uh partial saturation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh partial saturation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh partial saturation of the
+nonlinearity uh we again find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity uh we again find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity uh we again find out that
+we uh get an incremental gain in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh get an incremental gain in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh get an incremental gain in that
+region that now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that now is
+9.1 100 over 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.1 100 over 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.1 100 over 1 +
+10 and then finally we get to a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and then finally we get to a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and then finally we get to a region
+of zero slope here the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero slope here the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero slope here the loop transmission
+in an incremental sense has finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an incremental sense has finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an incremental sense has finally
+gotten to zero because the forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to zero because the forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to zero because the forward path
+is now hard saturated and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now hard saturated and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now hard saturated and if we
+calculate an incremental value for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an incremental value for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an incremental value for a
+over 1+ AF it of course is zero also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ AF it of course is zero also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ AF it of course is zero also
+since a is zero but the again the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since a is zero but the again the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since a is zero but the again the thing
+of value here is the moderation of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value here is the moderation of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value here is the moderation of The
+Dead Zone the very dramatic reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dead Zone the very dramatic reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dead Zone the very dramatic reduction of
+the uh effective width of the Dead Zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh effective width of the Dead Zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh effective width of the Dead Zone
+and again as the forward path gain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again as the forward path gain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again as the forward path gain the
+incremental forward path gain changes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental forward path gain changes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental forward path gain changes by
+a factor of 10 we get a very mild change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 10 we get a very mild change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 10 we get a very mild change
+in the closed loop incremental gain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the closed loop incremental gain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the closed loop incremental gain uh
+so we've done a a very good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've done a a very good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've done a a very good job of
+moderating the effects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonlinearity the advantage of course or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity the advantage of course or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity the advantage of course or
+at least one potential Advantage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one potential Advantage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one potential Advantage for
+this sort of thing is that nowhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing is that nowhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing is that nowhere in
+this discussion does power level appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion does power level appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion does power level appear
+and so again let's think back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again let's think back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again let's think back to the
+audio amplifier that we might be trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio amplifier that we might be trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio amplifier that we might be trying
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+build it's awfully expensive to make a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it's awfully expensive to make a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it's awfully expensive to make a a
+very high quality power handling stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high quality power handling stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high quality power handling stage
+as I say a popular topology for a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say a popular topology for a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say a popular topology for a power
+handling stage is is a complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling stage is is a complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling stage is is a complimentary
+emitter follower you find out if you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter follower you find out if you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter follower you find out if you try
+to get that stage built so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that stage built so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that stage built so you have a
+very small dead zone or no dead zone you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small dead zone or no dead zone you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small dead zone or no dead zone you
+run a a very real risk of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a a very real risk of thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a a very real risk of thermal
+runaway in the transistors the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runaway in the transistors the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runaway in the transistors the design
+becomes unreliable in fact it's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unreliable in fact it's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unreliable in fact it's been a
+great deal of effort expended trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of effort expended trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of effort expended trying to
+get very good and clever biasing schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very good and clever biasing schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very good and clever biasing schemes
+for those sorts of output stages things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those sorts of output stages things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those sorts of output stages things
+are greatly simplified if you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greatly simplified if you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greatly simplified if you're willing
+to allow yourself some nonlinearity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow yourself some nonlinearity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow yourself some nonlinearity in
+the output stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output stage
+stage and one of the hopes might be then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and one of the hopes might be then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and one of the hopes might be then
+that that we can compromise the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we can compromise the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we can compromise the design
+of the power handling stage make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power handling stage make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power handling stage make it a
+little less perfect if you will or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less perfect if you will or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less perfect if you will or a
+little less ideal than we might like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less ideal than we might like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less ideal than we might like to
+have it and make up for that at a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it and make up for that at a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it and make up for that at a lower
+power level in the amplifier by adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level in the amplifier by adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power level in the amplifier by adding a
+gain at at lowlevel signals or low power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain at at lowlevel signals or low power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain at at lowlevel signals or low power
+signal levels putting an operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal levels putting an operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal levels putting an operational
+amplifier that has a gain of of 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that has a gain of of 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that has a gain of of 100,000
+or something like that and use its gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and use its gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that and use its gain
+to help moderate the effects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help moderate the effects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help moderate the effects of the
+nonlinearities in the output stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities in the output stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities in the output stage and
+there may be a very substantial economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a very substantial economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a very substantial economic
+advantage in that approach you can save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage in that approach you can save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage in that approach you can save
+considerable money in the output stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable money in the output stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable money in the output stage
+by by making it uh have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by making it uh have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by making it uh have a little bit
+poorer characteristic uh you can make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer characteristic uh you can make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer characteristic uh you can make up
+for that by adding a package of gain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that by adding a package of gain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that by adding a package of gain at
+a very low power level where it cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very low power level where it cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very low power level where it cost you
+a quarter or something to put in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter or something to put in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter or something to put in another
+operational amplifier and and that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier and and that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier and and that may
+be a very advantageous tradeoff from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very advantageous tradeoff from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very advantageous tradeoff from an
+economic point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic point of
+view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+uh there's another way that we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's another way that we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's another way that we can use
+nonlinear nonlinearities in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear nonlinearities in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear nonlinearities in in
+connection with with feedback systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with with feedback systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with with feedback systems
+and that's where we're really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we're really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we're really trying to
+get a nonlinear closed loop transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a nonlinear closed loop transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a nonlinear closed loop transfer
+function this is an extension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is an extension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is an extension of the
+idea that the input to Output closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the input to Output closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the input to Output closed
+loop transfer function is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transfer function is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transfer function is sort of the
+reciprocal of the feedback element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the feedback element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the feedback element in
+the case where where the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where where the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where where the feedback
+element is linear if we have a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is linear if we have a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is linear if we have a nonlinear
+element uh we get an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh we get an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh we get an inverse
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+um and let's look at a quickly at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's look at a quickly at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's look at a quickly at an
+example of that here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that here we have a
+connection that involves an operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that involves an operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that involves an operational
+amplifier and uses a bipolar transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and uses a bipolar transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and uses a bipolar transistor
+as the feedback element and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the feedback element and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the feedback element and the
+objective of this connection is is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of this connection is is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of this connection is is to
+build a logarithmic amplifier build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a logarithmic amplifier build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a logarithmic amplifier build an
+amplifier whose output is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier whose output is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier whose output is proportional
+to the log of the input voltage and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log of the input voltage and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log of the input voltage and the
+reason that we can do that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we can do that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we can do that with this
+connection is because the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is because the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is because the feedback
+element in this case the transistor has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in this case the transistor has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in this case the transistor has
+exponen itial characteristics between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponen itial characteristics between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponen itial characteristics between
+base to emitter voltage and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base to emitter voltage and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base to emitter voltage and its
+collector current let's model this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector current let's model this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collector current let's model this thing
+uh this circuit only works for positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this circuit only works for positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this circuit only works for positive
+input currents which give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input currents which give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input currents which give rise to
+negative output voltages if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative output voltages if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative output voltages if if the
+output voltage goes positive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage goes positive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage goes positive the
+transistor is cut off and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor is cut off and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor is cut off and and the
+circuit doesn't behave very well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit doesn't behave very well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit doesn't behave very well uh
+however a positive input current will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a positive input current will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a positive input current will
+give us a negative output voltage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a negative output voltage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a negative output voltage that
+turns on the transistor and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns on the transistor and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns on the transistor and so we can
+write that the negative of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that the negative of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that the negative of the output
+voltage which I think is is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage which I think is is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage which I think is is a little
+easier way to represent things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way to represent things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way to represent things the
+negative of the output voltage is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the output voltage is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the output voltage is equal
+to some multiple rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some multiple rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some multiple rather than
+representing the operational amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the operational amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the operational amplifier
+as a voltage gain let's represent it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a voltage gain let's represent it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a voltage gain let's represent it as
+a transfer resistance since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer resistance since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer resistance since the
+variables of interest at the input are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of interest at the input are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of interest at the input are
+actually currents uh we could recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually currents uh we could recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually currents uh we could recognize
+there's some input resistance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some input resistance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some input resistance to the
+operational amplifier and some voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier and some voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier and some voltage
+gain the product of those two will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the product of those two will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the product of those two will be a
+trans resistance that tells us how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans resistance that tells us how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans resistance that tells us how the
+output voltage is related to current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is related to current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is related to current
+here at this note mode so the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this note mode so the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at this note mode so the negative
+of the output voltage is then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output voltage is then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output voltage is then this
+transfer resistance times the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer resistance times the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer resistance times the difference
+between the current I I and the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the current I I and the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the current I I and the current
+if which is actually the collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if which is actually the collector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if which is actually the collector
+current of the transistor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of the transistor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of the transistor that
+difference of course is injected into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of course is injected into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of course is injected into
+the input uh we multiply that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input uh we multiply that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input uh we multiply that by the
+trans resistance of the amplifier to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans resistance of the amplifier to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans resistance of the amplifier to get
+the output voltage however to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage however to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage however to a very
+good degree of approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good degree of approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good degree of approximation and
+actually over decades and Decades of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually over decades and Decades of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually over decades and Decades of
+operating current you can typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating current you can typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating current you can typically
+verify this relationship over something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this relationship over something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this relationship over something
+like eight decades for a good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like eight decades for a good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like eight decades for a good good
+quality silicon transistor we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality silicon transistor we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality silicon transistor we find out
+that the collector current or if in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the collector current or if in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the collector current or if in our
+diagram is approximately equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is approximately equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is approximately equal to some
+constant uh times e to the Q over KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh times e to the Q over KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh times e to the Q over KT
+where q k and t are physical constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where q k and t are physical constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where q k and t are physical constants
+charge in an electron boltzman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in an electron boltzman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in an electron boltzman's
+constant and absolute temperature times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and absolute temperature times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and absolute temperature times
+in this case minus V out since V out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case minus V out since V out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case minus V out since V out is
+the emitter voltage on the transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter voltage on the transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter voltage on the transistor
+but as I say that exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say that exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say that exponential
+relationship holds over many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship holds over many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship holds over many many
+decades uh that allows us to make a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades uh that allows us to make a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades uh that allows us to make a a
+nonlinear block diagram if you will an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear block diagram if you will an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear block diagram if you will an
+input current our fedback current a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input current our fedback current a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input current our fedback current a
+trans resistance giving us the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans resistance giving us the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans resistance giving us the negative
+of the output voltage and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output voltage and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output voltage and then the
+exponential characteristics uh giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential characteristics uh giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential characteristics uh giving us
+the fedback current as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fedback current as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fedback current as a function of
+output voltage I I'm sure most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage I I'm sure most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage I I'm sure most of you
+recognize there's actually a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize there's actually a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize there's actually a minus one
+in this expression but at least when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this expression but at least when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this expression but at least when
+we're running at current levels uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running at current levels uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running at current levels uh
+typically above about 10us 11th amps for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically above about 10us 11th amps for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically above about 10us 11th amps for
+a a good small geometry silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good small geometry silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good small geometry silicon
+transistor why the minus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor why the minus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor why the minus one is
+inconsequential compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsequential compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsequential compared to the
+exponential and so we get this this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and so we get this this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and so we get this this kind
+of a relationship which allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a relationship which allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a relationship which allows us to
+draw this sort of block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this sort of block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this sort of block
+diagram now if the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now if the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now if the loop transmission
+magnitude and there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and there's a little bit of
+hedge as to how do we Define Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge as to how do we Define Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge as to how do we Define Loop
+transmission magnitude for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude for for a
+nonlinear system we'll have more to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear system we'll have more to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear system we'll have more to say
+about that further Downstream but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that further Downstream but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that further Downstream but if the
+loop transmission magnitude is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission magnitude is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission magnitude is much much
+larger than one the implication is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one the implication is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one the implication is that
+the current fed back is about equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current fed back is about equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current fed back is about equal to
+the input current uh uh or I sub I being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input current uh uh or I sub I being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input current uh uh or I sub I being
+equal to if f is k e q minus V out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to if f is k e q minus V out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to if f is k e q minus V out over
+KT we can invert that equation and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT we can invert that equation and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT we can invert that equation and solve
+for V out when we do that we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V out when we do that we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for V out when we do that we get the
+output voltage is KT over Q times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is KT over Q times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is KT over Q times the
+natural log of I I over K we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of I I over K we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of I I over K we actually
+should have minus V out being equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have minus V out being equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have minus V out being equal to
+KT over Q times the natural log of I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT over Q times the natural log of I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT over Q times the natural log of I I
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+K so uh here we have a way of taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so uh here we have a way of taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so uh here we have a way of taking a
+or taking a log of an input current by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or taking a log of an input current by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or taking a log of an input current by
+putting an exponentiating element in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an exponentiating element in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an exponentiating element in a
+feedback path and uh uh this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path and uh uh this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path and uh uh this kind of a
+connection is actually used there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is actually used there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is actually used there's some
+minor modifications I talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor modifications I talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor modifications I talk about the
+topology I think in chapter uh 11 or 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology I think in chapter uh 11 or 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology I think in chapter uh 11 or 12
+of the book there's some minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book there's some minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book there's some minor
+modifications that are really made to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications that are really made to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications that are really made to
+get around some temperature dependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around some temperature dependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around some temperature dependencies
+associated with this expression but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this expression but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this expression but the
+the basic technique is is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic technique is is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic technique is is the one that
+I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shown what I'd now like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown what I'd now like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown what I'd now like to do is
+illustrate uh some of the ideas we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate uh some of the ideas we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate uh some of the ideas we've
+been talking about in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about in particular the
+effects of feedback on noise and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of feedback on noise and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of feedback on noise and on
+nonlinearities with a demonstration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities with a demonstration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities with a demonstration and
+what I have is a demonstration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is a demonstration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is a demonstration that
+something like the nonlinear system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the nonlinear system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the nonlinear system we
+talked about before with the aid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before with the aid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about before with the aid of the
+vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi
+graphs uh what we have is a system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs uh what we have is a system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs uh what we have is a system as
+follows we have an input signal which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we have an input signal which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows we have an input signal which we
+apply directly to an operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply directly to an operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply directly to an operational
+amplifier uh this amplifier models the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh this amplifier models the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh this amplifier models the
+uh linear portion of the forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh linear portion of the forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh linear portion of the forward path
+gain associated with uh the system we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain associated with uh the system we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain associated with uh the system we've
+mentioned before in fact the open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before in fact the open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before in fact the open loop
+gain of the operational amplifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the operational amplifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the operational amplifier is
+much much larger than a thousand much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much larger than a thousand much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much larger than a thousand much
+larger than the number that we used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the number that we used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the number that we used in
+the earlier example we then have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier example we then have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier example we then have our
+nonlinear element and again I picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element and again I picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element and again I picked the
+nonlinear element to have features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element to have features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear element to have features
+similar to those that we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to those that we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to those that we talked about in
+our system I'm not I'm not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system I'm not I'm not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system I'm not I'm not trying to
+pretend there's a onetoone relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend there's a onetoone relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend there's a onetoone relationship
+but we have selected the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have selected the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have selected the nonlinear
+elements so that it has a dead zone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so that it has a dead zone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so that it has a dead zone uh
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+different degrees of compression a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees of compression a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees of compression a
+linear region and then then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear region and then then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear region and then then some
+compression uh associated with it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression uh associated with it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression uh associated with it we'll
+see those characteristics in a moment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those characteristics in a moment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those characteristics in a moment so
+the general nature of this nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general nature of this nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general nature of this nonlinearity
+is similar to the one we had talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar to the one we had talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar to the one we had talked
+about uh we also have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh we also have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh we also have the ability to
+inject noise to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject noise to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject noise to the
+nonlinearity and what I have uh done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and what I have uh done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and what I have uh done
+basically is put a a potentiometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is put a a potentiometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is put a a potentiometer
+between the output of the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the output of the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the output of the nonlinearity
+and the input of the nonlinearity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input of the nonlinearity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input of the nonlinearity and
+what that allows us to do is in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that allows us to do is in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that allows us to do is in sort of
+a smooth way uh incorporate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smooth way uh incorporate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smooth way uh incorporate the
+nonlinearity inside the forward path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity inside the forward path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity inside the forward path of
+the loop hopefully then the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop hopefully then the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop hopefully then the feedback
+will impr improve the performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will impr improve the performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will impr improve the performance of the
+system or moderate the effects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or moderate the effects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or moderate the effects of the
+nonlinearity or if I move the poth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity or if I move the poth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity or if I move the poth to
+this end all I've done is configure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end all I've done is configure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end all I've done is configure the
+operational amplifier as a follower then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier as a follower then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier as a follower then
+the input to Output characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to Output characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to Output characteristics
+should reflect the nonlinearity since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should reflect the nonlinearity since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should reflect the nonlinearity since
+we'd have basically Unity gain between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have basically Unity gain between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have basically Unity gain between
+here and here uh and then have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here uh and then have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here uh and then have the
+nonlinearity working outside the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity working outside the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity working outside the loop
+the overall input output characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall input output characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall input output characteristics
+would be simply those of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be simply those of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be simply those of the
+nonlinearity if I move the pot to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity if I move the pot to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity if I move the pot to the
+other end the nonlinearity is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end the nonlinearity is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end the nonlinearity is in the
+forward path and the feedback should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path and the feedback should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path and the feedback should
+moderate the effects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate the effects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate the effects of the
+nonlinearity the test setup that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity the test setup that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity the test setup that that
+allows us to do this is shown here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to do this is shown here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to do this is shown here we
+have first of all simply a power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have first of all simply a power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have first of all simply a power supply
+uh here is the little nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is the little nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is the little nonlinear
+amplifier or nonlinear element uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier or nonlinear element uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier or nonlinear element uh we
+have here the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here the operational
+amplifier and a couple of transistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and a couple of transistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and a couple of transistors
+actually we are using emitter followers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we are using emitter followers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we are using emitter followers
+to get us the crossover Distortion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get us the crossover Distortion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get us the crossover Distortion and
+there's some diode networks uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some diode networks uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some diode networks uh on the
+input to those amplifier to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to those amplifier to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to those amplifier to those
+transistors uh that that give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors uh that that give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors uh that that give us the
+shaping uh aside from the dead zone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping uh aside from the dead zone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping uh aside from the dead zone so
+the emitter followers give us the dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter followers give us the dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter followers give us the dead
+zone the diodes give us some shaping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone the diodes give us some shaping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone the diodes give us some shaping in
+front of that some compression uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of that some compression uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of that some compression uh here's
+the potentiometer that changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentiometer that changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentiometer that changes the
+feedback from the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from the output of the
+nonlinearity to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity to its
+input uh we apply an input signal we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh we apply an input signal we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh we apply an input signal we get
+an output signal which we observe on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output signal which we observe on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output signal which we observe on an
+oscilloscope uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope uh we
+also have the ability to listen to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the ability to listen to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the ability to listen to that
+output signal now this whole board runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output signal now this whole board runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output signal now this whole board runs
+at a very very low power level its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very very low power level its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a very very low power level its
+output emitter followers are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output emitter followers are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output emitter followers are these
+little epoxy case transistors so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little epoxy case transistors so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little epoxy case transistors so it's
+running at a very very low power level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at a very very low power level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at a very very low power level
+we take its output signal uh and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take its output signal uh and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take its output signal uh and any
+Distortion that it might might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion that it might might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion that it might might be
+applying to that output signal and apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to that output signal and apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to that output signal and apply
+that to a power amplifier this amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a power amplifier this amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a power amplifier this amplifier
+here and we're then able to listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're then able to listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're then able to listen to
+the signal uh that has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal uh that has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal uh that has the same
+characteristics as those that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics as those that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics as those that come
+through our our little amplifier our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our our little amplifier our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our our little amplifier our
+nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+amplifier uh these boxes are signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh these boxes are signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh these boxes are signal
+generators of course we can apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators of course we can apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators of course we can apply a
+anoid as the input to our nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anoid as the input to our nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anoid as the input to our nonlinear
+element uh we can also apply disturbance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh we can also apply disturbance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh we can also apply disturbance
+from the bottom signal generator uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom signal generator uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom signal generator uh the
+oscilloscope of course lets us look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope of course lets us look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope of course lets us look at
+various signals of interest and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various signals of interest and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various signals of interest and finally
+we have a tape recorder and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a tape recorder and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a tape recorder and we can
+substitute the output of the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the output of the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the output of the tape
+recorder uh for the uh sinusoidal input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder uh for the uh sinusoidal input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder uh for the uh sinusoidal input
+and so we can get a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can get a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can get a little bit more
+interesting signal sources to exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting signal sources to exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting signal sources to exercise
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+system well let's go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well let's go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well let's go ahead and
+and look at some of this what we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at some of this what we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at some of this what we now
+have is uh simply a plot of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is uh simply a plot of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is uh simply a plot of the overall
+input versus the output of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input versus the output of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input versus the output of the system
+and we see the general kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see the general kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see the general kind of
+characteristic on the oscilloscope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic on the oscilloscope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic on the oscilloscope that
+I had mentioned earlier we have the dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had mentioned earlier we have the dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had mentioned earlier we have the dead
+zone in the middle and then a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone in the middle and then a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone in the middle and then a region
+with one slope and then finally a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one slope and then finally a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one slope and then finally a region
+with a second slope we don't quite drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a second slope we don't quite drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a second slope we don't quite drive
+this out far enough to get into the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out far enough to get into the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out far enough to get into the uh
+eventual flat region of the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual flat region of the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual flat region of the gain
+character istic what we're doing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character istic what we're doing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character istic what we're doing to
+obtain this this plot is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this this plot is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this this plot is of course
+simply plotting the input and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply plotting the input and the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply plotting the input and the output
+of the system with the potentiometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system with the potentiometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system with the potentiometer
+change move to its leftmost position uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change move to its leftmost position uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change move to its leftmost position uh
+what that does is is preedee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does is is preedee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does is is preedee the
+nonlinearity with simply a Unity gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity with simply a Unity gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity with simply a Unity gain
+amplifier uh we plot the overall input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh we plot the overall input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh we plot the overall input
+output characteristics of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output characteristics of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output characteristics of the system and
+what that does is of course give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does is of course give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does is of course give us the
+non the characteristics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non the characteristics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non the characteristics of the
+nonlinearity itself so this is simply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity itself so this is simply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity itself so this is simply an
+XY plot of the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plot of the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plot of the nonlinearity
+if we change the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentiometer we now are moving our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiometer we now are moving our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiometer we now are moving our
+feedback toward the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback toward the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback toward the output of the
+nonlinearity we include the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we include the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we include the nonlinearity
+inside the feedback path in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the feedback path in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the feedback path in particular
+in the forward path of our feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forward path of our feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forward path of our feedback
+system because feedback desensitizes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because feedback desensitizes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because feedback desensitizes our
+system to changes in forward path gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to changes in forward path gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to changes in forward path gain
+we end up with what appears to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with what appears to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with what appears to be a
+perfectly linear input to Output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly linear input to Output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly linear input to Output
+relationship and that reflects the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and that reflects the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and that reflects the fact
+that we have so much gain preceding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so much gain preceding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so much gain preceding the
+nonlinearity the open loop gain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity the open loop gain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity the open loop gain of the
+operational amplifier is possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier is possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier is possibly
+100,000 uh and if uh that moderates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 uh and if uh that moderates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 uh and if uh that moderates the
+nonlinearity to a remarkable degree even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity to a remarkable degree even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity to a remarkable degree even
+when we're out uh in the second slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're out uh in the second slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're out uh in the second slope of
+the nonlinearity why the incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity why the incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity why the incremental
+Loop transmission is still very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission is still very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission is still very very
+large compared to one the closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large compared to one the closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large compared to one the closed loop
+gain is 1 over f f in this case is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain is 1 over f f in this case is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain is 1 over f f in this case is one
+and so we get uh very nearly linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get uh very nearly linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get uh very nearly linear
+performance we certainly can't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we certainly can't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we certainly can't see any
+remnants at all of the crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants at all of the crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants at all of the crossover
+Distortion or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion or the
+saturation uh let's look at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation uh let's look at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation uh let's look at the same
+thing in the time domain this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the time domain this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the time domain this is an
+input output plot uh let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output plot uh let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output plot uh let's look at the
+output signal that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output signal that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output signal that we
+get with sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with sinusoidal
+exitation uh here's uh the output signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation uh here's uh the output signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation uh here's uh the output signal
+of the system when we have a a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system when we have a a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system when we have a a feedback
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+nonlinearity and as we move the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and as we move the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and as we move the feedback
+back to the other side we notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Distortion we have the crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion we have the crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion we have the crossover
+Distortion evident as the flat portions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion evident as the flat portions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion evident as the flat portions
+at the zero Crossings of the sine wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the zero Crossings of the sine wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the zero Crossings of the sine wave
+uh we also see the flattening as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we also see the flattening as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we also see the flattening as a
+consequence of the saturation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the saturation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the saturation of the
+nonlinearity on the tops of the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity on the tops of the sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity on the tops of the sine
+wave so that's the sort of picture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so that's the sort of picture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so that's the sort of picture we
+get if we again look at the output now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if we again look at the output now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if we again look at the output now
+changing the feedback to the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the feedback to the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the feedback to the output of
+the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearity
+we get a very very nice Soso in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a very very nice Soso in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a very very nice Soso in response
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+that well let's let's consider what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well let's let's consider what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well let's let's consider what's
+going on here we have U uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here we have U uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here we have U uh our
+nonlinearity and we're applying a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and we're applying a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and we're applying a signal
+from the preamplifier from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the preamplifier from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the preamplifier from our
+operational amplifier with a gain of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier with a gain of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier with a gain of a
+thousand or in this case maybe 100,00 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or in this case maybe 100,00 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or in this case maybe 100,00 to
+the input of the nonlinearity if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input of the nonlinearity if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input of the nonlinearity if the
+output is of the nonlinearity is sidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is of the nonlinearity is sidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is of the nonlinearity is sidal
+or very nearly appearing sidal the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very nearly appearing sidal the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very nearly appearing sidal the input
+to the nonlinearity must be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonlinearity must be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nonlinearity must be sort of
+predistorted in the right way to make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predistorted in the right way to make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predistorted in the right way to make up
+for the characteristics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the characteristics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the characteristics of the
+nonlinearity let's look at that here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity let's look at that here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity let's look at that here's
+the output let me just lower the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output let me just lower the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output let me just lower the scale
+on the output a bit and then let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output a bit and then let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output a bit and then let's look
+at at uh the output from the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at uh the output from the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at uh the output from the nonlinear
+uh from the uh operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right and now what we see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now what we see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now what we see is that the
+output the top Trace is a very nice sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the top Trace is a very nice sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the top Trace is a very nice sine
+wave but in order to make that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but in order to make that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but in order to make that happen
+the input to the nonlinearity has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the nonlinearity has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the nonlinearity has to
+have fairly peculiar characteristics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairly peculiar characteristics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairly peculiar characteristics for
+example because of the Dead Zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because of the Dead Zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because of the Dead Zone
+associated with the nonlinearity why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the nonlinearity why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the nonlinearity why the
+signal at the input of the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at the input of the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at the input of the nonlinearity
+has to move very rapidly through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to move very rapidly through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to move very rapidly through the
+zero Crossings we notice the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Crossings we notice the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Crossings we notice the the the
+essentially vertical region and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially vertical region and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially vertical region and then
+there's the corresponding kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the corresponding kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the corresponding kinds of
+distortion uh up at the peak values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion uh up at the peak values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion uh up at the peak values of
+the sine wave that provides the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine wave that provides the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine wave that provides the right
+signal to the nonlinearity so that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the nonlinearity so that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the nonlinearity so that its
+output is very nearly sinusoidal now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is very nearly sinusoidal now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is very nearly sinusoidal now in
+reality what's happening of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality what's happening of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality what's happening of course is
+there's a very little remnant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very little remnant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very little remnant of the
+Distortion left in the output signal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion left in the output signal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion left in the output signal uh
+when we complete the feedback loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we complete the feedback loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we complete the feedback loop and
+subtract the output signal from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the output signal from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the output signal from the
+input signal uh there's again this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal uh there's again this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal uh there's again this very
+tiny piece of distortion if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny piece of distortion if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny piece of distortion if you will
+left the output is very nearly a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the output is very nearly a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the output is very nearly a sine
+wave uh we subtract that from the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh we subtract that from the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh we subtract that from the input
+sine wave and we get the the very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave and we get the the very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave and we get the the very little
+residual Distortion that residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual Distortion that residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual Distortion that residual
+Distortion is Amplified by a large to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion is Amplified by a large to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion is Amplified by a large to a
+large extent uh Amplified by the opamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large extent uh Amplified by the opamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large extent uh Amplified by the opamp
+and in fact then what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact then what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact then what happens is that
+that that highly distorted signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that highly distorted signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that highly distorted signal is
+applied to the input of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the input of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the input of the
+nonlinearity and that gives us a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and that gives us a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and that gives us a very
+nearly sinusoidal output uh again we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly sinusoidal output uh again we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly sinusoidal output uh again we can
+look at the change this is when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the change this is when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the change this is when we're
+feeding back uh from the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding back uh from the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding back uh from the output of the
+nonlinearity we get a very nice output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we get a very nice output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we get a very nice output
+signal the top signal the signal at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal the top signal the signal at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal the top signal the signal at the
+input of the nonlinearity but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of the nonlinearity but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of the nonlinearity but that's not
+a signal of Interest particularly is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal of Interest particularly is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal of Interest particularly is is
+terrible uh if we go the other way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh if we go the other way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh if we go the other way we
+get uh a distorted output signal we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh a distorted output signal we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh a distorted output signal we're
+now feeding back right around the opamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now feeding back right around the opamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now feeding back right around the opamp
+so the opamp output is a faithful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the opamp output is a faithful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the opamp output is a faithful
+reproduction of the sinusoidal input uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction of the sinusoidal input uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction of the sinusoidal input uh
+this is not the case of interest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the case of interest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the case of interest of
+course we have a terrible output from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have a terrible output from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have a terrible output from
+the system although the in internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system although the in internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system although the in internal
+signals look good we can go back to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals look good we can go back to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals look good we can go back to uh
+the the more useful case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more useful case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more useful case where the
+output is is clean uh but in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is is clean uh but in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is is clean uh but in order to
+get that the signal at the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the signal at the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the signal at the input to the
+nonlinearity has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity has to be
+distorted we can also listen to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted we can also listen to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted we can also listen to this
+which I think gives us a good indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think gives us a good indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think gives us a good indication
+of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sonoid and this is when we have uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonoid and this is when we have uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonoid and this is when we have uh good
+quality if you will uh when we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality if you will uh when we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality if you will uh when we have the
+feedback from the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from the output of the
+nonlinearity now let's change and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity now let's change and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity now let's change and see
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens we notice the tinny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sound uh let's see I think the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound uh let's see I think the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound uh let's see I think the probably
+we just have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to look at
+the output Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output Trace
+here and we see we hear the tin sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we see we hear the tin sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we see we hear the tin sound
+and that that's a very characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's a very characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's a very characteristic
+kind of distorting sound uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distorting sound uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distorting sound uh the
+principal feature giving us that audible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal feature giving us that audible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal feature giving us that audible
+Distortion is actually the crossover uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion is actually the crossover uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion is actually the crossover uh
+Distortion the flat portion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion the flat portion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion the flat portion in the
+middle of the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave here we have the nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here we have the nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave here we have the nearly
+harmonically pure output free of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonically pure output free of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonically pure output free of
+harmonic Distortion because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion because we're
+feeding back around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonlinearity and here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and here we have the
+distorted output very obvious audible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted output very obvious audible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted output very obvious audible
+Distortion uh we can also in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion uh we can also in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion uh we can also in addition to
+uh uh that signal we can add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that signal we can add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that signal we can add a
+disturbance and remember we added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance and remember we added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance and remember we added the
+the disturbance uh at the input or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disturbance uh at the input or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disturbance uh at the input or
+somewhere in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle of the
+nonlinearity and I can do that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and I can do that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity and I can do that with this
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+generator here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator here is
+the the noise added to the uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the noise added to the uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the noise added to the uh to the
+signal and I think we can now hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and I think we can now hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and I think we can now hear the
+effects of that let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of that let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of that let's go
+back in here and you hear the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in here and you hear the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in here and you hear the low
+frequency component that's the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency component that's the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency component that's the effect of
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generator there we have a disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator there we have a disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator there we have a disturbing
+frequency that's at a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's at a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's at a very low
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm
+increasing the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the frequency of the
+disturbance and we see the effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance and we see the effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance and we see the effect on the
+output as the the waveforms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output as the the waveforms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output as the the waveforms are
+nonsynchronous the time waveforms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonsynchronous but we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsynchronous but we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsynchronous but we can see that the
+Distortion applied to the output signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion applied to the output signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion applied to the output signal
+and now let's go back to the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's go back to the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's go back to the position
+where we feed back from the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we feed back from the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we feed back from the output of
+the nonlinear element and we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear element and we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear element and we also have
+noise being injected in its in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise being injected in its in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise being injected in its in the
+middle of that of course now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of that of course now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of that of course now we have the
+pure output the feedback not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure output the feedback not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure output the feedback not only
+moderates the nonlinearity but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderates the nonlinearity but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderates the nonlinearity but because
+the noise is injected Downstream from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise is injected Downstream from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise is injected Downstream from a
+large package of gain why we get the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large package of gain why we get the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large package of gain why we get the uh
+the signal as shown we get a we very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal as shown we get a we very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal as shown we get a we very
+largely eliminate the effects of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely eliminate the effects of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely eliminate the effects of the of
+the noise we can again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise we can again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise we can again
+simultaneously look at the uh signal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously look at the uh signal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously look at the uh signal at
+the input to the nonlinear element under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the nonlinear element under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the nonlinear element under
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions and when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why uh here we see the noise running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh here we see the noise running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh here we see the noise running
+through the signal at the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the signal at the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the signal at the input to the
+nonlinearity the phase of that noise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity the phase of that noise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity the phase of that noise is
+counter to the U the actual input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to the U the actual input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to the U the actual input
+signals the actual disturbing signal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals the actual disturbing signal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals the actual disturbing signal so
+that it cancels it uh when we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it cancels it uh when we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it cancels it uh when we're in the
+other condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we see the the noise appearing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see the the noise appearing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see the the noise appearing in
+the output signal but the signal at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output signal but the signal at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output signal but the signal at the
+input to the nonlinearity under these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the nonlinearity under these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the nonlinearity under these
+conditions U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions U is
+clean that's not as I mentioned the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean that's not as I mentioned the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean that's not as I mentioned the the
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case again here we have the useful case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case again here we have the useful case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case again here we have the useful case
+the signal at the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal at the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal at the input to the
+nonlinearity nonlinearity is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity nonlinearity is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity nonlinearity is both
+distorted and noisy uh but in spite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted and noisy uh but in spite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted and noisy uh but in spite of
+all of that it's distorted and noisy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that it's distorted and noisy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that it's distorted and noisy and
+precisely the right way so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the right way so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the right way so that the
+output of the nonlinearity is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the nonlinearity is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the nonlinearity is very
+nearly a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly a pure
+signal I'd like to finish up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal I'd like to finish up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal I'd like to finish up this
+demonstration by showing how this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration by showing how this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration by showing how this all
+works when we look at a when we listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when we look at a when we listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when we look at a when we listen
+to an actual signal Source the uh purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an actual signal Source the uh purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an actual signal Source the uh purely
+sidal Source becomes very rather boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidal Source becomes very rather boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidal Source becomes very rather boring
+in a hurry but let's go ahead and uh see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hurry but let's go ahead and uh see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hurry but let's go ahead and uh see
+what happens when we actually play music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we actually play music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we actually play music
+through this system so here we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this system so here we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this system so here we'll use
+the tape recorder and what what I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape recorder and what what I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape recorder and what what I will
+do is change the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal to be that from the tape recorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to be that from the tape recorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to be that from the tape recorder
+and we'll keep the ability to inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll keep the ability to inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll keep the ability to inject
+both the noise and the signal uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the noise and the signal uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the noise and the signal uh let's
+look at the XY plot which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the XY plot which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the XY plot which I think is
+probably the more interesting one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the more interesting one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the more interesting one in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we have the uh the input or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have the uh the input or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have the uh the input or the
+output versus the input and we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output versus the input and we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output versus the input and we notice
+that this is is the case where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is is the case where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is is the case where we have
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reproduction let's change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction let's change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction let's change our
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+feedback uh tempor early let me get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback uh tempor early let me get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback uh tempor early let me get rid
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+noise and we notice very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and we notice very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and we notice very soon
+appreciable audible audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Distortion it turns out that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion it turns out that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion it turns out that uh
+crossover Distortion is a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover Distortion is a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover Distortion is a particularly
+disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing
+is a particularly disturbing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particularly disturbing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particularly disturbing kind of
+distortion and the reason is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion and the reason is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion and the reason is that that
+it tends to suppress small signal levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to suppress small signal levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to suppress small signal levels
+you see the crossover Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the crossover Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the crossover Distortion
+eliminates small amplitude components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates small amplitude components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates small amplitude components
+and so precisely when you have a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so precisely when you have a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so precisely when you have a soft
+passage a low-level signal you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage a low-level signal you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage a low-level signal you get the
+maximum fractional Distortion when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum fractional Distortion when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum fractional Distortion when you
+have a large signal and could better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large signal and could better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large signal and could better
+tolerate it you get less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate it you get less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate it you get less
+Distortion here we have a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion here we have a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion here we have a very small
+signal and we're never exceeding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and we're never exceeding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and we're never exceeding the
+threshold we don't get anything out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold we don't get anything out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold we don't get anything out of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+system if you contrast a system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you contrast a system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you contrast a system that's
+or a signal that's distorted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a signal that's distorted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a signal that's distorted by
+crossover Distortion with one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover Distortion with one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover Distortion with one that's
+distorted by clipping even if if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted by clipping even if if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted by clipping even if if they
+have the same sort of average Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same sort of average Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same sort of average Distortion
+the same sort of average harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of average harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of average harmonic
+content what you find out is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content what you find out is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content what you find out is that the
+signal distorted by crossover Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal distorted by crossover Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal distorted by crossover Distortion
+sounds far worse that's something audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds far worse that's something audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds far worse that's something audio
+people have known for a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have known for a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have known for a long time and
+consequently they're very conscious very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently they're very conscious very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently they're very conscious very
+sensitive to crossover Distortion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to crossover Distortion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to crossover Distortion in
+their audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplifiers we hear the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers we hear the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers we hear the very
+characteristic Grady behavior let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Grady behavior let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Grady behavior let's go
+ahead and once again add noise in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and once again add noise in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and once again add noise in as
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well here we see the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we see the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we see the the sort of
+asynchronous characteristic of the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous characteristic of the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous characteristic of the noise
+uh things are uh very well buried in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things are uh very well buried in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things are uh very well buried in all
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can make life much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can make life much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can make life much
+better by means of feedback we go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by means of feedback we go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by means of feedback we go ahead
+move the feedback to the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the feedback to the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the feedback to the output of the
+nonlinearity we sweep all the noise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we sweep all the noise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity we sweep all the noise and
+Distortion under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion under a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rug uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rug uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rug uh
+finally I'd like to change the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Source go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source go
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tape now I think the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape now I think the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape now I think the interesting thing
+about about this tape is that as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about this tape is that as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about this tape is that as we go
+from the non-distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the non-distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the non-distorted
+condition to the distorted condition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to the distorted condition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to the distorted condition we
+notice virtually no change whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice virtually no change whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice virtually no change whatsoever
+and so the indication is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the indication is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the indication is that we're
+really very sensitive to Signal source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very sensitive to Signal source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very sensitive to Signal source
+as well as the characteristics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the characteristics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the characteristics of the
+system and I think there's a moral here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I think there's a moral here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I think there's a moral here
+if this is the kind of thing you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the kind of thing you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the kind of thing you choose
+to listen to you really don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to you really don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to you really don't need a
+very good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system I defy you to tell me where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I defy you to tell me where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I defy you to tell me where the
+pot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is
+set at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set at
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+present thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6nfmDpar0fQ.txt b/6nfmDpar0fQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fade45de75eb17cecfb5cf1471cd0b5a23b9f011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6nfmDpar0fQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+I want to talk about you asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about you asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about you asked about
+development of knowledge within infancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of knowledge within infancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of knowledge within infancy
+and I want to talk about one case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to talk about one case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to talk about one case where
+we've seen an interesting developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen an interesting developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen an interesting developmental
+change I think we really fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I think we really fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I think we really fully
+understand I'm sure we don't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I'm sure we don't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I'm sure we don't fully
+understand it I'm not sure we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it I'm not sure we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it I'm not sure we understand
+it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all
+but it seems to be there and it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to be there and it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to be there and it has to
+do with effects of what both may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with effects of what both may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with effects of what both may be
+inertial properties of object motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial properties of object motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial properties of object motion and
+also effects of gravity on object motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also effects of gravity on object motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also effects of gravity on object motion
+let me just tell you the result first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just tell you the result first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just tell you the result first
+these are studies that were done by in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are studies that were done by in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are studies that were done by in
+John Kim a long time ago but recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Kim a long time ago but recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Kim a long time ago but recently
+enough that video was part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that video was part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that video was part of our
+toolkit which wasn't always the case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit which wasn't always the case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit which wasn't always the case and
+involved showing babies video tapes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved showing babies video tapes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved showing babies video tapes of
+events in which an object held by a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in which an object held by a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in which an object held by a hand
+was placed on an inclined plane released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was placed on an inclined plane released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was placed on an inclined plane released
+and started to move and in one study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started to move and in one study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started to move and in one study
+babies either saw a plane that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies either saw a plane that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies either saw a plane that was
+inclined downward the hand released it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined downward the hand released it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined downward the hand released it
+and it rolled downward with the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it rolled downward with the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it rolled downward with the natural
+acceleration or the plane was inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration or the plane was inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration or the plane was inclined
+upward that the hand released it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward that the hand released it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward that the hand released it and it
+rolled upward decelerating okay to a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled upward decelerating okay to a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled upward decelerating okay to a we
+study as well and adults for adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study as well and adults for adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study as well and adults for adults
+adults reported that it looked like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults reported that it looked like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults reported that it looked like this
+hand set the ball in motion in fact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand set the ball in motion in fact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand set the ball in motion in fact to
+control the motion better there was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the motion better there was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the motion better there was like
+a sling shot after apparatus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sling shot after apparatus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sling shot after apparatus that
+actually said it in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said it in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said it in motion
+but it underwent what looked like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it underwent what looked like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it underwent what looked like a
+natural deceleration from the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural deceleration from the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural deceleration from the point at
+which the hand released it and the as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the hand released it and the as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the hand released it and the as it
+rose up half the babies were bored with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose up half the babies were bored with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rose up half the babies were bored with
+this event and half were bored with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event and half were bored with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event and half were bored with that
+and then at tests we switched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at tests we switched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at tests we switched the
+direction of the orientation of the ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the orientation of the ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the orientation of the ramp
+so that if babies had been seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if babies had been seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if babies had been seeing
+something move downward now they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something move downward now they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something move downward now they were
+seeing events in which it moved upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing events in which it moved upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing events in which it moved upward
+and in one of those two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one of those two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one of those two events
+the natural acceleration that adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural acceleration that adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural acceleration that adults
+would expect which is to say a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect which is to say a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect which is to say a change in
+the motion that the infants had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion that the infants had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion that the infants had
+previously seen so these guys saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously seen so these guys saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously seen so these guys saw this
+thing rolling downward and accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing rolling downward and accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing rolling downward and accelerating
+and here in the natural event they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in the natural event they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here in the natural event they're
+seeing something that's being propelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing something that's being propelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing something that's being propelled
+upward and it's decelerating okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward and it's decelerating okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward and it's decelerating okay in
+this event they saw the same motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event they saw the same motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event they saw the same motion
+pattern that they saw before so if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that they saw before so if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that they saw before so if they
+saw speeding up here they saw speeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw speeding up here they saw speeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw speeding up here they saw speeding
+up here contrary to effects of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here contrary to effects of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here contrary to effects of gravity
+on object motion okay so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on object motion okay so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on object motion okay so the question
+was would the baby if the babies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was would the baby if the babies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was would the baby if the babies were
+sensitive to effects of gravity they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to effects of gravity they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to effects of gravity they
+should look longer when the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look longer when the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look longer when the thing
+accelerates you know speeds up as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates you know speeds up as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerates you know speeds up as it's
+moving than they do when it slows down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving than they do when it slows down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving than they do when it slows down
+as it's moving upward on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's moving upward on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's moving upward on the other hand
+if they're not sensitive to gravity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not sensitive to gravity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not sensitive to gravity and
+they're just under they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just under they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just under they're just
+representing these events as speeding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing these events as speeding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing these events as speeding up
+or slowing down they might show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or slowing down they might show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or slowing down they might show the
+opposite pattern okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite pattern okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite pattern okay and that's
+actually what we found in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we found in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we found in both
+conditions of that study at five months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of that study at five months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of that study at five months
+of age babies showed the pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of age babies showed the pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of age babies showed the pattern that
+the pattern to what adults would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern to what adults would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern to what adults would expect
+they as if they thought an object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they as if they thought an object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they as if they thought an object that
+speeds up in the beginning is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds up in the beginning is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds up in the beginning is going to
+continue speeding up irrespective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue speeding up irrespective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue speeding up irrespective of the
+orientation of that plane with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of that plane with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of that plane with respect
+to gravity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gravity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gravity okay
+so failure at five months success at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so failure at five months success at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so failure at five months success at
+seven months at seven months we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven months at seven months we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven months at seven months we get a
+reversal and they they flip in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal and they they flip in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal and they they flip in their
+looking time soon well we thought maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking time soon well we thought maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking time soon well we thought maybe
+they'll maybe the five month olds will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll maybe the five month olds will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll maybe the five month olds will
+succeed at a simpler task suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed at a simpler task suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed at a simpler task suppose we
+start out just showing them a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out just showing them a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out just showing them a flat
+surface and constant speed so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and constant speed so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and constant speed so we're not
+we're not engendering any expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not engendering any expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not engendering any expectation
+that this object is going to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this object is going to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this object is going to speed up
+over time or slow down over time they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or slow down over time they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or slow down over time they're
+just seeing a constant and then they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing a constant and then they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing a constant and then they get
+tested with events in which the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested with events in which the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested with events in which the object
+is placed either at the top or at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is placed either at the top or at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is placed either at the top or at the
+bottom of this ramp it's released and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this ramp it's released and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this ramp it's released and it
+speeds up in both cases in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds up in both cases in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds up in both cases in that case
+will they expect will they view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they expect will they view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they expect will they view this
+motion as more natural and look longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion as more natural and look longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion as more natural and look longer
+at that one or you might ask would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that one or you might ask would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that one or you might ask would they
+show the opposite pattern and if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the opposite pattern and if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the opposite pattern and if these
+events are difficult for them show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are difficult for them show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are difficult for them show the
+opposite pattern what they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite pattern what they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite pattern what they actually
+showed was absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed was absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed was absolute
+we know expectation the five month olds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know expectation the five month olds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know expectation the five month olds
+in that case okay they seemed utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case okay they seemed utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case okay they seemed utterly
+uncommitted as to whether you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommitted as to whether you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommitted as to whether you know it
+was more natural for the thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more natural for the thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more natural for the thing to be
+moving downward then to be moving upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving downward then to be moving upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving downward then to be moving upward
+after seeing it move on this flat and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after seeing it move on this flat and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after seeing it move on this flat and at
+seven months kids responded as adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven months kids responded as adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven months kids responded as adults
+would then we thought maybe there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then we thought maybe there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then we thought maybe there's just
+a problem with video maybe kids don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with video maybe kids don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with video maybe kids don't
+understand that vertical in a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that vertical in a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that vertical in a video
+corresponds to vertical in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to vertical in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to vertical in the real
+world so we just ran a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so we just ran a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so we just ran a control
+experiment to see if that was true by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to see if that was true by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to see if that was true by
+familiarizing kids with downward motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarizing kids with downward motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarizing kids with downward motion
+in the real world and then presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world and then presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the real world and then presenting
+those same two test events and now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same two test events and now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same two test events and now they
+showed the pattern that adults would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the pattern that adults would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the pattern that adults would
+show that's not showing any knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that's not showing any knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that's not showing any knowledge
+here it's just saying yeah they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just saying yeah they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just saying yeah they can
+distinguish downward from upward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish downward from upward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish downward from upward and
+they can relate real events to video but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can relate real events to video but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can relate real events to video but
+they don't seem to have any prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem to have any prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem to have any prior
+expectation that objects will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that objects will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that objects will move
+downward when they're rolling on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward when they're rolling on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward when they're rolling on an
+inclined plane and all these things seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined plane and all these things seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined plane and all these things seem
+to develop between five and seven months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop between five and seven months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop between five and seven months
+which I think provides us with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think provides us with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think provides us with an
+interesting window for asking what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting window for asking what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting window for asking what's
+developing here one one possibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing here one one possibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing here one one possibility is
+what's developing is something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's developing is something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's developing is something very
+local but I don't think so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local but I don't think so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local but I don't think so because
+there's another change also occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another change also occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another change also occurring
+between five and seven months in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between five and seven months in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between five and seven months in what
+looks like a very similar situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a very similar situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a very similar situation
+these are events that were conducted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are events that were conducted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are events that were conducted in
+Rene by our Jones lab where she did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rene by our Jones lab where she did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rene by our Jones lab where she did
+these very simple studies where you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very simple studies where you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very simple studies where you'd
+have a single object in an array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single object in an array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single object in an array and
+then a hand would come in holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a hand would come in holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a hand would come in holding
+another object and place it on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object and place it on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object and place it on that
+array and in that top study she compares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and in that top study she compares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and in that top study she compares
+infants reactions when the hand places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants reactions when the hand places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants reactions when the hand places
+the object on top of the box releases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object on top of the box releases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object on top of the box releases it
+and it stays there versus places the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it stays there versus places the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it stays there versus places the
+object on the side of the box releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on the side of the box releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on the side of the box releases
+it and it stays there okay now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it stays there okay now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it stays there okay now if you're
+a three month old infant you are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three month old infant you are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three month old infant you are equally
+happy with those two events you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with those two events you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with those two events you do not
+look differentially at them but by five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look differentially at them but by five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look differentially at them but by five
+months infants do they look longer when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months infants do they look longer when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months infants do they look longer when
+the object seems to be stable II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object seems to be stable II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object seems to be stable II
+supported by the side of the box stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by the side of the box stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by the side of the box stable
+II supported by the top of the box but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II supported by the top of the box but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II supported by the top of the box but
+then she goes on and asks does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she goes on and asks does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she goes on and asks does it
+suppose we do infants make distinctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we do infants make distinctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we do infants make distinctions
+among objects that are stable II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among objects that are stable II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among objects that are stable II
+supported from below as by the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported from below as by the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported from below as by the way they
+were in all those studies with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in all those studies with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in all those studies with the
+rolling on the ramps right do they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling on the ramps right do they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling on the ramps right do they make
+the kind of distinctions that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of distinctions that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of distinctions that we would
+make based on the mass of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make based on the mass of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make based on the mass of the object
+physical forces and so forth and to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical forces and so forth and to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical forces and so forth and to get
+event she did a second study where she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event she did a second study where she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event she did a second study where she
+has a box and she either places it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a box and she either places it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a box and she either places it in
+the middle of the top box or way off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the top box or way off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the top box or way off to
+the side where we would expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side where we would expect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side where we would expect it to
+fall okay not to be stable I supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall okay not to be stable I supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall okay not to be stable I supported
+seven month olds get that right five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven month olds get that right five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven month olds get that right five
+month olds do not so across these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month olds do not so across these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month olds do not so across these
+different situations that looks like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations that looks like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations that looks like we
+have this developmental change in no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this developmental change in no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this developmental change in no I
+mean I think we there's a these studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think we there's a these studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think we there's a these studies
+raised a lot of questions that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised a lot of questions that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised a lot of questions that they
+don't answer about what infants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't answer about what infants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't answer about what infants are
+learning over this time period I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning over this time period I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning over this time period I'm
+excited about that because I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about that because I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about that because I think they
+also give us a method for addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give us a method for addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give us a method for addressing
+those questions okay and Tomer has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions okay and Tomer has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions okay and Tomer has been
+working on chasing that it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on chasing that it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on chasing that it should be
+great okay so I've been asked already by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so I've been asked already by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so I've been asked already by
+a bunch of you what happens at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of you what happens at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of you what happens at the very
+beginning of visual experience I do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of visual experience I do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of visual experience I do have
+some slides on that I do want us to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slides on that I do want us to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slides on that I do want us to take
+a break but let me go through them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break but let me go through them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break but let me go through them very
+quickly there's been a little bit done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly there's been a little bit done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly there's been a little bit done
+with newborn infants and where they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with newborn infants and where they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with newborn infants and where they've
+been studied under conditions where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied under conditions where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied under conditions where we
+infinite that they're able to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite that they're able to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite that they're able to see what
+they're being presented with it looks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being presented with it looks as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being presented with it looks as
+if some of these abilities yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of these abilities yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of these abilities yeah there's
+evidence for these abilities in newborns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for these abilities in newborns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for these abilities in newborns
+but most of the things I told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the things I told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the things I told you about
+have not been tested in newborn infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not been tested in newborn infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not been tested in newborn infants
+and would be really hard to test in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would be really hard to test in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would be really hard to test in them
+but fortunately humans aren't the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fortunately humans aren't the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fortunately humans aren't the only
+animals that that have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that that have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that that have to be able to
+find the objects in a scene and track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the objects in a scene and track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the objects in a scene and track
+them through time other animals do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through time other animals do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through time other animals do that
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+and many animals seem to succeed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many animals seem to succeed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many animals seem to succeed at
+representing objects under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing objects under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing objects under the
+conditions where infants succeed the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where infants succeed the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where infants succeed the big
+problem we have with animal models is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have with animal models is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have with animal models is
+that in many cases the animals are way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many cases the animals are way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many cases the animals are way
+more competent than the infants and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more competent than the infants and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more competent than the infants and they
+succeed in cases where infants would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in cases where infants would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed in cases where infants would
+okay but at least where they succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but at least where they succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but at least where they succeed
+where infants succeed we can ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where infants succeed we can ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where infants succeed we can ask what
+would happen with control rearing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen with control rearing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen with control rearing and
+can we at least get an existence proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we at least get an existence proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we at least get an existence proof
+that in a mechanism of the sort you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a mechanism of the sort you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a mechanism of the sort you know
+that the abilities that we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the abilities that we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the abilities that we see in
+infants can be performed by some nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants can be performed by some nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants can be performed by some nervous
+system on first encounters with visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on first encounters with visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on first encounters with visible
+objects of events that it's now being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of events that it's now being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of events that it's now being
+asked to reason about so this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to reason about so this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to reason about so this has been
+done with controlled weird experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with controlled weird experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with controlled weird experiments
+I'm going to talk about just a few I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about just a few I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about just a few I
+show you the results of just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the results of just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the results of just a few
+experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that
+on chicks chicks are being used a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chicks chicks are being used a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on chicks chicks are being used a lot
+lately because they grow up pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately because they grow up pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately because they grow up pretty
+quickly they're easy to raise and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly they're easy to raise and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly they're easy to raise and they
+show this innate behavior toward objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this innate behavior toward objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this innate behavior toward objects
+that gives us a nice indicator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a nice indicator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a nice indicator which is
+in some ways a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways a little bit like
+preferential looking though opposite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential looking though opposite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential looking though opposite in
+sign they imprint if you show them an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign they imprint if you show them an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign they imprint if you show them an
+object repeatedly and a chick has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object repeatedly and a chick has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object repeatedly and a chick has been
+isolated so there's no other chicks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated so there's no other chicks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated so there's no other chicks or
+hens around in its environment this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hens around in its environment this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hens around in its environment this is
+the object is moving object they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is moving object they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is moving object they see
+they will imprint to it treat it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will imprint to it treat it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will imprint to it treat it like
+another behave as they would with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another behave as they would with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another behave as they would with their
+mom where she there and in particular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom where she there and in particular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom where she there and in particular if
+you then take the chick and put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then take the chick and put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then take the chick and put them in
+a novel environment where they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a novel environment where they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a novel environment where they're a
+little bit stressed they will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit stressed they will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit stressed they will tend to
+approach that object so you could this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that object so you could this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that object so you could this
+has the same logic as looking longer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same logic as looking longer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same logic as looking longer at
+a novel thing you have a selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a novel thing you have a selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a novel thing you have a selective
+approach to a familiar thing and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to a familiar thing and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to a familiar thing and you can
+now run on chicks the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now run on chicks the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now run on chicks the kinds of
+experiments that have been run on human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that have been run on human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that have been run on human
+infants so here's one imprinted chick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants so here's one imprinted chick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants so here's one imprinted chick to
+a trunk these are experiments that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trunk these are experiments that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trunk these are experiments that have
+actually been done a while ago in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been done a while ago in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been done a while ago in some
+case much more recent imprint a chick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case much more recent imprint a chick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case much more recent imprint a chick to
+a triangle and then present them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangle and then present them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangle and then present them with
+the triangle whose Center is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle whose Center is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle whose Center is missing
+either because it's occluded or because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because it's occluded or because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because it's occluded or because
+there's a gap there whose mom in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap there whose mom in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap there whose mom in this
+case the one with the occluded Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the one with the occluded Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the one with the occluded Center
+and not the one with the gap at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the one with the gap at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the one with the gap at the
+center okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay
+consistent with findings with infants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with findings with infants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with findings with infants in
+one-way trans chicks are perceiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way trans chicks are perceiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way trans chicks are perceiving
+occlusion but they're doing better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occlusion but they're doing better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occlusion but they're doing better than
+the infants this works when the objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infants this works when the objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infants this works when the objects
+move behind the occluder if you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move behind the occluder if you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move behind the occluder if you move
+objects behind the occluder you get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects behind the occluder you get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects behind the occluder you get all
+the same kind of motion effects that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of motion effects that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of motion effects that I
+was talking about with infants but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about with infants but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about with infants but it
+also works if the object is stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also works if the object is stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also works if the object is stationary
+so the chicks are better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chicks are better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the chicks are better than the
+infants in in that case what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants in in that case what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants in in that case what about
+object permanence here's a task that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object permanence here's a task that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object permanence here's a task that
+babies can't solve until they're 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies can't solve until they're 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies can't solve until they're 12
+months old well eight months in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months old well eight months in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months old well eight months in this
+case twelve months in this case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case twelve months in this case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case twelve months in this case that
+chicks solved the first time they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicks solved the first time they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicks solved the first time they're
+presented with an imprinted object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with an imprinted object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with an imprinted object that
+moves out of you I should have said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves out of you I should have said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves out of you I should have said that
+on the previous slide the chicks never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous slide the chicks never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous slide the chicks never
+saw occlusion until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw occlusion until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw occlusion until
+the imprinting test here they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imprinting test here they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imprinting test here they never
+there imprinted to mom on the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there imprinted to mom on the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there imprinted to mom on the first two
+days of life but there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of life but there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of life but there's no other
+surfaces in the environment so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces in the environment so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces in the environment so they
+never see her occluded by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see her occluded by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see her occluded by another
+surface maybe they see her occluded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface maybe they see her occluded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface maybe they see her occluded by
+their own wing or something but not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own wing or something but not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own wing or something but not by
+other objects in the environment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other objects in the environment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other objects in the environment okay
+there's two screens their chick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two screens their chick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two screens their chick is
+restrained in a Plexiglas box and sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained in a Plexiglas box and sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrained in a Plexiglas box and sees
+mom disappear behind one of the screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom disappear behind one of the screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom disappear behind one of the screens
+they will go and search behind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will go and search behind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will go and search behind that
+screen for her only at 12 months two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for her only at 12 months two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen for her only at 12 months two
+human infants solve the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human infants solve the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human infants solve the following
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+mom has disappeared behind and been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom has disappeared behind and been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom has disappeared behind and been
+found behind this screen five times in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found behind this screen five times in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found behind this screen five times in a
+row now she goes there where will chick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row now she goes there where will chick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row now she goes there where will chick
+search a baby until 12 months we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search a baby until 12 months we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search a baby until 12 months we'll
+search behind the first place where she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search behind the first place where she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search behind the first place where she
+was hidden where they found her in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hidden where they found her in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hidden where they found her in the
+past a chick is is more like a 12 month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past a chick is is more like a 12 month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past a chick is is more like a 12 month
+old baby shows the more mature pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old baby shows the more mature pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old baby shows the more mature pattern
+he goes where mom actually is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes where mom actually is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes where mom actually is these are
+actual moms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual moms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual moms
+this is imprinting 2 either a ping-pong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is imprinting 2 either a ping-pong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is imprinting 2 either a ping-pong
+ball in some of these studies or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in some of these studies or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in some of these studies or a
+cylinder and others dangles on a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and others dangles on a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and others dangles on a wire
+during the imprinting period so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the imprinting period so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the imprinting period so you can
+see that it moves it moves here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it moves it moves here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it moves it moves here and it
+kind of dangles and moves behind one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dangles and moves behind one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dangles and moves behind one
+screen or another screen and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or another screen and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or another screen and then the
+chick is released and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick is released and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick is released and the question is
+where will the chip go yeah I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will the chip go yeah I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will the chip go yeah I think I
+think they imprint them for two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they imprint them for two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they imprint them for two days
+post hatching so they're they're hatched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post hatching so they're they're hatched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post hatching so they're they're hatched
+in an incubator in the case the killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an incubator in the case the killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an incubator in the case the killer
+study I'm going to tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study I'm going to tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study I'm going to tell you about the
+incubators in the dark they spend two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubators in the dark they spend two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubators in the dark they spend two
+days and I think if they spend a day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and I think if they spend a day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and I think if they spend a day in
+the dark getting used to just walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark getting used to just walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dark getting used to just walking
+around and then starts the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then starts the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then starts the visual
+experience and it's controlled so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and it's controlled so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and it's controlled so no
+occlusion but you do see this one object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occlusion but you do see this one object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occlusion but you do see this one object
+that you get to imprint too and they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to imprint too and they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to imprint too and they get
+to imprint too and then they later go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imprint too and then they later go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imprint too and then they later go
+object okay so an existence proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so an existence proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so an existence proof that
+such a capacity could exist doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a capacity could exist doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a capacity could exist doesn't tell
+us that it does exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that it does exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that it does exist in
+but it could here's the one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could here's the one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could here's the one that was
+done recently that that's my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done recently that that's my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done recently that that's my favorite
+study in the in this series on solidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in the in this series on solidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in the in this series on solidity
+okay here's a study where the chick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a study where the chick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a study where the chick is
+hatched in the dark and spends most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched in the dark and spends most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched in the dark and spends most of
+the day for the first three days of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day for the first three days of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day for the first three days of its
+life in the dark but during a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in the dark but during a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life in the dark but during a certain
+period each day it's put in a Plexiglas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period each day it's put in a Plexiglas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period each day it's put in a Plexiglas
+box with black walls black floor black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with black walls black floor black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with black walls black floor black
+ceiling and through the Plexiglas there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling and through the Plexiglas there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling and through the Plexiglas there
+is a single object that dangles print -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single object that dangles print -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single object that dangles print -
+okay now they can't touch the object so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now they can't touch the object so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now they can't touch the object so
+they never get evidence whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never get evidence whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never get evidence whether this
+object is solid or not they can't peck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is solid or not they can't peck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is solid or not they can't peck
+at it right if they can Peck but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it right if they can Peck but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it right if they can Peck but they
+can only peck at this black surface that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only peck at this black surface that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only peck at this black surface that
+they can't see or at this transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't see or at this transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't see or at this transparent
+surface that they also can't see so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that they also can't see so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that they also can't see so they
+might learn there are iron mint but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might learn there are iron mint but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might learn there are iron mint but
+they're not going to have any visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to have any visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to have any visual
+characteristics like this guy does okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics like this guy does okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics like this guy does okay
+all right so then that after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so then that after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so then that after this
+experience the chick stays in this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the chick stays in this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the chick stays in this box
+and in that box sees a series of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that box sees a series of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that box sees a series of events
+involving this object in the first set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving this object in the first set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving this object in the first set
+the object moves behind one screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object moves behind one screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object moves behind one screen and
+then is revealed there or moves behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is revealed there or moves behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is revealed there or moves behind
+the other screen and then is is revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other screen and then is is revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other screen and then is is revealed
+there in this particular study the chick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this particular study the chick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this particular study the chick
+does not get to go out to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not get to go out to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not get to go out to get to that
+object they did a series of studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object they did a series of studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object they did a series of studies
+before this one where they did but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one where they did but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one where they did but in
+this case study they don't then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case study they don't then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case study they don't then the
+display then they see a second set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display then they see a second set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display then they see a second set of
+events where all they see is mom starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events where all they see is mom starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events where all they see is mom starts
+moving toward the space between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving toward the space between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving toward the space between the two
+screens then their screen comes down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens then their screen comes down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens then their screen comes down so
+they can't see what happens next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't see what happens next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't see what happens next and
+then when the screen comes up she is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the screen comes up she is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the screen comes up she is no
+longer visible but she then emerges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer visible but she then emerges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer visible but she then emerges
+behind you or the other basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you or the other basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you or the other basically
+teaching the chicks in effect mom can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the chicks in effect mom can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the chicks in effect mom can go
+behind each other each of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind each other each of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind each other each of these two
+screens okay either of these two screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens okay either of these two screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens okay either of these two screens
+and then comes the critical test and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then comes the critical test and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then comes the critical test and the
+critical test mom starts moving toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical test mom starts moving toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical test mom starts moving toward
+the midpoint of the two screens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midpoint of the two screens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midpoint of the two screens the
+screen comes down and and when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen comes down and and when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen comes down and and when the
+screen goes sorry the the big occluder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen goes sorry the the big occluder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen goes sorry the the big occluder
+the vision is blocked and then when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision is blocked and then when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision is blocked and then when when
+that when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when that
+raises again and the two screens are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises again and the two screens are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises again and the two screens are
+again visible they've been rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again visible they've been rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again visible they've been rotated
+backward and across a series of studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward and across a series of studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward and across a series of studies
+they vary the size of mom and the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary the size of mom and the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary the size of mom and the degree
+of rotation of the screen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation of the screen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotation of the screen and the
+question is will the chick go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is will the chick go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is will the chick go to the
+side where the screens rotation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side where the screens rotation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side where the screens rotation is
+consistent with a solid object and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with a solid object and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with a solid object and they
+do I want to argue from that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to argue from that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to argue from that that
+knowledge of solidity about knowledge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of solidity about knowledge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of solidity about knowledge in
+some sense representations that accord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense representations that accord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense representations that accord
+with solidity is innate in chicks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solidity is innate in chicks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solidity is innate in chicks and
+what I mean by an eight is simply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by an eight is simply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by an eight is simply that
+it's present and functional on first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's present and functional on first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's present and functional on first
+encounters with objects that exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters with objects that exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters with objects that exhibit
+that property this chick has not had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property this chick has not had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that property this chick has not had the
+opportunity to peck at these objects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to peck at these objects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to peck at these objects or
+observe them bumping into each other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe them bumping into each other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe them bumping into each other or
+anything like that and the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that and the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that and the first time
+they see this degree of rotation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see this degree of rotation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see this degree of rotation they
+make inferences that are consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make inferences that are consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make inferences that are consistent with
+that principle this doesn't tell us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that principle this doesn't tell us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that principle this doesn't tell us that
+human infants do it to be convinced of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human infants do it to be convinced of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human infants do it to be convinced of
+that I'd want to see evidence for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd want to see evidence for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd want to see evidence for this
+ability in an animal that's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability in an animal that's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability in an animal that's a much
+better model human object cognition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better model human object cognition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better model human object cognition or
+I'd want to see or I'd want to see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd want to see or I'd want to see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd want to see or I'd want to see more
+evidence from the chicks to convince me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from the chicks to convince me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from the chicks to convince me
+that actually the chick is a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually the chick is a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually the chick is a really good
+model of human object cognition but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of human object cognition but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of human object cognition but I do
+think it should encourage us to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it should encourage us to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it should encourage us to start
+thinking about how nervous systems could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how nervous systems could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how nervous systems could
+be wired to exhibit this property in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wired to exhibit this property in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wired to exhibit this property in the
+absence of specific learning experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of specific learning experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of specific learning experiences
+with it here are some questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it here are some questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it here are some questions that
+that we could talk about in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could talk about in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could talk about in the in the
+Q&A later I can just give you the bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A later I can just give you the bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A later I can just give you the bit I
+can give you the one-liner on it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you the one-liner on it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you the one-liner on it on the
+issue of compositionality the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of compositionality the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of compositionality the question
+is do babies have a laundry list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do babies have a laundry list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do babies have a laundry list of
+rules how objects are going to behave or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules how objects are going to behave or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules how objects are going to behave or
+are they building some kind of unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they building some kind of unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they building some kind of unitary
+model of the world that occurs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the world that occurs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the world that occurs with
+certain general properties I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain general properties I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain general properties I think the
+evidence starting at least at eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence starting at least at eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence starting at least at eight
+months of age look lower than that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of age look lower than that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of age look lower than that we
+don't know but starting at that age I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but starting at that age I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but starting at that age I
+think the evidence favors the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the evidence favors the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the evidence favors the second
+possibility it comes primarily from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility it comes primarily from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility it comes primarily from
+these beautiful studies that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful studies that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful studies that were
+created by Susan Kerry and her students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by Susan Kerry and her students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by Susan Kerry and her students
+and collaborators where they presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collaborators where they presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collaborators where they presented
+infants with an event that violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants with an event that violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants with an event that violated
+cohesion so this could be a sand pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesion so this could be a sand pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesion so this could be a sand pile
+that's poured onto a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's poured onto a stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's poured onto a stage
+or a cookie that's broken into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a cookie that's broken into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a cookie that's broken into two
+pieces before those pieces are in boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces before those pieces are in boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces before those pieces are in boxes
+or a block that falls apart when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a block that falls apart when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a block that falls apart when it's
+hit you know by another by another block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit you know by another by another block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit you know by another by another block
+and then she asked having seen that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she asked having seen that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she asked having seen that this
+object violated this property do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object violated this property do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object violated this property do they
+expect it to accord with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to accord with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to accord with the other
+properties and the answer is no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and the answer is no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and the answer is no they
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+okay so for example if you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example if you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example if you've seen
+there's in that causality study where an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's in that causality study where an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's in that causality study where an
+object moves behind a screen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object moves behind a screen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object moves behind a screen and then
+another thing starts to move if instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing starts to move if instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing starts to move if instead
+of starting to move it falls apart it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting to move it falls apart it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting to move it falls apart it
+violates cohesion falls apart infants no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates cohesion falls apart infants no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates cohesion falls apart infants no
+longer exist object hit it okay it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer exist object hit it okay it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer exist object hit it okay it could
+have fallen maybe it fell apart on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fallen maybe it fell apart on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fallen maybe it fell apart on its
+own okay they don't assume that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own okay they don't assume that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own okay they don't assume that it's
+going to behave like an object in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to behave like an object in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to behave like an object in other
+respects they also don't assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects they also don't assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects they also don't assume that
+sand piles will move continuously that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand piles will move continuously that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand piles will move continuously that
+they won't pass through surfaces that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't pass through surfaces that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't pass through surfaces that a
+cookie that is broken into if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie that is broken into if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie that is broken into if you have
+two cookies in one box and one cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cookies in one box and one cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cookies in one box and one cookie
+other the babies crawl to the two but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the babies crawl to the two but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the babies crawl to the two but if
+you have one large cookie and you break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one large cookie and you break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one large cookie and you break
+it in two and put it in one box they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two and put it in one box they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two and put it in one box they're
+neutral between those two options okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral between those two options okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral between those two options okay
+so it looks like the system is acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like the system is acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like the system is acting
+like an interconnected hole what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an interconnected hole what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an interconnected hole what you
+learn about 1s but what the babies learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about 1s but what the babies learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about 1s but what the babies learn
+about one aspect of an object's behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one aspect of an object's behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one aspect of an object's behavior
+bears on the inferences they make about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears on the inferences they make about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears on the inferences they make about
+other aspects of its behavior final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of its behavior final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects of its behavior final
+thing I want to end with it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to end with it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to end with it I think
+makes this point is very recent work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this point is very recent work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this point is very recent work
+that was conducted by Lisa fagenson that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was conducted by Lisa fagenson that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was conducted by Lisa fagenson that
+I think Laura Schultz may talk about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Laura Schultz may talk about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Laura Schultz may talk about as
+well Josh mentioned it last Friday but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Josh mentioned it last Friday but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Josh mentioned it last Friday but
+didn't really describe it that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really describe it that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really describe it that I think
+suggests that at least at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that at least at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that at least at the end of
+infancy and again we don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy and again we don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy and again we don't know what's
+happened earlier infants don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened earlier infants don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened earlier infants don't know
+infants understanding of objects isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants understanding of objects isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants understanding of objects isn't
+only inter forming an interconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inter forming an interconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inter forming an interconnected
+hole but it's centers on abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole but it's centers on abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole but it's centers on abstract
+notions about the causes of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions about the causes of object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions about the causes of object
+motions so these are studies that picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions so these are studies that picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions so these are studies that picked
+up on some old findings from a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on some old findings from a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on some old findings from a variety
+of labs here's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labs here's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labs here's one that
+Jean had worked on and I did Studies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean had worked on and I did Studies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean had worked on and I did Studies on
+it as well we're infancy an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well we're infancy an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well we're infancy an object
+that's moving in an array that has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving in an array that has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving in an array that has two
+barriers but the barriers are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers but the barriers are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers but the barriers are mostly
+hidden by a screen and the object moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden by a screen and the object moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden by a screen and the object moves
+so that it's fully hidden by the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's fully hidden by the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's fully hidden by the screen
+the question is where will it come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is where will it come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is where will it come to
+rest looking time you say babies expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest looking time you say babies expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest looking time you say babies expect
+it to come to rest at the first barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to come to rest at the first barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to come to rest at the first barrier
+in its path they look longer if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its path they look longer if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its path they look longer if they
+find it when the screen is raised behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it when the screen is raised behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it when the screen is raised behind
+the second barrier as if it passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second barrier as if it passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second barrier as if it passed
+through that surface in its past its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that surface in its past its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that surface in its past its
+path a solidity violation here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path a solidity violation here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path a solidity violation here's another
+study that by Arsenal and others have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that by Arsenal and others have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that by Arsenal and others have
+studied showing that by like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied showing that by like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied showing that by like three
+months of age infants expect objects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of age infants expect objects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of age infants expect objects to
+fall in the absence if you push a truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in the absence if you push a truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in the absence if you push a truck
+along a block so that it stops but under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a block so that it stops but under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a block so that it stops but under
+conditions where it stops when it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where it stops when it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where it stops when it gets
+to the end of the block or continues off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the block or continues off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the block or continues off
+the block and doesn't fall infants look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block and doesn't fall infants look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block and doesn't fall infants look
+longer in the latter case and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the latter case and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in the latter case and what they
+ant what fagenson asked is suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant what fagenson asked is suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant what fagenson asked is suppose we
+don't let look infants look as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't let look infants look as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't let look infants look as long as
+they want suppose we make they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want suppose we make they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want suppose we make they're
+looking time to just a couple of seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking time to just a couple of seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking time to just a couple of seconds
+so they've looked equally at these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they've looked equally at these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they've looked equally at these two
+outcomes what is their internal state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes what is their internal state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes what is their internal state
+are they just bewildered in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they just bewildered in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they just bewildered in the case
+where the object did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the object did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the object did something
+impossible or are they seeking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible or are they seeking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible or are they seeking to
+understand what's happening in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's happening in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's happening in the world
+is this a learning signal for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a learning signal for them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a learning signal for them so
+she did two experiments actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did two experiments actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did two experiments actually more
+than two but but asked two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two but but asked two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two but but asked two questions
+with experiments one question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with experiments one question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with experiments one question was
+suppose after showing this event or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose after showing this event or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose after showing this event or this
+event or this or this one after showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event or this or this one after showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event or this or this one after showing
+an event where an object behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event where an object behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event where an object behaves
+naturally versus apparently unnaturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally versus apparently unnaturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally versus apparently unnaturally
+you now teach infants in effect how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now teach infants in effect how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now teach infants in effect how to
+teach infants in effect some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach infants in effect some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach infants in effect some new
+property of the object so you pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the object so you pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the object so you pick the
+object up with and squeakin and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object up with and squeakin and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object up with and squeakin and the
+question is that the babies learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that the babies learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that the babies learn that
+the object makes that sound and what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object makes that sound and what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object makes that sound and what she
+finds is that the infant's learn much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds is that the infant's learn much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds is that the infant's learn much
+more consistently about the object whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more consistently about the object whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more consistently about the object whose
+previous behavior was unpredicted than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous behavior was unpredicted than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous behavior was unpredicted than
+about the object whose behavior was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the object whose behavior was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the object whose behavior was
+predictable okay I think this is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable okay I think this is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable okay I think this is both
+good news and bad news about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news and bad news about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news and bad news about all the
+looking time methods I've been telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking time methods I've been telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking time methods I've been telling
+you about the good news is looking time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the good news is looking time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the good news is looking time
+really does seem when you let babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does seem when you let babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does seem when you let babies
+look for as long as they want it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for as long as they want it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for as long as they want it look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that's tracking what they're seeking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tracking what they're seeking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tracking what they're seeking to
+learn about their exploration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about their exploration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about their exploration and
+learning the bad news is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the bad news is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the bad news is that when you
+restrict looking time to just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict looking time to just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict looking time to just a very
+short amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short amount of time
+there are many many things that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many things that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many things that could be
+going on they could be attending a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on they could be attending a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on they could be attending a lot
+or they could be attending a little it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they could be attending a little it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they could be attending a little it's
+a very crude measure that's not telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very crude measure that's not telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very crude measure that's not telling
+us that but here's a richer method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that but here's a richer method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that but here's a richer method
+measures signal learning in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures signal learning in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures signal learning in these two
+cases the other study I think is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the other study I think is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the other study I think is even
+cooler in the other studies after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler in the other studies after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooler in the other studies after
+showing infants a violation event or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing infants a violation event or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing infants a violation event or an
+she handed entrance the object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she handed entrance the object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she handed entrance the object and
+allowed them to explore it and look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed them to explore it and look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed them to explore it and look to
+see what they would do and what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they would do and what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they would do and what she
+found is that they do different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that they do different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that they do different things
+depending on the nature of so when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the nature of so when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the nature of so when there
+was a solidity violation they take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a solidity violation they take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a solidity violation they take the
+object and they bang it on their tray in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and they bang it on their tray in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and they bang it on their tray in
+front of them okay in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of them okay in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of them okay in the case of a
+support violation they take the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support violation they take the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support violation they take the object
+and they release it okay so if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they release it okay so if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they release it okay so if they're
+specifically oriented at 11 months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically oriented at 11 months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically oriented at 11 months and
+we don't know what would happen earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what would happen earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what would happen earlier
+they're specifically oriented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specifically oriented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specifically oriented to
+expertise of the object that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise of the object that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise of the object that could be
+relevant to understanding the apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to understanding the apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to understanding the apparent
+violation that they saw to summarize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation that they saw to summarize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation that they saw to summarize it
+looks like there is a system that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there is a system that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there is a system that is
+growing over the course of infancy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing over the course of infancy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing over the course of infancy as
+it's clear from all the questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear from all the questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear from all the questions that
+we can continue to discuss there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can continue to discuss there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can continue to discuss there's a lot
+we don't know about this system but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know about this system but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know about this system but at
+no point in development do infants seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point in development do infants seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point in development do infants seem
+to be perceiving just a 2-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perceiving just a 2-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perceiving just a 2-dimensional
+disorganized you know world of sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorganized you know world of sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorganized you know world of sensory
+experiences at no point did they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences at no point did they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences at no point did they seem
+oriented to events going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented to events going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented to events going on in the
+visual field as opposed to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field as opposed to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field as opposed to the real
+world when you test them in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world when you test them in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world when you test them in these
+situations where you're asking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you're asking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you're asking them
+questions about properties of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about properties of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about properties of the world
+they seem to be oriented to properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be oriented to properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to be oriented to properties
+of the world itself and to start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world itself and to start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world itself and to start out
+already as early as we can test them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already as early as we can test them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already as early as we can test them in
+a few cases that meet like the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few cases that meet like the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few cases that meet like the center
+occluded objects that means newborns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occluded objects that means newborns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occluded objects that means newborns to
+start out already with a system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out already with a system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out already with a system which
+although it's radically different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's radically different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's radically different from
+ours most of the things that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours most of the things that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours most of the things that we know
+about most of the information we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about most of the information we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about most of the information we can get
+about objects from the scene they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about objects from the scene they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about objects from the scene they do not
+get nevertheless we're seeing core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nevertheless we're seeing core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nevertheless we're seeing core
+skeletal abilities that we continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal abilities that we continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal abilities that we continue to
+use throughout life and that seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use throughout life and that seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use throughout life and that seem to be
+a present to serve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a present to serve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a present to serve as a
+for learning there have been lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for learning there have been lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for learning there have been lots of
+studies in which infants have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in which infants have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in which infants have been
+presented with people or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with people or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with people or other
+self-propelled objects that have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-propelled objects that have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-propelled objects that have used
+the same logic as the studies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same logic as the studies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same logic as the studies for
+looking at naive physics to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at naive physics to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at naive physics to get at
+something like naive psychology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like naive psychology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like naive psychology in
+infancy what they know about object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy what they know about object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy what they know about object
+motion most of them are on babies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion most of them are on babies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion most of them are on babies that
+are older than the babies from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are older than the babies from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are older than the babies from the
+object studies those those studies ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object studies those those studies ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object studies those those studies ran
+mostly up to about four months of age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly up to about four months of age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly up to about four months of age
+these studies are starting later than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies are starting later than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies are starting later than
+that but they give us a starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but they give us a starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but they give us a starting point
+and and and here's one slide that tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and here's one slide that tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and here's one slide that tries
+to capture just about everything that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture just about everything that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture just about everything that I
+think we know about what six to twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we know about what six to twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we know about what six to twelve
+month old infants how they represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month old infants how they represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month old infants how they represent
+agents first of all they represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents first of all they represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents first of all they represent
+people's actions on objects as directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's actions on objects as directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's actions on objects as directed
+to goals so this is a basic study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to goals so this is a basic study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to goals so this is a basic study that
+was conducted as this whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was conducted as this whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was conducted as this whole series of
+studies one of many conducted by Amanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies one of many conducted by Amanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies one of many conducted by Amanda
+Woodward who was the advisor for Jessica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodward who was the advisor for Jessica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodward who was the advisor for Jessica
+Somerville who will be here giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville who will be here giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville who will be here giving a
+talk on Thursday afternoon there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk on Thursday afternoon there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk on Thursday afternoon there are
+very simple studies in which he presents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple studies in which he presents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple studies in which he presents
+babies with two objects side by side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies with two objects side by side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies with two objects side by side and
+then they see a hand reach out and grasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they see a hand reach out and grasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they see a hand reach out and grasp
+one of those two objects and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those two objects and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those two objects and the
+question is how do babies represent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do babies represent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do babies represent that
+action do they represent it as a motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action do they represent it as a motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action do they represent it as a motion
+to a position on the left or do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a position on the left or do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a position on the left or do they
+represent it as an action with the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it as an action with the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it as an action with the goal
+of obtaining the ball and to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obtaining the ball and to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obtaining the ball and to distinguish
+those two possibilities she then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two possibilities she then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two possibilities she then
+reverses the positions of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the positions of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverses the positions of the two
+objects presents the hand in alternation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects presents the hand in alternation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects presents the hand in alternation
+taking a new trajectory to the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a new trajectory to the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a new trajectory to the old
+object versus the old trajectory to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object versus the old trajectory to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object versus the old trajectory to a
+new object and the babies look longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new object and the babies look longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new object and the babies look longer
+when the hand goes to the new object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the hand goes to the new object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the hand goes to the new object
+suggesting not that they can't represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting not that they can't represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting not that they can't represent
+trajectories but that they care more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories but that they care more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories but that they care more
+about a big bigger news is the agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a big bigger news is the agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a big bigger news is the agents
+goal when the goal changes that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal when the goal changes that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal when the goal changes that's a
+bigger change for the infant than when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger change for the infant than when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger change for the infant than when
+the motion simply changes to a new path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion simply changes to a new path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion simply changes to a new path
+and a new endpoint that's a as young as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new endpoint that's a as young as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new endpoint that's a as young as
+five months of age then there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five months of age then there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five months of age then there's been
+studies showing that infants goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies showing that infants goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies showing that infants goal
+attribution depends on what is visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution depends on what is visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribution depends on what is visible
+from the perspective of the agent so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of the agent so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of the agent so if
+two objects are present and the agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects are present and the agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects are present and the agent
+consistently reaches for one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently reaches for one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently reaches for one of them
+babies in some sense in some poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies in some sense in some poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies in some sense in some poorly
+understood sense represent that Adrien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood sense represent that Adrien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood sense represent that Adrien
+having a preference for the object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a preference for the object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a preference for the object that
+they've chosen to go for over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've chosen to go for over the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've chosen to go for over the other
+object but if the object they didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but if the object they didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but if the object they didn't go
+for is occluded and there's no evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is occluded and there's no evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is occluded and there's no evidence
+that that agent ever saw it they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that agent ever saw it they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that agent ever saw it they don't
+make that preference inference okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that preference inference okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that preference inference okay
+third infants represent agents as acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third infants represent agents as acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third infants represent agents as acting
+efficiently and this is true whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and this is true whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and this is true whenever
+they're given evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're given evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're given evidence for
+self-propulsion whether the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-propulsion whether the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-propulsion whether the object
+that's moving in a self-propelled manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving in a self-propelled manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving in a self-propelled manner
+has the features of an agent or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the features of an agent or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the features of an agent or not
+so in these classic studies by Gare gay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in these classic studies by Gare gay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in these classic studies by Gare gay
+and his collaborators that continued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his collaborators that continued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his collaborators that continued to
+the present day but started now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present day but started now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present day but started now
+I guess 20 years ago they present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess 20 years ago they present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess 20 years ago they present
+infants with two balls that engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants with two balls that engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants with two balls that engage in
+little self propelled motion and even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little self propelled motion and even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little self propelled motion and even a
+little kind of interaction and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of interaction and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kind of interaction and then one
+of the balls jumps over a barrier to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the balls jumps over a barrier to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the balls jumps over a barrier to get
+to the other ball and across a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other ball and across a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other ball and across a series of
+familiar ization trials the barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar ization trials the barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar ization trials the barrier
+varies in height the jump is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in height the jump is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in height the jump is
+appropriately adapted to it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately adapted to it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately adapted to it and the
+question is what what do infants infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what what do infants infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what what do infants infer
+this agent will do when the barrier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agent will do when the barrier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agent will do when the barrier is
+taken away well they will engage in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away well they will engage in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away well they will engage in one
+of its familiar patterns of motion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its familiar patterns of motion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its familiar patterns of motion or
+will it engage in a new pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it engage in a new pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it engage in a new pattern of
+motion that's more efficient to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that's more efficient to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that's more efficient to get to
+the object and the finding is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object and the finding is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object and the finding is they
+expect that new motion and look longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that new motion and look longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that new motion and look longer
+at the more superficially familiar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the more superficially familiar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the more superficially familiar but
+inefficient indirect action here are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient indirect action here are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient indirect action here are my
+favorite studies this is one that Shimon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite studies this is one that Shimon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite studies this is one that Shimon
+talked about yesterday afternoon he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about yesterday afternoon he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about yesterday afternoon he
+talked about one version of this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one version of this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one version of this the
+original study was conducted by Sabina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original study was conducted by Sabina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original study was conducted by Sabina
+Cowan and Rebecca Saxe and Susan Carey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowan and Rebecca Saxe and Susan Carey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowan and Rebecca Saxe and Susan Carey
+did interesting extensions on it it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did interesting extensions on it it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did interesting extensions on it it uses
+the simplest imaginable method you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest imaginable method you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest imaginable method you
+present babies first with two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present babies first with two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present babies first with two objects
+stationary side-by-side one with animate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary side-by-side one with animate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary side-by-side one with animate
+features a face and sort of a fuzzy body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features a face and sort of a fuzzy body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features a face and sort of a fuzzy body
+tail like body the other an inanimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail like body the other an inanimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail like body the other an inanimate
+ball they're both stationary and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball they're both stationary and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball they're both stationary and the
+objects were chosen to be about equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects were chosen to be about equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects were chosen to be about equally
+interesting the babies look about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the babies look about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the babies look about half
+the time at each one then they see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time at each one then they see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time at each one then they see a
+series of events in which these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of events in which these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of events in which these two
+objects are stuck together and undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are stuck together and undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are stuck together and undergo
+this very irregular pattern of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very irregular pattern of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very irregular pattern of motion
+this was actually some kind of parlor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually some kind of parlor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually some kind of parlor
+trick toy that was sold for a while they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick toy that was sold for a while they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick toy that was sold for a while they
+got the Gotham started on this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Gotham started on this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Gotham started on this study
+there's a mechanism inside the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mechanism inside the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mechanism inside the ball
+that's actually propelling the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually propelling the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually propelling the two
+objects around but the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects around but the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects around but the question is
+which of these two objects does the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these two objects does the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these two objects does the baby
+attribute the motion to and to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute the motion to and to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute the motion to and to find that
+out they subsequently separated the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they subsequently separated the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they subsequently separated the two
+objects again and asked again which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects again and asked again which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects again and asked again which one
+will the infant look at more and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the infant look at more and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the infant look at more and after
+seeing this motion the infant looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this motion the infant looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this motion the infant looks more
+at the one that has the animate features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the one that has the animate features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the one that has the animate features
+as if although both objects underwent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if although both objects underwent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if although both objects underwent
+the same motion they attribute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same motion they attribute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same motion they attribute that
+motion to this guy not the other guy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to this guy not the other guy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to this guy not the other guy it
+follows then that that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows then that that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows then that that they're
+perceiving this they're representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving this they're representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving this they're representing
+this guy as causing the other guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy as causing the other guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy as causing the other guy's
+motion right the other guy is not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right the other guy is not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right the other guy is not seen
+as causing its own motion the motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as causing its own motion the motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as causing its own motion the motion is
+being caused by this guy this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being caused by this guy this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being caused by this guy this is at
+seven months of age now even stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven months of age now even stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven months of age now even stronger
+evidence that infants infer causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that infants infer causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that infants infer causal
+agents come from these beautiful studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents come from these beautiful studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents come from these beautiful studies
+that Rebecca Saxe and Susan Kerry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Rebecca Saxe and Susan Kerry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Rebecca Saxe and Susan Kerry and
+Josh Tenenbaum conducted ten years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh Tenenbaum conducted ten years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh Tenenbaum conducted ten years ago
+now that went back to this efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that went back to this efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that went back to this efficient
+situation where you see an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you see an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you see an object
+efficiently going over barriers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently going over barriers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently going over barriers of
+variable heights to get to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable heights to get to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable heights to get to a new
+position on the stage the one thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on the stage the one thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on the stage the one thing they
+added is that the object is manifestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added is that the object is manifestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added is that the object is manifestly
+inanimate it's a beanbag and the kid had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inanimate it's a beanbag and the kid had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inanimate it's a beanbag and the kid had
+a chance to play with it before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance to play with it before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance to play with it before the
+study began they can feel that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study began they can feel that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study began they can feel that this is
+not an animate object so if this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an animate object so if this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an animate object so if this isn't
+an animate object and infants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animate object and infants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animate object and infants are
+actively trying to explain the motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively trying to explain the motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively trying to explain the motions
+of objects that they see they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects that they see they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects that they see they're gonna
+need another kind of explanation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another kind of explanation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another kind of explanation and
+what Sachs Tenenbaum and Kerry showed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Sachs Tenenbaum and Kerry showed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Sachs Tenenbaum and Kerry showed is
+that infants infer that there's an agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infants infer that there's an agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that infants infer that there's an agent
+off screen on this side of the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off screen on this side of the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off screen on this side of the screen
+that set that object in motion and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set that object in motion and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set that object in motion and they
+show that by their relative looking time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that by their relative looking time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that by their relative looking time
+to an event where a hand comes in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an event where a hand comes in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an event where a hand comes in on
+that side of the strange screen which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side of the strange screen which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side of the strange screen which is
+consistent with that causal attribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that causal attribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that causal attribution
+versus it comes in on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus it comes in on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus it comes in on the other side
+which is inconsistent with it and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is inconsistent with it and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is inconsistent with it and really
+pretty manipulation if in fact babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty manipulation if in fact babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty manipulation if in fact babies
+are making causal attributions here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making causal attributions here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making causal attributions here then
+you ought to be able to screen them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ought to be able to screen them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ought to be able to screen them off
+if you make a simple change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make a simple change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make a simple change to the
+method if you show evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method if you show evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method if you show evidence that
+actually this object is animate if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this object is animate if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this object is animate if it is
+animate then you don't need to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate then you don't need to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate then you don't need to infer
+another cause so they ran that study as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cause so they ran that study as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cause so they ran that study as
+well and showed that when you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and showed that when you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and showed that when you change
+from an inanimate object to an animate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an inanimate object to an animate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an inanimate object to an animate
+one you no longer get this effect okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you no longer get this effect okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you no longer get this effect okay
+so it really looks like they're seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really looks like they're seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really looks like they're seeking
+to explain these events and doing so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain these events and doing so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain these events and doing so in
+accord with the principle that agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accord with the principle that agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accord with the principle that agents
+can cause not only their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause not only their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause not only their
+motion but also can make changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but also can make changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion but also can make changes in the
+world cause motions and other changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world cause motions and other changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world cause motions and other changes in
+objects and a final study that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and a final study that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and a final study that shows
+this I told you that if a truck goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I told you that if a truck goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I told you that if a truck goes
+behind a screen toward a box and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a screen toward a box and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a screen toward a box and then
+the box subsequently collapses babies do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box subsequently collapses babies do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box subsequently collapses babies do
+not infer that the truck hit the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infer that the truck hit the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infer that the truck hit the box
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+collapsing takes this outside the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing takes this outside the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing takes this outside the domain
+of physical reasoning for those young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical reasoning for those young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical reasoning for those young
+babies okay but suppose instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies okay but suppose instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies okay but suppose instead of a
+truck going behind that this is work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck going behind that this is work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck going behind that this is work by
+Susan carriers well sorry I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan carriers well sorry I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan carriers well sorry I should have
+put it on here mantener and Kerry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on here mantener and Kerry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on here mantener and Kerry if
+instead of a truck a hand goes behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a truck a hand goes behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a truck a hand goes behind
+that screen now they infer that the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that screen now they infer that the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that screen now they infer that the hand
+did contact the object okay so hands can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did contact the object okay so hands can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did contact the object okay so hands can
+make things move and they not only can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things move and they not only can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things move and they not only can
+make things move they can make things do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things move they can make things do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things move they can make things do
+all sorts of things that objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things that objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things that objects
+otherwise won't do like fall apart okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise won't do like fall apart okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise won't do like fall apart okay
+all right so one problem as I said with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one problem as I said with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one problem as I said with
+all these studies is that they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these studies is that they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these studies is that they're all
+older infants many of them much older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older infants many of them much older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older infants many of them much older
+infants like eight and ten month olds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants like eight and ten month olds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants like eight and ten month olds
+just about all of them six months old or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about all of them six months old or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about all of them six months old or
+older and when you test younger infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older and when you test younger infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older and when you test younger infants
+you get failures on some of these tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get failures on some of these tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get failures on some of these tasks
+so these goal attribution tests work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these goal attribution tests work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these goal attribution tests work
+with five month old infants but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five month old infants but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five month old infants but they
+fail with three month old infants three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail with three month old infants three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail with three month old infants three
+month old infants seem uncommitted as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month old infants seem uncommitted as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month old infants seem uncommitted as to
+where this hand is going to go once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this hand is going to go once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this hand is going to go once the
+two objects change exchange locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects change exchange locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects change exchange locations
+and that raises the question skew to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that raises the question skew to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that raises the question skew to me
+the most interesting question what kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting question what kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting question what kinds
+of representations of agents if any does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations of agents if any does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations of agents if any does
+a younger infant have before they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a younger infant have before they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a younger infant have before they're
+able to act on the world by manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to act on the world by manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to act on the world by manipulating
+things which starts around five months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which starts around five months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which starts around five months
+of age and tell you just quickly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of age and tell you just quickly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of age and tell you just quickly to
+study the kinds of studies that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the kinds of studies that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the kinds of studies that I think
+get at this imperfectly but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at this imperfectly but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at this imperfectly but they're
+getting there one is again going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting there one is again going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting there one is again going back to
+studies of controlled reared animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of controlled reared animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of controlled reared animals
+chicks again in particular there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicks again in particular there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicks again in particular there have
+been imprinting studies done where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been imprinting studies done where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been imprinting studies done where
+chicks are raised in the dark and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicks are raised in the dark and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicks are raised in the dark and all
+they get to see our video screens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get to see our video screens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get to see our video screens in
+which you get two objects engaging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get two objects engaging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get two objects engaging in
+this simple causal billiard ball type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple causal billiard ball type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple causal billiard ball type
+event one object starts to move contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event one object starts to move contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event one object starts to move contacts
+the second object and at the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second object and at the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second object and at the point of
+contact it's it stops moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact it's it stops moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact it's it stops moving in the
+object starts to move okay and they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object starts to move okay and they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object starts to move okay and they see
+that repeatedly and now okay I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repeatedly and now okay I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repeatedly and now okay I told you
+that if chicks are raised in isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if chicks are raised in isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if chicks are raised in isolation
+but there's a moving object there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a moving object there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a moving object there
+they'll imprint to it I was treating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll imprint to it I was treating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll imprint to it I was treating the
+imprinting object is just an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinting object is just an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinting object is just an example of
+an object but of course the imprinting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object but of course the imprinting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object but of course the imprinting
+object is mom and she's an agent so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is mom and she's an agent so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is mom and she's an agent so it
+should be a self-propelled object really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a self-propelled object really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a self-propelled object really
+right so given a choice between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so given a choice between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so given a choice between these
+two do they have do they selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two do they have do they selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two do they have do they selectively
+imprint to one over the other and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprint to one over the other and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprint to one over the other and the
+finding is that they do if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is that they do if you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is that they do if you now
+present the two objects have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the two objects have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the two objects have different
+features I think different colors maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features I think different colors maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features I think different colors maybe
+different shapes as well if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes as well if you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes as well if you now
+present one of them at one end of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present one of them at one end of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present one of them at one end of their
+cage and the other at the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage and the other at the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cage and the other at the other end
+they'll go to object a over object B as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll go to object a over object B as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll go to object a over object B as
+if they saw that as the object that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they saw that as the object that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they saw that as the object that set
+the other object in motion but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other object in motion but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other object in motion but now you
+could ask is that because they see a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask is that because they see a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask is that because they see a as
+causal as causing its own motion or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal as causing its own motion or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal as causing its own motion or is
+it for other superficial reasons like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for other superficial reasons like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for other superficial reasons like a
+moved first or a was moving at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved first or a was moving at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved first or a was moving at the time
+of the collision and B was stationary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the collision and B was stationary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the collision and B was stationary so
+they tested for all of these things one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tested for all of these things one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tested for all of these things one
+by one but this is their killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one but this is their killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one but this is their killer
+experiment the test for all of them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the test for all of them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the test for all of them at
+once they present exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they present exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they present exactly the same
+events the only difference is you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the only difference is you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events the only difference is you don't
+see a initially at rest and starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a initially at rest and starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a initially at rest and starting to
+move okay you never get to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay you never get to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay you never get to see that
+there's screens on the two ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's screens on the two ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's screens on the two ends of the
+displays so all you see is that a enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays so all you see is that a enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays so all you see is that a enters
+the display already in motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the display already in motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the display already in motion and
+contacts B so you have no evidence as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts B so you have no evidence as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts B so you have no evidence as to
+whether a is self-propelled or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a is self-propelled or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a is self-propelled or not you
+just but you see the two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just but you see the two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just but you see the two objects
+interacting otherwise in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting otherwise in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting otherwise in the same way
+that makes the effect completely go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the effect completely go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the effect completely go away
+I think this is logically a little like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is logically a little like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is logically a little like
+the studies with infants where you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies with infants where you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies with infants where you show
+that the thing is animate or not and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing is animate or not and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thing is animate or not and it
+affects whether they expect that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects whether they expect that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects whether they expect that there's
+an agent there or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent there or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent there or not
+it suggests that infants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suggests that infants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suggests that infants are
+representing a as causing its own motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a as causing its own motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a as causing its own motion
+they're representing it as causing B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're representing it as causing B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're representing it as causing B's
+motion so a is a better object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so a is a better object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so a is a better object of
+imprinting than B is and all of this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinting than B is and all of this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprinting than B is and all of this can
+be abolished if you if you if a isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be abolished if you if you if a isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be abolished if you if you if a isn't
+seen to have the first coastal property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen to have the first coastal property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen to have the first coastal property
+they're not inferring the second so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not inferring the second so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not inferring the second so it's
+again an existence proof kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an existence proof kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an existence proof kind of
+argument saying you can get this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument saying you can get this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument saying you can get this kind of
+system working in an animal that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system working in an animal that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system working in an animal that has an
+explicit had prior visual experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit had prior visual experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit had prior visual experience
+says in which they've seen objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in which they've seen objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in which they've seen objects in
+motion or in which they themselves have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or in which they themselves have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or in which they themselves have
+been you know they haven't had any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you know they haven't had any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you know they haven't had any other
+encounters with objects so they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters with objects so they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters with objects so they haven't
+been able to move things around that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to move things around that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to move things around that's
+one way of trying to get at early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of trying to get at early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of trying to get at early
+representations here's another way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations here's another way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations here's another way that
+I hope some reveal we'll talk about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope some reveal we'll talk about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope some reveal we'll talk about on
+Thursday night because she pioneered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday night because she pioneered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday night because she pioneered
+this method with Amanda Woodward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method with Amanda Woodward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method with Amanda Woodward and
+Aimee Needham you can turn you can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aimee Needham you can turn you can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aimee Needham you can turn you can give
+a three month old infant who otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three month old infant who otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three month old infant who otherwise
+wouldn't be reaching for things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be reaching for things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be reaching for things for
+another two months you can give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two months you can give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two months you can give the
+ability to give them the ability to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to give them the ability to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to give them the ability to pick
+up objects by equipping them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up objects by equipping them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up objects by equipping them with
+mittens that have velcro on them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mittens that have velcro on them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mittens that have velcro on them and
+presenting them with Velcro objects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting them with Velcro objects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting them with Velcro objects so
+now they can make things move and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can make things move and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they can make things move and when
+you do that you see interesting changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you see interesting changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you see interesting changes
+in their representations of these events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their representations of these events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their representations of these events
+so an infant who has played with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an infant who has played with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an infant who has played with an
+object while wearing a sticky mitten who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object while wearing a sticky mitten who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object while wearing a sticky mitten who
+subsequently looks at events in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently looks at events in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently looks at events in which
+another person wearing that mitten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person wearing that mitten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person wearing that mitten
+reaches for that object or for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches for that object or for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches for that object or for another
+object now they look like a five month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object now they look like a five month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object now they look like a five month
+old and represent that reaching as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and represent that reaching as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and represent that reaching as
+goal-directed but on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal-directed but on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal-directed but on the other hand if
+they weren't if they saw those same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't if they saw those same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't if they saw those same
+events without the mittens they failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events without the mittens they failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events without the mittens they failed
+so that's saying that the infant's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's saying that the infant's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's saying that the infant's own
+action experience can elicit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action experience can elicit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action experience can elicit these
+action representations and it raises I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action representations and it raises I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action representations and it raises I
+think all sorts of interesting questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all sorts of interesting questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all sorts of interesting questions
+about do you have to do infants have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about do you have to do infants have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about do you have to do infants have to
+learn one-by-one what the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn one-by-one what the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn one-by-one what the properties of
+agents are or is it possible that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents are or is it possible that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents are or is it possible that once
+these representations of goal-directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations of goal-directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations of goal-directed
+actions are elicited will see other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions are elicited will see other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions are elicited will see other
+knowledge of agents already present so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of agents already present so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of agents already present so
+let me just give you one finding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you one finding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you one finding that
+suggests we might get the second this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests we might get the second this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests we might get the second this is
+a study that Amy's Scarry performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study that Amy's Scarry performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a study that Amy's Scarry performed
+rather recently she was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather recently she was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather recently she was interested in
+this representation of efficient action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this representation of efficient action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this representation of efficient action
+before babies are able to reach for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before babies are able to reach for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before babies are able to reach for and
+pick up objects themselves do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up objects themselves do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up objects themselves do they
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+represent the actions of agents as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the actions of agents as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the actions of agents as
+directed to goals efficiently they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed to goals efficiently they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed to goals efficiently they
+already expect that agents will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already expect that agents will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already expect that agents will move
+efficiently to achieve their goals so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently to achieve their goals so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently to achieve their goals so to
+get at that she gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at that she gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at that she gave them
+she gave infants three month old infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gave infants three month old infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she gave infants three month old infants
+sticky mittens experience with an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky mittens experience with an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky mittens experience with an object
+where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they
+to pick up the object and then show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up the object and then show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up the object and then show them
+events in one split them into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in one split them into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in one split them into two
+different conditions and in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions and in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions and in both
+conditions they see events in which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they see events in which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they see events in which a
+person moves on an indirect path to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person moves on an indirect path to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person moves on an indirect path to an
+object in one of the series of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in one of the series of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in one of the series of events
+there's a barrier in the way so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a barrier in the way so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a barrier in the way so that
+motion is the best way to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is the best way to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is the best way to get there
+probably you know the only obvious way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know the only obvious way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know the only obvious way
+to get there in the other case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there in the other case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there in the other case the
+barrier is in the display but it's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier is in the display but it's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier is in the display but it's out
+of the way so this is not an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way so this is not an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way so this is not an efficient
+action and then at test the barrier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then at test the barrier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then at test the barrier is
+gone in both conditions and the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone in both conditions and the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone in both conditions and the person
+either moves efficiently or moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either moves efficiently or moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either moves efficiently or moves
+inefficiently now in this control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiently now in this control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiently now in this control
+condition the baby does not expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the baby does not expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the baby does not expect
+efficient action but in the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient action but in the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient action but in the condition
+where they previously had the sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they previously had the sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they previously had the sticky
+mittens experience which presumably told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mittens experience which presumably told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mittens experience which presumably told
+them that this is actually the person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that this is actually the person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that this is actually the person's
+goal that they're attempting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that they're attempting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that they're attempting to get
+there once they have that that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there once they have that that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there once they have that that seems
+what seems to follow immediately from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to follow immediately from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems to follow immediately from
+that is this efficiency in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this efficiency in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this efficiency in this
+principle of efficient action right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of efficient action right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of efficient action right that
+you'll move to the goal on the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll move to the goal on the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll move to the goal on the most
+direct path possible even though you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct path possible even though you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct path possible even though you've
+never seen that direct path and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen that direct path and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen that direct path and even
+though when the infant was playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though when the infant was playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though when the infant was playing with
+the object with the mittens on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object with the mittens on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object with the mittens on and
+picking up objects for the first time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up objects for the first time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up objects for the first time in
+his life there were no barriers present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life there were no barriers present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life there were no barriers present
+they never had to do anything indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never had to do anything indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never had to do anything indirect
+they could always get that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could always get that object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could always get that object
+directly yet they're expecting direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly yet they're expecting direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly yet they're expecting direct
+action only when they've seen efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action only when they've seen efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action only when they've seen efficient
+action in in another agent okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in in another agent okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in in another agent okay let me
+so in summary it looks like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary it looks like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary it looks like these
+abilities are all they're quite early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities are all they're quite early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities are all they're quite early
+they they're unlearned at least some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're unlearned at least some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're unlearned at least some of
+them are unlearned in Chicks they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are unlearned in Chicks they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are unlearned in Chicks they and
+they can be elicited before at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be elicited before at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be elicited before at least
+some of them can be elicited before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them can be elicited before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them can be elicited before
+reaching develops in young infants but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching develops in young infants but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching develops in young infants but
+infants and this is important I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants and this is important I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants and this is important I think
+for what Elly is going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what Elly is going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what Elly is going to be talking
+about infants understanding of agents is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infants understanding of agents is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about infants understanding of agents is
+limited it's radically limited just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited it's radically limited just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited it's radically limited just like
+their understanding of inanimate objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their understanding of inanimate objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their understanding of inanimate objects
+is and here are a few I think really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and here are a few I think really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and here are a few I think really
+interesting limits although infants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting limits although infants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting limits although infants are
+sensitive to what's perceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to what's perceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to what's perceptually
+accessible to an agent they don't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to an agent they don't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to an agent they don't seem
+to be sense they don't seem to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sense they don't seem to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sense they don't seem to represent
+agents as seeing objects what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents as seeing objects what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents as seeing objects what do I mean
+by that well here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that well here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that well here's a
+with exactly the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exactly the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exactly the structure of the
+Woodward reaching experiment two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodward reaching experiment two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodward reaching experiment two objects
+present and a person acts with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and a person acts with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and a person acts with respect
+to one of them but instead of reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of them but instead of reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of them but instead of reaching
+for one object she looks at one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one object she looks at one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one object she looks at one of the
+two objects and now you ask after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects and now you ask after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects and now you ask after you
+exchange the two objects positions do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange the two objects positions do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange the two objects positions do
+babies find that she's doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies find that she's doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies find that she's doing something
+newer if she looks at the other object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer if she looks at the other object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer if she looks at the other object
+or do they find she's doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do they find she's doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do they find she's doing something
+new or if she looks in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or if she looks in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new or if she looks in a different
+direction than she looked in before okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction than she looked in before okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction than she looked in before okay
+at 12 months infants view looking as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 12 months infants view looking as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 12 months infants view looking as
+goal direct object directed by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal direct object directed by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal direct object directed by this
+measure younger than 12 months they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure younger than 12 months they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure younger than 12 months they do
+not they don't seem to view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they don't seem to view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they don't seem to view the
+orientation of the person as a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the person as a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the person as a look
+that's directed to one of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's directed to one of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's directed to one of these two
+objects by that measure now the age at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects by that measure now the age at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects by that measure now the age at
+which they succeed at this is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they succeed at this is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they succeed at this is also the
+first stage at which infants start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage at which infants start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage at which infants start to
+show this really interesting pattern in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this really interesting pattern in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this really interesting pattern in
+their communication with other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their communication with other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their communication with other people
+that might Tomasello has written about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might Tomasello has written about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might Tomasello has written about a
+lot it's the first age at which they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it's the first age at which they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it's the first age at which they'll
+start to alternately look at objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to alternately look at objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to alternately look at objects and
+look at another person and attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another person and attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another person and attempt to
+engage their attention to the object by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage their attention to the object by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage their attention to the object by
+checking back and forth between looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking back and forth between looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking back and forth between looks at
+the person and looks at the object or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and looks at the object or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and looks at the object or by
+pointing to the object or by following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the object or by following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the object or by following
+another person's point to an object all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person's point to an object all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person's point to an object all
+of that comes in at the end of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that comes in at the end of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that comes in at the end of the first
+year it's not there earlier younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's not there earlier younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's not there earlier younger
+infants younger than about 12 months of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants younger than about 12 months of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants younger than about 12 months of
+age don't even seem to expect that if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age don't even seem to expect that if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age don't even seem to expect that if a
+person reaches for one of two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person reaches for one of two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person reaches for one of two objects
+they'll tend to reach for the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tend to reach for the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tend to reach for the object
+that they were looking at okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were looking at okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were looking at okay we
+thought for sure babies would succeed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought for sure babies would succeed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought for sure babies would succeed at
+that task early they don't reliably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that task early they don't reliably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that task early they don't reliably
+succeed at it until 12 or even 14 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed at it until 12 or even 14 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed at it until 12 or even 14 months
+of age and finally babies attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of age and finally babies attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of age and finally babies attribute
+first order but not second-order goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order but not second-order goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order but not second-order goals
+to agents so if they see an agent pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agents so if they see an agent pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agents so if they see an agent pull
+on a rake and then reach for an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a rake and then reach for an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a rake and then reach for an object
+they perceive the agent's goal as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perceive the agent's goal as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perceive the agent's goal as the
+rake not the object that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rake not the object that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rake not the object that they're
+reaching for so very limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching for so very limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching for so very limited
+representations also as far as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations also as far as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations also as far as we know
+none of these are unique to humans I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these are unique to humans I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these are unique to humans I
+think this raises all sorts of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this raises all sorts of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this raises all sorts of questions
+that we might want to talk about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to talk about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to talk about in the
+Q&A later what's the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A later what's the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A later what's the relationship
+between infants representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between infants representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between infants representations of
+agents and their representations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and their representations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and their representations of the
+things that agents act on clearly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that agents act on clearly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that agents act on clearly these
+should be related in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be related in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be related in
+interesting ways although agents can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways although agents can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways although agents can do
+things that objects can't do like move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that objects can't do like move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that objects can't do like move
+on their own and formulate goals and act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own and formulate goals and act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own and formulate goals and act
+on things that are visually accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things that are visually accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things that are visually accessible
+to them agents also are objects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them agents also are objects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them agents also are objects right
+and we're subject to all the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're subject to all the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're subject to all the constraints
+on objects we can't walk through walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on objects we can't walk through walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on objects we can't walk through walls
+if we want to make something move we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to make something move we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to make something move we
+have to contact it and babies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to contact it and babies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to contact it and babies are
+sensitive to those constraints and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to those constraints and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to those constraints and I
+think this raises all sorts of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this raises all sorts of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this raises all sorts of questions
+that to date research on infants hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to date research on infants hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to date research on infants hasn't
+really answered is there some hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really answered is there some hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really answered is there some hierarchy
+of representations where you've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations where you've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representations where you've got all
+objects and then you've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and then you've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and then you've got these
+especially talented objects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially talented objects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially talented objects that are
+agents right or or or I think one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents right or or or I think one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents right or or or I think one way
+Tomer has put it as maybe we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomer has put it as maybe we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomer has put it as maybe we're all
+agents but objects are just really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents but objects are just really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents but objects are just really bad
+agents right that can't can't do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents right that can't can't do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents right that can't can't do very
+much that's one possibility it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that's one possibility it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that's one possibility it's also
+possible that these are just separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that these are just separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that these are just separate
+systems at the beginning and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at the beginning and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at the beginning and they have
+to get linked together over time I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get linked together over time I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get linked together over time I think
+these are all answerable questions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all answerable questions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all answerable questions I
+said that babies don't see looking as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that babies don't see looking as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that babies don't see looking as
+directed to objects but they do from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed to objects but they do from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed to objects but they do from
+birth seamen seem to they do from birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth seamen seem to they do from birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth seamen seem to they do from birth
+respond in a pro-social way to looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in a pro-social way to looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in a pro-social way to looking
+that's directed to them so an infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's directed to them so an infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's directed to them so an infant
+will look longer at someone whose eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look longer at someone whose eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look longer at someone whose eyes
+are directed to them than someone whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are directed to them than someone whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are directed to them than someone whose
+eyes are looking away that's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are looking away that's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are looking away that's true for
+human infants it's also true for infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human infants it's also true for infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human infants it's also true for infant
+monkeys they'll look if a monkey is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys they'll look if a monkey is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys they'll look if a monkey is is
+presented with this display and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with this display and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with this display and they're
+over here they'll look longer than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here they'll look longer than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here they'll look longer than if
+they're over here right so when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're over here right so when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're over here right so when they're
+here it looks like that guy is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it looks like that guy is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it looks like that guy is looking
+at them they also human and monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them they also human and monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them they also human and monkey
+infants engaged engage in eye-to-eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants engaged engage in eye-to-eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants engaged engage in eye-to-eye
+contact with other with adults from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with other with adults from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with other with adults from
+birth they also human infants and monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth they also human infants and monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth they also human infants and monkey
+infants tend to imitate the gestures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants tend to imitate the gestures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants tend to imitate the gestures of
+other people interestingly only when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people interestingly only when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people interestingly only when
+those people are looking at them not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are looking at them not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are looking at them not
+when they close their eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they close their eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they close their eyes
+then they'll imitate them as you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll imitate them as you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll imitate them as you saw in
+those beautiful films that when Rick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those beautiful films that when Rick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those beautiful films that when Rick
+showed from the Ferrari Group attentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed from the Ferrari Group attentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed from the Ferrari Group attentive
+to the person and then trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the person and then trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the person and then trying to
+reproduce the person's action this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the person's action this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the person's action this has
+been shown with baby chimpanzees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shown with baby chimpanzees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shown with baby chimpanzees and
+baby monkeys as well as with human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby monkeys as well as with human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby monkeys as well as with human
+newborn infants and finally I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn infants and finally I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn infants and finally I said
+infants don't follow gaze to objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants don't follow gaze to objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants don't follow gaze to objects
+that's true but it's also true that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but it's also true that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but it's also true that if
+they see a person who's looking directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see a person who's looking directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see a person who's looking directly
+at them and then the person's gaze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and then the person's gaze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and then the person's gaze
+shifts to the side they'll continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts to the side they'll continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts to the side they'll continue to
+look at the person but their attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the person but their attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the person but their attention
+will undergo a momentary shift in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will undergo a momentary shift in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will undergo a momentary shift in the
+direction of the shift of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the shift of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the shift of the other
+person's gaze okay so this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's gaze okay so this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's gaze okay so this has been
+shown at two months of age and also with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown at two months of age and also with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown at two months of age and also with
+newborn infants it's been shown with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn infants it's been shown with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn infants it's been shown with
+photographs of real faces and also with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of real faces and also with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of real faces and also with
+schematic phases the way to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic phases the way to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic phases the way to show that
+attention is shifting is to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is shifting is to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is shifting is to present
+infants with an event that could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants with an event that could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants with an event that could never
+happen in the real world you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the real world you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the real world you have an
+image of a face the eyes shift to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a face the eyes shift to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a face the eyes shift to the
+side either left or right and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side either left or right and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side either left or right and then the
+face disappears and a probe appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face disappears and a probe appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face disappears and a probe appears
+either on the left or on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either on the left or on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either on the left or on the right
+they'll get to the probe faster if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get to the probe faster if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get to the probe faster if it
+appears on the side to which the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on the side to which the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on the side to which the person
+shifted their gaze a nice control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted their gaze a nice control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted their gaze a nice control
+studies show that it's not just any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies show that it's not just any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies show that it's not just any kind
+of low-level motion in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low-level motion in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low-level motion in that direction
+that gets them there so this could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets them there so this could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets them there so this could be a
+sign of something like infancy direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of something like infancy direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of something like infancy direct
+gaze and it engages something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaze and it engages something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaze and it engages something like a
+state of engagement with another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of engagement with another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of engagement with another person
+in which evidence about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which evidence about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which evidence about the other
+person's state of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's state of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's state of attention
+possibly also emotion if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly also emotion if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly also emotion if the
+questionable literature on empathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionable literature on empathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionable literature on empathy
+emerging early is right this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging early is right this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging early is right this can be
+exchanged from automatically spread from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged from automatically spread from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged from automatically spread from
+one person to a social partner so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person to a social partner so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person to a social partner so the
+hypothesis is that infants are signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is that infants are signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is that infants are signaling
+or engaging with other finding other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or engaging with other finding other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or engaging with other finding other
+potential social partners from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential social partners from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential social partners from the
+beginning of life by looking at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of life by looking at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of life by looking at things
+like gaze direction maybe also infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gaze direction maybe also infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gaze direction maybe also infant
+directed speech as a signal that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed speech as a signal that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed speech as a signal that someone
+else is engaging with them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is engaging with them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is engaging with them by
+interpreting patterns of imitation as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting patterns of imitation as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting patterns of imitation as a
+communicative signal that somebody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative signal that somebody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative signal that somebody is
+tracking what they do and acting in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking what they do and acting in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking what they do and acting in kind
+with them and interpreting shifts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and interpreting shifts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and interpreting shifts of
+attention as you're responding to shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention as you're responding to shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention as you're responding to shifts
+of attention by shifting their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention by shifting their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention by shifting their own
+mental states in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6utcvADn6_0.txt b/6utcvADn6_0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7d1e87e66666c8e740d1e5a38b581e859362360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6utcvADn6_0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so we're going to continue
+looking at the Pia visal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the Pia visal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the Pia visal
+fusi and we have numbers 14 15 and 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusi and we have numbers 14 15 and 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusi and we have numbers 14 15 and 16
+today and I think guys that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I think guys that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I think guys that probably
+what we should do is do them in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should do is do them in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should do is do them in that
+order uh since we we've sort of got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh since we we've sort of got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh since we we've sort of got this
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+set um and we can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um and we can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um and we can even
+discuss arguably if there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss arguably if there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss arguably if there are things
+that are part of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of each
+one um so Mason are you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so Mason are you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so Mason are you first
+how would you like to begin your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you like to begin your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you like to begin your
+presentation I'll hear the piece first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I'll hear the piece first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I'll hear the piece first
+I'm sorry we all hear the piece first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure the broad of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it um so the first measures I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so the first measures I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so the first measures I kind of
+like intruction or like it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intruction or like it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intruction or like it kind of
+introduces one of the main motives or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces one of the main motives or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces one of the main motives or a
+piece um and it's kind of like this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece um and it's kind of like this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece um and it's kind of like this kind
+of note cluster that I had a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of note cluster that I had a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of note cluster that I had a hard time
+kind of describing from a from a tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of describing from a from a tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of describing from a from a tunnel
+standpoint but um I think you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint but um I think you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint but um I think you see
+throughout the piece there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the piece there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the piece there's a lot of
+half half tone and full tone clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half tone and full tone clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half tone and full tone clustering
+of notes um so after those first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes um so after those first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes um so after those first two
+measures we have the first section that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures we have the first section that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures we have the first section that
+begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin
+you have the the melody in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the the melody in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the the melody in the right
+hand and the um portal accompaniment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and the um portal accompaniment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and the um portal accompaniment in
+the left hand that kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand that kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand that kind of just
+continuous the entire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous the entire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous the entire a
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+um there's a there's a bit in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a there's a bit in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a there's a bit in the middle
+in of the a section I guess it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of the a section I guess it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of the a section I guess it starts
+with the after those little runs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the after those little runs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the after those little runs in the
+right hand going down you have um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand going down you have um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand going down you have um these
+descending chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending chromatic
+figurations um there and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurations um there and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figurations um there and we have an
+ascending chromatic scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending chromatic scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending chromatic scale
+uh in the left hand and so this I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the left hand and so this I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the left hand and so this I didn't
+really call it a b section cuz it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really call it a b section cuz it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really call it a b section cuz it
+repeats along with the A and it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats along with the A and it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats along with the A and it never
+gets separated from the a um I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets separated from the a um I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets separated from the a um I kind of
+considered it like the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered it like the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered it like the second part of
+the the a the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the a the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the a the second
+theme what measure are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme what measure are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme what measure are we talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+okay I get you okay thank you um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I get you okay thank you um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I get you okay thank you um and so
+it's interesting the um the theme gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting the um the theme gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting the um the theme gets
+introduced in the right hand and shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in the right hand and shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in the right hand and shows
+up in the left hand but transp the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the left hand but transp the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the left hand but transp the whole
+step and the um the thirds move up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and the um the thirds move up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and the um the thirds move up there
+too and so after that we have a repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so after that we have a repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and so after that we have a repeat
+of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first
+P but knock it down and instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but knock it down and instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but knock it down and instead of the
+original accompaniment we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original accompaniment we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original accompaniment we have these
+third the third motive but moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third the third motive but moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third the third motive but moving in
+whole steps now more or less actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole steps now more or less actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole steps now more or less actually
+moving um and then we have this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving um and then we have this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving um and then we have this really
+interesting run in the right hand which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting run in the right hand which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting run in the right hand which
+is just all thirds um in some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just all thirds um in some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just all thirds um in some kind of
+cish uh scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cish uh scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cish uh scale and
+then there's a bit of a transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a bit of a transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a bit of a transitional
+another two meurs of transition I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two meurs of transition I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two meurs of transition I think
+uh which has if you play it on piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which has if you play it on piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which has if you play it on piano
+it's a C major transposed with chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a C major transposed with chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a C major transposed with chromatic
+Neighbors in the left hand and that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neighbors in the left hand and that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neighbors in the left hand and that kind
+of has a a rhythmic pattern there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has a a rhythmic pattern there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has a a rhythmic pattern there and
+after that we have the B section which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we have the B section which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that we have the B section which
+is significantly different like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significantly different like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significantly different like it's
+interesting here is pretty similar on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here is pretty similar on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here is pretty similar on
+the page but when they play it um it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page but when they play it um it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page but when they play it um it has
+a much gentler umer kind of feel to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much gentler umer kind of feel to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much gentler umer kind of feel to it
+um and this section is a lot has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this section is a lot has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this section is a lot has a lot
+of um fixation on chromatic neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um fixation on chromatic neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um fixation on chromatic neighbor
+notes so you have this pattern of know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so you have this pattern of know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so you have this pattern of know a
+third down and then the half step up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third down and then the half step up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third down and then the half step up
+which appears over and over again um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which appears over and over again um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which appears over and over again um you
+have the portal complement in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the portal complement in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the portal complement in the left
+hand um the phas structure here is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um the phas structure here is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um the phas structure here is I
+think a lot clearer than the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot clearer than the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot clearer than the first part
+it breaks down into roughly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it breaks down into roughly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it breaks down into roughly two
+groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+um it's kind of hard to hear but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's kind of hard to hear but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's kind of hard to hear but it's
+kind of an in in consequent phrase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an in in consequent phrase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an in in consequent phrase the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+first this three and a half measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this three and a half measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this three and a half measures
+starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from measure at the end of measure 15 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from measure at the end of measure 15 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from measure at the end of measure 15 um
+and the three measures back of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three measures back of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three measures back of that that
+repeats but higher in the next um three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats but higher in the next um three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats but higher in the next um three
+measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+and then we have another run going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have another run going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have another run going down
+this um and then the the whole idea kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and then the the whole idea kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um and then the the whole idea kind
+of repeats again so this B section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repeats again so this B section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repeats again so this B section
+repeats but an otive up and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats but an otive up and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats but an otive up and with
+fation of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fation of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fation of just
+outl see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I had a hard time at this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a hard time at this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had a hard time at this section
+trying to figure out what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what was going on
+but you go on here for another six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you go on here for another six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you go on here for another six
+measures um there's an identical run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures um there's an identical run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures um there's an identical run
+except for the ACC compliment on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the ACC compliment on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the ACC compliment on the
+right hand and then you wind it back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand and then you wind it back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand and then you wind it back at
+a repeat of the a um except the a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeat of the a um except the a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeat of the a um except the a is
+fairly compressed this time um don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly compressed this time um don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly compressed this time um don't get
+the same the the chromatic material from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the the chromatic material from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the the chromatic material from
+the first a section is completely gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first a section is completely gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first a section is completely gone
+and it gets replaced with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually doesn't doesn't getl anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't doesn't getl anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't doesn't getl anything
+it gets taken out and then get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets taken out and then get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets taken out and then get the
+repeat of the theme and O down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of the theme and O down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of the theme and O down and then
+some Coda material and then it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Coda material and then it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Coda material and then it kind of
+ends in a peculiar note this like G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in a peculiar note this like G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in a peculiar note this like G
+cluster of sportando
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of sportando
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of sportando
+Cs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+guess does anything strike you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess does anything strike you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess does anything strike you guys
+about like what are your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does it sound angry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it sound angry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it sound angry or
+like how does it sound happy or or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how does it sound happy or or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how does it sound happy or or is
+it well and you might Mason just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well and you might Mason just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well and you might Mason just ask
+what does what what is the temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does what what is the temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does what what is the temple
+marking yeah which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means yeah
+ferocious this is not a Tempo marking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferocious this is not a Tempo marking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferocious this is not a Tempo marking
+you see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see very
+often sounds like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement it sounds like everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it sounds like everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it sounds like everything in
+the left hand is like a big downbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand is like a big downbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand is like a big downbeat
+like I feel like it's just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I feel like it's just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I feel like it's just like a
+crunching it's like a continuous like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching it's like a continuous like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching it's like a continuous like
+stomping like throughout the piece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomping like throughout the piece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomping like throughout the piece that
+gives it a very like tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it a very like tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it a very like tense
+feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military
+yep what else about that I even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep what else about that I even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep what else about that I even think
+it's an effect that is almost sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an effect that is almost sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an effect that is almost sort of
+the piano equivalent of like snare drum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano equivalent of like snare drum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piano equivalent of like snare drum
+music you know it's this very rattly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music you know it's this very rattly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music you know it's this very rattly uh
+extraordinarily percussive thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily percussive thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily percussive thing and
+right and that's one of the big deals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's one of the big deals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's one of the big deals in
+piano music of the 20th century is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano music of the 20th century is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano music of the 20th century is
+really exploiting the percussive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exploiting the percussive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exploiting the percussive
+elements of the instrument and boy does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the instrument and boy does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the instrument and boy does
+this piece do in a way um that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece do in a way um that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece do in a way um that you know
+no doubt would have shocked brahs uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt would have shocked brahs uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt would have shocked brahs uh the
+composers of the generation before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers of the generation before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composers of the generation before uh
+you know while certainly they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know while certainly they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know while certainly they could
+exploit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit it
+uh for percussive effects it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for percussive effects it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for percussive effects it's a very
+different thing so in fact I think some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing so in fact I think some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing so in fact I think some
+of these clusters are more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these clusters are more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these clusters are more important
+perhaps not for the actual notes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not for the actual notes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not for the actual notes they
+contain but for the amount of noise they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain but for the amount of noise they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain but for the amount of noise they
+make yeah um I don't know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yeah um I don't know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yeah um I don't know if you're
+familiar with P but this sounds a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with P but this sounds a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with P but this sounds a lot
+like suggestion diab by by is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like suggestion diab by by is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like suggestion diab by by is very
+similar in terms of characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in terms of characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in terms of characteristics
+right how many people know the the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suggestion diabolic diabolical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion diabolic diabolical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion diabolic diabolical
+suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+um absolutely it is arguably the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um absolutely it is arguably the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um absolutely it is arguably the only
+piece by Poff that is sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by Poff that is sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece by Poff that is sort of more
+expressionist in its gestures than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist in its gestures than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist in its gestures than this
+one so yeah and and they're written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so yeah and and they're written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so yeah and and they're written
+close to the same time and are part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the same time and are part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the same time and are part of
+that same Pria at his his most intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same Pria at his his most intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same Pria at his his most intense
+yeah good things to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good things to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good things to point
+out so the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the form of the
+piece you're saying is really just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you're saying is really just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you're saying is really just an
+ABA essentially yeah each section has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABA essentially yeah each section has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABA essentially yeah each section has a
+bit of form itself right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I'm sort of interested in how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sort of interested in how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sort of interested in how you
+get from one of those sections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from one of those sections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from one of those sections to
+another could you talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another could you talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another could you talk a little bit
+about that or do do sort of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that or do do sort of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that or do do sort of people
+notice how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how that
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+it always seems to transition with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always seems to transition with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always seems to transition with these
+16th note runs in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+right do any of those 16th run note runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do any of those 16th run note runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do any of those 16th run note runs
+work exactly like the first one though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+shows yeah so let's look at measure I 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows yeah so let's look at measure I 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows yeah so let's look at measure I 7
+8 9 10 11 12 13 is that where the Run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 9 10 11 12 13 is that where the Run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 9 10 11 12 13 is that where the Run
+happens it's marked conbo do all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's marked conbo do all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's marked conbo do all of our
+additions have the conbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marking what's going on there at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking what's going on there at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking what's going on there at least
+in terms of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the right
+hand that's pretty Broman if you play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that's pretty Broman if you play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that's pretty Broman if you play it
+in slow motion it's incredibly Broman if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slow motion it's incredibly Broman if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slow motion it's incredibly Broman if
+you play it in slow motion why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play it in slow motion why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play it in slow motion why is it
+incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly
+Broman these thirds going up absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broman these thirds going up absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broman these thirds going up absolutely
+if it was Brahms right they'd go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was Brahms right they'd go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was Brahms right they'd go the
+other direction the the thirds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction the the thirds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction the the thirds are
+always descending but here absolutely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always descending but here absolutely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always descending but here absolutely so
+notice that they actually give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that they actually give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that they actually give us a
+series each of these 68 measures gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series each of these 68 measures gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series each of these 68 measures gives
+us if we look at those 16th notes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if we look at those 16th notes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if we look at those 16th notes we
+have four note groupings that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four note groupings that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four note groupings that are really
+just seventh chords right everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seventh chords right everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seventh chords right everybody
+notice how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how that's
+working uh and it has an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh and it has an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh and it has an interesting
+effect there's almost a sort of holia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there's almost a sort of holia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there's almost a sort of holia
+effect going on in the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect going on in the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect going on in the measure
+because of the way that works out now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way that works out now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way that works out now so
+I'm wondering is there anywhere else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering is there anywhere else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering is there anywhere else in
+the piece that we get that strong a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece that we get that strong a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece that we get that strong a
+sense of these seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chords I guess in the the repeat of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords I guess in the the repeat of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords I guess in the the repeat of the
+material you have that figuration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you have that figuration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you have that figuration in
+addition to the theme in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand big seventh chords Le for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand big seventh chords Le for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand big seventh chords Le for two
+measures yes 56 yes the the big syn up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures yes 56 yes the the big syn up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures yes 56 yes the the big syn up
+of the sort of more lyrical tune yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of more lyrical tune yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of more lyrical tune yeah I
+I'm willing to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to go with
+that does anyone see maybe any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does anyone see maybe any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does anyone see maybe any other
+connections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sort of imagining towards the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of imagining towards the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of imagining towards the end of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+piece yeah those 16 clusters of WS right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece yeah those 16 clusters of WS right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece yeah those 16 clusters of WS right
+right does everybody see that where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does everybody see that where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does everybody see that where it
+does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+right am I going too far in saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right am I going too far in saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right am I going too far in saying that
+I hear a sort of reminiscence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear a sort of reminiscence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear a sort of reminiscence of
+that well when we listen to it later let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well when we listen to it later let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well when we listen to it later let
+let's sort of think about that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit other things that people sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit other things that people sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit other things that people sort of
+find intriguing yeah I think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find intriguing yeah I think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find intriguing yeah I think in terms of
+the the energy that you feel when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the energy that you feel when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the energy that you feel when you
+listen to it the sense of propulsion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it the sense of propulsion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to it the sense of propulsion is
+partly the hola we're talking about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly the hola we're talking about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly the hola we're talking about but
+also the way some of the notes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the way some of the notes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the way some of the notes are
+beamed and the phrasing how it um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beamed and the phrasing how it um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beamed and the phrasing how it um if you
+as the on the one hand it has this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the on the one hand it has this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the on the one hand it has this very
+rmic sense you really feel that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmic sense you really feel that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmic sense you really feel that you're
+in 68 on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 68 on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 68 on the other hand
+it's um pulling at that with the melody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um pulling at that with the melody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um pulling at that with the melody
+and there are two forces that play sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two forces that play sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two forces that play sort
+of making the the piece go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the the piece go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the the piece go forward
+right I think that's I think absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that's I think absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that's I think absolutely
+that's true other things that you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true other things that you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true other things that you sort
+of notice are find Curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notice are find Curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notice are find Curious
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+interesting he certainly ends on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting he certainly ends on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting he certainly ends on a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+Ser well you know that takes us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser well you know that takes us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser well you know that takes us to the
+sort of standard question what key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standard question what key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of standard question what key is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in I said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I said is
+yeah I I can get dish there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cs
+yep dish is certainly a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep dish is certainly a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep dish is certainly a reasonable
+choice anyone else pick another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Choice what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice what about the
+bsection B section seems kind of E minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bsection B section seems kind of E minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bsection B section seems kind of E minor
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+right what's the accompaniment though of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the accompaniment though of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the accompaniment though of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+section it's pretty cish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right but I think Nick is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right but I think Nick is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right but I think Nick is saying
+but I'm hearing melodically the notes c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm hearing melodically the notes c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm hearing melodically the notes c
+a flat and B everything keeps circling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat and B everything keeps circling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat and B everything keeps circling
+around that b and the B is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that b and the B is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that b and the B is kind of
+working as the dominant in E right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as the dominant in E right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as the dominant in E right so
+again that sort of bonal pull that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that sort of bonal pull that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that sort of bonal pull that we
+were looking at the pieces for last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the pieces for last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the pieces for last time
+uh is an important component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is an important component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is an important component
+here now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now this
+bsection uh so the strategy is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bsection uh so the strategy is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bsection uh so the strategy is you have
+this pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty
+straightforward accompanimental figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward accompanimental figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward accompanimental figure
+at least something that's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least something that's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least something that's perfectly
+clear as an accompanimental figure right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as an accompanimental figure right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as an accompanimental figure right
+and then we do 1 two 3 four measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we do 1 two 3 four measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we do 1 two 3 four measures of
+the tune above that and then it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tune above that and then it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tune above that and then it sort of
+goes in a slightly different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in a slightly different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in a slightly different direction
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ornate uh 16th note figuration and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornate uh 16th note figuration and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ornate uh 16th note figuration and then
+we sort of do it again right isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of do it again right isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of do it again right isn't that
+how it works and this time with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works and this time with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works and this time with the
+figuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuration
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forth now is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth now is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth now is there
+anything what would you say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything what would you say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything what would you say about the
+transition back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a there's barely any transition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's barely any transition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's barely any transition that
+just happens I there's barely any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens I there's barely any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens I there's barely any
+transition at all right and it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition at all right and it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition at all right and it's sort of
+interesting because if we go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because if we go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because if we go back to our
+our sort of seventh chords in measure 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of seventh chords in measure 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of seventh chords in measure 13
+that's clearly a bridge passage right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly a bridge passage right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly a bridge passage right
+everything about that says Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about that says Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about that says Bridge
+passage and that's something to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage and that's something to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage and that's something to keep in
+mind I mean when you're at the BSO and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I mean when you're at the BSO and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I mean when you're at the BSO and
+you're listening to one of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're listening to one of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're listening to one of the standard
+keros in the repertoire where how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keros in the repertoire where how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keros in the repertoire where how do you
+know you're in the bridge passage of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're in the bridge passage of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're in the bridge passage of a
+conero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conero
+solo has show awful L absolutely that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo has show awful L absolutely that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo has show awful L absolutely that's
+where all the fancy flashy virtuosic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the fancy flashy virtuosic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the fancy flashy virtuosic
+stuff is and this looks exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is and this looks exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is and this looks exactly that
+that kind of thing right absolutely you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing right absolutely you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing right absolutely you
+because you can just develop all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just develop all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just develop all of this
+figuration because you're probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuration because you're probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuration because you're probably just
+doing a sequence anyway and so it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a sequence anyway and so it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a sequence anyway and so it's all
+going to work out really pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out really pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out really pretty well
+absolutely I think one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I think one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I think one of the things
+here that's really interesting is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's really interesting is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's really interesting is the
+way that the idea of a bridge back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the idea of a bridge back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the idea of a bridge back to
+the to the a theme is simply thrown away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the a theme is simply thrown away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the a theme is simply thrown away
+right we don't need that it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't need that it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't need that it's exactly
+the kinds of things that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that we've been
+trying not to do in our sonat form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not to do in our sonat form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying not to do in our sonat form
+movements right so absolutely something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements right so absolutely something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements right so absolutely something
+something very new and part of this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very new and part of this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very new and part of this sort
+of 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20th century
+aesthetic other things that you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic other things that you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic other things that you notice
+about the piece or want to say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the piece or want to say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the piece or want to say about the
+piece Mason or anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece Mason or anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece Mason or anybody
+else Rich did you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Rich did you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Rich did you have something
+or no I think the um the technique that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no I think the um the technique that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no I think the um the technique that
+he does with the like in bar six with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does with the like in bar six with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does with the like in bar six with a
+great note groups of Y of four notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great note groups of Y of four notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great note groups of Y of four notes
+going up is is sort of characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up is is sort of characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up is is sort of characteristic of
+he's like this he does the same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like this he does the same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like this he does the same thing in
+the um suggestion diabolic I think MH um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um suggestion diabolic I think MH um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um suggestion diabolic I think MH um
+and it it's just I think it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's just I think it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's just I think it's a really
+good example of something where like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of something where like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of something where like the
+pitches or the tonality doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches or the tonality doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches or the tonality doesn't really
+matter I think in this case it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I think in this case it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I think in this case it's just
+like that's done purely for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's done purely for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's done purely for like
+gestural effect sure um and it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestural effect sure um and it gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestural effect sure um and it gives us
+sort of one of another one of those sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of another one of those sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of another one of those sort
+of almost percussion kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of almost percussion kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of almost percussion kinds of
+effects y um now I would argue a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects y um now I would argue a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects y um now I would argue a little
+bit I think then in fact he's chosen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I think then in fact he's chosen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I think then in fact he's chosen the
+notes well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes well right
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um if you look at the first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at the first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at the first four
+measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+and I think this is worth interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is worth interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is worth interesting
+talking about in terms of an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in terms of an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in terms of an early
+modernist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernist
+piece are there some distinctly wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece are there some distinctly wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece are there some distinctly wrong
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+present G the G sharp does everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present G the G sharp does everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present G the G sharp does everybody
+hear the gshp as a wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the gshp as a wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the gshp as a wrong
+note absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note absolutely
+absolutely um ACC ABS exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely um ACC ABS exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely um ACC ABS exactly and
+syncopated and everything about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncopated and everything about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncopated and everything about that is
+sort of about saying this is a wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of about saying this is a wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of about saying this is a wrong
+note now look at the other black note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note now look at the other black note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note now look at the other black note
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+C is it accented in the same way no yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is it accented in the same way no yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is it accented in the same way no yeah
+it does have a downbeat but it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have a downbeat but it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have a downbeat but it seems to
+be sort of part of the actual collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of part of the actual collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of part of the actual collection
+of notes again suggesting well maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes again suggesting well maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes again suggesting well maybe we
+are s of d right and this is the Ray's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are s of d right and this is the Ray's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are s of d right and this is the Ray's
+leading tone but the G sharp no the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading tone but the G sharp no the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading tone but the G sharp no the G
+sharp traditionally what we might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp traditionally what we might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp traditionally what we might think
+well part of a secondary dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well part of a secondary dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well part of a secondary dominant
+complex it's the seven of a does the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex it's the seven of a does the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex it's the seven of a does the the
+G sharp go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G sharp go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G sharp go up to
+a absolutely not right in fact you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a absolutely not right in fact you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a absolutely not right in fact you know
+the sore thumb is being made sore by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sore thumb is being made sore by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sore thumb is being made sore by by
+repetition um so absolutely I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition um so absolutely I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition um so absolutely I think
+those are those are things to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind other
+things to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to point
+out sort of the nice effect in the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out sort of the nice effect in the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out sort of the nice effect in the B
+section of dividing the accompaniment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of dividing the accompaniment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of dividing the accompaniment
+figure but between the hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure but between the hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure but between the hands
+um this is a thing that is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a thing that is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a thing that is often
+credited as being the invention of list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited as being the invention of list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited as being the invention of list
+and you see people talk about it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see people talk about it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see people talk about it as the
+threehand technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threehand technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threehand technique
+um anyone who's ever played Bach knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyone who's ever played Bach knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyone who's ever played Bach knows
+that you have to break up figuration be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to break up figuration be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to break up figuration be
+between the hands but anyway list is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hands but anyway list is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hands but anyway list is
+credited with this shall we listen to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited with this shall we listen to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credited with this shall we listen to it
+again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ferocious any questions or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferocious any questions or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferocious any questions or sort of
+comments or final things to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments or final things to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments or final things to think about
+it is it intriguing or is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it intriguing or is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it intriguing or is it just
+ugly NE it is neat and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly NE it is neat and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly NE it is neat and in fact the
+middle section isn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle section isn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle section isn't so
+ferocious yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+absolutely let us move on I think to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely let us move on I think to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely let us move on I think to the
+next one but we'll sort of keep that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one but we'll sort of keep that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one but we'll sort of keep that in
+mind because we may want to talk at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because we may want to talk at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind because we may want to talk at the
+very end about how did these work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end about how did these work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end about how did these work
+together uh is this one yours Steve or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh is this one yours Steve or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh is this one yours Steve or
+Reeves okay shall we play it too yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yes well I'll start by saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes well I'll start by saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes well I'll start by saying that
+the the tempo marking means anxious so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tempo marking means anxious so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tempo marking means anxious so
+is pretty appropriate um and so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty appropriate um and so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty appropriate um and so I guess
+how it breaks down um I thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it breaks down um I thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it breaks down um I thought the
+first uh two and a half measures were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh two and a half measures were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh two and a half measures were um
+just like an introduction um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like an introduction um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like an introduction um sort of
+like Mason's like it just established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mason's like it just established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mason's like it just established
+like the Asado base um M and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Asado base um M and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Asado base um M and then
+there's an a section and then B and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an a section and then B and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an a section and then B and then
+there's an a prime uh and then a b Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an a prime uh and then a b Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an a prime uh and then a b Prime
+and then there's like an a double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's like an a double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's like an a double Prime
+I guess um and then there's like a Cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess um and then there's like a Cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess um and then there's like a Cod
+cling material um and so um I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cling material um and so um I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cling material um and so um I guess
+starting with the introduction um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the introduction um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with the introduction um the
+aado is kind of it's just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aado is kind of it's just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aado is kind of it's just like this
+pulsing in the base and um it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsing in the base and um it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsing in the base and um it it's
+basically just a C minor or I heard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a C minor or I heard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a C minor or I heard it
+is a C minor chord I guess with just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a C minor chord I guess with just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a C minor chord I guess with just the
+it repeats the or C minor sorry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeats the or C minor sorry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeats the or C minor sorry it
+repeats the c three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats the c three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats the c three
+times um and then just and that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um and then just and that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um and then just and that just
+keeps going for a really long time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going for a really long time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going for a really long time um
+and so that keeps going through the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that keeps going through the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that keeps going through the a
+section and the a section is this um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and the a section is this um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and the a section is this um so
+the right hand plays a bunch of Triads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand plays a bunch of Triads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand plays a bunch of Triads
+and they start ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they start ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they start ascending
+chromatically um and they they ascend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatically um and they they ascend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatically um and they they ascend
+chromatically on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatically on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatically on the
+offbeats um and then once it gets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offbeats um and then once it gets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offbeats um and then once it gets into
+the second measure the a section um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second measure the a section um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second measure the a section um the
+tri kind of like the Triads kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri kind of like the Triads kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri kind of like the Triads kind of
+split up into the top two notes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up into the top two notes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up into the top two notes and the
+bottom note and they ascend like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom note and they ascend like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom note and they ascend like
+alternatingly on um on each beat of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatingly on um on each beat of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatingly on um on each beat of a
+measure so one of them will Ascend well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so one of them will Ascend well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so one of them will Ascend well
+we'll play two eighth notes and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll play two eighth notes and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll play two eighth notes and then a
+quarter in the other Ro PL a quarter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter in the other Ro PL a quarter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter in the other Ro PL a quarter in
+two e minutes um and then at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two e minutes um and then at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two e minutes um and then at the end of
+the a section um it cadences on a um C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a section um it cadences on a um C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a section um it cadences on a um C
+major chord and then goes into the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major chord and then goes into the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major chord and then goes into the B
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+um and the bsection is pretty different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the bsection is pretty different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the bsection is pretty different
+like it it stops playing the Triads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it stops playing the Triads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it it stops playing the Triads and
+just starts playing this descending kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starts playing this descending kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just starts playing this descending kind
+of movement in the right hand um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movement in the right hand um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movement in the right hand um and so
+I wasn't really I wasn't really sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't really I wasn't really sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't really I wasn't really sure
+what to what exactly to call the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to what exactly to call the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to what exactly to call the B
+section um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um
+because the the first two measures after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the first two measures after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the first two measures after
+the a section's over um kind of seem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a section's over um kind of seem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a section's over um kind of seem a
+little bit like a bridge um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like a bridge um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like a bridge um but the
+material from that kind of goes on into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from that kind of goes on into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from that kind of goes on into
+the next part um where the Forte I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part um where the Forte I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part um where the Forte I don't
+know if you all have a forte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you all have a forte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you all have a forte
+Maran uh and that that kind of starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maran uh and that that kind of starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maran uh and that that kind of starts
+like a little bit of a new thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit of a new thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit of a new thing that
+repeats a little bit and so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats a little bit and so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats a little bit and so uh that's
+where um the right hand plays a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the right hand plays a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the right hand plays a couple
+Triads and then it starts this repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads and then it starts this repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads and then it starts this repeating
+this figuration with the 216th notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figuration with the 216th notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figuration with the 216th notes and
+then the 2 eth notes and then a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the 2 eth notes and then a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the 2 eth notes and then a quarter
+note um and then that that keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note um and then that that keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note um and then that that keeps
+repeating with the 216th notes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating with the 216th notes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating with the 216th notes and then
+the 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 28
+notes and I thought this was um pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I thought this was um pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I thought this was um pretty
+clearly in B minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in B minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in B minor
+um it seems to it seems to always each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems to it seems to always each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems to it seems to always each
+of the figuration seems to always end in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the figuration seems to always end in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the figuration seems to always end in
+a b um and and then the as in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b um and and then the as in the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b um and and then the as in the base
+is now playing uh 3 BS and a d so um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now playing uh 3 BS and a d so um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now playing uh 3 BS and a d so um and
+then it immediately just goes right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it immediately just goes right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it immediately just goes right back
+into um the a section um but this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um the a section um but this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um the a section um but this time
+it's a little different um in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different um in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different um in the first
+a section the the base kept playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a section the the base kept playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a section the the base kept playing the
+C the C minor um but this time it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the C minor um but this time it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the C minor um but this time it it
+changes through the chromatic ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes through the chromatic ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes through the chromatic ascending
+scale in the right hand um and this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in the right hand um and this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale in the right hand um and this time
+instead of kencing on a C major Triad um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of kencing on a C major Triad um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of kencing on a C major Triad um
+it's an E Minor triad um and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an E Minor triad um and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an E Minor triad um and then it
+goes into the dsection again and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the dsection again and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the dsection again and the
+beginning the first two measures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the first two measures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the first two measures are
+exactly the same and then it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same and then it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same and then it starts
+going into a little different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a little different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a little different kind of
+figuration um and this time instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuration um and this time instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuration um and this time instead of
+repeating the the 216th notes and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating the the 216th notes and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating the the 216th notes and then
+the eth notes it it does this uh quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eth notes it it does this uh quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eth notes it it does this uh quarter
+note two eth notes and then a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note two eth notes and then a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note two eth notes and then a quarter
+note and then another eighth note um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and then another eighth note um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and then another eighth note um
+configuration um and that continues for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um and that continues for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um and that continues for
+a couple of measures and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of measures and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of measures and then it goes
+into what I call the a double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what I call the a double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what I call the a double Prime
+section um and it's related to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um and it's related to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section um and it's related to the a
+section but the left hand is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section but the left hand is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section but the left hand is pretty
+different this time so instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this time so instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this time so instead of doing
+um instead of doing the um aado kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of doing the um aado kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of doing the um aado kind of
+thing it's this time it's also doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's this time it's also doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's this time it's also doing
+extic scale um except this chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extic scale um except this chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extic scale um except this chromatic
+scale ascends every age note not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale ascends every age note not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale ascends every age note not not
+just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the
+offbeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offbeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offbeats
+um and so this lasts for like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this lasts for like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so this lasts for like five
+measures and then and then it goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then and then it goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then and then it goes into
+the closing material and I thought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closing material and I thought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closing material and I thought this
+is my favorite part like I thought is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my favorite part like I thought is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my favorite part like I thought is
+really cool um because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool um because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool um because it
+plays um it plays that Asado base with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays um it plays that Asado base with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays um it plays that Asado base with
+the with in eth notes and then after one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with in eth notes and then after one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with in eth notes and then after one
+iteration of the eighth notes then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration of the eighth notes then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration of the eighth notes then it
+starts playing it starts playing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts playing it starts playing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts playing it starts playing it in
+octave lower but in quarter notes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave lower but in quarter notes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave lower but in quarter notes so
+half speed um and then after one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half speed um and then after one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half speed um and then after one
+iteration of that then it plays it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration of that then it plays it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration of that then it plays it an
+octave lower than that in half notes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave lower than that in half notes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave lower than that in half notes um
+so that's at a quarter speed and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's at a quarter speed and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's at a quarter speed and then
+after one iteration of that it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one iteration of that it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one iteration of that it just
+stops and I thought that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and I thought that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and I thought that's pretty cool
+um and so I guess I thought like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I guess I thought like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so I guess I thought like the
+entire piece of the whole definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire piece of the whole definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire piece of the whole definitely
+sounds like the C C minor is established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like the C C minor is established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like the C C minor is established
+right at the beginning and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning and at the end
+also but it kind of travels to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but it kind of travels to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but it kind of travels to different
+places during during the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places during during the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places during during the piece
+um but I guess like it it leaves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I guess like it it leaves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I guess like it it leaves you
+with that C minor impression I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that C minor impression I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that C minor impression I think so
+I think it establishes or it leaves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it establishes or it leaves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it establishes or it leaves you
+with more of a tonal impression than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more of a tonal impression than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more of a tonal impression than a
+lot of the other pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the other pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the other pieces
+see well I think there's a sense of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well I think there's a sense of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well I think there's a sense of it
+certainly ends where it begins do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly ends where it begins do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly ends where it begins do other
+people hear it pretty much as being in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hear it pretty much as being in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hear it pretty much as being in c
+minor do we do we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what about the base Austin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what about the base Austin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what about the base Austin
+a right c e for a while then it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right c e for a while then it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right c e for a while then it right
+before what what Rajiv is calling the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what what Rajiv is calling the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what what Rajiv is calling the B
+section then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section then it
+moves the C moves down to C natural but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the C moves down to C natural but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the C moves down to C natural but
+the E stays in place right then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E stays in place right then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E stays in place right then we get
+that loud punctuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loud punctuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loud punctuation of
+bbbd um and then we get that then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bbbd um and then we get that then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bbbd um and then we get that then we
+move up to C again right and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up to C again right and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up to C again right and then that
+sort of interesting thing where we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interesting thing where we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interesting thing where we get
+the fifths and the Bas right fshp F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifths and the Bas right fshp F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifths and the Bas right fshp F
+minor E minor right sits on E for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor E minor right sits on E for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor E minor right sits on E for a
+while then down to d uh and then we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while then down to d uh and then we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while then down to d uh and then we do
+it again back to C Shar F so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again back to C Shar F so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again back to C Shar F so forth so
+there's a sort of limited range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of limited range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of limited range of
+things it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it does
+um for me the Curious Thing is why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for me the Curious Thing is why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for me the Curious Thing is why are
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+descents sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descents sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descents sometimes
+chromatic and sometimes not right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic and sometimes not right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic and sometimes not right right
+why does the E minor one go to d uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does the E minor one go to d uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does the E minor one go to d uh
+major um so forth so that's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major um so forth so that's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major um so forth so that's kind of an
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing what about the the thing you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what about the the thing you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what about the the thing you call
+the B section and I'm perfectly content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B section and I'm perfectly content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B section and I'm perfectly content
+calling it that what's that melodic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it that what's that melodic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it that what's that melodic idea
+like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many notes are in play in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many notes are in play in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many notes are in play in that
+measure other people can answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too two's like seven or I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too two's like seven or I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too two's like seven or I mean if you
+count don't count octaves don't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count don't count octaves don't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count don't count octaves don't count
+octaves 20th Century Music we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octaves 20th Century Music we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octaves 20th Century Music we never
+count octaves it's like I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count octaves it's like I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count octaves it's like I think there's
+like six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six or
+seven that many oh well if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven that many oh well if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven that many oh well if you look at
+the down beat you get a g but really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down beat you get a g but really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down beat you get a g but really the
+the right hand is just e DB and a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand is just e DB and a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand is just e DB and a right
+that's all that that Melody is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that that Melody is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that that Melody is made of
+and then we get the a duplicated and a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we get the a duplicated and a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we get the a duplicated and a c
+added so there's only five notes in play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added so there's only five notes in play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added so there's only five notes in play
+so it's not a pentatonic scale in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a pentatonic scale in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a pentatonic scale in the
+general formation we like it but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formation we like it but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formation we like it but it is a
+five note collection of pitches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five note collection of pitches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five note collection of pitches
+absolutely how does that compare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely how does that compare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely how does that compare to the
+music that comes before it is it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that comes before it is it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that comes before it is it more
+dionic or less dionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic or less dionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic or less dionic
+sorry that was a leading question wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that was a leading question wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that was a leading question wasn't
+it yes it's it's more dionic let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes it's it's more dionic let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes it's it's more dionic let's just
+go with that um and so it it does have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with that um and so it it does have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with that um and so it it does have a
+lot of contrast and I'm guessing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of contrast and I'm guessing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of contrast and I'm guessing that's
+the aspect of it that led you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aspect of it that led you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aspect of it that led you to
+identify it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify it as
+B yeah I get that so when that material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B yeah I get that so when that material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B yeah I get that so when that material
+comes back how is it different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back how is it different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back how is it different
+melodically than it was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+well it starts out it starts out exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it starts out it starts out exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it starts out it starts out exactly
+the same um except it has except the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same um except it has except the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same um except it has except the uh
+the Baseline is playing a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Baseline is playing a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Baseline is playing a different
+under it right right um but then once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it right right um but then once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under it right right um but then once it
+like once it moves on then it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like once it moves on then it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like once it moves on then it's really
+different like the first the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like the first the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like the first the first time
+it it definitely seemed like it was in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it definitely seemed like it was in B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it definitely seemed like it was in B
+minor to me um but the second time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor to me um but the second time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor to me um but the second time it's
+like all over the place although at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all over the place although at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all over the place although at the
+very beginning it seems very easy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning it seems very easy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning it seems very easy like
+yeah to me and I wonder if other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to me and I wonder if other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to me and I wonder if other people
+were hearing that too so different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hearing that too so different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hearing that too so different
+harmonizations it's interesting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonizations it's interesting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonizations it's interesting this
+time in that it does sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in that it does sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in that it does sort of you know
+we've got the G from the base so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the G from the base so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the G from the base so we've
+got G A's present b's d is an f and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got G A's present b's d is an f and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got G A's present b's d is an f and that
+really is a regular sort of pentatonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a regular sort of pentatonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a regular sort of pentatonic
+figuration for so it's sort of almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuration for so it's sort of almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuration for so it's sort of almost
+you know maybe sort of changes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe sort of changes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe sort of changes its
+character in a sort of interesting way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in a sort of interesting way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in a sort of interesting way
+and you're right it extends and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're right it extends and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're right it extends and it goes
+to a different place right and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different place right and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different place right and then we
+get that little bit of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that little bit of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that little bit of new
+material but always over the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but always over the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but always over the sort of
+atinado a double Prime um and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atinado a double Prime um and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atinado a double Prime um and I think
+that's an interesting moment a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting moment a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting moment a double
+Prime in that it's clearly a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in that it's clearly a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime in that it's clearly a like
+material but it's sort of the only time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but it's sort of the only time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but it's sort of the only time
+in the piece where the atinado goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the piece where the atinado goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the piece where the atinado goes away
+and it's replaced by that chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's replaced by that chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's replaced by that chromatic
+ascending line um do you remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending line um do you remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending line um do you remember in
+another one of these where we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these where we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these where we had the
+repetition of an a section and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of an a section and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of an a section and the
+accompaniment was now a chromatic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniment was now a chromatic yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniment was now a chromatic yeah
+what first one yeah what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what first one yeah what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what first one yeah what does that
+chromatic line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic line
+do desent exactly and this is the glory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do desent exactly and this is the glory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do desent exactly and this is the glory
+of a totally chromatic line is it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a totally chromatic line is it can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a totally chromatic line is it can go
+either way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way um
+absolutely and then the really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and then the really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and then the really sort of
+this hammered really violent ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hammered really violent ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hammered really violent ending
+reasserting the c e thing comments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasserting the c e thing comments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasserting the c e thing comments and
+thoughts about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about this
+piece I guess I like what he does with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece I guess I like what he does with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece I guess I like what he does with
+the melody on this piece and like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melody on this piece and like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melody on this piece and like a lot
+of the other pieces we looked at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other pieces we looked at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other pieces we looked at just
+cuz he really plays with your perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz he really plays with your perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz he really plays with your perception
+of what's tonal and what's not tonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's tonal and what's not tonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's tonal and what's not tonal and
+he uses that contrast to like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses that contrast to like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses that contrast to like really
+make the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the piece
+interesting um I know one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um I know one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um I know one thing I
+noticed that I I don't know why but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that I I don't know why but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that I I don't know why but it
+seems like he never has like six in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like he never has like six in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like he never has like six in the
+melody without like a third or like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melody without like a third or like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melody without like a third or like it
+seems like he likes thirds a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like he likes thirds a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like he likes thirds a lot more
+than sixes I don't know why that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sixes I don't know why that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sixes I don't know why that that's
+interesting like in all the pieces we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like in all the pieces we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like in all the pieces we
+looked at like there's never a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at like there's never a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at like there's never a six
+without a third but there's always like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a third but there's always like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a third but there's always like
+thirds everywhere but I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds everywhere but I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds everywhere but I don't know if
+it's cuz they sound more crunchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cuz they sound more crunchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cuz they sound more crunchy
+or I don't have an I don't have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't have an I don't have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't have an I don't have an idea
+about that that's very interesting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that's very interesting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that that's very interesting it's
+a neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat
+perception um anybody have an answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception um anybody have an answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception um anybody have an answer for
+that yeah sort of an idea um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah sort of an idea um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah sort of an idea um I think
+just he seems really like more sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just he seems really like more sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just he seems really like more sort of
+close chord voicings A Lot in general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close chord voicings A Lot in general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close chord voicings A Lot in general I
+think that might be kind of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that might be kind of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that might be kind of what it
+comes down to cuz it's less less sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to cuz it's less less sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to cuz it's less less sort of
+like serous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like serous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like serous and
+more you get the nasty overtones this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you get the nasty overtones this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you get the nasty overtones this
+way rather than the pretty helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way rather than the pretty helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way rather than the pretty helpful
+overtones yeah absolutely absolutely one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones yeah absolutely absolutely one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones yeah absolutely absolutely one
+thing also that I think is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing also that I think is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing also that I think is a sort of
+nice detail and the a prime thing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice detail and the a prime thing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice detail and the a prime thing when
+we get the chromatic ascending scale uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the chromatic ascending scale uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the chromatic ascending scale uh
+towards the end of the piece how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the piece how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the piece how does
+everybody notice how that's marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dynamically right so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically right so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically right so that the
+accompaniment is marked as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniment is marked as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompaniment is marked as
+louder than what we would think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder than what we would think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder than what we would think of as
+the princip material that's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the princip material that's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the princip material that's a sort of
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+thing so Natasha you've had nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so Natasha you've had nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so Natasha you've had nothing to
+say about the piece do you just hate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the piece do you just hate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the piece do you just hate it
+or you do do you have a visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you do do you have a visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you do do you have a visceral
+response of any kind to it maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of any kind to it maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of any kind to it maybe this
+one better than the last one um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better than the last one um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better than the last one um but I
+think that that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that might
+have more to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more to do with
+just I don't know it sounds slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't know it sounds slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't know it sounds slightly
+more tonal to me and I'm a bit biased I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tonal to me and I'm a bit biased I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tonal to me and I'm a bit biased I
+guess that's that's fine that's fine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's that's fine that's fine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's that's fine that's fine I
+love the way that it just becomes so B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the way that it just becomes so B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the way that it just becomes so B
+bombastic at the end and uh just uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombastic at the end and uh just uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombastic at the end and uh just uh if
+if you're going to make some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to make some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to make some sort of
+statement you know make it really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you know make it really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you know make it really big
+yes indeed and I think it's fair to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes indeed and I think it's fair to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes indeed and I think it's fair to say
+it ends with a declarative statement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends with a declarative statement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends with a declarative statement it
+it that's Absolut absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's Absolut absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's Absolut absolutely right
+you're I I agree with you on that anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're I I agree with you on that anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're I I agree with you on that anyone
+else have any sort of take on this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else have any sort of take on this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else have any sort of take on this piece
+because we need to move on and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need to move on and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we need to move on and look at
+the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one
+um any connections to the piece before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could
+be could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+it's interesting if anything you know 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting if anything you know 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting if anything you know 14
+is kind of obsessive and 15 is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of obsessive and 15 is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of obsessive and 15 is really
+obsessive um sort of what what we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessive um sort of what what we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessive um sort of what what we like
+about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these
+okay Steve shall we play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+16 so I like with a lot of these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 so I like with a lot of these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 so I like with a lot of these pieces
+how they're connected so we had 14 were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're connected so we had 14 were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're connected so we had 14 were
+ferocious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferocious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferocious
+15 we were what I forget what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 we were what I forget what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 we were what I forget what do we call
+it anxious and now we're sad uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anxious and now we're sad uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anxious and now we're sad uh that
+that's what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what uh
+Dente uh translates to is play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dente uh translates to is play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dente uh translates to is play it
+sadly um one thing just to comment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly um one thing just to comment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly um one thing just to comment about
+this recording I don't know how fond I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recording I don't know how fond I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recording I don't know how fond I
+am of it I maybe I hear it the more I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am of it I maybe I hear it the more I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am of it I maybe I hear it the more I
+hate it there was a weird aelo through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate it there was a weird aelo through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hate it there was a weird aelo through
+the B section I thought that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B section I thought that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B section I thought that I don't
+know if is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if is is
+appropriate but we I can get past that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate but we I can get past that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate but we I can get past that
+for right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right now I
+agree um so the um one interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree um so the um one interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree um so the um one interesting thing
+this is in terms of time and length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in terms of time and length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in terms of time and length of
+time it takes to play this the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes to play this the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes to play this the piece
+this is the longest one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the longest one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the longest one of the
+collection um I think it's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection um I think it's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection um I think it's about a
+minute 40 or something like that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute 40 or something like that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute 40 or something like that which
+is sometime four or five times longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometime four or five times longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometime four or five times longer
+than some of them right at times of dur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some of them right at times of dur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some of them right at times of dur
+uh there are three big sections there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are three big sections there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are three big sections there's
+an a section that lasts for eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a section that lasts for eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a section that lasts for eight
+measures uh a b section that lasts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh a b section that lasts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh a b section that lasts for
+another uh wait 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh wait 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh wait 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11
+measures and then we have an a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then we have an a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then we have an a prime
+section that's uh 15 measures to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that's uh 15 measures to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that's uh 15 measures to the
+end um starting with the a the a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um starting with the a the a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end um starting with the a the a section
+it can kind of be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can kind of be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can kind of be broken
+into a lot of this piece can be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of this piece can be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of this piece can be broken
+into two bar phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two bar phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two bar phrases
+or sub phrases I guess in the so the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sub phrases I guess in the so the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sub phrases I guess in the so the a
+sections eight measures it can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections eight measures it can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections eight measures it can kind of
+be broken into two two halves of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken into two two halves of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken into two two halves of four
+measures so it kind of repeats itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures so it kind of repeats itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures so it kind of repeats itself
+but each of those four can kind of fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each of those four can kind of fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each of those four can kind of fit
+into two bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two bar
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+um and we kind of have three voices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we kind of have three voices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we kind of have three voices
+going on there's the pedal e in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there's the pedal e in the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there's the pedal e in the base
+that actually I think kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I think kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I think kind of
+establishes this piece as being an e um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes this piece as being an e um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes this piece as being an e um
+and the B section kind of reaffirms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B section kind of reaffirms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B section kind of reaffirms
+that um Mo most the the melody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Mo most the the melody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Mo most the the melody is
+chromatic uh and we have the chro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic uh and we have the chro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic uh and we have the chro
+chromatic descending scales in both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic descending scales in both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic descending scales in both the
+um top two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um top two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um top two
+voices uh what's interesting though is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices uh what's interesting though is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices uh what's interesting though is a
+lot of the they're in thirds most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the they're in thirds most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the they're in thirds most of the
+time uh with then on the main beats on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh with then on the main beats on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh with then on the main beats on
+one and three where we had in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three where we had in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three where we had in the second
+voice where it descends grammatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice where it descends grammatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice where it descends grammatically
+um this a section is a very close range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this a section is a very close range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this a section is a very close range
+it's all about takes place in about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about takes place in about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about takes place in about an
+octave which is interesting just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave which is interesting just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave which is interesting just with
+how tightly all three of those voices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tightly all three of those voices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tightly all three of those voices
+are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um
+contained I listened to actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained I listened to actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained I listened to actually a
+recording of cofi off play this oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording of cofi off play this oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording of cofi off play this oh we
+should have brought that at maybe next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have brought that at maybe next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have brought that at maybe next
+yeah it was just on the internet where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was just on the internet where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was just on the internet where I
+found it what and what is interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it what and what is interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it what and what is interesting is
+he kind of this a section is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he kind of this a section is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he kind of this a section is all about
+the half notes and quarter notes so kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half notes and quarter notes so kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half notes and quarter notes so kind
+longer duration notes and he kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer duration notes and he kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer duration notes and he kind of
+treats the eighth notes and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats the eighth notes and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats the eighth notes and especially
+the 216th notes as ornaments that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 216th notes as ornaments that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 216th notes as ornaments that he
+just kind of tosses off a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of tosses off a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of tosses off a little bit so
+they're kind of without Rhythm you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of without Rhythm you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of without Rhythm you a
+definite rhythm in the bar um and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite rhythm in the bar um and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite rhythm in the bar um and he
+does have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have a
+slight um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight um
+aond just in the first measure and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aond just in the first measure and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aond just in the first measure and a
+half in the beginning of the descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in the beginning of the descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half in the beginning of the descending
+chromaticism so you kind of get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromaticism so you kind of get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromaticism so you kind of get the
+sense you're just kind of falling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you're just kind of falling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you're just kind of falling down
+until you get to that dsharp um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to that dsharp um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to that dsharp um in the
+second measure which is kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second measure which is kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second measure which is kind of like a
+five five chord if you're believing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five chord if you're believing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five chord if you're believing it's
+an e because you have the D SHP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e because you have the D SHP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e because you have the D SHP that
+would like to go to E so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to go to E so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to go to E so it's kind of
+he's kind of suggesting that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kind of suggesting that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kind of suggesting that that's an
+arrival uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival uh
+tone all right and then as we transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone all right and then as we transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone all right and then as we transition
+into the B section it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the B section it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the B section it's kind of
+connected because we kind of end on an E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected because we kind of end on an E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected because we kind of end on an E
+chord and we begin on an E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and we begin on an E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and we begin on an E
+chord uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord uh of
+Swords now most of the most of the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swords now most of the most of the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swords now most of the most of the B
+section kind of each measures starts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section kind of each measures starts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section kind of each measures starts on
+a one chord and the rest of it's in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one chord and the rest of it's in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one chord and the rest of it's in some
+sort of minor five or dominant type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minor five or dominant type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of minor five or dominant type
+chord um so we kind of pivot back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord um so we kind of pivot back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord um so we kind of pivot back and
+forth between uh e and e and B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between uh e and e and B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between uh e and e and B uh
+throughout the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the B
+section uh as far is how the phrases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh as far is how the phrases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh as far is how the phrases are
+set up um it's kind of a you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up um it's kind of a you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up um it's kind of a you can look at
+it as a 4 + 4 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a 4 + 4 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a 4 + 4 +
+2 um or you could even break it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um or you could even break it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 um or you could even break it up into
+two bars each it's kind of difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bars each it's kind of difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bars each it's kind of difficult
+because the base will continue doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the base will continue doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the base will continue doing it
+its pattern for a while while it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pattern for a while while it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pattern for a while while it changes
+in the top so it's difficult to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top so it's difficult to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top so it's difficult to come up
+with a real clearcut way of dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a real clearcut way of dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a real clearcut way of dividing
+where the sub phrases begin and end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sub phrases begin and end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sub phrases begin and end um
+but one of the ideas in the B section is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the ideas in the B section is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the ideas in the B section is
+it's really trying to contrast the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really trying to contrast the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really trying to contrast the a
+section uh we went from Forte to pianis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh we went from Forte to pianis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh we went from Forte to pianis
+Simo and instead of having it Legato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simo and instead of having it Legato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simo and instead of having it Legato
+with lots of slurs we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of slurs we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of slurs we have a bunch of
+eth notes and eight thr and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth notes and eight thr and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth notes and eight thr and we're
+accenting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accenting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accenting the
+offbeats and this is also we went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offbeats and this is also we went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offbeats and this is also we went from
+chromaticism now we have mostly an we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromaticism now we have mostly an we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromaticism now we have mostly an we
+have an arpeggiated base and mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arpeggiated base and mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arpeggiated base and mostly
+spelled out chords in this section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled out chords in this section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled out chords in this section and
+we don't have actually and these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have actually and these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have actually and these are all
+white keys on the keyboard in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white keys on the keyboard in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white keys on the keyboard in this
+section uh there's no accidentals which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh there's no accidentals which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh there's no accidentals which
+is uh another contrast from the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh another contrast from the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh another contrast from the a
+section and we're actually starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and we're actually starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and we're actually starting to
+expand the the range of the in voice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the the range of the in voice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the the range of the in voice of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instrument and I let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument and I let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument and I let me
+see the only other thing I have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the only other thing I have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the only other thing I have to say
+about the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the B
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+is you can it you can argue that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can it you can argue that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can it you can argue that it's
+either two or three voices that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either two or three voices that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either two or three voices that are
+happening I kind of like to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I kind of like to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I kind of like to think of it
+as still being three voices if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as still being three voices if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as still being three voices if you take
+the first note of you so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first note of you so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first note of you so you have the
+top line which is a voice and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line which is a voice and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line which is a voice and then in
+the and what is the Basse if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and what is the Basse if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and what is the Basse if you just
+take the first note of each of the each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first note of each of the each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first note of each of the each
+group of four8 notes that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of four8 notes that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of four8 notes that's kind of a
+voice in itself I kind of think of Bach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice in itself I kind of think of Bach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice in itself I kind of think of Bach
+when you have a lot of the bass tone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a lot of the bass tone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a lot of the bass tone so
+it's kind of a pedal with with pated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a pedal with with pated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a pedal with with pated
+above where it's trying to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above where it's trying to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above where it's trying to create a
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+voice um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so then we come back to the a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so then we come back to the a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so then we come back to the a prime
+section which has everything it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section which has everything it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section which has everything it's pretty
+much just an embellishment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much just an embellishment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much just an embellishment of the
+original a section um where we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a section um where we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a section um where we took the
+a section it's almost an exact copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a section it's almost an exact copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a section it's almost an exact copy
+however we've added an extra base part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we've added an extra base part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we've added an extra base part
+so we have four voices now and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have four voices now and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have four voices now and instead
+of being 4 + 4 this is 5 + 5 + 5 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being 4 + 4 this is 5 + 5 + 5 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being 4 + 4 this is 5 + 5 + 5 um
+because between each of the groupings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because between each of the groupings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because between each of the groupings of
+four from the original a section we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four from the original a section we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four from the original a section we have
+a transition measure that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition measure that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition measure that's been
+added um and as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added um and as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added um and as far as
+the kind of chord structure goes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of chord structure goes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of chord structure goes in this
+I kind of look at it as the first group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of look at it as the first group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of look at it as the first group
+of four measures I'm calling it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four measures I'm calling it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four measures I'm calling it a
+six we have the C in the bottom but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six we have the C in the bottom but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six we have the C in the bottom but I'm
+kind of thinking of as a six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thinking of as a six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thinking of as a six of
+e uh and that goes into and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh and that goes into and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh and that goes into and then we have
+a chromat well par fifs descending into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chromat well par fifs descending into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chromat well par fifs descending into
+an a which I'm thinking of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a which I'm thinking of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a which I'm thinking of as a
+four uh of e as it then it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh of e as it then it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four uh of e as it then it comes back
+into e which is one so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into e which is one so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into e which is one so that's kind of
+how I'm looking at the chord structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm looking at the chord structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm looking at the chord structure
+Loosely of this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely of this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely of this last
+part um the real I think the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um the real I think the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um the real I think the real
+highlight of this is we're back to Forte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight of this is we're back to Forte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight of this is we're back to Forte
+and the voice and we've expanded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the voice and we've expanded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the voice and we've expanded the
+range again we have high voice and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range again we have high voice and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range again we have high voice and then
+we've dropped down and have a low voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've dropped down and have a low voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've dropped down and have a low voice
+which we didn't have the first time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we didn't have the first time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we didn't have the first time we
+had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a
+so we're expanding that way especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're expanding that way especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're expanding that way especially
+at the end where we get really high um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end where we get really high um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end where we get really high um
+for the first time in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voice we end and and we end on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E and all the voices yeah seems good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and all the voices yeah seems good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and all the voices yeah seems good
+anyone else have some comments they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else have some comments they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else have some comments they'd
+like to make about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make about
+it quick question yeah when he gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quick question yeah when he gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quick question yeah when he gets to
+the a prime section is he playing both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a prime section is he playing both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a prime section is he playing both
+those trouble CLS with one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trouble CLS with one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trouble CLS with one hand
+or how is that divided up maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how is that divided up maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how is that divided up maybe it's a
+dumb question but I don't actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer you know what I think I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you know what I think I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer you know what I think I think I
+would hold the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hold the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hold the low
+c's with the sueno pedal I'd hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c's with the sueno pedal I'd hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c's with the sueno pedal I'd hold that
+with the pedal although I'd experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pedal although I'd experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pedal although I'd experiment
+and I might see if I actually just held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I might see if I actually just held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I might see if I actually just held
+the regular pedal down if it was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular pedal down if it was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular pedal down if it was too
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+um but that that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that that's my
+sense it's a good question right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's a good question right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's a good question right when
+you get you know music that's notated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you know music that's notated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you know music that's notated on
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+staves you know exactly what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staves you know exactly what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staves you know exactly what does that
+mean is the real reason it's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is the real reason it's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is the real reason it's written
+like that maybe just so you can read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that maybe just so you can read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that maybe just so you can read it
+because if you had both of the soprano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you had both of the soprano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you had both of the soprano
+parts put on top of each other it'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts put on top of each other it'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts put on top of each other it'd get
+kind of Muddy right and I think also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Muddy right and I think also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Muddy right and I think also
+clearly he's giving you an exact idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly he's giving you an exact idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly he's giving you an exact idea of
+how long he wants the fifth and the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long he wants the fifth and the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long he wants the fifth and the base
+to be held so yeah absolutely stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be held so yeah absolutely stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be held so yeah absolutely stuff like
+that's going on now here's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on now here's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on now here's a question
+for you guys if the return to a after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys if the return to a after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys if the return to a after
+the little B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little B
+section if this was a piece by brumms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section if this was a piece by brumms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section if this was a piece by brumms
+what would we describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts like the recapitulation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts like the recapitulation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts like the recapitulation here
+yes but what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but what kind of
+recapitulation of variation false yes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulation of variation false yes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulation of variation false yes uh
+the reason it comes to mind is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it comes to mind is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it comes to mind is there's a
+false recapitulation in brahs Forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false recapitulation in brahs Forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false recapitulation in brahs Forth
+Symphony which is in E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symphony which is in E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symphony which is in E
+Minor and the piece begins starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minor and the piece begins starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minor and the piece begins starts
+beginning again in C major which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning again in C major which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning again in C major which it's
+not supposed to do and he fixes it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to do and he fixes it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to do and he fixes it and
+notice that's what happens here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's what happens here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that's what happens here is that
+it's like what we know to be E minor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like what we know to be E minor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like what we know to be E minor is
+now oops e can be the middle note of a C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oops e can be the middle note of a C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oops e can be the middle note of a C
+major Triad uh and then sort of on we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major Triad uh and then sort of on we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major Triad uh and then sort of on we go
+we we then say oh well e can be the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we then say oh well e can be the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we then say oh well e can be the top
+note of an A Minor triad and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of an A Minor triad and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of an A Minor triad and it's not
+till the last time and we use our fifths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till the last time and we use our fifths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till the last time and we use our fifths
+those parallel fifths to get down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parallel fifths to get down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parallel fifths to get down there
+do we finally say oh yeah this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we finally say oh yeah this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we finally say oh yeah this is where
+it's supposed to be um this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be um this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be um this is a really
+sort of cool thing from my point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cool thing from my point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cool thing from my point of view
+in terms of that other things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of that other things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of that other things that that
+people notice in terms of this one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people notice in terms of this one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people notice in terms of this one yeah
+I think I feel that the main a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I feel that the main a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I feel that the main a section
+material as being an A Minor or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material as being an A Minor or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material as being an A Minor or sort of
+a at least on a dominant pedal then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at least on a dominant pedal then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at least on a dominant pedal then
+yeah um especially because in bar three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um especially because in bar three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um especially because in bar three
+you have that d flat resolving to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that d flat resolving to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that d flat resolving to C
+natural while you have f gsh a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural while you have f gsh a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural while you have f gsh a in the
+right hand sort of right the F gsh A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand sort of right the F gsh A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand sort of right the F gsh A
+ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending
+resolution absolutely which which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution absolutely which which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution absolutely which which is
+interesting because then it sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because then it sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because then it sounds like
+it um you know it's ending on a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you know it's ending on a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you know it's ending on a pretty
+big half Cadence I mean really the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big half Cadence I mean really the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big half Cadence I mean really the last
+right but notice that last half Cadence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but notice that last half Cadence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but notice that last half Cadence
+is a little cloudy because the second to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little cloudy because the second to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little cloudy because the second to
+the last note you hear is a c natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last note you hear is a c natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last note you hear is a c natural
+right so that that ambiguity stays and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that ambiguity stays and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that ambiguity stays and I
+think that's a good good thing to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a good good thing to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a good good thing to think
+of in terms of thinking of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in terms of thinking of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in terms of thinking of this as a
+sort of model for composition in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of model for composition in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of model for composition in that
+ambiguity in prio is not a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity in prio is not a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity in prio is not a bad thing
+right in Mozart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in Mozart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in Mozart
+ambiguity while there may be certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity while there may be certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity while there may be certain
+things it's like for the composer's goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's like for the composer's goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's like for the composer's goal
+working in that style that's not the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in that style that's not the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in that style that's not the big
+stylistic issue but here in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistic issue but here in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistic issue but here in fact
+absolutely that's the case other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that's the case other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that's the case other other
+sort of comments or thoughts about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comments or thoughts about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comments or thoughts about this
+piece Natasha um this probably stood out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece Natasha um this probably stood out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece Natasha um this probably stood out
+to just about everyone but the uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just about everyone but the uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just about everyone but the uh I
+think it was really impressive to me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was really impressive to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was really impressive to me the
+way that he um sort of achieved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that he um sort of achieved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that he um sort of achieved that
+Dente sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dente sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dente sound
+uh by with that sort of first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by with that sort of first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by with that sort of first three
+measures uh theme in the a section where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh theme in the a section where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh theme in the a section where
+it's sort of descending in a what sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of descending in a what sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of descending in a what sounds
+like minor and then it comes right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like minor and then it comes right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like minor and then it comes right back
+up in what sounds like a resolve sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in what sounds like a resolve sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in what sounds like a resolve sort of
+major and it just seems to me that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and it just seems to me that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and it just seems to me that if I
+try and imagine it any other way either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and imagine it any other way either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and imagine it any other way either
+continuing to descend minor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to descend minor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to descend minor or
+reascended minor it would give it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reascended minor it would give it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reascended minor it would give it more
+anxious feeling but this like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious feeling but this like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxious feeling but this like sort of
+bitter sweetness really achieves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter sweetness really achieves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter sweetness really achieves that
+sadness it's a delicate balance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness it's a delicate balance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadness it's a delicate balance that
+ches here is and it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ches here is and it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ches here is and it's it's just
+something I I it really stood out to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I I it really stood out to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I I it really stood out to me
+Lucy how about you any any any thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucy how about you any any any thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucy how about you any any any thoughts
+that you're having about the piece um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're having about the piece um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're having about the piece um I
+actually really didn't like that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really didn't like that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really didn't like that part
+yeah the the the f t a i feel like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the the f t a i feel like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the the f t a i feel like it
+could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have
+been like it made it sound kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like it made it sound kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like it made it sound kind of like
+a broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that like it just wasn't like careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like it just wasn't like careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like it just wasn't like careful
+enough but maybe that's like part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but maybe that's like part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but maybe that's like part
+of the idea that it's like broken right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the idea that it's like broken right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the idea that it's like broken right
+could in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in fact
+be now and we have a very ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now and we have a very ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now and we have a very ancient
+history of descending chromatic lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of descending chromatic lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of descending chromatic lines
+meaning very sad things in music right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning very sad things in music right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning very sad things in music right
+uh one thinks of Bach and purel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thinks of Bach and purel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thinks of Bach and purel and
+anybody else right this descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else right this descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else right this descending
+chromatic line just just about as sad as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic line just just about as sad as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic line just just about as sad as
+it can get get right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can get get right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can get get right so
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um an interesting interesting piece I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an interesting interesting piece I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an interesting interesting piece I I
+played this piece when I was like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played this piece when I was like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played this piece when I was like maybe
+in third grade or fourth grade and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in third grade or fourth grade and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in third grade or fourth grade and in
+the like little piano book you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like little piano book you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like little piano book you know it
+wasn't all the you know I mean these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't all the you know I mean these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't all the you know I mean these are
+not really good pieces generally for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really good pieces generally for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really good pieces generally for
+third graders um couldn't play them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third graders um couldn't play them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third graders um couldn't play them now
+for that matter but this one was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter but this one was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter but this one was called
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+landscape I don't know who decided it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape I don't know who decided it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape I don't know who decided it
+was called landscape I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called landscape I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called landscape I think it's
+another one of those weird things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of those weird things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of those weird things that
+when American Publishers were stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when American Publishers were stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when American Publishers were stealing
+Soviet music they pretty much called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet music they pretty much called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet music they pretty much called it
+whatever they wanted but that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they wanted but that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they wanted but that somehow
+you know little kids would really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know little kids would really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know little kids would really you
+know relate to this if it was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know relate to this if it was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know relate to this if it was called
+landscape um but it it it is it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape um but it it it is it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape um but it it it is it's it's a
+remarkable well many of sure um perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable well many of sure um perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable well many of sure um perhaps
+ways in which it's related to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which it's related to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which it's related to the one
+that ceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well the note E comes to mind right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well the note E comes to mind right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well the note E comes to mind right
+um as a pivotal thing especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a pivotal thing especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a pivotal thing especially when
+you look at the ending and he is played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the ending and he is played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the ending and he is played
+with as The Fifth Third and mm first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with as The Fifth Third and mm first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with as The Fifth Third and mm first
+scale degree in the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale degree in the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale degree in the previous one
+was absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was absolutely
+well these have been good presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these have been good presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these have been good presentations
+thank you all very much for your work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all very much for your work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all very much for your work in
+that regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regard
+and what I think we should do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I think we should do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I think we should do is just
+briefly regroup let's pull some chairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly regroup let's pull some chairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly regroup let's pull some chairs
+over uh around the piano or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh around the piano or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh around the piano or you can
+stand and let's look at our sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and let's look at our sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand and let's look at our sort of
+imitation pieces how many people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation pieces how many people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation pieces how many people have
+something they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they can
+show okay absolutely uh and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show okay absolutely uh and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show okay absolutely uh and you know I
+hope you all follow the instructions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you all follow the instructions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you all follow the instructions and
+spent no more than an hour doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent no more than an hour doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent no more than an hour doing this
+although I don't believe that from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't believe that from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't believe that from some
+of you youing work H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you youing work H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you youing work H
+coures is there any any one who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coures is there any any one who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coures is there any any one who would
+prefer to play their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece Rich would you begin okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece Rich would you begin okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece Rich would you begin okay and
+which one did you imitate well I I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one did you imitate well I I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one did you imitate well I I wrote
+it before last class so I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before last class so I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before last class so I kind of
+imitated number two number two it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitated number two number two it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitated number two number two it's like
+a number one number two hybrid okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right glad to get that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right glad to get that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right glad to get that on
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's really
+nice I'm impressed leave it there leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice I'm impressed leave it there leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice I'm impressed leave it there leave
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+there now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see so how would you describe the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so how would you describe the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so how would you describe the form
+of the piece um it's just kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the piece um it's just kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the piece um it's just kind of like
+e um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see yeah it's just like a b a guess okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah it's just like a b a guess okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah it's just like a b a guess okay
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+and um this is a but that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is a but that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is a but that's kind of
+transitional that's sort of a nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional that's sort of a nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional that's sort of a nice thing
+yeah got so like this is like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah got so like this is like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah got so like this is like kind of
+like the c section and number two like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the c section and number two like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the c section and number two like
+shortened into like gotcha half a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened into like gotcha half a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened into like gotcha half a bar
+gotcha so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotcha so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotcha so we've
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+got and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at B
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flat I guess that's Bish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat I guess that's Bish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat I guess that's Bish
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh well it's quite beautiful and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well it's quite beautiful and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well it's quite beautiful and I think
+it sort of gets into the whole formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of gets into the whole formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of gets into the whole formal
+world the sort of slight change here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the sort of slight change here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the sort of slight change here
+seems very prif like um the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very prif like um the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very prif like um the little
+Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right right simple but really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right simple but really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right simple but really really
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+powerful if I'm going to be nasty about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful if I'm going to be nasty about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful if I'm going to be nasty about
+this I would just say I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I would just say I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I would just say I don't know why
+you picked this really boring stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picked this really boring stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picked this really boring stupid
+chord there oh yeah right well it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord there oh yeah right well it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord there oh yeah right well it was
+like less than an hour so exactly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like less than an hour so exactly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like less than an hour so exactly but
+see I think you've got a real piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think you've got a real piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think you've got a real piece of
+music here if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music here if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music here if you will
+rethink that measure I was like I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink that measure I was like I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink that measure I was like I'll
+just kind of like shorten the C-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of like shorten the C-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of like shorten the C-section
+right yeah exactly if you would rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah exactly if you would rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah exactly if you would rethink
+that and give me harmonies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and give me harmonies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and give me harmonies as
+interesting as everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as everything
+else this is a really nice little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this is a really nice little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this is a really nice little piece
+okay okay so in fact this is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so in fact this is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so in fact this is not going
+to be a throwaway piece for you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a throwaway piece for you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a throwaway piece for you you're
+going to keep this right this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep this right this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep this right this this is
+going to go in in to save pile okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in in to save pile okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go in in to save pile okay
+excellent excellent get this the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent excellent get this the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent excellent get this the paper
+it says says jiggity jiggity exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says says jiggity jiggity exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says says jiggity jiggity exactly
+something about that piece jiggity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that piece jiggity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that piece jiggity
+doesn't come to mind but you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come to mind but you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come to mind but you know it's
+like exactly exactly Nick you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exactly exactly Nick you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exactly exactly Nick you want to
+play yours um sure I only wrote like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play yours um sure I only wrote like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play yours um sure I only wrote like a
+half of it okay well let's hear the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it okay well let's hear the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it okay well let's hear the half
+you've got yes could I only let you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got yes could I only let you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got yes could I only let you have
+an hour and you're such a perfectionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and you're such a perfectionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and you're such a perfectionist
+that probably made you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably made you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably made you
+insane I try not to wor you much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane I try not to wor you much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane I try not to wor you much about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um also I have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also I have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also I have to figure
+out you can improvise the end if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+need okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay I
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+got a the master is still at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a the master is still at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a the master is still at
+work this is like those pictures of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this is like those pictures of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this is like those pictures of like
+list in his fan club and we're just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in his fan club and we're just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in his fan club and we're just sort
+of oh I think he wrote A C sharp overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh I think he wrote A C sharp overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oh I think he wrote A C sharp overly
+flattering I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattering I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattering I'm
+sorry Lucy needs to sort of get down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Lucy needs to sort of get down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Lucy needs to sort of get down on
+the floor though and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know okay give it a go give it a go it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay give it a go give it a go it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay give it a go give it a go it's
+pect so so this is this is um I rip off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pect so so this is this is um I rip off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pect so so this is this is um I rip off
+the first one gotcha and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one gotcha and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one gotcha and it
+basically I done the first Like A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I done the first Like A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I done the first Like A and B
+section yeah if I read the second a add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section yeah if I read the second a add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section yeah if I read the second a add
+in some comatic materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it would begin and do a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would begin and do a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would begin and do a similar
+process right yeah it's very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right yeah it's very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right yeah it's very beautiful
+very beautiful again no reason that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful again no reason that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful again no reason that this
+this could be one of your pieces you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be one of your pieces you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be one of your pieces you and
+we may find when we're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may find when we're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may find when we're doing this
+project that instead of just one we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that instead of just one we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that instead of just one we get
+you know two or three or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two or three or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two or three or something like
+that which would be nice it's lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which would be nice it's lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which would be nice it's lovely
+Nick absolutely there's this moment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick absolutely there's this moment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick absolutely there's this moment here
+when the E starts to repeat and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the E starts to repeat and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the E starts to repeat and I don't
+think Poff does that does he no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Poff does that does he no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Poff does that does he no that's
+the nicest part thanks I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nicest part thanks I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nicest part thanks I think that's
+really quite beautiful um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite beautiful um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite beautiful um you know the
+the whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing is
+nice very interesting yes everyone can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice very interesting yes everyone can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice very interesting yes everyone can
+say well it's sort of model on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it's sort of model on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it's sort of model on the first
+pH F but but there are differences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH F but but there are differences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH F but but there are differences that
+are quite telling um very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite telling um very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite telling um very nice
+absolutely so if you get in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so if you get in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so if you get in the next few
+days another hour finish it well no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days another hour finish it well no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days another hour finish it well no no
+no you've already got the material so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you've already got the material so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you've already got the material so it
+should only take 30 minutes to finish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should only take 30 minutes to finish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should only take 30 minutes to finish it
+okay let's hear another one anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's hear another one anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's hear another one anybody else
+willing to play theirs no Ben how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to play theirs no Ben how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to play theirs no Ben how are
+you willing to play or you want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you willing to play or you want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you willing to play or you want me to
+play I think it'll be better for running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I think it'll be better for running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I think it'll be better for running
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+okay Little Miracles of sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neat excellent obviously the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat excellent obviously the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat excellent obviously the first one
+again yes uh I may have missed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yes uh I may have missed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yes uh I may have missed some
+notes but but I think I tried to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes but but I think I tried to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes but but I think I tried to give
+you the the sort of shape of it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the sort of shape of it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the sort of shape of it any
+comments or questions or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments or questions or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments or questions or sort of
+thoughts about that from other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about that from other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about that from other other
+folks also has a very cryptic ending in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks also has a very cryptic ending in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks also has a very cryptic ending in
+PRI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I actually hear it because I hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually hear it because I hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually hear it because I hear the
+dominant seventh even in spite of the fs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant seventh even in spite of the fs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant seventh even in spite of the fs
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+bass you know and the next one's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bass you know and the next one's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bass you know and the next one's in
+G you know something like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G you know something like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G you know something like that um
+absolutely very good very good there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely very good very good there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely very good very good there's a
+sense already today that everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense already today that everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense already today that everybody is
+feeling like so relieved that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like so relieved that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like so relieved that they're
+not having worry about parallel octaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having worry about parallel octaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having worry about parallel octaves
+or the regular resolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the regular resolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the regular resolution of the
+diminished seventh chord that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished seventh chord that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished seventh chord that there's
+just sort of this torrent of good ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of this torrent of good ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of this torrent of good ideas
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+Unleashed to get half of it written fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well I'd like to see the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'd like to see the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'd like to see the rest of this
+how are we going to make sense of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to make sense of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to make sense of sort
+of that wacky shift up for the Cadence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that wacky shift up for the Cadence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that wacky shift up for the Cadence
+which very interestingly handled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which very interestingly handled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which very interestingly handled
+absolutely I think this is going well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I think this is going well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I think this is going well
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again you know it it it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know it it it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know it it it isn't
+exactly like the original but very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the original but very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the original but very rich
+very rich good good again something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich good good again something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich good good again something to
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+Simone see even with the name not on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simone see even with the name not on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simone see even with the name not on a
+paper in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very nice very nice again all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice very nice again all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice very nice again all of the
+sort of things are in place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things are in place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things are in place the
+chromatic and scale but but this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic and scale but but this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic and scale but but this but I
+think the sounds very different even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the sounds very different even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the sounds very different even the
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+has a very different feel to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very different feel to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very different feel to it
+um absolutely really nice really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um absolutely really nice really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um absolutely really nice really
+nice Lucy how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good good do you mind if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good do you mind if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good do you mind if these are
+rolled should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled should
+be okay just for me I mean people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay just for me I mean people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay just for me I mean people with
+real hands could play them but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real hands could play them but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real hands could play them but I would
+need to roll them yeah again I I very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to roll them yeah again I I very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to roll them yeah again I I very
+nice very nice you know we can look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice very nice you know we can look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice very nice you know we can look a
+little more in depth but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more in depth but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more in depth but I just want to
+make sure we play through all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we play through all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we play through all of them
+today it's good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need sort of a cryptic ending to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need sort of a cryptic ending to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need sort of a cryptic ending to it
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+absolutely all of these are things to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely all of these are things to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely all of these are things to be
+kept I'm not seeing anything that anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept I'm not seeing anything that anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept I'm not seeing anything that anyone
+needs to throw away should we look reie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to throw away should we look reie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to throw away should we look reie
+I looked at it again and it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at it again and it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at it again and it looks like
+it might be like impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be like impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be like impossible to
+play well I'll give it a shot I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play well I'll give it a shot I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play well I'll give it a shot I'll give
+it a shot you can like Adit like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a shot you can like Adit like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a shot you can like Adit like the
+I'll see what I can do I'll I'll come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see what I can do I'll I'll come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see what I can do I'll I'll come up
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah interesting sry I didn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah interesting sry I didn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah interesting sry I didn't do it
+perfectly but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly but I did
+okay absolutely good Natasha anything no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay absolutely good Natasha anything no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay absolutely good Natasha anything no
+fine fine did we play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine fine did we play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine fine did we play
+everybody's okay these are a nice start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's okay these are a nice start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's okay these are a nice start
+I'm I'm glad to see some you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm glad to see some you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm glad to see some you know people
+taking the assignment um not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the assignment um not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the assignment um not only
+seriously but sort of getting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously but sort of getting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously but sort of getting into the
+spirit of it I I think you'll find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of it I I think you'll find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of it I I think you'll find uh
+there's a sort of sense of release in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of sense of release in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of sense of release in
+working in this style as opposed to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in this style as opposed to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in this style as opposed to what
+some of you have been doing for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have been doing for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have been doing for four
+years um so absolutely um go with it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um so absolutely um go with it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um so absolutely um go with it um
+and in fact I might encourage people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I might encourage people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I might encourage people to
+be more bold rather than less bold okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more bold rather than less bold okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more bold rather than less bold okay
+thank you all so much nice work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all so much nice work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all so much nice work
+and um thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7la43dvoLh0.txt b/7la43dvoLh0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95bc0d77229044d9c8f9ac11e5bda9f8c05931d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7la43dvoLh0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11783 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so your project
+presentations we drew randomly last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations we drew randomly last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations we drew randomly last time
+Philip unfortunately got the Short Straw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip unfortunately got the Short Straw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip unfortunately got the Short Straw
+as presenting today don't feel too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as presenting today don't feel too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as presenting today don't feel too bad
+for him it's because he's going to coob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him it's because he's going to coob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him it's because he's going to coob
+next week uh to ikra right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week uh to ikra right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week uh to ikra right so
+um the plan is 8 Minute talks um plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the plan is 8 Minute talks um plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the plan is 8 Minute talks um plus 2
+minutes or whatever of questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitions between speakers um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between speakers um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between speakers um you're
+free to use your own laptop hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to use your own laptop hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to use your own laptop hopefully
+it'll just plug in and work you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just plug in and work you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just plug in and work you're also
+free to send me slides that I can I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to send me slides that I can I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to send me slides that I can I'll
+put on my laptop whichever is better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on my laptop whichever is better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on my laptop whichever is better for
+you if you have movies or something send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have movies or something send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you have movies or something send
+them to me a few minutes before so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to me a few minutes before so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to me a few minutes before so I can
+make sure they play um but but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they play um but but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they play um but but whatever
+is better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better for
+you um I'd like to ask you to to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I'd like to ask you to to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I'd like to ask you to to try to
+sort of in8 minutes I mean it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in8 minutes I mean it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in8 minutes I mean it's it's
+it's actually really hard to give an8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really hard to give an8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really hard to give an8
+minute talk right uh it's much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute talk right uh it's much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute talk right uh it's much easier to
+give an hour and a half lecture you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an hour and a half lecture you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an hour and a half lecture you can
+just ramble on um but you should try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ramble on um but you should try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ramble on um but you should try to
+sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um
+efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently
+cover the things that I you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the things that I you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the things that I you know the
+most important things to say are roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important things to say are roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important things to say are roughly
+um of course describing the problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chose um and it's always good to say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose um and it's always good to say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose um and it's always good to say for
+a minute um why it's important or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting um I'd like you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um I'd like you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um I'd like you to to
+describe the technical approach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+took you chose and why you chose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then a quick results I mean as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then a quick results I mean as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then a quick results I mean as
+much as you can get in and um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you can get in and um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you can get in and um if you
+have any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any sort of
+interesting um implementation details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um implementation details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um implementation details
+that came up that reared their heads um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came up that reared their heads um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came up that reared their heads um
+that's always fun to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you're not going to be able to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not going to be able to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're not going to be able to fit
+much into 8 minutes but tell us what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much into 8 minutes but tell us what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much into 8 minutes but tell us what you
+what you've done um so far and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've done um so far and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've done um so far and it's
+typically pretty fun you get you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically pretty fun you get you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically pretty fun you get you guys
+are not going to believe how cool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to believe how cool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to believe how cool the
+projects you've all picked are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you've all picked are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you've all picked are there
+it's going to be a lot of fun um we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a lot of fun um we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a lot of fun um we did
+so we're in this room Tuesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're in this room Tuesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're in this room Tuesday and
+Thursday I've asked him um in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday I've asked him um in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday I've asked him um in the in the
+um because because there's a real chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because because there's a real chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because because there's a real chance
+that we might run a little bit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might run a little bit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might run a little bit over
+class I asked them if we could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I asked them if we could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I asked them if we could try to
+keep the room for the next hour they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the room for the next hour they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the room for the next hour they
+haven't actually told me they could yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually told me they could yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually told me they could yet
+but hopefully we'll be able to stay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully we'll be able to stay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully we'll be able to stay here
+till 4:15 or something if we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till 4:15 or something if we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till 4:15 or something if we need
+to to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to finish
+um and the uh report I I said it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the uh report I I said it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the uh report I I said it before
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but the report is uh is it working no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the report is uh is it working no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the report is uh is it working no
+same thing why don't you power it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing why don't you power it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing why don't you power it down
+that's what worked last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what worked last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what worked last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+let's do May 21st I said right it's a 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do May 21st I said right it's a 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do May 21st I said right it's a 30
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so if you choose the double column so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you choose the double column so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you choose the double column so
+I I I like to think of them as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I like to think of them as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I like to think of them as you know
+rra format for instance would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect be the robotics conference um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect be the robotics conference um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect be the robotics conference um
+but I'm not asking for a novel just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not asking for a novel just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not asking for a novel just a a
+quick presentation of what you did and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick presentation of what you did and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick presentation of what you did and I
+think you should have the same points as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should have the same points as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should have the same points as
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentation but you'll have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation but you'll have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation but you'll have a little
+bit more room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um to to tell about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation
+there no not at all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no not at all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no not at all that's
+right no publishing cost and you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no publishing cost and you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no publishing cost and you can use
+color figures as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like any other questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projects well I just just giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects well I just just giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects well I just just giving you a
+ballpark six eight pages if you come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark six eight pages if you come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark six eight pages if you come in
+five I'm not going to give you a a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I'm not going to give you a a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I'm not going to give you a a huge
+deduction if you say everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction if you say everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction if you say everything you
+needed to say um and you're free to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to say um and you're free to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to say um and you're free to at
+least means there's no publication cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least means there's no publication cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least means there's no publication cost
+for extra pages I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess and 68 pages double column in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and 68 pages double column in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and 68 pages double column in sort
+of icro format is more than 68 pages the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of icro format is more than 68 pages the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of icro format is more than 68 pages the
+other way that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way that's uh
+so it's a rough it's a rough guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a rough it's a rough guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a rough it's a rough guideline
+I'm not I'm just telling you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm just telling you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm just telling you you know
+roughly uh so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reformat that's what I'm trying to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformat that's what I'm trying to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformat that's what I'm trying to avoid
+thank you right just trying to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you right just trying to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you right just trying to give you
+a sense of the amount of content that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the amount of content that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the amount of content that
+should be in there uh and you can format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in there uh and you can format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in there uh and you can format
+it as you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you would
+like okay excellent so last official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay excellent so last official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay excellent so last official
+lecture um so I wanted to as promised um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um so I wanted to as promised um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um so I wanted to as promised um
+end uh my part of the class at least on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh my part of the class at least on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh my part of the class at least on
+some success stories of all how all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some success stories of all how all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some success stories of all how all this
+stuff works and has worked um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff works and has worked um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff works and has worked um in the
+research world over the last I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research world over the last I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research world over the last I don't
+know 15 years and so the ones I picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 15 years and so the ones I picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 15 years and so the ones I picked
+out um to talk about were uh Amelio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um to talk about were uh Amelio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um to talk about were uh Amelio
+foli's helicopter motion planning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foli's helicopter motion planning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foli's helicopter motion planning um
+which Soo is upstairs and Lids um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Soo is upstairs and Lids um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Soo is upstairs and Lids um some
+of the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the really
+uh Primal sort of some of the first good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Primal sort of some of the first good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Primal sort of some of the first good
+work on learning robots was by Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on learning robots was by Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on learning robots was by Chris
+aison and Stefan Shaw was a student at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aison and Stefan Shaw was a student at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aison and Stefan Shaw was a student at
+the time who was now quite uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time who was now quite uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time who was now quite uh um
+established obviously at um USC and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established obviously at um USC and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established obviously at um USC and then
+I'll tell you a little bit about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you a little bit about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you a little bit about our
+perching project depending on how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching project depending on how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching project depending on how much
+time we have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have left
+okay so let me start off maybe with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me start off maybe with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me start off maybe with um
+the lights on telling you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights on telling you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights on telling you some of the
+big ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ideas from
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Amelio's um planning for the helicopters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amelio's um planning for the helicopters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amelio's um planning for the helicopters
+okay this is actually os's thesis work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is actually os's thesis work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is actually os's thesis work
+and they've continued to use nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've continued to use nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've continued to use nobody
+hears from amilio group are they no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hears from amilio group are they no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hears from amilio group are they no
+anybody know alilio yeah he's on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know alilio yeah he's on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know alilio yeah he's on your
+committee okay perfect that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee okay perfect that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee okay perfect that's that's
+good so you know this work already okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so you know this work already okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so you know this work already okay
+correct me if I say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrong okay so the big challenge that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so the big challenge that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so the big challenge that um
+Amelia wanted to to address in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amelia wanted to to address in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amelia wanted to to address in his
+thesis was well he does everything very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis was well he does everything very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis was well he does everything very
+very um rigorously and and formally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um rigorously and and formally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um rigorously and and formally so
+he's got many theoretical contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got many theoretical contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got many theoretical contributions
+in his thesis but the experiment that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his thesis but the experiment that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his thesis but the experiment that he
+wanted to get working was um they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get working was um they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get working was um they've got
+a a helicopter say an RC class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a helicopter say an RC class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a helicopter say an RC class
+helicopter and I want to drive it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter and I want to drive it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter and I want to drive it from
+point A to point B okay through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B okay through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B okay through
+potentially a very cluttered environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a very cluttered environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially a very cluttered environment
+where the obstacles are even moving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the obstacles are even moving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the obstacles are even moving at
+real time okay so so um he really wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time okay so so um he really wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time okay so so um he really wanted
+a realtime lightweight planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realtime lightweight planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realtime lightweight planning
+algorithm that was as close to Optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that was as close to Optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that was as close to Optimal
+as possible in a minimum time op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible in a minimum time op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible in a minimum time op
+optimality sense but that could run on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality sense but that could run on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality sense but that could run on a
+you know with one megab of memory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with one megab of memory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with one megab of memory or
+something on the on a computer that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the on a computer that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the on a computer that's on
+board the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board the
+helicopter okay and what he ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter okay and what he ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter okay and what he ended up
+doing was a beautiful combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was a beautiful combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was a beautiful combination of
+feedback control and motion planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control and motion planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control and motion planning
+randomized motion planning um and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized motion planning um and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized motion planning um and I want
+to I want to sort of tell you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I want to sort of tell you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I want to sort of tell you some of
+those details okay so the first big idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details okay so the first big idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details okay so the first big idea
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you talk to AO about doing motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you talk to AO about doing motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you talk to AO about doing motion
+planning um and you say I've got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning um and you say I've got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning um and you say I've got you
+know I've got some nonlinear system f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've got some nonlinear system f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've got some nonlinear system f
+ofx u and I want to find a path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx u and I want to find a path from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx u and I want to find a path from
+um start to the finish and I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um start to the finish and I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um start to the finish and I've got
+obstacles orever the standard motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles orever the standard motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles orever the standard motion
+planning problem but these obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problem but these obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problem but these obstacles
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+moving the first thing he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the first thing he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the first thing he would
+immediately say and he has said U to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately say and he has said U to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately say and he has said U to me
+is never ever search over use that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never ever search over use that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never ever search over use that's
+just seems like a bad idea in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seems like a bad idea in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seems like a bad idea in general
+okay the rior that we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rior that we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rior that we talked about the
+naive implementation is is pick a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive implementation is is pick a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive implementation is is pick a point
+at random right and then try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random right and then try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random right and then try to find the
+closest point and then find the U which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest point and then find the U which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest point and then find the U which
+takes you as close as possible to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you as close as possible to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you as close as possible to that
+he says if you're doing that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says if you're doing that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says if you're doing that you're not
+thinking about uh feedback stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh feedback stabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about uh feedback stabilization
+for instance and you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and you're working
+potentially on a harder dynamical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially on a harder dynamical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially on a harder dynamical system
+than you need to be working with so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you need to be working with so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you need to be working with so he
+Advocates first designing a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocates first designing a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advocates first designing a class of
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+policies let's say it's they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies let's say it's they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies let's say it's they could be
+time varying or time invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying or time invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying or time invariant
+right and they have maybe some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they have maybe some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they have maybe some um
+they're parameterized for instance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're parameterized for instance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're parameterized for instance by
+some desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some desired
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and these feedback policies um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these feedback policies um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these feedback policies um if
+ideally you generate them carefully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you generate them carefully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally you generate them carefully and
+uh have some provable stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have some provable stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have some provable stability
+guarantees about them and instead then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees about them and instead then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees about them and instead then
+of picking in some U which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picking in some U which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of picking in some U which could
+potentially be working on a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be working on a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be working on a system
+that's very unstable open loop unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very unstable open loop unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very unstable open loop unstable
+might be might require tight integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be might require tight integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be might require tight integration
+all these things um instead you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things um instead you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things um instead you should
+sample over the parameters of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample over the parameters of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample over the parameters of your
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+policy okay so for instance um I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay so for instance um I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay so for instance um I'll make
+it more specific in a second but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more specific in a second but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more specific in a second but for
+instance if I if I take a point here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if I if I take a point here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if I if I take a point here I
+find my closest point on the map and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find my closest point on the map and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find my closest point on the map and I
+want to grow towards it instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grow towards it instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grow towards it instead of
+trying a bunch of U's I say what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying a bunch of U's I say what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying a bunch of U's I say what if I
+ran Pi 1 with X desired of this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran Pi 1 with X desired of this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran Pi 1 with X desired of this how
+close X desired equals let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close X desired equals let's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close X desired equals let's say this
+point how close would it get me or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point how close would it get me or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point how close would it get me or let's
+say I I run or or maybe Pi 10 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I run or or maybe Pi 10 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I run or or maybe Pi 10 would
+would have been the closest one I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been the closest one I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been the closest one I'll
+pick the closest feedback controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the closest feedback controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the closest feedback controller
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+parameterized um that's going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized um that's going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized um that's going to try to
+get me close to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me close to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me close to that
+point okay there's a lot of benefits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay there's a lot of benefits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay there's a lot of benefits to
+doing that in in a in a very real way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that in in a in a very real way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that in in a in a very real way
+it's talking we talked about feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's talking we talked about feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's talking we talked about feedback
+motion plan is having advantages you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion plan is having advantages you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion plan is having advantages you
+know if I if I I could come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I if I I could come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I if I I could come up with a
+trajectory here in the open loop sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory here in the open loop sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory here in the open loop sense
+that if I want to stabilize it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I want to stabilize it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I want to stabilize it was not
+stabilizable this avoids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizable this avoids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizable this avoids that
+shortcoming by actually searching in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcoming by actually searching in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcoming by actually searching in the
+space of feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of feedback
+laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws
+okay and it also has advantages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it also has advantages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it also has advantages for
+instance that um that the dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that um that the dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that um that the dynamical
+system you're simulating is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're simulating is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're simulating is probably
+stable right so you could take larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right so you could take larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right so you could take larger
+steps integration steps you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps integration steps you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps integration steps you don't have
+to integrate very carefully if you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate very carefully if you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate very carefully if you got a
+stable system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so alelo is has advocated this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alelo is has advocated this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alelo is has advocated this sort of
+trim and maneuver um uh view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim and maneuver um uh view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim and maneuver um uh view of the
+world in motion planning especially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in motion planning especially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in motion planning especially on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+helicopters so each of these feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters so each of these feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters so each of these feedback
+laws that he considers at the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that he considers at the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that he considers at the motion
+planning time are some carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning time are some carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning time are some carefully
+designed controller okay they're in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed controller okay they're in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed controller okay they're in two
+they they're two types one of them is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're two types one of them is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're two types one of them is a
+trim controller okay a trim controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim controller okay a trim controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim controller okay a trim controller
+for a helicopter for instance would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a helicopter for instance would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a helicopter for instance would be a
+the hover right or something that flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hover right or something that flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hover right or something that flies
+forward with a steady um speed something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with a steady um speed something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with a steady um speed something
+that banks with a steady speed all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that banks with a steady speed all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that banks with a steady speed all these
+things are are trims where in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are trims where in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are are trims where in the
+relative frame of the of the helicopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative frame of the of the helicopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative frame of the of the helicopter
+uh it's a fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a fix
+Point okay um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay um all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and Amelia was very careful in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and Amelia was very careful in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and Amelia was very careful in his
+in his work to point out the um that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his work to point out the um that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his work to point out the um that you
+can make heavy use of symmetries um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make heavy use of symmetries um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make heavy use of symmetries um and
+invariance in those Dynamics so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance in those Dynamics so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance in those Dynamics so for
+instance um the horizontal position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um the horizontal position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um the horizontal position of
+the helicopter doesn't really matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helicopter doesn't really matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helicopter doesn't really matter if
+I know how to go forward from x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to go forward from x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to go forward from x equals
+zero in in a trim condition then I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in in a trim condition then I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in in a trim condition then I also
+know how to go forward from xal 1 in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to go forward from xal 1 in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to go forward from xal 1 in a
+position right if I know how to to bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position right if I know how to to bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position right if I know how to to bank
+at a certain speed I can do that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain speed I can do that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain speed I can do that from
+any X location the location of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any X location the location of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any X location the location of the
+helicopter doesn't affect that feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter doesn't affect that feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter doesn't affect that feedback
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if you have a few what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a few what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a few what that
+allows you to do essentially is come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do essentially is come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do essentially is come up
+with a handful of trim controllers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a handful of trim controllers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a handful of trim controllers which
+do a lot of things right in fact what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of things right in fact what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of things right in fact what I
+think he does um in the end is he comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he does um in the end is he comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he does um in the end is he comes
+up with sort of um add around 10 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with sort of um add around 10 I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with sort of um add around 10 I think
+25 was the number I I remember I brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 was the number I I remember I brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 was the number I I remember I brought
+his paper just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so he he comes up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so he he comes up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so he he comes up with
+um 25 trim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectories which in his case was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories which in his case was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories which in his case was
+um level flight no side slip with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um level flight no side slip with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um level flight no side slip with
+velocities forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities forward
+velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities
+tiled over just to give you a sense here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiled over just to give you a sense here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiled over just to give you a sense here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.25
+2.5 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s and then um angular um heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rates that are sort of similar from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1.5
+0.5 and 1 radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and 1 radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and 1 radians per
+second okay so if he knows how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so if he knows how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so if he knows how to do
+those 25 things every combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 25 things every combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 25 things every combination of
+those then he's got a a pretty darn good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those then he's got a a pretty darn good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those then he's got a a pretty darn good
+library of trim behaviors that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of trim behaviors that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of trim behaviors that he can
+use as possible controllers that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as possible controllers that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as possible controllers that he
+could evaluate on his system now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could evaluate on his system now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could evaluate on his system now those
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um those are the steady state behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the steady state behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the steady state behaviors
+and in order to transition between trims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to transition between trims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to transition between trims
+he does these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maneuvers which are um finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stabilized um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitions between trim conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and those Maneuvers are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those Maneuvers are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those Maneuvers are actually
+pretty cool I'll show you so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool I'll show you so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool I'll show you so some of
+them can be so for instance um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can be so for instance um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can be so for instance um he
+learned a maneuver that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a maneuver that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a maneuver that was the
+transitioned from going forward this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioned from going forward this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioned from going forward this way
+to being in the oppos opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being in the oppos opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being in the oppos opposite
+orientation going forward this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation going forward this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation going forward this way and
+that maneuver I would I shouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maneuver I would I shouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maneuver I would I shouldn't say
+learned he's solved using a model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned he's solved using a model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned he's solved using a model of the
+helicopter right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter right with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter right with
+durall or something like that um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durall or something like that um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durall or something like that um a
+trajectory that was actually a snap roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that was actually a snap roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that was actually a snap roll
+I think it was kind of went up and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was kind of went up and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was kind of went up and did
+this thing and then came back down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and then came back down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and then came back down and
+went the other way right and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went the other way right and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went the other way right and I'll show
+you a video of that um I had lunch with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a video of that um I had lunch with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a video of that um I had lunch with
+AIO and got his videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIO and got his videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIO and got his videos
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um okay so how does he design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so how does he design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so how does he design the
+feedback controllers for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback controllers for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback controllers for the
+trims he uses value iteration right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trims he uses value iteration right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trims he uses value iteration right so
+we're we're current and relevant see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're current and relevant see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're current and relevant see um
+so because he's got actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because he's got actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because he's got actually a
+relatively low dimensional Space by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low dimensional Space by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low dimensional Space by the
+time he exploits these feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he exploits these feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he exploits these feedback
+invariants and just worries about the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants and just worries about the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants and just worries about the um
+the coordinates that matter in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates that matter in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates that matter in these
+things he's actually able to tile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he's actually able to tile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he's actually able to tile the
+space and run value iteration right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and run value iteration right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and run value iteration right and
+the advantage of of that of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of of that of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of of that of getting
+these trims is that he not only gets um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trims is that he not only gets um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trims is that he not only gets um
+he not not only gets the the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he not not only gets the the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he not not only gets the the nominal
+controller but he gets the cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller but he gets the cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller but he gets the cost to go
+okay from value iteration for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from value iteration for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from value iteration for the
+Maneuvers he uses some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers he uses some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers he uses some sort of
+backstepping optimization and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backstepping optimization and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backstepping optimization and he
+feedback stabilizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback stabilizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback stabilizes
+um and he uses as a estimate of the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he uses as a estimate of the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he uses as a estimate of the cost
+to go on the Maneuvers just the duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on the Maneuvers just the duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on the Maneuvers just the duration
+of the time everything's a minimum time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time everything's a minimum time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time everything's a minimum time
+problem so us the the duration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so us the the duration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so us the the duration of the
+trajectory as the cost to go of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory as the cost to go of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory as the cost to go of these
+Maneuvers okay and now when you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers okay and now when you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers okay and now when you go back
+into the planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the planning
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the search goes like this I pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the search goes like this I pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the search goes like this I pick a
+random point I start now asking every of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point I start now asking every of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point I start now asking every of
+each of the existing points in My Graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the existing points in My Graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the existing points in My Graph
+let me give a give it an initial graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a give it an initial graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give a give it an initial graph
+here just to make it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just to make it a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just to make it a little bit more
+interesting you know I ask all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know I ask all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know I ask all the
+points on my graph not if they're close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on my graph not if they're close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on my graph not if they're close
+in the ukian sense but what's the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ukian sense but what's the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ukian sense but what's the cost
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+go right what's the value function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right what's the value function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right what's the value function of
+trying to go from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go from here to
+here each of them will vote on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here each of them will vote on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here each of them will vote on on the
+cost to go and he takes he starts he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go and he takes he starts he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go and he takes he starts he
+considers he tries to to go in order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considers he tries to to go in order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considers he tries to to go in order of
+the minimum cost to the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum cost to the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum cost to the maximum
+cost okay when he once he decides to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay when he once he decides to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost okay when he once he decides to try
+this one has the lowest cost to go he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has the lowest cost to go he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has the lowest cost to go he
+actually tries to expand that controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tries to expand that controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tries to expand that controller
+in the direction of here and checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of here and checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of here and checks
+whether it's actually feasible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's actually feasible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's actually feasible to
+running this Pi one and with this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this Pi one and with this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this Pi one and with this x
+desired whether it it can feasibly get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired whether it it can feasibly get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired whether it it can feasibly get
+here for instance without if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for instance without if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for instance without if there was
+an obstacle right here let's say then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obstacle right here let's say then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obstacle right here let's say then it
+might be that the the motion plan is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that the the motion plan is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that the the motion plan is not
+feasible to get from there to there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to get from there to there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to get from there to there okay
+so he throws it out and takes the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he throws it out and takes the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he throws it out and takes the next
+lowest cost and every time he expands a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest cost and every time he expands a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest cost and every time he expands a
+node he'll pick the next lowest he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node he'll pick the next lowest he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node he'll pick the next lowest he'll
+he'll he'll search in these try all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll he'll search in these try all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll he'll search in these try all the
+policies till he finds one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies till he finds one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies till he finds one that's
+feasible and then and tries to grow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and then and tries to grow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and then and tries to grow to
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay the result actually when he puts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the result actually when he puts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the result actually when he puts it
+all together and you should read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and you should read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and you should read the
+papers actually this is a it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers actually this is a it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers actually this is a it's hard to
+do justice in such a complicated piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do justice in such a complicated piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do justice in such a complicated piece
+of work um he's really thinks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work um he's really thinks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work um he's really thinks of
+everything it feels like in his thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it feels like in his thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it feels like in his thesis
+um the five-minute presentation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the five-minute presentation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the five-minute presentation here
+doesn't do it justice but he's got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it justice but he's got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it justice but he's got an
+algorithm that works fast enough um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that works fast enough um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that works fast enough um that
+it works in real time even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works in real time even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works in real time even if the
+obstacles are moving because he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles are moving because he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles are moving because he's he's
+computed the big idea there is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the big idea there is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the big idea there is that you
+used value iteration to compute the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used value iteration to compute the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used value iteration to compute the U
+cost to go for the the non obstacle case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go for the the non obstacle case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go for the the non obstacle case
+right you know how to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know how to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know how to control the
+helicopter when there's no obstacles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter when there's no obstacles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter when there's no obstacles and
+you use that as your fistic your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that as your fistic your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that as your fistic your
+distance metric for the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance metric for the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance metric for the case where
+you're planning with obstacles okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're planning with obstacles okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're planning with obstacles okay and
+it works fast enough that he can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works fast enough that he can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works fast enough that he can be
+flying helicopter around he's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying helicopter around he's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying helicopter around he's got
+simulations of like Windows closing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations of like Windows closing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations of like Windows closing and
+it goes a different way or you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes a different way or you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes a different way or you know or
+the windows open then he goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows open then he goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows open then he goes through
+this minimum time way and a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minimum time way and a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minimum time way and a lot of times
+they still accomplish finding a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still accomplish finding a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still accomplish finding a minimum
+time trajectory from start to the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trajectory from start to the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trajectory from start to the goal
+even with Dynamic obstacles it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with Dynamic obstacles it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with Dynamic obstacles it's pretty
+good pretty good stuff um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good pretty good stuff um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good pretty good stuff um
+yeah so when you decide to expand one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when you decide to expand one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when you decide to expand one up
+nose in the tree based on the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose in the tree based on the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose in the tree based on the value
+tration results and then you simulate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tration results and then you simulate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tration results and then you simulate it
+and see you're going to come across an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see you're going to come across an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see you're going to come across an
+obacle uh so the Valu is there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obacle uh so the Valu is there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obacle uh so the Valu is there is the
+actually the Q function or is the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Q function or is the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Q function or is the V
+function it's the it's the it's a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's the it's the it's a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's the it's the it's a value
+function V fun so J okay so if if um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function V fun so J okay so if if um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function V fun so J okay so if if um if
+that action actually happens to cross an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that action actually happens to cross an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that action actually happens to cross an
+obstacle there might be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle there might be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle there might be another
+action uh getting executed from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action uh getting executed from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action uh getting executed from that
+Spate and it would still have the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate and it would still have the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate and it would still have the lowest
+cost but because value just sa main then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but because value just sa main then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but because value just sa main then
+you would s to another state which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would s to another state which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would s to another state which has
+the lowest value it's true so so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest value it's true so so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest value it's true so so he's
+careful to say that um that when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful to say that um that when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful to say that um that when you go
+to this um this trims and maneuver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this um this trims and maneuver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this um this trims and maneuver
+whenever you're using feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're using feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're using feedback
+controllers in here one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers in here one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers in here one of the things
+you have to sacrifice actually not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sacrifice actually not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sacrifice actually not only
+optimality but completeness actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality but completeness actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality but completeness actually is
+you can only now be complete um if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only now be complete um if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only now be complete um if the
+the solution lies in this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution lies in this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution lies in this class of
+feedback policies right so you're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policies right so you're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policies right so you're sort
+of he calls it U you know Pi complete or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he calls it U you know Pi complete or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he calls it U you know Pi complete or
+something like this right um if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right um if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right um if there's
+a if there's a Sol a path from start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if there's a Sol a path from start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if there's a Sol a path from start to
+the goal that is executed by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal that is executed by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal that is executed by these
+predesigned feedback parameterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predesigned feedback parameterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predesigned feedback parameterized
+feedback policies then you'll find it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policies then you'll find it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policies then you'll find it um
+but you give up completeness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you give up completeness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you give up completeness and
+potentially give up optimality now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially give up optimality now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially give up optimality now I
+would guess that if it was um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would guess that if it was um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would guess that if it was um there are
+cases where he can just he can he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where he can just he can he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where he can just he can he can
+try multiple things and actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try multiple things and actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try multiple things and actually get
+around the immediate problem you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the immediate problem you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the immediate problem you said
+but I'm sure I would guess also there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm sure I would guess also there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm sure I would guess also there's
+cases where he does say I've just I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where he does say I've just I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where he does say I've just I've
+just missed that solution so I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just missed that solution so I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just missed that solution so I'm sure
+there's some things where you could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things where you could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things where you could try
+for instance maybe Pi 1 would have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance maybe Pi 1 would have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance maybe Pi 1 would have said
+it's feasible but it it's a there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's feasible but it it's a there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's feasible but it it's a there's an
+obstacle but then maybe if I ran Pi 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle but then maybe if I ran Pi 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle but then maybe if I ran Pi 10
+it would actually get me there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would actually get me there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would actually get me there
+okay um let me see what he gave me he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let me see what he gave me he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let me see what he gave me he
+gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave
+so this is um views from his small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+helicopter the state of space has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity um the state space absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity um the state space absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity um the state space absolutely
+has velocities it's very much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has velocities it's very much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has velocities it's very much about
+learning a dynamic controller some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a dynamic controller some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a dynamic controller some of
+these are invariant um the invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are invariant um the invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are invariant um the invariance
+are in um position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in um position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in um position and
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+um so the velocities maybe not are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the velocities maybe not are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the velocities maybe not are not
+one of the inv maybe they're explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the inv maybe they're explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the inv maybe they're explicitly
+reasoned about but um but yes it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoned about but um but yes it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoned about but um but yes it's very
+much a kinodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a kinodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a kinodynamic
+planner so here's the onboard this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner so here's the onboard this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner so here's the onboard this is
+the S success story he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S success story he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S success story he's
+a an Onboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an Onboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an Onboard
+video you'll see a few of the I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video you'll see a few of the I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video you'll see a few of the I think
+this is the longer version that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the longer version that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the longer version that we
+already had right because there you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had right because there you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had right because there you'll
+see some um some flips and stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some um some flips and stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some um some flips and stuff in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is I think the uh no it's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I think the uh no it's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I think the uh no it's he
+called it a hammerhead is that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it a hammerhead is that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it a hammerhead is that I don't
+know all my helicopter stunts this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all my helicopter stunts this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all my helicopter stunts this is
+the maneuver which changed directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maneuver which changed directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maneuver which changed directions
+pretty quickly going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around so they're doing pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so they're doing pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so they're doing pretty
+aggressive things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive things here
+with given the model very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with given the model very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with given the model very strong
+convergence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence uh
+guarantees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um so especially in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so especially in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so especially in these
+vehicles um they're doing it now on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles um they're doing it now on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles um they're doing it now on with
+the forklift to do inserting into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forklift to do inserting into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forklift to do inserting into a
+pallet and and lift up pallets and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet and and lift up pallets and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet and and lift up pallets and sort
+of moving around boxes and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving around boxes and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving around boxes and everything
+these realtime motion planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these realtime motion planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these realtime motion planning
+strategies based on Clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies based on Clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies based on Clever
+implementations of the RTS they're real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations of the RTS they're real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations of the RTS they're real
+they work yeah and valuation sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work yeah and valuation sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work yeah and valuation sort of
+real and it works I asked AIO what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and it works I asked AIO what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and it works I asked AIO what he
+thought about the fact that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the fact that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the fact that the that
+Valu duration doesn't solve the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valu duration doesn't solve the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valu duration doesn't solve the double
+integrator right right and so was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator right right and so was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator right right and so was
+actually very interested um but uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very interested um but uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very interested um but uh um
+it's sort of it's good enough you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of it's good enough you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of it's good enough you know
+for for the purposes of this it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the purposes of this it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the purposes of this it wasn't
+didn't need be a perfectly optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need be a perfectly optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need be a perfectly optimal
+controller you know just a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller you know just a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller you know just a course
+discretization solve it pretty fast that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization solve it pretty fast that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization solve it pretty fast that
+was good enough to give you give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good enough to give you give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good enough to give you give a
+working controller with some stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working controller with some stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working controller with some stability
+guarantees to use in the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees to use in the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees to use in the rest of the
+planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay respecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay respecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay respecting
+moving it's just it's just dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's just it's just dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's just it's just dynamically
+replanning all the time you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replanning all the time you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replanning all the time you have like
+all regarding the position of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all regarding the position of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all regarding the position of all
+obstacles so so I think that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles so so I think that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles so so I think that the the
+strongest results in the moving I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest results in the moving I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest results in the moving I think
+were in a simulation environment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a simulation environment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in a simulation environment where
+it was fully fully known um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fully fully known um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fully fully known um I don't know
+if I don't honestly know if they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't honestly know if they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't honestly know if they had
+moving obstacles in their physical demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving obstacles in their physical demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving obstacles in their physical demos
+that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+um okay good so evidence one that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay good so evidence one that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay good so evidence one that these
+things really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really work
+yeah um I can't sort of talk about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I can't sort of talk about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I can't sort of talk about I
+can't do a whole class talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do a whole class talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do a whole class talking about
+learning control without mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning control without mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning control without mentioning
+Chris and Stefan who were really um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris and Stefan who were really um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris and Stefan who were really um the
+guys that got a lot of people excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that got a lot of people excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that got a lot of people excited
+about these things um so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things um so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things um so let me show you
+some of their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work Chris apparently also had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Chris apparently also had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Chris apparently also had some
+helicopter stunts that he did while he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter stunts that he did while he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter stunts that he did while he
+was at MIT and I haven't seen those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at MIT and I haven't seen those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at MIT and I haven't seen those
+videos but I hear they were pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos but I hear they were pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos but I hear they were pretty good
+too so helicopters seem to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so helicopters seem to be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so helicopters seem to be a a
+popular thing um so this is a a case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular thing um so this is a a case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular thing um so this is a a case of
+learning sort of a sort of a cart pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning sort of a sort of a cart pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning sort of a sort of a cart pole
+problem right this is a a pole balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right this is a a pole balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right this is a a pole balancing
+task with a a big arm um a sarcos arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task with a a big arm um a sarcos arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task with a a big arm um a sarcos arm
+the arm has actually been sort of mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm has actually been sort of mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm has actually been sort of mapped
+out with inverse kinematics and inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with inverse kinematics and inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with inverse kinematics and inverse
+Dynamics control so really he's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics control so really he's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics control so really he's moving
+the the sled you could think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sled you could think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sled you could think of it
+almost equivalently as a a 2d cart and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost equivalently as a a 2d cart and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost equivalently as a a 2d cart and a
+pole that's not not attached it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole that's not not attached it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole that's not not attached it's not a
+pin joint um there's Vision coming off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin joint um there's Vision coming off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin joint um there's Vision coming off
+the side with that's why there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side with that's why there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side with that's why there's a
+excuse me a bright pink ball and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me a bright pink ball and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me a bright pink ball and a
+bright yellow ball um so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright yellow ball um so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright yellow ball um so there's a
+vision system watching getting doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision system watching getting doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision system watching getting doing the
+state estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state estimation
+and um they did a lot of work this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they did a lot of work this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they did a lot of work this was
+really some of the first um people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really some of the first um people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really some of the first um people that
+were making real robots use these tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making real robots use these tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making real robots use these tools
+they were using Q learning um value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using Q learning um value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using Q learning um value
+learning and they call it model-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and they call it model-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and they call it model-based
+reinforcement learning because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning because they were
+trying to distinguish between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to distinguish between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to distinguish between two
+versions of the algorithm one was do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the algorithm one was do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the algorithm one was do
+system identification on every trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system identification on every trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system identification on every trial
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+trials solve your offline on that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials solve your offline on that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials solve your offline on that model
+solve your reinforcement learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve your reinforcement learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve your reinforcement learning
+problem and then put the best controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then put the best controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then put the best controller
+back on the robot versus doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the robot versus doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the robot versus doing the
+trials exactly on the robot okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials exactly on the robot okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials exactly on the robot okay so this
+was their modelbased case and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was their modelbased case and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was their modelbased case and they
+argued heavily that in these in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued heavily that in these in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued heavily that in these in these
+robots it was it made a lot more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots it was it made a lot more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots it was it made a lot more sense
+to use a model because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a model because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a model because
+um even if the model was designed from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if the model was designed from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if the model was designed from a
+very few trajectories they could learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few trajectories they could learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few trajectories they could learn a
+good enough model of the robot that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough model of the robot that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough model of the robot that the
+task would be completed in just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trials okay so eight real trials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials okay so eight real trials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials okay so eight real trials and
+that's the only data they had from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only data they had from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only data they had from the
+real robot they had some initial guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real robot they had some initial guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real robot they had some initial guess
+of the parameters but then the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parameters but then the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parameters but then the system
+identification really happened each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification really happened each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification really happened each
+time we took the tennis ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off is the range of motion of the arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off is the range of motion of the arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off is the range of motion of the arm
+limited or is it just losing control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited or is it just losing control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited or is it just losing control
+when the pole Falls I think it's losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the pole Falls I think it's losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the pole Falls I think it's losing
+control they think they're trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control they think they're trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control they think they're trying to be
+safely in the M middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+workspace okay now the modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workspace okay now the modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workspace okay now the modeling the
+system identification was only on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system identification was only on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system identification was only on the
+pole right the the arm was welln well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole right the the arm was welln well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole right the the arm was welln well
+characterized um so they just learned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized um so they just learned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized um so they just learned a
+handful of parameters for the pole but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of parameters for the pole but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of parameters for the pole but
+they did it in a few trials and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it in a few trials and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it in a few trials and then
+they showed that the policy um could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that the policy um could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that the policy um could
+could adjust that quickly right and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could adjust that quickly right and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could adjust that quickly right and they
+became strong advocates for modelbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became strong advocates for modelbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became strong advocates for modelbased
+mean doing it offline now I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean doing it offline now I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean doing it offline now I would say
+that in some of the problems we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some of the problems we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some of the problems we've
+talked about in class for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in class for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in class for instance the
+fluid stuff that John told you about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid stuff that John told you about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid stuff that John told you about you
+know that's a clear case well I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a clear case well I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's a clear case well I think we
+think that um learning the model is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um learning the model is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um learning the model is not
+the shortest path to getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path to getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path to getting
+success but on a robot arm maybe it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success but on a robot arm maybe it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success but on a robot arm maybe it is
+okay um they did in a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um they did in a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um they did in a lot of different
+cool tasks so um they did for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool tasks so um they did for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool tasks so um they did for instance
+uh devil sticking had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh devil sticking had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh devil sticking had a bunch of
+different tasks that work with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using
+Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision
+um the other ones were I would guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other ones were I would guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other ones were I would guess
+since there's no bright orange balls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's no bright orange balls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's no bright orange balls and
+there is a stick that there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a stick that there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a stick that there's probably
+some some sensor on the other side but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some sensor on the other side but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some sensor on the other side but I
+don't I don't remember actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Str yeah I don't know how they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str yeah I don't know how they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Str yeah I don't know how they're doing
+that s was just to keep it from wiping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s was just to keep it from wiping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s was just to keep it from wiping
+out yeah from hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experimenter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter okay
+so this was really a cool time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was really a cool time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was really a cool time in
+robotics right so people they're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics right so people they're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics right so people they're coming
+in and they're doing all making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they're doing all making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they're doing all making these
+robots do things they hadn't done right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots do things they hadn't done right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots do things they hadn't done right
+I'm sure cracking a whip or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure cracking a whip or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure cracking a whip or something
+was on the in the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the in the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the in the near
+Horizon but interestingly so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon but interestingly so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon but interestingly so I have to
+tell you that that um after a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that that um after a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that that um after a bunch of
+experiments here and pushing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments here and pushing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments here and pushing it and
+pushing it I think it's fair to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing it I think it's fair to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing it I think it's fair to say that
+Chris and Stefan um decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris and Stefan um decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris and Stefan um decided that
+reinforcement learning by itself was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning by itself was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement learning by itself was not
+the route to Super Advanced robots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route to Super Advanced robots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route to Super Advanced robots and
+they switched to um working more heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they switched to um working more heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they switched to um working more heavily
+on imitation learning which was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on imitation learning which was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on imitation learning which was still
+done sort of in a reinforcement learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done sort of in a reinforcement learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done sort of in a reinforcement learning
+context but they tried to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but they tried to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but they tried to speed up
+learning by um getting trials from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning by um getting trials from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning by um getting trials from um
+from humans okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there's a couple ways they did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a couple ways they did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a couple ways they did that
+um first of all they try to learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all they try to learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all they try to learn the
+reward function from the human sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward function from the human sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward function from the human sometimes
+they choose try to learn the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose try to learn the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose try to learn the dynamic
+model from the human sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from the human sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from the human sometimes they
+would try to prime a value function from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to prime a value function from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to prime a value function from
+a human from from trials from a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human from from trials from a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human from from trials from a human
+they play all these sort of any place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play all these sort of any place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play all these sort of any place in
+the reinforcement learning framework you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reinforcement learning framework you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reinforcement learning framework you
+could expect to try to use information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could expect to try to use information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could expect to try to use information
+from humans the these are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from humans the these are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from humans the these are the kind of
+games that people were playing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that people were playing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that people were playing and
+continue to play the uh the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to play the uh the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to play the uh the new
+helicopter results by Peter a and Andrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter results by Peter a and Andrew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter results by Peter a and Andrew
+ining are really a success story for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ining are really a success story for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ining are really a success story for
+imitation learning um because they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation learning um because they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation learning um because they used
+human Pilots to to drive those initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectories so this is uh the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories so this is uh the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories so this is uh the pole
+balancing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense they're just watching the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they're just watching the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they're just watching the Dynamics
+of the poll but with a controller that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the poll but with a controller that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the poll but with a controller that
+works and they can use that to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and they can use that to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and they can use that to sort of
+for instance you could just find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance you could just find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance you could just find the
+policy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is Al uh who was working with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Al uh who was working with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Al uh who was working with uh
+Stefan they were having DB uh play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stefan they were having DB uh play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stefan they were having DB uh play
+tennis and do drums all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this particular example the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this particular example the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this particular example the other
+one obviously was not but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one obviously was not but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one obviously was not but this
+particular example was more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example was more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example was more about
+trajectory learning and they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory learning and they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory learning and they could
+execute the trajectory on a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the trajectory on a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the trajectory on a fully
+actuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robot but these are definitely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot but these are definitely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot but these are definitely the
+success stories in in imitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+Terminator oh you should see the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminator oh you should see the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminator oh you should see the new
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+yeah it doesn't have teeth but it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't have teeth but it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't have teeth but it's um
+it could crush through walls you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could crush through walls you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could crush through walls you know
+it's a huge hydraulic you you've seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge hydraulic you you've seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge hydraulic you you've seen it
+rick uh it's scary looking right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rick uh it's scary looking right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rick uh it's scary looking right and
+then the videos they have are like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know so that's the one you got to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's the one you got to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's the one you got to watch
+out for they made by Saros so these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for they made by Saros so these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for they made by Saros so these all
+these big hydraulic I mean they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big hydraulic I mean they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big hydraulic I mean they're
+powerful tethered uh you know serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tethered uh you know serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tethered uh you know serious
+power output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power output
+robots um yeah so the uh the same back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots um yeah so the uh the same back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots um yeah so the uh the same back
+to the non-imitation but the learning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the non-imitation but the learning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the non-imitation but the learning um
+June moroto working with Kenji Kenji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June moroto working with Kenji Kenji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June moroto working with Kenji Kenji
+doya and with Chris aers did things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doya and with Chris aers did things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doya and with Chris aers did things like
+uh you know reinforcement learning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know reinforcement learning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know reinforcement learning to
+make this little robot stand up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this little robot stand up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this little robot stand up it's
+kind of cute have to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and then after a few trials it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then after a few trials it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then after a few trials it would
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+successfully stand up right and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully stand up right and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully stand up right and these
+are really these are the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really these are the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really these are the sort of the
+q-learning kind of um algorithms I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q-learning kind of um algorithms I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q-learning kind of um algorithms I told
+you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about
+okay so there's a lot of good a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a lot of good a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a lot of good a lot of
+good work out there um in that line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good work out there um in that line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good work out there um in that line of
+thinking interestingly I wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking interestingly I wanted to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking interestingly I wanted to show
+that to find the videos I couldn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to find the videos I couldn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to find the videos I couldn't find
+Yan's videos but um I I told you Stefan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yan's videos but um I I told you Stefan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yan's videos but um I I told you Stefan
+and Chris have sort of had started going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chris have sort of had started going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chris have sort of had started going
+towards imitation learning and away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards imitation learning and away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards imitation learning and away from
+Pure RL in some ways but Stefan I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure RL in some ways but Stefan I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pure RL in some ways but Stefan I think
+is back I don't know about Chris is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back I don't know about Chris is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back I don't know about Chris is
+still on the fence maybe but uh Stefan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on the fence maybe but uh Stefan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on the fence maybe but uh Stefan
+and Yan Peters are the ones that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Yan Peters are the ones that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Yan Peters are the ones that did
+this natural actor critic algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this natural actor critic algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this natural actor critic algorithm
+which I just wrote the reference on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I just wrote the reference on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I just wrote the reference on the
+board on Tuesday and they now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board on Tuesday and they now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board on Tuesday and they now there's a
+new wave of videos of it of a batting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new wave of videos of it of a batting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new wave of videos of it of a batting
+from from a few years ago you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a few years ago you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a few years ago you know it's
+like playing a t-ball or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing a t-ball or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing a t-ball or something like
+it's like hitting a bat to try to hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like hitting a bat to try to hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like hitting a bat to try to hit a
+ball off and they've got a Yan's got a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball off and they've got a Yan's got a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball off and they've got a Yan's got a a
+Wham arm doing a a ball and cup task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wham arm doing a a ball and cup task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wham arm doing a a ball and cup task
+kind of like this and maybe paddle ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like this and maybe paddle ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like this and maybe paddle ball
+or something you know these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you know these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you know these kind of
+tasks and it's it's the next generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and it's it's the next generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and it's it's the next generation
+of these but it's without the imitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but it's without the imitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these but it's without the imitation
+learning it's the natural actor critic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's the natural actor critic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's the natural actor critic
+and they believe that that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they believe that that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they believe that that these
+algorithms have gotten better enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms have gotten better enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms have gotten better enough
+that it's interesting again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay um so that I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um so that I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um so that I mean that's
+actually um I told you there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um I told you there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um I told you there's there's
+there's eye bows that run back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eye bows that run back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eye bows that run back and forth
+um uh between pegs to optimize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh between pegs to optimize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh between pegs to optimize their
+their Gates there's there's a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Gates there's there's a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Gates there's there's a handful of
+stories from robotics of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories from robotics of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories from robotics of these um
+learning algorithms working well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms working well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms working well there's
+a lot of success stories of the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of success stories of the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of success stories of the motion
+planning algorithms working well um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning algorithms working well um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning algorithms working well um but
+there's still not a sort of still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still not a sort of still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still not a sort of still not
+quite mainstream robotics I'd say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite mainstream robotics I'd say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite mainstream robotics I'd say the
+learning stuff right if you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning stuff right if you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning stuff right if you really want
+to design a controller it's still um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design a controller it's still um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design a controller it's still um
+there's a handful of people out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a handful of people out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a handful of people out there
+that are still working on it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are still working on it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are still working on it but I
+obviously believe that that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously believe that that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously believe that that's one of the
+key ingredients going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ingredients going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ingredients going
+forward so let me take a minute and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so let me take a minute and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so let me take a minute and show
+you um some of the stuff that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um some of the stuff that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um some of the stuff that we've been
+doing in a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in a little bit more
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you guys saw yesterday still has my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you guys saw yesterday still has my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you guys saw yesterday still has my
+yesterday data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so um you know in our lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so um you know in our lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so um you know in our lab
+we're tell I told you in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're tell I told you in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're tell I told you in this in
+Snippets throughout but but just to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snippets throughout but but just to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snippets throughout but but just to um
+show you really how we're we're going at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you really how we're we're going at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you really how we're we're going at
+this today in in the research um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today in in the research um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today in in the research um I
+really believe that fluid dynamics is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that fluid dynamics is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that fluid dynamics is a
+great domain where there's tons of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great domain where there's tons of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great domain where there's tons of good
+control problems to be solved um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control problems to be solved um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control problems to be solved um and
+most of the problems that are unsolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the problems that are unsolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the problems that are unsolved
+are unsolved because we don't have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unsolved because we don't have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unsolved because we don't have good
+models that are useful for Designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that are useful for Designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that are useful for Designing
+controllers okay um so this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers okay um so this is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers okay um so this is I think
+where a particular domain where I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a particular domain where I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a particular domain where I think
+the machine learning algorithms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine learning algorithms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine learning algorithms and the
+model free section of the course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model free section of the course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model free section of the course is
+really going to help out you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to help out you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to help out you can do
+system identification but but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system identification but but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system identification but but you can
+also do reinforcement learning to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do reinforcement learning to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do reinforcement learning to take
+your best modelbased controller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best modelbased controller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best modelbased controller and
+improve it um in a in a fluid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it um in a in a fluid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it um in a in a fluid for
+instance setting where uh uh with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance setting where uh uh with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance setting where uh uh with just
+approximate models and model free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate models and model free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate models and model free
+control synthesis okay there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control synthesis okay there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control synthesis okay there's actually
+other places so um Elena in our group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places so um Elena in our group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other places so um Elena in our group is
+now she says she wants to do plasmas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she says she wants to do plasmas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she says she wants to do plasmas or
+something right so you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right so you know there are
+plenty of other sort of domains where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of other sort of domains where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of other sort of domains where
+the Dynamics are still just ridiculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics are still just ridiculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics are still just ridiculously
+poorly understood and you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly understood and you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly understood and you could imagine
+if you wanted to do control of some high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to do control of some high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to do control of some high
+energy something or you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy something or you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy something or you know um
+something where the models aren't good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where the models aren't good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where the models aren't good
+there's really not a good a lot of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really not a good a lot of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really not a good a lot of good
+control work in those domains and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control work in those domains and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control work in those domains and you
+could do some of the first stuff so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do some of the first stuff so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do some of the first stuff so um
+we got two major fluid projects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two major fluid projects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two major fluid projects in the
+lab right now one is the perching I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab right now one is the perching I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab right now one is the perching I
+showed you the video before I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the video before I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the video before I'll tell
+you the story now and I'll tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the story now and I'll tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the story now and I'll tell you a
+little bit more about our robotic Birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about our robotic Birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about our robotic Birds
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um perching is a hard fluids problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um perching is a hard fluids problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um perching is a hard fluids problem
+because if you go to a high angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go to a high angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go to a high angle of
+attack with your air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack with your air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack with your air
+foil then the flow becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil then the flow becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil then the flow becomes very
+complicated becomes nonlinear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated becomes nonlinear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated becomes nonlinear and
+unsteady and um linear control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsteady and um linear control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsteady and um linear control and
+classical control works well in in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical control works well in in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical control works well in in these
+sort of low angle of attack regimes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of low angle of attack regimes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of low angle of attack regimes on
+the left and that's what fighter jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and that's what fighter jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and that's what fighter jets
+use today and when you go to the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use today and when you go to the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use today and when you go to the high
+angle of attack the fighter jets aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of attack the fighter jets aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of attack the fighter jets aren't
+doing that we actually you know Rick was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that we actually you know Rick was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that we actually you know Rick was
+just showing me today he found the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing me today he found the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing me today he found the the
+instruction man manual for doing a pev's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction man manual for doing a pev's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction man manual for doing a pev's
+cobra which is this you know ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobra which is this you know ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobra which is this you know ridiculous
+task they do in air shows and step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task they do in air shows and step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task they do in air shows and step one
+is like turn off your flight control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like turn off your flight control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like turn off your flight control
+systems you know turn off all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you know turn off all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you know turn off all the
+warnings or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warnings or something like that
+right it's like wow okay yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like wow okay yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like wow okay yeah and then
+but then it's just a pretty rot maneuver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's just a pretty rot maneuver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's just a pretty rot maneuver
+it's that you go through a handful of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that you go through a handful of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that you go through a handful of of
+trajectory of controls and it it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of controls and it it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of controls and it it does
+this sort of nose up nose back down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of nose up nose back down um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of nose up nose back down um
+so it's hard to say that it's a a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to say that it's a a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to say that it's a a high
+performance control system just yet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance control system just yet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance control system just yet it's
+just a sort of an open loop thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sort of an open loop thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sort of an open loop thing that
+Pilots do in air shows um you know birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilots do in air shows um you know birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pilots do in air shows um you know birds
+all the time are doing beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time are doing beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time are doing beautifully
+complex Dynamic maneuvers uh my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Dynamic maneuvers uh my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Dynamic maneuvers uh my favorite
+now is when they land on a perch because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is when they land on a perch because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is when they land on a perch because
+they go up to an incredibly angle high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go up to an incredibly angle high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go up to an incredibly angle high
+angle of attack always um in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of attack always um in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of attack always um in order to
+actually generate that complicated flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate that complicated flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate that complicated flow
+behind the wing to generate more drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the wing to generate more drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the wing to generate more drag
+right so when they get a when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when they get a when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when they get a when you get
+separation on the back of your wing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation on the back of your wing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation on the back of your wing you
+get a pocket of low pressure and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pocket of low pressure and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pocket of low pressure and you get
+uh a pressure drag they sort of go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pressure drag they sort of go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pressure drag they sort of go up
+hit their wings out like this it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit their wings out like this it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit their wings out like this it's like
+hitting the air brakes and they stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the air brakes and they stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the air brakes and they stop
+dramatically faster so uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically faster so uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically faster so uh there's a
+handful of of sort of uh projects out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of of sort of uh projects out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of of sort of uh projects out
+there doing this um this is the Cornell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there doing this um this is the Cornell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there doing this um this is the Cornell
+morphing plane project it's uh the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphing plane project it's uh the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphing plane project it's uh the idea
+in there is that you actually morph your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there is that you actually morph your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there is that you actually morph your
+body up to try to get a lot of drag but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body up to try to get a lot of drag but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body up to try to get a lot of drag but
+you keep your wings morphed back down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep your wings morphed back down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep your wings morphed back down so
+that they have attached flow and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have attached flow and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have attached flow and you can
+do your linear control on that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your linear control on that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your linear control on that and then
+they move the tail out of the way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move the tail out of the way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they move the tail out of the way so
+that the the air flow on the tail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the air flow on the tail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the air flow on the tail is
+again attached and they can do standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again attached and they can do standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again attached and they can do standard
+linear control and John how does these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear control and John how does these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear control and John how does these
+prop hang um perching trajectories where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop hang um perching trajectories where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop hang um perching trajectories where
+he uses a a lot thrust to stabilize his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses a a lot thrust to stabilize his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses a a lot thrust to stabilize his
+plane um to go over and sort of do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um to go over and sort of do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane um to go over and sort of do a
+helicopter kind of landing on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter kind of landing on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter kind of landing on the on the
+perch but you know these are these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch but you know these are these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch but you know these are these are
+sort of not the approaches that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not the approaches that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not the approaches that we would
+advocate in the class this is my take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate in the class this is my take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate in the class this is my take on
+that is that that a lot of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that that a lot of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that that a lot of people are
+trying to perch by making planes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to perch by making planes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to perch by making planes that
+work with old school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with old school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with old school
+control and I'd like to Advocate using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and I'd like to Advocate using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and I'd like to Advocate using
+our newer tools to do nonlinear control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our newer tools to do nonlinear control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our newer tools to do nonlinear control
+on on more exciting Vehicles let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on more exciting Vehicles let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on more exciting Vehicles let's say
+there's a couple military that do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple military that do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple military that do these
+kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things
+too so um Woody has has been and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so um Woody has has been and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so um Woody has has been and and the
+group have been thinking about um how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group have been thinking about um how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group have been thinking about um how to
+make a fair comparison between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a fair comparison between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a fair comparison between the
+performance of a bird and a and a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a bird and a and a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of a bird and a and a plane
+and they point out that the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they point out that the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they point out that the important
+important variables here are the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important variables here are the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important variables here are the mass
+the wing area the the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing area the the density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing area the the density of the
+fluid if you're willing to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid if you're willing to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid if you're willing to sort of
+characterize all these um these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize all these um these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize all these um these terms
+then you can come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can come up with a
+dimensionless quantity which scores how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless quantity which scores how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless quantity which scores how
+effectively um a plane would land on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively um a plane would land on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively um a plane would land on a
+how quickly a plane for instance would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly a plane for instance would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly a plane for instance would
+decelerate or a bird would decelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate or a bird would decelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate or a bird would decelerate
+relative to what to what you'd expect if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what to what you'd expect if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what to what you'd expect if
+you were a flat plate and Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a flat plate and Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a flat plate and Peak
+drag okay that's a fair way to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag okay that's a fair way to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag okay that's a fair way to sort of
+back out the the stopping abilities of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out the the stopping abilities of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out the the stopping abilities of a
+small bird versus a big plane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bird versus a big plane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bird versus a big plane or
+something like this it gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this it gives you a
+dimensionless number um Woody's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless number um Woody's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless number um Woody's not
+quite happy with us calling it The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite happy with us calling it The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite happy with us calling it The
+perching number but I still call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching number but I still call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching number but I still call it the
+perching number it means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching number it means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching number it means you're
+impressive if you're if you stop well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive if you're if you stop well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive if you're if you stop well
+it's impressive to be heavy operate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impressive to be heavy operate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impressive to be heavy operate in a
+low density fluid have a small wing area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density fluid have a small wing area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density fluid have a small wing area
+or stop in a short distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stop in a short distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stop in a short distance
+and now these numbers you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now these numbers you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now these numbers you have to take
+with a grain of salt because it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grain of salt because it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grain of salt because it's hard
+to get these numbers out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get these numbers out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get these numbers out of the
+literature but our first crack at trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature but our first crack at trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature but our first crack at trying
+to take um these numbers from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take um these numbers from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take um these numbers from from
+papers and things like that boing 747
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and things like that boing 747
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and things like that boing 747
+not trying to stop quickly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to stop quickly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to stop quickly this is
+trying to get you safely you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you safely you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you safely you know to
+your destination is if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your destination is if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your destination is if you look at the
+start as it's decelerating just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start as it's decelerating just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start as it's decelerating just before
+it touches down it gets a perching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it touches down it gets a perching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it touches down it gets a perching
+number of of .08 so it's roughly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of .08 so it's roughly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of of .08 so it's roughly using
+it's a very small fraction of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very small fraction of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very small fraction of its
+available drag because it's taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available drag because it's taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available drag because it's taking a
+conservative approach okay now the X31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative approach okay now the X31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative approach okay now the X31
+was trying to stop fast it's getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to stop fast it's getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to stop fast it's getting a
+perching number again very roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching number again very roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching number again very roughly
+estimated of about 0.15 with a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated of about 0.15 with a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated of about 0.15 with a sort of a
+24 degree angle of attack Landing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 degree angle of attack Landing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 degree angle of attack Landing the
+Cornell perching planes somewhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell perching planes somewhere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell perching planes somewhere around
+0.125 that number we sort of um believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.125 that number we sort of um believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.125 that number we sort of um believe
+is accurate because we we know the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accurate because we we know the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accurate because we we know the guys
+but they pointed out that they they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they pointed out that they they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they pointed out that they they were
+more worried about in their perching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more worried about in their perching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more worried about in their perching
+trajectory not hitting the ground on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory not hitting the ground on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory not hitting the ground on the
+way to the building right so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the building right so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the building right so they they
+optimized for something other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized for something other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized for something other than
+perching number of course too um biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching number of course too um biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perching number of course too um biology
+what's that good so the birds are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that good so the birds are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that good so the birds are more
+like this yeah now that's using a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this yeah now that's using a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this yeah now that's using a lot of
+thrust which we can penalize if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust which we can penalize if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust which we can penalize if we know
+how to use metabolic measure their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use metabolic measure their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use metabolic measure their
+metabolic cost but and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic cost but and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic cost but and we're trying to
+get numbers of it without thrust it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get numbers of it without thrust it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get numbers of it without thrust it's
+actually hard to get a bird to to land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hard to get a bird to to land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hard to get a bird to to land
+without flapping its wings right um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without flapping its wings right um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without flapping its wings right um but
+we we're actually working with biologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're actually working with biologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're actually working with biologist
+at the fleet Field Station hopefully to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the fleet Field Station hopefully to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the fleet Field Station hopefully to
+to get some real numbers like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some real numbers like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some real numbers like that so
+what we'd love to have is a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd love to have is a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd love to have is a sort of a
+plot of sort of of of length scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of sort of of of length scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of sort of of of length scale or
+something over perching number and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over perching number and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over perching number and show
+that it's invariant you know the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's invariant you know the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's invariant you know the small
+small things that are fly like PL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things that are fly like PL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small things that are fly like PL
+get a bad perching number and big things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bad perching number and big things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bad perching number and big things
+that fly like birds get a a small or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fly like birds get a a small or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fly like birds get a a small or a
+high perching number and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high perching number and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high perching number and things like
+that and we're working on that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're working on that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we're working on that that
+naturally land without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally land without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally land without
+flapping are there any birds there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping are there any birds there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping are there any birds there's so
+the the case I think when they land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the case I think when they land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the case I think when they land
+without flapping is when they wind hover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without flapping is when they wind hover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without flapping is when they wind hover
+so it's not about so much about the bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not about so much about the bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not about so much about the bird
+as about if there's if there's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as about if there's if there's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as about if there's if there's enough
+wind over the perch then they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind over the perch then they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind over the perch then they'll
+sometimes hover and then we could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes hover and then we could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes hover and then we could try to
+find that kind of data and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that kind of data and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that kind of data and there are
+people that do you know so Rick had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that do you know so Rick had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that do you know so Rick had a
+picture of a parrot with a parakeet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a parrot with a parakeet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a parrot with a parakeet with
+a oxygen Mass on you know trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a oxygen Mass on you know trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a oxygen Mass on you know trying to do
+energy metabolics on a bird and um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy metabolics on a bird and um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy metabolics on a bird and um you
+know everything's possible but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything's possible but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything's possible but uh
+um there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s that basically means like that bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that basically means like that bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that basically means like that bigger
+plane is than the number would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is than the number would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is than the number would
+be yes so so it's it's impressive if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes so so it's it's impressive if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes so so it's it's impressive if you
+stop quickly with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wing right but there is v0 and bf as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing right but there is v0 and bf as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing right but there is v0 and bf as
+well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so
+it's all factored out in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all factored out in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all factored out in order to be
+sort of so so the initial case actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of so so the initial case actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of so so the initial case actually
+was actually M over row SX but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually M over row SX but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually M over row SX but that
+doesn't handle the case where your not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't handle the case where your not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't handle the case where your not
+stop go to zero speed so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop go to zero speed so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop go to zero speed so you actually
+need this extra factor which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this extra factor which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this extra factor which is also
+dimensionless in itself to handle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless in itself to handle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless in itself to handle the
+case where you you go between some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you you go between some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you you go between some
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+speeds I think it's yeah um this seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds I think it's yeah um this seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds I think it's yeah um this seems
+to be bit like usually think that D are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bit like usually think that D are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bit like usually think that D are
+really bigger than Birds it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bigger than Birds it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bigger than Birds it's basically
+that's why we need to have a plot and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we need to have a plot and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we need to have a plot and we
+found that we have a in our in our very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that we have a in our in our very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that we have a in our in our very
+sparse um data collection we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse um data collection we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse um data collection we have some
+inclination that that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclination that that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclination that that there are some
+small planes that have a worst birching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small planes that have a worst birching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small planes that have a worst birching
+number that some big birds and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that some big birds and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that some big birds and that that
+is actually we have successfully taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually we have successfully taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually we have successfully taken
+out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+dimensionality but this is work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality but this is work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality but this is work that
+we're still trying to finish so um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still trying to finish so um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still trying to finish so um but
+just for fun if you wanted your Boeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun if you wanted your Boeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun if you wanted your Boeing
+747 to get a perching number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+747 to get a perching number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+747 to get a perching number of
+11.7 it means you'd have to go from 450
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.7 it means you'd have to go from 450
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.7 it means you'd have to go from 450
+mph Cruise speed to zero in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mph Cruise speed to zero in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mph Cruise speed to zero in 20
+M right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M right
+so right so that's that's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so that's that's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so that's that's pretty good
+right right okay so um so why is it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right okay so um so why is it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right okay so um so why is it uh
+uh why is it a good control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is it a good control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is it a good control problem
+right so this is all the reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is all the reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is all the reasons that
+we've used in class um but in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used in class um but in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used in class um but in these
+domains the the fluid dynamics I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains the the fluid dynamics I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains the the fluid dynamics I think
+are just prohibitively complicated they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just prohibitively complicated they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just prohibitively complicated they
+time varying nonlinear cfd simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying nonlinear cfd simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying nonlinear cfd simulations
+are often very slow we're in a very U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often very slow we're in a very U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often very slow we're in a very U
+we're around 10 five Reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're around 10 five Reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're around 10 five Reynolds number
+where cfd craps out um and there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where cfd craps out um and there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where cfd craps out um and there's just
+not a lot of good design assessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of good design assessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of good design assessible
+models design assessible mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models design assessible mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models design assessible mean something
+I could run any of my control synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could run any of my control synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could run any of my control synthesis
+tools on can the wings of most planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools on can the wings of most planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools on can the wings of most planes
+handle the kind of drag that would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the kind of drag that would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the kind of drag that would be in
+so so uavs I think can but I think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uavs I think can but I think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uavs I think can but I think yeah
+I mean no no question that if if we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean no no question that if if we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean no no question that if if we took
+a even a fighter jet probably would rip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a even a fighter jet probably would rip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a even a fighter jet probably would rip
+its wings off but if a 747 could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its wings off but if a 747 could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its wings off but if a 747 could not
+physically stop in the 20 MERS without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically stop in the 20 MERS without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically stop in the 20 MERS without
+ripping it ripping its wings off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping it ripping its wings off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping it ripping its wings off
+right so yeah I'm not advocating that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah I'm not advocating that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yeah I'm not advocating that we
+ride in planes with purching numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride in planes with purching numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride in planes with purching numbers of
+this um but uavs I think could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um but uavs I think could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um but uavs I think could do this
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+uavs um okay so even if we did have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uavs um okay so even if we did have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uavs um okay so even if we did have a
+perfect model um it's still a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect model um it's still a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect model um it's still a hard
+problem for all the reasons we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for all the reasons we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for all the reasons we've talked
+about in class we have limited Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class we have limited Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class we have limited Control
+Authority we have partial observability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority we have partial observability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority we have partial observability
+we didn't spend a long time on that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't spend a long time on that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't spend a long time on that but
+if the Dynamics of the are partly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Dynamics of the are partly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Dynamics of the are partly the
+state space the state of the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space the state of the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space the state of the fluid
+matters when the things are unsteady and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters when the things are unsteady and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters when the things are unsteady and
+nonlinear and we don't have sensors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear and we don't have sensors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear and we don't have sensors for
+that uh the control surf forces take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the control surf forces take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the control surf forces take
+time to develop so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to develop so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to develop so it's it's
+underactuated in that sense there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated in that sense there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated in that sense there's
+intermittent Control Authority um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittent Control Authority um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermittent Control Authority um from
+from uh the stalling on the wings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the stalling on the wings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the stalling on the wings the
+control surfaces saturate there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control surfaces saturate there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control surfaces saturate there's a lot
+of good reasons why it's still a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good reasons why it's still a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good reasons why it's still a hard
+control problem you have to use the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control problem you have to use the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control problem you have to use the kind
+of tools we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools we work
+with so we did this um first by by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so we did this um first by by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so we did this um first by by doing
+all these modelbased approaches we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these modelbased approaches we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these modelbased approaches we I
+actually when we started the project I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when we started the project I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when we started the project I
+didn't expect to have a good model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect to have a good model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect to have a good model of
+the glider we thought this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glider we thought this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glider we thought this was
+immediately a case where model 3 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately a case where model 3 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately a case where model 3 was
+going to be the the solution but Rick's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the the solution but Rick's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the the solution but Rick's
+initial um data collection started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial um data collection started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial um data collection started
+coming out with beautifully clean data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out with beautifully clean data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out with beautifully clean data
+and we learned try to learn an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we learned try to learn an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we learned try to learn an
+aerodynamic model and start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamic model and start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamic model and start doing
+model-based control so in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model-based control so in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model-based control so in this case it's
+actually what maybe what you what Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what maybe what you what Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what maybe what you what Chris
+and Stefan would have called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Stefan would have called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Stefan would have called this
+modelbased reinforcement learning where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelbased reinforcement learning where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelbased reinforcement learning where
+you learn a model and then run the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a model and then run the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a model and then run the best
+policy okay um it's in a motion capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay um it's in a motion capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay um it's in a motion capture
+environment these planes we um Rick's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment these planes we um Rick's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment these planes we um Rick's
+built a lot of foam planes what he now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a lot of foam planes what he now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a lot of foam planes what he now
+has two um so so we've got a a a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two um so so we've got a a a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two um so so we've got a a a small
+foam plane it's got markers on here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam plane it's got markers on here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam plane it's got markers on here um
+so that the cameras offboard can sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the cameras offboard can sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the cameras offboard can sense
+the position orientation of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position orientation of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position orientation of the plane
+relative to the perch um at about 119
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the perch um at about 119
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the perch um at about 119
+Herz the only thing on board is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz the only thing on board is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz the only thing on board is that
+Servo motor you can just barely see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Servo motor you can just barely see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Servo motor you can just barely see in
+the middle which is actuating the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle which is actuating the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle which is actuating the the
+elevator and the tail and a battery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator and the tail and a battery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator and the tail and a battery and
+a receiver and that's it everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a receiver and that's it everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a receiver and that's it everything else
+is control is offboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is control is offboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is control is offboard
+control um you see that the wings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um you see that the wings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um you see that the wings are
+are bent up with some dihedral that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bent up with some dihedral that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bent up with some dihedral that
+gives it passive roll stability just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it passive roll stability just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it passive roll stability just the
+center pressure is above the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center pressure is above the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center pressure is above the center of
+mass and it's got a big tail so it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and it's got a big tail so it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and it's got a big tail so it's got
+sort of yast ability it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of yast ability it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of yast ability it's basically a
+dart it would never do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dart it would never do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dart it would never do anything
+interesting out of the plane which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting out of the plane which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting out of the plane which is
+the way they designed it um uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they designed it um uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they designed it um uh but it's
+got perfectly interesting and Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got perfectly interesting and Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got perfectly interesting and Rich
+longitudinal Dynamics okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal Dynamics okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal Dynamics okay and that
+allows us to simplify the the model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to simplify the the model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to simplify the the model to
+be sort of a a planer model um uh rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of a a planer model um uh rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of a a planer model um uh rigid
+body model like we've been using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body model like we've been using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body model like we've been using in
+class in fact um in my notes when I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in fact um in my notes when I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in fact um in my notes when I I
+when I get back to posting the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get back to posting the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I get back to posting the most
+recent chapters you'll see our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent chapters you'll see our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent chapters you'll see our our
+simple rigid body model of the plane um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple rigid body model of the plane um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple rigid body model of the plane um
+so Rick shot the plane like 240 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Rick shot the plane like 240 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Rick shot the plane like 240 times
+uh into the motion capture environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the motion capture environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the motion capture environment
+with the uh it basically flew into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh it basically flew into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh it basically flew into the
+middle of the room then kicked its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the room then kicked its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the room then kicked its
+elevator up and then fell down or kicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator up and then fell down or kicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator up and then fell down or kicked
+its elevator to a random Place fell down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its elevator to a random Place fell down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its elevator to a random Place fell down
+and collected a lot of data um built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collected a lot of data um built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collected a lot of data um built a
+careful um rigid body vehicle Model A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful um rigid body vehicle Model A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful um rigid body vehicle Model A
+careful model the actuator we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful model the actuator we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful model the actuator we're making
+them better and better Wood's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them better and better Wood's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them better and better Wood's got the
+next wave of system identification um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next wave of system identification um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next wave of system identification um
+now and you plot that data over the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you plot that data over the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you plot that data over the over
+angle of attack the lift and drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of attack the lift and drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of attack the lift and drag
+coefficients which are the standard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are the standard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are the standard uh
+ways to to do the system identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to to do the system identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to to do the system identification
+in aircraft and the first thing you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aircraft and the first thing you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aircraft and the first thing you'll
+notice here is that uh this it's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that uh this it's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that uh this it's data
+over a very large range of angles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a very large range of angles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a very large range of angles of
+attack which is kind of cool because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack which is kind of cool because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack which is kind of cool because um
+you don't get that in real flight data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get that in real flight data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get that in real flight data
+from real planes Pilots don't do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real planes Pilots don't do that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real planes Pilots don't do that um
+it's the luxury of working with foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the luxury of working with foam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the luxury of working with foam
+planes and and uh motion capture okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and and uh motion capture okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and and uh motion capture okay um
+and the other cool thing is at least on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other cool thing is at least on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other cool thing is at least on
+our initial plane designs we've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial plane designs we've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our initial plane designs we've actually
+broken it we we built the plane we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken it we we built the plane we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken it we we built the plane we
+thought it was going to be more ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was going to be more ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was going to be more ideal
+and we now have worse models but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now have worse models but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now have worse models but um
+at least in these initial planes we seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in these initial planes we seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in these initial planes we seem
+to have gotten very very good match to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have gotten very very good match to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have gotten very very good match to
+some of the textbook flat plate models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the textbook flat plate models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the textbook flat plate models
+of Quasi steady flow now the drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Quasi steady flow now the drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Quasi steady flow now the drag
+coefficient looks a little bit Messier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient looks a little bit Messier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient looks a little bit Messier
+there's a it looks like noise there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it looks like noise there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it looks like noise there but
+actually it we think that's not noise we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it we think that's not noise we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it we think that's not noise we
+think if you watch a a Time trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you watch a a Time trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you watch a a Time trajectory
+of this it's actually a a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this it's actually a a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this it's actually a a periodic
+oscillation which looks like the vortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation which looks like the vortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation which looks like the vortex
+shedding of the uh it has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shedding of the uh it has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shedding of the uh it has the same
+characteristic frequency as the vortices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency as the vortices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic frequency as the vortices
+we see in the pictures I'll show you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the pictures I'll show you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in the pictures I'll show you in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+minute okay so we have have a model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay so we have have a model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay so we have have a model um
+where the aerodynamics are fit from data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the aerodynamics are fit from data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the aerodynamics are fit from data
+the state space is seven roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state space is seven roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state space is seven roughly
+sometimes eight depending on how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes eight depending on how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes eight depending on how we
+model the the actuator um but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the the actuator um but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the the actuator um but that's
+just sort of I told you when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of I told you when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of I told you when we talked
+about value iteration I told you H you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about value iteration I told you H you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about value iteration I told you H you
+could do it in Six Dimensions you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it in Six Dimensions you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it in Six Dimensions you know
+if you're crazy you could do it in seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're crazy you could do it in seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're crazy you could do it in seven
+so um Rick's crazy right and uh he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um Rick's crazy right and uh he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um Rick's crazy right and uh he did
+value iteration on it first which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration on it first which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration on it first which I
+think is the right thing to to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the right thing to to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is the right thing to to start
+with um def find a cost function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um def find a cost function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um def find a cost function which
+said get to the perch as close as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said get to the perch as close as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said get to the perch as close as you
+possibly can and Des on a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can and Des on a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can and Des on a nonlinear
+feedback policy over the state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policy over the state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback policy over the state space
+that required discretizing the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that required discretizing the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that required discretizing the entire
+big state space very coarsely right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big state space very coarsely right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big state space very coarsely right um
+and then doing some optimized dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then doing some optimized dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then doing some optimized dynamic
+programming on the cluster and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming on the cluster and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming on the cluster and all these
+things and he came back with a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and he came back with a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and he came back with a policy
+which when we play it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when we play it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which when we play it out
+um could nicely do these Maneuvers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um could nicely do these Maneuvers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um could nicely do these Maneuvers the
+post stall and uh and we say one out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post stall and uh and we say one out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post stall and uh and we say one out of
+five times it it would catch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch
+now those specifications at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those specifications at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those specifications at the top
+there it's entering at motion capture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's entering at motion capture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's entering at motion capture at
+6 m/ second the perch is 3 and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 m/ second the perch is 3 and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 m/ second the perch is 3 and half
+meters away those are designed to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters away those are designed to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters away those are designed to try to
+be a trajectory that you could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a trajectory that you could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a trajectory that you could only
+Acquire The Perch if you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acquire The Perch if you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acquire The Perch if you're willing to
+go post stall you could only slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go post stall you could only slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go post stall you could only slow down
+fast enough if you're post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough if you're post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough if you're post
+stall so these are the pictures we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall so these are the pictures we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall so these are the pictures we
+actually now have a wind tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now have a wind tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now have a wind tunnel
+downstairs Rick just can I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs Rick just can I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs Rick just can I show
+everybody your wind tunnel Rick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is our our wind tunnel downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our our wind tunnel downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our our wind tunnel downstairs
+uh box fans so you have to so so my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh box fans so you have to so so my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh box fans so you have to so so my life
+changed when I met Jun Zang who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed when I met Jun Zang who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed when I met Jun Zang who who
+works at NYU he's a he's one of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works at NYU he's a he's one of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works at NYU he's a he's one of the best
+fluid dynamicists you you'll ever meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid dynamicists you you'll ever meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid dynamicists you you'll ever meet
+experimental fluid dynamicist and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental fluid dynamicist and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental fluid dynamicist and you go
+to his lab and he has box fans and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his lab and he has box fans and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his lab and he has box fans and like
+uh you know he takes pictures with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know he takes pictures with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know he takes pictures with his
+digital camera and he's got like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera and he's got like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera and he's got like you
+know it's the most humble lab I've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the most humble lab I've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the most humble lab I've ever
+seen and he ends up with fluid pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and he ends up with fluid pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and he ends up with fluid pictures
+that on the cover of Science and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the cover of Science and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the cover of Science and you
+name it right there's a real art form to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it right there's a real art form to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it right there's a real art form to
+doing things I don't know minimally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things I don't know minimally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things I don't know minimally on
+the cheap something like that but we so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheap something like that but we so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheap something like that but we so
+we're very much trying to do these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very much trying to do these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very much trying to do these sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um trying to Channel June a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to Channel June a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to Channel June a little bit
+with box fans and and uh and you name it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with box fans and and uh and you name it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with box fans and and uh and you name it
+but we put the in in that that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put the in in that that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put the in in that that sort of
+chamber we emit smoke this was with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber we emit smoke this was with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber we emit smoke this was with
+still air before we put the box fans on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still air before we put the box fans on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still air before we put the box fans on
+um youm smoke from the Leading Edge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um youm smoke from the Leading Edge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um youm smoke from the Leading Edge um
+of the plane and you can you can watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane and you can you can watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane and you can you can watch
+the the vortices pull off during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vortices pull off during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vortices pull off during a
+approaching maneuver and we count those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching maneuver and we count those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching maneuver and we count those
+vortices and they're pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices and they're pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices and they're pretty close
+alignment to what we saw in the Vicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment to what we saw in the Vicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment to what we saw in the Vicon
+data okay this is what this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay this is what this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay this is what this is a a
+simpler picture where a better with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler picture where a better with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler picture where a better with a
+better fluid this was actually moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fluid this was actually moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fluid this was actually moving
+the plane by hand but it had uh it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane by hand but it had uh it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane by hand but it had uh it had
+the uh uh the vortices with a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh the vortices with a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh the vortices with a lot less
+smoke and we're trying to try to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke and we're trying to try to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke and we're trying to try to capture
+we're trying to get quality uh like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get quality uh like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get quality uh like this
+in in pictures like this now did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in pictures like this now did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in pictures like this now did you
+just like burn something on FR it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like burn something on FR it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like burn something on FR it's
+titanium tetrachloride it reacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium tetrachloride it reacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium tetrachloride it reacts with
+the vapor in the air and just yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor in the air and just yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor in the air and just yeah and
+don't you don't want to breathe it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't want to breathe it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't want to breathe it too
+much right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+R and you don't want to leave it open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and you don't want to leave it open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and you don't want to leave it open
+next to your wrench right it corroded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to your wrench right it corroded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to your wrench right it corroded
+the wrench like in an hour or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrench like in an hour or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrench like in an hour or something
+was pretty scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so uh so how are we doing so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so uh so how are we doing so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so uh so how are we doing so far
+in this dimensionless analysis we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this dimensionless analysis we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this dimensionless analysis we've got
+these planes doing this much and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these planes doing this much and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these planes doing this much and um and
+our glider is getting about a 0.55 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our glider is getting about a 0.55 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our glider is getting about a 0.55 in
+our current best estimates um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current best estimates um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current best estimates um
+again the pigeon's still wiing us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the pigeon's still wiing us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the pigeon's still wiing us right
+so we're working on it um so nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're working on it um so nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're working on it um so nowadays
+we're actually trying to do lqr trees on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually trying to do lqr trees on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually trying to do lqr trees on
+it right so the the um the model based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so the the um the model based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so the the um the model based
+approach we're using is this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we're using is this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we're using is this is is
+exactly what I presented on the lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I presented on the lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I presented on the lqr
+trees in fact we started thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in fact we started thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in fact we started thinking about
+lqr trees because we were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr trees because we were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr trees because we were trying to
+figure out how to do a better um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do a better um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do a better um the
+value iteration felt like it was wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration felt like it was wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration felt like it was wasting
+all of its resolution in parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its resolution in parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its resolution in parts of the
+state space that were completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space that were completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space that were completely
+irrelevant and the lqr trees were a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and the lqr trees were a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and the lqr trees were a way
+to design trajectories exactly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design trajectories exactly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design trajectories exactly in the
+relevant parts of State space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant parts of State space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant parts of State space and
+nowhere else okay so that's where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere else okay so that's where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere else okay so that's where that's
+where that idea came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that idea came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that idea came
+from um it's not working yet we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um it's not working yet we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um it's not working yet we we've
+got a um our our modelbased uh uh lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a um our our modelbased uh uh lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a um our our modelbased uh uh lqr
+stabilization Woody's best thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization Woody's best thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization Woody's best thing is
+hitting the purge about half the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the purge about half the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the purge about half the time
+now um but still there's sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um but still there's sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um but still there's sort of this
+the model based when the model's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model based when the model's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model based when the model's a
+little bit off uh the real system we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off uh the real system we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit off uh the real system we're
+still trying to figure out how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to figure out how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to figure out how to how to
+handle the the differences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the the differences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the the differences between the
+model and the the real system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in the simulator um we can hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the simulator um we can hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the simulator um we can hit it
+from some small initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some small initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some small initial conditions
+depends on the model in Rick's flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the model in Rick's flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the model in Rick's flat
+plate mod model it hits it from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate mod model it hits it from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate mod model it hits it from a
+beautiful number of initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful number of initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful number of initial conditions
+in the the sort of the more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the sort of the more careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the sort of the more careful
+system identification the the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system identification the the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system identification the the problem is
+is harder because the second derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is harder because the second derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is harder because the second derivatives
+are larger it seems so we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are larger it seems so we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are larger it seems so we're we're
+hitting it I mean it's it's it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting it I mean it's it's it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting it I mean it's it's it still
+hits it from the nominal trajectory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits it from the nominal trajectory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits it from the nominal trajectory and
+hits it from a smaller range of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits it from a smaller range of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits it from a smaller range of initial
+conditions okay but what we can't do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay but what we can't do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay but what we can't do for
+instan is take a simulated trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instan is take a simulated trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instan is take a simulated trajectory
+and put it into our model um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into our model um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into our model um which is
+not quite a feasible Model A A feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite a feasible Model A A feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite a feasible Model A A feasible
+trajectory of the model it's close but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of the model it's close but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of the model it's close but
+we can't stabilize that we've got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't stabilize that we've got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't stabilize that we've got a big
+dynamical system with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical system with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical system with lots of
+interesting Dynamics we've got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Dynamics we've got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Dynamics we've got one
+actuator and it's just it's hard to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator and it's just it's hard to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator and it's just it's hard to make
+it do things so we're still trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do things so we're still trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do things so we're still trying to
+figure out if lqr trees are the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if lqr trees are the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if lqr trees are the best way
+for it we'll see I think and Philip's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it we'll see I think and Philip's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it we'll see I think and Philip's
+trying to push lqr on the compass gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to push lqr on the compass gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to push lqr on the compass gate
+and Michael's trying to do it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Michael's trying to do it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Michael's trying to do it on the
+dog um Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog um Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog um Okay so
+uh uh so now we're trying to do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so now we're trying to do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so now we're trying to do it with
+flapping wings too so RI Rick's thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping wings too so RI Rick's thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping wings too so RI Rick's thesis
+is going to be uh perching with flapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh perching with flapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh perching with flapping
+wings this is his simulation which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings this is his simulation which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings this is his simulation which I
+think looks like um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dragon um but were so were those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon um but were so were those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon um but were so were those
+actually the inal parameters of our bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the inal parameters of our bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the inal parameters of our bird
+or did you pick them arbitrarily they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did you pick them arbitrarily they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did you pick them arbitrarily they're
+actually closer to what the GL would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually closer to what the GL would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually closer to what the GL would be
+really yeah um so time SC the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah um so time SC the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah um so time SC the time the
+oh because it's a whole second second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh because it's a whole second second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh because it's a whole second second
+play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+over so it's fling yeah it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so it's fling yeah it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so it's fling yeah it has the
+same as the as the ornithopter yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the as the ornithopter yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the as the ornithopter yeah um
+so so this previous plot that I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this previous plot that I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this previous plot that I went
+past quickly is um um basically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past quickly is um um basically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past quickly is um um basically says
+that if you look at the if you do an lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the if you do an lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the if you do an lqr
+stabilization of a perching trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization of a perching trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization of a perching trajectory
+given our original model and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our original model and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our original model and you look at
+the cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost to go
+Matrix um and you look at the single I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix um and you look at the single I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix um and you look at the single I'm
+going to represent that cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent that cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent that cost to go
+Matrix as a the single costliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix as a the single costliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix as a the single costliest
+direction of the S Matrix going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the S Matrix going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the S Matrix going
+backwards yeah um that's sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards yeah um that's sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards yeah um that's sort of uh
+that's a quantifier it's a of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a quantifier it's a of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a quantifier it's a of how much
+error you should expect to get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error you should expect to get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error you should expect to get if you
+were to get a gust of wind let's say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to get a gust of wind let's say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to get a gust of wind let's say in
+the worst possible Direction during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst possible Direction during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst possible Direction during your
+perch and it's a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch and it's a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perch and it's a function of time
+because the S evolves backwards so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the S evolves backwards so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the S evolves backwards so if
+you get a gust in the worst possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a gust in the worst possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a gust in the worst possible
+Direction at your initial condition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction at your initial condition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction at your initial condition in
+the model stabilized it can reject that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model stabilized it can reject that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model stabilized it can reject that
+nicely okay but in the last um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely okay but in the last um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely okay but in the last um you know
+10 of a second it's a gust of wind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of a second it's a gust of wind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of a second it's a gust of wind is
+going to be very hard to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very hard to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very hard to stabilize
+because you have limited Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have limited Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have limited Control
+Authority particularly because your air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority particularly because your air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority particularly because your air
+speed is very small and therefore your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is very small and therefore your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is very small and therefore your
+aerodynamic Control Authority is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamic Control Authority is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamic Control Authority is very
+small and even if you put in thrust or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and even if you put in thrust or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and even if you put in thrust or
+thrust vectoring it's still a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust vectoring it's still a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust vectoring it's still a big
+problem if your air speed goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if your air speed goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if your air speed goes to zero
+your Control Authority goes to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Control Authority goes to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Control Authority goes to zero and
+that's why one of the reasons we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why one of the reasons we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why one of the reasons we think
+that flapping is such a good idea that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flapping is such a good idea that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flapping is such a good idea that's
+one of the reasons we think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons we think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons we think that the
+birds always flap when they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds always flap when they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds always flap when they're uh
+they're Landing because they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Landing because they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Landing because they're trying
+to maintain air speed on the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain air speed on the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain air speed on the control
+surfaces it's actually also a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces it's actually also a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces it's actually also a very good
+way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to
+decelerate so this is the big bird um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate so this is the big bird um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate so this is the big bird um
+upstairs in lab you're welcome to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs in lab you're welcome to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs in lab you're welcome to come
+see it anytime Zach who you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it anytime Zach who you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it anytime Zach who you remember
+coming in with some um some robots at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with some um some robots at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with some um some robots at
+the beginning he's the one who built it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning he's the one who built it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning he's the one who built it
+he's a um he's an amazing designer he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a um he's an amazing designer he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a um he's an amazing designer he's
+also a welder this is a titanium welded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a welder this is a titanium welded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a welder this is a titanium welded
+gearbox in the in the front it's a 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gearbox in the in the front it's a 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gearbox in the in the front it's a 300
+watt OutRunner motor um he's designed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt OutRunner motor um he's designed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt OutRunner motor um he's designed in
+all the failure points of the bird so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the failure points of the bird so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the failure points of the bird so
+when it inevitably crashes it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it inevitably crashes it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it inevitably crashes it's a
+breakaway beak the the the wing spars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakaway beak the the the wing spars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakaway beak the the the wing spars
+are have Breakaway parts so we bring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have Breakaway parts so we bring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have Breakaway parts so we bring a
+bucket of parts out uh and this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket of parts out uh and this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket of parts out uh and this thing is
+it flew for the first time last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flew for the first time last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flew for the first time last
+summer it's your ta throwing it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and it worked and it worked and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it worked and it worked and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it worked and it worked and then
+oh my God it's going to hit the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God it's going to hit the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God it's going to hit the building
+so he turned it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but that was our first successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that was our first successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that was our first successful
+flight with an autonomous ornithopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight with an autonomous ornithopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight with an autonomous ornithopter
+that was stabilized just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pitch all right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch all right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch all right so um
+I'll tell you quickly I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you quickly I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you quickly I'll tell you
+quickly just why we care about birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just why we care about birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly just why we care about birds
+here but um and that'll be a fun note to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but um and that'll be a fun note to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but um and that'll be a fun note to
+end on so um so basically um we care I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end on so um so basically um we care I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end on so um so basically um we care I
+care about birds not so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about birds not so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about birds not so much about
+flapping but just about doing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping but just about doing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping but just about doing all the
+great things that birds can do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great things that birds can do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great things that birds can do because
+um because I I think birds do fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because I I think birds do fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because I I think birds do fantastic
+things but you have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but you have to be a little
+careful saying that because if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful saying that because if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful saying that because if you look
+at a um at speed or efficiency sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a um at speed or efficiency sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a um at speed or efficiency sort of
+in still layer steady level flight then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in still layer steady level flight then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in still layer steady level flight then
+a propeller is very very efficient a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propeller is very very efficient a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propeller is very very efficient a
+airplane wing is is very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing is is very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane wing is is very highly
+optimized um so you have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized um so you have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized um so you have to be very
+careful trying to say um that birds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful trying to say um that birds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful trying to say um that birds are
+going to be more efficient or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more efficient or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more efficient or something
+than a plane unless you go to the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a plane unless you go to the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a plane unless you go to the more
+interesting flight regimes okay so birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting flight regimes okay so birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting flight regimes okay so birds
+are actually incredibly efficient right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually incredibly efficient right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually incredibly efficient right
+this is in the notes the an albatross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the notes the an albatross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the notes the an albatross
+can fly for hours or days without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fly for hours or days without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fly for hours or days without
+flapping its wings just by uh um even up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping its wings just by uh um even up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping its wings just by uh um even up
+wind just by exploiting gradients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind just by exploiting gradients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind just by exploiting gradients in the
+sheer layer right so when the wind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer layer right so when the wind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer layer right so when the wind is
+blowing then there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing then there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing then there's a lot more
+beautiful things you can do than a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things you can do than a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things you can do than a plane
+isn't doing so um the the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't doing so um the the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't doing so um the the cost of
+transport of this guy the dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport of this guy the dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport of this guy the dimensionless
+quantity um it's 0.1 which is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity um it's 0.1 which is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity um it's 0.1 which is about the
+same as a as a uh 747 flying across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a as a uh 747 flying across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a as a uh 747 flying across the
+Atlantic which is cool but what's cooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic which is cool but what's cooler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic which is cool but what's cooler
+is the fact that the cost of Transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that the cost of Transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that the cost of Transport
+for this thing uh seems to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this thing uh seems to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this thing uh seems to be the same
+when it's sitting on the beach versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's sitting on the beach versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's sitting on the beach versus
+flying across the ocean right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying across the ocean right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying across the ocean right so it's
+basically flying across the ocean with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically flying across the ocean with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically flying across the ocean with
+almost no control energy it just locks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no control energy it just locks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no control energy it just locks
+its wings in uses the wind power and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its wings in uses the wind power and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its wings in uses the wind power and and
+off it goes butterflies go thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it goes butterflies go thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it goes butterflies go thousands of
+kilometers carried by the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers carried by the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers carried by the wind
+um Falcons can dive really fast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Falcons can dive really fast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Falcons can dive really fast the
+speed isn't the impressive thing um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed isn't the impressive thing um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed isn't the impressive thing um but
+the fact that they can do super agile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they can do super agile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they can do super agile
+Maneuvers during these incredible Dives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers during these incredible Dives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maneuvers during these incredible Dives
+like catching a sparrow out of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like catching a sparrow out of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like catching a sparrow out of the air
+uh while it's diving is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while it's diving is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while it's diving is really
+impressive okay um bats can catch prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive okay um bats can catch prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive okay um bats can catch prey
+on their wings um they've been studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their wings um they've been studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their wings um they've been studying
+down at Brown um Kenny Brewers lab um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at Brown um Kenny Brewers lab um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at Brown um Kenny Brewers lab um
+they they talk about how these bats can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they talk about how these bats can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they talk about how these bats can
+fly through thick rainforest with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly through thick rainforest with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly through thick rainforest with a
+thousand other bats on their back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand other bats on their back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand other bats on their back
+through caves with stalagtites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through caves with stalagtites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through caves with stalagtites and
+stalagmites you know and they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalagmites you know and they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalagmites you know and they're doing
+all these crazy things things um they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these crazy things things um they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these crazy things things um they've
+got a video of This Bat that can go he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a video of This Bat that can go he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a video of This Bat that can go he's
+going full speed this way and in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going full speed this way and in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going full speed this way and in five
+flaps or about two actually he does most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps or about two actually he does most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps or about two actually he does most
+of the turn in two flaps and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the turn in two flaps and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the turn in two flaps and they say
+five it's completely done and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it's completely done and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it's completely done and basically
+two flaps he's able to go full speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two flaps he's able to go full speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two flaps he's able to go full speed
+again the other way and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the other way and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the other way and the whole
+maneuver takes just under half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver takes just under half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuver takes just under half a
+wingspan right full speed this way full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingspan right full speed this way full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingspan right full speed this way full
+speed the other way and half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed the other way and half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed the other way and half a
+wingspan wow okay uh uh and The Story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingspan wow okay uh uh and The Story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wingspan wow okay uh uh and The Story
+Goes and our our mission here in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goes and our our mission here in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goes and our our mission here in the in
+in my robot Locomotion group upstairs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my robot Locomotion group upstairs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my robot Locomotion group upstairs is
+to try to make um machines that could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to make um machines that could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to make um machines that could do
+this kind of stuff birds that are far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff birds that are far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff birds that are far
+surpassing the the performance of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassing the the performance of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpassing the the performance of our
+best engineered systems in a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best engineered systems in a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best engineered systems in a lot of the
+performance in efficiency acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in efficiency acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance in efficiency acceleration
+maneuverability but not in steady level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuverability but not in steady level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuverability but not in steady level
+flight and still air but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and still air but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and still air but in the
+interesting fluid cases okay and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fluid cases okay and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fluid cases okay and uh the
+trick is that they're exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is that they're exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is that they're exploiting
+unsteady aerodynamics they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsteady aerodynamics they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsteady aerodynamics they're doing
+control in places where we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in places where we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in places where we're not doing
+good control yet and it's a lot like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good control yet and it's a lot like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good control yet and it's a lot like to
+for the robotics Community I like to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the robotics Community I like to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the robotics Community I like to try
+to tell them it's a manipulation problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell them it's a manipulation problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell them it's a manipulation problem
+if you're if you're manipulating a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you're manipulating a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you're manipulating a a
+piece of chalk or something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of chalk or something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of chalk or something that's
+relatively easy you can see the chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy you can see the chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy you can see the chalk
+you know what your fingers are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what your fingers are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what your fingers are supposed
+to do this is manipulating vortices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is manipulating vortices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is manipulating vortices that
+you can't see you don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see you don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see you don't know what's
+coming uh it's a much nicer manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh it's a much nicer manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh it's a much nicer manipulation
+maybe the ultimate manipulation problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the ultimate manipulation problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the ultimate manipulation problem
+and I like to say that that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like to say that that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like to say that that once you
+start thinking of it it's manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking of it it's manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking of it it's manipulating
+vortices and doing these sort of clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices and doing these sort of clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices and doing these sort of clever
+things then then suddenly you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then then suddenly you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then then suddenly you can see
+why fixed Wings aren't as exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why fixed Wings aren't as exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why fixed Wings aren't as exciting
+anymore it's almost like trying to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's almost like trying to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's almost like trying to pick
+up a coffee cup with with flippers on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a coffee cup with with flippers on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a coffee cup with with flippers on or
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+right so I don't actually care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't actually care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't actually care about
+flapping per se and so when time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping per se and so when time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flapping per se and so when time
+sometimes it matters but I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it matters but I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it matters but I care about
+having a really delicate interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a really delicate interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a really delicate interaction
+with the fluid and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fluid and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fluid and we're trying to
+figure out how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do
+that so here's the the did I show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's the the did I show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's the the did I show this
+in the beginning yeah okay good so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning yeah okay good so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning yeah okay good so you
+seen the dead fish that's that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the dead fish that's that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the dead fish that's that's another
+example of the the efficient swimming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the the efficient swimming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the the efficient swimming
+and uh and uh it's the story of our of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and uh it's the story of our of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and uh it's the story of our of
+our pursuit of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pursuit of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pursuit of these
+controllers awesome okay so I'm done um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers awesome okay so I'm done um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers awesome okay so I'm done um
+now it's your turn and uh uh we'll be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's your turn and uh uh we'll be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's your turn and uh uh we'll be uh
+uh let me know if you have any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me know if you have any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me know if you have any more
+questions about the projects uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the projects uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the projects uh we're
+going to pass out evaluations uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass out evaluations uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass out evaluations uh next
+week too through we have an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week too through we have an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week too through we have an online
+system in eeks uh for evaluations I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in eeks uh for evaluations I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in eeks uh for evaluations I hope
+you give us all feedback and uh hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give us all feedback and uh hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give us all feedback and uh hope you
+enjoyed everything and I'll see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed everything and I'll see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed everything and I'll see you next
+week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7mOpiYDCX08.txt b/7mOpiYDCX08.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f8952bc7d15e2289e6b0e5099c75c9e62cd6129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7mOpiYDCX08.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+INTERVIEWER:
+Hi.
+
+Can you tell us your name and
+what course you teach?
+
+PROF.
+WAITZ: My name is Ian Waitz and
+
+I teach Unified Engineering.
+INTERVIEWER:
+
+Can you tell us a bit about the
+class?
+
+PROF.
+WAITZ: It is a large class that
+
+is put together by several
+different faculty members.
+
+We have taught it this way for
+about 25 or 30 years.
+
+INTERVIEWER:
+In which department?
+
+PROF.
+WAITZ: In Aeronautics and
+
+Astronautics.
+And it provides education in
+
+several of the important
+disciplines for Aerospace
+
+Engineering or Aeronautics and
+Astronautics;
+
+structures, fluids,
+propulsion, thermodynamics,
+
+computers and programming,
+signals and systems and systems
+
+engineering.
+And those are all taught in an
+
+integrated way over a year long
+period.
+
+And it is two semesters with
+two subjects per semester,
+
+so it is the equivalent of four
+subjects put together in one.
+
+INTERVIEWER:
+And how many students take this
+
+and what year are they?
+PROF.
+
+WAITZ: It is the entry-level
+subject, or set of subjects for
+
+our department,
+so all students who come into
+
+our department take it.
+And they all take it as
+
+sophomores primarily.
+And this year we have about 75
+
+students in it.
+INTERVIEWER:
+
+And I understand there has been
+a bit of a team approach to
+
+teaching the class.
+Can you describe how that was
+
+worked out?
+PROF.
+
+WAITZ: Yes.
+It has evolved over time but we
+
+are each allotted a certain
+number of lectures of the total
+
+number of lectures.
+And for each lecture there is a
+
+homework that goes with that.
+And those lectures are all
+
+interwoven with one another in a
+certain order that makes some
+
+sense in terms of the delivery
+of the material.
+
+And it is team taught.
+But you show up and teach your
+
+lectures and you tend to work
+with the other people to
+
+understand what their teaching
+at the same time that you are
+
+teaching.
+You try and develop common
+
+problems, common homework
+problems that stress more than
+
+one discipline so that you can
+look at some of the
+
+inner-relationships and
+trade-offs between the different
+
+disciplines.
+INTERVIEWER:
+
+OK.
+So what do students do in
+
+class?
+Is it primarily lecture or do
+
+they work in groups on projects?
+PROF.
+
+WAITZ: The classes are
+lecture-based but we have
+
+adopted a lot of active learning
+strategies.
+
+And we have done that for the
+last several years.
+
+There are two techniques that
+we use predominantly.
+
+One we call the Personal
+Response System,
+
+PRS.
+It is a commercially available
+
+product.
+It is a small television
+
+clicker.
+I have got one here some place.
+
+So this is the television
+clicker.
+
+And typically in a lecture
+there will be one or two
+
+questions that are asked,
+sometimes three or four,
+
+and the students respond to
+these with these television
+
+clickers.
+And in real-time in the class
+
+we get the responses back.
+And we can look at graphs of
+
+their responses.
+So it is a short five or ten
+
+minute lecture with a question.
+Another short five or ten
+
+minute lecture,
+another question.
+
+And that allows you in
+real-time to understand what
+
+they are having difficulty with
+and what things they have made
+
+progress on understanding and
+adjust your lecture as you go.
+
+That is the primary in-class
+technique for engaging the
+
+students.
+We don't grade them on whether
+
+or not they get the right
+response.
+
+We just grade them on whether
+or not they have hit the button.
+
+So it is part of the subject
+grade.
+
+There is an attendance score
+which is calculated by how many
+
+times they have pressed the
+button out of the total number
+
+of questions that are asked.
+And, as I said,
+
+it is two or three per lecture.
+The second thing that we do for
+
+each lecture is at the end we
+finish the lectures a few
+
+minutes early and we ask the
+students to fill out the
+
+muddiest part of the lecture
+cards, so here are some from
+
+lecture today,
+where we ask them to take two
+
+or three minutes and reflect on
+the items that were discussed in
+
+lecture and which part was the
+least clear.
+
+So the muddiest part of the
+lecture.
+
+And these are terrific.
+With these you can find out,
+
+in an anonymous way,
+in the student's own words
+
+which things they found to work
+and which things that they found
+
+to be difficult.
+And often you find that items
+
+that are tripping them up are
+the symbols that you used or
+
+that they have some lack of
+understanding or some deficiency
+
+in remember some prerequisite
+subject material that you had
+
+presumed that they had.
+And getting this after each
+
+lecture then you can take action
+on these either by modifying
+
+your next lecture or what I do
+is respond to them all on the
+
+subject webpage.
+So I just write short answers
+
+for each of the questions and
+the students can go and look at
+
+that.
+So those are the two techniques
+
+that we use within the lectures
+for better feedback and for
+
+active learning.
+There is also a series of
+
+laboratory exercises and systems
+problems, but I presume you will
+
+get an interview with Charles
+Coleman or something to talk
+
+about that aspect of the course.
+INTERVIEWER:
+
+But you had said that there are
+laboratory assignments as well,
+
+and there are other special
+elements.
+
+There are field trips and
+things for this class.
+
+PROF.
+WAITZ: Yes, there are a variety
+
+of special elements for Unified
+as a whole.
+
+For the lecture that I teach,
+one of the things that I do is
+
+wheel in an engine and teach in
+front of the engine.
+
+And it is a real engine.
+It is a CFM56 which powers
+
+Boeing 737 airplanes.
+And when you're talking about
+
+propulsion, having a couple
+millions dollars worth of
+
+hardware there to point to and
+shake and have the students ask
+
+questions about is very,
+very helpful.
+
+So there are elements like
+that.
+
+There are a lot of in-class
+small demonstrations that each
+
+of us do where we ask people to
+work problems where they
+
+estimate things or small
+in-class experiments.
+
+All of those are in the context
+of these concept questions,
+
+or many of them are where we
+ask the students to observe an
+
+experiment, to think about it
+and to respond to some question
+
+all intended to demonstrate
+physical principles or to get
+
+them to think about concepts in
+the class.
+
+INTERVIEWER:
+OK.
+
+Well, we want to thank you very
+much for making your materials
+
+available through MIT
+OpenCourseWare.
+
+Is there anything else you can
+think of that you would like
+
+someone to know about how
+Unified is taught or anything
+
+else that might not be obvious
+from just viewing the course
+
+materials online?
+PROF.
+
+WAITZ: No.
+I would just say that it is
+
+very important to us in
+developing and delivering the
+
+course materials that it be
+viewed by the students in an
+
+integrated way as a package so
+that none of the sets of
+
+materials were developed as
+independent pieces on
+
+thermodynamics or fluids but
+they were developed within the
+
+context of it being an
+integrated course.
+
+And we think that is very
+important for educating students
+
+in aeronautics and astronautics
+that they do have this
+
+integrated system level view of
+how the pieces fit together.
+
+And we prefer to start that
+early by doing it all at once
+
+early in their careers and then
+have them take disciplinary
+
+specialties later on rather than
+vice versa.
+
+So that is the only thing that
+I would point out about it,
+
+that it really has been
+developed to be an integrative
+
+learning environment.
+INTERVIEWER:
+
+OK.
+Well, thank you very much for
+
+your time.
+PROF.
+
+WAITZ: Pleasure.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8C2M48Bc5Fw.txt b/8C2M48Bc5Fw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07e779ca7638460888f391749930d47a42c9c7c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8C2M48Bc5Fw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introductions Audra Schulman 8 home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions Audra Schulman 8 home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions Audra Schulman 8 home
+energy efficiency team I'm Nathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficiency team I'm Nathan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficiency team I'm Nathan
+Phillips I teach at Boston University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips I teach at Boston University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips I teach at Boston University
+and the previous speakers I think really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous speakers I think really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the previous speakers I think really
+talked to how the environmental problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to how the environmental problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to how the environmental problems
+that we have are either invisible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have are either invisible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have are either invisible or
+very hard to grasp so being able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to grasp so being able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to grasp so being able to see
+these things with evidence photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things with evidence photographs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things with evidence photographs
+or having simple and precise metrics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or having simple and precise metrics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or having simple and precise metrics to
+understand the magnitude of our climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the magnitude of our climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the magnitude of our climate
+impacts is important so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts is important so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts is important so this is very
+much in line with this and so if some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in line with this and so if some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in line with this and so if some of
+you here have been with us from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here have been with us from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here have been with us from the
+start when we met here a couple weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start when we met here a couple weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start when we met here a couple weeks
+ago some of you came in midstream so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago some of you came in midstream so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago some of you came in midstream so we
+laid out this problem about the methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out this problem about the methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out this problem about the methane
+gas leaks from the natural gas pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leaks from the natural gas pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leaks from the natural gas pipeline
+infrastructure under Boston Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure under Boston Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure under Boston Cambridge
+Somerville eastern United States then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville eastern United States then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville eastern United States then we
+talked about solutions we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about solutions we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about solutions we had a
+hackathon about a week and a half ago or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackathon about a week and a half ago or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackathon about a week and a half ago or
+a week ago and then yesterday Audrey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week ago and then yesterday Audrey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week ago and then yesterday Audrey and
+I and some of the people in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and some of the people in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and some of the people in this room
+hopped in a van and we started sniffing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopped in a van and we started sniffing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopped in a van and we started sniffing
+these gas leaks and mapping them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gas leaks and mapping them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gas leaks and mapping them on
+Google Earth and so we just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Earth and so we just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Earth and so we just wanted to
+share with you how many people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you how many people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you how many people were
+actually in the van with us so so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the van with us so so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the van with us so so good
+yeah a good chunk of us here so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a good chunk of us here so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a good chunk of us here so this was
+us yesterday and this is a combined map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yesterday and this is a combined map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yesterday and this is a combined map
+here of both of the trips that we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of both of the trips that we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of both of the trips that we took
+so the first van load we've had a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first van load we've had a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first van load we've had a full
+van of 12 people and we drove from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van of 12 people and we drove from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van of 12 people and we drove from here
+to Somerville and back and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Somerville and back and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Somerville and back and then we
+pretty much did the same thing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much did the same thing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much did the same thing with a
+little slight variation in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slight variation in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slight variation in the second
+trip so let's see here so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip so let's see here so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip so let's see here so that's where
+we are right now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are right now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are right now is that
+correct object yes I'll go and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct object yes I'll go and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct object yes I'll go and the
+important thing to know is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to know is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to know is that there's
+a baseline about two parts per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseline about two parts per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a baseline about two parts per million
+in this so that the wall everywhere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this so that the wall everywhere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this so that the wall everywhere is
+just the baseline of methane used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the baseline of methane used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the baseline of methane used to be
+lower just know this sorry yeah so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower just know this sorry yeah so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower just know this sorry yeah so here
+so there's a big leak somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a big leak somewhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a big leak somewhere here
+right in front of the most iconic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of the most iconic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in front of the most iconic part
+of MIT yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT yeah
+oh sorry you want me to but the the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry you want me to but the the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry you want me to but the the wall
+here that you see of everywhere where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you see of everywhere where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you see of everywhere where we
+drove that's sort of just the parts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove that's sort of just the parts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove that's sort of just the parts per
+million of a methane that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of a methane that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of a methane that's just
+background Norman and the big spikes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background Norman and the big spikes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background Norman and the big spikes are
+where there were leaks so you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there were leaks so you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there were leaks so you can and
+what's interesting too is we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting too is we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting too is we did a
+survey of cambridge and somerville two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of cambridge and somerville two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey of cambridge and somerville two
+years ago and there was a leak here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and there was a leak here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and there was a leak here so
+there still is it's nice to know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there still is it's nice to know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there still is it's nice to know what a
+what do you want to say go to the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to say go to the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to say go to the air
+area what was that Prince Street in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area what was that Prince Street in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area what was that Prince Street in
+Somerville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville
+pearl pearl Street let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll just sort of going by Kendall okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then back up see I'm having a baby okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then back up see I'm having a baby okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then back up see I'm having a baby okay
+yeah no Mack is max my language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no Mack is max my language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no Mack is max my language so
+that's Pearl Street there okay so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Pearl Street there okay so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Pearl Street there okay so big
+the big mountains now these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big mountains now these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big mountains now these are all
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+yeah so the trend the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the trend the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the trend the difference between
+eversource and National Grid is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eversource and National Grid is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eversource and National Grid is this
+train track right here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train track right here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train track right here so this is
+eversource down here this is National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eversource down here this is National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eversource down here this is National
+Grid up there and we don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grid up there and we don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grid up there and we don't know what's
+going on whether there's a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on whether there's a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on whether there's a difference in
+its operating pressure of the pipes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its operating pressure of the pipes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its operating pressure of the pipes or
+age of the pipes material of the pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of the pipes material of the pipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of the pipes material of the pipes
+or difference in how the two companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or difference in how the two companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or difference in how the two companies
+steel with leaks but it you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel with leaks but it you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel with leaks but it you know two
+years ago when we did the survey there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when we did the survey there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when we did the survey there
+were this you know this area of national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were this you know this area of national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were this you know this area of national
+grids was the Swiss Alps of sweat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids was the Swiss Alps of sweat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids was the Swiss Alps of sweat
+through Somerville and it seems to still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Somerville and it seems to still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Somerville and it seems to still
+be that way so just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that way so just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that way so just a couple
+observations and and please you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and and please you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and and please you were
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so offer your own observations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so offer your own observations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so offer your own observations or
+questions about this because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this because this is a
+very rich dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich dataset
+it raises lots of questions to me so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it raises lots of questions to me so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it raises lots of questions to me so you
+can see here there's actually a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here there's actually a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here there's actually a couple
+traces right like here there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces right like here there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces right like here there's two
+traces we drove it two times in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces we drove it two times in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces we drove it two times in two
+trips you see that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips you see that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips you see that there's some
+variation in each time and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in each time and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in each time and we talked
+about the vagaries of wind and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vagaries of wind and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vagaries of wind and you know
+if the winds blowing harder and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the winds blowing harder and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the winds blowing harder and one
+direction one time you'll get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction one time you'll get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction one time you'll get something
+slightly different so so is this a leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different so so is this a leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different so so is this a leak
+is it the same thing as this what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the same thing as this what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the same thing as this what do we
+actually how do we take continuous data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how do we take continuous data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how do we take continuous data
+like this and and and objectify it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and and and objectify it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and and and objectify it in
+terms of well there is a leak it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of well there is a leak it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of well there is a leak it's it's
+difficult it's tricky to do and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's tricky to do and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's tricky to do and you know
+there are pipeline leaks there are holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are pipeline leaks there are holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are pipeline leaks there are holes
+and pipes and then there are methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pipes and then there are methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pipes and then there are methane
+leaks and they come out of the ground so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks and they come out of the ground so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks and they come out of the ground so
+even the terminology we use is is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the terminology we use is is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the terminology we use is is not
+quite um you know fully worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite um you know fully worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite um you know fully worked out
+there's there's a lot here some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot here some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot here some of the
+things that so so in terms of at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that so so in terms of at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that so so in terms of at one
+level at a very broad level Pearl Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at a very broad level Pearl Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at a very broad level Pearl Street
+is a mess it's leaking methane all along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mess it's leaking methane all along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mess it's leaking methane all along
+that street when we get to policy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that street when we get to policy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that street when we get to policy state
+policy want makers and the utilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy want makers and the utilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy want makers and the utilities and
+the regulators don't want to know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulators don't want to know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulators don't want to know well
+how many leaks are there because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many leaks are there because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many leaks are there because that
+determines like you know how many crews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines like you know how many crews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines like you know how many crews
+they're going to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go out
+how they're gonna schedule and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're gonna schedule and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're gonna schedule and how
+they're gonna get reimbursed or repaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna get reimbursed or repaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna get reimbursed or repaid
+for for a fixed number of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a fixed number of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a fixed number of things that
+they do so this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so this is a this is a
+complicated kind of policy science type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated kind of policy science type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated kind of policy science type
+of framework do you have any other girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of framework do you have any other girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of framework do you have any other girl
+yeah I want to point out one thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to point out one thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to point out one thing in
+terms of policy this area right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of policy this area right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of policy this area right here is
+where they did they taken out the cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they did they taken out the cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they did they taken out the cast
+iron main that is quite old and put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron main that is quite old and put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron main that is quite old and put in
+plastic and we could see I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic and we could see I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic and we could see I think that
+that's yeah I'm assuming that is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah I'm assuming that is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah I'm assuming that is we can
+go in closer but there was one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in closer but there was one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in closer but there was one part
+where we saw that they've taken out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we saw that they've taken out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we saw that they've taken out the
+old gas main and put in a new better one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old gas main and put in a new better one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old gas main and put in a new better one
+and I'm betting it's that area not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm betting it's that area not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm betting it's that area not
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+so when we published our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we published our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we published our first
+publication in late 2012 early 2013 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication in late 2012 early 2013 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication in late 2012 early 2013 it
+basically made a problem that was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made a problem that was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made a problem that was well
+known to the utilities known to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to the utilities known to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to the utilities known to at least
+I want to say everyone but people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say everyone but people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say everyone but people who
+saw the paper and members of the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the paper and members of the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the paper and members of the public
+that read the you know some of the press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that read the you know some of the press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that read the you know some of the press
+that came out about it and if so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out about it and if so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out about it and if so that
+was unexpected to the utilities and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unexpected to the utilities and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unexpected to the utilities and it
+kind of knocked them back it's like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of knocked them back it's like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of knocked them back it's like oh
+what we have data that is coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have data that is coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have data that is coming out
+that so they didn't control the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so they didn't control the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so they didn't control the data and
+and so just by virtue of having data out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just by virtue of having data out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just by virtue of having data out
+there it has basically kind of saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it has basically kind of saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it has basically kind of saved
+balance to power a little bit or a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance to power a little bit or a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance to power a little bit or a lot
+to get you know change to happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you know change to happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you know change to happen and
+policy to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy to behave
+sorry yeah I don't know I couldn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah I don't know I couldn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah I don't know I couldn't know
+I liked it like yeah tried to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I liked it like yeah tried to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I liked it like yeah tried to figure it
+out but anybody knows Somerville really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but anybody knows Somerville really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but anybody knows Somerville really
+well what's the street parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the street parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the street parallel to
+Roland yeah so so when we go by here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roland yeah so so when we go by here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roland yeah so so when we go by here you
+know like this well any one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like this well any one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like this well any one of these
+kind of discrete spikes the window in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of discrete spikes the window in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of discrete spikes the window in
+which leaks may be coming out is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leaks may be coming out is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leaks may be coming out is is is
+probably on the order of a few tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably on the order of a few tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably on the order of a few tens of
+meters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters okay
+and and that's dictated both by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's dictated both by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's dictated both by the
+spatial source it may even one pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial source it may even one pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial source it may even one pipeline
+leak like I said could be coming up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak like I said could be coming up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak like I said could be coming up in
+various locations and then the wind may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various locations and then the wind may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various locations and then the wind may
+be blowing it around so that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blowing it around so that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blowing it around so that's what this
+is allowing us to do but then but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowing us to do but then but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowing us to do but then but then
+streets sometimes have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets sometimes have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets sometimes have multiple
+pipelines running down the same street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines running down the same street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines running down the same street
+sometimes they only have one main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they only have one main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they only have one main
+running down the street so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down the street so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down the street so you have to
+go in a little more carefully and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in a little more carefully and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in a little more carefully and use
+basically probes that check what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically probes that check what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically probes that check what's
+coming out of the ground to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the ground to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the ground to actually
+pinpoint the actual pipe and where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint the actual pipe and where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint the actual pipe and where it's
+leaking so this doesn't do this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking so this doesn't do this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking so this doesn't do this this
+basically just says pearl streets a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just says pearl streets a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just says pearl streets a mess
+and it's got a lot of leak problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got a lot of leak problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got a lot of leak problems and
+it requires a a walking survey to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires a a walking survey to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires a a walking survey to go
+back and to you know be more have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and to you know be more have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and to you know be more have you
+done some basic signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some basic signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some basic signal
+so no pass or filter just to see just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no pass or filter just to see just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no pass or filter just to see just to
+get rid of the no and I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the no and I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the no and I think that's the
+type of analysis that would be fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of analysis that would be fabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of analysis that would be fabulous
+to do here can help so so here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here can help so so here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here can help so so here's one
+thing that I think we are three and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I think we are three and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I think we are three and I
+book trying to make progress on is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book trying to make progress on is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book trying to make progress on is how
+do you take this data and and use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you take this data and and use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you take this data and and use it to
+help us start to quantify how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us start to quantify how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us start to quantify how much is
+coming out and that's also a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and that's also a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and that's also a very
+difficult thing because first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing because first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult thing because first of all
+you're looking at this and it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this and it implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this and it implies
+something quantitative but you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quantitative but you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quantitative but you don't see
+any numbers here right so probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any numbers here right so probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any numbers here right so probably
+you're wondering well how big are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wondering well how big are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wondering well how big are these
+spikes and and and actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and and and actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes and and and actually you know
+that data just came out so I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data just came out so I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data just came out so I haven't
+been able to process but we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to process but we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to process but we know that
+this is sitting right around 2.0 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sitting right around 2.0 maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sitting right around 2.0 maybe
+one point nine five I forget what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point nine five I forget what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point nine five I forget what our
+baseline is it's in the KML file we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline is it's in the KML file we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline is it's in the KML file we
+could open that up it's just a text file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could open that up it's just a text file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could open that up it's just a text file
+it tells you what we set the baseline at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you what we set the baseline at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you what we set the baseline at
+that baseline can ship from day to day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that baseline can ship from day to day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that baseline can ship from day to day
+by the way you know what is this value I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way you know what is this value I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way you know what is this value I
+have to find it out it would be great we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find it out it would be great we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find it out it would be great we
+were talking about something that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about something that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about something that some
+students could do is come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students could do is come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students could do is come up with a
+processor that just basically plops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor that just basically plops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor that just basically plops
+numbers on here so we could see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on here so we could see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on here so we could see that
+what was the concentration if we go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the concentration if we go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the concentration if we go you
+know justjust for setting a scale I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know justjust for setting a scale I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know justjust for setting a scale I
+remember and we the four of us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and we the four of us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and we the four of us in the
+band for the second round we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band for the second round we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band for the second round we went to
+Sullivan Square and I think what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan Square and I think what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan Square and I think what was the
+top read we got there we were reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top read we got there we were reading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top read we got there we were reading it
+off it was like ninety wasn't it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it was like ninety wasn't it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it was like ninety wasn't it wasn't
+it something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something
+really redic I've never done that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really redic I've never done that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really redic I've never done that number
+before I think I recall up around 67 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I think I recall up around 67 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I think I recall up around 67 or
+70 parts per million in there so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 parts per million in there so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 parts per million in there so so
+that's you know that's speak yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know that's speak yes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know that's speak yes right
+there see so you know there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there see so you know there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there see so you know there's something
+really interesting about this so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting about this so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting about this so we can
+put numbers on that we have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put numbers on that we have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put numbers on that we have done that
+and it's just I haven't we haven't had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just I haven't we haven't had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just I haven't we haven't had a
+chance to to do it but you know actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to to do it but you know actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to to do it but you know actually
+uh this is really a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is really a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is really a very interesting
+issue of a data display I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of a data display I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of a data display I'd be
+interested who's that data person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested who's that data person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested who's that data person that
+the display of data yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the display of data yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the display of data yeah
+I'd be interested to hear someone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be interested to hear someone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be interested to hear someone like
+that stake because there was a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stake because there was a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stake because there was a utility
+person from National Grid that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from National Grid that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from National Grid that basically
+called us out on this okay and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called us out on this okay and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called us out on this okay and and the
+point this person made was it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this person made was it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this person made was it's like
+you're scaring people by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're scaring people by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're scaring people by doing this
+you're you're taking it's apples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're taking it's apples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're taking it's apples and
+oranges thing you're putting some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges thing you're putting some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges thing you're putting some data
+and and all of the houses and all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all of the houses and all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all of the houses and all of us
+are like down here and you're creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like down here and you're creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like down here and you're creating
+these things that are just like making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that are just like making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that are just like making
+it look like the world is ending right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like the world is ending right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like the world is ending right
+and and I I kind of get that at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I I kind of get that at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I I kind of get that at one
+level is that you know this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is that you know this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is that you know this is a really
+apples to oranges type of thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples to oranges type of thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples to oranges type of thing because
+we're conflating PPM values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're conflating PPM values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're conflating PPM values
+parts-per-million with meters or space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts-per-million with meters or space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts-per-million with meters or space
+you know and they're like two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and they're like two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and they're like two different
+beasts and we're like putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts and we're like putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts and we're like putting them
+together but I will say this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but I will say this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but I will say this as a
+scientist the first thing I was trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist the first thing I was trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist the first thing I was trained
+is a freshman was if you have data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a freshman was if you have data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a freshman was if you have data and
+you're gonna graph it use the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna graph it use the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna graph it use the space
+available to fit your data you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to fit your data you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to fit your data you know and
+maximize that space so when I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize that space so when I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize that space so when I want to
+plot this I want to make it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this I want to make it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this I want to make it you know
+visible as best I can but like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible as best I can but like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible as best I can but like I think
+might be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful
+the unit that it's understandable as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit that it's understandable as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit that it's understandable as a
+measurement unit yes it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement unit yes it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement unit yes it could be
+anything like packing I will not mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like packing I will not mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like packing I will not mention
+that word but stuff that comes out of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah like what what we what Nathan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like what what we what Nathan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like what what we what Nathan's
+idea is is to sort of take like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is is to sort of take like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is is to sort of take like just
+sort of some number that covers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some number that covers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some number that covers this
+whole area for this league so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area for this league so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area for this league so that it
+adds up the whole area something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up the whole area something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up the whole area something that
+says the height is this is gathered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the height is this is gathered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the height is this is gathered in
+terms of unit that we all recognize as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of unit that we all recognize as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of unit that we all recognize as
+relevant right so put it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant right so put it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant right so put it in an
+atmospheric model and say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric model and say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric model and say the
+concentration at you know three feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at you know three feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at you know three feet
+above the ground is X what's the leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground is X what's the leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground is X what's the leak
+rate have to be to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate have to be to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate have to be to get that
+concentration here you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration here you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration here you know in this
+pattern and figure out what how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and figure out what how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and figure out what how much
+they're actually emitting and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually emitting and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually emitting and then you
+have a number that is at least in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number that is at least in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number that is at least in terms
+of their dollars right right exceeds her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their dollars right right exceeds her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their dollars right right exceeds her
+to be that's somewhat because the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that's somewhat because the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that's somewhat because the wind
+so you do it on a couple days and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do it on a couple days and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do it on a couple days and you
+have you put in the wind data to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you put in the wind data to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you put in the wind data to your
+model and then your model says this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then your model says this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then your model says this this
+methane disperses at this rate in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane disperses at this rate in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane disperses at this rate in fact
+calculates a constituent I mean from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates a constituent I mean from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates a constituent I mean from
+your concentration back calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concentration back calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concentration back calculate
+commission based on the weather data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission based on the weather data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission based on the weather data as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+normalize that over multiple days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize that over multiple days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize that over multiple days of
+testing and then you say okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and then you say okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and then you say okay this
+roughly equates to exhibition and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equates to exhibition and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equates to exhibition and there
+are research groups that are are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are research groups that are are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are research groups that are are trying
+to do exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do exactly that
+so what you have are the turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have are the turbulence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have are the turbulence
+experts the people that study micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts the people that study micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts the people that study micro
+meteorology and boundary layers and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meteorology and boundary layers and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meteorology and boundary layers and I'm
+not that person I know that person I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that person I know that person I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that person I know that person I
+mean I'm not just agree but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm not just agree but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm not just agree but these are
+these are the the future areas to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the the future areas to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the the future areas to take
+this and to try to monitor this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and to try to monitor this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and to try to monitor this is a
+physics problem or a statistics problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning that someone because I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that someone because I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that someone because I feel like
+some of these things you can do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things you can do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things you can do any
+complex physics yeah because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex physics yeah because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex physics yeah because of the
+nature of the scales at which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the scales at which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the scales at which you're
+trying this thing I just want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying this thing I just want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying this thing I just want to make a
+couple of really quick point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of really quick point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of really quick point here is
+there's like here's one of these spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like here's one of these spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like here's one of these spikes
+right this value let's say it's 10 PPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this value let's say it's 10 PPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this value let's say it's 10 PPP
+yeah that's that's important on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's important on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's important on its own
+because for example air quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example air quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example air quality is
+related to concentration of methane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to concentration of methane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to concentration of methane in
+the air it's a precursor to ozone okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air it's a precursor to ozone okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air it's a precursor to ozone okay
+the area under this curve we think may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under this curve we think may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under this curve we think may
+be a correlate or how much is coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a correlate or how much is coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a correlate or how much is coming out
+and that is becomes an energy point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is becomes an energy point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is becomes an energy point or
+an equivalent carbon unisys is this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent carbon unisys is this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent carbon unisys is this area
+under the curve but you know these need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the curve but you know these need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the curve but you know these need
+to be validated and just everyone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be validated and just everyone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be validated and just everyone in the
+class now I think I sent the email up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now I think I sent the email up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now I think I sent the email up
+you have the kml file that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the kml file that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the kml file that you have this
+data you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you have
+you have an ASCII data file which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an ASCII data file which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an ASCII data file which
+generated this you'd have to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated this you'd have to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated this you'd have to you know
+the columns are actually pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns are actually pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns are actually pretty easy to
+understand for the most part but you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand for the most part but you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand for the most part but you are
+now empowered this is community signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now empowered this is community signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now empowered this is community signs
+you can explore and analyze and run with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can explore and analyze and run with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can explore and analyze and run with
+this data I've been for it everybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data I've been for it everybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data I've been for it everybody who
+signed in the question if I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed in the question if I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed in the question if I'm really
+curious about did you ever driven here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about did you ever driven here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about did you ever driven here
+at colorful so so redundant sticks out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at colorful so so redundant sticks out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at colorful so so redundant sticks out
+in my mind is driving from San Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind is driving from San Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind is driving from San Francisco
+to LA on Interstate five getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to LA on Interstate five getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to LA on Interstate five getting close
+to the southern mountains giant feedlot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the southern mountains giant feedlot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the southern mountains giant feedlot
+right next to I five and you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to I five and you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to I five and you know very
+flat baseline and then you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat baseline and then you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat baseline and then you know this
+very sloping increase as we passed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sloping increase as we passed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sloping increase as we passed by
+that feedlot to about I think it was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feedlot to about I think it was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feedlot to about I think it was two
+and a half three parts per million of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half three parts per million of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half three parts per million of
+methane going going from below to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane going going from below to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane going going from below to but
+but it's not it's not like this spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which in the karo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the karo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the karo
+analyzer that we used and that's six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer that we used and that's six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer that we used and that's six
+seven years old that was about sixty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years old that was about sixty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years old that was about sixty
+thousand dollars and the manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars and the manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars and the manufacturer
+it's kind of like you know they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like you know they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like you know they don't
+have a priceless they're like all US but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a priceless they're like all US but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a priceless they're like all US but
+what I will say is that or maybe Audrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will say is that or maybe Audrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will say is that or maybe Audrey
+ones to talk about the handle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Massachusetts have a handheld device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts have a handheld device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts have a handheld device
+with which you can check the bride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which you can check the bride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which you can check the bride
+yesterday so it would be able to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so it would be able to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday so it would be able to check
+the gas in the soil to find out if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas in the soil to find out if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas in the soil to find out if the
+trees being poisoned by gas oh yes and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees being poisoned by gas oh yes and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees being poisoned by gas oh yes and I
+can't fill someone who was it came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fill someone who was it came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fill someone who was it came up
+with the idea of a bike bike trailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so that would be amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be amazing
+and there is a reason for it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a reason for it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a reason for it it's
+because as we mentioned you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we mentioned you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we mentioned you know these
+mains they can run you know more times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mains they can run you know more times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mains they can run you know more times
+than not they run kind of down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not they run kind of down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not they run kind of down the
+middle of the street but they can go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the street but they can go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the street but they can go on
+sidewalks they can go on angles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalks they can go on angles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalks they can go on angles the
+service lines leak and thanks so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service lines leak and thanks so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service lines leak and thanks so much of
+what we've done have not been looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done have not been looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done have not been looking at
+service lines the perpendicular small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service lines the perpendicular small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service lines the perpendicular small
+effects that go into the houses so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that go into the houses so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that go into the houses so with
+a bike or a cart board or an ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bike or a cart board or an ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bike or a cart board or an ability to
+get on sidewalks well and to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on sidewalks well and to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on sidewalks well and to be able to
+move around in Boston or Cambridge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around in Boston or Cambridge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around in Boston or Cambridge you
+know if you ride a bike that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you ride a bike that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you ride a bike that's the most
+efficient way to get around I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to get around I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to get around I mean if
+there's a gridlock you're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gridlock you're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gridlock you're just going
+around snow carriages or baby carrots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around snow carriages or baby carrots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around snow carriages or baby carrots
+being and and so mcaro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and and so mcaro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and and so mcaro
+does sell a smaller unit than that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does sell a smaller unit than that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does sell a smaller unit than that one
+it's like a backpack unit but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a backpack unit but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a backpack unit but it could
+go in an early trailer well it could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in an early trailer well it could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in an early trailer well it could go
+on your back while you're while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your back while you're while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your back while you're while you're
+riding a bike so I love that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding a bike so I love that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding a bike so I love that it would be
+the first one in the nation and I do be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one in the nation and I do be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one in the nation and I do be
+amazing we can crowdsource that generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing we can crowdsource that generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing we can crowdsource that generate
+some funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good it could we we could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good it could we we could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good it could we we could actually
+you know what you we can make a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you we can make a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you we can make a video
+with that and and that would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and and that would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and and that would be like
+let's do it better and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it better and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it better and you know and
+because I think what you use there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think what you use there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think what you use there's a
+like a garden cart with those big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a garden cart with those big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a garden cart with those big
+balloon knobby tires to provide some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon knobby tires to provide some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon knobby tires to provide some you
+know shock absorption actually let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know shock absorption actually let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know shock absorption actually let me
+make the point of which is that now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the point of which is that now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the point of which is that now that
+we think the formal third portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think the formal third portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think the formal third portion of
+your presentation is done right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your presentation is done right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your presentation is done right so I
+think they're all what kind of cast iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the company has the infrastructure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the company has the infrastructure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the company has the infrastructure in
+this you know archives or is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know archives or is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know archives or is there
+enough of a relationship between the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of a relationship between the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of a relationship between the age
+of the product or the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product or the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product or the material
+you know the leak so you hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the leak so you hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the leak so you hate
+make assumptions about yes if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make assumptions about yes if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make assumptions about yes if you know
+that you don't even have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't even have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't even have to do the
+monitoring the permit of Environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the permit of Environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring the permit of Environment
+Protection is making that exact point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protection is making that exact point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protection is making that exact point in
+terms of facing all of the statewide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of facing all of the statewide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of facing all of the statewide
+main house yes methane emissions based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main house yes methane emissions based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main house yes methane emissions based
+on exactly that calculation of miles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly that calculation of miles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly that calculation of miles of
+cast-iron miles of Paris annealed etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast-iron miles of Paris annealed etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast-iron miles of Paris annealed etc
+and making an assumption that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making an assumption that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making an assumption that that's
+they know the exact rate of emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know the exact rate of emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know the exact rate of emissions
+per mile of cast-iron me and that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mile of cast-iron me and that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mile of cast-iron me and that they
+don't even have to check no you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to check no you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to check no you know
+either top-down or bottom-up either and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either top-down or bottom-up either and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either top-down or bottom-up either and
+I think that that's you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that's you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that's you can make a
+somewhat I guess at that but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat I guess at that but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat I guess at that but you have to
+check to make sure it's right yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to make sure it's right yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to make sure it's right yeah they
+just they call me missions factors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they call me missions factors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they call me missions factors and
+activity factors and multiply a by D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity factors and multiply a by D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity factors and multiply a by D and
+get a bleep great and these 19 I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bleep great and these 19 I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bleep great and these 19 I called
+fudge factors they basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fudge factors they basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fudge factors they basically say
+cast-iron has this many leagues per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast-iron has this many leagues per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast-iron has this many leagues per
+linear model that's your emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model that's your emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model that's your emissions
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+well how many miles do you have that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how many miles do you have that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how many miles do you have that's
+your activity factor multiply a by D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your activity factor multiply a by D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your activity factor multiply a by D
+there's yearly great but those are based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yearly great but those are based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's yearly great but those are based
+on very kind of old not just old data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on very kind of old not just old data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on very kind of old not just old data
+but very sparse data but can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very sparse data but can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very sparse data but can you
+calibrate that with the Lord's feet dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate that with the Lord's feet dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate that with the Lord's feet dead
+yeah that's what we're I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what we're I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what we're I mean that's
+what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like the perfect garment perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the perfect garment perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the perfect garment perfection
+emissions factors make it lovely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factors make it lovely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factors make it lovely the
+problem solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there I mean they're probably API
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there I mean they're probably API
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there I mean they're probably API
+emissions factors right so they're from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factors right so they're from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factors right so they're from
+the industry and there are way outdated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry and there are way outdated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry and there are way outdated
+like this yeah this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this yeah this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this yeah this is true
+they're outdated for refineries so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're outdated for refineries so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're outdated for refineries so when
+they go out and do modern testing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go out and do modern testing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go out and do modern testing on
+refineries they see that tanks leak at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refineries they see that tanks leak at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refineries they see that tanks leak at
+much higher rates than their emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher rates than their emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher rates than their emissions
+factors so she Al Gore there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so she Al Gore there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so she Al Gore there's a really
+interesting point the state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point the state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point the state the
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts apparently
+has done an enormous job in cleaning up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done an enormous job in cleaning up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done an enormous job in cleaning up
+our methylene column because what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our methylene column because what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our methylene column because what they
+did was the DEP utilized an early set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was the DEP utilized an early set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was the DEP utilized an early set of
+emissions factors for natural gas lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factors for natural gas lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factors for natural gas lease
+leakage from the mid 90s and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage from the mid 90s and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage from the mid 90s and then one
+from that was much lower from 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that was much lower from 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that was much lower from 2015
+publication okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication okay
+and they linearly and they linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they linearly and they linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they linearly and they linearly
+interpolated an emissions factor so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolated an emissions factor so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolated an emissions factor so that
+we would they hardwired in a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would they hardwired in a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would they hardwired in a reduction
+because two studies showed two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two studies showed two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two studies showed two different
+emissions factors for the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factors for the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions factors for the same kind of
+pipe and so the result you get it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and so the result you get it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and so the result you get it it
+appears to make it look like and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to make it look like and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to make it look like and part of
+the way they did that was they got rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they did that was they got rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they did that was they got rid
+of super-heroes of hypotheses discarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of super-heroes of hypotheses discarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of super-heroes of hypotheses discarded
+any outliers right so the emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any outliers right so the emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any outliers right so the emissions
+factors are based on leaks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are based on leaks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are based on leaks are
+distributed like this but what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed like this but what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed like this but what we know
+is that leaks are distributed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that leaks are distributed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that leaks are distributed like
+there there long tail with human I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there long tail with human I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there long tail with human I would
+say that the normal versus an air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's 50% from seven so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 50% from seven so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 50% from seven so that's what we
+Margaret Hendrik did a study we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret Hendrik did a study we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret Hendrik did a study we did
+together then seven seven of 100 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then seven seven of 100 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then seven seven of 100 weeks
+accounted for 50% of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for 50% of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for 50% of the sample
+multiplied by the number of rows and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the number of rows and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the number of rows and I
+plant the entire yeah we did not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant the entire yeah we did not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant the entire yeah we did not with
+the entire us but we did it efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire us but we did it efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire us but we did it efficient
+Massachusetts yeah um yeah so so it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts yeah um yeah so so it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts yeah um yeah so so it we
+found that that if we took the chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that that if we took the chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that that if we took the chamber
+measurements of leaks hundred leaks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of leaks hundred leaks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of leaks hundred leaks and
+we just kind of multiplied that out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just kind of multiplied that out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just kind of multiplied that out by
+the frequency of leaks that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of leaks that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of leaks that we got
+previously that that that amount is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that that that amount is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that that that amount is
+consistent with other estimates and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with other estimates and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with other estimates and and
+our about 1/3 of the total methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our about 1/3 of the total methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our about 1/3 of the total methane
+emissions estimated for the Commonwealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions estimated for the Commonwealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions estimated for the Commonwealth
+of Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts
+yeah this collaboration we have to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this collaboration we have to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this collaboration we have to meet
+again with mothers out front as a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with mothers out front as a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with mothers out front as a kind
+of hybrid advocacy of science nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hybrid advocacy of science nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hybrid advocacy of science nonprofit
+kind of coalition I've never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coalition I've never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coalition I've never been
+involved in anything like that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in anything like that and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in anything like that and it's
+just been the most fulfilling kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been the most fulfilling kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been the most fulfilling kind of
+partnership for research science
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8HvTaOrTokc.txt b/8HvTaOrTokc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9bf09a7a400e1257a0b568088c2fd3ba527bd20a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8HvTaOrTokc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3485 @@
+PROFESSOR: So many of you have
+signed up this term.
+
+As most of you know, this course
+is now on an alternate
+
+year basis, but it really
+depends on how much interest
+
+there is in it.
+
+So this is certainly very
+satisfactory interest.
+
+This morning I'm just going to
+go through the information
+
+sheet logistics a little, tell
+you a little bit about the
+
+course, and then go through a
+very rapid path through the
+
+first three chapters.
+
+So hang onto your seats.
+
+But first of all,
+the information.
+
+One thing I did not mention in
+the information sheet is that
+
+due to the sponsorship of
+OpenCourseWare and the
+
+department, we are going to
+have this class on TV or
+
+videotaped for OCW in the
+department archives.
+
+And I hope that's OK
+with everybody.
+
+I think at some point we'll send
+out a permission sheet.
+
+Does anyone anticipate having
+any problem with the camera
+
+lingering on them or the back
+of them from time to time?
+
+I don't think this is going
+to be an issue.
+
+But if it is, either mention
+it now or come
+
+up and see me privately.
+
+As I say, I think eventually
+you'll have to
+
+sign permission sheets.
+
+Our cameraman is Tom White.
+
+Let's give a hand to Tom.
+
+And he promises to be as
+unobtrusive as possible.
+
+OK.
+
+There are four handouts
+this morning.
+
+I hope you have them all.
+
+First of all, the information
+sheet.
+
+Second, a little personal data
+sheet that I ask you to each
+
+fill out so we know who's
+in the class and a
+
+little bit about you.
+
+The first problem set, which
+is due a week from today.
+
+In general, problem sets will
+be due on Wednesdays and
+
+handed out on Wednesdays.
+
+And please do pass
+them in on time.
+
+We won't make any serious
+attempt to grade them if they
+
+don't come in on time.
+
+I'll mention our philosophy
+about problem
+
+sets in a little while.
+
+And then chapters one through
+three, which are all sort of
+
+warm-up chapters.
+
+And problem set one is this kind
+of warm-up exercises to
+
+get you into context,
+to get you into the
+
+mood for this course.
+
+It doesn't have to do --
+
+well, it does.
+
+But at this point, it's more
+just getting up to speed with
+
+the language and the
+environment.
+
+The teaching assistant
+is Ashish Khisti.
+
+Ashish, why don't you stand
+up just so everybody
+
+is sure to see you.
+
+I'm delighted to have Ashish.
+
+He was a superb student
+this course.
+
+Certainly understands
+it very well.
+
+Ashish will even be a
+distinguished guest lecturer
+
+for lectures two through four,
+because I will be on vacation
+
+during that time.
+
+So you'll get to know
+Ashish very well.
+
+I think he will be able to
+help you quite a bit.
+
+His office hours we've
+tentatively scheduled for
+
+Tuesday from five to seven in
+the basement area of Building
+
+32, the Stata Center.
+
+Is that going to be
+OK with everybody?
+
+Is there anybody who's --?
+
+It's of course set that way
+because the homeworks are due
+
+on Wednesday.
+
+That's all right?
+
+All right.
+
+We aim to please.
+
+I've already mentioned
+Tom White.
+
+I want to mention that we've
+tentatively scheduled the
+
+midterm for Wednesday, March
+16, which is the Wednesday
+
+before MIT vacation week.
+
+And normally I've run it for two
+hours to try to minimize
+
+time pressure.
+
+For 9:30 class, that's easy.
+
+We simply start it at nine.
+
+But again, if anyone has any
+personal problem with that,
+
+please let me know.
+
+You may not know
+about that yet.
+
+But I want to let you
+know immediately.
+
+Prerequisite.
+
+I've held to the policy of
+enforcing the prerequisite,
+
+which is 6.450, rigorously.
+
+Not so much because
+the content is
+
+really what's needed.
+
+This course is entitled
+Principles of Digital
+
+Communications two.
+
+But what it really is is a
+course on coding, modern
+
+coding, in a communications
+wrapper.
+
+Our motivation all along will
+be how to get to capacity on
+
+the additive white Gaussian
+noise channel.
+
+Within that story, we're going
+to develop all the principal
+
+classes of codes that
+you would see
+
+in any coding course.
+
+But we're always going to be
+measuring them by how well
+
+they do on a particular
+communications channel, the
+
+canonical additive white
+Gaussian noise channel.
+
+But in fact, we're not going to
+use very much of what you
+
+had in 6.450.
+
+The point of having taken 6.450
+is simply to be up to a
+
+certain level of speed and
+sophistication in dealing with
+
+rather mathematical concepts.
+
+As you know, 450 is rather
+mathematical.
+
+Most of the Area 1 courses
+are rather mathematical.
+
+This one is rather
+mathematical.
+
+And if you simply aren't used
+to making logical arguments
+
+fairly quickly and in a snap,
+you're going to have trouble
+
+with this course.
+
+So that's really the reason
+for a prerequisite.
+
+And I have found it's important
+to enforce it,
+
+because we always get, each
+year, a couple of people who
+
+probably shouldn't be here.
+
+So is there anyone here
+who hasn't taken a
+
+version of 450 before?
+
+Yes?
+
+What's your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Mesrob.
+
+I emailed you.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+So you emailed me --
+
+Mesrob?
+
+OK.
+
+And you had taken a couple of
+other very rigorous courses,
+
+and so I'm happy with
+your prerequisites.
+
+The registrar told me that Mukul
+Agarwal and Daniel Wang,
+
+that's you, and Andrew Cross
+have not had the
+
+prerequisites.
+
+Daniel?
+
+What's the story?
+
+AUDIENCE: I audited
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You audited 450?
+
+OK.
+
+Perhaps we could talk after
+class about, in general, what
+
+courses you've taken, and why
+you think you can keep up it.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Or just let me know how you
+prefer to handle it.
+
+We can do that immediately after
+class in a corner of the
+
+classroom, if you want.
+
+And are the other
+two people here?
+
+Agarwal?
+
+No?
+
+Cross?
+
+So they seem to have selected
+themselves out.
+
+All right.
+
+Very good.
+
+And everyone else here
+has had 450.
+
+All righty.
+
+There's no text.
+
+Unfortunately there's really
+isn't any text that comes
+
+close to covering all the
+material we're going to cover.
+
+Many of the individual chapters
+in this course are
+
+covered by various textbooks,
+of course, in far greater
+
+depth than I am able
+to cover them here.
+
+So partly what you're getting
+from me is a selection of a
+
+thread of what you really
+need to know, at
+
+least first time through.
+
+And over the years, I've
+developed course notes of my
+
+own, which I'm now reasonably
+satisfied with.
+
+At least up through the last
+chapters, where we'll spend a
+
+little bit more time
+this year.
+
+And so I hope that that
+will be satisfactory.
+
+But I do give you some
+supplementary texts in here,
+
+and more are coming
+out all the time.
+
+And part of being a graduate
+student is understanding where
+
+to find supplementary material
+if you need to.
+
+So let me know if
+you ever feel --
+
+if you ever want to know, where
+can I read more about
+
+something, I'd be happy to
+give you a suggestion.
+
+Office hours I already
+mentioned.
+
+Problem sets.
+
+They'll be weekly, except before
+the exam and except in
+
+the last week to the course.
+
+The purpose of the problem
+sets is for you to get
+
+practice in getting
+up to speed.
+
+If you don't use them
+that way, you're
+
+not using them correctly.
+
+I absolutely don't care if you
+do them together or whatever
+
+method is most effective
+for you to learn.
+
+These are intended
+for you to learn.
+
+I don't recommend going in --
+many of these of have been
+
+offered in prior years, and the
+answers are to be found
+
+somewhere on the net or
+in somebody's library.
+
+But as you've heard in every
+other class, I don't recommend
+
+your going about
+them that way.
+
+Not much weight is put on
+them in the grading.
+
+The TA or the grader will simply
+put a grade of zero,
+
+one, or two.
+
+We'll be happy to discuss any
+of them where you feel you
+
+didn't really get it, or don't
+know how to get your arms
+
+around a particular problem.
+
+And in fact, I wouldn't put any
+weight on the homeworks,
+
+except that every year students
+say, well, if you put
+
+0% on the problem sets,
+then we won't do them.
+
+And so I put 15% on
+the problem sets.
+
+But in fact the problem
+sets --
+
+we do get an idea of how engaged
+you are in the course
+
+and how much you're getting
+it from the problem sets.
+
+That's important feedback, both
+generally for the class
+
+and individually for
+each of you.
+
+You know, there have been cases
+where somebody is just
+
+copying the problem set from the
+previous year every week,
+
+and then we can pretty well
+predict that they'll bomb out
+
+on the midterm, and they do.
+
+So anyway.
+
+You've been at MIT a while.
+
+This is pretty much the standard
+philosophy, I think,
+
+at least in Area 1.
+
+Any questions about
+what I just said?
+
+No?
+
+The midterm.
+
+Scheduled for two hours in the
+Wednesday, the last class
+
+before the vacation.
+
+Counts for 1/3.
+
+The final is scheduled
+during finals week.
+
+I don't have control
+over that.
+
+It will count for 1/2.
+
+Basically, the grade comes from
+adding up your scores on
+
+those two things.
+
+Doing a scatter chart and
+trying to make some
+
+intelligent guess.
+
+Usually we get a little more
+than half A's, a little less
+
+than half B's.
+
+But I don't have any fixed
+number in mind for that.
+
+It's really, I try to do it
+based on how you do, using
+
+pluses and minuses
+for decoration.
+
+And I don't know.
+
+Again, I think it's like what
+you see in every other course.
+
+All right.
+
+The topics.
+
+What's going to be different
+about 6.451 this year from
+
+2003, which is the last
+time it was offered
+
+for previous years?
+
+Not too much.
+
+Basically, this course --
+
+originally there was a
+single course, which
+
+covered 6.450 and 451.
+
+It evolved, got split
+into two courses.
+
+And this course has pretty much
+become a coding course.
+
+So you are here because you're
+interested in coding, in
+
+particular for communications.
+
+This is a good first course
+in coding for, I
+
+think, other interests.
+
+Are you Andrew Cross?
+
+Yes.
+
+What is your situation
+on the prerequisites?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's talk about
+it afterwards.
+
+Alright.
+
+So as I said earlier, the
+course is pretty much
+
+stabilized at this point to be
+a course on coding over the
+
+additive white Gaussian
+channel.
+
+Those of you who are here with
+other interests, that's not
+
+the only place that coding
+is used, I think will be
+
+reasonably satisfied
+with the course.
+
+We're always putting it in a
+communication context, but we
+
+talk about all the major classes
+of algebraic block
+
+codes, convolutional codes,
+tail-biting codes, capacity
+
+approaching codes, low-density
+parity-check codes, lattice
+
+codes, trellis coded
+modulation, if
+
+you want to get ...
+
+and all of their decoding
+algorithms, which are just as
+
+important as the codes
+themselves.
+
+So I hope that's what you're
+after, is to get a view of
+
+which codes have proved to be
+most important over the years.
+
+My context is communication,
+but I believe you'll get
+
+exposed to most of the things
+you would need, regardless of
+
+why you happen to be interested
+in coding.
+
+What is going to be different
+this year is I'm going to be
+
+rather ruthlessly chopping out
+not perfectly essential topics
+
+wherever I can through
+the course.
+
+And in particular, I'm going
+to run through chapters one
+
+through three today,
+assuming that --
+
+well, one is just
+introduction.
+
+Chapter two is basically how you
+get from continuous time
+
+to discrete time on additive
+white Gaussian noise channels.
+
+You did that fairly well in
+6.450, so I assume all I need
+
+to do is basically sketch
+it for you.
+
+And chapter three is proof of
+the channel capacity formula,
+
+which you may or may not have
+encountered somewhere else.
+
+But even if you haven't
+encountered it, you're
+
+probably reasonably willing
+to take it on faith.
+
+And so that allows us to get
+immediately into chapter four
+
+in the next lecture, where
+Ashish will be starting to
+
+work up from the smallest,
+simplest little constellations
+
+in Euclidean space, which is
+where the story begins.
+
+This hopefully will give us more
+time at the end of the
+
+course for more on what's been
+happening in the last ten
+
+years or so.
+
+First of all, a much more
+analytical treatment of
+
+capacity approaching codes
+than I've been able
+
+to give in the past.
+
+The real theory.
+
+How do you design them?
+
+How do they perform?
+
+Some more details.
+
+Enough so that you could go
+ahead and implement them, I
+
+believe, and analyze them,
+and optimize them.
+
+And that's, I think, really
+important in this course.
+
+Not just because that's the way
+people are doing coding
+
+these days, but also because
+that's the end of the story.
+
+After 50 years, we finally did
+get to channel capacity, and
+
+this was the way we got there.
+
+In addition, if we really do
+well, we'll be able to do at
+
+least a week, maybe two weeks,
+on codes for band limited
+
+channels, where you need
+to go beyond binary.
+
+You need to send codes, at least
+symbols, that have many
+
+levels on them, not binary
+levels, in order to send it at
+
+high spec coefficiencies, many
+bits per second per Hertz,
+
+which is, of course, what you
+want for most wireless or
+
+wireline channels.
+
+You are able to send lots of
+bits per second per Hertz.
+
+How do we do that?
+
+Again, hopefully getting
+to capacity.
+
+And finally, I always offer the
+teaser, and for at least
+
+five years, I haven't been
+able to get there.
+
+We could talk about linear
+Gaussian channels.
+
+Where you get into equalization,
+precoding.
+
+Other topics that are
+very important.
+
+But I'm almost certain
+we won't get there.
+
+And in addition, this subject,
+this kind of a scalar version
+
+of what's done to a
+fare-thee-well in the matrix
+
+way, in the wireless course,
+6.452, which is taught in the
+
+next classroom in the next
+hour and a half.
+
+So I anticipate in future the
+whole equalization of
+
+precoding --
+
+intellectually, it should
+be merged with Wireless.
+
+Because they do matrix versions
+of all of that.
+
+On the other hand, it forms a
+part of this story, which is
+
+just basically point-to-point
+transmission over the additive
+
+white Gaussian noise channel.
+
+All right.
+
+I very much encourage questions
+and feedback, and
+
+I'm always willing to be
+distracted, tell stories,
+
+respond to just what's
+on your mind.
+
+It's much more fun for me, and
+probably helps you, too.
+
+Does anybody have any questions
+at this point, or
+
+observations?
+
+No?
+
+All right.
+
+We should just get into it.
+
+OK.
+
+So I say I always like to be
+thinking of this from a
+
+communications design
+point of view.
+
+We are engineers.
+
+I am a communications engineer
+and theorist.
+
+And what's the design problem
+that we're really trying to
+
+solve in this course?
+
+The design problem is
+that somebody --
+
+your boss, or the FCC, or
+somebody -- gives you a
+
+channel, which usually
+involves some set of
+
+frequencies and ...
+
+over some physical medium
+and says, OK.
+
+I want you to design a
+communications device, a
+
+modem, to get as much digital
+information over that channel
+
+as you can.
+
+So in chapter one, we talk about
+a couple of channels
+
+which have been very important
+for the development of coding.
+
+One, for instance, the
+deep space channel.
+
+The deep space channel --
+what's the problem?
+
+You have a highly power-limited
+
+satellite way out there.
+
+It's got a little
+tiny antenna.
+
+It can use whatever frequencies
+it wants.
+
+It's talking to a huge 140-foot
+dish or whatever
+
+somewhere in Pasadena
+or somewhere
+
+else around the world.
+
+And that's basically
+the channel.
+
+And you can send any wave form
+you'd like, subject, really,
+
+to power limitation.
+
+This is an extreme example of
+a power-limited channel.
+
+How do we characterize
+such a channel?
+
+Well, frequencies are
+unlimited, but the
+
+signal-to-noise ratio
+is very poor.
+
+You get a very tiny signal,
+and you get noise in the
+
+antenna front end, which they've
+done everything they
+
+can reduce it, they've cooled it
+to a few degrees above zero
+
+and so forth.
+
+Nonetheless, the front end noise
+-- in the very first
+
+stages of amplification
+are what is the noise.
+
+And you've basically got to
+transmit through that.
+
+So you have a pure additive
+white Gaussian noise channel,
+
+which we we'll always write as
+the output of the channel Y of
+
+t is the input, X of t, plus
+the noise, N of t.
+
+Which is additive, independent
+of the signal, and white.
+
+The spectrum can be
+taken to be flat.
+
+All right.
+
+And what else do we have?
+
+We have that this has some
+average power P, and this has
+
+some noise power spectral
+density which is characterized
+
+by a parameter N_0, which
+is basically the
+
+noise power per Hertz.
+
+Per positive frequently Hertz,
+as it turns out, because these
+
+things were all defined
+back in the dark ages.
+
+OK.
+
+And we also, either because of
+the channel specification or
+
+because ultimately, we decide
+to signal in a particular
+
+bandwidth, we have a bandwidth
+W. Again, that's just measured
+
+over the positive frequencies.
+
+So if it goes from zero to W,
+that's a baseband channel.
+
+If it goes from W_0
+to W_0 plus W,
+
+that's a passband channel.
+
+But we're going to find out it
+doesn't really matter where
+
+the passband is, or
+the baseband.
+
+So those are three parameters
+that specify an additive white
+
+Gaussian noise channel.
+
+And we can aggregate them into
+a signal noise ratio.
+
+A signal-to-noise ratio is the
+ratio of a signal power to a
+
+noise power.
+
+In this case, the signal power,
+by definition, is P.
+
+The noise power, it's
+N_0 per Hertz.
+
+We're going across W Hertz.
+
+So by the way we define N_0, the
+signal-to-noise ratio is
+
+just P over N_0 W. That's
+the amount of noise
+
+power in the band.
+
+And there's an implicit
+assumption here that only the
+
+noise in the band concerns you,
+and it's one of the key
+
+results of 6.450 or equivalent
+courses that out-of-band noise
+
+is irrelevant, because you know
+information about what's
+
+in-band, so you may as
+well filter it out.
+
+And therefore we don't have to
+count any noise power that's
+
+outside the signal transmission
+band or the
+
+signal space, as we would say.
+
+So two key things.
+
+It's easier to keep in mind the
+signal-to-noise ratio than
+
+both P and N_0.
+
+By an amplifier, you could scale
+both P and N_0 so really
+
+all you're interested in
+is the ratio anyway.
+
+So we have these two key
+parameters for a additive
+
+white Gaussian noise channel.
+
+All right.
+
+A more typical kind of design
+problem is, say, a --
+
+well, the telephone line modem,
+which is something on
+
+which I've spent a good
+part of my career.
+
+Your boss says, OK.
+
+I want you to build me a modem
+that sends as much data as
+
+possible over telephone lines.
+
+How would you approach
+that problem?
+
+OK?
+
+This is your summer project .
+
+What would you do on
+the first day?
+
+I really would like a little
+feedback, folks.
+
+Makes it so much more
+fun for me.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can we just tell
+him he's [INAUDIBLE]
+
+frequency --
+
+we have [INAUDIBLE]
+
+frequency, so it's not like
+this time it would
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So you have in mind a certain
+channel model.
+
+How would you verify
+that channel model?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, you put the
+channel frequency response,
+
+you could measure it somehow.
+
+You could estimate it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You could take a sine wave
+generator and run it across
+
+the frequencies, and
+see how much gets
+
+through at the receiver.
+
+And you could plot some kind of
+a channel response, which
+
+for a particular telephone
+channel might go
+
+something like that.
+
+Turns out telephone channels are
+designed so that they have
+
+no transmission above 4
+kilohertz, because you sample
+
+them 8000 times a second
+inside the network.
+
+They're are also designed
+to have no DC response.
+
+So this might go from
+-- this is --
+
+well, I'm just drawing some
+generic response.
+
+And dB, I'll give you
+my dB lecture later.
+
+300 to 3800 Hertz might be
+something like that.
+
+And of course, if you measure
+another channel, would it be
+
+exactly the same?
+
+No, but it might be
+roughly the same.
+
+I mean, all these channels
+are engineered
+
+to pass human voice.
+
+Alright?
+
+In particular, there are now
+international standards that
+
+say it's got to pass at least
+between here and here with
+
+pretty good fidelity.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's the first
+thing you do.
+
+You develop a model
+of the channel.
+
+And the key things about it,
+first order are, it's nearly a
+
+linear channel.
+
+What you put in will
+nearly come out.
+
+It has a certain bandwidth,
+which is somewhere between
+
+2400, we used to say, way
+back in the '60s.
+
+Nowadays we might say we can
+actually get through 3600,
+
+3700 Hertz.
+
+But that's what's the order of
+the channel bandwidth is.
+
+So we have W equals
+3700 Hertz.
+
+And then, of course,
+we have some noise.
+
+If we didn't have any noise, how
+many bits per second could
+
+we get through here?
+
+Hello?
+
+Infinite, right.
+
+Send one number with
+infinite precision.
+
+And that would communicate
+the entire file that
+
+we wanted to send.
+
+And so we have a signal-to-noise
+ratio.
+
+It's questionable whether the
+noise is totally Gaussian.
+
+You've heard a telephone
+channel.
+
+You know, it's some
+weird stuff.
+
+But this is what our kind
+of normal telephone
+
+channel would look like.
+
+I should say, greater
+than this.
+
+Nowadays.
+
+Used to be not nearly
+as good...
+
+Or I shouldn't say nowadays.
+
+This was true about
+ten years ago.
+
+Nowadays everybody is using cell
+phones, and these things
+
+have all gotten terrible
+again.
+
+All right?
+
+So please do not design your
+modem for a cell phone.
+
+Let's plug a nice wired
+connection into the wall.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's a first gross
+
+characterization of this channel.
+
+What would you then do
+on the second day
+
+of your summer project?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+That's a good idea.
+
+What do you have in mind in
+designing a modulations key?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: A signal
+constellation.
+
+All right.
+
+What signal constellation
+are you going to use?
+
+PAM?
+
+QAM?
+
+Yeah?
+
+What would control
+your choice?
+
+ISI might.
+
+This channel doesn't have
+a flat response.
+
+We might --
+
+let's say we've actually
+developed a model where Y of t
+
+is X of t going through a linear
+filter, convolved with
+
+some response h of
+t plus N of t.
+
+So what we transmit
+gets filtered.
+
+We add noise to it.
+
+And that's what we see
+at the output.
+
+That's just a first
+order model.
+
+This is basically the way
+modems were designed for
+
+telephone channels for
+many, many years.
+
+Just with that simple model.
+
+All right.
+
+So if we have a filter here, we
+might have to worry about
+
+intersymbol interference.
+
+But you're not quite back
+at the basic level.
+
+Let's suppose we decide that the
+channel is reliable just
+
+within some particular frequency
+band w, and within
+
+that band, it's more
+or less flat.
+
+All right?
+
+When I talk about white Gaussian
+noise, I'm always
+
+going to mean that the channel,
+the noise spectral
+
+density, and the channel
+response are flat within the
+
+given bandwidth.
+
+All right?
+
+So I'm not going to have to
+worry about ISI at this level.
+
+Of course I will in my
+telephone line modem.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So even if we want
+high speed, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+so we want a rate that would be
+greater than [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I suppose.
+
+I mean, do you have enough
+information to say?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, for example,
+if we [INAUDIBLE]
+
+64 kilobits per second, can we
+travel 3,700 [INAUDIBLE] of
+
+bandwidth that we need use the
+bandwidth [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Is there any chance of
+sending 64 kilobits
+
+through this channel?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: There is?
+
+How do you know that?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you use
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So that would be 32 level
+complement --
+
+that would be five bits per
+Hertz, basically, talking in
+
+terms of spectral efficiency.
+
+Times even 4000 kilohertz,
+that only gives you 20 --
+
+AUDIENCE: Then a higher level.
+
+PROFESSOR: Then a
+higher level.
+
+1024 level QAM.
+
+But what's going to limit you?
+
+I mean, why not make
+it a million level?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: The signal-to-noise
+ratio, all right?
+
+OK.
+
+Well.
+
+I suggest what you do on your
+second day is you start
+
+thinking about, on
+the one hand,
+
+simple modulation schemes.
+
+And I would say 32 -bit
+QAM is simple in the
+
+context of this course.
+
+It has no coding.
+
+But just kind of give yourself a
+baseline of what might work.
+
+But another very good
+thing to do is to
+
+establish an upper limit.
+
+Now, it's kind of amazing
+that we can do this.
+
+Up to 1948, no one would've
+thought that it was a
+
+reasonable to say, well, there's
+a certain upper limit
+
+on what we could ever transmit
+through this channel.
+
+The idea was if you transmitted
+fast, you'd make a
+
+lot of errors.
+
+If you slowed down, you'd
+make fewer errors.
+
+And you know, there's no
+hard and fast limit.
+
+But of course, what Shannon
+did was to show that for
+
+mathematically well-specified
+channels, of which this is
+
+one, there is a certain limiting
+data rate called the
+
+channel capacity.
+
+And what the capacity is for
+an additive white Gaussian
+
+noise channel, this is the
+most famous formula in
+
+information theory.
+
+If we have time, I'll
+derive it for you.
+
+Otherwise I encourage
+you to look it up.
+
+The capacity of this channel is
+entirely specified by these
+
+two parameters, bandwidth and
+signal-to-noise ratio.
+
+And it's simply W times the
+binary logarithm of one plus
+
+SNR in bits per second.
+
+All right?
+
+And the Shannon proved
+a strong capacity
+
+theorem and a converse.
+
+The capacity theorem says,
+there does exist a
+
+coding scheme --
+
+perhaps involving QAM, perhaps
+involving lots
+
+of other stuff --
+
+that can get you as close as you
+want in rate, for any rate
+
+less than capacity,
+there exists a --
+
+let's say a coding slash
+modulation scheme, slash
+
+modulation, slash detection,
+slash decoding scheme --
+
+such that the probability of
+error is less than or equal to
+
+epsilon, where epsilon can be
+chosen as in any arbitrarily
+
+small number.
+
+All right?
+
+So if you want a probability of
+error of ten to the minus
+
+five or ten to the minus ten,
+however you measure it --
+
+can't be zero.
+
+Very big difference between zero
+and ten to the minus ten.
+
+But if you want probability of
+error of less than ten to the
+
+minus ten, then Shannon says
+there exists a scheme that can
+
+get there, as long as your
+rate is less than this
+
+capacity or Shannon limit.
+
+All right.
+
+So I suggest it would be a good
+idea to calculate what
+
+that is for this.
+
+Now, signal-to-noise
+ratio is 37 dB.
+
+Then one plus SNR is about
+the same as SNR.
+
+Log2 of 37 dB, factor of
+2 is 3 dB, so that's
+
+about 12 and a third.
+
+This is our first example of
+why calculating in dB makes
+
+things very easy.
+
+So this is about 12 and a
+third times whatever the
+
+bandwidth is.
+
+3700 Hertz, and we go through
+that calculation, and we get
+
+something over 4,2000
+bits per second.
+
+All right?
+
+So you have no hope of going
+more than 42000 bits per
+
+second, if this is, in fact,
+an accurate channel model.
+
+I mean, I'm assuming that these
+two numbers are correct.
+
+If this turns out to
+be 50 dB, then you
+
+can go a little further.
+
+All right?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+And it's really only true for a
+perfectly flat channel that
+
+satisfies the complete
+mathematical definition of a
+
+white Gaussian noise channel
+within the band.
+
+I'm shocked to find
+that this is --
+
+lots of people get through MIT
+Communications course and
+
+never see a proof
+of this formula.
+
+This is about as fundamental
+as you get.
+
+That's why I include
+one in this course.
+
+Or perhaps you've never even
+seen the formula before.
+
+Certainly don't understand where
+it's valid and where
+
+it's not valid.
+
+OK.
+
+So on the other hand, we might
+try something like 32 QAM.
+
+If we know something about that,
+we make it so that it
+
+fits in here.
+
+We find that we can get
+maybe five bits
+
+per second per Hertz.
+
+That's something called spectral
+efficiency, which in
+
+this course, we'll always
+designate by rho.
+
+So we can get maybe 3000 Hertz
+without having to worry about
+
+filtering too much.
+
+So we're going to have a system
+that sends 3000 QAM
+
+symbols per second --
+
+3000 two-dimensional signals
+per second, each one
+
+carrying five bits.
+
+And so with that, we'll get
+15000 bits per second.
+
+So these kind of establish the
+alpha and omega, the baseline
+
+and the ultimate limit,
+of what we could
+
+do over this channel.
+
+With a simple uncoded scheme, we
+would check that we can, in
+
+fact, get our desired error rate
+at the signal-to-noise
+
+ratio that we have here.
+
+So we know, without sweating
+hard, we could get 15000 bits
+
+per second.
+
+Shannon says we can get
+42000 bits per second.
+
+Maybe we want to put a little
+coding in there.
+
+How does Shannon say you could
+get to this marvelous rate?
+
+He says, well, what you need
+to do is to choose a very,
+
+very long code.
+
+And if you choose it the right
+way and decode it in the right
+
+way, then I can prove to you
+that your probability of error
+
+will be very small.
+
+Of course, Shannon's proof is
+not constructive at all.
+
+If you've ever seen it, it
+involves just choosing a code
+
+at random, decoding it
+exhaustively by simply looking
+
+at all the two the nr code
+words, and finding which one
+
+is closest to the received
+signal, and
+
+that's not very practical.
+
+So there's nothing, in that
+sense, practical about
+
+Shannon's theorem.
+
+But Shannon says, the way you
+get there is you code.
+
+What is coding?
+
+Coding is introducing
+constraints into your
+
+transmission.
+
+Uncoded is where you just send
+an independent five bits in
+
+every symbol.
+
+And the next symbol is newly,
+you choose it new.
+
+So there's no dependencies
+between the symbols.
+
+It's just one shot
+communication, again
+
+and again and again.
+
+Coding is introducing
+constraints.
+
+From Shannon, it's clear you
+need to introduce constraints
+
+over very, very long
+sequences.
+
+Basically what we do is we take
+some alphabet of all the
+
+sequences that we could possibly
+send -- maybe the
+
+alphabet is all 1024 QAM
+sequences that we could
+
+possibly send.
+
+And then the code, by the code,
+we say we weed out a lot
+
+of those sequences.
+
+So we only send a small subset
+of all sequences that
+
+we might have sent.
+
+As a result, we make sure that
+there is a big distance
+
+between the sequences that
+are actually in the code.
+
+The fact that there's the much
+bigger distance than there is
+
+between the signal points
+in any particular small
+
+constellation means that if we
+do truly exhaustive maximum
+
+likelihood decoding, it's
+extremely unlikely we'll
+
+confuse one sequence
+for another.
+
+And therefore, we can get a very
+low error probability.
+
+And the whole course is about
+the history of people's
+
+efforts to realize what Shannon
+said on the particular
+
+channel that we're
+talking about.
+
+The additive white Gaussian
+noise channel, which, as you
+
+might imagine, is the
+canonical channel.
+
+But it's also proved to be a
+very good model for things
+
+like the deep space channel,
+the telephone line channel.
+
+In chapter one, I talk about
+the history and you can get
+
+some sense for the time flow.
+
+And it really took until --
+
+well, depending on how you count
+it, up to about 1995 to
+
+when people could get
+effectively within tenths of a
+
+dB of the Shannon limit
+and you could say
+
+the problem was cracked.
+
+And research has continued
+for a little --
+
+the past ten years, and this has
+been made more practical,
+
+and they've spent more channels
+refined in many, many
+
+directions.
+
+But really, you could say it was
+a 50 year project to take
+
+this existence theorem and make
+it real in a practical
+
+engineering sense.
+
+And that's the story
+of this course.
+
+I think it's a terrific story.
+
+So that's the way I like
+to package the course.
+
+How are we going to get to what
+Shannon said we could do?
+
+Alright, so that's
+the whole story.
+
+You having a problem
+hearing me?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's just the
+noise in the system.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Well, it's probably not
+an additive white
+
+Gaussian noise channel.
+
+One of the things about an
+additive white Gaussian noise
+
+channel is that there's
+no dependence in it.
+
+Time dependence in it.
+
+So a third channel of very very
+practical interest these
+
+days is a wireless channel,
+radio channel.
+
+Let's imagine it's a single
+user channel.
+
+Everybody in this -- everything
+in this course is
+
+going to be single user,
+point-to-point.
+
+But nonetheless, the
+FCC has said we
+
+can have five Megahertz.
+
+All right?
+
+And we've got to stay within
+that five Megahertz up to some
+
+little slopover that won't
+bother anybody.
+
+And again, your design problem
+could be, well, how do you
+
+send as much data as possible
+through a five megahertz
+
+wireless channel?
+
+If you take the Wireless course,
+and I encourage you to
+
+do that, or even if you listen
+to the last couple of
+
+lectures, I think, in 450, you
+know that there's a big
+
+difference in the wireless
+channel and it's time-varying.
+
+In particular, it has fading.
+
+So sometimes it's good and
+sometimes it's bad.
+
+You have outages.
+
+Not characteristic of the
+telephone line and the deep
+
+space channel.
+
+So that introduces -- well --
+
+a whole lot, many more
+considerations.
+
+I'm not going to talk about
+that in this course.
+
+For that course, it's held in
+the next room immediately
+
+following this one.
+
+And I think it's an
+excellent course.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the story
+of the course.
+
+We're going to go from day one
+knowing nothing about how to
+
+signal through this channel,
+except maybe we've taken some
+
+course that's introduced to
+us words like PAM and QAM.
+
+And by the end of the course,
+we're going to know how to go
+
+at the Shannon limit.
+
+And we're going to know a whole
+lot of techniques at
+
+that point.
+
+We're going to know how to code,
+we're going to know how
+
+to decode at least some
+representative examples, which
+
+I've chosen to be the ones that
+have been the most useful
+
+in practice.
+
+And they also tend to be the
+most interesting in theory.
+
+OK?
+
+Is that clear?
+
+OK.
+
+Just an aside on the
+first homework set.
+
+As I said, these are just
+supposed to be warm-up
+
+exercises that should get you
+comfortable with operating in
+
+the additive white Gaussian
+noise channel, which, at least
+
+some discrete time, turns out
+to be trying to code in
+
+Euclidean space.
+
+To encode and decode
+in Euclidean space.
+
+And the very first thing
+I do here is to
+
+give you my dB lecture.
+
+Now, how many people here
+would say they're
+
+comfortable using dB?
+
+Nobody.
+
+OK.
+
+Over the years, I've tried to
+encourage Bob Gallager to talk
+
+more about dB in 6.450.
+
+And now I believe he does give
+the dB lecture, but I don't
+
+believe he gives it with
+very much conviction.
+
+I'm convinced the dB are a
+very useful thing to know
+
+about, and I think Bob had a bad
+experience with dB early
+
+in life is really what
+the problem is.
+
+Some army sergeant said somebody
+was three dB taller
+
+than somebody else, and he was
+so revolted, he never wanted
+
+to talk about dB again.
+
+OK.
+
+dB, which stands for decibel,
+one tenth of a Bell --
+
+the reason B is capitalized is
+it is after somebody's name,
+
+Alexander Graham Bell --
+
+are very useful whenever you
+want to use logarithms.
+
+They basically are a system
+of logarithms.
+
+This gets all confused with ten
+log ten and 20 log ten and
+
+EE tests, but basically it's
+just a very well-designed, for
+
+humans, system of logarithms.
+
+Think about it.
+
+What would be the most
+convenient system of
+
+logarithms?
+
+We're going to use this whenever
+we have talking about
+
+factors, or the multiplication
+of a bunch of numbers.
+
+First of all, you'd want to have
+it be based on the base
+
+ten number system, because
+then it's --
+
+you know, we have a decimal
+system, and we want to be able
+
+to very conveniently multiply
+by ten, 100,
+
+1000, and so forth.
+
+So a very natural logarithm
+to consider is
+
+log to the base ten.
+
+But so if we have log to the
+base ten of some factor --
+
+let's say log to the base
+ten of 2 is 0.3010.
+
+And in fact, you know there are
+lots of tables that give
+
+logs to base ten.
+
+But it's just not so easy to
+remember that the log of base
+
+ten of 2 is 0.3.
+
+Basically if we take the log to
+the base ten of the whole
+
+range from, say, one to
+ten, that's really
+
+all we have to know.
+
+Because what we need is
+one factor of ten.
+
+This goes from zero to one.
+
+OK.
+
+What we'd really like to do is
+to spread this out for human
+
+factors engineering.
+
+We'd like to take ten to the
+base ten, which will now map
+
+the range from one to ten
+into a nice interval
+
+from zero to ten.
+
+That's very easy for people
+to understand.
+
+And ten to the log10 of 2
+is 3.01 and so forth.
+
+OK.
+
+So if that's why we say a factor
+of 2 is equal to 3 dB.
+
+I find it's always helpful to
+say "a factor of" when talking
+
+about dB, just to remind
+ourselves, we're always
+
+talking about a multiplicative
+factor.
+
+So a factor of alpha is
+10 log10 alpha dB.
+
+Now most of you are
+mathematically sophisticated
+
+enough to know this is basically
+the same thing as
+
+saying log to the base ten to
+the one-tenth of alpha.
+
+So we're really using a base
+here, which is ten to the
+
+one-tenth point 1, which is
+about 1.25 something or other.
+
+So the number whose one dB,
+which is beta to the one, is
+
+about 1.25.
+
+So we're just using a log to a
+certain base, which is very
+
+convenient.
+
+The base is ten to
+the one-tenth.
+
+And that's all it
+is, all right?
+
+Beyond that it's not
+very mysterious.
+
+So I think it's very
+useful just to
+
+remember a little table.
+
+alpha of one is how
+much in dB?
+
+It's zero.
+
+Or I write it two ways.
+
+Round numbers, or in any
+system, it's that.
+
+1.25 is about 1 dB.
+
+2 is 3 dB.
+
+Let's see.
+
+3 is about 4.8 dB.
+
+4 is what?
+
+4 is just 2 squared, so
+that has to be 6 dB.
+
+5 is what?
+
+5 is 10/2, so that
+has to be --
+
+ten down here is 10 dB.
+
+That's exactly 10 dB.
+
+And so 5 has to be 7 dB.
+
+And 8 is 9 dB.
+
+And that's consistent,
+by the way.
+
+You see then ten eighth,
+which is 5/4, is
+
+1.25, which is 1 dB.
+
+And just, I find it useful
+in everyday life.
+
+Maybe that makes me an
+engineering nerd.
+
+But the first problem, for
+instance, has to do with
+
+compound interest.
+
+If you just remember dB values
+of things, you can do things
+
+like compound interest
+calculations in your head.
+
+Or I gave you a more engineering
+example over here.
+
+If you want to evaluate log2
+of 37 dB, it's very easy.
+
+You just divide by 3.
+
+All right?
+
+So anyway.
+
+I encourage you to memorize
+this short table.
+
+There's some more
+things in it.
+
+And use it day by day,
+and become known
+
+as a real MIT person.
+
+Why schemes?
+
+Well, why not?
+
+All right.
+
+The other problems on the
+first homework set --
+
+one's a quite algebraic
+construction, using Hadamard
+
+matrices of geometrical signal
+sets, like biorthogonal NS
+
+orthogonal and simplex
+signal sets, with a
+
+easy decoding algorithm.
+
+And that's good to know about.
+
+Next one is a QAM problem,
+asking you to look at various
+
+arrangements of signal points in
+two dimensions, and try to
+
+find the best ones for
+various criteria.
+
+The last one has to do with
+spherical shaping of large
+
+constellations, in many
+dimensions, with high spectral
+
+efficiency.
+
+Many bits per second
+per Hertz.
+
+OK.
+
+And that's chapter one.
+
+Ok.
+
+Chapter two we'll
+do very quickly.
+
+And then I could see we're
+not going to get to
+
+chapter three at all.
+
+And that's fine.
+
+You can read it.
+
+Ashish, if you want to say a
+word about chapter three next
+
+time, that would be fine.
+
+Chapter two is really about
+given a continuous time
+
+additive white Gaussian noise
+channel, with model Y of t
+
+equals X of t plus N of t, and
+here we have a certain power
+
+and we have a certain bandwidth
+limitation W, the
+
+same things we were using
+before, here we have a certain
+
+power spectral density N_0.
+
+So there are the parameters
+of the channel.
+
+Or I've collapsed them into two
+parameters, SNR and W. How
+
+can we convert this to a
+discrete time additive white
+
+Gaussian noise channel, which
+will be a channel
+
+model like this --
+
+a sequence of symbols Yk is
+equal to a sequence of
+
+transmitted symbols Xk plus a
+sequence of noise symbols Nk.
+
+Where again, this is going
+to be IID Gaussian.
+
+That's what "white" is
+in discrete time.
+
+Independent Identically
+Distributed
+
+Gaussian random variables.
+
+This is going to have some
+variance S_N, it's going to
+
+have some power constraint
+S_X.
+
+We don't specifically see a
+bandwidth in here, but the
+
+bandwidth is essentially
+how many
+
+symbols we get per second.
+
+And I think all of you should
+have a sense that a bandwidth
+
+of W translates, through the
+sampling theorem, or through
+
+PAM modulation, or something
+else, is roughly equivalent in
+
+discrete time to two W real
+symbols per second, or to W
+
+complex symbols per second.
+
+Now the -- sorry, did
+I screw you up?
+
+Do I need to readjust?
+
+All right.
+
+Perfect.
+
+There is a particular
+way we can --
+
+well.
+
+So we're going to show that
+these two, the continuous time
+
+and the discrete
+time channel --
+
+if we have a continuous time
+channel, we can get a discrete
+
+time channel like that, where
+the values of the parameters,
+
+signal-to-noise ratio, for
+instance, translate in a
+
+natural way and that
+they're the same.
+
+And furthermore, where we carry
+as much information on
+
+the discrete time channel
+as we do on a
+
+continuous time channel.
+
+So there's no loss of optimality
+or generality in
+
+doing this.
+
+Now you've all, with a couple of
+exceptions, taken 6.450, so
+
+you know how to do this.
+
+One way of doing this in a
+fairly engineering sense is
+
+orthonormal PAM --
+
+Pulse Amplitude Modulation.
+
+And you should know
+how this goes.
+
+We're going to take in a
+sequence X, which I might
+
+write out as a sequence of real
+symbol levels Xk, perhaps
+
+chosen from a PAM alphabet.
+
+I'm not even going to specify.
+
+And what do I need
+to know here?
+
+This is going to be at two W
+symbols per second, real
+
+symbols per second.
+
+OK.
+
+That's my transmitted sequence
+that I want to get
+
+to the other end.
+
+PAM modulator --
+
+so this is PAM modulator --
+
+is specified by a certain
+pulse response p of t.
+
+and I'm going to require that
+this be orthonormal in the
+
+following sense.
+
+That the inner product between
+p of T minus kT and p of T
+
+minus jT is equal to the
+chronic or delta.
+
+Delta kj.
+
+So that the time shifts of this
+single basic pulse by T,
+
+where T equals one over two w,
+the symbol interval, are going
+
+to be orthogonal to each
+other, and what's more,
+
+orthonormal.
+
+So in effect, I've got a signal
+space consisting of all
+
+the linear combinations of the
+time shifts of p of T by
+
+integer values of T, and I'm
+going to send something that's
+
+in that signal space simply by
+amplitude modulating each one
+
+that comes along.
+
+All right.
+
+So what I get out here is the
+continuous time signal X of T,
+
+sum of Xk p of T minus kT.
+
+That's what the modulator
+does.
+
+Then the channel, continuous
+time channel -- so this is
+
+discrete time here.
+
+Now I'm into continuous time.
+
+The channel is going to add
+white Gaussian noise N of T
+
+with N_0 power spectral density
+to give me channel
+
+output Y of T is X
+of T plus N of T.
+
+And now I need a receiver to
+get back to discrete time.
+
+The receiver will simply be a
+sampled matched filter, which
+
+has many properties which
+you should recall.
+
+Physically what does
+it look like?
+
+We pass Y of T through p of
+minus T. The matched filter's
+
+turnaround in time.
+
+What it's doing is performing
+an inner product.
+
+We then sample at T samples
+per second.
+
+Perfectly phased.
+
+And as a result, we get out
+some sequence y equal Yk.
+
+And the purpose of this is so
+that Yk is the inner product
+
+of Y of t with p
+of T minus kT.
+
+And you should be aware that
+this is a realization --
+
+this is a correlator-type
+inner product.
+
+Correlate and sample
+inner product.
+
+All right?
+
+So what are some of the
+properties that you developed
+
+ad nauseum in 6.450?
+
+First of all, if we take the
+signal part of this, and we
+
+have the sampler phasing right,
+what do we get out for
+
+the signal part of Yk?
+
+We have X of T is this.
+
+If we correlate that against,
+let me say, p of T minus jT
+
+for all j, we're going to get
+zero for everything except for
+
+the desired sample.
+
+For the desired sample, we're
+just going to get the desired
+
+sample out.
+
+So from this, we get Yk
+is equal to Xk plus
+
+the noise term, Nk.
+
+In other words, there's no
+intersymbol interference.
+
+The noise term --
+
+by taking these inner products,
+what are these?
+
+These are the coefficients of yK
+in the signal space, under
+
+-- these are an orthonormal
+expansion of Y of T. Those
+
+components which lie in
+the signal space.
+
+Can we ignore the components
+that don't lie
+
+in the signal space?
+
+Yes.
+
+If it's out of white Gaussian
+noise by the theorem of
+
+irrelevance or whatever
+it was called.
+
+There is no information about
+the Xs contained in any part
+
+of Y or T that is orthogonal
+to the signal space, in the
+
+orthogonal space.
+
+So we simply take the parts that
+are in the signal space.
+
+And another property is that
+this is white Gaussian noise.
+
+Then Nk is simply an IID jointly
+Gaussian sequence with
+
+variance S_N equal to N_0 over
+2 if the power of spectral
+
+density here was N_0.
+
+And one other property of I
+should have mentioned here is
+
+that again by the orthonormal
+property, as you would think
+
+intuitively, if we sent two W
+symbols per second, and each
+
+one is limited to power
+S_X, then this will
+
+have power 2 W S_X.
+
+The powers are the same
+in discrete time
+
+and continuous time.
+
+So what do I get?
+
+Let me now show the SNR.
+
+Let me compute it in discrete
+time and in continuous time.
+
+The SNR in discrete time is
+2 W S_X over S_N, which
+
+was N_0 over 2.
+
+I'm not seeing the two's fall
+in the right place.
+
+What am I doing wrong?
+
+So this is the power.
+
+Discrete time and
+signal-to-noise ratio is just
+
+S_X over S_N.
+
+Now S_X is P over 2W.
+
+S_N is N_0 over 2.
+
+Now I'm happy.
+
+It's P over W N_0.
+
+Continuous time is
+p over W N_0.
+
+OK.
+
+The point is, the
+signal-to-noise
+
+ratio is the same.
+
+In discrete time, talking about
+bandwidth, the bandwidth
+
+is really 2W symbols
+per second.
+
+So that's our measure of
+bandwidth in discrete time.
+
+And that is approximately
+equal to W Hertz
+
+in continuous time.
+
+Now, I haven't proved that
+to you yet, have I?
+
+How to prove that we can
+get a bandwidth as
+
+small as W but no smaller.
+
+Again, you've done this in
+6.450, so I hope I can just
+
+remind you.
+
+If the shifts of p of T are
+orthonormal, that says
+
+something about p of T star p of
+T, which is the correlation
+
+of p of T with itself.
+
+It means g of T has to be 1 to
+equal 0, and it has to be 0 at
+
+all other times, at all
+other integer times.
+
+Which means the Fourier
+transform, power spectral
+
+density of p of T, it has to
+satisfy the Aliasing Theorem,
+
+or the zero ISI, the Nyquist
+criterion for zero ISI, which
+
+basically means the alias
+version of the power spectral
+
+density of this has to add up
+to a perfect brick wall
+
+response between 1 over 2T minus
+1 over 2T and 1 over 2T
+
+in the frequency domain.
+
+And there are simple ways
+to make it do that.
+
+Which is simply to have a
+roll-off, a real frequency
+
+response, with a roll-off that's
+really sharp as you
+
+like above 1 over 2T.
+
+But so we can say the nominal
+Nyquist bandwidth equals 1
+
+over 2T, or T is 1 over 2W.
+
+So it's W.
+
+So the moral of this
+is that we can
+
+design orthonormal pulses.
+
+If we have a similar interval of
+T equals 1 over 2W, we can
+
+design an orthonormal signal
+set that satisfies this
+
+condition for any bandwidth
+that's not much greater than
+
+W. All right?
+
+And it's obvious from the
+Aliasing theorem that we can't
+
+do it if we try to choose some
+bandwidth that's less than W.
+
+So that's what justifies our
+saying, if we are 2M symbols
+
+per second, we're going to have
+to use at least W Hertz
+
+of bandwidth.
+
+But we don't have to use very
+much more than W Hertz of
+
+bandwidth if we're using
+orthonormal PAM as our
+
+signaling scheme.
+
+So we call this the
+nominal bandwidth.
+
+In real life, there will
+be a little roll-off --
+
+five percent, ten percent.
+
+And that's a fudge factor in
+going from discrete time to
+
+continuous time.
+
+But it's fair that we can get
+as close to W as we like.
+
+Certainly in the approaching
+Shannon limit theoretically,
+
+we would say that we can get as
+close to W as we need to, I
+
+should specify.
+
+All right?
+
+So there's one other parameter
+that Ashish is going to be
+
+talking a lot more about in
+the next lectures which is
+
+called spectral efficiency.
+
+So far I haven't told you what
+information the sequence of
+
+symbols is carrying.
+
+But let's suppose it's carrying
+R bits per second.
+
+All right?
+
+We have a modem.
+
+It's a 64000 bits per second
+modem or whatever.
+
+R is 64000.
+
+Or whatever it is.
+
+My objective is to make R as
+high as possible subject to
+
+the Shannon limit.
+
+If I am sending R bits per
+second across a channel which
+
+is W Hertz Y, in continuous
+time, I'm simply going to
+
+define, I'm always going
+to write this as rho.
+
+And I'm going to write it simply
+as a rate divided by
+
+the bandwidth.
+
+So my telephone line
+case, for instance.
+
+If I was sending 40000 bits
+per second in 3700 Hertz
+
+bandwidth, I'd be sending 12
+bits per second per Hertz.
+
+That's why we say that.
+
+That's clearly a key thing.
+
+How much data can I jam in?
+
+We expect it to go linearly
+with the bandwidth.
+
+Rho is the measure of how much
+data per unit of bandwidth.
+
+What does that translate
+into in discrete time?
+
+Well, I'm dividing
+up this rate into
+
+2W symbols per second.
+
+How many bits am I sending
+per symbol?
+
+I'm sending R over
+2W per symbol.
+
+So simply rho over two bits
+per symbol, or since I'm
+
+always going to think of
+Euclidean space, I will often
+
+write that as dimension--
+
+rho over 2 bits per dimension.
+
+All right.
+
+Well that's not the exact
+translation I like.
+
+I'd like to talk in
+terms of rho.
+
+So here, rho can be evaluated
+at the number of bits I'm
+
+sending per two symbols,
+or per two dimensions.
+
+All right.
+
+So for the discrete time system,
+our major spectral
+
+efficiency is just going to be
+the number of bits I'm sending
+
+every two dimensions.
+
+It turns out if you get into
+this game, you feel that two
+
+dimensions are more
+
+fundamental than one dimension.
+
+Which may be a manifestation
+of the fact that complex is
+
+more fundamental than real.
+
+Really we want to talk about
+the amount of information
+
+we're sending per a single
+complex dimension, or we can
+
+say two real dimensions.
+
+Geometrically they amount
+to the same thing.
+
+Again, in the notes, there are
+discussions about how you go
+
+back and forth, and so forth.
+
+So the bottom line here is
+that we can talk about
+
+spectral efficiency, which
+is obviously a
+
+continuous time concept.
+
+But we can talk about it in
+the discrete time domain.
+
+And what it's going to mean
+simply is the rate that we're
+
+managing to send, by particular
+scheme, if it's per
+
+two dimensions.
+
+For instance, 32 QAM has a
+spectral efficiency of--
+
+I didn't make myself
+clear at all.
+
+AUDIENCE: Five bits per two.
+
+PROFESSOR: Five bits per two
+dimensions, all right?
+
+So that's the basic spectral
+efficiency of a 32 PAM
+
+modulation scheme.
+
+2 PAM, plus or minus one.
+
+What's the spectral efficiency
+of that if it's for two
+
+dimensions?
+
+It's a trick question.
+
+One bit per one dimension.
+
+It's two bits per
+two dimensions.
+
+If it's 2 PAM, it's actually
+the same thing as 4 QAM,
+
+because 4 QAM is just
+doing 2 PAM place in
+
+two successive symbols.
+
+So 2 PAM, you could send two
+bits per two dimensions.
+
+4 QAM is also two bits per
+two dimensions Ok.
+
+Similarly for any
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], we'll be
+
+talking about codes which
+cover many dimensions.
+
+If you send R bits in N
+dimensions, then the spectral
+
+efficiency is going to be 2R
+over N. So R over N in one
+
+dimension, 2R over N
+in two dimensions.
+
+I guess initially, this
+catches people up.
+
+Because it's more difficult to
+normalize for two dimensions
+
+than for one dimension.
+
+But come on, suck it up.
+
+You're a graduate
+student at MIT.
+
+You can do it for
+two dimensions.
+
+And I assert that it really
+is the more natural thing.
+
+In particular, makes this nice
+correspondence between
+
+discrete and noncontinuous
+time parameters.
+
+So the SNR is the same.
+
+The bandwidth has different
+interpretations, but we're
+
+talking with W in both cases.
+
+Spectral efficiency, we can
+measure it as either discrete
+
+time or continuous time.
+
+And oh, by the way.
+
+What is the channel capacity
+formula in terms of spectral
+
+efficiency?
+
+The channel capacity was
+basically the data rate has to
+
+be less than W log2
+of one plus SNR.
+
+Find an equivalent way.
+
+So this is writing things in
+terms of bits per second, or
+
+equivalently rho, which is R
+over W, has to be less than
+
+log2 of one plus SNR.
+
+This is in bits per
+second per Hertz.
+
+Or in discrete time, we have the
+same formula, except this
+
+becomes 50 bits per
+two dimensions.
+
+And so things have been
+normalized so that now you
+
+only have a single parameter
+to worry about.
+
+What special efficiencies
+can you achieve?
+
+It is purely a matter of
+what SNR you have.
+
+Telephone line channel 37 dB,
+then you get spectral
+
+efficiency of 12 and one-third
+by Shannon.
+
+OK.
+
+So I'm sorry not to be able to
+give you the very lovely
+
+derivation of this formula as
+a little bit of culture.
+
+I encourage you to read
+chapter three.
+
+You will not be held responsible
+for any of these
+
+first three chapters.
+
+They're all more or less
+just for orientation.
+
+Next time, Ashish will get
+into the real stuff.
+
+Any final questions?
+
+OK.
+
+See you in two weeks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/99yuPxvdfP8.txt b/99yuPxvdfP8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1771de8514d559d3a7cbb6f0748c59c2e110aa0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/99yuPxvdfP8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we can come to the central topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can come to the central topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can come to the central topic
+of our lecture which describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lecture which describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lecture which describes the
+conditions under which a Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under which a Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under which a Markov chain
+which is steady state the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is steady state the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is steady state the question that
+we are asking and which we motivated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are asking and which we motivated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are asking and which we motivated in
+the previous lecture by looking at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture by looking at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture by looking at an
+example with a simple to state Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with a simple to state Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with a simple to state Markov
+chain is the following we are asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is the following we are asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is the following we are asking
+whether the probability of being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the probability of being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the probability of being in
+state J at time n given that you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state J at time n given that you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state J at time n given that you started
+at time zero instead I converge to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time zero instead I converge to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time zero instead I converge to some
+constant PI of J in fact that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant PI of J in fact that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant PI of J in fact that question
+consists of two part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of two part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of two part
+do we have convergence and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have convergence and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have convergence and is it
+independent of I we have seen example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of I we have seen example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of I we have seen example
+where it is not always the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is not always the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is not always the case for
+example in this Markov chain you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this Markov chain you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this Markov chain you have
+two recurrent classes this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recurrent classes this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two recurrent classes this is one
+recurrent class here and then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class here and then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class here and then there is a
+second recurrent class here and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second recurrent class here and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second recurrent class here and we know
+that if we are interested in a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we are interested in a long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we are interested in a long-term
+priority of being in that state assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of being in that state assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority of being in that state assuming
+that you started in one of these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you started in one of these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you started in one of these states
+here the priority will be 0 to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the priority will be 0 to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the priority will be 0 to be here
+but if you started in one of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you started in one of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you started in one of these two
+states the priority will be positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the priority will be positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the priority will be positive so
+clearly here the initial conditions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly here the initial conditions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly here the initial conditions will
+matter whenever you have two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whenever you have two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whenever you have two or more
+recurrent classes so what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent classes so what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent classes so what would happen
+if you have only one recurrent class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have only one recurrent class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have only one recurrent class so
+let's let's remove this one and consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's remove this one and consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's remove this one and consider
+this situation here where you have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation here where you have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation here where you have only
+one recurrent class in that case what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recurrent class in that case what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recurrent class in that case what we
+have seen this is still not sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this is still not sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this is still not sufficient
+indeed if you look at this recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if you look at this recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if you look at this recurrent
+class and the you are interested in nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and the you are interested in nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and the you are interested in nine
+and assume that you studied at nine then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume that you studied at nine then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume that you studied at nine then
+at time one who you will be either here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time one who you will be either here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time one who you will be either here
+or here and at time two you will be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here and at time two you will be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here and at time two you will be back
+at nine for sure and in general for time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nine for sure and in general for time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at nine for sure and in general for time
+and even the priority will be one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the priority will be one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the priority will be one and
+for time and odd it will be zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time and odd it will be zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for time and odd it will be zero so that
+specific n step transition probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific n step transition probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific n step transition probability
+in that situation here will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation here will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation here will never
+converge it will keep oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge it will keep oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge it will keep oscillating
+between zero and one so the issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one so the issue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one so the issue here
+is that we had a periodic recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we had a periodic recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we had a periodic recurrent
+class and the period in that case was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and the period in that case was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and the period in that case was
+two so let us consider now the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let us consider now the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let us consider now the final
+case where you have only one recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have only one recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have only one recurrent
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+and that recurring class is not periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that recurring class is not periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that recurring class is not periodic
+and how do we realize that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we realize that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we realize that this is not
+periodic here well we have a self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic here well we have a self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic here well we have a self
+transition here so now that we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition here so now that we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition here so now that we have one
+recurrent class and this recurrent class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class and this recurrent class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class and this recurrent class
+is a periodic the question is do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a periodic the question is do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a periodic the question is do you
+have this kind of convergence here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of convergence here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of convergence here and
+it turns out and this is the big theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out and this is the big theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out and this is the big theory
+of Markov chains under the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Markov chains under the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Markov chains under the name of
+steady-state convergence theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state convergence theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state convergence theorem that
+indeed yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed yes
+the rij is do converge to a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rij is do converge to a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rij is do converge to a steady state
+limit which we call a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit which we call a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit which we call a steady state
+probability as long as these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability as long as these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability as long as these two
+conditions are satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are satisfied
+so in summary not only these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary not only these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary not only these two
+conditions are necessary like we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are necessary like we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are necessary like we had
+seen without control example but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen without control example but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen without control example but they
+are sufficient we are not going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sufficient we are not going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sufficient we are not going to prove
+this theorem here so to be complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem here so to be complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem here so to be complicated
+but what is the intuitive idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the intuitive idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the intuitive idea behind
+this theorem well let us think intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem well let us think intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem well let us think intuitive
+ly as to why the initial state does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly as to why the initial state does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly as to why the initial state does not
+matter when the chain has a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter when the chain has a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter when the chain has a single
+recurrent class and no periodic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class and no periodic States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class and no periodic States
+the technique is pretty classical they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique is pretty classical they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique is pretty classical they
+use the following think about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the following think about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the following think about two
+independent copies of that Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent copies of that Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent copies of that Markov chain
+starting at two different initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at two different initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at two different initial
+conditions so for example think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so for example think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so for example think about a
+red copy and the red copy would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red copy and the red copy would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red copy and the red copy would
+initially start at state two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially start at state two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially start at state two and then
+will at each unit of time well join two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will at each unit of time well join two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will at each unit of time well join two
+next States according to the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next States according to the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next States according to the transition
+probabilities of this Markov chain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of this Markov chain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of this Markov chain so
+for example so this is at time zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so this is at time zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so this is at time zero it
+was here time one it might come here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here time one it might come here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here time one it might come here
+time two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three four five and so and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five and so and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five and so and so forth so
+this is one copy of the Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one copy of the Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one copy of the Markov chain
+so think about an average up either blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about an average up either blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about an average up either blue
+copy and assume that the blue copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and assume that the blue copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and assume that the blue copy
+started here at time 0 and again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here at time 0 and again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here at time 0 and again in a
+penalty of the other but during the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty of the other but during the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty of the other but during the same
+unit of time it will jump from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time it will jump from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time it will jump from from
+state to state according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to state according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to state according to the
+transition probabilities again so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities again so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities again so you
+know think that maybe this one will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think that maybe this one will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think that maybe this one will go
+here then will go here so time 2 3 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then will go here so time 2 3 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then will go here so time 2 3 will
+be here 4 here maybe 5 here and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here 4 here maybe 5 here and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here 4 here maybe 5 here and so and
+so forth now look at these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth now look at these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth now look at these two
+independent copies they were bhur time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent copies they were bhur time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent copies they were bhur time
+and in that case for our little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case for our little example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case for our little example
+here is the time for where for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the time for where for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the time for where for the first
+time they collide in in a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they collide in in a sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they collide in in a sense that
+they they jump to the same state at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they jump to the same state at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they jump to the same state at the
+same time so a time for both of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so a time for both of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time so a time for both of them are
+here now think a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now think a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now think a little bit about the
+future evolution of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future evolution of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future evolution of these two
+independent copies given that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent copies given that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent copies given that they are
+in state four now and here we are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state four now and here we are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state four now and here we are using
+the Markov property to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Markov property to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Markov property to say that the
+future evolution of the blue copy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future evolution of the blue copy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future evolution of the blue copy is
+independent of the previous path given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the previous path given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the previous path given
+that you're in state four the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in state four the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're in state four the fact that
+you studied in one does not matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you studied in one does not matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you studied in one does not matter for
+the future evolution of that blue copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future evolution of that blue copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future evolution of that blue copy
+and for the red copy given that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the red copy given that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the red copy given that you're
+in for the fact that you started in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for the fact that you started in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for the fact that you started in two
+does not matter to characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not matter to characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not matter to characterize the
+future evolutions of that red copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future evolutions of that red copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future evolutions of that red copy
+so in some sense probabilistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense probabilistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense probabilistically
+speaking these two copies cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking these two copies cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking these two copies cannot be
+distinguished for their future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished for their future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished for their future
+evolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutions
+given that they are both at state four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that they are both at state four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that they are both at state four
+so this means that the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that the initial
+conditions for these two copies given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for these two copies given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for these two copies given
+that these two copies met at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two copies met at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two copies met at a given
+state at a given time publicity speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at a given time publicity speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at a given time publicity speaking
+nothing can differentiate them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can differentiate them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can differentiate them in the
+future because of the Markov property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because of the Markov property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because of the Markov property
+that's essentially the high-level idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the high-level idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the high-level idea
+of this proof now the key thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this proof now the key thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this proof now the key thing here
+mathematically is to prove that whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically is to prove that whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically is to prove that whenever
+you have a Markov chain that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Markov chain that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Markov chain that has a
+single recurrent class and this racing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single recurrent class and this racing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single recurrent class and this racing
+recurrent class is not periodic and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class is not periodic and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent class is not periodic and you
+start from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from any
+initial conditions the two copies will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions the two copies will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions the two copies will
+eventually meet in a given state at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually meet in a given state at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually meet in a given state at a
+given time with Priority One okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time with Priority One okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time with Priority One okay so now
+let's assume that the theorem holds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that the theorem holds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that the theorem holds that
+means that yes indeed we have proved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that yes indeed we have proved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that yes indeed we have proved the
+existence of these steady-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of these steady-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of these steady-state
+probabilities the questions is now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the questions is now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the questions is now how
+to calculate them well the way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate them well the way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate them well the way to do it
+is to start from our key recursion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to start from our key recursion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to start from our key recursion that
+we had for the end state transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for the end state transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for the end state transition
+probabilities so where we assume here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so where we assume here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so where we assume here
+that we have M States and we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have M States and we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have M States and we are going
+to take the limit on both sides of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the limit on both sides of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the limit on both sides of this
+equality so when n goes to infinity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality so when n goes to infinity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality so when n goes to infinity we
+know that our G of n will go to pi of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that our G of n will go to pi of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that our G of n will go to pi of J
+and here when n goes to infinity in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here when n goes to infinity in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here when n goes to infinity in some
+sense n minus 1 also goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense n minus 1 also goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense n minus 1 also goes to infinity
+and so our I K of n minus 1 should go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our I K of n minus 1 should go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our I K of n minus 1 should go to
+PI of K and so we are using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of K and so we are using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of K and so we are using that
+property and again we take the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and again we take the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and again we take the limit as
+n goes to infinity and we say that RI G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity and we say that RI G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity and we say that RI G
+of n converges to here now the limit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n converges to here now the limit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n converges to here now the limit on
+this side you have a limit of a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side you have a limit of a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side you have a limit of a finite
+sum you can exchange the summation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum you can exchange the summation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum you can exchange the summation and
+the limit and so you take the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and so you take the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and so you take the limit
+inside the limit of our Aiki of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the limit of our Aiki of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the limit of our Aiki of n minus
+1 when n goes to infinity goes to PI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 when n goes to infinity goes to PI of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 when n goes to infinity goes to PI of
+K and then you have the resulting term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you have the resulting term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then you have the resulting term
+and so from that taking limit again as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from that taking limit again as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from that taking limit again as
+then goes to infinity on both side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes to infinity on both side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes to infinity on both side you
+end up with this equation here for J now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this equation here for J now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this equation here for J now
+you can do that for any of the J of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that for any of the J of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that for any of the J of your
+markov chain so you have m state so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov chain so you have m state so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov chain so you have m state so you
+end up having m equations and you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having m equations and you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having m equations and you have n
+unknowns right the M PI J's so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right the M PI J's so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns right the M PI J's so this is a
+system of M equations with a men nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of M equations with a men nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of M equations with a men nodes
+unfortunately this system is singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this system is singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this system is singular
+and has multiple solutions and one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has multiple solutions and one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has multiple solutions and one way
+to see that is the solution PI J equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that is the solution PI J equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that is the solution PI J equals
+0 for all J is a valid solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for all J is a valid solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for all J is a valid solution to this
+system 0 equals 0 so clearly this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system 0 equals 0 so clearly this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system 0 equals 0 so clearly this is not
+very informative so maybe we need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very informative so maybe we need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very informative so maybe we need one
+more condition to get a uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more condition to get a uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more condition to get a uniquely
+solvable system of linear equations it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable system of linear equations it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable system of linear equations it
+turns out that the system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the system of equations
+has a unique solution if you impose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a unique solution if you impose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a unique solution if you impose an
+additional condition which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional condition which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional condition which is pretty
+natural which is means that the PI J's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural which is means that the PI J's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural which is means that the PI J's
+are actually probabilities they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually probabilities they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually probabilities they should
+all sum to one in other words in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sum to one in other words in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sum to one in other words in the
+future if you ask yourself what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if you ask yourself what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if you ask yourself what is the
+voucher being staged a and and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voucher being staged a and and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voucher being staged a and and you get
+PI of G the summation of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of G the summation of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of G the summation of all the
+possible states have to be 1 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible states have to be 1 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible states have to be 1 if you
+consider that additional equation Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that additional equation Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that additional equation Plus
+that system here so if you consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system here so if you consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system here so if you consider this
+extended system then you can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended system then you can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended system then you can show that
+this has a unique solution and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a unique solution and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a unique solution and this
+unique solution cannot be this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution cannot be this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution cannot be this one and
+so in conclusion we can find the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in conclusion we can find the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in conclusion we can find the steady
+state probabilities of the Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state probabilities of the Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state probabilities of the Markov chain
+by just solving these linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just solving these linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just solving these linear equations
+which should be numerically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be numerically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be numerically a
+straightforward procedure
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9UDkcGjF4jU.txt b/9UDkcGjF4jU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29cf9a46190356cbb615887d2ad8d3186dd0de85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9UDkcGjF4jU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this sucks in air and it sucks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sucks in air and it sucks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sucks in air and it sucks in
+about I think 1/2 liter a minute and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I think 1/2 liter a minute and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I think 1/2 liter a minute and so
+you can get the percent gas in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the percent gas in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the percent gas in the air
+and so luckily at the moment there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so luckily at the moment there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so luckily at the moment there's
+probably zero percent nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah they don't really have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah they don't really have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah they don't really have a big
+probe on it oh yeah and what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe on it oh yeah and what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe on it oh yeah and what they do is
+they stick they took bang Barbara just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stick they took bang Barbara just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stick they took bang Barbara just
+like a big stick and they stick it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a big stick and they stick it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a big stick and they stick it in
+the ground until they get a hole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground until they get a hole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground until they get a hole the
+highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and right here is where the inlet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right here is where the inlet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right here is where the inlet is
+just off off to here we do this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just off off to here we do this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just off off to here we do this you know
+it's better to do it than in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to do it than in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to do it than in the back
+bumper because there can be some exhaust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumper because there can be some exhaust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumper because there can be some exhaust
+contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination
+you know actually well two cars we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know actually well two cars we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know actually well two cars we've
+tested it do not interfere but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it do not interfere but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it do not interfere but you know
+this is a little bit of old being so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of old being so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of old being so
+sometimes we you know past emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we you know past emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we you know past emissions
+test but still there can be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but still there can be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test but still there can be some
+contamination and so that's why it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination and so that's why it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination and so that's why it like
+we you know when we stopped sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know when we stopped sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know when we stopped sometimes
+you'll get some measurements but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get some measurements but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get some measurements but when
+you're moving forward and the wind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving forward and the wind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving forward and the wind is
+upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this is the methane reading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the methane reading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the methane reading that
+analyzer is reading right now so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer is reading right now so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer is reading right now so it's
+meat anything below - it's right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat anything below - it's right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat anything below - it's right now
+1.96 is is pretty clean there's no leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 is is pretty clean there's no leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 is is pretty clean there's no leak
+where we are right now so it's under -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are right now so it's under -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are right now so it's under -
+you know we're in a and even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're in a and even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're in a and even if it
+creeps up / - it's like 2.01 2.0 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creeps up / - it's like 2.01 2.0 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creeps up / - it's like 2.01 2.0 -
+that's not really you know indicative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really you know indicative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really you know indicative of
+a leak but if you see it go up to like -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leak but if you see it go up to like -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leak but if you see it go up to like -
+you know you'll see see your eyes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll see see your eyes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll see see your eyes can
+tell you in time then oh it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in time then oh it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you in time then oh it seems to be
+going up you know pretty rapidly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up you know pretty rapidly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up you know pretty rapidly here
+and so you know you'll see it maybe go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you'll see it maybe go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you'll see it maybe go
+up to 2.3 sometimes then drop back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 2.3 sometimes then drop back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 2.3 sometimes then drop back down
+and that's kind of unusual that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of unusual that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of unusual that's like
+okay there's there's probably something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's there's probably something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's there's probably something
+around here and then every once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here and then every once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here and then every once in a
+while you might see something that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you might see something that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you might see something that goes
+up further you know three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up further you know three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up further you know three
+three-and-a-half you know and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-and-a-half you know and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-and-a-half you know and those are
+like definite leaks you know so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like definite leaks you know so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like definite leaks you know so what's
+the highest number you've ever seen well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest number you've ever seen well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest number you've ever seen well
+in DC we got I think very near to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DC we got I think very near to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DC we got I think very near to a
+hundred parts per million Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred parts per million Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred parts per million Wow
+you know and that's in the air that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's in the air that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and that's in the air that
+we're breathing so it's not explosive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're breathing so it's not explosive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're breathing so it's not explosive at
+that level but it's it's like 50 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level but it's it's like 50 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level but it's it's like 50 times
+more than the background value okay so -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the background value okay so -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the background value okay so -
+is back is baseline kind of background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back is baseline kind of background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back is baseline kind of background
+yeah yeah yeah consider to to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah consider to to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah consider to to be a
+baseline kind of you know now it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline kind of you know now it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline kind of you know now it's like
+co2 what used to be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+280 parts per million and now it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+280 parts per million and now it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+280 parts per million and now it's like
+over 400 so you know two parts really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 400 so you know two parts really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 400 so you know two parts really a
+methane is the new normal I mean it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane is the new normal I mean it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane is the new normal I mean it was
+0.7 parts per million pre-industrial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7 parts per million pre-industrial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7 parts per million pre-industrial so
+you know I don't like to point that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't like to point that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't like to point that out
+that our normal baseline is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our normal baseline is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our normal baseline is a very
+abnormal so we're going up above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal so we're going up above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal so we're going up above that
+please now this is a time line here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please now this is a time line here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please now this is a time line here this
+graph and you can see as I came in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and you can see as I came in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and you can see as I came in here
+we did get six seven you know we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did get six seven you know we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did get six seven you know we got a
+few links here that was right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few links here that was right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few links here that was right at the
+Allston right and tolls coming down off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allston right and tolls coming down off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allston right and tolls coming down off
+of the Mass Pike there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Mass Pike there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Mass Pike there's a there's a
+leak there so what happens in like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak there so what happens in like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak there so what happens in like in
+terms of reporting that so we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of reporting that so we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of reporting that so we don't have
+any evidence but based on driving by we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any evidence but based on driving by we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any evidence but based on driving by we
+can't say whether it's a green one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say whether it's a green one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say whether it's a green one
+hazardous liek a grade 2 or a grade 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazardous liek a grade 2 or a grade 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazardous liek a grade 2 or a grade 3
+so-called no hazardous leak so I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called no hazardous leak so I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called no hazardous leak so I I don't
+feel obligated that eats what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel obligated that eats what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel obligated that eats what we see
+that okay we got to call the gas company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we got to call the gas company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we got to call the gas company
+you know first of all they know they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first of all they know they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first of all they know they do
+know about these leaks they know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these leaks they know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about these leaks they know you
+know so a large trivy where they are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so a large trivy where they are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so a large trivy where they are but
+if we get out and we could cuz we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get out and we could cuz we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get out and we could cuz we have
+the CGI if we decide to get out and poke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CGI if we decide to get out and poke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CGI if we decide to get out and poke
+around and look for one and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and look for one and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and look for one and we find
+evidence that it is like a great one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that it is like a great one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that it is like a great one
+then then that's what I feel obligated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then that's what I feel obligated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then that's what I feel obligated
+to call the leak in you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the leak in you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the leak in you know it's like
+we have knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have knowledge
+something could you know seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something could you know seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something could you know seems to be
+unsafe and so can we call it it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsafe and so can we call it it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsafe and so can we call it it is very
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+this machine is not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine is not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine is not going to be able to
+tell us whether there's a great one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us whether there's a great one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us whether there's a great one the
+great explosive hazard grade 2 or great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great explosive hazard grade 2 or great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great explosive hazard grade 2 or great
+free and and you know that's because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and and you know that's because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and and you know that's because you
+can have big leaks with lots of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have big leaks with lots of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have big leaks with lots of gas
+coming out that are not explosive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out that are not explosive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out that are not explosive
+hazards that's like the Porter Ranch gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards that's like the Porter Ranch gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards that's like the Porter Ranch gas
+leak in LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak in LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak in LA
+Audrey makes this point a lot it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audrey makes this point a lot it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audrey makes this point a lot it was
+technically a grade 3 non hazardous leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically a grade 3 non hazardous leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically a grade 3 non hazardous leak
+it wasn't gonna explode you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't gonna explode you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't gonna explode you know and
+what that close to the neighborhood it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that close to the neighborhood it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that close to the neighborhood it
+was like a quarter-mile away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a quarter-mile away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a quarter-mile away from the
+neighborhood so it's an indication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood so it's an indication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood so it's an indication that
+that grading scheme is only a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grading scheme is only a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grading scheme is only a single
+variable grading speed scheme and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable grading speed scheme and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable grading speed scheme and you
+know explosion explosion and hazard is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know explosion explosion and hazard is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know explosion explosion and hazard is a
+big deal there's no doubt about that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal there's no doubt about that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal there's no doubt about that no
+one wants that so but the the grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants that so but the the grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants that so but the the grading
+scheme has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme has to
+you know incorporate the amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know incorporate the amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know incorporate the amount of the
+flux there is a GPS on this roof right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux there is a GPS on this roof right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux there is a GPS on this roof right
+now and it's plugged into the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's plugged into the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's plugged into the back of
+this Mystery Machine and the data file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Mystery Machine and the data file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Mystery Machine and the data file
+that comes out is already integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out is already integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out is already integrated
+with GPS paper with the timestamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it's a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a word
+the objectives for today is it just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objectives for today is it just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objectives for today is it just to
+see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how
+is measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measuring
+or are we trying to answer any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are we trying to answer any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are we trying to answer any
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+so let me call this as a gas leak Safari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me call this as a gas leak Safari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me call this as a gas leak Safari
+so I wanted one of the objective - okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted one of the objective - okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted one of the objective - okay
+here at two three two three so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at two three two three so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at two three two three so there's
+there's something there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to educate to show first of all what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to educate to show first of all what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to educate to show first of all what
+what this process is of mapping the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this process is of mapping the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this process is of mapping the gas
+leaks I think that we're going to places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks I think that we're going to places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks I think that we're going to places
+that we have surveyed in the past Audrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have surveyed in the past Audrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have surveyed in the past Audrey
+and heat did the study now two years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat did the study now two years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat did the study now two years ago
+is it office button things change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it office button things change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it office button things change you
+know take a right here right on Portland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take a right here right on Portland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take a right here right on Portland
+to two point one two one okay here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two point one two one okay here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two point one two one okay here we
+have something to two so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to two so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to two so there's
+something here three five seven okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here three five seven okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here three five seven okay
+yeah reading A two A three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah reading A two A three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah reading A two A three
+okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creating so you can see there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating so you can see there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating so you can see there's this
+fight you can imagine as any layperson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight you can imagine as any layperson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight you can imagine as any layperson
+can imagine the bakery's of winds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine the bakery's of winds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine the bakery's of winds are
+gonna carry the plume is coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna carry the plume is coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna carry the plume is coming out of
+wherever it can come out it could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it can come out it could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it can come out it could come
+out of soil the leak is gonna just find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of soil the leak is gonna just find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of soil the leak is gonna just find
+whatever parallel pathways it can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever parallel pathways it can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever parallel pathways it can get
+out and so you can imagine at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so you can imagine at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so you can imagine at the
+surface there's you know some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface there's you know some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface there's you know some kind of a
+you know profile of this stuff coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know profile of this stuff coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know profile of this stuff coming
+out and then the winds gonna carry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then the winds gonna carry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then the winds gonna carry it
+and blow it around and so that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blow it around and so that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blow it around and so that makes it
+a little tough as you be - we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tough as you be - we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tough as you be - we can't
+really pinpoint exactly where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pinpoint exactly where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pinpoint exactly where it's
+coming out of the ground we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the ground we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the ground we can we can
+know when we have driven by it there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when we have driven by it there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when we have driven by it there's a
+leak in this vicinity and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak in this vicinity and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak in this vicinity and I would
+probably say within you know fifty to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say within you know fifty to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say within you know fifty to a
+hundred feet of where we measured it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet of where we measured it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet of where we measured it is
+probably part of the source coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably part of the source coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably part of the source coming out
+of the ground but to actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ground but to actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ground but to actually really
+pinpoint where the pipeline leak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint where the pipeline leak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint where the pipeline leak is
+would require is stopping getting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require is stopping getting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require is stopping getting out
+and using the instrument that audrey has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the instrument that audrey has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the instrument that audrey has
+as well as maybe some other instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as maybe some other instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as maybe some other instruments
+handheld snippers to really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld snippers to really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld snippers to really you know
+find out where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where it's
+what you're realizing right now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're realizing right now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're realizing right now that
+makes it like discrete when we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it like discrete when we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it like discrete when we see a
+leak if you look at this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak if you look at this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak if you look at this this is
+timeline here this trace you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline here this trace you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline here this trace you can see
+that there's a lot of flat and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of flat and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of flat and then some
+fairly well resolved spikes and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well resolved spikes and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well resolved spikes and so it
+doesn't it's not very ambiguous when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's not very ambiguous when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's not very ambiguous when you
+get an elevated anomalous reading it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an elevated anomalous reading it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an elevated anomalous reading it's
+like oh there's one there's one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh there's one there's one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh there's one there's one there's
+one here's here's a couple they're small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's here's a couple they're small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's here's a couple they're small
+but they really do stick out very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they really do stick out very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they really do stick out very
+clearly from the background so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly from the background so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly from the background so there's
+not that much ambiguity about like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much ambiguity about like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much ambiguity about like well
+as this kind of giant blob a leak or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this kind of giant blob a leak or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this kind of giant blob a leak or not
+they're well resolved spikes in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well resolved spikes in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well resolved spikes in time and
+space what's what's the biggest leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what's what's the biggest leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what's what's the biggest leak
+you've seen in the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen in the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen in the bus
+maybe like 40 or 50 parts per million in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like 40 or 50 parts per million in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like 40 or 50 parts per million in
+the air remember there was that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air remember there was that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air remember there was that I think
+well a couple places that were close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a couple places that were close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a couple places that were close to
+that one was mother bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one was mother bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one was mother bird
+Sullivan square Rutherford Street the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan square Rutherford Street the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sullivan square Rutherford Street the in
+Charlestown kind of on the Somerville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlestown kind of on the Somerville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlestown kind of on the Somerville
+cross town corner the giant rotary yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross town corner the giant rotary yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross town corner the giant rotary yeah
+I mean we could go over there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we could go over there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we could go over there there's a
+big leak there known anthem road between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big leak there known anthem road between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big leak there known anthem road between
+Cottam Watertown and dude oh boy 9:30 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cottam Watertown and dude oh boy 9:30 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cottam Watertown and dude oh boy 9:30 so
+I mean if we could like get out and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if we could like get out and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if we could like get out and take
+a break and find it if you aren't on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break and find it if you aren't on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a break and find it if you aren't on
+this one it's kind of quiet this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it's kind of quiet this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it's kind of quiet this is
+definitely a much blunt or instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a much blunt or instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a much blunt or instrument
+than that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one
+and it's made to find out like percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's made to find out like percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's made to find out like percent
+level fifty percent ten percent not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level fifty percent ten percent not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level fifty percent ten percent not not
+parts per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per million
+this is now when you want to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now when you want to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now when you want to find out
+where is it coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it coming out
+and the professionals right now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the professionals right now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the professionals right now we have
+this bar that it's called a bang bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bar that it's called a bang bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bar that it's called a bang bar
+it's like one of those construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one of those construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one of those construction
+piledrivers it's like a handheld version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piledrivers it's like a handheld version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piledrivers it's like a handheld version
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+you would find out and you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find out and you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find out and you like
+community right here you like slam it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community right here you like slam it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community right here you like slam it
+down maybe something you know up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down maybe something you know up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down maybe something you know up to a
+meter and then this would have a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and then this would have a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and then this would have a longer
+thing you stick it in there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you stick it in there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you stick it in there now
+we don't I don't do that because I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't I don't do that because I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't I don't do that because I am
+NOT certified to do that and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOT certified to do that and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOT certified to do that and I don't
+want to puncture any gas lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to puncture any gas lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to puncture any gas lines and
+create an explosion so so so what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an explosion so so so what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an explosion so so so what I do
+is I just kind of do like this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just kind of do like this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just kind of do like this you know
+and sometimes I'll use a and and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes I'll use a and and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes I'll use a and and kind of
+you know this is right at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is right at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is right at the surface
+and poke around so actually look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poke around so actually look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poke around so actually look it
+there is something point two now now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something point two now now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something point two now now the
+fact point two five percent so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact point two five percent so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact point two five percent so that so
+point two five percent is um say 1% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two five percent is um say 1% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two five percent is um say 1% is
+10,000 parts per million right 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 parts per million right 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 parts per million right 1%
+this is 880 500 parts per million right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 880 500 parts per million right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 880 500 parts per million right
+now zero point eight five zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now zero point eight five zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now zero point eight five zero point
+nine okay so now so the thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine okay so now so the thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine okay so now so the thing is that
+this is right at the surface if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right at the surface if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right at the surface if I was
+down even probably that much it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down even probably that much it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down even probably that much it would
+probably be I don't know 15 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be I don't know 15 20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be I don't know 15 20 percent
+and if we went down a little further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we went down a little further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we went down a little further
+this could be 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point two five yeah so about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two five yeah so about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two five yeah so about the same
+I'm just to like about that far in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just to like about that far in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just to like about that far in but
+now this is so this is an indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is so this is an indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is so this is an indication
+that you know there's definitely a leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's definitely a leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's definitely a leak
+here and it's no mistake we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's no mistake we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's no mistake we got the
+fifteen parts per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen parts per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen parts per million
+kind of air that we're breathing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of air that we're breathing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of air that we're breathing so
+let's look around for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look around for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look around for just
+infrastructure let's see you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure let's see you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure let's see you know I mean
+we just came out that was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just came out that was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just came out that was a very
+arbitrary choice of a place to look it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary choice of a place to look it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary choice of a place to look it's
+just we got out we're here but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+market and this big pack has been for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and this big pack has been for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and this big pack has been for
+some purpose I I don't know if it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some purpose I I don't know if it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some purpose I I don't know if it was a
+gas line I see some more yellow paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas line I see some more yellow paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas line I see some more yellow paint
+out here always be very careful with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here always be very careful with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here always be very careful with the
+cars of course so this is a cert this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars of course so this is a cert this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars of course so this is a cert this is
+a service line coming off of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service line coming off of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service line coming off of the you
+know the the main okay so service lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the main okay so service lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the main okay so service lines
+going this way means generally going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way means generally going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way means generally going
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+you know mains can be at an angle they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mains can be at an angle they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mains can be at an angle they
+can be running under the sidewalk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be running under the sidewalk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be running under the sidewalk so
+it's it's anything can really happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's anything can really happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's anything can really happen
+so we're mains laid down before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're mains laid down before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're mains laid down before the
+streets were gridded or something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets were gridded or something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets were gridded or something or
+what or sometimes afterwards okay but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what or sometimes afterwards okay but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what or sometimes afterwards okay but if
+it's afterwards I'm gonna assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's afterwards I'm gonna assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's afterwards I'm gonna assume that
+they're configured probably would do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're configured probably would do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're configured probably would do it
+weren't running that way okay this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't running that way okay this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't running that way okay this is an
+electrical manhole the gas can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical manhole the gas can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical manhole the gas can come in
+any you know it can seep in anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you know it can seep in anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you know it can seep in anywhere
+okay so 0.25 okay so gas in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 0.25 okay so gas in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 0.25 okay so gas in there
+alright so so we did this okay so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so so we did this okay so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so so we did this okay so all
+right twisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right twisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right twisted
+so there's definitely gas in here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's definitely gas in here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's definitely gas in here that's
+very very clear you know I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very clear you know I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very clear you know I mean if you
+really wanted to you could smell it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to you could smell it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to you could smell it and
+smell the gas but I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell the gas but I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell the gas but I'm not gonna
+recommend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that
+but this is not an explosive threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not an explosive threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not an explosive threshold
+so I don't feel like back off you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't feel like back off you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't feel like back off you know
+don't smoke or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't smoke or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't smoke or whatever
+well don't smoke but if it were 4% then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't smoke but if it were 4% then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't smoke but if it were 4% then
+that would be a grade one explosive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a grade one explosive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a grade one explosive
+hazard okay and we would call it in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard okay and we would call it in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard okay and we would call it in and
+they would come out immediately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would come out immediately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would come out immediately and
+again 4% is what on that readout 40,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 4% is what on that readout 40,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 4% is what on that readout 40,000
+part of a million 4% is equal to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a million 4% is equal to 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a million 4% is equal to 40
+thousand parts per million so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand parts per million so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand parts per million so if this
+reads 4.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads 4.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads 4.0
+yeah that's 40,000 parts per million and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's 40,000 parts per million and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's 40,000 parts per million and
+that's the explode that's the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the explode that's the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the explode that's the lower
+explosion threshold the higher explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion threshold the higher explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion threshold the higher explosion
+thresholds about 15% yes if it gets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds about 15% yes if it gets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds about 15% yes if it gets me
+above that there's not enough oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call it in and these two guys from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it in and these two guys from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it in and these two guys from every
+source arrived and they don't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source arrived and they don't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source arrived and they don't even have
+like a bang bar and you know like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bang bar and you know like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bang bar and you know like they
+they didn't have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have the right
+instrumentation to do it and they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation to do it and they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation to do it and they you
+know so we pop open the manhole for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we pop open the manhole for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we pop open the manhole for them
+and they look in there like yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they look in there like yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they look in there like yeah you
+know he'd go off to the side and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he'd go off to the side and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he'd go off to the side and they
+actually said in front of me cause I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said in front of me cause I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said in front of me cause I
+don't think they realized that I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they realized that I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they realized that I wasn't
+a utility person yeah they're like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility person yeah they're like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility person yeah they're like yeah
+you just gotta think sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the place it wasn't a facetious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the place it wasn't a facetious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the place it wasn't a facetious
+comment huh in front of the kids I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment huh in front of the kids I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment huh in front of the kids I just
+thought that was really strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know 1 1 1 it just exceeded 11.2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 1 1 1 it just exceeded 11.2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 1 1 1 it just exceeded 11.2 so
+the gas company it's soaked into - okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas company it's soaked into - okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas company it's soaked into - okay
+so this is too close to this tree to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is too close to this tree to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is too close to this tree to be
+good for this tree you know and clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for this tree you know and clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for this tree you know and clearly
+this tree has it's not that old how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree has it's not that old how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree has it's not that old how long
+do they put this in here you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they put this in here you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they put this in here you know how
+much did it cost to put this in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much did it cost to put this in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much did it cost to put this in here and
+now you've got a you've got a leak here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got a you've got a leak here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got a you've got a leak here
+and this white paint that's it that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this white paint that's it that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this white paint that's it that's a
+sign of the gas company having been out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the gas company having been out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the gas company having been out
+here at some point to monitor here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at some point to monitor here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at some point to monitor here's the
+service line so you know I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service line so you know I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service line so you know I don't know I
+mean oh yes sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean oh yes sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean oh yes sorry
+the methane the the natural gas has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methane the the natural gas has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methane the the natural gas has no
+oxygen in it and the root systems need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in it and the root systems need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in it and the root systems need
+oxygen to metabolize so you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to metabolize so you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to metabolize so you've got this
+plume of anoxic soil volume and it kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plume of anoxic soil volume and it kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plume of anoxic soil volume and it kills
+the roots so in fact right here isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots so in fact right here isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots so in fact right here isn't it
+the case that there could have been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that there could have been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that there could have been an
+older tree the same age as these tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older tree the same age as these tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older tree the same age as these tall
+ones that died and was replaced by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that died and was replaced by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that died and was replaced by this
+and possibly it died because of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly it died because of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly it died because of her
+nothin link yeah I mean yeah I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothin link yeah I mean yeah I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothin link yeah I mean yeah I I would
+be very interesting to find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very interesting to find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very interesting to find out what the
+history of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this
+this is mrs. maybe a two three years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mrs. maybe a two three years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mrs. maybe a two three years old
+is my Gus from from the sapling from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Gus from from the sapling from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my Gus from from the sapling from the
+whatever he was planted so okay I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever he was planted so okay I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever he was planted so okay I'm not
+getting anything at the very surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting anything at the very surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting anything at the very surface
+here but you know we dead definitely got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you know we dead definitely got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you know we dead definitely got
+some there and that's too close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there and that's too close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there and that's too close to this
+tree because I mean the root system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree because I mean the root system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree because I mean the root system is
+certainly going over there another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly going over there another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly going over there another
+really interesting thing so it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing so it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting thing so it actually
+does come back to being so I'm a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does come back to being so I'm a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does come back to being so I'm a tree
+physiologist it's interesting cuz some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologist it's interesting cuz some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologist it's interesting cuz some
+trees have a vasculature that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees have a vasculature that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees have a vasculature that is called
+segmented and some tree species have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmented and some tree species have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmented and some tree species have a
+integrated vascular what that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated vascular what that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated vascular what that structure
+that what that means is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that means is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that means is that some
+species the roots on this side are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the roots on this side are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the roots on this side are
+connected to the pipes that lend water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the pipes that lend water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the pipes that lend water
+on this side and are connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side and are connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side and are connected to the
+branches on this side and and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches on this side and and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches on this side and and in this
+side operates kind of like as a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side operates kind of like as a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side operates kind of like as a parallel
+path whereas other tree species like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path whereas other tree species like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path whereas other tree species like
+pine a lot of pine species what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pine a lot of pine species what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pine a lot of pine species what it's
+like whatever comes out of here or goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whatever comes out of here or goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whatever comes out of here or goes
+through here could have been from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here could have been from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here could have been from
+anywhere in the soil it's integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the soil it's integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the soil it's integrated
+okay spatially integrated so so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay spatially integrated so so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay spatially integrated so so if the
+gas leak is spatially has some spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leak is spatially has some spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas leak is spatially has some spatial
+pattern to it you could see differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to it you could see differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern to it you could see differences
+in you know where it shows up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know where it shows up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know where it shows up on the
+tree depending on the tree species and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree depending on the tree species and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree depending on the tree species and
+its vascular look at this look how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its vascular look at this look how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its vascular look at this look how it's
+breaking off like the twigs are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking off like the twigs are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking off like the twigs are just
+snapping this this tree is not in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapping this this tree is not in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapping this this tree is not in good
+it's dried out and so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dried out and so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dried out and so this is not
+there's there's mystery is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's mystery is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's mystery is having
+problems you can just I mean I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you can just I mean I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you can just I mean I'm not
+killing this tree it's just like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing this tree it's just like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing this tree it's just like these
+tips are dead they're not they're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips are dead they're not they're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips are dead they're not they're not a
+hydrated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah so these are okay over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so these are okay over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so these are okay over here
+you know this side is not doing so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this side is not doing so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this side is not doing so good
+I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+my kind of traces cobble their fees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kind of traces cobble their fees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my kind of traces cobble their fees and
+then reporting it to the city yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reporting it to the city yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reporting it to the city yeah
+totally yeah so and that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally yeah so and that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally yeah so and that's the whole
+idea behind making this available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea behind making this available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea behind making this available
+through heat by the Sierra Club I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through heat by the Sierra Club I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through heat by the Sierra Club I'm the
+executive committee here at bum so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive committee here at bum so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive committee here at bum so I'm
+like you know loading the Sierra Club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know loading the Sierra Club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know loading the Sierra Club
+but they're making these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're making these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're making these things
+available for communities to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for communities to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for communities to do what
+we're doing to use your nose to to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing to use your nose to to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing to use your nose to to use
+your eyes to find you know if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes to find you know if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes to find you know if you know
+people walk by you know it's like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people walk by you know it's like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people walk by you know it's like it
+looks a little weak and then you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little weak and then you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little weak and then you can go
+and check this out and actually find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check this out and actually find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check this out and actually find out
+where it is and then record it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is and then record it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is and then record it you know
+you don't have to wait to report it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to wait to report it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to wait to report it if
+you smell it you can you can and should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you smell it you can you can and should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you smell it you can you can and should
+report it but it empowers you to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it but it empowers you to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it but it empowers you to find
+out more and mothers out front has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more and mothers out front has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out more and mothers out front has been
+like amazing in terms of also you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like amazing in terms of also you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like amazing in terms of also you know
+it's not just what they know but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just what they know but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just what they know but when
+they plant that flag in the ground it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they plant that flag in the ground it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they plant that flag in the ground it's
+showing everyone else but their delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing everyone else but their delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing everyone else but their delete
+gun as well you know so just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun as well you know so just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun as well you know so just just
+essentially making the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially making the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially making the problem
+transparent to everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to everyone
+so mothers out front has has had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mothers out front has has had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mothers out front has has had and
+maybe you still do a campaign where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you still do a campaign where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you still do a campaign where
+where there's leaf they just plant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's leaf they just plant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's leaf they just plant a
+yellow flag and it has a sniffing nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow flag and it has a sniffing nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow flag and it has a sniffing nose
+on it and it basically makes it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and it basically makes it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and it basically makes it clear
+that there's a leak there we did it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a leak there we did it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a leak there we did it in a
+concentrated time period and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated time period and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated time period and then we
+collected the flags back again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the flags back again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the flags back again but
+during that process a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that process a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that process a lot of people
+talked with us and and we're reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with us and and we're reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with us and and we're reading the
+information that we left blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we left blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we left blank
+did the utility companies respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the utility companies respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the utility companies respond to
+those lags are per se not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lags are per se not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lags are per se not
+way that we know Audrey might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we know Audrey might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we know Audrey might know
+we didn't do any measurements we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't do any measurements we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't do any measurements we were
+just going from the mapping that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going from the mapping that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going from the mapping that had
+been done and we were given points where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and we were given points where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and we were given points where
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+leakage going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage going on
+and so that was actually driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was actually driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was actually driven by
+information provided by the utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information provided by the utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information provided by the utilities
+but like a follow-on development of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like a follow-on development of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like a follow-on development of this
+could be you know as we know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you know as we know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you know as we know they're
+they're the the leak map provided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the the leak map provided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the the leak map provided by the
+utilities as good as Audrey did to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities as good as Audrey did to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities as good as Audrey did to put
+them you know faithfully down where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know faithfully down where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know faithfully down where they
+were look at this the utilities get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were look at this the utilities get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were look at this the utilities get it
+wrong sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong sometimes
+or they these missing leaks or what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they these missing leaks or what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they these missing leaks or what are
+we calling them missing leak you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calling them missing leak you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calling them missing leak you know
+that have come off the books and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come off the books and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come off the books and you
+know it doesn't seem like they you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it doesn't seem like they you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it doesn't seem like they you know
+like 15% of them came off like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15% of them came off like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15% of them came off like on
+December 31st it doesn't make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 31st it doesn't make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 31st it doesn't make sense so
+so it's kind of auditing you know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of auditing you know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of auditing you know them
+as well and this is just us being parked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and this is just us being parked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and this is just us being parked
+here okay so you can see it going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so you can see it going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so you can see it going up and
+down and up and down and again it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and up and down and again it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and up and down and again it's just
+the wind wafting this week around so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind wafting this week around so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind wafting this week around so it
+gives you an idea of the vagaries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of the vagaries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of the vagaries of the
+weather conditions but you can see also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather conditions but you can see also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather conditions but you can see also
+that even when it goes down I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even when it goes down I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even when it goes down I mean it's
+still the lowest it ever went here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the lowest it ever went here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the lowest it ever went here is
+like I don't know two point seven or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know two point seven or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know two point seven or
+maybe three or so so it's obviously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three or so so it's obviously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three or so so it's obviously a
+leak but depending on the conditions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak but depending on the conditions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak but depending on the conditions I
+mean we were up love 16 we were down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we were up love 16 we were down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we were up love 16 we were down to
+like three you know and and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three you know and and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three you know and and so if you
+drive a leak two different times you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a leak two different times you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a leak two different times you're
+gonna get two different peat gratings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get two different peat gratings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get two different peat gratings
+that's part of the thing that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the thing that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the thing that makes it
+tricky difficult to estimate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky difficult to estimate like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky difficult to estimate like
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+- so when you see him - dip down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so when you see him - dip down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so when you see him - dip down like
+that and then come back up like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then come back up like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then come back up like that
+that's pretty clear we're moving at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty clear we're moving at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty clear we're moving at a
+steady pace here so you know we care by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady pace here so you know we care by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady pace here so you know we care by
+well I didn't pay attention to the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I didn't pay attention to the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I didn't pay attention to the tree
+or okay please be on trees thank you he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or okay please be on trees thank you he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or okay please be on trees thank you he
+catches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to 911 you want to pull over yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always yellow in school yeah yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always yellow in school yeah yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always yellow in school yeah yellow
+always refers to dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's like you see stuff every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like you see stuff every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like you see stuff every time
+it's just a little different like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a little different like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a little different like I
+don't know if that I've ever seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that I've ever seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that I've ever seen a
+marking like right on a curved stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking like right on a curved stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking like right on a curved stone
+like that multiple means you know oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that multiple means you know oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that multiple means you know oh I
+think they're bracketing it here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're bracketing it here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're bracketing it here so you
+can see the two yellow lines but here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the two yellow lines but here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the two yellow lines but here it
+is 12-inch cast-iron cast iron is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12-inch cast-iron cast iron is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12-inch cast-iron cast iron is the
+old leaky stuff it's the most bleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old leaky stuff it's the most bleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old leaky stuff it's the most bleep
+phone most prevalent leak prone pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+originally give it as they put jute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally give it as they put jute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally give it as they put jute
+which is sort of a grass between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of a grass between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of a grass between the two
+you know to cut it close the joints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to cut it close the joints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to cut it close the joints and
+then as we gasps got less humid because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as we gasps got less humid because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as we gasps got less humid because
+they decrease the humidity of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decrease the humidity of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decrease the humidity of the gas
+that jute right out has problems every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jute right out has problems every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jute right out has problems every
+12 feet because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 feet because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 feet because of that
+Wow let's see if we get in playing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow let's see if we get in playing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow let's see if we get in playing out
+of here Nathan and Bob back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here Nathan and Bob back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here Nathan and Bob back
+all that work and we got nothing use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that work and we got nothing use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that work and we got nothing use the
+drill holes so so um kind of push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill holes so so um kind of push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill holes so so um kind of push it
+there and see if you get anything just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and see if you get anything just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and see if you get anything just
+hold it down you'll hear it slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it down you'll hear it slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it down you'll hear it slow down
+the pump slow down if you get too if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pump slow down if you get too if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pump slow down if you get too if you
+push it too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it too hard
+okay nothing there so that's that drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nothing there so that's that drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nothing there so that's that drill
+holes are for the gas company when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes are for the gas company when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes are for the gas company when they
+come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's come out like try these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's come out like try these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's come out like try these
+alright so let's go out here and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's go out here and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's go out here and let's
+just test okay there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just test okay there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just test okay there we go
+forty point four okarin right let's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty point four okarin right let's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty point four okarin right let's we
+can get up okay so they're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get up okay so they're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get up okay so they're definitely
+there okay so uh yeah we didn't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so uh yeah we didn't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so uh yeah we didn't we
+didn't really find I mean we found we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really find I mean we found we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really find I mean we found we
+found the leak but we didn't find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the leak but we didn't find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the leak but we didn't find any
+large concentrations I mean it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large concentrations I mean it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large concentrations I mean it's all
+along this block so yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this block so yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this block so yeah this is
+relatively new right look at the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new right look at the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively new right look at the line
+where the new paving was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the new paving was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the new paving was this
+intersection was redone with a new new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection was redone with a new new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection was redone with a new new
+everything we got gas so that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we got gas so that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we got gas so that's this is
+an example of lost opportunities with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of lost opportunities with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of lost opportunities with
+with MAPC heap did a study to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with MAPC heap did a study to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with MAPC heap did a study to sort of
+figure out how much municipalities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much municipalities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much municipalities and
+gas companies could save by doing sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas companies could save by doing sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas companies could save by doing sort
+of more incubated repair and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more incubated repair and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more incubated repair and not
+screwing up like this it comes up yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing up like this it comes up yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing up like this it comes up yep
+and it was like a billion dollars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like a billion dollars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was like a billion dollars you
+can check it out fix our pipes org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check it out fix our pipes org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check it out fix our pipes org
+it's a really we don't know website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not good so you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good so you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good so you can sort of
+imagine like all the infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine like all the infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine like all the infrastructure
+underneath both the gas pipes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath both the gas pipes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath both the gas pipes and the
+electric and water mains and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and water mains and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and water mains and stuff like
+that and as well as the paving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and as well as the paving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and as well as the paving and
+paving alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paving alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paving alone
+in Massachusetts I think 600,000 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Massachusetts I think 600,000 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Massachusetts I think 600,000 on
+average per mile so it's just expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average per mile so it's just expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average per mile so it's just expensive
+layered on expanse on expense so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered on expanse on expense so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered on expanse on expense so if you
+change something if you fix anything if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something if you fix anything if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something if you fix anything if
+you can cut into the pavement for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cut into the pavement for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cut into the pavement for any
+reason you should just fix all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you should just fix all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you should just fix all like
+operating on somebody's appendix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on somebody's appendix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on somebody's appendix and
+finding a broken artery and be like Oh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ADWGuj3nDQo.txt b/ADWGuj3nDQo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f2579eeda8cc453b3c32d8b989ea0dde97884e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ADWGuj3nDQo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're talking today about the changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking today about the changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking today about the changes in
+the corporation and particularly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation and particularly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation and particularly about
+the role that CEOs play in leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role that CEOs play in leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role that CEOs play in leading
+American corporations we're fortunate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American corporations we're fortunate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American corporations we're fortunate to
+have John Reed with us John is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have John Reed with us John is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have John Reed with us John is the
+former chairman of City Corp and City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former chairman of City Corp and City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former chairman of City Corp and City
+bank and then after City Corp merged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and then after City Corp merged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and then after City Corp merged
+with Travelers uh he was the co-ceo of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Travelers uh he was the co-ceo of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Travelers uh he was the co-ceo of
+the city group then as an indication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city group then as an indication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city group then as an indication of
+the level of respect to business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of respect to business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of respect to business
+community as for him he was asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community as for him he was asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community as for him he was asked to
+serve as chairman of the New York Stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as chairman of the New York Stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as chairman of the New York Stock
+Exchange from 2003 to 2005 so John thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange from 2003 to 2005 so John thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange from 2003 to 2005 so John thank
+you for joining us maybe we could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for joining us maybe we could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for joining us maybe we could start
+just by getting your perspective on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by getting your perspective on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by getting your perspective on what
+is the role of the corporation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the role of the corporation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the role of the corporation in the
+American economy and particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American economy and particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American economy and particularly the
+responsibilities of the CEO the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities of the CEO the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities of the CEO the role of
+the corporation in the US has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation in the US has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corporation in the US has changed
+quite a bit and I've witnessed some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit and I've witnessed some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit and I've witnessed some of
+this change my own personal view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change my own personal view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change my own personal view is
+business's responsibility is to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business's responsibility is to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business's responsibility is to create
+customers satisfy the customer needs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers satisfy the customer needs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers satisfy the customer needs and
+do so in a way that produces decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in a way that produces decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in a way that produces decent
+Financial results on a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial results on a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial results on a sort of
+intermediate to longer period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate to longer period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate to longer period of time
+and obviously there's a social role for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously there's a social role for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously there's a social role for
+the institution itself you typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institution itself you typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institution itself you typically
+employ a lot of people you invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ a lot of people you invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ a lot of people you invest in
+factories or in Office Buildings or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories or in Office Buildings or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories or in Office Buildings or what
+have you and so you become a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and so you become a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and so you become a part of the
+the community and it's changed today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and it's changed today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and it's changed today
+this idea of shareholder value tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of shareholder value tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of shareholder value tends to
+define the role of the company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the role of the company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the role of the company in
+economic terms why do you think the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic terms why do you think the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic terms why do you think the role
+of the corporation has changed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corporation has changed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corporation has changed over the
+years I first became CEO in ' 84 at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I first became CEO in ' 84 at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I first became CEO in ' 84 at that
+time companies were pretty well run by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time companies were pretty well run by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time companies were pretty well run by
+the management the CEO was obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management the CEO was obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the management the CEO was obviously the
+key decision maker but management was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key decision maker but management was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key decision maker but management was
+really the controlling group if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the controlling group if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the controlling group if you will
+I would say by maybe 15 years later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say by maybe 15 years later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say by maybe 15 years later the
+investors had taken control and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors had taken control and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors had taken control and they
+have a very different set of objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very different set of objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very different set of objectives
+and I think what happened is first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what happened is first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what happened is first of
+all I think there was an extended period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I think there was an extended period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I think there was an extended period
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+when stock market didn't give very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when stock market didn't give very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when stock market didn't give very good
+returns there was pressure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns there was pressure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns there was pressure from
+investors to get better performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors to get better performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors to get better performance
+somebody got the idea that hey maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody got the idea that hey maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody got the idea that hey maybe we
+could scare companies into doing better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could scare companies into doing better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could scare companies into doing better
+it started out with something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started out with something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started out with something called
+Green mail where somebody would take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green mail where somebody would take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green mail where somebody would take a
+position in a company maybe they'd own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in a company maybe they'd own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in a company maybe they'd own
+five six 7% of the company then they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six 7% of the company then they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six 7% of the company then they go
+to the management and they'd say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the management and they'd say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the management and they'd say look
+guys you really have some divisions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you really have some divisions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you really have some divisions that
+aren't performing you guys aren't on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't performing you guys aren't on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't performing you guys aren't on top
+of your game and we want better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your game and we want better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your game and we want better
+performance from you and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from you and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from you and if you don't
+we're going to lead some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to lead some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to lead some kind of
+shareholder Revolt well this this took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder Revolt well this this took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholder Revolt well this this took
+hold and managements that tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and managements that tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and managements that tried to
+ignore this got into trouble often were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this got into trouble often were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this got into trouble often were
+thrown out boards were changed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown out boards were changed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown out boards were changed and
+pretty soon the shareholders were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon the shareholders were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon the shareholders were in
+charge and what they said was look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and what they said was look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and what they said was look
+management we don't care what you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management we don't care what you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management we don't care what you pay
+yourself we don't care how many jets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself we don't care how many jets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself we don't care how many jets you
+have flying around but we want the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have flying around but we want the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have flying around but we want the value
+of the stock to go up in a very nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stock to go up in a very nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stock to go up in a very nice way
+and a very predictable way and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very predictable way and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very predictable way and we want
+it next quarter and by the way it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it next quarter and by the way it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it next quarter and by the way it would
+be nice if you would tell us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice if you would tell us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice if you would tell us in
+anticipation what it is you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation what it is you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation what it is you might be
+earning next year next quarter so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning next year next quarter so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning next year next quarter so forth
+so on something I never did we never in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on something I never did we never in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on something I never did we never in
+City during the time I was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City during the time I was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City during the time I was there
+provided forecasts as to what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided forecasts as to what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided forecasts as to what we are
+going to earn the next quarter or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to earn the next quarter or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to earn the next quarter or the
+next year because they became targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year because they became targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year because they became targets
+which if you were one penny off you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you were one penny off you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you were one penny off you know
+the price of stock would change and blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of stock would change and blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of stock would change and blah
+blah blah certainly we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah certainly we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah certainly we understand the
+focus is more on shareholders and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is more on shareholders and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is more on shareholders and so on
+but thinking about the role of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but thinking about the role of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but thinking about the role of the
+corporation in the broader economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation in the broader economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation in the broader economy and
+Society what do you think are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society what do you think are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society what do you think are some of
+the second and third order consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and third order consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and third order consequences
+of this change well I I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this change well I I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this change well I I think the
+biggest consequence is you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest consequence is you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest consequence is you're getting
+very short term you know it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short term you know it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short term you know it's it's very
+difficult to spend a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to spend a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to spend a lot of money
+training people if you're worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training people if you're worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training people if you're worried about
+next quarter you train people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next quarter you train people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next quarter you train people because
+you're worrying about how they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worrying about how they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worrying about how they're going
+to perform over an extended period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform over an extended period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform over an extended period of
+time makes that investment well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time makes that investment well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time makes that investment well
+worthwhile but it's very easy to cut if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile but it's very easy to cut if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile but it's very easy to cut if
+you're just trying to hit a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to hit a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to hit a number and
+the other thing is where before maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is where before maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is where before maybe
+you kept to plant open that maybe could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kept to plant open that maybe could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kept to plant open that maybe could
+be moved but you'd been in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moved but you'd been in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be moved but you'd been in that
+Community for a long period of time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community for a long period of time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community for a long period of time you
+had a lot of workers who were loyal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of workers who were loyal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of workers who were loyal to
+you and you were loyal to them those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you were loyal to them those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you were loyal to them those
+decisions changed so all of a sudden you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions changed so all of a sudden you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions changed so all of a sudden you
+said you know what we can't afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know what we can't afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know what we can't afford to
+keep this plant even though it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this plant even though it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this plant even though it's not
+really bad it's just not as good as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad it's just not as good as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad it's just not as good as it
+might be so it's eroded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be so it's eroded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be so it's eroded the
+relationships both with community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships both with community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships both with community and
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+employees suppose we wanted to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees suppose we wanted to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees suppose we wanted to get a
+rebalancing of the corporation where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalancing of the corporation where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalancing of the corporation where it
+begins to address some of these broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to address some of these broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to address some of these broader
+concerns as well as the concerns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns as well as the concerns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns as well as the concerns of
+shareholders uh any thoughts on uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders uh any thoughts on uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders uh any thoughts on uh a
+path forward I think this is a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path forward I think this is a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path forward I think this is a question
+of values a CEO can say look guys I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values a CEO can say look guys I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values a CEO can say look guys I'm
+not going to maximize returns over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to maximize returns over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to maximize returns over the
+next two or three quarters but I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two or three quarters but I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two or three quarters but I am
+going to maximize them over a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize them over a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maximize them over a period of
+time and just you know begin to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and just you know begin to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and just you know begin to adjust
+expectations I think shareholder value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations I think shareholder value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations I think shareholder value
+has a place but it is a factor amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a place but it is a factor amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a place but it is a factor amongst
+two or three and I think the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three and I think the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three and I think the most
+important thing is to expand this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is to expand this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is to expand this time
+frame a little bit don't say hey I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a little bit don't say hey I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame a little bit don't say hey I'm not
+interested in how the stocks going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how the stocks going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how the stocks going to
+perform but let's say I'm more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform but let's say I'm more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform but let's say I'm more
+interested in how it's going to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how it's going to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how it's going to perform
+over the next 18 months but the CEO is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 18 months but the CEO is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 18 months but the CEO is
+going to have to give voice to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to give voice to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to give voice to that
+because if the CEO doesn't change his or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the CEO doesn't change his or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the CEO doesn't change his or
+her conversation it's going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her conversation it's going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her conversation it's going to be very
+hard for lower level people within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for lower level people within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for lower level people within a
+company to start taking a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to start taking a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to start taking a somewhat
+broader and longer look at things we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader and longer look at things we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader and longer look at things we are
+in the business here at MIT of educating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the business here at MIT of educating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the business here at MIT of educating
+the next generation of corporate leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of corporate leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next generation of corporate leaders
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+CEOs what role do you think institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEOs what role do you think institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEOs what role do you think institutions
+like ours should play in this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ours should play in this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ours should play in this whole
+process you have to get the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you have to get the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you have to get the conversation
+going in other words if people come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in other words if people come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in other words if people come in
+and simply say hey the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply say hey the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply say hey the only thing that
+counts as shareholder value and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as shareholder value and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts as shareholder value and they
+don't think about it they don't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about it they don't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about it they don't talk
+about it and they don't say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and they don't say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and they don't say well what
+the implications of that well then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of that well then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of that well then it's
+sort of like going to school and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like going to school and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like going to school and saying
+the only thing that counts is grades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that counts is grades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that counts is grades
+right you know I'm just going to get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know I'm just going to get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know I'm just going to get my
+grades I think business schools here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades I think business schools here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades I think business schools here at
+MIT or other business schools need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT or other business schools need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT or other business schools need to
+have the conversation that says hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the conversation that says hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the conversation that says hey
+there's shareholder value this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's shareholder value this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's shareholder value this is what
+it means this is what it brings now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means this is what it brings now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means this is what it brings now what
+are some of the other values that need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the other values that need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the other values that need
+to be thought about and what is the ju
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thought about and what is the ju
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thought about and what is the ju
+position because if you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position because if you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position because if you get the
+conversation going then each manager as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation going then each manager as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation going then each manager as
+he or she goes out into the world will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she goes out into the world will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she goes out into the world will
+begin to have a more nuanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to have a more nuanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to have a more nuanced
+understanding of what it is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what it is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what it is they're
+trying to accomplish and they'll begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to accomplish and they'll begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to accomplish and they'll begin
+to bring some balance well this is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring some balance well this is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring some balance well this is great
+John I really appreciate it thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ac-0-yaHsAg.txt b/Ac-0-yaHsAg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..548d673ec302958b5b833e12764c3166e1244006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ac-0-yaHsAg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+in this section we want to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we want to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we want to study the
+decay of a particle in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of a particle in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of a particle in this case the
+decay of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of a
+the pion is a particle which consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pion is a particle which consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pion is a particle which consists of
+quarks and antiquarks which are bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and antiquarks which are bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and antiquarks which are bound
+together by gluons they are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by gluons they are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by gluons they are part of the
+family of particles which are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of particles which are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of particles which are called
+mesons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesons
+and they can be charged and neutral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be charged and neutral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can be charged and neutral so
+we have positively charged negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have positively charged negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have positively charged negatively
+charged and neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and neutral
+in this example we look at the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example we look at the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example we look at the neutral
+ion decay and the specific decay into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion decay and the specific decay into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion decay and the specific decay into an
+electron and a positron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a positron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a positron
+mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+neutral ions decay into a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral ions decay into a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral ions decay into a pair of
+photons but we study this effect here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons but we study this effect here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons but we study this effect here
+because it's more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's more fun
+the lifetime or the mean lifetime of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime or the mean lifetime of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime or the mean lifetime of a
+pi zero is h times 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi zero is h times 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi zero is h times 10 to the
+uh minus 17 seconds so when we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus 17 seconds so when we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus 17 seconds so when we produce
+neutral pions in our detector they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral pions in our detector they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral pions in our detector they're
+immediately k as i said mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately k as i said mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately k as i said mostly
+into a pair of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pair of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pair of photons
+let me just covered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just covered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just covered in the
+1940s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so let's get to it so the mass of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's get to it so the mass of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's get to it so the mass of a
+pion of a neutral pion is 135 mev so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pion of a neutral pion is 135 mev so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pion of a neutral pion is 135 mev so
+it's much heavier than an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much heavier than an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much heavier than an electron
+uh which is 500 has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is 500 has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is 500 has a
+mass of 511 kav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of 511 kav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of 511 kav
+so we're looking at this decay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking at this decay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking at this decay here
+there's a pioneer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pioneer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pioneer
+yeah the pioneer at rest into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the pioneer at rest into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the pioneer at rest into an
+electron and a positron and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a positron and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and a positron and so the
+charge for you now is to find the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge for you now is to find the gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge for you now is to find the gamma
+factor of the electron or the positron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of the electron or the positron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of the electron or the positron
+or with that the velocity of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with that the velocity of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with that the velocity of those
+particles in the decay of a pie island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in the decay of a pie island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in the decay of a pie island
+rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+as usual stop the video and try to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual stop the video and try to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual stop the video and try to work
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+and again what we want to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what we want to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again what we want to do is just
+write down the four vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the four vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the four vector of the
+particles involved we start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles involved we start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles involved we start with the
+pion which has an energy of the pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pion which has an energy of the pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pion which has an energy of the pi and
+mass times c square and at rest in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times c square and at rest in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times c square and at rest in this
+example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here
+which means that the momentum is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the momentum is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the momentum is zero
+and so then the outgoing particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the outgoing particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the outgoing particles are
+the electron and the positron with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and the positron with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and the positron with their
+energy and their momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and their momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and their momentum
+and then just from this first line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just from this first line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just from this first line here
+from the energy relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the energy relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the energy relation
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+by knowing that the mass of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing that the mass of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing that the mass of the electron
+and the deposits are not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the deposits are not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the deposits are not the same
+but knowing that the gamma factor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but knowing that the gamma factor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but knowing that the gamma factor is the
+same that comes out of the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that comes out of the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that comes out of the momentum
+relation here that they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation here that they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation here that they have the same
+velocity we can just simply find gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we can just simply find gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we can just simply find gamma
+is equal to the pion mass divided by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the pion mass divided by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the pion mass divided by 2
+times the electron mass and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the electron mass and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the electron mass and that is
+about 132
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 132
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 132
+all right so again we studied the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again we studied the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again we studied the decay
+of a pion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pion
+and as a general example of a decay of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a general example of a decay of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a general example of a decay of a
+particle into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle into two
+to new particles we use the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to new particles we use the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to new particles we use the energy
+momentum relation we make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum relation we make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum relation we make sure
+use of the fact in this case that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the fact in this case that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the fact in this case that we are
+in the rest frame of the pile and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest frame of the pile and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest frame of the pile and then
+we are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are able to
+get to the velocity or the gamma factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the velocity or the gamma factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the velocity or the gamma factor
+of the outgoing particles
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AcrQzMc95ko.txt b/AcrQzMc95ko.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8a7516d3aab0072c3e4c72e1937393382bb2dc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AcrQzMc95ko.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we started okay um last time I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started okay um last time I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started okay um last time I was
+giving you an introduction to the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you an introduction to the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you an introduction to the course
+by going through the syllabus and giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through the syllabus and giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through the syllabus and giving
+you Preparatory material about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Preparatory material about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Preparatory material about the
+nature of philosophy of film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of philosophy of film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of philosophy of film and
+philosophy in film and also um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film and also um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in film and also um an
+introduction to the book that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the book that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the book that you should
+have read uh in the selected passages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read uh in the selected passages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have read uh in the selected passages
+that I indicated on the syllabus for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I indicated on the syllabus for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I indicated on the syllabus for
+today that book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that book is
+um reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reality
+transformed film as meaning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed film as meaning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed film as meaning and
+technique it's available in the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it's available in the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it's available in the MIT
+Coupe and the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coupe and the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coupe and the MIT
+bookstore um the MIT press bookstore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstore um the MIT press bookstore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstore um the MIT press bookstore and
+if you haven't read it already you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't read it already you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't read it already you
+should do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do so
+immediately um since I know you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately um since I know you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately um since I know you've just
+come into the class could you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the class could you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into the class could you count
+heads when I say with my eyes covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads when I say with my eyes covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads when I say with my eyes covered
+how many have read today's uh reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just want to have an idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to have an idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to have an idea of what
+what's going on except what everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on except what everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on except what everyone
+except everyone that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except everyone that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except everyone that's
+great now one way of proceeding is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now one way of proceeding is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now one way of proceeding is to
+start with a discussion of what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a discussion of what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a discussion of what you've
+read but I think it might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read but I think it might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read but I think it might be a little
+helpful if I quickly give you um my view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if I quickly give you um my view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if I quickly give you um my view
+of it complicated as that is by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it complicated as that is by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it complicated as that is by the fact
+that I the book was published 1998 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I the book was published 1998 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I the book was published 1998 in
+hard cover that's more than five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard cover that's more than five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard cover that's more than five years
+ago I've changed a great deal and my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I've changed a great deal and my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I've changed a great deal and my new
+book um already seems to me like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um already seems to me like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um already seems to me like
+something that belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that belongs to the
+past that's the nature of philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that's the nature of philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that's the nature of philosophy
+dealing with problems in one's life as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with problems in one's life as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with problems in one's life as
+one life one's life uh proceeds I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one life one's life uh proceeds I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one life one's life uh proceeds I don't
+know that I could write that earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I could write that earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I could write that earlier
+book again now it's out of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book again now it's out of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book again now it's out of my
+system it's not perfect nothing I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's not perfect nothing I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's not perfect nothing I've
+ever done is perfect but uh I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done is perfect but uh I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done is perfect but uh I can say
+certain things about it that might be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things about it that might be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things about it that might be of
+help to you that would be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to you that would be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to you that would be the first
+thing I want to do next thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do next thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do next thing I want to
+do is to return to the movie that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to return to the movie that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to return to the movie that you
+watched last time the lady Eve as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched last time the lady Eve as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched last time the lady Eve as I
+mentioned to you uh in the course of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you uh in the course of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you uh in the course of in
+that this the last time I the only time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the last time I the only time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this the last time I the only time
+in fact I've used lady Eve in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I've used lady Eve in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I've used lady Eve in this
+course was a year ago spring 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was a year ago spring 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was a year ago spring 2003
+and having gone through the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having gone through the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having gone through the experience
+with you seeing it originally and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you seeing it originally and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you seeing it originally and then
+seeing it on the commentary and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it on the commentary and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it on the commentary and thinking
+and listening to what the students got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listening to what the students got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listening to what the students got
+out of it I started writing a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it I started writing a chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it I started writing a chapter
+about it and it ended up being I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and it ended up being I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and it ended up being I think
+54 pages long I as I mentioned last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 pages long I as I mentioned last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 pages long I as I mentioned last time
+I'm not going to be reading it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to be reading it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to be reading it to you
+but um I may be able to pick up a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I may be able to pick up a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I may be able to pick up a few of
+the strands in it that seem especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strands in it that seem especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strands in it that seem especially
+relevant to what we're doing what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what we're doing what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what we're doing what are we
+doing we're dealing with film as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're dealing with film as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're dealing with film as
+something that incorporates a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that incorporates a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that incorporates a way of
+seeing the world and therefore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the world and therefore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the world and therefore is
+philosophical even if it doesn't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical even if it doesn't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical even if it doesn't count
+as philosophy given the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as philosophy given the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as philosophy given the nature of the
+academic discipline as it exists in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic discipline as it exists in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic discipline as it exists in any
+particular place in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular place in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular place in the United States
+for instance uh philosophy is technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance uh philosophy is technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance uh philosophy is technical
+in areas but simply in appropriate uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in areas but simply in appropriate uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in areas but simply in appropriate uh to
+um fil them the handout I gave to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fil them the handout I gave to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fil them the handout I gave to you
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+uh showing the curriculum of this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing the curriculum of this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing the curriculum of this other
+Professor uh in his course will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor uh in his course will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor uh in his course will show you
+a different way of doing philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way of doing philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way of doing philosophy of
+film the question is how to apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the question is how to apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the question is how to apply that
+to actual films he doesn't indicate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actual films he doesn't indicate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actual films he doesn't indicate what
+he how to do that or what he does I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he how to do that or what he does I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he how to do that or what he does I do
+that to some extent in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to some extent in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to some extent in reality
+transformed in the chapters that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in the chapters that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in the chapters that I
+didn't assign to you for today because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't assign to you for today because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't assign to you for today because I
+wanted you to get the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to get the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to get the theoretical
+background as you can in in one week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background as you can in in one week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background as you can in in one week's
+reading rather than burdening you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading rather than burdening you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading rather than burdening you with
+the other chapters in that book uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other chapters in that book uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other chapters in that book uh my
+other course on film called philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other course on film called philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other course on film called philosophy
+of film in the fall um uh is one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film in the fall um uh is one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film in the fall um uh is one in
+which the students read the whole book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the students read the whole book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the students read the whole book
+that's a different course if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different course if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different course if you want to
+go on to those other chapters that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to those other chapters that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to those other chapters that's
+fine the question remains however how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine the question remains however how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine the question remains however how
+does one apply philosophical analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does one apply philosophical analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does one apply philosophical analysis of
+any sort to a work of art such as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort to a work of art such as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort to a work of art such as a
+movie that's what I do in part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that's what I do in part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that's what I do in part in the
+First book and I do again in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First book and I do again in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First book and I do again in a different
+way in the book that's uh coming out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the book that's uh coming out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the book that's uh coming out the
+uh three philosophical filmmakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three philosophical filmmakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three philosophical filmmakers
+Hitchcock Wells renois and do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock Wells renois and do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock Wells renois and do more
+explicitly in the next book which I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in the next book which I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in the next book which I'm in
+the middle of writing and haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of writing and haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of writing and haven't
+finished the one that deals with myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the one that deals with myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the one that deals with myth
+myth as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth as a kind of
+philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+expression uh in the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh in the form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh in the form of a
+story uh there are two books I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh there are two books I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh there are two books I'm writing
+actually one is on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one is on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one is on the nature of
+creativity and that um is the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and that um is the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and that um is the basis of
+the course I'm giving this term called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm giving this term called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm giving this term called
+feeling and Imagination in art Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and Imagination in art Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and Imagination in art Science
+and Technology if anyone's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Technology if anyone's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Technology if anyone's interested in
+that talk to me later uh and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk to me later uh and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk to me later uh and the second
+book uh and in that first book I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh and in that first book I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh and in that first book I talk
+about myth as an example of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about myth as an example of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about myth as an example of creativity
+the other book is on myth in film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other book is on myth in film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other book is on myth in film and
+what it is for film to be a form of myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is for film to be a form of myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is for film to be a form of myth
+making now that's very pertinent to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making now that's very pertinent to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making now that's very pertinent to uh
+what the movie they saw last time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the movie they saw last time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the movie they saw last time uh
+that movie remember is the lady Eve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie remember is the lady Eve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie remember is the lady Eve and
+it starts with um animated uh figures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts with um animated uh figures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts with um animated uh figures of
+a snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snake
+uh sort of biting into one or two apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of biting into one or two apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of biting into one or two apples
+in a in the representation of a forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in the representation of a forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in the representation of a forest
+and there's only one myth in the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's only one myth in the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's only one myth in the western
+world where that makes sense which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where that makes sense which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where that makes sense which is
+the myth of the Garden of Eden in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of the Garden of Eden in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth of the Garden of Eden in which
+the snake um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snake um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the snake um
+seduces Eve into thinking that she need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seduces Eve into thinking that she need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seduces Eve into thinking that she need
+not live up to God's Commandments God's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not live up to God's Commandments God's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not live up to God's Commandments God's
+Commandments having been that Adam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commandments having been that Adam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commandments having been that Adam and
+Eve who were just now created who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve who were just now created who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve who were just now created who are
+innocent children childlike uh pureem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent children childlike uh pureem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent children childlike uh pureem
+minded uh people though fully grown U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minded uh people though fully grown U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minded uh people though fully grown U
+that they are commanded that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are commanded that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are commanded that they can
+eat of all the trees in the forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat of all the trees in the forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat of all the trees in the forest
+except for one which is the tree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one which is the tree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one which is the tree of the
+knowledge of Good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of Good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of Good and
+Evil and that one they cannot eat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evil and that one they cannot eat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evil and that one they cannot eat and
+they're told that if they do eat of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're told that if they do eat of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're told that if they do eat of it
+they will die on that very day the snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will die on that very day the snake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will die on that very day the snake
+says to Adam and Eve no you won't die on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to Adam and Eve no you won't die on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to Adam and Eve no you won't die on
+that day uh I've been here a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day uh I've been here a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day uh I've been here a long time
+and I know uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know uh and
+uh you you won't die it's just a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you won't die it's just a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you won't die it's just a way of
+U uh keeping God keeping control upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh keeping God keeping control upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh keeping God keeping control upon
+you and in fact when Adam and Eve do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and in fact when Adam and Eve do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and in fact when Adam and Eve do
+fall it's called the fall of Adam namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall it's called the fall of Adam namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall it's called the fall of Adam namely
+they sin they transgress against God's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sin they transgress against God's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sin they transgress against God's
+command and bite into the tree of Good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and bite into the tree of Good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command and bite into the tree of Good
+and Evil um God says to the celestial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Evil um God says to the celestial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Evil um God says to the celestial
+host to the angels and cherubims sarapin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host to the angels and cherubims sarapin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host to the angels and cherubims sarapin
+he says now that they've done this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says now that they've done this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says now that they've done this they
+will want to be immortal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will want to be immortal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will want to be immortal like
+us right uh so that God then decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right uh so that God then decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us right uh so that God then decides
+that they're not going to be mortal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not going to be mortal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not going to be mortal
+that's their punishment they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their punishment they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their punishment they're going to
+be driven out of the Garden of Eden but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be driven out of the Garden of Eden but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be driven out of the Garden of Eden but
+he doesn't put them to death on that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't put them to death on that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't put them to death on that day
+what so what the serpent said was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what the serpent said was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what the serpent said was true
+that eating the the uh fruit of the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eating the the uh fruit of the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eating the the uh fruit of the tree
+of the of Good and Evil of knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of Good and Evil of knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of Good and Evil of knowledge of
+Good and Evil will not beinging bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good and Evil will not beinging bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good and Evil will not beinging bring
+about your immediate death and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your immediate death and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your immediate death and so it's a
+question that many many uh theorists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that many many uh theorists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that many many uh theorists and
+critics and analysts have pondered uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics and analysts have pondered uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics and analysts have pondered uh
+what is the meaning of that tree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of that tree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of that tree of the
+knowledge of Good and Evil how what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of Good and Evil how what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of Good and Evil how what is
+the meaning of the myth how does where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of the myth how does where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of the myth how does where
+does its philosophical importance come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does its philosophical importance come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does its philosophical importance come
+in and there have been a great many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and there have been a great many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and there have been a great many
+interpretations particularly in visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations particularly in visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations particularly in visual
+art um I don't know how much you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um I don't know how much you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um I don't know how much you know
+about West in art in the Middle Ages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about West in art in the Middle Ages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about West in art in the Middle Ages in
+the Renaissance uh there are many images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Renaissance uh there are many images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Renaissance uh there are many images
+of Adam and Eve uh in the garden usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Adam and Eve uh in the garden usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Adam and Eve uh in the garden usually
+it shows them after they've eaten after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows them after they've eaten after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows them after they've eaten after
+they've eaten the the tree uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've eaten the the tree uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've eaten the the tree uh and they
+either have fig leaves because that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have fig leaves because that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have fig leaves because that was
+demanded by the customs of that period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded by the customs of that period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded by the customs of that period
+by what was considered decent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what was considered decent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what was considered decent and
+indecent so fig leaf for the gentles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indecent so fig leaf for the gentles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indecent so fig leaf for the gentles and
+but not for the breasts of Eve uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not for the breasts of Eve uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not for the breasts of Eve uh and uh
+it usually shows them with bowed heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually shows them with bowed heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually shows them with bowed heads
+as if they feel guilty and in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they feel guilty and in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they feel guilty and in fact in
+the myth in Genesis the book of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth in Genesis the book of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the myth in Genesis the book of the
+Bible that describes the Garden of Eden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible that describes the Garden of Eden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible that describes the Garden of Eden
+they don't feel guilty about anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't feel guilty about anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't feel guilty about anything
+they have no sense of Shame until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no sense of Shame until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no sense of Shame until
+God a catches them having transgressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God a catches them having transgressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God a catches them having transgressed
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+law uh he he says wher have you been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh he he says wher have you been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh he he says wher have you been
+what have you done and when they finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you done and when they finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you done and when they finally
+confess that they've eaten of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confess that they've eaten of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confess that they've eaten of the
+Forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden
+tree um he says uh who told you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree um he says uh who told you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree um he says uh who told you to do
+this and they are punished with a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they are punished with a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they are punished with a sense
+of guilt so there's some connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guilt so there's some connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guilt so there's some connection
+between guilt shame and knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between guilt shame and knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between guilt shame and knowledge about
+Good and Evil now why it should be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good and Evil now why it should be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good and Evil now why it should be that
+um knowledge about Good and Evil creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um knowledge about Good and Evil creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um knowledge about Good and Evil creates
+a sense of shame it depends on a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of shame it depends on a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of shame it depends on a certain
+code of what is ethically right and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of what is ethically right and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of what is ethically right and what
+is ethically wrong moreover a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ethically wrong moreover a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ethically wrong moreover a part of
+their experience after they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their experience after they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their experience after they have been
+found guilty is that they're ashamed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found guilty is that they're ashamed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found guilty is that they're ashamed of
+their body and what would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their body and what would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their body and what would say well
+what's so shameful about the body what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so shameful about the body what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so shameful about the body what's
+so shameful about being mued I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shameful about being mued I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shameful about being mued I'm sure
+that's related to what happened at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to what happened at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to what happened at the
+uh in the in television recently with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in television recently with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in television recently with
+Miss Jackson uh one could say as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss Jackson uh one could say as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss Jackson uh one could say as
+probably a lot of people in Show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot of people in Show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot of people in Show
+Business would say well there nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business would say well there nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business would say well there nothing
+shameful about showing a breast in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shameful about showing a breast in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shameful about showing a breast in many
+cultures women all show both breasts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures women all show both breasts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures women all show both breasts all
+the time and nobody gets very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and nobody gets very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and nobody gets very excited
+about it uh what is it about the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh what is it about the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh what is it about the nature
+of nudity that brings about a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nudity that brings about a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nudity that brings about a sense of
+Shame well that's what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shame well that's what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shame well that's what happens in
+Genesis so all of these questions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis so all of these questions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis so all of these questions are
+puzzling but particularly the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling but particularly the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling but particularly the ones that
+deal with our sexuality with our morals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with our sexuality with our morals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with our sexuality with our morals
+uh with what is permissible in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with what is permissible in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with what is permissible in the world
+in the world of nature what is this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of nature what is this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of nature what is this we
+can freely uh have access to these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can freely uh have access to these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can freely uh have access to these are
+all interesting on a philosophical level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all interesting on a philosophical level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all interesting on a philosophical level
+including our relationship to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including our relationship to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including our relationship to other
+animals so that in the Garden of Eden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so that in the Garden of Eden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so that in the Garden of Eden
+Adam and Eve um live peaceably with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and Eve um live peaceably with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and Eve um live peaceably with all
+the other animals there's no talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other animals there's no talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other animals there's no talk about
+there being afraid of being eaten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being afraid of being eaten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being afraid of being eaten by
+Predators or if they're killing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators or if they're killing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators or if they're killing any
+animals uh they all live in a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh they all live in a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh they all live in a state of
+bliss uh once they're exiled from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bliss uh once they're exiled from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bliss uh once they're exiled from the
+Garden of Eden they feel shame then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden of Eden they feel shame then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden of Eden they feel shame then they
+have to toil the soil which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to toil the soil which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to toil the soil which is not
+wasn't the case before they have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the case before they have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the case before they have to work
+hard they by the sweat of their brow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard they by the sweat of their brow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard they by the sweat of their brow and
+Eve has children in the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve has children in the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve has children in the way the
+reproductive way that we're used to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive way that we're used to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive way that we're used to from
+which she suffers because uh at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she suffers because uh at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she suffers because uh at the time
+uh Genesis were written and for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Genesis were written and for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Genesis were written and for a long
+time afterwards child birth was a very a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time afterwards child birth was a very a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time afterwards child birth was a very a
+difficult and dangerous practice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and dangerous practice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and dangerous practice for
+women many many women died in childbirth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women many many women died in childbirth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women many many women died in childbirth
+still do some in some cases but nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do some in some cases but nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do some in some cases but nowhere
+as much as it was before so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as it was before so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as it was before so that this
+too is being accounted for how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too is being accounted for how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too is being accounted for how it is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+work which we take for granted and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work which we take for granted and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work which we take for granted and which
+many cultures consider is a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cultures consider is a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cultures consider is a form of
+bliss uh that the ability to work is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bliss uh that the ability to work is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bliss uh that the ability to work is is
+joyful um my My slogan always is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joyful um my My slogan always is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joyful um my My slogan always is uh is
+Joy if you can do it and if the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joy if you can do it and if the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joy if you can do it and if the world
+allows you to we all feel that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to we all feel that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to we all feel that when
+we've accomplished something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've accomplished something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've accomplished something
+particularly students at MIT come in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly students at MIT come in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly students at MIT come in as
+part of the work ethics I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the work ethics I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the work ethics I mean you
+wouldn't have succeeded as well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have succeeded as well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have succeeded as well in
+proving your Merit to get into it unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving your Merit to get into it unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving your Merit to get into it unless
+you worked very hard and were capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worked very hard and were capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worked very hard and were capable of
+showing the fruits of that labor now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the fruits of that labor now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the fruits of that labor now you
+can't do that unless at some level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that unless at some level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that unless at some level of
+your being you enjoy what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your being you enjoy what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your being you enjoy what you're doing
+and I own feeling is the more you enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I own feeling is the more you enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I own feeling is the more you enjoy
+what you're doing the better you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing the better you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing the better you'll be
+at it but then it's complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it but then it's complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it but then it's complicated because
+there are all sorts of uh ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of uh ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all sorts of uh ways in which
+people are encouraged to work hard by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are encouraged to work hard by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are encouraged to work hard by
+making them feel guilty so then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them feel guilty so then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them feel guilty so then another
+Mythic element in all of this is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mythic element in all of this is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mythic element in all of this is what is
+the relationship with between guilt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship with between guilt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship with between guilt and
+work and what kind of enjoyment furthers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and what kind of enjoyment furthers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and what kind of enjoyment furthers
+work certainly not all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work certainly not all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work certainly not all kinds of
+enjoyment or else uh you would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyment or else uh you would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyment or else uh you would never
+have done your problem sets in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done your problem sets in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done your problem sets in high
+school you would have gone to the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school you would have gone to the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school you would have gone to the movies
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not for the sake of philosophy of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for the sake of philosophy of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for the sake of philosophy of film
+either but just to have a good time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but just to have a good time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but just to have a good time so
+that there is an element of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an element of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an element of pressure
+upon you which puts you in a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you which puts you in a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you which puts you in a position
+where you can enjoy your capabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can enjoy your capabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can enjoy your capabilities
+better than any other way all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any other way all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any other way all this is
+worthy of our analysis and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy of our analysis and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy of our analysis and of course
+many philosophers ethical philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many philosophers ethical philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many philosophers ethical philosophers
+social philosophers political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social philosophers political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social philosophers political
+philosophers have talked about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers have talked about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers have talked about that in
+the case of the lady e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the lady e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the lady e
+uh this is a superficially very light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a superficially very light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a superficially very light
+comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy
+1941 uh what what has been called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1941 uh what what has been called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1941 uh what what has been called a
+madcap comedy um a comedy in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madcap comedy um a comedy in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madcap comedy um a comedy in which
+people act with tremendous abandon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people act with tremendous abandon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people act with tremendous abandon I
+mean how often have you seen girls put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean how often have you seen girls put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean how often have you seen girls put
+out their legs for men to trip over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out their legs for men to trip over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out their legs for men to trip over uh
+this is a uh play of the imagination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh play of the imagination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh play of the imagination in
+which very strange things happen or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which very strange things happen or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which very strange things happen or I
+don't have to remind you of the plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to remind you of the plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to remind you of the plot the
+same girl coming back uh and pretending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same girl coming back uh and pretending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same girl coming back uh and pretending
+to be uh an English Duchess and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh an English Duchess and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh an English Duchess and even
+makes fun of herself uh in a later scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes fun of herself uh in a later scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes fun of herself uh in a later scene
+to um uh her so so-called Uncle uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh her so so-called Uncle uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh her so so-called Uncle uh she
+says I think I'm going to sound like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I think I'm going to sound like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I think I'm going to sound like a
+cockeyed English Duchess for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockeyed English Duchess for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockeyed English Duchess for the rest of
+my my life her accent is so outrageous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my life her accent is so outrageous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my life her accent is so outrageous
+even for English people that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for English people that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for English people that would have
+to be a cockeye duchess who would talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cockeye duchess who would talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cockeye duchess who would talk
+that way all of this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way all of this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way all of this is very
+uncommon at the same time um being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon at the same time um being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon at the same time um being
+uncommon even being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon even being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon even being
+artificial I think is part of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial I think is part of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial I think is part of what is
+needed to create a work of art that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to create a work of art that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to create a work of art that
+delves into levels that no scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delves into levels that no scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delves into levels that no scientific
+Enterprise could possibly uh equal there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise could possibly uh equal there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise could possibly uh equal there
+is a distinction that I make in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distinction that I make in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distinction that I make in great
+deal of my writing and several of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of my writing and several of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of my writing and several of my
+books uh between scientific truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books uh between scientific truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books uh between scientific truth
+and aesthetic truth if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aesthetic truth if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aesthetic truth if you're interested
+in that take my other course on feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that take my other course on feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that take my other course on feeling
+and Imagination in arts Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Imagination in arts Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Imagination in arts Science and
+Technology but they're not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology but they're not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology but they're not the same as
+you you will admit watching a movie even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will admit watching a movie even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you will admit watching a movie even
+uh reading um let's say John Milton who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reading um let's say John Milton who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reading um let's say John Milton who
+who has a whole philosophy built into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a whole philosophy built into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a whole philosophy built into
+Paradise Lost is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Lost is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Lost is not the same
+as discovering scientific truths making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as discovering scientific truths making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as discovering scientific truths making
+scientific theories uh experimenting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific theories uh experimenting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific theories uh experimenting and
+somehow reaching generalizations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow reaching generalizations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow reaching generalizations that
+will be acceptable to other sciences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be acceptable to other sciences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be acceptable to other sciences and
+they have great importance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have great importance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have great importance in the
+development of Technology right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of Technology right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of Technology right these
+are two different kinds of truths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different kinds of truths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different kinds of truths
+through the aesthetic truth there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the aesthetic truth there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the aesthetic truth there is a
+way of expressing very delicate remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of expressing very delicate remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of expressing very delicate remote
+elusive ideas that science has never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elusive ideas that science has never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elusive ideas that science has never
+succeeded in equaling and I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in equaling and I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in equaling and I don't think
+it ever can because there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ever can because there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ever can because there are different
+procedures though they overlap there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures though they overlap there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures though they overlap there can
+be be an Aesthetics of science there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be an Aesthetics of science there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be an Aesthetics of science there's
+an art of doing science um I always keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art of doing science um I always keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art of doing science um I always keep
+thinking of GH Hardy The Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of GH Hardy The Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of GH Hardy The Great
+mathematicians book called uh a ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians book called uh a ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians book called uh a ma
+mathematicians apology and on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians apology and on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians apology and on the last
+page he says that pure art as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page he says that pure art as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page he says that pure art as opposed to
+use not pure art pure mathematics pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not pure art pure mathematics pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not pure art pure mathematics pure
+mathematics as opposed to useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as opposed to useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as opposed to useful
+mathematics if pure mathematics can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics if pure mathematics can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics if pure mathematics can be
+justified it's only as a work of of Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified it's only as a work of of Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified it's only as a work of of Art
+and I believe that I see that uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe that I see that uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe that I see that uh so that
+mathematics uh can be seen as a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh can be seen as a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh can be seen as a very
+abstract very purified kind of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract very purified kind of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract very purified kind of art
+form in that way not entirely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in that way not entirely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in that way not entirely different
+from music particularly abstract music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from music particularly abstract music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from music particularly abstract music
+but also uh painting literature um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also uh painting literature um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also uh painting literature um and
+films so that there is an overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films so that there is an overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films so that there is an overlap
+between science and art but what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between science and art but what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between science and art but what you can
+do in a movie like this while madcap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a movie like this while madcap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a movie like this while madcap
+uh comedy is something that science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comedy is something that science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comedy is something that science
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+do question is what can you bring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do question is what can you bring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do question is what can you bring out
+from your ability to watch and enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your ability to watch and enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your ability to watch and enjoy
+movies and that's why I wanted you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and that's why I wanted you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and that's why I wanted you to
+watch it first for the fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it first for the fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it first for the fun of
+it start getting some sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it start getting some sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it start getting some sophisticated
+ideas from the reading I've given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas from the reading I've given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas from the reading I've given you
+and the preparation I've given you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the preparation I've given you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the preparation I've given you and
+today get even more by watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today get even more by watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today get even more by watching the
+commentary and then my commentary on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary and then my commentary on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary and then my commentary on the
+commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary
+all right at at this point and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right at at this point and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right at at this point and at
+various points in the following weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points in the following weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points in the following weeks
+your discussion is very crucial I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your discussion is very crucial I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your discussion is very crucial I don't
+want the course to turn into two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the course to turn into two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the course to turn into two parts
+one in which I expound My Philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which I expound My Philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which I expound My Philosophy and
+the other which in you in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other which in you in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other which in you in which you
+watch movies I want to know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch movies I want to know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch movies I want to know what you're
+getting out of it and that means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of it and that means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out of it and that means you're
+participating so let me encourage you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating so let me encourage you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating so let me encourage you um
+and we'll have more time as we go on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have more time as we go on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have more time as we go on uh
+today things are a little rushed but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today things are a little rushed but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today things are a little rushed but let
+me encourage you to start interrupting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me encourage you to start interrupting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me encourage you to start interrupting
+me at any point you want right now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at any point you want right now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at any point you want right now for
+instance given the reading you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance given the reading you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance given the reading you've done
+what ideas do you have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it at times in the past I've had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at times in the past I've had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at times in the past I've had the
+class make presentation somebody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class make presentation somebody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class make presentation somebody in the
+class make a presentation for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class make a presentation for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class make a presentation for uh the
+class as a whole by focusing on certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as a whole by focusing on certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class as a whole by focusing on certain
+points that that person considers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that that person considers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that that person considers
+especially useful and relevant should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially useful and relevant should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially useful and relevant should we
+do that in this class uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in this class uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in this class uh the
+presentation could only be 5 or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation could only be 5 or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation could only be 5 or 10
+minutes whatever you want you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes whatever you want you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes whatever you want you don't have
+to write it out um and um you can handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it out um and um you can handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it out um and um you can handle
+the situation any way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation any way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation any way you
+want in the student evaluations most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the student evaluations most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the student evaluations most of
+the students seemed satisfied with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students seemed satisfied with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students seemed satisfied with that
+but one student did say um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one student did say um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one student did say um the
+presentation made it unnecessary to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation made it unnecessary to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation made it unnecessary to do
+the reading which isn't true but anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading which isn't true but anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading which isn't true but anyhow
+uh it would have been much better if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would have been much better if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would have been much better if we
+just had uh class discussion during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had uh class discussion during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had uh class discussion during
+those few minutes let me give ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those few minutes let me give ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those few minutes let me give ask you to
+vote which would you prefer and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote which would you prefer and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote which would you prefer and we we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+reverse the situation at any time again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the situation at any time again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the situation at any time again
+could you take a poll how many would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you take a poll how many would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you take a poll how many would
+like to have the one presentation a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have the one presentation a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have the one presentation a week
+format nobody huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format nobody huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format nobody huh
+nobody um well you'll see it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody um well you'll see it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody um well you'll see it's uh
+important to know what the vote for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know what the vote for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know what the vote for the
+other is some would like neither how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is some would like neither how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is some would like neither how
+many of you would like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussions five only five well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions five only five well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions five only five well one
+other student in the evaluation said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other student in the evaluation said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other student in the evaluation said I
+would have been happier uh if the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been happier uh if the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been happier uh if the course
+had had consisted of the professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had consisted of the professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had consisted of the professor
+lecturing and um presenting the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing and um presenting the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing and um presenting the material
+the way it ha happens in our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it ha happens in our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it ha happens in our other
+courses uh instead of uh his encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses uh instead of uh his encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses uh instead of uh his encouraging
+discussion and uh it's not been being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and uh it's not been being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and uh it's not been being a
+straight lecture kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lecture kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lecture kind of
+course now for I don't know who that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now for I don't know who that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now for I don't know who that
+student is of course uh and as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is of course uh and as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student is of course uh and as I said
+the evaluations were very high but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluations were very high but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluations were very high but um
+what I would have said to him or her is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would have said to him or her is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would have said to him or her is
+it's not that kind of course this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that kind of course this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that kind of course this is a a
+seminar kind of course and uh I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar kind of course and uh I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar kind of course and uh I want it
+for this material because this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this material because this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this material because this material
+doesn't really lend itself to lecturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really lend itself to lecturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really lend itself to lecturing
+that's one one reason why I hand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one one reason why I hand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one one reason why I hand out
+that material about um the other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material about um the other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material about um the other kind of
+course given at State University of New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course given at State University of New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course given at State University of New
+York which has reading lists so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York which has reading lists so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York which has reading lists so that you
+could get that formal kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get that formal kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get that formal kind of uh
+preparation this course is one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation this course is one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation this course is one in
+which we will be experiencing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will be experiencing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will be experiencing together
+because this for me is a new experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this for me is a new experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this for me is a new experience
+though I've thought about these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I've thought about these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I've thought about these ideas
+for many years and written about them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years and written about them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years and written about them uh
+I haven't got a written written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got a written written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got a written written
+formula in a series of lectures and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in a series of lectures and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in a series of lectures and I
+don't want it because I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it because I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it because I want to be
+looking at you all and you to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you all and you to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you all and you to be looking
+back as you do which is great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back as you do which is great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back as you do which is great and
+learning we're Comm communicating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning we're Comm communicating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning we're Comm communicating and
+that's an important principle in film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important principle in film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important principle in film
+Aesthetics that I'll come back uh later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics that I'll come back uh later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aesthetics that I'll come back uh later
+to later on which I discuss at length in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to later on which I discuss at length in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to later on which I discuss at length in
+my three philosophical filmmakers book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my three philosophical filmmakers book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my three philosophical filmmakers book
+uh it's that communication which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's that communication which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's that communication which is the
+basis of the kind of education that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the kind of education that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the kind of education that you
+can get in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in this kind of
+course so uh at Le if at least five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so uh at Le if at least five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so uh at Le if at least five of
+you are willing to agree to class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are willing to agree to class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are willing to agree to class
+participation let's try that but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation let's try that but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation let's try that but uh I
+really would like to hear what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like to hear what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like to hear what your
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+is you've read um the all of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've read um the all of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've read um the all of you have
+read the material in reality transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the material in reality transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the material in reality transform
+what did it mean to you what particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it mean to you what particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it mean to you what particular
+ideas don't just give me a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas don't just give me a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas don't just give me a summary
+because everyone's readed including me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone's readed including me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone's readed including me
+at times at times of the past um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times at times of the past um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times at times of the past um but
+what are your own ideas where does it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your own ideas where does it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your own ideas where does it go
+wrong how could it be improved uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong how could it be improved uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong how could it be improved uh what
+did you get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it this will come easier as the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this will come easier as the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this will come easier as the term
+goes on but uh right now let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on but uh right now let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on but uh right now let me give you
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+opportunity all right then shall I go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity all right then shall I go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity all right then shall I go on
+continue beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue beyond that
+what I'll do is to give you my verse my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is to give you my verse my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is to give you my verse my
+version of what's in that book and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what's in that book and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what's in that book and it's
+a little different from what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different from what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different from what I was
+saying last time the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying last time the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying last time the fundamental
+question as I mentioned last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as I mentioned last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as I mentioned last time was
+the distinction between formalists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between formalists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between formalists and
+realists you all got that right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realists you all got that right any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realists you all got that right any
+question about that but the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that but the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that but the reason I
+wanted to get into that distinction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get into that distinction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get into that distinction and
+to attack people on both sides was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attack people on both sides was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attack people on both sides was not
+to reject these professional methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject these professional methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject these professional methods of
+procedure and ideas but to see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and ideas but to see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and ideas but to see how to
+transcend them now this itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend them now this itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend them now this itself is a
+method in philosophy that I don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in philosophy that I don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in philosophy that I don't go
+into in this book and rarely in others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in this book and rarely in others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in this book and rarely in others
+because methodology is not something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because methodology is not something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because methodology is not something I
+treat very seriously you do it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat very seriously you do it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat very seriously you do it you don't
+have to talk about it um but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk about it um but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk about it um but there is
+the methodology of a great philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology of a great philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology of a great philosopher
+uh that influenced me very much when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that influenced me very much when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that influenced me very much when I
+was an undergraduate at Harvard I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergraduate at Harvard I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergraduate at Harvard I wrote
+my undergraduate thesis on him on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my undergraduate thesis on him on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my undergraduate thesis on him on his
+theory of value uh his name was John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of value uh his name was John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of value uh his name was John
+Dewey and I think I may have mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey and I think I may have mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey and I think I may have mentioned
+him last time uh maybe that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him last time uh maybe that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him last time uh maybe that was the
+other class um John dwey was the called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other class um John dwey was the called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other class um John dwey was the called
+the dean of American philosophy uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dean of American philosophy uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dean of American philosophy uh he
+died in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died in
+1953 uh so that and nowadays you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1953 uh so that and nowadays you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1953 uh so that and nowadays you might
+never even heard of him but all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even heard of him but all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even heard of him but all of
+progressive education came out of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive education came out of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive education came out of his
+educational theories but he wrote on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational theories but he wrote on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational theories but he wrote on
+every branch of philosophy and was fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every branch of philosophy and was fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every branch of philosophy and was fully
+involved in Social political issues as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in Social political issues as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in Social political issues as
+well as starting a school of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as starting a school of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as starting a school of for
+education of his own and had many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education of his own and had many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education of his own and had many
+followers and still does even if among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers and still does even if among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers and still does even if among
+people who uh for instance who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who uh for instance who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who uh for instance who are in
+Progressive schools who don't know his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive schools who don't know his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive schools who don't know his
+work very well though his collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well though his collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well though his collected
+works are still coming out and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works are still coming out and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works are still coming out and I don't
+know 80 volumes or whatever a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 80 volumes or whatever a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 80 volumes or whatever a
+tremendously productive great man lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously productive great man lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously productive great man lived
+into his 90s um Dewey's philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his 90s um Dewey's philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his 90s um Dewey's philosophical
+methodology was briefly this his feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology was briefly this his feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology was briefly this his feeling
+was that philosophy is a way of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that philosophy is a way of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that philosophy is a way of living
+philosophy is a way of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is a way of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is a way of dealing with
+practical problems that are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical problems that are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical problems that are related to
+be human beings who live the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be human beings who live the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be human beings who live the way that we
+do but the history of philosophy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but the history of philosophy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but the history of philosophy is a
+technical discipline and uh it's made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical discipline and uh it's made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical discipline and uh it's made by
+people are very sharp in very areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are very sharp in very areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are very sharp in very areas and
+their reason caused them to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reason caused them to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reason caused them to set up
+distinctions and this is the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions and this is the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions and this is the way in
+which the history of philosophy has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the history of philosophy has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the history of philosophy has in
+fact progressed one person will come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact progressed one person will come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact progressed one person will come up
+with a bright idea then there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bright idea then there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bright idea then there'll be
+others who attack him and then there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who attack him and then there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who attack him and then there'll
+be others who attack the attackers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be others who attack the attackers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be others who attack the attackers and
+then there will be Scholars who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will be Scholars who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will be Scholars who will
+somehow organize it all in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow organize it all in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow organize it all in in a
+scholarly historical way uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarly historical way uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarly historical way uh but it's
+always um technical profession and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always um technical profession and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always um technical profession and that
+is the case today uh in order to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case today uh in order to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case today uh in order to get a
+professorship you have to been trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professorship you have to been trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professorship you have to been trained
+in that Prof profession you can't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Prof profession you can't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Prof profession you can't be a
+wise man you can't be uh a devotee of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise man you can't be uh a devotee of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise man you can't be uh a devotee of
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+view until recently Zen or Buddhism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view until recently Zen or Buddhism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view until recently Zen or Buddhism that
+didn't count uh not too long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't count uh not too long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't count uh not too long ago
+Catholic philosophy was ostracized there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic philosophy was ostracized there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catholic philosophy was ostracized there
+was certain ways of doing things in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was certain ways of doing things in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was certain ways of doing things in that
+respect uh philosophy is very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect uh philosophy is very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect uh philosophy is very much like
+science you can't do physics unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you can't do physics unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science you can't do physics unless you
+do it in the way that is approved by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in the way that is approved by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in the way that is approved by the
+profession of physics you know you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession of physics you know you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession of physics you know you can't
+do it using divining rods or mystical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it using divining rods or mystical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it using divining rods or mystical
+powers that you claim to have you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers that you claim to have you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers that you claim to have you've got
+to do it according to the rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it according to the rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it according to the rules that
+Define the activity that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the activity that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the activity that's called
+physics right but D's point is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics right but D's point is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics right but D's point is that in
+the case of philosophy the problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of philosophy the problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of philosophy the problems are
+so immediate they're so important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so immediate they're so important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so immediate they're so important in
+terms of how to live that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how to live that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how to live that these
+artificial distinctions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial distinctions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial distinctions are
+inevitably damaging detrimental so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably damaging detrimental so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably damaging detrimental so the
+job of his kind of philosopher is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of his kind of philosopher is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of his kind of philosopher is to
+understand each of the poles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand each of the poles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand each of the poles of the
+distinction to show their inadequacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction to show their inadequacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction to show their inadequacy and
+then to show how to transcend the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to show how to transcend the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to show how to transcend the the
+way that way of making that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that way of making that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that way of making that kind of
+Distinction in terms of practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distinction in terms of practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distinction in terms of practical
+realities and from the very start of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities and from the very start of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities and from the very start of my
+career I've always thought that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career I've always thought that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career I've always thought that that's
+the right approach and that's what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right approach and that's what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right approach and that's what I do
+in this book and in fact in all my books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book and in fact in all my books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book and in fact in all my books
+but this one in relation to distinctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one in relation to distinctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one in relation to distinctions
+made by film theorists in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by film theorists in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by film theorists in the course of
+the last 30 or 40 years the formalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 30 or 40 years the formalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 30 or 40 years the formalists
+versus the realists and the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the realists and the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the realists and the only way to
+get Beyond them is to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Beyond them is to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Beyond them is to show the
+inadequacy of each taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequacy of each taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequacy of each taken
+separately having done that one can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately having done that one can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately having done that one can then
+reconstruct by showing the adequacy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct by showing the adequacy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct by showing the adequacy the
+goodness the value in some of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness the value in some of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness the value in some of the ideas
+they have or their motives and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have or their motives and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have or their motives and to
+harmonize the Alternatives so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonize the Alternatives so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonize the Alternatives so that the
+pursuit of Harmony which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of Harmony which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of Harmony which is a
+longstanding principle in some Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longstanding principle in some Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longstanding principle in some Western
+philosophy in fact goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in fact goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in fact goes back to the
+father of all philosoph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of all philosoph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of all philosoph
+Plato uh who always thought in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato uh who always thought in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato uh who always thought in terms of
+Harmony and harmonization in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony and harmonization in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony and harmonization in fact the
+harmony within the universe which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony within the universe which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony within the universe which is
+another question um it's through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question um it's through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question um it's through
+harmonization that one is able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonization that one is able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonization that one is able to get
+out of to get out of that artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of to get out of that artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of to get out of that artificial
+fixture that philosophers put themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixture that philosophers put themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixture that philosophers put themselves
+into it's a way of showing the fly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it's a way of showing the fly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it's a way of showing the fly how
+to get out of the fly bottle you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of the fly bottle you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of the fly bottle you don't
+do it by ham using a hammer you turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by ham using a hammer you turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by ham using a hammer you turn the
+bottle a little and then all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle a little and then all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle a little and then all of a sudden
+the fly gets the idea well the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly gets the idea well the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly gets the idea well the same
+thing you turn the distinction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you turn the distinction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you turn the distinction to
+overcome the distinction and end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the distinction and end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the distinction and end up with
+a different view now the last chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different view now the last chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different view now the last chapter
+and I gather all the since the poll was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I gather all the since the poll was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I gather all the since the poll was
+that you all read today's reading you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all read today's reading you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all read today's reading you
+all got through the last chapter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all got through the last chapter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all got through the last chapter the
+last chapter am I right in that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chapter am I right in that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chapter am I right in that anybody
+do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I need
+to talk about it much in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it much in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about it much in the last
+chapter which in many ways is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which in many ways is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which in many ways is very
+superficial it's um short and U it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial it's um short and U it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial it's um short and U it
+brings the argument together but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings the argument together but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings the argument together but the
+argument um hasn't been worked at as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument um hasn't been worked at as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument um hasn't been worked at as
+carefully as it could have been it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully as it could have been it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully as it could have been it was
+the best I could do at the time um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I could do at the time um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best I could do at the time um and I
+didn't want to make it a tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to make it a tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to make it a tedious
+Treatise I wanted to make a a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treatise I wanted to make a a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treatise I wanted to make a a kind of
+essay a long essay so what I was doing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay a long essay so what I was doing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay a long essay so what I was doing I
+I approve of but I know and knew all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I approve of but I know and knew all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I approve of but I know and knew all
+along it could have been done better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it could have been done better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it could have been done better and
+maybe some of you will come out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you will come out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you will come out of this
+class or other courses in philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or other courses in philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or other courses in philosophy and
+CMS with the ability to do it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMS with the ability to do it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMS with the ability to do it much
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+um having got that far however what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having got that far however what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having got that far however what I
+then felt was the need to write another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then felt was the need to write another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then felt was the need to write another
+book in which I would show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in which I would show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in which I would show the
+implications of the harmonization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the harmonization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the harmonization
+between formalists and realists that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between formalists and realists that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between formalists and realists that um
+I was sketching in the last chapter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sketching in the last chapter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sketching in the last chapter of
+feeling and Imagination and so the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and Imagination and so the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and Imagination and so the new
+book uh a little of which you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh a little of which you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh a little of which you'll be
+reading of course the chapter on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of course the chapter on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of course the chapter on the
+civilist called Hitchcock is a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilist called Hitchcock is a chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilist called Hitchcock is a chapter
+out of three philosophical filmmakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of three philosophical filmmakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of three philosophical filmmakers
+but the reason I wrote that book was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason I wrote that book was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason I wrote that book was in
+order to deal with three great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to deal with three great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to deal with three great
+contemporary filmmakers now theyve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary filmmakers now theyve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary filmmakers now theyve all
+been dead 25 years is that that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dead 25 years is that that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dead 25 years is that that's no
+Orson Wells died in 1985 so that's uh 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells died in 1985 so that's uh 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells died in 1985 so that's uh 20
+years and yeah so 20 20 to 25 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and yeah so 20 20 to 25 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and yeah so 20 20 to 25 years
+um and Hitchcock maybe a little earli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Hitchcock maybe a little earli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Hitchcock maybe a little earli
+I'm not much sure and so they've been de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not much sure and so they've been de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not much sure and so they've been de
+20 years um but they were all great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years um but they were all great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years um but they were all great
+contemporary filmmakers and in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary filmmakers and in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary filmmakers and in the book
+I try to show how they are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to show how they are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to show how they are both
+formalists and realists in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalists and realists in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalists and realists in different
+ways different from each other but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways different from each other but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways different from each other but also
+varying with the problems that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying with the problems that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying with the problems that they were
+solving on their from the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving on their from the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving on their from the point of view
+of their own vision of the world so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own vision of the world so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own vision of the world so that
+the nature of their philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of their philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of their philosophical
+perspective governs the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective governs the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective governs the way in which
+they make a harmonization between form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a harmonization between form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a harmonization between form
+um and and U um meaning between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and U um meaning between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and U um meaning between
+technique and realism between formalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and realism between formalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and realism between formalism
+and realism between technique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realism between technique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and realism between technique and
+meaning all right all right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning all right all right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning all right all right now the
+question is having in this course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is having in this course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is having in this course um
+focus beyond that because in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus beyond that because in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus beyond that because in my
+way of thinking I can never do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking I can never do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking I can never do anything
+until I've lived through it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I've lived through it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I've lived through it so that
+sometimes I read impasses and dead ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I read impasses and dead ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I read impasses and dead ends
+but since it all means so much to me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since it all means so much to me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since it all means so much to me or
+else I couldn't write and wouldn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I couldn't write and wouldn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I couldn't write and wouldn't write
+it has an organic importance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an organic importance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an organic importance and
+therefore having got that high or out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore having got that high or out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore having got that high or out on
+a bran high up the tree or out on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bran high up the tree or out on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bran high up the tree or out on a
+branch uh there is an organic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch uh there is an organic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch uh there is an organic process
+that then Works in me when things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then Works in me when things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then Works in me when things go
+well for the creation of something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for the creation of something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for the creation of something out
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that now there are lots of idle branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now there are lots of idle branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now there are lots of idle branches
+that are have no vegetation on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are have no vegetation on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are have no vegetation on them
+there are lots of occasions where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of occasions where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of occasions where I'm
+defeated because my mind and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeated because my mind and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeated because my mind and and
+Imagination are very limited but uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination are very limited but uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination are very limited but uh in
+this case uh these books issue out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh these books issue out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh these books issue out of
+each other in that sense they were kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in that sense they were kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in that sense they were kind
+of Trilogy so far but what if I finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Trilogy so far but what if I finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Trilogy so far but what if I finish
+the third one maybe there'll be a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one maybe there'll be a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one maybe there'll be a fourth
+or a fifth who knows that's for Me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fifth who knows that's for Me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fifth who knows that's for Me the
+Meaning of Life um and in the third book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaning of Life um and in the third book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaning of Life um and in the third book
+what I felt organically was the need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I felt organically was the need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I felt organically was the need to
+show how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how it is
+that myth making which is relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that myth making which is relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that myth making which is relevant to
+meaning and philosophical import can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and philosophical import can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and philosophical import can be
+analyzed on its own and has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed on its own and has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed on its own and has a very
+special role in the making of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special role in the making of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special role in the making of
+movies two problems there one what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies two problems there one what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies two problems there one what is it
+about movies that lends itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about movies that lends itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about movies that lends itself to
+mythmaking are movies the myths of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythmaking are movies the myths of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythmaking are movies the myths of the
+20th and 21st century are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th and 21st century are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th and 21st century are they
+equivalent to us for us to what um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to us for us to what um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to us for us to what um the
+Garden of Eden was to thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden of Eden was to thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden of Eden was to thousands of
+millions of people for the last 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people for the last 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of people for the last 2,000
+years uh nobody uh at the time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh nobody uh at the time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh nobody uh at the time that the
+Bible was written uh thought of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible was written uh thought of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible was written uh thought of putting
+it in making a movie out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in making a movie out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in making a movie out of that
+obviously uh but since we think in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh but since we think in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh but since we think in terms
+of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visual
+images digital images electronic effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images digital images electronic effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images digital images electronic effects
+since we are fully immersed and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we are fully immersed and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we are fully immersed and your
+generation more than any that preceded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation more than any that preceded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation more than any that preceded
+it in this way of experiencing the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this way of experiencing the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this way of experiencing the world
+it's possible that a product of this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that a product of this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that a product of this way
+of seeing the world namely films might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing the world namely films might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing the world namely films might
+be the best embodiment of the mythmaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best embodiment of the mythmaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best embodiment of the mythmaking
+and the philosophical expression uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the philosophical expression uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the philosophical expression uh that
+was done differently in the past by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done differently in the past by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done differently in the past by some
+blind U uh poet some bar like Homer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind U uh poet some bar like Homer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind U uh poet some bar like Homer or
+some U Prophet about whom we know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some U Prophet about whom we know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some U Prophet about whom we know very
+little uh in in Hebrew culture who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh in in Hebrew culture who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh in in Hebrew culture who wrote
+the Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Old
+Testament those people may still exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Testament those people may still exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Testament those people may still exist
+but they're not important the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not important the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not important the way in
+which filmmakers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which filmmakers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which filmmakers are
+nowadays uh what is it about film making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays uh what is it about film making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays uh what is it about film making
+so this is a question about the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a question about the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a question about the nature
+of filmmaking the other question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filmmaking the other question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filmmaking the other question is
+whatever however it comes about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever however it comes about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever however it comes about and
+whatever the um aesthetic significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the um aesthetic significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the um aesthetic significance
+of film making as a kind of myth making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film making as a kind of myth making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film making as a kind of myth making
+might be fact remains that some films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be fact remains that some films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be fact remains that some films
+lend themselves to that as an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend themselves to that as an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend themselves to that as an analysis
+of what they're doing in the film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they're doing in the film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they're doing in the film and
+that's what we're starting with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're starting with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're starting with with the
+lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady
+Eve I stop again um for you to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve I stop again um for you to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve I stop again um for you to make any
+comments good Could you actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments good Could you actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments good Could you actually this is
+a good moment for me to learn again your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good moment for me to learn again your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good moment for me to learn again your
+names and to indicate who isn't here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and to indicate who isn't here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and to indicate who isn't here
+indicate on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+card pencil do I have I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pencil and I'm glad you all the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and I'm glad you all the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and I'm glad you all the ones who
+are here came on time please do make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here came on time please do make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here came on time please do make
+that effort to get here so we can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effort to get here so we can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effort to get here so we can all
+start right at the the right moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right at the the right moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right at the the right moment
+could you tell me your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you tell me your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you tell me your name
+Ed yeah okay I'll have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ed you made out of card yes might Edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed you made out of card yes might Edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed you made out of card yes might Edward
+Edward Edward okay here you are Edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward Edward okay here you are Edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward Edward okay here you are Edward
+song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song
+great uh has anyone not made out a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh has anyone not made out a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh has anyone not made out a card
+okay if you can do this without being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you can do this without being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you can do this without being
+distracted could you make out a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted could you make out a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted could you make out a card
+along the lines of this the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of this the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of this the bottom line
+would be anything related in philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be anything related in philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be anything related in philosophy
+or CMS anyone else needing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or CMS anyone else needing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or CMS anyone else needing a new
+card okay Ed okay I was just wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card okay Ed okay I was just wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card okay Ed okay I was just wondering
+um if the realist school of thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the realist school of thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the realist school of thought was
+still something very current because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still something very current because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still something very current because of
+the way that it was written in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that it was written in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that it was written in the book
+it seems to have stemmed from like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to have stemmed from like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to have stemmed from like um
+very early in the development of cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in the development of cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in the development of cameras
+and things like that because of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that because of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that because of the way
+that it seemed very limited to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seemed very limited to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it seemed very limited to like
+still photographs and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still photographs and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still photographs and things like that
+right um incidentally I make no attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um incidentally I make no attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um incidentally I make no attempt
+to give current movies though the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give current movies though the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give current movies though the next
+one what the one you'll watch next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what the one you'll watch next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what the one you'll watch next week
+is a very current movie and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very current movie and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very current movie and the one
+after that um Washington Square or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that um Washington Square or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that um Washington Square or is
+that a weekend later is also both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weekend later is also both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a weekend later is also both of
+them were made in the within the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were made in the within the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were made in the within the last
+three to five years so they're current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to five years so they're current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to five years so they're current
+but that's not my concern my concern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not my concern my concern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not my concern my concern is
+to deal with the questions the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the questions the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the questions the problems
+that I can get the most out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get the most out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get the most out of
+philosophically and show you how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically and show you how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically and show you how to get
+out of philosophically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of philosophically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of philosophically
+um but as an example of a movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as an example of a movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but as an example of a movie that
+some of you might know uh which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might know uh which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might know uh which doesn't
+fit what you were just saying last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit what you were just saying last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit what you were just saying last night
+I watched a video of the movie The Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I watched a video of the movie The Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I watched a video of the movie The Green
+Mile many of you know it I'm sure does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile many of you know it I'm sure does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile many of you know it I'm sure does
+anybody not know it oh good you all do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody not know it oh good you all do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody not know it oh good you all do
+know it well that's in is has mystical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it well that's in is has mystical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it well that's in is has mystical
+overtones which is a contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones which is a contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtones which is a contemporary
+fashion and based on a novel by Stephen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and based on a novel by Stephen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and based on a novel by Stephen
+King uh that realizes that's what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King uh that realizes that's what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King uh that realizes that's what people
+want in their fiction a certain element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in their fiction a certain element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in their fiction a certain element
+of mysticism but other than that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mysticism but other than that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mysticism but other than that it's a
+very realistic movie as if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very realistic movie as if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very realistic movie as if you were to
+analyze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it
+formalistic it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalistic it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalistic it's not that
+exceptional but um where before has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional but um where before has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional but um where before has a
+movie ever shown us uh people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ever shown us uh people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie ever shown us uh people in the
+execution chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution chamber
+uh sitting in the electric chair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sitting in the electric chair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sitting in the electric chair and
+being put to death and it's only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being put to death and it's only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being put to death and it's only the
+realism that makes it work because if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism that makes it work because if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism that makes it work because if it
+were inaccurate if we knew that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inaccurate if we knew that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inaccurate if we knew that that's
+not the way it was it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way it was it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way it was it would be
+distracting to us it has to look yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting to us it has to look yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting to us it has to look yes
+that's exactly what it's like and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what it's like and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what it's like and I
+never realized it was or I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never realized it was or I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never realized it was or I learned
+something about uh what happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uh what happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about uh what happened in the
+1930s because that's when it takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s because that's when it takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s because that's when it takes place
+uh in places like Louisiana that use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in places like Louisiana that use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in places like Louisiana that use the
+electric chair that's a very that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric chair that's a very that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric chair that's a very that's a
+realistic point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic point
+Hitchcock whom I treat think is very as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock whom I treat think is very as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock whom I treat think is very as
+I was saying last time a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying last time a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying last time a great
+formalist he emphasizes the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalist he emphasizes the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalist he emphasizes the importance
+of the reality effect as he calls it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reality effect as he calls it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reality effect as he calls it he
+says I always strive for that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I always strive for that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I always strive for that because
+frankly my movies are so bizarre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly my movies are so bizarre and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly my movies are so bizarre and
+they're so contrived in fact that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so contrived in fact that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so contrived in fact that's what
+Orson Wells who didn't like Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells who didn't like Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson Wells who didn't like Hitchcock
+said Wells said um Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Wells said um Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Wells said um Hitchcock
+contrivances are nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivances are nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivances are nothing but
+contrivances in other words that tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivances in other words that tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivances in other words that tricks
+in order to frighten you and to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to frighten you and to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to frighten you and to build up
+suspense and to hold on to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense and to hold on to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense and to hold on to your
+attention as any formalist would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention as any formalist would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention as any formalist would have
+been doing and the the shower scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing and the the shower scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing and the the shower scene
+remember I used as an illustration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I used as an illustration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I used as an illustration of
+the formulist idea of Hitchcock's of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulist idea of Hitchcock's of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulist idea of Hitchcock's of uh
+pure cinema right so that for even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure cinema right so that for even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure cinema right so that for even in
+with his emphasis on formalism he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his emphasis on formalism he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his emphasis on formalism he's
+always striving to bring out the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always striving to bring out the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always striving to bring out the reality
+effect the way any realist might and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the way any realist might and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the way any realist might and yet
+the combination and his genius in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination and his genius in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination and his genius in both
+respect put him into class by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect put him into class by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect put him into class by
+himself so that I don't know that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself so that I don't know that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself so that I don't know that I want
+to say that the reality realism is U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the reality realism is U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the reality realism is U is
+not fully treated in what you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully treated in what you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully treated in what you've been
+reading only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading only
+formalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism
+um let me could I go down get to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me could I go down get to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me could I go down get to learn
+who the rest of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the rest of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the rest of you
+are uh you're Peter Sun so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh you're Peter Sun so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh you're Peter Sun so there's
+Edward S and Peter Sun okay I confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward S and Peter Sun okay I confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward S and Peter Sun okay I confuse
+you um what uh please uh forgive me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um what uh please uh forgive me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um what uh please uh forgive me
+24900 is Introduction to Linguistics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24900 is Introduction to Linguistics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24900 is Introduction to Linguistics is
+it or you've not done any philosophy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you've not done any philosophy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you've not done any philosophy you
+don't have to I was just wondering no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to I was just wondering no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to I was just wondering no
+nothing at all no it's taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing at all no it's taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing at all no it's taking the
+philosophy but I dropped you dropped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy but I dropped you dropped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy but I dropped you dropped out
+of which problems yeah why can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which problems yeah why can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which problems yeah why can you tell
+me very briefly why uh I just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me very briefly why uh I just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me very briefly why uh I just didn't
+have enough time for the class oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough time for the class oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough time for the class oh okay
+course it's very different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's very different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's very different kind of
+philosophy course from this one um My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy course from this one um My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy course from this one um My
+Hope Is that after this one you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope Is that after this one you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope Is that after this one you want to
+take more but maybe not um Lux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more but maybe not um Lux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more but maybe not um Lux
+Chen is you right Lux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chen is you right Lux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chen is you right Lux
+chain it said while I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain it said while I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain it said while I'm doing this
+please make any comments that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please make any comments that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please make any comments that you want
+to of any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Catherine Chang Chang right not Chang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catherine Chang Chang right not Chang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catherine Chang Chang right not Chang
+Chang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right your Lauren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cony Miguel Miguel uh Rivera so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cony Miguel Miguel uh Rivera so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cony Miguel Miguel uh Rivera so I've
+learned some of your names already um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned some of your names already um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned some of your names already um
+George Martin no see you're George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Martin no see you're George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Martin no see you're George
+Martin I go back car I go back Carri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin I go back car I go back Carri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin I go back car I go back Carri
+that's right Carrie Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right Carrie Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right Carrie Martin
+what's the name of the Martin who worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the name of the Martin who worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the name of the Martin who worked
+with the Beatles that's George Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Beatles that's George Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Beatles that's George Martin
+That's George I don't know his middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's George I don't know his middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's George I don't know his middle
+name that's George he is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that's George he is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that's George he is a very very
+talented man he's really the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented man he's really the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented man he's really the fifth
+Beetle because a lot of the music theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beetle because a lot of the music theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beetle because a lot of the music theory
+came out of him and yet he had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of him and yet he had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of him and yet he had the
+wisdom and the capacity to bring it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom and the capacity to bring it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom and the capacity to bring it out
+of their performances in their own way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their performances in their own way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their performances in their own way
+so that it isn't that they were puppets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it isn't that they were puppets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it isn't that they were puppets
+of his I really admire that him as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his I really admire that him as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his I really admire that him as a
+coach and and producer of those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach and and producer of those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coach and and producer of those four
+talented Beatles very very much anyhow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented Beatles very very much anyhow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented Beatles very very much anyhow I
+remember that you're Carrie you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you're Carrie you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you're Carrie you're not
+you're not that you're not that Martin I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not that you're not that Martin I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not that you're not that Martin I
+realize um David levenson okay anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize um David levenson okay anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize um David levenson okay anybody
+I've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called and this is everybody's paperwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody else what I want to do since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else what I want to do since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else what I want to do since we
+don't have much time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this is glance at my chapter I assure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is glance at my chapter I assure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is glance at my chapter I assure
+you I will not even begin to read it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I will not even begin to read it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I will not even begin to read it but
+looking at the text might give me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the text might give me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the text might give me some
+ideas um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one question is who in the movie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one question is who in the movie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one question is who in the movie is
+the serpent remember the serpent occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent remember the serpent occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent remember the serpent occurs
+in the animation who is the serpent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the animation who is the serpent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the animation who is the serpent we
+have uh Eve right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh Eve right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh Eve right we have
+Adam and in the biblical account Adam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and in the biblical account Adam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and in the biblical account Adam is
+sort of simple-minded he's pure uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simple-minded he's pure uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of simple-minded he's pure uh and
+therefore uh when his wife says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh when his wife says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh when his wife says well
+it's all right I take a bite do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right I take a bite do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right I take a bite do you want
+to take a bite and she he naturally in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a bite and she he naturally in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a bite and she he naturally in a
+good humored Dumb Way agrees and when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good humored Dumb Way agrees and when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good humored Dumb Way agrees and when he
+is chasti he said says to God is if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chasti he said says to God is if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chasti he said says to God is if this
+is his excuse you know a typical weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his excuse you know a typical weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his excuse you know a typical weak
+male he says well my wife told me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male he says well my wife told me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male he says well my wife told me to do
+it uh that's not good enough um but who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh that's not good enough um but who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh that's not good enough um but who
+is the serpent now my my governing idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the serpent now my my governing idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the serpent now my my governing idea
+is that Mugsy is the serpent it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Mugsy is the serpent it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Mugsy is the serpent it starts
+with the serpent and with Mugsy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the serpent and with Mugsy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the serpent and with Mugsy in the
+first scene it ends with Mugsy coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scene it ends with Mugsy coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first scene it ends with Mugsy coming
+out of the bedroom uh The State Room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bedroom uh The State Room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bedroom uh The State Room and
+though we don't know how he got in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we don't know how he got in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we don't know how he got in there
+or what he was doing there uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what he was doing there uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what he was doing there uh and
+looking at the camera and saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the camera and saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the camera and saying you
+remember the words positively the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the words positively the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the words positively the same
+Dame right well the the the serpent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dame right well the the the serpent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dame right well the the the serpent is
+um the voice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the voice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the voice of
+experience um my mentor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um my mentor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um my mentor at
+Harvard whose death I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard whose death I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard whose death I
+lament uh he was over 80 when he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lament uh he was over 80 when he died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lament uh he was over 80 when he died
+but for many years he was a great figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for many years he was a great figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for many years he was a great figure
+in my life he he always used to say me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life he he always used to say me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life he he always used to say me
+Irving you've got to learn the wisdom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving you've got to learn the wisdom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irving you've got to learn the wisdom of
+the serpent meaning you've got to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent meaning you've got to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent meaning you've got to learn
+how to live in the real world well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to live in the real world well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to live in the real world well the
+serpent does know how to live in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent does know how to live in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent does know how to live in the
+real world what he says to Eve is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world what he says to Eve is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world what he says to Eve is not a
+falsehood he isn't simply uh seducing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsehood he isn't simply uh seducing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsehood he isn't simply uh seducing or
+deceiving her they would die and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceiving her they would die and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceiving her they would die and they
+didn't die uh and uh he Intimates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't die uh and uh he Intimates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't die uh and uh he Intimates that
+he's eaten of it and probably that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's eaten of it and probably that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's eaten of it and probably that's
+true mugy is that mugy speaks with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mugy is that mugy speaks with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mugy is that mugy speaks with a
+voice of experience and he's right he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice of experience and he's right he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice of experience and he's right he
+says it is the same uh woman all along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it is the same uh woman all along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it is the same uh woman all along
+and he's right uh he considers her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's right uh he considers her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's right uh he considers her
+little group uh a pack of uh Sharpies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little group uh a pack of uh Sharpies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little group uh a pack of uh Sharpies of
+um uh card sheets and he is right uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh card sheets and he is right uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh card sheets and he is right uh but
+he doesn't know what love is so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't know what love is so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't know what love is so there
+are things that he doesn't know the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that he doesn't know the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that he doesn't know the way
+the serpent doesn't know and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent doesn't know and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent doesn't know and that's
+because they don't belong to ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't belong to ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't belong to ordinary
+practical experience Love Somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical experience Love Somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical experience Love Somehow
+transcends that and the movie is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends that and the movie is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends that and the movie is about
+what you do with the attractiveness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do with the attractiveness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do with the attractiveness of
+love when it has to function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love when it has to function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love when it has to function in the
+Practical World in which everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical World in which everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical World in which everybody is
+cheating or being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating or being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating or being
+Serpentine um I remember levenson I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serpentine um I remember levenson I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serpentine um I remember levenson I
+forgotten your first name David I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten your first name David I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten your first name David I I
+looked at um the Eve I guess was her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um the Eve I guess was her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um the Eve I guess was her
+father card person she worked with as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father card person she worked with as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father card person she worked with as
+like I see him almost as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I see him almost as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I see him almost as a
+servant as a serpent as the serpent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant as a serpent as the serpent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant as a serpent as the serpent
+figure to maybe he like entices Eve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure to maybe he like entices Eve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure to maybe he like entices Eve to
+is her name Eve right well her name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is her name Eve right well her name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is her name Eve right well her name is
+Jean at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jean at the
+beginning like he almost entices her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like he almost entices her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like he almost entices her to
+take Adam's money maybe he like he be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Adam's money maybe he like he be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Adam's money maybe he like he be
+seen the SE figure in that in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the SE figure in that in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the SE figure in that in that way
+that uh like he was the The Mastermind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh like he was the The Mastermind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh like he was the The Mastermind
+behind the whole car tricking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the whole car tricking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the whole car tricking and
+trained or gen the one feels this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained or gen the one feels this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained or gen the one feels this is
+something I emphasized in my chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I emphasized in my chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I emphasized in my chapter
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+after uh Eve Jean Eve let's call her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh Eve Jean Eve let's call her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh Eve Jean Eve let's call her and
+Charles get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles get
+married they're probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married they're probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married they're probably going to
+dismiss Mugsy is no longer being needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismiss Mugsy is no longer being needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismiss Mugsy is no longer being needed
+he was there to protect Charles from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was there to protect Charles from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was there to protect Charles from the
+treachery of the world and does a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treachery of the world and does a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treachery of the world and does a fairly
+good job apparently and saved his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job apparently and saved his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job apparently and saved his life
+on one occasion um but now that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one occasion um but now that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one occasion um but now that he's
+married he doesn't need a a nursemate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married he doesn't need a a nursemate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married he doesn't need a a nursemate
+anymore and that Mugsy and uh Gan Eve's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and that Mugsy and uh Gan Eve's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and that Mugsy and uh Gan Eve's
+father would go into business together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father would go into business together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father would go into business together
+being card shark Sharpies and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being card shark Sharpies and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being card shark Sharpies and somehow
+cheats surviving in the world I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheats surviving in the world I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheats surviving in the world I think
+you're right there is that element in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right there is that element in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right there is that element in uh
+Mugsy because he's not interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mugsy because he's not interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mugsy because he's not interested in
+love and he is interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and he is interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and he is interested in the
+material things of the world just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material things of the world just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material things of the world just like
+Eve's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve's
+father but what's crucial is that he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father but what's crucial is that he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father but what's crucial is that he is
+the serpent in the plot that we see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent in the plot that we see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent in the plot that we see more
+than the father is the father isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the father is the father isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the father is the father isn't
+really a serpent he's a crook um uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a serpent he's a crook um uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a serpent he's a crook um uh he
+uh knows how to live in the world but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knows how to live in the world but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knows how to live in the world but
+that's not his role in guiding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not his role in guiding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not his role in guiding the
+development of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the of the
+story incidentally are the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story incidentally are the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story incidentally are the students
+being filmed it isn't just me is it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being filmed it isn't just me is it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being filmed it isn't just me is it so
+far it's just you I mean d David here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's just you I mean d David here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's just you I mean d David here
+was he picked up uh not on that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he picked up uh not on that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he picked up uh not on that one
+though okay I don't know what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though okay I don't know what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though okay I don't know what your
+procedure is do it if everyone agrees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is do it if everyone agrees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is do it if everyone agrees to
+it might not be a bad idea in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not be a bad idea in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not be a bad idea in general
+everyone's okay with it okay um anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's okay with it okay um anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's okay with it okay um anybody
+want to say anything else all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say anything else all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say anything else all right so
+the question is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is about
+Mugsy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mugsy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mugsy uh
+being being the representation of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being being the representation of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being being the representation of the of
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+serpent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent
+uh then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the question
+is what um you know what is the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what um you know what is the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what um you know what is the nature
+of the role that the female has because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the role that the female has because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the role that the female has because
+there's not only the myth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not only the myth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not only the myth of
+Eve who causes a lot of trouble when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve who causes a lot of trouble when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve who causes a lot of trouble when she
+uh bites into an apple and remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bites into an apple and remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bites into an apple and remember the
+movie begins with her dropping an apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie begins with her dropping an apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie begins with her dropping an apple
+uh that she's already bitten into from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that she's already bitten into from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that she's already bitten into from
+her level of the deck onto Charles as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her level of the deck onto Charles as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her level of the deck onto Charles as
+he's getting into the ship but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what is it what's the fact about Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is it what's the fact about Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is it what's the fact about Eve
+being a woman now there are two views in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a woman now there are two views in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a woman now there are two views in
+the history of Western mythology about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of Western mythology about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of Western mythology about
+the nature of women one view um is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of women one view um is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of women one view um is that
+women are evil they're the cause of evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are evil they're the cause of evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are evil they're the cause of evil
+um they uh lure men into having sex with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they uh lure men into having sex with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they uh lure men into having sex with
+them for Reproductive purposes or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for Reproductive purposes or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for Reproductive purposes or just
+because they make a living from that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they make a living from that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they make a living from that as
+prostitutes so that myth this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitutes so that myth this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitutes so that myth this part of
+myth is all created by the man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth is all created by the man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myth is all created by the man's
+self-pitying point of view I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-pitying point of view I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-pitying point of view I mean there
+wouldn't be prostitutes if there were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be prostitutes if there were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be prostitutes if there were in
+Societies in which women were relegated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Societies in which women were relegated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Societies in which women were relegated
+to that role uh there wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that role uh there wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that role uh there wouldn't be
+uh a need for the woman to lure the man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a need for the woman to lure the man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a need for the woman to lure the man
+to do the reproductive job that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the reproductive job that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the reproductive job that in
+principle he wants as much as she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle he wants as much as she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle he wants as much as she
+because he has genes that he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has genes that he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has genes that he wants to
+move into the gene pool and propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into the gene pool and propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into the gene pool and propagate
+the future with so why is she especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future with so why is she especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future with so why is she especially
+evil that's one view of um woman and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil that's one view of um woman and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil that's one view of um woman and uh
+that is elaborated in different ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is elaborated in different ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is elaborated in different ways in
+some traditions um the idea of Eve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some traditions um the idea of Eve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some traditions um the idea of Eve is
+not enough and so there is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough and so there is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough and so there is the notion of
+Lilith l i l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lilith l i l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lilith l i l
+i who is sort of the Earth Spirit and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i who is sort of the Earth Spirit and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i who is sort of the Earth Spirit and uh
+is female and who come comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is female and who come comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is female and who come comes into
+existence before Adam and Eve that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence before Adam and Eve that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence before Adam and Eve that's an
+addendum to the story in Genesis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addendum to the story in Genesis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addendum to the story in Genesis in
+Genesis Eve is the mother of humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis Eve is the mother of humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis Eve is the mother of humanity
+and she is pure and beautiful and ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she is pure and beautiful and ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she is pure and beautiful and ideal
+until she is sled by The Serpent and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until she is sled by The Serpent and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until she is sled by The Serpent and the
+serpent is a male symbol now some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent is a male symbol now some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent is a male symbol now some people
+analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the
+movie lady Eve say oh it's obvious that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie lady Eve say oh it's obvious that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie lady Eve say oh it's obvious that
+the serpent is a male principal why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent is a male principal why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent is a male principal why
+because he slithers in uh the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he slithers in uh the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he slithers in uh the way that
+an anatomical part of the male does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anatomical part of the male does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anatomical part of the male does and
+that's why uh Eve for instance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why uh Eve for instance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why uh Eve for instance in the
+movie is frightened of Sur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie is frightened of Sur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie is frightened of Sur
+women are afraid of that part of the M's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are afraid of that part of the M's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are afraid of that part of the M's
+Anatomy well I myself don't give much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anatomy well I myself don't give much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anatomy well I myself don't give much
+Credence to that because I I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credence to that because I I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Credence to that because I I've never
+felt that I could wholeheartedly agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that I could wholeheartedly agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that I could wholeheartedly agree
+to Freudian interpretations or yian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Freudian interpretations or yian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Freudian interpretations or yian
+interpretations in the commentary you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations in the commentary you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations in the commentary you'll
+be hearing they come into it in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hearing they come into it in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hearing they come into it in a way
+that seems to me very far-fetched uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to me very far-fetched uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to me very far-fetched uh but
+the point about Eve is that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point about Eve is that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point about Eve is that she's
+divided into the character into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into the character into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into the character into two
+parts as Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts as Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts as Jean
+she falls in love in a pure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she falls in love in a pure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she falls in love in a pure and
+Wholesome Way having been rejected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wholesome Way having been rejected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wholesome Way having been rejected by
+the male remember after he sees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male remember after he sees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male remember after he sees the
+photographs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs that
+incriminator uh as a card sharp Sharpie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incriminator uh as a card sharp Sharpie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incriminator uh as a card sharp Sharpie
+um she becomes vicious she becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she becomes vicious she becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she becomes vicious she becomes
+destructive so there's a good eve which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive so there's a good eve which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive so there's a good eve which
+is Jean and there's a bad Eve who is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Jean and there's a bad Eve who is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Jean and there's a bad Eve who is out
+to destroy uh the innocent but dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to destroy uh the innocent but dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to destroy uh the innocent but dumb
+somewhat dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat dumb
+male uh I need him she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male uh I need him she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male uh I need him she
+says shortly after that pivotal moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says shortly after that pivotal moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says shortly after that pivotal moment
+when she changes from jean into Eve um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she changes from jean into Eve um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she changes from jean into Eve um
+on the ship she not not on the ship but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ship she not not on the ship but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ship she not not on the ship but
+after uh at the horse races uh she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh at the horse races uh she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh at the horse races uh she says
+I need him the way the axe needs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need him the way the axe needs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need him the way the axe needs the
+turkey now to speak of somebody as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey now to speak of somebody as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey now to speak of somebody as a
+turkey is to say it's a ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey is to say it's a ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey is to say it's a ridiculous
+creature and the the axe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature and the the axe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature and the the axe is
+a an instrument of Destruction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an instrument of Destruction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an instrument of Destruction because
+we use the axe to kill the turkey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the axe to kill the turkey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the axe to kill the turkey and
+then to devour him now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to devour him now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to devour him now this is a
+different kind of character and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of character and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of character and one of
+the things I learned from the commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I learned from the commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I learned from the commentary
+because there are these brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are these brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are these brilliant
+aspects which as I told you only a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects which as I told you only a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects which as I told you only a woman
+would pick up and I didn't and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pick up and I didn't and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pick up and I didn't and that is
+the clothing of Barber standwick changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clothing of Barber standwick changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clothing of Barber standwick changes
+as she moves from jean into Eve and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she moves from jean into Eve and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she moves from jean into Eve and she
+looks very cold and hay and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very cold and hay and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very cold and hay and really
+magnificent but of a stylish sort once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent but of a stylish sort once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent but of a stylish sort once
+she's become Eve and um is wearing a fur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's become Eve and um is wearing a fur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's become Eve and um is wearing a fur
+coat and a fur hat on on the ship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat and a fur hat on on the ship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat and a fur hat on on the ship and
+thereafter so that even in the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter so that even in the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter so that even in the choice of
+clothes there were the two sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes there were the two sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes there were the two sides of a
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+woman positively the same Dame but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman positively the same Dame but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman positively the same Dame but that
+doesn't preclude the fact that women are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't preclude the fact that women are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't preclude the fact that women are
+of two different sorts there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two different sorts there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two different sorts there are the
+innocent sort that Eve is in um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent sort that Eve is in um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent sort that Eve is in um uh the
+Garden of Eden before she falls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden of Eden before she falls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden of Eden before she falls and
+there's the evil sort that Lilith is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the evil sort that Lilith is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the evil sort that Lilith is as
+darker side of of the earth of the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker side of of the earth of the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker side of of the earth of the Earth
+Spirit which men have to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit which men have to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit which men have to protect
+themselves against and the question then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves against and the question then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves against and the question then
+is uh how can the do be harmonized I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh how can the do be harmonized I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh how can the do be harmonized I
+mean we can't have everybody separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we can't have everybody separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we can't have everybody separated
+in that way uh that's what's called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way uh that's what's called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way uh that's what's called um
+the uh the myth of the virgin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the myth of the virgin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the myth of the virgin that
+women are either virgins which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are either virgins which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are either virgins which means
+they have no sex and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no sex and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no sex and then they're
+pure right they're virginal uh but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure right they're virginal uh but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure right they're virginal uh but if
+they do have sex then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have sex then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do have sex then they're
+even if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're not
+prostitutes uh that is part of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitutes uh that is part of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitutes uh that is part of a certain
+set male mentality thinking of women is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set male mentality thinking of women is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set male mentality thinking of women is
+falling into one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling into one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling into one or the other
+class we all want to overcome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we all want to overcome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we all want to overcome that
+distinction uh particularly educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction uh particularly educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction uh particularly educated
+people in the 21st century we've lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the 21st century we've lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the 21st century we've lived
+through all enough to know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all enough to know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all enough to know there
+something wrong in that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong in that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong in that kind of
+Distinction the question is how can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distinction the question is how can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distinction the question is how can the
+two be harmonized and the movie shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two be harmonized and the movie shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two be harmonized and the movie shows
+that she Jean starts out one way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she Jean starts out one way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she Jean starts out one way but
+pure and good as she is because she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure and good as she is because she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure and good as she is because she has
+a good heart she also um has a history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good heart she also um has a history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good heart she also um has a history
+she has a a shady past as part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has a a shady past as part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has a a shady past as part of this
+gang of crooks but she's converted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang of crooks but she's converted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang of crooks but she's converted by
+means of her love falling in love with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of her love falling in love with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of her love falling in love with
+Charles and says I want to be everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and says I want to be everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and says I want to be everything
+that he wants me to be and I don't when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants me to be and I don't when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants me to be and I don't when
+she fights her father against uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she fights her father against uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she fights her father against uh his
+desire to cheat the Rich Young Man all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to cheat the Rich Young Man all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to cheat the Rich Young Man all
+of that puts her on the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that puts her on the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that puts her on the side of the
+angels and then when she turns into Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angels and then when she turns into Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angels and then when she turns into Eve
+um she's the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she's the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she's the very
+opposite and seeing the shift is itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and seeing the shift is itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and seeing the shift is itself
+humorous it's funny to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous it's funny to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous it's funny to see
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+conventional formalist versions of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional formalist versions of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional formalist versions of human
+character pitted against each other like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character pitted against each other like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character pitted against each other like
+that uh at the same time the movie ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh at the same time the movie ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh at the same time the movie ends
+up with the two being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the two being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the two being
+harmonized as MSY says possibly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonized as MSY says possibly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonized as MSY says possibly the same
+day but now it means something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but now it means something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but now it means something different
+now it means that there is a way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it means that there is a way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it means that there is a way in
+which women can have a bad a bad past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which women can have a bad a bad past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which women can have a bad a bad past
+and yet be beautiful wonderful creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet be beautiful wonderful creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet be beautiful wonderful creatures
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+um Jean sort of is the intellect in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Jean sort of is the intellect in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Jean sort of is the intellect in this
+movie She's the smartest one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie She's the smartest one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie She's the smartest one of the
+whole bunch much smarter than Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch much smarter than Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch much smarter than Charles
+he's been up the Amazon for a year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been up the Amazon for a year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been up the Amazon for a year and
+he's he's a student probably just out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's a student probably just out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's a student probably just out of
+Yale and U he knows about snakes but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale and U he knows about snakes but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale and U he knows about snakes but he
+doesn't know any much about women um she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know any much about women um she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know any much about women um she
+uh is smarter than him and she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is smarter than him and she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is smarter than him and she's
+outsmarts her father in fact uh when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsmarts her father in fact uh when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsmarts her father in fact uh when uh
+at one point when she def fathers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point when she def fathers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point when she def fathers um
+when she defies her father uh she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she defies her father uh she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she defies her father uh she says
+to him um it's not free that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him um it's not free that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him um it's not free that it's not
+free that I'm your daughter in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free that I'm your daughter in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free that I'm your daughter in other
+words I you don't get that for nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I you don't get that for nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I you don't get that for nothing
+what you get is the fact that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is the fact that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is the fact that I've
+learned from you everything that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from you everything that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from you everything that I need
+to surpass you I forget the exact quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to surpass you I forget the exact quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to surpass you I forget the exact quote
+you'll come across it today if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come across it today if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll come across it today if you don't
+remember it from last week it's not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it from last week it's not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it from last week it's not for
+nothing that I'm your daughter in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that I'm your daughter in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that I'm your daughter in other
+words I'm smarter than you are and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I'm smarter than you are and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I'm smarter than you are and as a
+matter of fact she is she devises a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact she is she devises a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact she is she devises a way
+um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of
+finally solving this romantic problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally solving this romantic problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally solving this romantic problem
+marrying the right man um Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrying the right man um Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marrying the right man um Rich
+good-hearted in love with her whom she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good-hearted in love with her whom she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good-hearted in love with her whom she's
+in love with this is a marriage made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love with this is a marriage made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love with this is a marriage made in
+heaven um like the original Adam and Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven um like the original Adam and Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven um like the original Adam and Eve
+which God created and so God will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which God created and so God will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which God created and so God will have
+his hand in this reconstruction after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his hand in this reconstruction after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his hand in this reconstruction after
+the bitterness of having lived outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitterness of having lived outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitterness of having lived outside
+of Eden of finding a kind of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Eden of finding a kind of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Eden of finding a kind of little
+Paradise which marital love promises to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise which marital love promises to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise which marital love promises to
+some people uh she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people uh she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people uh she does
+that by carrying out the message that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by carrying out the message that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by carrying out the message that
+she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had
+enunciated when uh at the before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enunciated when uh at the before um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enunciated when uh at the before um
+Charles has seen the photograph she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles has seen the photograph she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles has seen the photograph she says
+you know the trouble with you Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the trouble with you Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the trouble with you Charles
+you'll remember this or it'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember this or it'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll remember this or it'll come back
+to you is that you haven't had much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is that you haven't had much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you is that you haven't had much
+experience with women some girls as she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with women some girls as she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with women some girls as she
+calls them I apologize but that's her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls them I apologize but that's her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls them I apologize but that's her
+Lang her word some girls are um nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang her word some girls are um nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang her word some girls are um nowhere
+um are nowhere as bad as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are nowhere as bad as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are nowhere as bad as you
+think um and nowhere is as good as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um and nowhere is as good as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um and nowhere is as good as you
+think that they're not just you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they're not just you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they're not just you can't
+distinguish between among them between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between among them between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between among them between
+those who are good and those who are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are good and those who are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are good and those who are bad
+women like a everybody else is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women like a everybody else is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women like a everybody else is a
+composite and there in that composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite and there in that composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite and there in that composite
+the goodness counterbalances the Badness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goodness counterbalances the Badness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goodness counterbalances the Badness
+and the Badness restrains the goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Badness restrains the goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Badness restrains the goodness
+so they're nowhere as bad and nowhere as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're nowhere as bad and nowhere as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're nowhere as bad and nowhere as
+good as an inexperienced person like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as an inexperienced person like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as an inexperienced person like
+Charles might think right all right she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles might think right all right she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles might think right all right she
+shows that at the end she's not as bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that at the end she's not as bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that at the end she's not as bad
+as she has been acting in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she has been acting in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she has been acting in the second
+half uh it appears very be beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half uh it appears very be beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half uh it appears very be beautifully
+when they're on the train remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're on the train remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're on the train remember
+Charles gets off and falls on his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles gets off and falls on his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles gets off and falls on his uh
+backside in the mud and she's watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside in the mud and she's watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside in the mud and she's watching
+all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+this this you know humiliation and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this you know humiliation and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this you know humiliation and and
+painful situation he's got himself into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful situation he's got himself into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful situation he's got himself into
+in his pajamas uh out in the cold on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his pajamas uh out in the cold on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his pajamas uh out in the cold on the
+mud uh by because he stopped the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud uh by because he stopped the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud uh by because he stopped the train
+she's watching this from her out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's watching this from her out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's watching this from her out of the
+window of her stat uh State Room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window of her stat uh State Room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window of her stat uh State Room and
+then slowly reaches for the curtain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slowly reaches for the curtain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slowly reaches for the curtain and
+pulls it down and she doesn't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls it down and she doesn't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls it down and she doesn't sort of
+chle she doesn't pull it down ha that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chle she doesn't pull it down ha that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chle she doesn't pull it down ha that's
+the end of that I the axe has found its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of that I the axe has found its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of that I the axe has found its
+turkey uh she does it in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey uh she does it in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey uh she does it in a kind of
+regretful way you know sad I possibly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regretful way you know sad I possibly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regretful way you know sad I possibly a
+compassionate uh attitude toward him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassionate uh attitude toward him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassionate uh attitude toward him
+though this isn't developed very far but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this isn't developed very far but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this isn't developed very far but
+it's enough we got the feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough we got the feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough we got the feeling that
+maybe she has second thoughts about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe she has second thoughts about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe she has second thoughts about what
+she has done she doesn't Savor her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has done she doesn't Savor her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has done she doesn't Savor her
+victory over him she sadly pulls down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory over him she sadly pulls down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory over him she sadly pulls down
+the curtain and knows she's on her own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curtain and knows she's on her own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curtain and knows she's on her own
+now and then immediately afterwards she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then immediately afterwards she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then immediately afterwards she
+refuses to take money from him she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses to take money from him she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses to take money from him she
+refuses to Trump her her Victory by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses to Trump her her Victory by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses to Trump her her Victory by um
+uh getting alimony as the basis of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting alimony as the basis of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting alimony as the basis of their
+divorce she asks only that he come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorce she asks only that he come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorce she asks only that he come to
+talk to her knowing perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to her knowing perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to her knowing perhaps
+we could work it out and then when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could work it out and then when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could work it out and then when he
+refuses she goes and looks for him again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses she goes and looks for him again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses she goes and looks for him again
+because she's so smart she knows how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's so smart she knows how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's so smart she knows how to
+do it um so that she's not as bad as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um so that she's not as bad as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it um so that she's not as bad as one
+might think either for because she was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think either for because she was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think either for because she was a
+card shark a part of the group with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card shark a part of the group with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card shark a part of the group with her
+father after all so somehow she's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father after all so somehow she's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father after all so somehow she's an
+innocent uh because the father is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent uh because the father is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innocent uh because the father is more
+responsible uh or when she's out to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible uh or when she's out to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible uh or when she's out to get
+Vengeance by um pretending to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vengeance by um pretending to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vengeance by um pretending to be the
+lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady
+Eve she she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve she she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eve she she
+now extends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now extends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now extends
+herself on his behalf and she shows us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself on his behalf and she shows us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself on his behalf and she shows us a
+kind of reconciliation between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reconciliation between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reconciliation between the two
+the very last moments Charles who was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last moments Charles who was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last moments Charles who was so
+angry at her first because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry at her first because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry at her first because the
+photograph indicated she had deceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph indicated she had deceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph indicated she had deceived
+him later when he realized when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him later when he realized when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him later when he realized when he
+thinks that that she's really uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that that she's really uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that that she's really uh an
+unprincipled wom woman who had all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprincipled wom woman who had all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprincipled wom woman who had all these
+boyfriends all the that she had made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriends all the that she had made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boyfriends all the that she had made up
+but he doesn't know it um he's furious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he doesn't know it um he's furious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he doesn't know it um he's furious
+with her then hateful toward her he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her then hateful toward her he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her then hateful toward her he
+overcomes that that when uh on the ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcomes that that when uh on the ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcomes that that when uh on the ship
+he trips again and there she is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he trips again and there she is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he trips again and there she is and
+throws himself into her arms and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws himself into her arms and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws himself into her arms and she
+throws herself into his arms it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws herself into his arms it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws herself into his arms it's a
+Reconciliation which shows that girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconciliation which shows that girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconciliation which shows that girls
+are not as bad or as good as one thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as bad or as good as one thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as bad or as good as one thought
+so this deals with the woman problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this deals with the woman problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this deals with the woman problem uh
+in t typical myths uh and also gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in t typical myths uh and also gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in t typical myths uh and also gives a
+solution about how love can be a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution about how love can be a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution about how love can be a happy
+resolution how marriage between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution how marriage between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution how marriage between them
+having been through what they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having been through what they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having been through what they've been
+through could very well succeed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through could very well succeed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through could very well succeed in
+Shakespeare's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's
+play um much to do about nothing did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play um much to do about nothing did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play um much to do about nothing did I
+mention that last time not sure you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that last time not sure you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that last time not sure you get
+the same idea of um love being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea of um love being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea of um love being the
+result of aggression between male and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of aggression between male and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of aggression between male and
+female because this is somehow in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female because this is somehow in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female because this is somehow in our
+genes we're program to do that to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes we're program to do that to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes we're program to do that to fight
+each other off because males and females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other off because males and females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other off because males and females
+are so different there's a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so different there's a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so different there's a great deal of
+aggressiveness and hostility until they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressiveness and hostility until they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressiveness and hostility until they
+work out some kind of um performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out some kind of um performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out some kind of um performance
+like in the case of um Herring gulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the case of um Herring gulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the case of um Herring gulls
+where the male does a kind of dance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the male does a kind of dance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the male does a kind of dance that
+pacifies the females and assures her of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacifies the females and assures her of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacifies the females and assures her of
+his Good Will and then she admits him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Good Will and then she admits him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Good Will and then she admits him
+into her property and they they mate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into her property and they they mate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into her property and they they mate and
+and raise a family together there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raise a family together there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raise a family together there's a
+way of overcoming the aggressiveness but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of overcoming the aggressiveness but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of overcoming the aggressiveness but
+it takes a certain pattern a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a certain pattern a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a certain pattern a certain
+aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic
+development the the maing uh dance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development the the maing uh dance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development the the maing uh dance a
+certain performance that the male and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain performance that the male and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain performance that the male and
+the female both have to go through and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the female both have to go through and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the female both have to go through and a
+great deal of the screw ball comedies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of the screw ball comedies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of the screw ball comedies of
+the 1930s culminating with this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s culminating with this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s culminating with this great
+scre ball comedy there have been others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scre ball comedy there have been others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scre ball comedy there have been others
+too earlier but 1941 that's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too earlier but 1941 that's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too earlier but 1941 that's about the
+end of that genre um in which they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of that genre um in which they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of that genre um in which they go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+heart-rending uh relationship and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart-rending uh relationship and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart-rending uh relationship and then
+finally learn how to go to perform in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally learn how to go to perform in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally learn how to go to perform in a
+way that takes them into the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that takes them into the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that takes them into the possibility
+of a happy ending so the happiness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a happy ending so the happiness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a happy ending so the happiness of
+the ending is very crucial to it and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ending is very crucial to it and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ending is very crucial to it and how
+it is brought brought about now here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is brought brought about now here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is brought brought about now here I
+have neglected about 52 pages of my 53
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have neglected about 52 pages of my 53
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have neglected about 52 pages of my 53
+page uh chapter but we've got to stop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page uh chapter but we've got to stop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page uh chapter but we've got to stop in
+order to play the uh commentary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to play the uh commentary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to play the uh commentary for
+you if uh anybody wants to say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if uh anybody wants to say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if uh anybody wants to say anything
+while we're walking to the screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're walking to the screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're walking to the screening
+room could you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room could you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room could you do it
+now but this I think it's time to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming
+okay any problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B4a0WdGp52g.txt b/B4a0WdGp52g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a2b3bbbb1fb4784de0ad95467491f14f3e5a66a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B4a0WdGp52g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we won't get through the whole attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't get through the whole attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't get through the whole attention
+lecture i saw this coming i just felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture i saw this coming i just felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture i saw this coming i just felt
+like that last bit was important enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that last bit was important enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that last bit was important enough
+we'll cut as needed but i do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cut as needed but i do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cut as needed but i do want to
+talk about attention and let me start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about attention and let me start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about attention and let me start by
+uh sharing you with you some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sharing you with you some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sharing you with you some of the key
+ideas about what attention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about what attention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about what attention is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so to get into the mode of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get into the mode of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get into the mode of thinking
+about those let's consider the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those let's consider the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those let's consider the following
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+how do you feel about people driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you feel about people driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you feel about people driving
+while talking on their cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while talking on their cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while talking on their cell phones
+smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart
+not smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not smart
+and while you're thinking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while you're thinking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while you're thinking about that
+also consider the case like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider the case like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider the case like let's
+suppose that you have had a hands-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have had a hands-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have had a hands-free
+setup so you don't have to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup so you don't have to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup so you don't have to be looking
+down on your cell phone or typing away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on your cell phone or typing away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on your cell phone or typing away
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or holding your cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or holding your cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or holding your cell phone
+maybe that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's okay
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+is there no problem with driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there no problem with driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there no problem with driving
+while talking on your cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while talking on your cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while talking on your cell phone
+provided you're not looking down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided you're not looking down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided you're not looking down and
+pecking away at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what do you think
+i wonder what you really think i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wonder what you really think i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wonder what you really think i know
+what all the you know pr says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the you know pr says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all the you know pr says
+is it fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it fine
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+i would say it depends on like whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say it depends on like whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say it depends on like whether
+you're driving like if the road is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're driving like if the road is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're driving like if the road is clear
+and it's like your usual path it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like your usual path it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like your usual path it's like
+driving is pretty automatic at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving is pretty automatic at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving is pretty automatic at that
+point but if it's like high traffic or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but if it's like high traffic or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but if it's like high traffic or a
+new area and i think it would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new area and i think it would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new area and i think it would have a
+significant effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant effect
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+my rule is if i am talking on my cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my rule is if i am talking on my cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my rule is if i am talking on my cell
+phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+certainly if i'm turning left i put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if i'm turning left i put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if i'm turning left i put the
+damn cell phone on my lap and i tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn cell phone on my lap and i tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn cell phone on my lap and i tell
+whoever it is i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever it is i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever it is i can't
+i can't talk to you and turn left at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't talk to you and turn left at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't talk to you and turn left at the
+same time all right turning left is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time all right turning left is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time all right turning left is the
+hardest thing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest thing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest thing we do
+self-driving cars can't turn left have i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-driving cars can't turn left have i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-driving cars can't turn left have i
+mentioned this how does a self-driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this how does a self-driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this how does a self-driving
+car turn left it turns right three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car turn left it turns right three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car turn left it turns right three times
+why is that because turning left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because turning left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because turning left is
+social cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition
+it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+do they see me do they know i'm here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they see me do they know i'm here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they see me do they know i'm here are
+they looking at my indicator do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looking at my indicator do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looking at my indicator do they
+realize i'm gonna turn left this is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize i'm gonna turn left this is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize i'm gonna turn left this is hard
+this is social cognition nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is social cognition nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is social cognition nobody's
+mastered that yet anyway it's hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastered that yet anyway it's hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastered that yet anyway it's hard for
+us too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us too
+anyway the real question here is not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the real question here is not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the real question here is not for
+me to lecture you about driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to lecture you about driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to lecture you about driving
+but to think about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to think about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to think about why
+is that a problem why can't you talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a problem why can't you talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a problem why can't you talk to
+a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person
+and pay attention to driving what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pay attention to driving what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pay attention to driving what is the
+big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so the intuition is we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the intuition is we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the intuition is we have some
+kind of limited processing ability okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limited processing ability okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limited processing ability okay
+we're not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not like
+super super computers who can just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super super computers who can just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super super computers who can just do
+millions of things at once we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of things at once we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of things at once we have some
+kind of limit in how much stuff we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limit in how much stuff we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limit in how much stuff we can
+handle okay and i think everybody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle okay and i think everybody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle okay and i think everybody will
+have this intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this intuition
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can't think about lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't think about lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't think about lots of different
+things at once i like to think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at once i like to think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at once i like to think of this
+as the toaster model of cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the toaster model of cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the toaster model of cognition
+that is you plug in the toaster and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you plug in the toaster and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you plug in the toaster and the
+light stem right so if everything's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stem right so if everything's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stem right so if everything's on
+the same circuit there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same circuit there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same circuit there's some kind of
+unitary thing resource that's limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary thing resource that's limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary thing resource that's limited
+and it's more of it goes here less of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more of it goes here less of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more of it goes here less of it
+goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here
+okay so obviously we don't have simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so obviously we don't have simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so obviously we don't have simple
+circuits like that in our brain and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits like that in our brain and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits like that in our brain and the
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+uh scarce commodity isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scarce commodity isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scarce commodity isn't just
+electricity it's not electrons it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity it's not electrons it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity it's not electrons it's some
+other kind of occult thing we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of occult thing we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of occult thing we don't
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+understand but there's still some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but there's still some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but there's still some sense
+in which some of our mental mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which some of our mental mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which some of our mental mental
+processes are on the same circuit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are on the same circuit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are on the same circuit okay
+i'm assuming everybody's sharing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming everybody's sharing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming everybody's sharing this
+intuition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition here
+so think about this how many people feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about this how many people feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about this how many people feel
+like you can listen to music and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can listen to music and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can listen to music and read
+difficult stuff at the same time raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult stuff at the same time raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult stuff at the same time raise
+your i'm curious how many people feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your i'm curious how many people feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your i'm curious how many people feel
+like they can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they can do that
+only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few
+that's so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so interesting
+sort of yeah i can't do it at all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of yeah i can't do it at all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of yeah i can't do it at all like
+at all like even background music that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all like even background music that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all like even background music that i
+don't even care that much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even care that much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even care that much about
+someday i mean i think these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday i mean i think these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday i mean i think these are really
+stunning individual differences i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning individual differences i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning individual differences i don't
+i don't know if there's any good work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if there's any good work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if there's any good work on
+it i haven't seen it but i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i haven't seen it but i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i haven't seen it but i think it's
+really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting
+um some people can some people can't i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some people can some people can't i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some people can some people can't i
+don't know what's up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's up with that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how about um recognizing faces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about um recognizing faces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about um recognizing faces and
+scenes at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes at the same time
+can you do that yeah how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do that yeah how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do that yeah how many people
+feel like you can sort of recognize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you can sort of recognize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you can sort of recognize a
+face and a scene at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and a scene at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and a scene at the same time
+right um in fact michael cohen who gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um in fact michael cohen who gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um in fact michael cohen who gave
+that lecture on brain computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecture on brain computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecture on brain computer
+interfaces a month ago or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces a month ago or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces a month ago or so
+showed some beautiful work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed some beautiful work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed some beautiful work
+that actually you are better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually you are better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually you are better at
+recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing
+a face in a scene presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face in a scene presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face in a scene presented
+simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+then two faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then two faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then two faces
+or two scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two scenes
+can you think why that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think why that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think why that might be
+yeah isabel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see
+somebody in a familiar place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in a familiar place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in a familiar place
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+either it even helps you identify them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it even helps you identify them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it even helps you identify them
+as oh i know that that person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as oh i know that that person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as oh i know that that person and
+obviously they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously they're there
+right so they can go together into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they can go together into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they can go together into a
+thing maybe chunk it as a thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing maybe chunk it as a thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing maybe chunk it as a thing or
+something that's a good answer it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a good answer it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a good answer it wasn't
+the one i was fishing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one i was fishing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one i was fishing for
+um yeah jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah jimmy
+think of it like if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it like if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it like if like
+people and places are like separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and places are like separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and places are like separate
+components like separate things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like separate things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like separate things that
+your brain calculates if it's like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain calculates if it's like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain calculates if it's like two
+faces like you have to calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces like you have to calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces like you have to calculate this
+thing or the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or the face
+number one before going to face number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one before going to face number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one before going to face number
+two whereas if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two whereas if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two whereas if it's
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+exactly and you do right you have an ffa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and you do right you have an ffa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and you do right you have an ffa
+and a ppa and they're friends right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a ppa and they're friends right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a ppa and they're friends right
+so what michael showed is not just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what michael showed is not just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what michael showed is not just that
+you can recognize a face and hold it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recognize a face and hold it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recognize a face and hold it in
+working memory a face in a scene better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory a face in a scene better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working memory a face in a scene better
+than two faces or two scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two faces or two scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two faces or two scenes
+but the degree to which you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the degree to which you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the degree to which you have that
+cost of doing two things in one category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of doing two things in one category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of doing two things in one category
+rather than spreading over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than spreading over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than spreading over two
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+is linearly proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linearly proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linearly proportional
+to how different the activation patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how different the activation patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how different the activation patterns
+are for those categories in the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for those categories in the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for those categories in the ventral
+visual pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual pathway
+so faces and scenes are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faces and scenes are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so faces and scenes are totally
+different from each other and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other and so you get
+a big benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big benefit
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for separating your two items across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for separating your two items across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for separating your two items across
+across faces and scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across faces and scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across faces and scenes
+other things that are more similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are more similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are more similar in
+their pattern of response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pattern of response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pattern of response
+in the ventral pathway like faces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ventral pathway like faces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ventral pathway like faces and
+bodies you get a smaller benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies you get a smaller benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies you get a smaller benefit
+okay so it's consistent with this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's consistent with this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's consistent with this idea
+that to the degree that we have separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the degree that we have separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the degree that we have separate
+processors you can do to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you can do to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors you can do to some extent
+processing in parallel okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing in parallel okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing in parallel okay
+it doesn't explain why why not everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't explain why why not everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't explain why why not everybody
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+uh read and listen to music at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh read and listen to music at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh read and listen to music at the same
+time because as i argued a few weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because as i argued a few weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because as i argued a few weeks ago
+these things don't overlap at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things don't overlap at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things don't overlap at all
+so there are many mysteries but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many mysteries but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many mysteries but there's
+some some intuition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some intuition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some intuition there
+okay to get a little more intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to get a little more intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to get a little more intuition
+about uh limited processing capacity can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh limited processing capacity can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh limited processing capacity can
+you guys see when i was sitting over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys see when i was sitting over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys see when i was sitting over
+there last time i couldn't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there last time i couldn't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there last time i couldn't see the
+screen at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen at all
+can you guys see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you guys see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you guys see it
+it's okay all right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh not for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not for me
+instrumental music no lyrics still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental music no lyrics still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental music no lyrics still a
+problem so i i don't know i mean i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so i i don't know i mean i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so i i don't know i mean i'm
+sure there's a literature on this i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's a literature on this i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's a literature on this i just
+don't happen to know it i'm just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen to know it i'm just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen to know it i'm just trying
+to share the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share the intuition
+so i i don't it's not it's not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i don't it's not it's not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i don't it's not it's not the only
+thing for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so what i'm going to do this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i'm going to do this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i'm going to do this is a
+super low tech demo i'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super low tech demo i'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super low tech demo i'm going to show
+you an array of colored letters grab a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an array of colored letters grab a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an array of colored letters grab a
+piece of paper or something where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper or something where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper or something where you
+can write down a few letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down a few letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down a few letters
+and i'm just going to flash up one array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to flash up one array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to flash up one array
+very quickly and i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and i want you to
+write down as many of the blue letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down as many of the blue letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down as many of the blue letters
+as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can
+okay ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's only a few of them so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a few of them so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a few of them so you can
+okay ready here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay write them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last year everyone got all of them so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year everyone got all of them so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year everyone got all of them so i
+tried to go a little faster this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to go a little faster this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to go a little faster this time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay we're gonna do it again ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna do it again ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna do it again ready
+there's gonna be another display and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be another display and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be another display and
+you're gonna write down all the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna write down all the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna write down all the blue
+letters everyone ready here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just want to share the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just want to share the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just want to share the intuition
+the probability did anyone miss the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability did anyone miss the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability did anyone miss the n
+here okay how many people got the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay how many people got the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay how many people got the n
+okay nobody's gonna admit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i wanted a few people to miss the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted a few people to miss the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted a few people to miss the n
+right i really did zip through i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i really did zip through i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i really did zip through i
+probably cheated and went this one made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cheated and went this one made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cheated and went this one made
+this one go faster you missed it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one go faster you missed it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one go faster you missed it okay
+thank you i'm sure a few others did okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you i'm sure a few others did okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you i'm sure a few others did okay
+anyway the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point is
+um that um if you do this properly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that um if you do this properly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that um if you do this properly in a
+lab the probability of detecting it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab the probability of detecting it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab the probability of detecting it here
+is much less than there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than there
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what does this show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this show
+it shows that we have limited capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows that we have limited capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows that we have limited capacity
+we can't process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't process
+all of those blue letters in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those blue letters in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those blue letters in parallel
+right when there's a single one you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when there's a single one you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when there's a single one you get
+it just fine but when there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just fine but when there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just fine but when there's a bunch
+you don't necessarily get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily get it right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it also shows that we have ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also shows that we have ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also shows that we have ability to
+select the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the information
+right so you weren't bothered by the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you weren't bothered by the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you weren't bothered by the red
+letters if i'd asked you right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters if i'd asked you right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters if i'd asked you right after
+about the red letters you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the red letters you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the red letters you probably
+couldn't report any of them at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't report any of them at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't report any of them at all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there's a whole field that studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole field that studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole field that studies that
+we won't get into okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't get into okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't get into okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in fact the probability of reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact the probability of reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact the probability of reporting
+the n in these two displays is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n in these two displays is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n in these two displays is
+independent of the number of red letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the number of red letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the number of red letters
+they just don't matter they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just don't matter they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just don't matter they are not
+entering into that limitation whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering into that limitation whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering into that limitation whatever
+it is the limitation is only for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the limitation is only for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the limitation is only for the
+ones you're paying attention to the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you're paying attention to the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you're paying attention to the blue
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+why is our mental capacity limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is our mental capacity limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is our mental capacity limited
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+nobody really knows an answer and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really knows an answer and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really knows an answer and i
+actually think this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think this is a really
+unsatisfying part of attention research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying part of attention research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying part of attention research
+because it's just it sort of seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just it sort of seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just it sort of seems
+obvious but i think it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but i think it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but i think it's not
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+sometime in the next 10 or 20 years some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the next 10 or 20 years some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the next 10 or 20 years some
+smart computational person will analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart computational person will analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart computational person will analyze
+this well and get a more satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well and get a more satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well and get a more satisfying
+answer but right now here's where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the standard story is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard story is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard story is well
+you know we have only so many neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have only so many neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have only so many neurons
+and so much capacity and you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much capacity and you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so much capacity and you can't do
+everything at once right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at once right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at once right
+so we can't process everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't process everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't process everything in the
+whole visual field at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole visual field at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole visual field at once
+that's the standard story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the standard story
+but the reason i find this unsatisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason i find this unsatisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason i find this unsatisfying
+is like why the hell not right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like why the hell not right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like why the hell not right we have
+all this all this parallel stuff for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all this parallel stuff for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this all this parallel stuff for the
+whole visual field at least in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole visual field at least in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole visual field at least in the first
+few stages of processing and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few stages of processing and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few stages of processing and we have
+quite a degree of parallelism after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a degree of parallelism after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a degree of parallelism after that
+so i think you know that's a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think you know that's a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think you know that's a standard
+story but i'm just marking that i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but i'm just marking that i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but i'm just marking that i don't
+find it very satisfying yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a second answer which i think is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second answer which i think is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second answer which i think is also
+not totally satisfying but also a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally satisfying but also a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not totally satisfying but also a little
+bit right at least is that typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right at least is that typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right at least is that typically
+you're only going to do one action right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to do one action right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to do one action right
+you're going around in the world let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going around in the world let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going around in the world let's
+forget you know colored letters on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget you know colored letters on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget you know colored letters on a
+display in a lab let's think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display in a lab let's think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display in a lab let's think about a
+person walking around in a busy city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person walking around in a busy city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person walking around in a busy city
+street doing something right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street doing something right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street doing something right there's
+there's typically only one or a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically only one or a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's typically only one or a very
+small number of things you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of things you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of things you're going to
+do next like walk down the sidewalk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next like walk down the sidewalk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next like walk down the sidewalk and
+not bump into people or pick up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bump into people or pick up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bump into people or pick up this
+object right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right
+you don't need to act towards all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to act towards all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to act towards all the
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+in your world and in fact if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your world and in fact if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your world and in fact if you if you
+had to so given that you're only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to so given that you're only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to so given that you're only going
+to do one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do one thing
+why distract the whole rest of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why distract the whole rest of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why distract the whole rest of your
+motor planning system by feeding it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor planning system by feeding it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor planning system by feeding it all
+this information that it's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information that it's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information that it's just going to
+clutter it with garbage why not give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter it with garbage why not give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter it with garbage why not give it
+just the information it needs okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the information it needs okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the information it needs okay so
+that's a standard story it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a standard story it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a standard story it's very
+squishy and vague but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy and vague but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy and vague but hopefully
+intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and there's some nice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some nice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some nice um
+kind of compelling examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of compelling examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of compelling examples that
+illustrate this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this so
+there's a fish called a pike fish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fish called a pike fish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fish called a pike fish that
+preys on smaller fish called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preys on smaller fish called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preys on smaller fish called
+sticklebacks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticklebacks okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticklebacks okay
+and if you stick a pike fish in a tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you stick a pike fish in a tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you stick a pike fish in a tank
+with sticklebacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sticklebacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sticklebacks
+it will catch the first stickleback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will catch the first stickleback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will catch the first stickleback
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+if there's only one in the tank with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's only one in the tank with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's only one in the tank with it
+than if there are 10 in the tank with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if there are 10 in the tank with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if there are 10 in the tank with it
+okay you might think you've got 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might think you've got 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might think you've got 10 to
+choose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from
+you'll get a fish faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a fish faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a fish faster
+but 10 is more distracting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 10 is more distracting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 10 is more distracting right
+and so maybe our action planning systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe our action planning systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe our action planning systems
+also prefer the single stickleback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prefer the single stickleback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prefer the single stickleback
+there's no computational precision i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no computational precision i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no computational precision i'm
+just sharing intuitions with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sharing intuitions with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sharing intuitions with you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me give you some more evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you some more evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you some more evidence
+that there really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there really are
+uh significant capacity limits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh significant capacity limits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh significant capacity limits in
+perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+um and that in fact there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that in fact there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that in fact there's a lot of
+stuff right in front of us that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right in front of us that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right in front of us that comes
+right onto our retina that we don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right onto our retina that we don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right onto our retina that we don't see
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i'm going to show you uh an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to show you uh an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to show you uh an example
+i'm going to show you a picture for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you a picture for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you a picture for just
+a few seconds and i want you to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few seconds and i want you to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few seconds and i want you to just
+look at it and then i'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and then i'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and then i'm going to ask you
+some questions about it okay here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how rich a percept did you get did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how rich a percept did you get did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how rich a percept did you get did you
+see lots of stuff and get lots of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lots of stuff and get lots of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lots of stuff and get lots of detail
+or do you just feel like you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you just feel like you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you just feel like you just have
+the vegas sense of a few buildings a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vegas sense of a few buildings a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vegas sense of a few buildings a
+street that's it how many feel like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street that's it how many feel like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street that's it how many feel like they
+got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of
+pretty good detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no one does or everyone's bored in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one does or everyone's bored in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one does or everyone's bored in a
+wedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the colors of buildings the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors of buildings the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors of buildings the presence of
+objects uh details on the architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects uh details on the architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects uh details on the architectural
+styles where an awning was that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles where an awning was that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles where an awning was that kind of
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most people looking at this feel like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people looking at this feel like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people looking at this feel like i
+mean who knows what it means i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean who knows what it means i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean who knows what it means i mean
+we're just we're just sharing intuitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just we're just sharing intuitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just we're just sharing intuitions
+here but most feel like that was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but most feel like that was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but most feel like that was pretty
+rich i have a sense of it i have a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich i have a sense of it i have a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich i have a sense of it i have a sense
+of maybe what country that's in and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe what country that's in and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe what country that's in and what
+kind of stuff is there and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff is there and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff is there and what kind of
+the style is you get a feel for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the style is you get a feel for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the style is you get a feel for the
+place all that kind of thing maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place all that kind of thing maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place all that kind of thing maybe not
+every damn detail but lots right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every damn detail but lots right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every damn detail but lots right so the
+general intuition most people have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general intuition most people have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general intuition most people have is a
+fair amount of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of detail
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well let's look at that some more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at that some more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at that some more this
+is actually a very very heated topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very very heated topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very very heated topic
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+me and michael cohen published a paper a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and michael cohen published a paper a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and michael cohen published a paper a
+couple years ago called the bandwidth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago called the bandwidth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago called the bandwidth of
+perception which is an effort to grapple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception which is an effort to grapple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception which is an effort to grapple
+with this question of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this question of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this question of how much
+information is there in your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is there in your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is there in your current
+percept right now and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percept right now and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percept right now and there are many
+different perspectives on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on this
+let's find out a little more with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find out a little more with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find out a little more with a
+further demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further demo
+so what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm going to do
+is i'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to show you
+that picture again and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture again and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture again and it's going to
+flash on a number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash on a number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash on a number of times
+and each time it flashes on there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each time it flashes on there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each time it flashes on there might
+be something that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that's different
+so take notes on any differences you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take notes on any differences you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take notes on any differences you
+might detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might detect
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what things changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what things changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what things changed
+yeah a woman walking down the sidewalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a woman walking down the sidewalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a woman walking down the sidewalk
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's all i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all i got
+okay but she changed what changed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but she changed what changed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but she changed what changed about
+her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+other than like her pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than like her pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than like her pose
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+over the successive presentations was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the successive presentations was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the successive presentations was
+she there sometimes and not others did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she there sometimes and not others did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she there sometimes and not others did
+she change yeah she appeared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she change yeah she appeared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she change yeah she appeared or
+disappeared okay good what else isabel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good very good how many people saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good very good how many people saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good very good how many people saw
+an awning change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awning change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awning change
+maybe half of you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe half of you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe half of you okay
+what else changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the model of the car very good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of the car very good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of the car very good yeah
+i feel like the shops changed but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like the shops changed but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like the shops changed but i
+don't know whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether or not
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you want to see how they changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want to see how they changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want to see how they changed
+okay here's how it ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's how it ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's how it ended
+here's how it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how it started
+are you surprised how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you surprised how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you surprised how much
+raise your hand if you're surprised how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you're surprised how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you're surprised how
+much changed yeah a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much changed yeah a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much changed yeah a lot
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay so what does that tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that tell us
+it tells us that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us that either
+the sense we have that we really saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense we have that we really saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense we have that we really saw a
+lot of what's going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what's going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what's going on there
+was wrong we didn't see as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong we didn't see as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong we didn't see as much as we
+thought because if we saw as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought because if we saw as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought because if we saw as much as we
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+we should notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should notice
+massive changes like that if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive changes like that if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive changes like that if you didn't
+see the awning look over there i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the awning look over there i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the awning look over there i mean
+how could look at the color changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could look at the color changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could look at the color changes
+pretty major right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty major right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty major right
+or we perceive all that stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we perceive all that stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we perceive all that stuff in the
+instant and it just goes poof by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant and it just goes poof by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant and it just goes poof by the
+time the next one comes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the next one comes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the next one comes along
+that's one of the things the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the things the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the things the field is
+fighting about those things are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting about those things are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting about those things are very
+hard to tell apart not impossible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell apart not impossible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell apart not impossible but
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so most people feel like wow much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so most people feel like wow much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so most people feel like wow much
+more changed than i thought i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more changed than i thought i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more changed than i thought i can't
+resist one more hilarious demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist one more hilarious demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist one more hilarious demo
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+did you have you already seen this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have you already seen this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have you already seen this like
+in 900 how many people have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 900 how many people have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 900 how many people have seen this
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+oh i don't want to bore you do you mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i don't want to bore you do you mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i don't want to bore you do you mind
+seeing it again we could skip it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it again we could skip it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it again we could skip it it's
+kind of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun
+sorry do it okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry do it okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry do it okay okay
+um okay so you're just going to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you're just going to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you're just going to watch
+this video and just track things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video and just track things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video and just track things because
+there may be changes happening here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be changes happening here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be changes happening here and
+there and you want to notice them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you want to notice them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you want to notice them okay
+here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearly somebody in this room murdered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly somebody in this room murdered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly somebody in this room murdered
+lord smythe who at precisely 3 34 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lord smythe who at precisely 3 34 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lord smythe who at precisely 3 34 this
+afternoon was brutally bludgeoned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon was brutally bludgeoned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon was brutally bludgeoned to
+death with a blunt instrument i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death with a blunt instrument i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death with a blunt instrument i want
+each of you to tell me your whereabouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of you to tell me your whereabouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of you to tell me your whereabouts
+and precisely the time that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and precisely the time that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and precisely the time that this
+dastardly deed took place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dastardly deed took place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dastardly deed took place
+i was polishing the brass in the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was polishing the brass in the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was polishing the brass in the master
+bedroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedroom
+i was buttering his launching scones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was buttering his launching scones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was buttering his launching scones
+below stairs son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below stairs son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below stairs son
+i i was planting my petunias in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i was planting my petunias in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i was planting my petunias in the
+potting shed constable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potting shed constable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potting shed constable
+arrest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest
+lady smythe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady smythe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady smythe
+but how did you know madam as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how did you know madam as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how did you know madam as any
+horticulturist will tell you one does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horticulturist will tell you one does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horticulturist will tell you one does
+not plant petunias until may is out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not plant petunias until may is out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not plant petunias until may is out to
+take her away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take her away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take her away
+it's just a matter of observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a matter of observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a matter of observation
+the real question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearly somebody in this room murdered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly somebody in this room murdered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly somebody in this room murdered
+lord smye who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lord smye who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lord smye who
+precisely 3 34 this afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely 3 34 this afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely 3 34 this afternoon
+was brutally bludgeoned to death with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brutally bludgeoned to death with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was brutally bludgeoned to death with a
+blunt instrument i want each of you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunt instrument i want each of you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunt instrument i want each of you to
+tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me
+at precisely the time that this dusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at precisely the time that this dusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at precisely the time that this dusted
+indeed took place totally different guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rest
+lady smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's actually an ad but it doesn't hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an ad but it doesn't hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually an ad but it doesn't hurt
+to get its message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right it's a it's a british ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with an important message but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an important message but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an important message but it's a
+pretty impressive demo too wasn't it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impressive demo too wasn't it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impressive demo too wasn't it how
+many people feel like lots of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people feel like lots of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people feel like lots of stuff
+changed that they didn't notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that they didn't notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that they didn't notice
+yeah that's intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's intuition
+so the idea here is that all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is that all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here is that all that stuff
+hits your retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits your retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits your retina
+all of it kind of gets processed to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it kind of gets processed to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it kind of gets processed to some
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+but it's amazing how much of it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's amazing how much of it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's amazing how much of it goes
+unnoticed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnoticed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnoticed okay
+all right oops sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oops sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oops sorry
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you might think okay is this something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think okay is this something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think okay is this something
+that only happens when it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only happens when it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only happens when it doesn't really
+matter okay you were looking for changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay you were looking for changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay you were looking for changes
+but your life didn't depend on it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your life didn't depend on it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your life didn't depend on it what
+about commercial pilots so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about commercial pilots so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about commercial pilots so here's a
+classic study where they brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic study where they brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic study where they brought in
+actual real commercial pilots with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual real commercial pilots with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual real commercial pilots with
+thousands of hours of flying experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of hours of flying experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of hours of flying experience
+and they had them fly in a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had them fly in a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had them fly in a flight
+simulator they had them land a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator they had them land a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator they had them land a plane
+on a um on a runway in the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a um on a runway in the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a um on a runway in the flight
+simulator under foggy conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator under foggy conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator under foggy conditions
+and i forget what percent i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i forget what percent i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i forget what percent i have to
+cheat and look at my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and look at my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and look at my notes
+doesn't say some it does i just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say some it does i just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say some it does i just not
+seeing it some large percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it some large percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it some large percent of the
+pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots
+never saw this plane sitting right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never saw this plane sitting right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never saw this plane sitting right there
+on the runway they landed the planes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the runway they landed the planes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the runway they landed the planes in
+the simulator right through that plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator right through that plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulator right through that plane
+and when they were shown it subsequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they were shown it subsequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they were shown it subsequently
+they were shocked and couldn't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were shocked and couldn't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were shocked and couldn't believe
+they didn't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't see it
+right they were using a heads-up display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they were using a heads-up display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they were using a heads-up display
+that tells them their orientation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells them their orientation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells them their orientation where
+the runway is and they're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway is and they're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway is and they're paying
+attention to this stuff landing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to this stuff landing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to this stuff landing on the
+runway and they just do not even see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and they just do not even see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and they just do not even see
+that very relevant thing okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very relevant thing okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very relevant thing okay so it's
+not just something that happens in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just something that happens in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just something that happens in like
+weird psych demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird psych demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird psych demos
+and funny movies uh even even for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and funny movies uh even even for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and funny movies uh even even for very
+important things people miss absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things people miss absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things people miss absolutely
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+important information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what all this tells us is attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what all this tells us is attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what all this tells us is attention
+is a filter that lets some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a filter that lets some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a filter that lets some information
+uh into our awareness but completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into our awareness but completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into our awareness but completely
+filters out of awareness a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters out of awareness a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters out of awareness a lot of other
+information that lands on your retina or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that lands on your retina or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that lands on your retina or
+your cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cochlea
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and there's two key properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's two key properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's two key properties of
+attention that go hand in hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention that go hand in hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention that go hand in hand
+one those capacity limits we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one those capacity limits we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one those capacity limits we've been
+talking about you can't do everything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you can't do everything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you can't do everything at
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+and two selectivity that is there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two selectivity that is there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two selectivity that is there's some
+way some subset of that information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way some subset of that information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way some subset of that information that
+comes in and some way to select it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and some way to select it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and some way to select it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so let's say a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's say a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's say a little bit more
+about attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about attention
+um there's lots of different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's lots of different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's lots of different ways and
+forms of attention so let me give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of attention so let me give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of attention so let me give you a
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+key distinctions about attention it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key distinctions about attention it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key distinctions about attention it's so
+far it's just kind of a vague word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's just kind of a vague word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's just kind of a vague word that
+gets used lots of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets used lots of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets used lots of different ways
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+long ago the great helmholtz thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago the great helmholtz thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago the great helmholtz thought
+about attention uh and realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about attention uh and realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about attention uh and realized that
+there were two different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two different kinds of
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+so he noted way back in 1860
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he noted way back in 1860
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he noted way back in 1860
+our attention is quite independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our attention is quite independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our attention is quite independent of
+the position and accommodation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position and accommodation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position and accommodation of the
+eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+and of any known alteration in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of any known alteration in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of any known alteration in these
+organs and free to direct itself by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and free to direct itself by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and free to direct itself by a
+conscious and voluntary effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious and voluntary effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious and voluntary effort
+upon any selected portion of a dark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon any selected portion of a dark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon any selected portion of a dark and
+undifferentiated field of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferentiated field of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undifferentiated field of view
+this is one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the most important
+observations for a future theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for a future theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for a future theory of
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+indeed it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it is
+right so his point i think we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so his point i think we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so his point i think we did this
+at some earlier lecture his point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some earlier lecture his point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some earlier lecture his point is you
+can fixate on my nose right now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fixate on my nose right now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fixate on my nose right now okay
+everybody fixate on my nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody fixate on my nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody fixate on my nose
+not that it's that fabulous a nose it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it's that fabulous a nose it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it's that fabulous a nose it's
+just served for the demo right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just served for the demo right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just served for the demo right now
+and if i hold up different numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i hold up different numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i hold up different numbers of
+fingers out here keep fixating on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers out here keep fixating on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers out here keep fixating on my
+nose no cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose no cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose no cheating
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+how many fingers are off to your left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many fingers are off to your left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many fingers are off to your left
+the left side of my nose from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of my nose from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of my nose from your
+perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+okay how many fingers are off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many fingers are off to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many fingers are off to the
+right side okay you can do that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side okay you can do that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side okay you can do that you can
+pull up this information or pull up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up this information or pull up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up this information or pull up that
+information without moving your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information without moving your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information without moving your eyes
+okay that's called covert attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's called covert attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's called covert attention
+because the input is identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the input is identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the input is identical
+and you are just somehow adjusting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are just somehow adjusting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are just somehow adjusting the
+dials on your perceptual system to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dials on your perceptual system to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dials on your perceptual system to pull
+up this or pull up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this or pull up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this or pull up that
+okay so that's called covert attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's called covert attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's called covert attention
+um to be unconfounded from overt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to be unconfounded from overt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to be unconfounded from overt
+attention which is actually the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention which is actually the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention which is actually the most
+powerful kind of attention over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful kind of attention over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful kind of attention over
+detention you move your eyes from point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detention you move your eyes from point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detention you move your eyes from point
+to point to select different information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point to select different information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point to select different information
+okay so over attention is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so over attention is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so over attention is a much more
+powerful filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful filter
+and we make about two to four eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make about two to four eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make about two to four eye
+movements a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements a second
+and it's very powerful because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very powerful because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very powerful because the
+center of gaze has very high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gaze has very high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gaze has very high resolution
+information remember high density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information remember high density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information remember high density of
+photoreceptors at the fovea in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors at the fovea in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptors at the fovea in the
+center of gaze and the density tails off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gaze and the density tails off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of gaze and the density tails off
+in the periphery so we have much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periphery so we have much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periphery so we have much better
+information in the fovea than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the fovea than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the fovea than in the
+periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery
+okay so it's both photoreceptor density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's both photoreceptor density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's both photoreceptor density
+and it's also cortical area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also cortical area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also cortical area
+so in retinotopic cortex back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in retinotopic cortex back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in retinotopic cortex back here
+primary visual cortex v1 v2 those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary visual cortex v1 v2 those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary visual cortex v1 v2 those
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+about 20 square centimeters of cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 square centimeters of cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 square centimeters of cortex
+like that area of cortex pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that area of cortex pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that area of cortex pretty big
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+processing the central two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the central two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the central two degrees of
+vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision
+okay a huge cortical area devoted to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a huge cortical area devoted to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a huge cortical area devoted to a
+tiny little part of the visual world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little part of the visual world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny little part of the visual world
+and uh much less per degree for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh much less per degree for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh much less per degree for the
+periphery okay so both at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery okay so both at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery okay so both at the
+photoreceptor stage and at higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptor stage and at higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoreceptor stage and at higher level
+processing stages we vastly over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing stages we vastly over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing stages we vastly over
+represent the center of gaze okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the center of gaze okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the center of gaze okay
+that's why if you have loss of foveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why if you have loss of foveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why if you have loss of foveal
+vision and macular degeneration it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and macular degeneration it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and macular degeneration it's
+really awful you can't read or recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really awful you can't read or recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really awful you can't read or recognize
+faces that's where you need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces that's where you need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces that's where you need this
+fine-grained foveal information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-grained foveal information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-grained foveal information
+okay so that means that making moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that making moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that making moving
+your fovea and parking it on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fovea and parking it on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fovea and parking it on different
+parts of the array is an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the array is an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the array is an extremely
+powerful way to select different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way to select different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way to select different kinds
+of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information
+so to give you a feel for how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you a feel for how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you a feel for how much
+people do this and how they select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do this and how they select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do this and how they select
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+here's a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a um
+video this is taken from a head mounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video this is taken from a head mounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video this is taken from a head mounted
+camera of a person who is watching these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera of a person who is watching these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera of a person who is watching these
+two people and the yellow yellow dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people and the yellow yellow dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people and the yellow yellow dot is
+where their fovea is so they're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their fovea is so they're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their fovea is so they're talking
+to my former postdoc matt and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my former postdoc matt and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my former postdoc matt and they're
+fixating on his face as he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixating on his face as he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixating on his face as he talks
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sometimes they take a peek at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they take a peek at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they take a peek at the other
+person you can see there's very fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you can see there's very fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you can see there's very fine
+grained adjustments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grained adjustments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grained adjustments
+of where they look as this goes on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where they look as this goes on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where they look as this goes on and
+now there's walking down the hall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's walking down the hall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's walking down the hall in
+this building and they're following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building and they're following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building and they're following
+her watch what happens when they turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her watch what happens when they turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her watch what happens when they turn
+the corner check out the signs read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner check out the signs read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner check out the signs read the
+little notices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little notices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little notices
+look down the hall now watch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down the hall now watch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down the hall now watch what
+happens when they go around the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when they go around the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when they go around the corner
+oh new person look at the new person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh new person look at the new person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh new person look at the new person
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry it's too dark to see what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's too dark to see what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's too dark to see what's going
+on here oh this is a little fixation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here oh this is a little fixation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here oh this is a little fixation
+patch where they're recalibrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch where they're recalibrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch where they're recalibrating the
+eye tracker um to figure out to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye tracker um to figure out to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye tracker um to figure out to make
+sure it's working here comes a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's working here comes a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's working here comes a new
+person they look at his face it's a cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person they look at his face it's a cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person they look at his face it's a cod
+back and forth between the two faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between the two faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between the two faces
+right whoever's talking you look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whoever's talking you look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whoever's talking you look at them
+and you collect high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you collect high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you collect high resolution
+information from that person's face with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from that person's face with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from that person's face with
+both head turns you can see they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both head turns you can see they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both head turns you can see they're both
+head turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head turns
+and um and eye movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and eye movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and eye movements
+okay you get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you get the idea
+i didn't totally explain so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't totally explain so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't totally explain so this is a
+this is a head mounted camera and eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a head mounted camera and eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a head mounted camera and eye
+tracker okay of a person who was walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker okay of a person who was walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracker okay of a person who was walking
+around the building encountering people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the building encountering people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the building encountering people
+and was showing you both what was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was showing you both what was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was showing you both what was in
+their field of view and where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their field of view and where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their field of view and where they were
+fixating their eyes in that view so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixating their eyes in that view so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixating their eyes in that view so you
+can see this really fine-grained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this really fine-grained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this really fine-grained
+moment-to-moment sampling of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment-to-moment sampling of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment-to-moment sampling of visual
+information all the time with over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information all the time with over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information all the time with over
+detention with eye movements okay makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detention with eye movements okay makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detention with eye movements okay makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay first so that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first so that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first so that's the first
+distinction about attention covert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction about attention covert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction about attention covert
+versus over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus over
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh now you might say why would we bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you might say why would we bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you might say why would we bother
+with this subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this subtle
+sophisticated covert attention when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated covert attention when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated covert attention when we
+can just move our eyes and do overt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just move our eyes and do overt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just move our eyes and do overt
+attention and i think there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and i think there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and i think there's a bunch of
+reasons for that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for that one is
+other people can see where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people can see where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people can see where you're
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+and there's sometimes you want to attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's sometimes you want to attend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's sometimes you want to attend
+to stuff over there and not let people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stuff over there and not let people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stuff over there and not let people
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so there are many examples of this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many examples of this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many examples of this from
+elevator eyes people who look you up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator eyes people who look you up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator eyes people who look you up and
+down it's not politically correct it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's not politically correct it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's not politically correct it's
+not nice it's not considerate people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nice it's not considerate people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nice it's not considerate people
+notice if you do that so don't do it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice if you do that so don't do it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice if you do that so don't do it you
+can covertly attend below the face if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can covertly attend below the face if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can covertly attend below the face if
+you like but don't overly move your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like but don't overly move your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like but don't overly move your eyes
+down there because they will know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there because they will know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there because they will know okay
+we primates are very very attuned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we primates are very very attuned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we primates are very very attuned to
+where each other are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each other are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each other are looking
+uh we are the only primate who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we are the only primate who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we are the only primate who has
+whites around the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites around the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whites around the eyes
+which i just heard a talk last week by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i just heard a talk last week by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i just heard a talk last week by
+michael tomasello who's one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michael tomasello who's one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michael tomasello who's one of the major
+primatologists and he says that the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primatologists and he says that the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primatologists and he says that the fact
+that humans have whites of their eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humans have whites of their eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humans have whites of their eyes
+that make it so easy to tell where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it so easy to tell where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make it so easy to tell where
+they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking
+must mean that we mostly want to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must mean that we mostly want to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must mean that we mostly want to share
+information with each other about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with each other about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with each other about where
+we're looking we're a very cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking we're a very cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking we're a very cooperative
+communicative species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative species
+but not always sometimes we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not always sometimes we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not always sometimes we want to
+sneak a peek at something where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak a peek at something where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak a peek at something where people
+don't know the case that i notice all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the case that i notice all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the case that i notice all
+the time is i'm at a conference and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time is i'm at a conference and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time is i'm at a conference and some
+very familiar face comes along and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar face comes along and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar face comes along and says
+hey nancy how are you and i'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey nancy how are you and i'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey nancy how are you and i'm thinking
+who the hell is this and the whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the hell is this and the whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the hell is this and the whole time
+i'm thinking i can see the name tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm thinking i can see the name tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm thinking i can see the name tag
+right there i can't quite resolve it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there i can't quite resolve it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there i can't quite resolve it i
+know that if i second down for a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if i second down for a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if i second down for a half a
+second they will see it and i will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they will see it and i will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they will see it and i will be
+busted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busted
+and so i'm sitting there with a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm sitting there with a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm sitting there with a name
+right there racking my brain trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there racking my brain trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there racking my brain trying to
+think who the hell it is anyway so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think who the hell it is anyway so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think who the hell it is anyway so there
+are many cases like this where we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many cases like this where we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many cases like this where we don't
+want to be caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be caught
+looking so those are all cases where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking so those are all cases where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking so those are all cases where you
+might want to use covert attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use covert attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use covert attention
+also sometimes you want to track lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes you want to track lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes you want to track lots of
+things and you can't in parallel and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you can't in parallel and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you can't in parallel and you
+can't foveate all of them you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't foveate all of them you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't foveate all of them you can only
+fovate one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fovate one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fovate one thing
+so i don't know anything about sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know anything about sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know anything about sports
+but think of your favorite complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think of your favorite complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think of your favorite complicated
+sports example where they're multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports example where they're multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports example where they're multiple
+players moving at once and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players moving at once and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players moving at once and you need to
+keep track of all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of all of them
+that would be a classic case of covert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a classic case of covert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a classic case of covert
+attention because you could covertly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention because you could covertly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention because you could covertly
+attend to several of them at once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to several of them at once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend to several of them at once and
+you have only one fovea well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have only one fovea well you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have only one fovea well you have
+two but they go the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but they go the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but they go the same place
+okay so that's the second distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the second distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the second distinction
+over versus covert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over versus covert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over versus covert
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+only the first one right so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first one right so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first one right so the next
+basic distinction of different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic distinction of different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic distinction of different kinds of
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+are the kind where we decide where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind where we decide where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind where we decide where we
+want to look versus the kind where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look versus the kind where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look versus the kind where
+the stimulus draws our attention okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus draws our attention okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimulus draws our attention okay
+so there are lots of examples like web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are lots of examples like web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are lots of examples like web
+pop-ups are all designed to pull your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop-ups are all designed to pull your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop-ups are all designed to pull your
+attention over it and covert even you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention over it and covert even you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention over it and covert even you
+don't want to look at that damn thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to look at that damn thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to look at that damn thing
+but you know the weird little dancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the weird little dancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the weird little dancing
+figure they're all like optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure they're all like optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure they're all like optimized
+to pull your attention over and make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull your attention over and make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull your attention over and make you
+read the ad right and they're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the ad right and they're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the ad right and they're pretty
+effective okay so that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective okay so that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective okay so that's called
+stimulus driven attention or exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus driven attention or exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus driven attention or exogenous
+attention it comes from the outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention it comes from the outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention it comes from the outside and
+it pulls you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pulls you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pulls you in
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another classic example is pop out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another classic example is pop out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another classic example is pop out if
+you look at this display it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this display it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this display it's very hard
+not to notice and have your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to notice and have your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to notice and have your attention
+drawn to that red thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn to that red thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn to that red thing
+certain properties of stimuli that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties of stimuli that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties of stimuli that just
+automatically capture your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically capture your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically capture your attention
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that is to be contrasted with voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to be contrasted with voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to be contrasted with voluntary
+controlled attention that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled attention that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled attention that's like the
+case we did before where you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we did before where you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we did before where you were
+fixating on my nose it was totally up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixating on my nose it was totally up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixating on my nose it was totally up to
+you whether i attended i mean i told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether i attended i mean i told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether i attended i mean i told you
+to but you could have made up your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you could have made up your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but you could have made up your own
+mind and attended to neither and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and attended to neither and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and attended to neither and i
+wouldn't have known right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have known right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have known right
+so you can decide what you want to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can decide what you want to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can decide what you want to pay
+attention to and as i think i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to and as i think i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to and as i think i mentioned
+in i don't know what context a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in i don't know what context a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in i don't know what context a few weeks
+ago thank god we can decide what to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago thank god we can decide what to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago thank god we can decide what to pay
+attention to because there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to because there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to because there's lots of
+stuff that goes on in the world that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that goes on in the world that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that goes on in the world that we
+don't want to have dominate our mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have dominate our mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have dominate our mental
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+controlled or voluntary attention is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled or voluntary attention is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled or voluntary attention is one
+way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can
+have our mental life dominated more by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our mental life dominated more by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our mental life dominated more by
+things we want it to be dominated by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want it to be dominated by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want it to be dominated by and
+less by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less by
+things we don't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we don't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we don't right
+um so that's that notion here like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that notion here like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that notion here like for
+example you're you know sitting here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're you know sitting here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're you know sitting here and
+it's like noon and you're just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like noon and you're just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like noon and you're just thinking
+okay i'm really hungry i'm really hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm really hungry i'm really hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm really hungry i'm really hungry
+if you were my dog charlie your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were my dog charlie your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were my dog charlie your entire
+mental life for the whole next half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental life for the whole next half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental life for the whole next half an
+hour would be i'm so hungry i'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour would be i'm so hungry i'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour would be i'm so hungry i'm so
+hungry i'm so hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry i'm so hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry i'm so hungry
+but you're a person and so that thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're a person and so that thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're a person and so that thought
+may impinge now and then but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may impinge now and then but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may impinge now and then but you can
+drive it away and think about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it away and think about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it away and think about something
+else because it's not going to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else because it's not going to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else because it's not going to get you
+anywhere to focus on how hungry our arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere to focus on how hungry our arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere to focus on how hungry our arms
+i know i just made it worse i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know i just made it worse i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know i just made it worse i'm sorry
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay another way the way that scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another way the way that scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another way the way that scientists
+have typically stuttered voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have typically stuttered voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have typically stuttered voluntary
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+as they asked subjects to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they asked subjects to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they asked subjects to do this and
+much like the case we just did here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the case we just did here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the case we just did here's a
+kind of very basic paradigm you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of very basic paradigm you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of very basic paradigm you have
+subjects fixating on a cross and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects fixating on a cross and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects fixating on a cross and
+typically in covert attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in covert attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in covert attention
+experiments you want to make sure there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you want to make sure there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you want to make sure there
+aren't overt eye movements and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't overt eye movements and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't overt eye movements and so you
+have an eye tracker to make sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eye tracker to make sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eye tracker to make sure the
+subject is keeping their eye on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is keeping their eye on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is keeping their eye on that
+cross okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross okay
+and then you give them a little cue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you give them a little cue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you give them a little cue that
+says pay attention off to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says pay attention off to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says pay attention off to the right
+but don't move your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't move your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't move your eyes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then shortly thereafter a little cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shortly thereafter a little cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shortly thereafter a little cue
+comes up and you have to hit a button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and you have to hit a button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and you have to hit a button
+quickly that you detected the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that you detected the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that you detected the target
+okay it comes at a variable delay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it comes at a variable delay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it comes at a variable delay so you
+can't just hit the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just hit the button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just hit the button
+okay if you do that you find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do that you find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do that you find that the
+reaction time to detect that target if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time to detect that target if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time to detect that target if
+it's where you're attending is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where you're attending is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where you're attending is really
+fast not much more than 200 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast not much more than 200 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast not much more than 200 milliseconds
+which is damned fast right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is damned fast right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is damned fast right
+now consider a case where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider a case where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider a case where you're
+instructed to attend over here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to attend over here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed to attend over here and the
+way you get these experiments to work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you get these experiments to work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you get these experiments to work is
+that these cues are valid eighty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these cues are valid eighty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these cues are valid eighty percent
+of the time so there's a reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time so there's a reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time so there's a reason for
+subject to the motivation for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the motivation for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the motivation for them to
+follow your instruction so trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow your instruction so trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow your instruction so trying to
+answer quickly and there's like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer quickly and there's like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer quickly and there's like okay
+they're ready it's almost certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready it's almost certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready it's almost certainly
+going to be over here but oops it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be over here but oops it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be over here but oops it's not
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then reaction time is almost 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reaction time is almost 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reaction time is almost 100
+milliseconds slower which is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds slower which is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds slower which is a huge
+effect in psychology 100 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in psychology 100 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in psychology 100 milliseconds
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so you're much slower to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're much slower to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're much slower to detect
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+um if it's at an unattended location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's at an unattended location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if it's at an unattended location
+okay and if you have a neutral trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you have a neutral trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you have a neutral trial
+you're somewhere in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're somewhere in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're somewhere in the middle
+okay so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is
+exogenous or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous or um
+voluntary attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary attention
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and again this is covert attention no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is covert attention no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is covert attention no
+eye movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movements
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so third distinction the example i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so third distinction the example i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so third distinction the example i just
+gave you was spatial attention you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you was spatial attention you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you was spatial attention you're
+attending to this location or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to this location or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to this location or that
+location in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in space
+okay that's probably the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's probably the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's probably the most powerful
+and common kind of attention is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and common kind of attention is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and common kind of attention is usually
+the things you're interested in are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you're interested in are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you're interested in are in a
+particular place and you attended that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular place and you attended that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular place and you attended that
+place and there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and there you go
+but it's not the only kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not the only kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not the only kind
+you can have feature based attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have feature based attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have feature based attention
+so if your utensil drawer is a hell of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your utensil drawer is a hell of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your utensil drawer is a hell of a
+mess like mine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess like mine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess like mine is
+um like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like this
+if your task is to find the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your task is to find the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your task is to find the black
+vegetable peeler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable peeler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable peeler
+best of luck to you it'll take quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of luck to you it'll take quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of luck to you it'll take quite a
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+it's in there it's right there it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in there it's right there it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in there it's right there it takes
+a while right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while right
+in contrast if the task is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast if the task is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast if the task is find the
+purple rubber spatula duh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple rubber spatula duh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple rubber spatula duh
+right okay so that's feature-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's feature-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's feature-based
+attention you don't know the location in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention you don't know the location in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention you don't know the location in
+advance you know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance you know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance you know something about the
+feature you're looking for that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature you're looking for that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature you're looking for that it's
+black or that it's purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black or that it's purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black or that it's purple
+or round or square or whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or round or square or whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or round or square or whatever the
+feature is okay so different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is okay so different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is okay so different ways of
+different kinds of filters you can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of filters you can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of filters you can set
+on your attentional system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your attentional system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your attentional system
+okay so that's just to give you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just to give you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just to give you some of
+the phenomenology of the different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenology of the different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenology of the different kinds
+of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention
+how does all this work in the brain i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does all this work in the brain i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does all this work in the brain i'm
+not going to tell you how it works we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tell you how it works we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tell you how it works we'll
+just focus mostly on what the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus mostly on what the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus mostly on what the brain
+regions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are
+okay so let's go back to this case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back to this case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back to this case here
+voluntary attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntary attention
+so now the question is what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question is what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question is what happens when
+you get this cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this cue
+you're not going to move your eyes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to move your eyes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to move your eyes but
+you're kind of cranking up that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of cranking up that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of cranking up that part of
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+okay what's going on in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's going on in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's going on in the brain
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+before the stimulus comes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the stimulus comes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the stimulus comes on
+everybody get the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get the question
+okay you know you can sort of feel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know you can sort of feel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know you can sort of feel it
+happening but what does that what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening but what does that what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening but what does that what does
+that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean
+well this is very amenable to a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is very amenable to a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is very amenable to a simple
+functional mri experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri experiment
+and in the early days of functional mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the early days of functional mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the early days of functional mri
+a whole bunch of people at once realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of people at once realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of people at once realize
+oh right we can answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh right we can answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh right we can answer this
+long-standing question of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing question of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing question of whether
+early retinotopic parts of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early retinotopic parts of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early retinotopic parts of the visual
+system are affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are affected
+just by a cue like that even before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by a cue like that even before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by a cue like that even before the
+stimulus comes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus comes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus comes on
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so and i think it was 1998 a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and i think it was 1998 a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and i think it was 1998 a whole bunch
+of people started doing this in 1997. i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people started doing this in 1997. i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people started doing this in 1997. i
+was one of them uh but a whole bunch did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of them uh but a whole bunch did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of them uh but a whole bunch did
+it once in 1998 i think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once in 1998 i think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once in 1998 i think like
+six papers were published all doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six papers were published all doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six papers were published all doing
+versions of this next thing which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this next thing which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this next thing which is one
+of those obvious ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those obvious ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those obvious ideas
+um we got scooped but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we got scooped but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we got scooped but anyway
+everybody got the same result so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got the same result so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got the same result so
+basically if you just do a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you just do a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you just do a simple
+comparison this is a version they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison this is a version they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison this is a version they have
+subjects are fixating here there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects are fixating here there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects are fixating here there's two
+stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli
+they're looking in v1 and v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking in v1 and v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking in v1 and v2
+and if you just do a contrast of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just do a contrast of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just do a contrast of the
+case where you're looking here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you're looking here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you're looking here and
+you're attending waiting for a target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're attending waiting for a target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're attending waiting for a target
+here versus waiting for a target there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here versus waiting for a target there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here versus waiting for a target there
+without moving your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without moving your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without moving your eyes
+you get a big contralateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a big contralateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a big contralateral
+modulation in in v1 and v2 this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation in in v1 and v2 this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation in in v1 and v2 this is a
+slice near the back of the head here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice near the back of the head here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice near the back of the head here so
+this is a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a piece of
+calculus or primary visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus or primary visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus or primary visual cortex
+right and so you can see even before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can see even before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can see even before the
+target stimulus comes on just attending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target stimulus comes on just attending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target stimulus comes on just attending
+over there gives you a big baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there gives you a big baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there gives you a big baseline
+increase in neural activity everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in neural activity everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in neural activity everybody
+clear what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's going on here
+and of course you can do the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can do the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can do the opposite
+one and see that it shifts to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and see that it shifts to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and see that it shifts to the
+opposite side of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side of space
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's all before the stimulus comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all before the stimulus comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all before the stimulus comes
+on you can think of it as priming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can think of it as priming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can think of it as priming the
+brain kind of juicing up those neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain kind of juicing up those neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain kind of juicing up those neurons
+getting them ready to go so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them ready to go so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting them ready to go so that when
+that stimulus comes through boom your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stimulus comes through boom your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stimulus comes through boom your
+reaction time is faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time is faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time is faster
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so that's modulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's modulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's modulating
+uh parts of visual cortex before a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parts of visual cortex before a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parts of visual cortex before a
+stimulus comes on to get it ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus comes on to get it ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus comes on to get it ready
+but we can also look at what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also look at what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also look at what is the
+effect on a stimulus once it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on a stimulus once it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on a stimulus once it comes
+through an attended stimulus or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an attended stimulus or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an attended stimulus or an
+unattended stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended stimulus
+to show you that i'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that i'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that i'm going to show you
+what kind of feature based attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of feature based attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of feature based attention
+and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what
+ancient this is a paper we published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient this is a paper we published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient this is a paper we published in
+1998 i think we this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 i think we this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 i think we this is not a
+non-spatial version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spatial version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spatial version
+so we gave subjects guess what faces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we gave subjects guess what faces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we gave subjects guess what faces and
+houses and a little crosshair and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and a little crosshair and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses and a little crosshair and we had
+subjects in different blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in different blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in different blocks
+say whether the two arms of the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whether the two arms of the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whether the two arms of the cross
+were the same or different length okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same or different length okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same or different length okay
+so vertical one is different length so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vertical one is different length so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vertical one is different length so
+that's a different case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different case
+whether the two houses are same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the two houses are same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the two houses are same or
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+or whether the two faces are same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether the two faces are same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether the two faces are same or
+different okay so actually it's spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so actually it's spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so actually it's spatial
+and featural come to think of it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and featural come to think of it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and featural come to think of it because
+they're in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in different places
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we then looked in a bunch of regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we then looked in a bunch of regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we then looked in a bunch of regions
+i'll show you the data from the fusiform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you the data from the fusiform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you the data from the fusiform
+face area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area
+and the key thing about this is in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key thing about this is in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key thing about this is in all
+three tasks we had the identical stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tasks we had the identical stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tasks we had the identical stimuli
+so there's always faces and houses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always faces and houses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always faces and houses and
+crosses in the same place in your visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses in the same place in your visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses in the same place in your visual
+field in all of those blocks it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in all of those blocks it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in all of those blocks it's just a
+matter of which of those things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of which of those things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of which of those things you're
+paying attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what do you think we'll see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think we'll see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think we'll see in the
+fusiform face area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusiform face area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusiform face area
+in this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment
+is it going to care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to care
+whether you're attending to faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're attending to faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're attending to faces
+or attending to houses or attending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or attending to houses or attending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or attending to houses or attending to
+the crosshair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crosshair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crosshair
+same stimulus all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly what happens okay everybody hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens okay everybody hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what happens okay everybody hear
+the prediction you'll still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction you'll still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction you'll still get
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+but you'll get more when you're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll get more when you're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll get more when you're paying
+attention to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+here's the ffa response over time here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the ffa response over time here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the ffa response over time here's
+the time course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time course
+and these gray blocks are the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these gray blocks are the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these gray blocks are the blocks
+these are the different attending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the different attending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the different attending to
+houses faces color houses faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses faces color houses faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses faces color houses faces
+crosshair houses faces crosshair the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosshair houses faces crosshair the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosshair houses faces crosshair the
+gray bars are when the subjects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray bars are when the subjects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray bars are when the subjects are
+attending to faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to faces
+now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i actually can't quite tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually can't quite tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually can't quite tell
+yeah i can sort of tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i can sort of tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i can sort of tell
+you can't see it on the screen but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see it on the screen but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see it on the screen but there
+are little rest periods between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little rest periods between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little rest periods between those
+blocks so i'm trying to figure out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so i'm trying to figure out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so i'm trying to figure out if
+you're right that there's some response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that there's some response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that there's some response
+um greater than baseline i think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um greater than baseline i think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um greater than baseline i think there's
+actually very little selective response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very little selective response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very little selective response
+greater than baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than baseline
+by design we made this a whopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design we made this a whopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by design we made this a whopping
+attentional manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentional manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentional manipulation
+so that all of the tasks are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that all of the tasks are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that all of the tasks are really
+difficult and we're doing one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and we're doing one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and we're doing one of them
+you just barely feel aware of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just barely feel aware of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just barely feel aware of anything
+else in fact i vividly remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in fact i vividly remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in fact i vividly remember
+the first time we ran this experiment i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time we ran this experiment i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time we ran this experiment i
+was a subject in the scanner and i i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a subject in the scanner and i i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a subject in the scanner and i i did
+the first block and i was doing um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first block and i was doing um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first block and i was doing um just
+cross hairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross hairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross hairs
+and i did i went through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did i went through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did i went through the whole
+crosshair thing and it wasn't till the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosshair thing and it wasn't till the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosshair thing and it wasn't till the
+end of the experiment i realized oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the experiment i realized oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the experiment i realized oh
+right there were faces there i was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there were faces there i was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there were faces there i was just
+completely unaware of them right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unaware of them right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unaware of them right so we
+designed it to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it to really
+um so tie up your mental capacity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so tie up your mental capacity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so tie up your mental capacity that
+you just didn't have processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just didn't have processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just didn't have processing
+resources left for anything else and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources left for anything else and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources left for anything else and so
+if there is a response to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a response to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a response to everything
+else here is really low but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else here is really low but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else here is really low but you can see
+certainly the attended thing is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the attended thing is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the attended thing is much
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+it's much stronger in the attendant case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much stronger in the attendant case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much stronger in the attendant case
+in the unattended case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unattended case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unattended case
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is a general property like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a general property like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a general property like
+basically all of the perceptual regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all of the perceptual regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all of the perceptual regions
+we've talked about are strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about are strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about are strongly
+modulable by attention okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulable by attention okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulable by attention okay
+from from retinotopic regions on up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from retinotopic regions on up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from retinotopic regions on up okay
+including v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including v1
+and in fact even including the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact even including the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact even including the lateral
+geniculate nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate nucleus
+so one synapse up from the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one synapse up from the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one synapse up from the retina
+you're already modulating activity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already modulating activity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already modulating activity there
+by attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by attention
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+remember i remember i know i said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i remember i know i said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i remember i know i said this
+but it maybe went by briefly you have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it maybe went by briefly you have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it maybe went by briefly you have 10
+times as many connections down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as many connections down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as many connections down from
+cortex down to the lgn as you have going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex down to the lgn as you have going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex down to the lgn as you have going
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+okay one of the things they're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of the things they're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of the things they're doing is
+setting up selective filters so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up selective filters so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up selective filters so that
+only the stuff you want to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the stuff you want to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the stuff you want to process
+makes it to higher stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it to higher stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it to higher stages
+okay um yes so does this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yes so does this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yes so does this sort of
+phenomenon generalize across the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon generalize across the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon generalize across the brain
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+i mean it's it's like it's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's it's like it's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's it's like it's generally
+true of pretty much everywhere yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of pretty much everywhere yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of pretty much everywhere yeah so
+the intuitive physics thing is justified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuitive physics thing is justified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuitive physics thing is justified
+so experiment two over there was you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so experiment two over there was you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so experiment two over there was you see
+the same stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stimulus
+exactly it's an instance of this exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's an instance of this exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's an instance of this exactly
+right exactly right it gives us one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly right it gives us one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly right it gives us one of
+gives us one of our paradigms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us one of our paradigms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us one of our paradigms in
+functional mri studies have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri studies have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mri studies have the same
+stimulus vary the task okay some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus vary the task okay some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus vary the task okay some things
+that some things don't work as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some things don't work as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some things don't work as well
+things that are just very dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are just very dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are just very dominant
+stimuli in this experiment if we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli in this experiment if we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli in this experiment if we hadn't
+put the faces in the periphery and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the faces in the periphery and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the faces in the periphery and given
+subjects a damn difficult task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects a damn difficult task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects a damn difficult task
+the modulation wouldn't have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation wouldn't have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation wouldn't have worked
+because faces are just so dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because faces are just so dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because faces are just so dominant
+they're going to punch through even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to punch through even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to punch through even if
+you don't want to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to right
+like web pop-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like web pop-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like web pop-ups
+uh you also i'm going to skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you also i'm going to skip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you also i'm going to skip this
+because we won't have time you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we won't have time you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we won't have time you could get
+very similar things in primary auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar things in primary auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar things in primary auditory
+cortex listening to high frequencies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex listening to high frequencies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex listening to high frequencies or
+low frequencies these are all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies these are all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies these are all the same
+stimuli this is voxel selective for low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli this is voxel selective for low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli this is voxel selective for low
+freq frequencies voxel selected for high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freq frequencies voxel selected for high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freq frequencies voxel selected for high
+frequencies you have a high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you have a high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you have a high frequency
+input in one ear low frequency in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in one ear low frequency in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in one ear low frequency in the
+other as you switch between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as you switch between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as you switch between those
+responses toggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses toggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses toggle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all of that tells you the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that tells you the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that tells you the effects of
+attention how it modulates activity all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention how it modulates activity all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention how it modulates activity all
+over the brain but what is the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the brain but what is the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the brain but what is the source of
+attentional signals in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentional signals in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentional signals in the brain
+uh and that source is a set of regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that source is a set of regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that source is a set of regions
+we have encountered before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have encountered before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have encountered before
+sometimes called the fronto parietal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the fronto parietal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the fronto parietal
+attention network these blue and green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention network these blue and green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention network these blue and green
+bits up in here back here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits up in here back here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits up in here back here in the
+parietal lobe up here in the frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe up here in the frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe up here in the frontal
+lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe
+and they're active when you shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're active when you shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're active when you shift
+attention from one location to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention from one location to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention from one location to another
+from one feature to another or when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one feature to another or when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one feature to another or when you
+do any difficult attention demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any difficult attention demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any difficult attention demanding
+task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task
+we've also talked about them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also talked about them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also talked about them in the
+other context of the multiple demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other context of the multiple demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other context of the multiple demand
+system it's pretty much the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's pretty much the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's pretty much the same set of
+cortical regions that pretty much any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical regions that pretty much any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical regions that pretty much any
+time you do a difficult task almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you do a difficult task almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you do a difficult task almost no
+matter what the task is these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the task is these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the task is these regions
+turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on
+so they're not just about visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not just about visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not just about visual
+attention they're kind of about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention they're kind of about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention they're kind of about you know
+basically controlling your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically controlling your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically controlling your mind
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+selecting information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting information
+making yourself do difficult things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making yourself do difficult things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making yourself do difficult things
+who knows what what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what what that is
+computationally but these regions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally but these regions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally but these regions are
+very systematically engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematically engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematically engaged
+and they're particularly systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're particularly systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're particularly systematically
+engaged when you're shifting attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged when you're shifting attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged when you're shifting attention
+over different locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over different locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over different locations
+okay so just to remind you in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to remind you in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to remind you in contrast
+to everything else we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything else we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything else we've talked about
+face areas music areas language areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face areas music areas language areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face areas music areas language areas
+they're very specific for one mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very specific for one mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very specific for one mental
+process domain specific these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process domain specific these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process domain specific these are the
+opposite they're ludicrously domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite they're ludicrously domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite they're ludicrously domain
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm gonna skip the video when the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna skip the video when the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna skip the video when the system
+is damaged bilaterally all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is damaged bilaterally all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is damaged bilaterally all kinds of
+weird stuff happens okay i'll post this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff happens okay i'll post this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff happens okay i'll post this
+if you guys send me an email to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys send me an email to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys send me an email to remind
+me i'll post this clip in balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me i'll post this clip in balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me i'll post this clip in balance
+syndrome where you have bilateral damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome where you have bilateral damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome where you have bilateral damage
+back there in these parietal regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there in these parietal regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there in these parietal regions
+people can only see one object at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can only see one object at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can only see one object at a time
+okay they're looking out at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're looking out at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're looking out at a
+complicated thing like this and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing like this and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing like this and they
+would see i see shash see anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see i see shash see anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see i see shash see anything else
+no just josh nothing else there no just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no just josh nothing else there no just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no just josh nothing else there no just
+josh right totally weird anyway so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+josh right totally weird anyway so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+josh right totally weird anyway so they
+get locked on one thing they can't shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get locked on one thing they can't shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get locked on one thing they can't shift
+attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay i wanted to talk at least briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i wanted to talk at least briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i wanted to talk at least briefly
+about awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about awareness
+so let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk a little bit about
+neural correlates of awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural correlates of awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural correlates of awareness
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so first question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first question is
+if we want to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to study
+perceptual awareness and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual awareness and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual awareness and not just
+perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception
+how are we going to uncouple those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to uncouple those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to uncouple those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+we've sort of talked about a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sort of talked about a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sort of talked about a few
+examples with attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples with attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples with attention
+with attention the thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with attention the thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with attention the thing you're
+attending to is at least much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to is at least much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to is at least much more
+dominant in your awareness than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant in your awareness than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant in your awareness than the
+stuff you're not attending to even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you're not attending to even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you're not attending to even if
+the other stuff seeps in a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other stuff seeps in a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other stuff seeps in a little bit so
+that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you have the identical stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have the identical stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have the identical stimulus
+but you were varying the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were varying the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you were varying the degree of
+awareness but another way i need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness but another way i need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness but another way i need you
+guys to pass out the glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to pass out the glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to pass out the glasses
+you want to both do that different sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to both do that different sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to both do that different sides
+okay so i'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to show you
+a stimulus these guys are going to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stimulus these guys are going to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stimulus these guys are going to pass
+around glasses let me say in advance i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around glasses let me say in advance i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around glasses let me say in advance i
+want them back i use these every year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them back i use these every year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them back i use these every year so
+drop them off here when you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop them off here when you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop them off here when you leave
+okay so what you're going to do you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you're going to do you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what you're going to do you put
+them on either way doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on either way doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on either way doesn't matter
+okay so first we're going to do optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first we're going to do optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first we're going to do optics
+nothing interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing interesting
+so look at this stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at this stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at this stimulus
+and close one eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close one eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close one eye
+okay now look at it through the glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now look at it through the glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now look at it through the glasses
+look at it through the glasses and close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it through the glasses and close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it through the glasses and close
+one eye and you should see just a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye and you should see just a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye and you should see just a face
+or just a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just a house
+and if you close the other eye you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you close the other eye you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you close the other eye you
+should see the opposite does everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see the opposite does everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see the opposite does everybody
+get that okay that's not psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that okay that's not psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that okay that's not psychology
+that's optics the glasses are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's optics the glasses are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's optics the glasses are just
+filtering one image into one eye and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering one image into one eye and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering one image into one eye and
+another image into the other eye okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another image into the other eye okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another image into the other eye okay
+this is all this is as a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all this is as a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all this is as a way to get
+different information to your two eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different information to your two eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different information to your two eyes
+okay now just look with both eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now just look with both eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now just look with both eyes
+and don't do anything just kind of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't do anything just kind of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't do anything just kind of look
+and if anything cool happens you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if anything cool happens you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if anything cool happens you can
+kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you can tell me what's happening just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can tell me what's happening just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can tell me what's happening just
+watch doesn't always happen immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch doesn't always happen immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch doesn't always happen immediately
+yeah quietly what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh
+okay it changes from the house to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it changes from the house to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it changes from the house to the
+face only when you blink yeah quietly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face only when you blink yeah quietly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face only when you blink yeah quietly so
+at first when i first moved on i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first when i first moved on i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first when i first moved on i would
+like i saw the house and the face super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i saw the house and the face super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i saw the house and the face super
+close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close
+and then you told us like put one eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you told us like put one eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you told us like put one eye
+and then i would eyes again it like went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i would eyes again it like went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i would eyes again it like went
+from the house to a feet uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the house to a feet uh-huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the house to a feet uh-huh
+uh-huh and then did it stay there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh and then did it stay there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh and then did it stay there or
+does it keep flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it keep flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it keep flipping
+okay if this is not working for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this is not working for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this is not working for you
+don't panic there's nothing wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't panic there's nothing wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't panic there's nothing wrong with
+you it's hard to get everybody's red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's hard to get everybody's red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's hard to get everybody's red
+green balance the same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green balance the same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green balance the same um
+yeah sorry question in the chardool yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+so i share your intuition i think i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i share your intuition i think i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i share your intuition i think i can
+choose to but there's actually a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to but there's actually a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to but there's actually a whole
+literature on that and the guy i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on that and the guy i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on that and the guy i was
+collaborating with on this project 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with on this project 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with on this project 20
+years ago insists that actually that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago insists that actually that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago insists that actually that's a
+wrong intuition you can't choose and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong intuition you can't choose and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong intuition you can't choose and i
+said oh the hell the hell i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh the hell the hell i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh the hell the hell i can't
+i'm in the scanner being your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in the scanner being your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in the scanner being your best
+subject ever because i'm switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject ever because i'm switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject ever because i'm switching
+exactly when you want me to switch don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when you want me to switch don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when you want me to switch don't
+tell me i can't switch he said no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me i can't switch he said no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me i can't switch he said no the
+literature says you don't anyway i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature says you don't anyway i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature says you don't anyway i don't
+know the latest on that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the latest on that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the latest on that yeah
+kind of related to switching that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of related to switching that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of related to switching that it
+feels a lot harder to see the house in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels a lot harder to see the house in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels a lot harder to see the house in
+the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it's not optimally set up so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's not optimally set up so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's not optimally set up so that
+it's perfect for each really the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfect for each really the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfect for each really the reason
+i do this is to amuse myself looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do this is to amuse myself looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do this is to amuse myself looking at
+all of you with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you with you
+thank you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you can keep looking or not but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can keep looking or not but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can keep looking or not but i'm
+going to tell you what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you what's going on here
+the cool thing about this is when if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing about this is when if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cool thing about this is when if it
+didn't switch for you the person is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't switch for you the person is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't switch for you the person is is
+there anybody for whom it didn't switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody for whom it didn't switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody for whom it didn't switch
+one okay so maybe your color vision or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so maybe your color vision or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so maybe your color vision or
+who knows what but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what but anyway
+okay if it doesn't switch there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it doesn't switch there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it doesn't switch there's
+nothing wrong with you the percept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with you the percept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with you the percept
+everyone else has is it just flips every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else has is it just flips every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else has is it just flips every
+few seconds from one to the other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds from one to the other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds from one to the other okay
+so what's cool about this is when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's cool about this is when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's cool about this is when it
+switches nothing changes on your retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches nothing changes on your retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches nothing changes on your retina
+only your state of awareness changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only your state of awareness changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only your state of awareness changes
+and that gives us a wonderful level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us a wonderful level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us a wonderful level
+lever to study what goes on in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever to study what goes on in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever to study what goes on in the brain
+when awareness switch is unconfounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when awareness switch is unconfounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when awareness switch is unconfounded
+from the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stimulus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's like varying attention but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like varying attention but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like varying attention but it's
+more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful
+so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course
+we put people in the scanner we pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put people in the scanner we pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put people in the scanner we pop
+mostly me and a few others but anyway we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly me and a few others but anyway we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly me and a few others but anyway we
+popped ourselves in the scanner we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped ourselves in the scanner we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped ourselves in the scanner we just
+taped these things on our forehead nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taped these things on our forehead nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taped these things on our forehead nice
+low-tech experiment we looked at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-tech experiment we looked at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-tech experiment we looked at that
+exact stimulus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact stimulus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact stimulus okay
+and we scanned the brain while people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we scanned the brain while people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we scanned the brain while people
+sat there watching the stimulus flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat there watching the stimulus flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat there watching the stimulus flip
+back and forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth okay
+so this is a stimulus for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a stimulus for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a stimulus for the whole
+experiment this is the percept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is the percept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is the percept it
+switches back and forth the subject has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches back and forth the subject has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches back and forth the subject has
+a little button box so they can say now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little button box so they can say now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little button box so they can say now
+i see the face now i see the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see the face now i see the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see the face now i see the house
+now of course the choice of a face in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course the choice of a face in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course the choice of a face in a
+house was not random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house was not random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house was not random
+why did we choose a face in a house so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did we choose a face in a house so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did we choose a face in a house so
+that we could look at the response in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could look at the response in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could look at the response in
+the ffa and the ppa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ffa and the ppa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ffa and the ppa
+ffa loves faces hates houses ppa loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ffa loves faces hates houses ppa loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ffa loves faces hates houses ppa loves
+houses hates faces perfect right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses hates faces perfect right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses hates faces perfect right
+so the question is are they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are they going to
+switch when your percept switches even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch when your percept switches even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch when your percept switches even
+though nothing's changing on your retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though nothing's changing on your retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though nothing's changing on your retina
+what do you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think
+switch or switch how many people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch or switch how many people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch or switch how many people think
+it's going to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to switch
+how many people think it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think it's not going to
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+a few okay all right so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few okay all right so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few okay all right so that's what we
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+here is now the raw mri time course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now the raw mri time course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is now the raw mri time course
+averaged over the ffa an average over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged over the ffa an average over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged over the ffa an average over
+the ppa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ppa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ppa
+for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+five minute experiment or three minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minute experiment or three minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minute experiment or three minute
+experiment in one subject probably me i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in one subject probably me i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in one subject probably me i
+forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget
+again stimulus is the same the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again stimulus is the same the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again stimulus is the same the whole
+time the letters are the times when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the letters are the times when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the letters are the times when the
+the subject pressed a button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject pressed a button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject pressed a button
+and you can sort of get a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can sort of get a sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can sort of get a sense that
+there's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a
+maybe like here's a face the ffa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like here's a face the ffa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like here's a face the ffa
+response goes up here again house goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response goes up here again house goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response goes up here again house goes
+up but it's kind of hard to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but it's kind of hard to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but it's kind of hard to tell
+so really the way to analyze these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really the way to analyze these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really the way to analyze these data
+is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take
+all the face-to-house flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the face-to-house flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the face-to-house flips
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and align them in signal average to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and align them in signal average to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and align them in signal average to get
+rid of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of noise
+okay so we can look at the what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can look at the what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can look at the what happens
+at you know before and after a switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know before and after a switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know before and after a switch
+from face to house and what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from face to house and what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from face to house and what happens in
+the opposite direction switch everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction switch everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction switch everybody
+get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea
+it's just a way to clean up the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a way to clean up the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a way to clean up the noise
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and here's what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what happens
+this is time zero the subject presses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time zero the subject presses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time zero the subject presses a
+button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+saying that their percept has flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that their percept has flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that their percept has flipped
+between a house to a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a house to a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a house to a face
+the response in the ffa shoots up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response in the ffa shoots up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response in the ffa shoots up and
+the response in the ppa shoots down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response in the ppa shoots down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response in the ppa shoots down
+that cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool
+okay now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why
+are these peaks and valleys um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these peaks and valleys um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these peaks and valleys um
+after the button press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's fmri there's a delayed signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's fmri there's a delayed signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's fmri there's a delayed signal
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is harder why do they come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is harder why do they come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is harder why do they come back
+together out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah because it flips back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because it flips back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because it flips back
+it flips back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flips back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flips back
+and all we've done is signal average to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we've done is signal average to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we've done is signal average to
+one button press but they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one button press but they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one button press but they're different
+durations of percepts sometimes it lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations of percepts sometimes it lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durations of percepts sometimes it lasts
+three seconds sometimes it lasts 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three seconds sometimes it lasts 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three seconds sometimes it lasts 10
+seconds everything in between by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds everything in between by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds everything in between by the
+time you're 12 seconds out most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're 12 seconds out most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're 12 seconds out most people
+have flipped again that's why it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have flipped again that's why it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have flipped again that's why it goes
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+okay makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay makes sense
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know and i'm not sure that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know and i'm not sure that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know and i'm not sure that that
+was generally true i hadn't noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generally true i hadn't noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generally true i hadn't noticed that
+before but we should scrutinize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but we should scrutinize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but we should scrutinize the
+images i can't actually remember if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images i can't actually remember if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images i can't actually remember if this
+was averaged over subjects or if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was averaged over subjects or if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was averaged over subjects or if this is
+one subject i suspect that's a fluke but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one subject i suspect that's a fluke but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one subject i suspect that's a fluke but
+we could look at it and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at it and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could look at it and see
+okay so the point of all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the point of all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the point of all of this
+is that we can that these regions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can that these regions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can that these regions the
+face area and the place area care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area and the place area care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face area and the place area care about
+what you are experiencing unconfounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are experiencing unconfounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are experiencing unconfounded
+from what's hitting your retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's hitting your retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's hitting your retina
+right they are reflecting the contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they are reflecting the contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they are reflecting the contents
+of your awareness not just what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your awareness not just what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your awareness not just what's coming
+into your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your eyes
+which is cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cool
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so that shows that these regions kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shows that these regions kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shows that these regions kind of
+track awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track awareness
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but can we find any evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can we find any evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can we find any evidence
+for perception without awareness using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for perception without awareness using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for perception without awareness using
+neuroimaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroimaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroimaging
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so to make this point i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make this point i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make this point i'm going to
+accelerate slightly but i think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate slightly but i think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate slightly but i think there's
+just barely time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just barely time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just barely time
+there are lots and lots of studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots and lots of studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots and lots of studies of
+this genre and i'll tell you about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this genre and i'll tell you about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this genre and i'll tell you about one
+so i'm going to show you i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to show you i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to show you i'm going to
+flash up a very rapid series of digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash up a very rapid series of digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash up a very rapid series of digits
+you have to get ready to write write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get ready to write write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get ready to write write
+stuff down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff down
+your task is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task is to
+see if there are any letters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if there are any letters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if there are any letters in the
+digit there might be zero there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit there might be zero there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit there might be zero there might be
+one there might be a few write down any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there might be a few write down any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there might be a few write down any
+letters you see it's going to go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you see it's going to go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you see it's going to go by
+really fast okay everyone ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast okay everyone ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast okay everyone ready
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay write down any letters you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down any letters you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down any letters you may have
+seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+let's do another one everyone ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay write down any letters you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down any letters you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down any letters you may have
+seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+raise your hand if you saw both the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you saw both the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you saw both the a
+and the p in the first sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the p in the first sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the p in the first sequence
+a few of you less than half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of you less than half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of you less than half
+raise your hand if you saw both the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you saw both the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you saw both the x
+and the h and the second almost everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the h and the second almost everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the h and the second almost everyone
+all right well i cheated slightly but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well i cheated slightly but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well i cheated slightly but i
+never mind how i cheated but the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind how i cheated but the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind how i cheated but the way you
+cheat in demos you guys will be teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat in demos you guys will be teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat in demos you guys will be teaching
+someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday
+you have the one you want people to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the one you want people to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the one you want people to get
+wrong first it's total cheat so slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong first it's total cheat so slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong first it's total cheat so slightly
+cheated but if you do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated but if you do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated but if you do it right
+didn't work last year that's why i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work last year that's why i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work last year that's why i
+cheated anyway if you even if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated anyway if you even if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated anyway if you even if you do it
+right in the lab you get a really strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the lab you get a really strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the lab you get a really strong
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+where when there was only one digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when there was only one digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when there was only one digit
+between the a and the p in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the a and the p in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the a and the p in the first
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+and it's like your brain is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like your brain is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like your brain is still
+dealing with the a when the p comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the a when the p comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the a when the p comes
+along you just don't even see the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you just don't even see the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along you just don't even see the p
+you're looking for letters you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for letters you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for letters you don't see
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+whereas there were three digits between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas there were three digits between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas there were three digits between
+the x and the h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x and the h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x and the h
+in the second sequence and just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second sequence and just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second sequence and just to show
+you some real data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some real data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some real data
+um so this has been done lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this has been done lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this has been done lots of
+different ways here's an example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways here's an example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways here's an example of this
+experiment and this is the percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and this is the percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and this is the percent of
+the time that people get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that people get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that people get the second
+letter when they don't have to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter when they don't have to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter when they don't have to report
+the first well first one's colored right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first well first one's colored right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first well first one's colored right
+so you either have to report the colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you either have to report the colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you either have to report the colored
+letter and detect the letter after it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and detect the letter after it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and detect the letter after it or
+just detect the letter after the colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just detect the letter after the colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just detect the letter after the colored
+thing so if you don't have to report the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if you don't have to report the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if you don't have to report the
+first one there's no dip in accuracy oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one there's no dip in accuracy oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one there's no dip in accuracy oh
+sorry this is a function of the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a function of the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a function of the distance
+between the two items in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two items in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two items in the sequence
+but if you do there's a big dip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do there's a big dip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do there's a big dip
+that's maximal with uh one intervening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maximal with uh one intervening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maximal with uh one intervening
+item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um well here it says two or three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well here it says two or three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well here it says two or three but
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so that's called the attentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's called the attentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's called the attentional
+blink and the idea is there isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink and the idea is there isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink and the idea is there isn't a
+physical blink of the eyes but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical blink of the eyes but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical blink of the eyes but your
+attention system is tied up processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention system is tied up processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention system is tied up processing
+the first target and it doesn't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first target and it doesn't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first target and it doesn't get the
+second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one
+okay so there are dozens probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are dozens probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are dozens probably
+hundreds of papers on this phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of papers on this phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of papers on this phenomenon
+it's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cool
+but for present purposes we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for present purposes we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for present purposes we're going to
+use it to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to say
+does that unseen second target get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that unseen second target get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that unseen second target get into
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+presumably it lands on the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably it lands on the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably it lands on the retina
+because you didn't blink so it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't blink so it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't blink so it probably
+got there probably got the v1 how far up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there probably got the v1 how far up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there probably got the v1 how far up
+the system did it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system did it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system did it get
+can you think of how we might test this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of how we might test this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of how we might test this
+using functional mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using functional mri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using functional mri
+how would we see how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we see how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we see how far
+that's those stimuli go in an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those stimuli go in an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those stimuli go in an experiment
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would we use what would we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we use what would we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we use what would we measure
+the mri response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mri response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mri response to
+how could we design a version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we design a version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we design a version of this
+that you could do with functional mri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need some mri response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some mri response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some mri response
+where if we get that response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if we get that response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if we get that response
+we know that it's a response to a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it's a response to a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it's a response to a given
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we measure
+and what stimuli would we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis or something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis or something yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis or something yeah
+it's always the same yeah phases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always the same yeah phases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always the same yeah phases and
+houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses
+lots of ways to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways to do this but
+it's not even my experiment in the used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even my experiment in the used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even my experiment in the used
+faces and houses okay so they did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and houses okay so they did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and houses okay so they did a
+version of that very same thing there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that very same thing there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that very same thing there's
+a bunch of garbage flashing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of garbage flashing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of garbage flashing on
+early on there's a face the subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on there's a face the subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on there's a face the subjects
+have to say which of those three faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say which of those three faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say which of those three faces
+they've studied it is and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've studied it is and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've studied it is and then after
+that a scene comes on or it doesn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a scene comes on or it doesn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a scene comes on or it doesn't come
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+okay they have to just say was there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have to just say was there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have to just say was there a
+scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+first of all which face was it and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all which face was it and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all which face was it and was
+there a scene afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a scene afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a scene afterwards
+okay so it's a variant to the thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a variant to the thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a variant to the thing you
+just did so here's the behavioral data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did so here's the behavioral data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did so here's the behavioral data
+if you don't have to report the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have to report the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have to report the face
+then you are very accurate reporting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are very accurate reporting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are very accurate reporting the
+scene if you do have to report the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene if you do have to report the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene if you do have to report the face
+then you're very you're very bad at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're very you're very bad at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're very you're very bad at it
+if the scene comes right after but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the scene comes right after but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the scene comes right after but if
+there's a big interval in between you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big interval in between you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big interval in between you do
+okay with the c same thing we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with the c same thing we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with the c same thing we saw before
+but now with faces and scenes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now with faces and scenes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now with faces and scenes okay
+that's a behavioral data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a behavioral data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a behavioral data
+what do you see in the ppa right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see in the ppa right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see in the ppa right the
+second target is always a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second target is always a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second target is always a scene
+so what you see in the ppa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see in the ppa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see in the ppa
+here's a response in the ppa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a response in the ppa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a response in the ppa
+to that second scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that second scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that second scene
+if it's a hit that is if you detect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a hit that is if you detect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a hit that is if you detect it
+right you correctly say yes there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you correctly say yes there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you correctly say yes there was a
+scene in that trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in that trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in that trial
+here's a response with a correct reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a response with a correct reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a response with a correct reject
+there was no scene in that trial and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no scene in that trial and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no scene in that trial and you
+correctly said there was not okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly said there was not okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly said there was not okay so
+that difference shows you the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference shows you the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference shows you the response
+in the ppa to a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ppa to a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ppa to a scene
+that you've seen that you detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen that you detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've seen that you detected
+consciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously
+but here's the critical case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the critical case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the critical case
+i don't know why there's a little pop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why there's a little pop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why there's a little pop up
+there anyway this is a case where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anyway this is a case where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anyway this is a case where there
+was a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a scene
+but you've said there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've said there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've said there wasn't
+okay that's called a miss you missed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's called a miss you missed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's called a miss you missed it
+it was there and you didn't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was there and you didn't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was there and you didn't see it
+and what it shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it shows you
+is two cool things well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two cool things well first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two cool things well first of all
+it tells you that the more aware you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that the more aware you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that the more aware you are
+of the stimulus the stronger response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stimulus the stronger response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stimulus the stronger response
+but the crucial thing it shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crucial thing it shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crucial thing it shows you
+is this difference right here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this difference right here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this difference right here which is
+significant this is a kind of perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant this is a kind of perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant this is a kind of perception
+without awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without awareness
+you did not detect the scene you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did not detect the scene you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did not detect the scene you said
+there was no scene but your ppa detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no scene but your ppa detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no scene but your ppa detected
+the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference
+everybody get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get that
+so we have evidence for perception by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have evidence for perception by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have evidence for perception by
+the ppa at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ppa at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ppa at least
+of a scene without awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a scene without awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a scene without awareness
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+so there are many many studies like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many many studies like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many many studies like this
+that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+take it every which way this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it every which way this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it every which way this is just one
+little example of how you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little example of how you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little example of how you can use
+neuroimaging to ask you know how far up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroimaging to ask you know how far up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroimaging to ask you know how far up
+the system does an unseen stimulus get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system does an unseen stimulus get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system does an unseen stimulus get
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+okay so we are about out of time um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are about out of time um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are about out of time um and
+i i just gave you a little taste of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i just gave you a little taste of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i just gave you a little taste of some
+of the work on neural correlates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work on neural correlates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work on neural correlates of
+awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+showing you with binocular rivalry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you with binocular rivalry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you with binocular rivalry a
+neural response that's correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural response that's correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural response that's correlated with
+awareness unconfounded from the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness unconfounded from the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness unconfounded from the stimulus
+uncoupling again perceptual awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling again perceptual awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupling again perceptual awareness
+from what's hitting your retin-a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's hitting your retin-a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what's hitting your retin-a
+and in the case of the attentional blink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case of the attentional blink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case of the attentional blink
+some evidence for perceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence for perceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence for perceptual
+representation without awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation without awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation without awareness
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BH06RODmHsc.txt b/BH06RODmHsc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c44054bb238df5376f37886089c264ee5381ecf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BH06RODmHsc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1718 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this
+
+lecture on Nonlinear Finite
+Element Analysis of Solids and
+
+Structures.
+
+In the previous lectures, we
+discussed quite general
+
+kinematic formulations and
+numerical algorithms that we
+
+use for nonlinear finite
+element analysis.
+
+We also referred to and used a
+stress strain matrix C, but we
+
+did not discuss this matrix
+in any depths.
+
+This is the topic of
+this lecture and
+
+the following lectures.
+
+The stress strain matrix C is
+used in the calculation of the
+
+K matrix, and is schematically
+shown on this graph.
+
+And of course, the stress strain
+matrix is also used in
+
+the evaluation of the force
+vector F, as shown here.
+
+The stress strain matrix, of
+course, will be different for
+
+different material behaviors.
+
+It will be different for
+different kinematic
+
+formulations that we're using.
+
+And all these aspects we now
+have to discuss in this and
+
+the following lectures.
+
+We notice that when we do finite
+element analysis, we
+
+have the choice of different
+kinds of formulations.
+
+And we talked about the
+formulation that takes only
+
+into account infinitesimally
+small displacements.
+
+But of course, material
+nonlinear behavior, we
+
+actually call that formation
+a materially nonlinear only
+
+formation, an MNO formulation.
+
+We may have or use a formulation
+that takes into
+
+account large displacements,
+large rotations, but only
+
+small strains.
+
+This, for example, would be a
+total Lagrangian formulation.
+
+And we have also formulations
+that take into account large
+
+displacements, large locations,
+and large strains.
+
+And here we use, once again,
+the total Lagrangian
+
+formulation or an updated
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+We discussed these formulations,
+of course,
+
+earlier in the earlier
+lectures.
+
+The applicability of material
+descriptions is also very well
+
+categorized in these
+three categories.
+
+In other words, there are
+certain material description
+
+constitutive relations that hold
+for infinitesimally small
+
+displacements and small strains,
+and that are not
+
+directly applicable
+to large strains.
+
+If, however, we have a material
+description that is
+
+applicable to infinitesimally
+small displacements and small
+
+strains, then we will see that
+same material description can
+
+directly be used also in the
+large displacement, large
+
+rotation, but small strain
+analysis, provided we use the
+
+proper formulation.
+
+We will discuss this
+aspect just now.
+
+In fact, the formulation that we
+are using in this category
+
+of problems is a total
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+Let us very briefly once more
+recall that we have the
+
+materially-nonlinear-only
+formulation, as I just
+
+mentioned, the total Lagrangian
+formulation and the
+
+updated Lagrangian formulation,
+which we
+
+discussed in earlier lectures.
+
+And that really kinematically,
+these formulations here
+
+kinematically, for the analysis
+of two dimensional,
+
+three dimensional solids, using
+isoparametric finite
+
+element formations, we include
+all large displacement, large
+
+rotation, and large
+strain effects.
+
+Of course, whether the
+formulation will actually be
+
+applicable to model a particular
+problem, will also
+
+depends on whether we use and
+have the right constitutive
+
+relation for that problem.
+
+And that is an aspect that we
+will concentrate on now in
+
+this and the following
+lectures.
+
+But notice that kinematically
+these formations include all
+
+nonlinearities.
+
+If we look very briefly at
+various material descriptions,
+
+we have here typical models that
+I used and examples of
+
+applications, materials,
+practically all materials
+
+behave elastically as long as
+the stress and the strains are
+
+small enough.
+
+A hyperelastic material
+would be, for
+
+example, a rubber material.
+
+A hypoelastic material
+would be the
+
+concrete material model.
+
+And elasto-plastic material
+would be applicable to model
+
+metals, soils, rocks under
+high stresses.
+
+A creep material model would be
+applicable to model metals
+
+at high temperatures.
+
+When the temperatures are
+high, then metals are
+
+subjected very easily
+to creep.
+
+A viscoplastic material model
+really takes into account the
+
+elasto-plasticity and the
+creeping effect of the
+
+material and is used frequently
+to idealize or to
+
+represent polymers and metals.
+
+We will talk about a number of
+these material models in this
+
+and the following lecture.
+
+We will not go into depths of
+concrete material models and
+
+rock material models, but still
+whatever we are talking
+
+about is applicable to a wide
+range of material models.
+
+Let us first look now, in this
+lecture, at the elastic
+
+material behavior.
+
+Elasticity means that for a
+particular strain, you are
+
+given a particular stress.
+
+The history does not enter
+in the solution.
+
+And a linear elastic
+stress strain
+
+relationship is shown here.
+
+Notice for the strain, tE, we
+are given a stress t sigma.
+
+And it's a unique stress.
+
+It is a unique stress.
+
+And of course, the history
+of the formation does
+
+not enter at all.
+
+Notice that in this particular
+case, we would have that
+
+typically t sigma here is
+equal to E times te.
+
+te being of course this value
+here, t sigma there.
+
+Notice that an increment in
+stress is given by d sigma
+
+equal to E times de.
+
+Linear elasticity, a linear
+elastic material description,
+
+means E is constant.
+
+For nonlinear, as a nonlinear
+elastic material description,
+
+we might have schematically in
+a one-dimensional analysis,
+
+this relationship here,
+the red curve.
+
+Notice that, once again, for a
+particular strain, we pick up
+
+a unique value of stress.
+
+And this relationship here
+shows that t sigma is
+
+given tC times te.
+
+tC is the slope of
+this line here.
+
+Now, an increment in stress
+is obtained by this
+
+relationship here.
+
+d sigma equals C times de.
+
+Notice that C is not
+the same as tC.
+
+This is here, relating
+the total stress
+
+to the total strain.
+
+Here we talk about an increment
+in stress related to
+
+an increment in strain.
+
+It's important to note that
+C is not the same as tC.
+
+Unless, of course, we have a
+linear elastic relationship.
+
+In a computer program, we would
+represent such a curve
+
+typically by a series of
+straight lines, as shown here.
+
+And the input, of course, would
+be these points here,
+
+and the corresponding points
+on the stress curve.
+
+Notice that if you take a large
+number of such straight
+
+segments, you can really
+approximate a continuous curve
+
+such as this one here
+quite well.
+
+We can generalize this elastic
+material behavior using the
+
+total Lagrangian formulation,
+as shown here.
+
+Notice that the total stress,
+second Piola-Kirchhoff
+
+stress-- we talked about
+this stress measure
+
+in an earlier lecture--
+
+is given by the stress strain
+law times the total strain.
+
+Green-Lagrange strain-- once
+again we talked about this
+
+strain measure in an
+earlier lecture.
+
+Incrementally, we have
+this relationship.
+
+The increment in the second
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress is
+
+related to the increment in the
+Green-Lagrange strain via
+
+this constitutive law.
+
+Notice that this tensor or the
+components of this tensor are
+
+not the same as those components
+in general.
+
+This material description is
+frequently employed in two
+
+types of analysis, the usual
+constant material moduli for
+
+infinitesimal displacement
+analysis.
+
+Or for rubber-type analysis,
+rubber-type materials, I
+
+should say, where of course this
+matrix is not constant.
+
+And that matrix is not
+constant either.
+
+I like to now spend
+time on discussing
+
+these type of analyses.
+
+The use of the constant material
+moduli means, for
+
+example, for an isotropic
+material, that we use these
+
+matrices given via this
+relationship here.
+
+Notice lambda and mu are the
+Lame constants, that you're
+
+probably familiar with, and data
+ij is the Kronecker data,
+
+defined as shown down here.
+
+These are the same constants
+that are used
+
+also in linear analysis.
+
+So no new parameters are
+introduced here.
+
+As examples, here we have the
+stress strain law for the 2-D
+
+plane stress analysis.
+
+I've written it in matrix form,
+and this zero here means
+
+total Lagrangian formulation.
+
+And notice that there could
+also be a t up here.
+
+In other words, we use the same
+matrix for the increment
+
+in the stresses and for
+the total stresses.
+
+So I could very easily put a t
+up there, and we notice then
+
+that the last row corresponds
+to this relationship here.
+
+It's important to recognize that
+on the right hand side
+
+here, we have the Green-Lagrange
+strain, t0 zero
+
+epsilon 12 plus t0 21.
+
+In other words, we take the
+total sharing strain into
+
+account here.
+
+And that gives us then
+this row and
+
+that column, of course.
+
+For 2-D, access symmetric
+analysis, we would use this
+
+stress-strain law, once again,
+for the increments in the
+
+stresses and for the
+total stresses.
+
+For an orthotropic material, we
+would typically have this
+
+stress strain law in plane
+stress, plane strain analysis.
+
+And there you see
+again, the zero.
+
+Notice Ea, Eb are the material
+and nu ab are the material
+
+moduli corresponding to the
+a and b, directions and
+
+similarly the sheer
+modulis Gab.
+
+The material being orthotropic
+means Ea is not equal to Eb.
+
+This once again is the material
+law that we are quite
+
+familiar with from
+linear analysis.
+
+Now let's look at the sample
+problem, the sample analysis.
+
+And I would like to choose a
+very simple problem to just
+
+demonstrate some of the aspects
+of using a total
+
+Lagrangian formulation with
+a constant material law.
+
+Here we have a bar, with cross
+sectional area A bar.
+
+We use the material constants E
+and nu, the ones that we are
+
+used to you in liner analysis.
+
+And we want to use this stress
+strain relationship.
+
+We assume that the area A bar
+remains constant when we pull
+
+the bar out, or when
+we push it in.
+
+This E curl here is given via
+this relationship here, E
+
+being the Young's modulis nu
+being the Poisson ratio.
+
+In tension, the bar would be
+pulled out as shown here.
+
+Notice the area, the
+cross sectional
+
+area, remains constant.
+
+And the displacement is
+measured as t delta.
+
+In compression, the bar would be
+pushed into, as shown here.
+
+Notice here now t delta and the
+bar has been pushed in as
+
+shown by the blue outline.
+
+If we now apply this stress
+strain law, to the problem and
+
+develop a relationship between
+the force required here to
+
+pull the bar out or push
+it in, by delta,
+
+we obtain the following.
+
+Here we have the Green-Lagrange
+strain.
+
+And of course, the right hand
+side involves derivatives that
+
+we have been discussing in
+the previous lecture.
+
+Notice t0u1,1 is nothing else
+than this relationship here.
+
+It's given by the current length
+and the original length
+
+of the bar.
+
+Substituting into here, we get
+directly this right hand side.
+
+We also remember that we can
+calculate or we have a very
+
+clear relationship between the
+Cauchy stress, which is the
+
+force per unit area, which
+we are interested
+
+in calculating here.
+
+And the second, Piola-Kirchhoff
+stress, this
+
+is the inverse of the
+deformation gradient.
+
+We substitute for here, the
+Cauchy stress of course being
+
+simply the force divided by
+A bar, the inverse of the
+
+deformation gradient
+being given by this
+
+relationship here.
+
+And therefore we can evaluate
+the second Piola-Kirchhoff
+
+stress in of the externally
+applied force, the physical
+
+force, divided by the constant
+area, cross-sectional area, A
+
+bar, and the original length
+and the current length.
+
+We therefore have now the
+Green-Lagrange strain and the
+
+second Piola-Kirchhoff stress,
+in terms of current lengths
+
+and original lengths
+and force applied--
+
+and of course the cross section
+area goes in there.
+
+Substituting these relationship
+and that
+
+relationship into our stress
+strain relationship of the
+
+previous view graph and using
+this fact here, we directly
+
+obtain this red curve in the--
+
+which gives us the force
+applied to the bar as a
+
+function of the displacements
+at the end of the bar.
+
+Now notice that this is
+a nonlinear curve--
+
+the expression is actually
+given here--
+
+and that it is quite
+unrealistic, certainly in this
+
+region here.
+
+It's not a realistic material
+description for large strains.
+
+You see here at this point, we
+have a 0 force to be applied
+
+when the displacement, the end
+of the displacement, is minus
+
+the original lengths
+off the bar.
+
+Quite unrealistic, of course.
+
+And therefore, we recognize
+that really this use of a
+
+constant E and nu, going in
+here, constant Young's modulus
+
+and Poisson's ratio,
+going in here.
+
+It's really not a proper or
+realistic way to proceed for
+
+large strains.
+
+The usual isotopical and also
+orthotopic material
+
+relationships, meeting constant
+E, nu, Ea, et cetera,
+
+the way I just showed it on a
+few previous view graphs are
+
+really almost exclusively
+employed in large
+
+displacement, large rotation,
+but small strain analysis.
+
+We should now recall one very
+important namely that the
+
+components of the second
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor,
+
+and of the Green-Lagrange strain
+tensor are invariant
+
+very under a rigid body motion
+of the material.
+
+And this is most important
+because we use this fact to
+
+apply material descriptions that
+are applicable to small
+
+strain analysis directly also
+to large displacement, large
+
+rotation analysis.
+
+You see, E nu, Ea are material
+constant that applicable to
+
+small strain analysis.
+
+And we can directly them some
+also in large displacement,
+
+large quotation analysis,
+but small strain
+
+analysis using this fact.
+
+And this means--
+
+another way of saying it is
+that the actual straining
+
+increases only the components
+of the Green-Lagrange strain
+
+tensor through the material
+relationships.
+
+Let's look at this
+equation here.
+
+We have here the nodal point
+force vector being equal to
+
+the stress strain--
+
+the strain displacement matrix
+times a stress vector, the
+
+second Piola-Kirchhoff
+stress vector.
+
+Now this vector is invariant
+under rigid body rotation.
+
+And of course, this vector
+is calculated using the
+
+constitutive relation.
+
+This strain displacement
+matrix takes
+
+into account the rotation.
+
+Let's look at this fact
+a little bit closer.
+
+Here we have pictorially an
+element, a four-node element
+
+say, that originally is in this
+configuration, the black
+
+configuration, and we are
+pulling it out and sharing it.
+
+If this length here is 1
+originally, and that length
+
+here is 1 originally, then this
+distance here corresponds
+
+to the Green-Lagrange strain in
+the 1:1 direction, in the
+
+one direction.
+
+In other words, it's equal
+to 1 0 epsilon 1 1.
+
+Similar, this distance here is
+equal to 1 0 epsilon 2 2, and
+
+the total sharing is equal
+to the sum of these two
+
+components here.
+
+This is the deformation that
+brings the element, say, from
+
+the original configuration
+to state 1.
+
+Now, going from state 1 to state
+2, we rotate the element
+
+rigidly, as shown here.
+
+Then we know that this distance
+here is still 1 0
+
+epsilon 1 1.
+
+Same as what we have had here.
+
+This distance here is the same
+as what we have seen here.
+
+And the total sharing is still
+the same as what the total
+
+sharing was here.
+
+Notice the Green-Lagrange
+strain components
+
+corresponding to the stationary
+coordinate axes.
+
+1 and 2 have not changed.
+
+Because here this 1 and that 2
+refer still too the stationary
+
+coordinate frame.
+
+On this view graph, we summarize
+this information
+
+once more for small strains,
+we have of course this
+
+relationship here, which means
+that these strain components
+
+are much smaller than 1.
+
+And we can directly say that
+the second Piola-Kirchhoff
+
+stress in configuration 1 is
+given by the Green-Lagrange
+
+strains in configuration 1.
+
+Notice the second
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress is
+
+approximately equal to the
+Cauchy stress in state 1.
+
+Now since state 2 is reached by
+just a rigid body motion,
+
+we find that this holds, as I
+already pointed out on the
+
+earlier view graph.
+
+We also find that this holds.
+
+And of course, the Cauchy
+stresses in state 2 are
+
+obtained by a rotation of the
+Cauchy stresses in state 1.
+
+But the second Piola-Kirchhoff
+stresses and Green-Lagrange
+
+strains, the components of
+these two tensors are
+
+invariant under the
+rigid body motion.
+
+And that means that we can
+directly apply material
+
+relationships that are
+applicable for small strains
+
+and infinitesimal
+displacements.
+
+Those that we are, say, already
+familiar with from an
+
+MNO analysis.
+
+We can directly apply these to
+large displacement, large
+
+rotation, but small strain
+analysis, by simply using
+
+Green-Lagrange strains instead
+of engineering strain
+
+components, and second
+Piola-Kirchhoff stresses
+
+instead of the engineering
+stress components.
+
+Applications are really all
+large displacement, large
+
+rotation, small strain
+analyses of
+
+beams, plates, and shells.
+
+We can use for this analysis
+frequently simply the 2D and
+
+3D elements that we
+discussed earlier.
+
+But we may want to use beam and
+shell elements, and those
+
+we will discuss in
+later lectures.
+
+We also have a very large
+application area here, namely,
+
+the linearized buckling analysis
+of structures.
+
+We have already performed the
+analysis of shells, or shown
+
+how we analyze shelves
+and beams
+
+using continuum elements.
+
+You might recall it from
+the earlier lectures.
+
+Here you have just schematically
+how we would
+
+model say a frame using
+plain stress elements.
+
+And here you should see
+schematically how we are
+
+modeling using axisymmetric
+continuum elements and
+
+axisymmetric shell.
+
+Here we use 3D elements to
+model a general shell.
+
+But as I pointed out, we will
+talk in later lectures about
+
+actual beam and shell elements
+that are frequently much more
+
+effective in the analysis of
+beam and shell structures.
+
+This completes the first large
+item that I wanted to talk to
+
+you about, namely, the use of
+constant material moduli, E,
+
+nu, Ea, Eb, et cetera in large
+displacement, large rotation
+
+analysis, but small
+strain analysis.
+
+We found that the applicability
+of constant
+
+material moduli to large strain
+analysis is really very
+
+questionable.
+
+For large strain analysis, we
+use frequently a hyperelastic
+
+material model.
+
+And that is very widely used to
+analyze rubber materials.
+
+Here we have the relationship
+that is basic to this
+
+description.
+
+We have the Piola-Kirchhoff
+stress, given in terms of the
+
+partial of the strain energy
+density function, W, this
+
+respect to the Green-Lagrange
+strains.
+
+So we get one component here,
+by taking this t0W and
+
+differentiating it with respect
+to the corresponding
+
+component of the Green-Lagrange
+strain.
+
+And of course this right
+hand side gives
+
+us this tensor t0Cijrs.
+
+Incrementally, then, we have
+an increment in the second
+
+Piola-Kirchhoff stress is given
+by this stress strain
+
+law here, involving a tangent
+material description and an
+
+increment, a differential
+increment, in the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain.
+
+This 0Cijrs is nothing else
+but the second partial
+
+derivative of W with respect to
+these Green-Lagrange strain
+
+components.
+
+W is a strain energy density
+function per
+
+unit original volume.
+
+And of course that has to be
+defined for the particular
+
+material that you're looking
+at and will involve certain
+
+material constants.
+
+For rubber, we generally use
+this kind of description here,
+
+where W is a function of I1,
+I2, I3, and the Is are the
+
+invariants of the Cauchy-Green
+deformation tensor.
+
+We discuss the Cauchy-Green
+deformation tensor in an
+
+earlier lecture.
+
+Of course, it's given in terms
+of the deformation gradient.
+
+So I1 is equal to this.
+
+I2 is equal to this relationship
+here on
+
+the right hand side.
+
+And I3 is simply the
+determinant of the
+
+Cauchy-Green deformation
+tensor.
+
+For example, one material law
+that is quite widely used is
+
+the Mooney-Rivlin material
+law, where two
+
+constants enter here.
+
+And of course, we have
+here I1 and 12.
+
+These are material constants
+that have to be determined
+
+depending on what rubber
+you're dealing with.
+
+And the incompressibility
+constraint is imposed onto the
+
+formulation by having
+I3 equal to 1.
+
+Of course, rubber is an
+incompressible material, at
+
+least almost an incompressible
+material, and is modeled as an
+
+incompressible material.
+
+And so we want to have
+I3 equal to 1.
+
+In general, if you deal with
+incompressible materials, it
+
+is effective to not use the
+displacement-based finite
+
+element formulations the way
+I've been discussing it in the
+
+previous lectures, but to amend
+that formulation, you
+
+should really extend that
+formulation to have an
+
+effective formulation
+to deal with
+
+incompressibility in the analysis.
+
+Except for the plane stress
+case, we can directly use what
+
+we discussed earlier.
+
+The formation for
+incompressibility, or for
+
+analysis of incompressible
+materials, such formulations
+
+of course are very valuable
+but the discussion of such
+
+formulations really deserves
+another lecture.
+
+Well, we like to now show how
+this material law is used in
+
+the plane stress case.
+
+There we can directly employ
+the formulation that we
+
+discussed in the earlier
+lectures.
+
+Time 0, for example, we would
+have a piece of material as
+
+shown here.
+
+At time t, this piece of
+material has deformed, as
+
+shown here.
+
+Notice plane stress of course
+means stress is
+
+0 through the thickness.
+
+For this two-dimensional
+problem, the Cauchy-Green
+
+deformation tensor
+is as shown here.
+
+0 components here.
+
+And we imposed the
+incompressibility of the
+
+material by simply setting the
+determinant of this matrix
+
+equal to 1.
+
+And this gives us then a
+constraint on T0C33.
+
+Basically, we are saying
+physically that we constrain
+
+the material to shrink into this
+33 direction such that
+
+for the applied stresses in the
+plane of the material, the
+
+material acts as
+incompressible.
+
+And that's what's being done
+here mathematically.
+
+We can now evaluate with this
+constraint I1 and I2.
+
+Here you see the expressions.
+
+And if we have I1 and I2, we
+can go back to the material
+
+law, substitute and directly
+octane obtain our second
+
+Piola-Kirchhoff stresses, in
+terms of the Cauchy-Green
+
+deformation tensor components.
+
+And of course, we also have
+a relationship between the
+
+Cauchy-Green deformation tensor
+components and the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain
+components.
+
+Those we use.
+
+That relationship we use, and
+that actually brings into it
+
+this relationship here.
+
+And if you performed then the
+differentiation, the final
+
+result is shown on
+this view graph.
+
+This is the stress strain
+relationship that gives the
+
+total stresses in terms
+of the Cij components.
+
+You similarly proceed to also
+calculate the tangent
+
+relationship, the tangent
+stress strain law.
+
+As I pointed out earlier, you
+need to now take second
+
+derivatives of W with respect
+to the Green-Lagrange strain
+
+components.
+
+And if you also use the
+relationships between the
+
+Green-Lagrange strain components
+and the components
+
+of the Cauchy-Green deformation
+tensor, you
+
+directly arrive at
+this expression.
+
+And of course now, you would
+have to substitute as we did
+
+earlier for calculating the
+total stress strain law, in
+
+other words, the stress strain
+giving us a total stress as a
+
+function of the total
+deformations.
+
+You proceed in the same way, and
+obtain the tangent stress
+
+strain law.
+
+Let us now look at an example.
+
+In this example, we are
+considering the analysis of a
+
+tensile test specimen.
+
+The specimen is shown here.
+
+All dimensions are given
+in millimeters.
+
+The thickness of the specimen
+is one millimeter, and the
+
+Mooney-Rivlin constants
+are given here.
+
+We need to model only one
+quarter of the specimen
+
+because of symmetry
+conditions.
+
+And in the analysis, we used
+14 eight-node elements to
+
+represent this quarter
+of the specimen.
+
+Notice that on the right hand
+side, we constrained all
+
+material particles to move
+together and only move to the
+
+right, as shown by delta here.
+
+This represents 1/2 the gauge
+length of the specimen, and
+
+one is particularly interested
+in seeing the deformations in
+
+that gauge length.
+
+This view graph now shows
+the calculated response.
+
+The applied node
+is given here.
+
+The extension is given here.
+
+This is the gauge response.
+
+And that gives us--
+
+this curve gives us the
+total response.
+
+Of course, quite nonlinear,
+because the material is a
+
+nonlinear elastic material.
+
+The deformed mesh is shown on
+the next view graph here.
+
+At the force 4 Newton, we
+have this deformed mesh
+
+here shown in red.
+
+And notice here, we have the
+undeformed mesh in dashed
+
+black line.
+
+Notice that the displacements
+are large, and the strains
+
+certainly are very large
+in this problem.
+
+Finally I would like to share
+with you some analysis results
+
+that we obtained in the analysis
+of a rubber sheet
+
+with a hole.
+
+And these analysis results are
+shown on the slides, so let me
+
+walk over here so that we can
+share that information.
+
+Here, we show the
+rubber sheet.
+
+It's a square sheet, 20 inch
+by 20 inch, that contains a
+
+hole of diameter 6-inch.
+
+Notice the sheet is subjected
+to a force on the left hand
+
+side, the distributed
+pressure, uniformly
+
+distributed pressure on the
+left hand side and on the
+
+right hand side.
+
+The mass density is given over
+here also, and the thickness
+
+off the sheet is given
+here as well.
+
+We will use the mass density
+later on when we perform also
+
+or look at the results of
+a dynamic analysis.
+
+The next slide now shows the
+finite element mesh that we
+
+used to model one quarter
+of the sheet.
+
+We only needed to model one
+quarter because of symmetry
+
+conditions.
+
+Notice we used four-node
+elements in this mesh, and
+
+that the distributive pressure
+on this right hand side is
+
+modeled by concentrated
+loads at these nodes.
+
+The next slide shows
+now the solution
+
+results that we obtained.
+
+Notice down here, we have a
+little key for the points that
+
+we want to look at.
+
+Here is point B. Here is point
+A. And here is point C. The
+
+graphs here shows the
+displacements at point B, at
+
+point A, and point C. In each
+case, the W displacement,
+
+which at point B is into this
+direction, at point A is into
+
+this direction, but at
+point C is downwards.
+
+Notice the very large
+displacements, W here, going
+
+up to 10, 11 inches for
+the load applied.
+
+Remember the sheet is a square
+sheet of 20 inches, so we have
+
+very large deformations here.
+
+We are computing our solution
+results obtained in the total
+
+Lagrangian formulation, with the
+hyperelastic Mooney-Rivlin
+
+material law, with the results
+obtained by Iding.
+
+In fact, there is almost no
+difference between our
+
+results, and the results of
+Iding, so that we could not
+
+plot the difference.
+
+And these curves here
+refer to our results
+
+and the Iding results.
+
+The next slide now shows the
+deformations that the sheet
+
+has undergone at maximum load.
+
+Here is the original
+configuration of the sheet,
+
+the initial configuration.
+
+And here, we show the deformed
+configuration of the sheet.
+
+Notice that the sheet has
+undergone very large
+
+displacements and very large
+strains, particularly of
+
+course here in the region
+of the hole.
+
+The final slide then shows the
+dynamic response that the
+
+sheet undergoes when we subject
+the sheet to a step
+
+loading, where the static
+loading was applied before.
+
+Notice the step loading is
+applied over 10 delta-t where
+
+delta-a is 0.0015 seconds.
+
+It goes up linearly to 75 pounds
+per square inch, and
+
+then it stays constant.
+
+Once again, we're looking at the
+displacements at point B,
+
+point A, W displacements here,
+and at point C downward
+
+displacement, again denoted
+as W. Here you see
+
+the solution response.
+
+Point B, point A, and point C.
+In this particular analysis,
+
+we used first the Newmark method
+with data equal to 1/2
+
+and alpha equal to 1/4.
+
+In fact, that is nothing else
+than the trapezoidal rule,
+
+which we discussed in
+an earlier lecture.
+
+We also performed the analysis
+once with the Wilson theta
+
+method, theta being 1.4.
+
+This method we did not discuss
+in the earlier lecture, but it
+
+is described in the textbook.
+
+Notice that the results obtained
+using the Newmark
+
+method and the Wilson theta
+method are really very close
+
+to each other.
+
+It's also interesting to see the
+static response that the
+
+sheet undergoes for this load
+level at the points A, B, and
+
+C, and that is given by these
+horizontal lines.
+
+Once again, you have here a
+large displacement and very
+
+large strain problem.
+
+This brings me to the end of
+what I wanted to discuss with
+
+you in this lecture.
+
+Thank you very much for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C1lhuz6pZC0.txt b/C1lhuz6pZC0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7d16d2f50dd1bbe06541d0696e16442e667bf34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C1lhuz6pZC0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6433 @@
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+602 or if you're in 600 the second half
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+602 or if you're in 600 the second half
+of 600 I'm John
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+gag uh let me start with a few
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+sets uh they'll all be programming
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+goal really twofold the 60 one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal really twofold the 60 one problem
+sets were mostly about you learning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets were mostly about you learning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets were mostly about you learning to
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+programmer um a lot of that carries over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer um a lot of that carries over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer um a lot of that carries over
+no one learns to be a programmer in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one learns to be a programmer in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one learns to be a programmer in half
+a semester uh so a lot of it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semester uh so a lot of it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semester uh so a lot of it is to
+improve your skills but also there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your skills but also there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your skills but also there's a
+lot more I would say conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more I would say conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more I would say conceptual
+algorithmic material in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic material in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic material in
+602 and the problem sets are designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+602 and the problem sets are designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+602 and the problem sets are designed to
+help cement that as well as just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help cement that as well as just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help cement that as well as just to give
+you programming experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you programming experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you programming experience
+finger exercises uh small things if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger exercises uh small things if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger exercises uh small things if
+they're taking you more than 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking you more than 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taking you more than 15 minutes
+uh let us know they really shouldn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let us know they really shouldn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let us know they really shouldn't uh
+and they're generally designed to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're generally designed to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're generally designed to help
+you learn a single concept usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a single concept usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a single concept usually a
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+concept uh reading assignments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh reading assignments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh reading assignments in the
+textbooks I've already posted the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks I've already posted the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks I've already posted the first
+reading assignment uh and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment uh and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading assignment uh and essentially
+they should provide you a very a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should provide you a very a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should provide you a very a
+different take on the same material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different take on the same material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different take on the same material
+covering in lectures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering in lectures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering in lectures and
+recitations uh we've tried to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations uh we've tried to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations uh we've tried to choose
+different examples for lectures and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples for lectures and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples for lectures and from
+the textbooks for the most part so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks for the most part so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks for the most part so you
+get to see things in two slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see things in two slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see things in two slightly
+different ways there will be a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways there will be a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways there will be a final
+exam based upon all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam based upon all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam based upon all of the
+above all right prerequisites experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all right prerequisites experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all right prerequisites experience
+writing object-oriented programs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing object-oriented programs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing object-oriented programs in
+Python preferably python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python preferably python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python preferably python
+3.5 um if familiarity with concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 um if familiarity with concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 um if familiarity with concepts of
+computation complexity you'll see even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation complexity you'll see even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation complexity you'll see even
+in today's lecture we'll be assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's lecture we'll be assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's lecture we'll be assuming
+that familiarity with some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms if you took 601 or you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms if you took 601 or you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms if you took 601 or you took
+the 601 Advanced standing exam you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 601 Advanced standing exam you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 601 Advanced standing exam you'll be
+fine um odds are you'll be fine anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um odds are you'll be fine anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine um odds are you'll be fine anyway
+but that's the safest way to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the safest way to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the safest way to do it so
+the programming assignments are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programming assignments are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programming assignments are going to
+be a bit easier uh at least that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bit easier uh at least that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bit easier uh at least that's what
+student students have reported in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student students have reported in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student students have reported in the
+past because there'll be more focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past because there'll be more focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past because there'll be more focus on
+the problem to be solved than on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem to be solved than on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem to be solved than on the
+actual programming the lecture content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual programming the lecture content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual programming the lecture content
+more abstract the lectures will be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract the lectures will be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract the lectures will be and
+maybe speaking euphemistically a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe speaking euphemistically a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe speaking euphemistically a bit
+faster paced so hang onto your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster paced so hang onto your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster paced so hang onto your
+seats um and the course is really less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats um and the course is really less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats um and the course is really less
+about programming and more about dipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about programming and more about dipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about programming and more about dipping
+your toe into the Exotic world of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toe into the Exotic world of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toe into the Exotic world of data
+science we do want you to hone your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we do want you to hone your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we do want you to hone your
+programming skill s there'll be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming skill s there'll be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming skill s there'll be a few
+additional bits of python today for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional bits of python today for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional bits of python today for
+example we'll talk about Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we'll talk about Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we'll talk about Lambda
+abstraction uh inevitably some comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction uh inevitably some comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction uh inevitably some comments
+about software engineering how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about software engineering how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about software engineering how to
+structure your code uh more emphasis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure your code uh more emphasis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure your code uh more emphasis in
+using packages uh hopefully it will go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using packages uh hopefully it will go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using packages uh hopefully it will go a
+little bit smoother than in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit smoother than in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit smoother than in the last
+problem set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set in
+601 and finally it's the old joke about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+601 and finally it's the old joke about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+601 and finally it's the old joke about
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+that somebody walks up to a taxi driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody walks up to a taxi driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody walks up to a taxi driver
+in New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York City
+and says I'm lost how do I get to conie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says I'm lost how do I get to conie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says I'm lost how do I get to conie
+Hall the taxi driver turns to the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall the taxi driver turns to the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall the taxi driver turns to the person
+and says practice practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says practice practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says practice practice
+practice and that's really the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and that's really the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and that's really the only way
+to learn to program is practice practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+practice the main topic of the course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice the main topic of the course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice the main topic of the course is
+what I think of as computational models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think of as computational models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think of as computational models
+how do we use computation to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we use computation to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we use computation to understand
+the world in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world in which we
+live what is a model to me I think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live what is a model to me I think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live what is a model to me I think of it
+as an experimental device that can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an experimental device that can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an experimental device that can help
+us to either understand something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to either understand something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to either understand something that
+has happened to sort of build a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened to sort of build a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened to sort of build a model
+that explains phenomena we see every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains phenomena we see every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains phenomena we see every day
+or a model that will allow us to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a model that will allow us to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a model that will allow us to predict
+the future something that hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future something that hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future something that hasn't
+happened so you can think of for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so you can think of for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so you can think of for example
+a climate change model uh we can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a climate change model uh we can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a climate change model uh we can build
+models that sort of explain how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that sort of explain how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that sort of explain how the
+climate has changed over the Millennia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate has changed over the Millennia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate has changed over the Millennia
+and then we can build probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can build probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can build probably a
+slightly different model that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different model that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different model that might
+predict what it will be like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future so essentially what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so essentially what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so essentially what's happening
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+science is moving out of the wet lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is moving out of the wet lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is moving out of the wet lab and
+into the computer increasingly I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the computer increasingly I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the computer increasingly I'm sure
+you all see this those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all see this those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all see this those of you who are
+science Majors an increasing Reliance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Majors an increasing Reliance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Majors an increasing Reliance on
+computation rather than traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation rather than traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation rather than traditional
+experimentation as we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation as we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation as we'll talk about
+traditional experimentation will is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional experimentation will is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional experimentation will is and
+will remain important but now it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will remain important but now it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will remain important but now it has to
+really be supplemented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be supplemented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be supplemented by
+computation we'll talk about three kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we'll talk about three kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we'll talk about three kinds
+of models optimization models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models optimization models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models optimization models
+statistical models and simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models and simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical models and simulation
+models so let's talk first about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so let's talk first about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so let's talk first about
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+models an optimization model is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models an optimization model is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models an optimization model is a very
+simple thing we start with an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing we start with an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing we start with an objective
+function that's either be maximized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's either be maximized or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's either be maximized or
+minimized for so for example if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized for so for example if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized for so for example if I'm
+going from New York to Boston I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from New York to Boston I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from New York to Boston I might
+want to find a route by car or plane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a route by car or plane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a route by car or plane or
+train that minimizes the total travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train that minimizes the total travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train that minimizes the total travel
+time so my objective function would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so my objective function would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so my objective function would be
+the number of minutes spent in transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of minutes spent in transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of minutes spent in transit
+getting from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B we then often have to layer on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we then often have to layer on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we then often have to layer on top of
+that objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that objective
+function a set of constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a set of constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a set of constraints
+sometimes empty that we have to obey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes empty that we have to obey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes empty that we have to obey so
+maybe the fastest way to get from New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the fastest way to get from New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the fastest way to get from New
+York to Boston is to take a plane but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York to Boston is to take a plane but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York to Boston is to take a plane but I
+only have $100 to spend so that option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have $100 to spend so that option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have $100 to spend so that option
+is off the table so I have a constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off the table so I have a constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is off the table so I have a constraint
+there on the amount of money I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the amount of money I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the amount of money I can
+spend or maybe I have to be in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend or maybe I have to be in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend or maybe I have to be in Boston
+before 5:00 p.m. and while the bus would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 5:00 p.m. and while the bus would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 5:00 p.m. and while the bus would
+get me there before for $15 it won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me there before for $15 it won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me there before for $15 it won't get
+me there before five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there before five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me there before five
+and so maybe what I'm left with is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe what I'm left with is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe what I'm left with is uh
+driving or something like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving or something like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving or something like that so
+objective function something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function something you're
+either minimizing or maximizing and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either minimizing or maximizing and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either minimizing or maximizing and a
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+constraints that eliminate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that eliminate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that eliminate some
+solutions and as we'll see there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and as we'll see there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and as we'll see there's an
+asymmetry here we handle these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry here we handle these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry here we handle these two
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently we use these things all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we use these things all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we use these things all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um I commute to work using ways which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I commute to work using ways which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I commute to work using ways which
+essentially is solving not very well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is solving not very well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is solving not very well I
+believe an optimization problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe an optimization problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe an optimization problem to
+minimize my time from home to here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize my time from home to here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize my time from home to here um
+when you travel maybe you log into to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you travel maybe you log into to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you travel maybe you log into to
+various advisory programs that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various advisory programs that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various advisory programs that that that
+try and optimize things for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and optimize things for you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and optimize things for you um
+they're all over the place today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the place today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the place today you
+really can't avoid using an optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't avoid using an optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't avoid using an optimization
+algorithm as you as you get through life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right pretty abstract let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right pretty abstract let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right pretty abstract let's talk
+about a specific optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a specific optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a specific optimization problem
+called the napsack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the napsack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the napsack
+problem um the first time I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um the first time I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um the first time I talked about
+the napsack problem I neglected to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the napsack problem I neglected to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the napsack problem I neglected to show
+a picture of a napsack and it was I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of a napsack and it was I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of a napsack and it was I was
+10 minutes into it before I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes into it before I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes into it before I realized
+most of the class had no idea what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the class had no idea what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the class had no idea what a
+napsack was it's what we old people used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack was it's what we old people used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack was it's what we old people used
+to call a backpack and they used to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call a backpack and they used to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call a backpack and they used to look
+more like that than they look today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like that than they look today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like that than they look today
+so the napsack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the napsack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the napsack
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+involves usually it's told in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves usually it's told in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves usually it's told in terms of a
+burglar who breaks into a house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burglar who breaks into a house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burglar who breaks into a house and
+wants to steal a bunch of stuff but has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to steal a bunch of stuff but has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to steal a bunch of stuff but has
+a napsack that will only hold a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a napsack that will only hold a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a napsack that will only hold a finite
+amount of stuff that he or she wishes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff that he or she wishes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of stuff that he or she wishes to
+steal and so the burglar has to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal and so the burglar has to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal and so the burglar has to solve
+the optimization problem of stealing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization problem of stealing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization problem of stealing the
+stuff with the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with the most
+value while obeying the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value while obeying the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value while obeying the constraint
+that it all has to fit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it all has to fit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it all has to fit in the
+knapsack so we have an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knapsack so we have an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knapsack so we have an objective
+function I'll get the most for this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'll get the most for this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'll get the most for this when
+I fence it and a constraint it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fence it and a constraint it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fence it and a constraint it has to
+fit in my backpack and you can guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in my backpack and you can guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in my backpack and you can guess
+which of these might be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these might be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these might be the most
+valuable items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable items
+here so here's in words written words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here's in words written words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so here's in words written words
+what I just said orally um there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said orally um there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said orally um there's more
+stuff than you can carry and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff than you can carry and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff than you can carry and you have to
+choose which stuff to take and which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose which stuff to take and which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose which stuff to take and which to
+leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+behind I should point out that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind I should point out that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind I should point out that there are
+two variants of it there's the 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variants of it there's the 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variants of it there's the 01
+knapsack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knapsack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knapsack
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+um and the continuous so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the continuous so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the continuous so the
+01 it would be illustrated by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 it would be illustrated by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 it would be illustrated by something
+like this so the 01 knapsack problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so the 01 knapsack problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so the 01 knapsack problem
+means you either take the object or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you either take the object or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you either take the object or you
+don't I take that whole gold bar or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I take that whole gold bar or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I take that whole gold bar or I
+take none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take none of
+it the continuous or so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the continuous or so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the continuous or so-called
+fractional napsack problem says I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional napsack problem says I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional napsack problem says I can
+take pieces of it so maybe if I've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pieces of it so maybe if I've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pieces of it so maybe if I've taken
+my gold bar and shaved it into gold dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gold bar and shaved it into gold dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gold bar and shaved it into gold dust
+I then can say well the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then can say well the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then can say well the whole thing
+won't fit in but I can fit in a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't fit in but I can fit in a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't fit in but I can fit in a path
+part of it the continuous napsack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it the continuous napsack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it the continuous napsack
+problem is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is really
+boring it's easy to solve how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring it's easy to solve how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring it's easy to solve how do you
+think you would solve The Continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would solve The Continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would solve The Continuous
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you had over here a pile of gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you had over here a pile of gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you had over here a pile of gold
+and a pile of silver and a pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a pile of silver and a pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a pile of silver and a pile of
+raisins and you wanted to maximize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raisins and you wanted to maximize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raisins and you wanted to maximize your
+value well you'd fill up your knapsack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value well you'd fill up your knapsack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value well you'd fill up your knapsack
+with gold until you either ran out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gold until you either ran out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gold until you either ran out of
+gold or ran out of space if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or ran out of space if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold or ran out of space if you haven't
+run out of space you'll now put silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space you'll now put silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space you'll now put silver
+in until you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in until you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in until you run out of
+space if you still haven't run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you still haven't run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you still haven't run out of
+space well then you'll take as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well then you'll take as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well then you'll take as many
+raisins as you can fit in but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raisins as you can fit in but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raisins as you can fit in but you can
+solve it with what's called a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it with what's called a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it with what's called a greedy
+algorithm and we'll talk much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and we'll talk much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and we'll talk much more about
+this as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forward where you take the best thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward where you take the best thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward where you take the best thing
+first as long as you can and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as long as you can and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as long as you can and then you
+move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next
+thing as we'll see the 01 napsack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as we'll see the 01 napsack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as we'll see the 01 napsack
+problem is much more complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is much more complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is much more complicated because
+once you make a decision it will affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you make a decision it will affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you make a decision it will affect
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+decisions all right let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions all right let's look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions all right let's look at an
+example and and I should probably warn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and and I should probably warn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and and I should probably warn
+you if you're hungry this is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're hungry this is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're hungry this is not going
+to be a fun lecture um so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fun lecture um so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fun lecture um so here's my
+least favorite because I always want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least favorite because I always want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least favorite because I always want to
+eat more than I'm supposed to eat so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat more than I'm supposed to eat so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat more than I'm supposed to eat so the
+point is typically knapsack problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is typically knapsack problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is typically knapsack problems are
+not physical knapsacks but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical knapsacks but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical knapsacks but some
+conceptual idea so let's say that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual idea so let's say that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual idea so let's say that I'm
+allowed 1,500 calories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed 1,500 calories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed 1,500 calories of
+food and these are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and these are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and these are my
+options I have to go about deciding look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options I have to go about deciding look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options I have to go about deciding look
+looking at this food and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this food and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this food and it's
+interesting again there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting again there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting again there are things
+showing up on your screen that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up on your screen that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up on your screen that are not
+showing up on my screen but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up on my screen but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up on my screen but they're
+harmless things like how my mouse works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmless things like how my mouse works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmless things like how my mouse works
+any R so I'm trying to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any R so I'm trying to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any R so I'm trying to take
+some fraction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of this
+food and it can't add up to more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and it can't add up to more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and it can't add up to more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calories the problem might be that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories the problem might be that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories the problem might be that once
+I take something that's 1485
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take something that's 1485
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take something that's 1485
+calories I can't take anything else or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories I can't take anything else or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories I can't take anything else or
+maybe 1,200 calories and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 1,200 calories and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 1,200 calories and everything else
+is more than 300 so once I take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than 300 so once I take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than 300 so once I take one
+thing it constrains possible solutions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it constrains possible solutions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it constrains possible solutions a
+greedy algorithm as we'll see is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm as we'll see is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithm as we'll see is not
+guaranteed to give me the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to give me the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to give me the best
+answer all right let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right let's look at a
+formalization of it so each item is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalization of it so each item is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalization of it so each item is
+represented by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a
+pair the value of the item and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the value of the item and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair the value of the item and the
+weight of the item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's assume the knapsack can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's assume the knapsack can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's assume the knapsack can
+accommodate items with a total weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate items with a total weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate items with a total weight of
+no more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more than
+W um I apologize for the short variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W um I apologize for the short variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W um I apologize for the short variable
+names but they're easier to fit on on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but they're easier to fit on on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but they're easier to fit on on a
+slide finally we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide finally we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide finally we're going to have a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+L of length n representing the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of length n representing the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of length n representing the set of
+available items this is assuming we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available items this is assuming we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available items this is assuming we have
+n items to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n items to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n items to choose
+from so each element of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so each element of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so each element of the vector
+represents an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+item okay so those are the items we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item okay so those are the items we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item okay so those are the items we have
+and then another vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another vector
+v is going to indicate whether or not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is going to indicate whether or not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is going to indicate whether or not an
+item was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item was
+taken so essentially I'm going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken so essentially I'm going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken so essentially I'm going to use a
+binary number to represent the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary number to represent the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary number to represent the set of
+items I choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I choose to
+take for item three say if bit three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for item three say if bit three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for item three say if bit three is
+zero I'm not not taking the item if bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm not not taking the item if bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm not not taking the item if bit
+three is one then I am taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is one then I am taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is one then I am taking the
+item so it just shows I can now very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item so it just shows I can now very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item so it just shows I can now very
+nicely represent What I've Done by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely represent What I've Done by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely represent What I've Done by a
+single Vector of zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Vector of zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Vector of zeros and
+ones all right let me pause for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all right let me pause for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all right let me pause for a second
+does anyone have any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any questions about
+this setup it's important to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup it's important to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup it's important to get this
+setup because what we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup because what we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup because what we're going to see
+now depends upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now depends upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now depends upon
+that setting in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that setting in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that setting in your
+head okay so I've kind of used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head okay so I've kind of used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head okay so I've kind of used
+mathematics to describe the backpack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to describe the backpack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to describe the backpack
+problem and that's typically the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's typically the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's typically the way we
+deal with these optimization problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with these optimization problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with these optimization problems we
+start with some informal description and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some informal description and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some informal description and
+then we translate them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we translate them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we translate them into a
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+representation so here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so here it
+is we're going to try and find a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to try and find a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to try and find a vector
+v that maximizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v that maximizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v that maximizes the
+sum of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of V
+subi times I sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I now remember what I subi is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now remember what I subi is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now remember what I subi is the value
+of the item v subi is either zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the item v subi is either zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the item v subi is either zero or
+one so if I didn't take the item I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if I didn't take the item I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if I didn't take the item I'm
+multiplying its value by zero so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying its value by zero so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying its value by zero so it
+contributes nothing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes nothing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes nothing to the
+sum if I did take the item I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum if I did take the item I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum if I did take the item I'm
+multiplying its value by one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying its value by one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying its value by one so the
+value of the item gets added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the item gets added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the item gets added to the
+sum so that tells me the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so that tells me the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so that tells me the value of
+v and I want to get the most valuable v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and I want to get the most valuable v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and I want to get the most valuable v
+i can get subject to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint that if I look at the items.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that if I look at the items.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that if I look at the items.
+weight and multiply it by V the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and multiply it by V the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and multiply it by V the sum of
+the weights is no greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights is no greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights is no greater than
+W so I'm playing the same trick with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so I'm playing the same trick with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so I'm playing the same trick with the
+values of multiplying each one by zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of multiplying each one by zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of multiplying each one by zero
+or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint make
+sense all right so now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so now we have the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+formalized let's how do we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalized let's how do we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalized let's how do we solve
+it well the most obvious solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well the most obvious solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well the most obvious solution is
+Brute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brute
+Force I enumerate all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force I enumerate all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force I enumerate all possible
+combinations of items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of items
+that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to
+say I generate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I generate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I generate all
+subsets of the items are available I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the items are available I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the items are available I
+don't know why it says subjects here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why it says subjects here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why it says subjects here but
+we should have said items let me fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have said items let me fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have said items let me fix
+that this is called the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is called the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is called the power
+set so the power set of a set includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the power set of a set includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the power set of a set includes
+the empty subset it includes the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty subset it includes the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty subset it includes the set
+that includes everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes everything and
+every thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every thing in
+between so subsets of size one subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so subsets of size one subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so subsets of size one subsets
+of size two Etc so now I've generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size two Etc so now I've generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size two Etc so now I've generated
+all possible sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible sets of
+items I can now go through and sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I can now go through and sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items I can now go through and sum up
+the weights and remove all those sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights and remove all those sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights and remove all those sets
+that weigh more than I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weigh more than I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weigh more than I'm
+allowed and then from the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and then from the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and then from the remaining
+combinations choose anyone whose value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations choose anyone whose value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations choose anyone whose value
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+largest I I say choose anyone because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest I I say choose anyone because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest I I say choose anyone because
+there could be ties in which case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be ties in which case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be ties in which case I
+don't care which I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's pretty obvious that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty obvious that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty obvious that this is
+going to give you a correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a correct answer
+you're considering all possibilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're considering all possibilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're considering all possibilities and
+choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+winner unfortunately it's usually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner unfortunately it's usually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner unfortunately it's usually not
+very practical what we see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical what we see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical what we see here is
+that's what the power set is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the power set is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the power set is if you have
+a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100
+V not very practical right even for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V not very practical right even for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V not very practical right even for a
+fast computer generating that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast computer generating that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast computer generating that many
+possibilities is going to take a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities is going to take a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities is going to take a rather
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+time so kind of disappointing we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so kind of disappointing we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so kind of disappointing we look at
+it and say well we got a Brute Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and say well we got a Brute Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and say well we got a Brute Force
+algorithm it will solve the problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it will solve the problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it will solve the problem but
+it'll take too long we can't actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take too long we can't actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take too long we can't actually do
+it 100 is pretty small number right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 100 is pretty small number right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 100 is pretty small number right we
+often end up solving optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often end up solving optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often end up solving optimization
+problems where n is something closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where n is something closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where n is something closer to
+a thousand sometimes even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand sometimes even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand sometimes even a
+million um clearly Brute Force isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million um clearly Brute Force isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million um clearly Brute Force isn't
+going to work so that is the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work so that is the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work so that is the next
+question are we just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are we just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question are we just being
+stupid is there a better algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid is there a better algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid is there a better algorithm that
+I should have showed you I shouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have showed you I shouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have showed you I shouldn't say
+we am I just being stupid is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we am I just being stupid is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we am I just being stupid is there a
+better algorithm that would have given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better algorithm that would have given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better algorithm that would have given
+us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the
+answer the sad answer to that is no for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the sad answer to that is no for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the sad answer to that is no for
+the napsack problem and indeed many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the napsack problem and indeed many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the napsack problem and indeed many
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+problems are inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are inherently
+exponential what that means is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential what that means is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential what that means is there is
+no algorithm that provides an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no algorithm that provides an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no algorithm that provides an exact
+solution to this problem whose worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem whose worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem whose worst
+case running time is not exponential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case running time is not exponential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case running time is not exponential in
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+items all right it is an exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items all right it is an exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items all right it is an exponentially
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+problem it there is no really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it there is no really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it there is no really good
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+but that should not make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that should not make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that should not make you
+sad because while there's no perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad because while there's no perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad because while there's no perfect
+solution we're going to look at a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we're going to look at a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we're going to look at a couple
+of really very good solutions that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really very good solutions that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really very good solutions that will
+make this poor woman a happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this poor woman a happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this poor woman a happier
+person so let's start with the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so let's start with the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so let's start with the greedy
+algorithm I already talked to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I already talked to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I already talked to you about
+greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy
+algorithms so it could hardly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so it could hardly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so it could hardly be
+simpler we say while the napsack is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler we say while the napsack is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler we say while the napsack is not
+full put the best available item into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full put the best available item into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full put the best available item into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+napsac when it's forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done we do need to ask a question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we do need to ask a question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we do need to ask a question uh
+what does best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does best
+mean is the best item the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is the best item the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is the best item the most
+valuable is it the least expensive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable is it the least expensive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable is it the least expensive in
+terms of say the fewest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of say the fewest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of say the fewest
+calories in my case or is it the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories in my case or is it the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories in my case or is it the highest
+ratio of value to units you know maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of value to units you know maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of value to units you know maybe I
+think a calorie in a glass of beer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a calorie in a glass of beer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a calorie in a glass of beer is
+worth more than a calorie in a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth more than a calorie in a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth more than a calorie in a of
+chocolate maybe vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate maybe vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate maybe vice
+versa which gets me to a concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa which gets me to a concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa which gets me to a concrete
+example so you're about to sit down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you're about to sit down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you're about to sit down to a
+meal you know how much you value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal you know how much you value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal you know how much you value the
+various different foods for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different foods for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different foods for example
+maybe you like donuts more than you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you like donuts more than you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you like donuts more than you like
+apples you have a calorie budget and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples you have a calorie budget and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples you have a calorie budget and
+here we're going to have a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to have a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to have a fairly
+austere budget it's only one meal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austere budget it's only one meal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austere budget it's only one meal it's
+not the whole day of 750 calories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the whole day of 750 calories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the whole day of 750 calories and
+we're going to have to go through menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to go through menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to go through menu
+and uh choose what to eat that is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh choose what to eat that is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh choose what to eat that is as
+we've seen a napsack problem they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen a napsack problem they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen a napsack problem they should
+probably have a napsack solver at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a napsack solver at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a napsack solver at every
+McDonald's and Burger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's and Burger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's and Burger
+King so here's a menu I just made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King so here's a menu I just made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King so here's a menu I just made up of
+uh wine beer pizza burger fries Coke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wine beer pizza burger fries Coke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wine beer pizza burger fries Coke
+apples and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples and a
+donut and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut and uh the
+value I might place on each of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I might place on each of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I might place on each of these and
+the number of calories that actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of calories that actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of calories that actually are
+in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these
+and we're going to build a program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to build a program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to build a program that
+will find an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+menu and if you don't like this menu you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and if you don't like this menu you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and if you don't like this menu you
+can run the program and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the program and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run the program and change the
+values to be whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like well as you saw if you took 601 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well as you saw if you took 601 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well as you saw if you took 601 we
+like to start with an abstract data type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to start with an abstract data type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to start with an abstract data type
+like to organize our program around data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to organize our program around data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to organize our program around data
+abstractions so I've got this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions so I've got this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions so I've got this class
+food uh I can initialize things I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food uh I can initialize things I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food uh I can initialize things I have a
+a get value a get cost uh density which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a get value a get cost uh density which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a get value a get cost uh density which
+is going to be the value divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the value divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the value divided by the
+cost and then a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and then a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and then a string
+representation so nothing here that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so nothing here that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so nothing here that you
+should not all be very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with then I'm going to have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with then I'm going to have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with then I'm going to have a function
+called build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called build
+menu which will take in a list of names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu which will take in a list of names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu which will take in a list of names
+and a list of values uh of equal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a list of values uh of equal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a list of values uh of equal length
+and a list of calories they're all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a list of calories they're all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a list of calories they're all the
+same length and it will build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+menu okay so it's going to be a menu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu okay so it's going to be a menu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu okay so it's going to be a menu of
+tupal a menu of foods rather and I build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal a menu of foods rather and I build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal a menu of foods rather and I build
+each food by giving it its name its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each food by giving it its name its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each food by giving it its name its
+value and its caloric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and its caloric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and its caloric
+content now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+menu now comes the fun part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu now comes the fun part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu now comes the fun part
+uh here's an implementation of a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's an implementation of a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's an implementation of a greedy
+algorithm I called it a flexible greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I called it a flexible greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I called it a flexible greedy
+primarily because of this key function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily because of this key function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily because of this key function
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here so you'll notice in red there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you'll notice in red there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you'll notice in red there's a a
+parameter called key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function that's going to be map the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to be map the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to be map the
+elements of items to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of items to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of items to
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+so it will be used to sort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will be used to sort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will be used to sort the
+items so I want to sort them from best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items so I want to sort them from best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items so I want to sort them from best
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+worse and this function will be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and this function will be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and this function will be used to
+tell me what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what I mean by
+best so maybe key function will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so maybe key function will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so maybe key function will just
+return the value or maybe it will return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the value or maybe it will return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the value or maybe it will return
+the weight or maybe it will return some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight or maybe it will return some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight or maybe it will return some
+function of the Destin of the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the Destin of the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the Destin of the density
+but the the idea here is I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the idea here is I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the idea here is I want to use
+one greedy algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one greedy algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one greedy algorithm
+independently of my definition of best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of my definition of best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of my definition of best
+so I use key function to Define what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I use key function to Define what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I use key function to Define what I
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best so I'm going to come in I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so I'm going to come in I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so I'm going to come in I'm going
+to sort it from best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort it from best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort it from best to
+worst and then for I and range Len of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst and then for I and range Len of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst and then for I and range Len of
+items sub copy I'm being good I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items sub copy I'm being good I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items sub copy I'm being good I've
+copied it that's why I use sorted rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied it that's why I use sorted rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied it that's why I use sorted rather
+than sort I don't want to have a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sort I don't want to have a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sort I don't want to have a side
+effect in the parameter in general it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in the parameter in general it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in the parameter in general it's
+not good hygiene to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good hygiene to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good hygiene to do
+that and so for I'll go through it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so for I'll go through it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so for I'll go through it in
+order from best to worst and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order from best to worst and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order from best to worst and if the
+value is less than the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is less than the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is less than the maximum
+cost if putting it in would keep me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost if putting it in would keep me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost if putting it in would keep me
+under the cost or not over the cost I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the cost or not over the cost I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the cost or not over the cost I
+put it in and I just do that until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in and I just do that until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in and I just do that until I
+can't put anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put anything else
+in so I might skip a few because I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I might skip a few because I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so I might skip a few because I might
+get to the point where there's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the point where there's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the point where there's only a
+few calories left and the next best item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few calories left and the next best item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few calories left and the next best item
+is over that budget but maybe further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over that budget but maybe further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over that budget but maybe further
+down I'll find one that is not over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'll find one that is not over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down I'll find one that is not over it
+and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it
+in okay that's why I can't exit as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay that's why I can't exit as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay that's why I can't exit as soon
+as I reach as soon as I find an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I reach as soon as I find an item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I reach as soon as I find an item
+that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't
+fit and then I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and then I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and then I'll just
+return do this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return do this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return do this make
+sense do anyone have any doubts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense do anyone have any doubts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense do anyone have any doubts about
+whether this algorithm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works I hope not because I think it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I hope not because I think it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I hope not because I think it does
+work um let's ask the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um let's ask the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um let's ask the next
+question um how efficient do we think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what is the efficiency of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+well let's see where the the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see where the the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see where the the time
+goes uh it's the algorithm we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh it's the algorithm we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh it's the algorithm we just
+looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked
+at so the I deleted the comment so we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so the I deleted the comment so we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so the I deleted the comment so we'd
+have a little more room in the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little more room in the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little more room in the slide
+um who wants to make a guess by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who wants to make a guess by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who wants to make a guess by the way
+this is the question so please go answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the question so please go answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the question so please go answer
+the questions we'll see how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions we'll see how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions we'll see how people
+do but we can think about it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but we can think about it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but we can think about it as well
+together um well let's see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um well let's see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um well let's see where the
+time goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes
+the first thing is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is at the
+sort so I'm going to sort all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+and we heard from Professor Grimson how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we heard from Professor Grimson how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we heard from Professor Grimson how
+long the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the sort
+takes see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes see who
+remembers python uses something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers python uses something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers python uses something called
+timsort which is a variant of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timsort which is a variant of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timsort which is a variant of something
+called quick sort which has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called quick sort which has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called quick sort which has the same
+worst case complexity as merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case complexity as merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case complexity as merge sort
+and so we know that is n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n where n in this case would be the Len
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n in this case would be the Len
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n in this case would be the Len
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that then we have a loop how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we have a loop how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we have a loop how many times
+we go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop well we go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop well we go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop well we go through the
+loop end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop end
+times once for each item because we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times once for each item because we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times once for each item because we do
+end up looking at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+item and if we know that what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and if we know that what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and if we know that what's the
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log
+n plus N I guess is order n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus N I guess is order n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus N I guess is order n log n
+right so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's pretty
+efficient and we can do this for big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and we can do this for big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and we can do this for big
+numbers like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million right log of a million time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million right log of a million time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million right log of a million time a
+million is not a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficient all right here's some code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient all right here's some code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient all right here's some code
+that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses
+greedy uh takes in the items the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy uh takes in the items the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy uh takes in the items the
+constraint in this case will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in this case will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint in this case will be the
+weight and just calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and just calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and just calls
+greedy with the key function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy with the key function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy with the key function and
+principle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have so we're going to test greedies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we're going to test greedies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so we're going to test greedies I
+actually think I use 750 in the code but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think I use 750 in the code but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think I use 750 in the code but
+we can use 800 it doesn't matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use 800 it doesn't matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use 800 it doesn't matter and
+here's something we haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's something we haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's something we haven't seen
+before so use greedy by value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so use greedy by value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so use greedy by value to
+allocate and it calls test greedy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate and it calls test greedy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate and it calls test greedy with
+food max units and food. getet value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food max units and food. getet value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food max units and food. getet value
+notice it's passing the function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it's passing the function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it's passing the function that's
+why it's not no closed parentheses after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not no closed parentheses after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's not no closed parentheses after
+it uh use greedy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh use greedy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh use greedy to
+allocate it and then we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate it and then we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate it and then we have something
+pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's going on with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda so here we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so here we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so here we're going to be using
+greedy by density to allocate actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy by density to allocate actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy by density to allocate actually
+sorry this is greedy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is greedy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is greedy by
+cost and you'll notice what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you'll notice what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you'll notice what we're doing
+is we don't want to pass in the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't want to pass in the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we don't want to pass in the cost
+right because we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we really
+want the opposite of the cost right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the opposite of the cost right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the opposite of the cost right we
+want we want to reverse the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we want to reverse the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we want to reverse the sort
+because we want the cheaper items to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want the cheaper items to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want the cheaper items to get
+chosen first the ones that have fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen first the ones that have fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen first the ones that have fewer
+calories not the ones that have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories not the ones that have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories not the ones that have more
+calories as it happens when I defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories as it happens when I defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories as it happens when I defined
+cost I defined it in the obvious way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I defined it in the obvious way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I defined it in the obvious way the
+total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of
+calories so I could have gone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories so I could have gone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories so I could have gone and
+written another function to do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written another function to do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written another function to do it but
+since it was so simple I decided to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it was so simple I decided to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it was so simple I decided to do
+it in line so let's talk about Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in line so let's talk about Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in line so let's talk about Lambda
+and then come back to it Lambda is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come back to it Lambda is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come back to it Lambda is used
+to create an anonymous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an anonymous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an anonymous function
+Anonymous in the sense that it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anonymous in the sense that it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anonymous in the sense that it has no
+name so you start with the keyword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so you start with the keyword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so you start with the keyword
+Lambda you then give it a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda you then give it a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda you then give it a sequence of
+identifiers and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression what Lambda does is it builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression what Lambda does is it builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression what Lambda does is it builds
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+function that evaluates that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that evaluates that expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that evaluates that expression
+on those parameters and Returns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those parameters and Returns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those parameters and Returns the
+result of evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of evaluating the
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+so instead of writing defa I have inline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of writing defa I have inline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of writing defa I have inline
+defined a function so if we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a function so if we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a function so if we go back to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+here you can see that what I've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see that what I've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see that what I've done is
+Lambda x one divided by food. getet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda x one divided by food. getet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda x one divided by food. getet
+cost of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice food is the class name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice food is the class name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice food is the class name
+here so I'm taking the function get cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm taking the function get cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm taking the function get cost
+from the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the class
+food and I'm passing it the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X which is going to be what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is going to be what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is going to be what what's the
+type of X going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be I can wait you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I can wait you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I can wait you out
+what does the type of X have to be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the type of X have to be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the type of X have to be for
+this Lambda expression to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense well go back to the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense well go back to the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense well go back to the class
+food what's the type of the argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food what's the type of the argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food what's the type of the argument of
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost what's the name of the argument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what's the name of the argument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what's the name of the argument to
+get cost that's an easier question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we'll go back and we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll go back and we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll go back and we'll look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what's the type of the argument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's the type of the argument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's the type of the argument to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost food thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost food thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost food thank
+you so I do have speaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I do have speaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I do have speaking of
+food we do have a tradition in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food we do have a tradition in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food we do have a tradition in this
+class that people who answer questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that people who answer questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that people who answer questions
+correctly get rewarded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly get rewarded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly get rewarded with
+food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh Napoli would have caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right so it has to be of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so it has to be of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so it has to be of type
+food right because itself in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food right because itself in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food right because itself in the class
+food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we go back to
+here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this
+x has to be of type food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and sure
+enough when we use it it will be let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough when we use it it will be let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough when we use it it will be let's
+now use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now use
+it I should point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I should point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I should point out
+that landva can be really handy as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that landva can be really handy as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that landva can be really handy as it is
+here and it's possible to write amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's possible to write amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's possible to write amazing
+beautiful complicated Lambda expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful complicated Lambda expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful complicated Lambda expressions
+and back in the good old days of 61
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back in the good old days of 61
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back in the good old days of 61
+people learned to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learned to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learned to do
+that um and then they learned that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and then they learned that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and then they learned that they
+shouldn't uh my view on Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't uh my view on Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't uh my view on Lambda
+Expressions is if I can't fit it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions is if I can't fit it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions is if I can't fit it in a
+single line I just go right deaf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single line I just go right deaf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single line I just go right deaf and
+write a function definition because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a function definition because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a function definition because it's
+easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to
+debug but for one liner Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug but for one liner Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug but for one liner Lambda is
+great all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right
+let's look at using greedy so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at using greedy so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at using greedy so here's
+this function test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function test
+greedy takes Foods in the maximum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy takes Foods in the maximum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy takes Foods in the maximum number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+units and it's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and it's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and it's going to go
+through and it's going to test all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and it's going to test all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and it's going to test all three
+greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms and we just saw that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and we just saw that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and we just saw that and then
+here is the call of it and so I picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the call of it and so I picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the call of it and so I picked
+up some names and the values this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some names and the values this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some names and the values this is
+just the menu we saw I'm going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the menu we saw I'm going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the menu we saw I'm going to build
+the menus and I'm going to call test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the menus and I'm going to call test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the menus and I'm going to call test
+grees so let's go look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grees so let's go look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grees so let's go look at the
+code that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so here you you have it or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here you you have it or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so here you you have it or maybe
+you don't because every time I switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't because every time I switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't because every time I switch
+applications the windows decides I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the windows decides I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the windows decides I don't
+want to show you the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway this really shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessary keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary keep
+changes why it keeps forgetting I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes why it keeps forgetting I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes why it keeps forgetting I don't
+know anyway so here's the code it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anyway so here's the code it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anyway so here's the code it's all
+the code we just looked at now let's run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well what we see
+here is that we use greedy by value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we use greedy by value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we use greedy by value to
+allocate 750 calories and it chooses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate 750 calories and it chooses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate 750 calories and it chooses the
+burger the pizza and the wine for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger the pizza and the wine for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger the pizza and the wine for a
+total of a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of a value of
+284 that's happiness points if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+284 that's happiness points if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+284 that's happiness points if you
+will uh on the other hand if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh on the other hand if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh on the other hand if we use
+greedy by cost I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy by cost I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy by cost I get
+318 happiness points and a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+318 happiness points and a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+318 happiness points and a different
+menu uh the Apple the wine the co the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu uh the Apple the wine the co the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu uh the Apple the wine the co the
+beer and the dut I've lost the pizza and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer and the dut I've lost the pizza and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer and the dut I've lost the pizza and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+burger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger
+um I guess this is what I signed up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess this is what I signed up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess this is what I signed up for
+when I put my preferences on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put my preferences on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put my preferences on
+um oh and here's another solution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and here's another solution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh and here's another solution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh apple wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apple wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apple wine
+oh yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah all
+right so I actually got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I actually got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I actually got the same
+solution but it just found them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but it just found them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but it just found them in a
+different order right why did it find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different order right why did it find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different order right why did it find
+them in a different order because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a different order because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a different order because the
+sort order was different because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort order was different because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort order was different because in this
+case I was sorting by density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I was sorting by density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I was sorting by density
+so from this we see an important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this we see an important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this we see an important point
+about greedy algorithms right that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about greedy algorithms right that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about greedy algorithms right that we
+used the algorithm and we got different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the algorithm and we got different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the algorithm and we got different
+answers um why do we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answers the problem is that a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the problem is that a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers the problem is that a greedy
+algorithm makes a sequence of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm makes a sequence of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm makes a sequence of local
+optimizations chooses the locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations chooses the locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations chooses the locally
+optimal answer answer at every point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal answer answer at every point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal answer answer at every point and
+that doesn't necessarily add up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't necessarily add up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't necessarily add up to a
+globally optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally optimal
+answer this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is often
+illustrated by showing an example of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by showing an example of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by showing an example of say
+hill climbing so imagine you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill climbing so imagine you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill climbing so imagine you're in a
+Terrain that looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terrain that looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terrain that looks something like
+this and you want to get to the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you want to get to the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you want to get to the highest
+point you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can
+get so you might choose as a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so you might choose as a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so you might choose as a greedy
+algorithm if you can go up go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you can go up go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you can go up go go
+up if you can't go up you stop right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you can't go up you stop right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you can't go up you stop right so
+whenever you get a choice you go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you get a choice you go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you get a choice you go up and
+so if I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I could write in the middle maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could write in the middle maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could write in the middle maybe
+say all right it's not up but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right it's not up but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right it's not up but it's not
+down either so I'll go either left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and let's say I go right so I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let's say I go right so I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let's say I go right so I come
+to here and then I'll just make my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and then I'll just make my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and then I'll just make my way
+up to the top of the hill making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the top of the hill making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the top of the hill making a
+locally optimal decision head up at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally optimal decision head up at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally optimal decision head up at each
+point and I'll get here and I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I'll get here and I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I'll get here and I'll say
+well now any place I go takes me to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now any place I go takes me to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now any place I go takes me to a
+lower point so I don't want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower point so I don't want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower point so I don't want to do it
+right because the greedy algorithm says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the greedy algorithm says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the greedy algorithm says
+never go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go
+backwards so I'm here and I'm happy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so I'm here and I'm happy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so I'm here and I'm happy on
+the other hand if I had gone here for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if I had gone here for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if I had gone here for my
+first step then my next step up would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step then my next step up would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step then my next step up would
+take me up up up I'd get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me up up up I'd get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me up up up I'd get to
+here and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'd
+stop and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and say
+okay no way to go but down I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no way to go but down I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no way to go but down I don't want
+to go down I'm done and what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down I'm done and what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down I'm done and what I would
+find is I'm at a local maximum rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is I'm at a local maximum rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is I'm at a local maximum rather
+than a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a global
+maximum and that's the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and that's the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and that's the problem with
+greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy
+algorithms that you can get stuck at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that you can get stuck at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that you can get stuck at a
+local optimal point and not get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local optimal point and not get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local optimal point and not get to the
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+one now we could ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question what can I just say don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what can I just say don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what can I just say don't worry
+about it density say will always get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it density say will always get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it density say will always get me
+the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best
+answer we'll TR I've tried a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we'll TR I've tried a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we'll TR I've tried a different
+experiment let's say I'm feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's say I'm feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment let's say I'm feeling
+expansive and I'm going to allow myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansive and I'm going to allow myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansive and I'm going to allow myself
+a th000 calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well here what we see is the winner will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be greedy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greedy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greedy by
+value happens to find a better answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value happens to find a better answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value happens to find a better answer
+424 instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424 instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+424 instead of
+413 so there's no way to know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+413 so there's no way to know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+413 so there's no way to know in
+advance sometimes this definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance sometimes this definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance sometimes this definition of
+best might work sometimes that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best might work sometimes that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best might work sometimes that might
+work sometimes no definition of best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sometimes no definition of best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sometimes no definition of best
+will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work
+and you can't get to a good solution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't get to a good solution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't get to a good solution or
+you can get to a good solution you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to a good solution you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get to a good solution you can't
+get to an optimal solution with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to an optimal solution with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to an optimal solution with the
+greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy
+algorithm on Wednesday we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on Wednesday we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on Wednesday we'll talk about
+how do you actually guarantee finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually guarantee finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you actually guarantee finding an
+optimal solution in a better way than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution in a better way than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution in a better way than
+Brute Force see you then
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DS97JV_o0Fs.txt b/DS97JV_o0Fs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d3b74254ce0df46eace071454b789b57e9c2d8b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DS97JV_o0Fs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+as as David said I've been at this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as David said I've been at this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as David said I've been at this for a
+long time I am NOT a medical doctor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time I am NOT a medical doctor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time I am NOT a medical doctor but
+I've probably learned enough medicine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've probably learned enough medicine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've probably learned enough medicine to
+be able to play one on television over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to play one on television over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to play one on television over
+the years and actually that's relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years and actually that's relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years and actually that's relevant
+to today's lecture because today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to today's lecture because today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to today's lecture because today's
+lecture is really trying to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is really trying to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is really trying to set the
+scene for you to say well what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene for you to say well what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene for you to say well what are the
+kinds of problems that doctors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems that doctors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems that doctors are
+interested in by looking at what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in by looking at what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in by looking at what it is
+what is it that they do okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that they do okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that they do okay so that's
+that's our our goal for today so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our our goal for today so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our our goal for today so what
+we're gonna do today is to talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do today is to talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do today is to talk about in
+a very general way what are the goals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very general way what are the goals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very general way what are the goals of
+healthcare so how many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare so how many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare so how many of you are
+doctors a couple great ok so fix me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors a couple great ok so fix me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors a couple great ok so fix me when
+I blow it all right please feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I blow it all right please feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I blow it all right please feel free to
+interrupt so that's gonna be my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt so that's gonna be my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt so that's gonna be my first
+task and then the the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and then the the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and then the the second one is
+going to be what are the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what are the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what are the things that
+people actually do in order to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually do in order to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually do in order to try to
+achieve these goals what is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve these goals what is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve these goals what is the the
+practice of medicine like what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of medicine like what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of medicine like what is the
+process that generates the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that generates the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that generates the data that
+we're going to be using to learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using to learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using to learn from
+and then I can't resist talking a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can't resist talking a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can't resist talking a little
+bit about paying for health care at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about paying for health care at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about paying for health care at the
+end of the lecture because a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the lecture because a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the lecture because a lot of the
+problems that come up and a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that come up and a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that come up and a lot of the
+interest that people show in doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that people show in doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest that people show in doing the
+kind of analysis we're talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis we're talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis we're talking about in
+fact is motivated by money they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is motivated by money they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is motivated by money they want to
+be able to save money or spend less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to save money or spend less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to save money or spend less
+money or something like that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or something like that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or something like that so it's
+important to know that ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know that ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know that ok
+medicines been around for a long time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicines been around for a long time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicines been around for a long time I
+think from probably the earliest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think from probably the earliest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think from probably the earliest of
+recorded history there are discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded history there are discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded history there are discussions
+of people wondering what the cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people wondering what the cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people wondering what the cause of
+diseases how to cure it they came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases how to cure it they came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases how to cure it they came up
+with some fairly cockamamie theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some fairly cockamamie theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some fairly cockamamie theories
+because they didn't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have a lot of
+scientific modern approaches to it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific modern approaches to it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific modern approaches to it but
+for example this is a photo on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this is a photo on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this is a photo on the left
+of a shaman I think from a canoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a shaman I think from a canoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a shaman I think from a canoe
+an Indian tribe who's working on the boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Indian tribe who's working on the boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Indian tribe who's working on the boy
+lying there who's sick and the shaman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying there who's sick and the shaman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying there who's sick and the shaman
+would use his knowledge of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use his knowledge of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use his knowledge of experience
+that he'd had with other patients they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he'd had with other patients they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he'd had with other patients they
+did know a lot about about medicinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did know a lot about about medicinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did know a lot about about medicinal
+plants they knew something about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants they knew something about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants they knew something about how to
+care for injuries and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for injuries and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for injuries and things like that
+and so this was an effective form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was an effective form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was an effective form of
+health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care
+not much record-keeping you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much record-keeping you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much record-keeping you don't see
+yet electronic medical record system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet electronic medical record system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet electronic medical record system in
+that scene on the right is a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene on the right is a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scene on the right is a modern
+shaman practicing at one of the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaman practicing at one of the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaman practicing at one of the New York
+area hospitals and so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area hospitals and so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area hospitals and so there are
+traditional cultures in which that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional cultures in which that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional cultures in which that sort
+of hands-on interaction with the healer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands-on interaction with the healer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands-on interaction with the healer
+is considered a very important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is considered a very important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is considered a very important part of
+the practice of medicine and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice of medicine and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice of medicine and if you
+listen to futurists doctors talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to futurists doctors talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to futurists doctors talking
+about what medicine is likely to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what medicine is likely to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what medicine is likely to be like
+they emphasize the fact that the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they emphasize the fact that the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they emphasize the fact that the role of
+a healer is not just to be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a healer is not just to be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a healer is not just to be a good
+automaton who figures out the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton who figures out the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automaton who figures out the right
+things but as to persuade a patient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but as to persuade a patient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but as to persuade a patient to
+trust them to do the things that he or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them to do the things that he or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them to do the things that he or
+she is is suggesting to the patient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is is suggesting to the patient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is is suggesting to the patient and
+there are a lot of placebo effects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of placebo effects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of placebo effects that
+we know from lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from lots and lots of
+experiments that say that if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that say that if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that say that if you think
+you're gonna get better you are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get better you are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get better you are gonna
+get better on average no guarantees okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better on average no guarantees okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better on average no guarantees okay
+now modern medicine actually looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now modern medicine actually looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now modern medicine actually looks more
+like this so this is an intensive care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so this is an intensive care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so this is an intensive care
+unit and what you see is a patient who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and what you see is a patient who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and what you see is a patient who
+is has got all kinds of electrical leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has got all kinds of electrical leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has got all kinds of electrical leads
+and tubes and things going into him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tubes and things going into him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tubes and things going into him and
+is surrounded by tons and tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is surrounded by tons and tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is surrounded by tons and tons of
+equipment which is monitoring him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment which is monitoring him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment which is monitoring him and
+perhaps keeping him alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps keeping him alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps keeping him alive
+and so this is the high-tech medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the high-tech medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the high-tech medicine
+that we think of as the contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think of as the contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think of as the contemporary
+version of clinical care well you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of clinical care well you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of clinical care well you might
+say okay what what does it mean to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay what what does it mean to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay what what does it mean to be
+healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy
+right if the goal of Medicine is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the goal of Medicine is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the goal of Medicine is to make
+people or keep people healthy what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or keep people healthy what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or keep people healthy what is
+health so we turn to the World Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health so we turn to the World Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health so we turn to the World Health
+Organization and they have this lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization and they have this lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organization and they have this lovely
+very comprehensive notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comprehensive notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comprehensive notion of the
+definition of health a state of complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of health a state of complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of health a state of complete
+physical mental and social well-being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mental and social well-being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mental and social well-being
+not merely the absence of disease or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not merely the absence of disease or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not merely the absence of disease or
+infirmity and then they categorize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infirmity and then they categorize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infirmity and then they categorize this
+and they say well there's physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say well there's physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say well there's physical
+health there's mental health and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health there's mental health and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health there's mental health and they're
+social health social health is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social health social health is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social health social health is
+especially hard to measure and I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially hard to measure and I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially hard to measure and I'll come
+back to that in a little while so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in a little while so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in a little while so what's
+easiest to measure is how long people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to measure is how long people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to measure is how long people
+live and so we've had data on survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and so we've had data on survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and so we've had data on survival
+analysis for a long time and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for a long time and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for a long time and this is
+kind of shocking if you look here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shocking if you look here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shocking if you look here this
+lower curve is from around 1800 and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower curve is from around 1800 and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower curve is from around 1800 and what
+it shows you is that if you lived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you is that if you lived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you is that if you lived in
+India around 1800 your life expectancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India around 1800 your life expectancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India around 1800 your life expectancy
+was about 25 years okay it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 25 years okay it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about 25 years okay it's not very
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+and if you lived in the richest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you lived in the richest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you lived in the richest
+countries which in those days were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries which in those days were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries which in those days were
+typically European in Belgium your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically European in Belgium your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically European in Belgium your life
+expectancy was way up there at 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy was way up there at 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy was way up there at 40 years
+right how many of you knew that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many of you knew that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many of you knew that okay
+good I I didn't until I started looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I I didn't until I started looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I I didn't until I started looking
+at this now by 1950 which is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this now by 1950 which is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this now by 1950 which is not that
+long ago it was like you know 69 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago it was like you know 69 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago it was like you know 69 years
+ago in Norway your expectation was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago in Norway your expectation was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago in Norway your expectation was that
+you'd live into your early 70s and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd live into your early 70s and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd live into your early 70s and in
+the u.s. that you would live into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. that you would live into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. that you would live into your
+late 60s on average there was still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 60s on average there was still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 60s on average there was still a
+huge cliff where if you lived in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge cliff where if you lived in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge cliff where if you lived in you
+know Bhutan or Somalia or something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bhutan or Somalia or something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bhutan or Somalia or something you
+were still down around 30 today well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still down around 30 today well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still down around 30 today well in
+2012 we're doing a lot better and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 we're doing a lot better and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 we're doing a lot better and the
+thing that's striking is not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's striking is not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's striking is not only that
+the people who were doing well have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who were doing well have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who were doing well have
+gotten better but that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten better but that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten better but that a lot of the
+people who were doing very poorly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were doing very poorly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were doing very poorly have
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+gotten better and so we're now up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten better and so we're now up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten better and so we're now up you
+know India remember was at 25 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know India remember was at 25 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know India remember was at 25 years of
+life expectancy and now it's in the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy and now it's in the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy and now it's in the high
+60s now of course these are averages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s now of course these are averages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s now of course these are averages and
+so individuals vary a lot but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so individuals vary a lot but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so individuals vary a lot but that's
+kind of interesting so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting so if you look at
+the numbers you see that even on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers you see that even on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers you see that even on a
+shorter term there are big changes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter term there are big changes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter term there are big changes so
+for example if you're a male living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you're a male living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you're a male living in
+Rwanda which is among the worst places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda which is among the worst places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rwanda which is among the worst places
+in terms of life expectancy your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of life expectancy your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of life expectancy your life
+expectancy if you're born today is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy if you're born today is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy if you're born today is about
+62 and a half years right if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 and a half years right if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 and a half years right if you were
+born in 2001 it was only 38 years now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in 2001 it was only 38 years now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in 2001 it was only 38 years now
+what was going on in Rwanda in 2001 hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on in Rwanda in 2001 hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on in Rwanda in 2001 hmm
+genocide yeah they were killing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genocide yeah they were killing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genocide yeah they were killing each
+other so that's sort of an exceptional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's sort of an exceptional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's sort of an exceptional
+situation and that's gotten much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and that's gotten much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and that's gotten much better
+because they've stopped killing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've stopped killing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've stopped killing each
+other as genocidal attacks from between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as genocidal attacks from between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other as genocidal attacks from between
+the Hutu and Tutsi I think if I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hutu and Tutsi I think if I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hutu and Tutsi I think if I remember
+right what about South Africa what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about South Africa what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about South Africa what was
+going on in South Africa in 2001 I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in South Africa in 2001 I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in South Africa in 2001 I'm not
+sure I heard you yes the government at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I heard you yes the government at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I heard you yes the government at
+the time was claiming that HIV that HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was claiming that HIV that HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was claiming that HIV that HIV
+was not the cause of AIDS and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the cause of AIDS and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the cause of AIDS and therefore
+there was no point in controlling HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no point in controlling HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no point in controlling HIV
+infections because AIDS was caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections because AIDS was caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections because AIDS was caused by
+something else but pretty crazy so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but pretty crazy so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but pretty crazy so that
+was terrible and they've gotten much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was terrible and they've gotten much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was terrible and they've gotten much
+better at it so that's what you tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at it so that's what you tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at it so that's what you tend to
+see in a lot of African countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a lot of African countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a lot of African countries and
+what you also see is that there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you also see is that there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you also see is that there has
+really been improvement everywhere so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been improvement everywhere so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been improvement everywhere so in
+the u.s. we went from males expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. we went from males expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. we went from males expected to
+live 74 years to almost 78 years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live 74 years to almost 78 years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live 74 years to almost 78 years so
+about a four year increase in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a four year increase in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a four year increase in life
+expectancy over a period of just 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy over a period of just 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy over a period of just 17
+years you women by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you women by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you women by the way
+are gonna outlive us men on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna outlive us men on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna outlive us men on average
+there's some biological thing that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some biological thing that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some biological thing that seems
+to work that way okay so a typical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work that way okay so a typical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work that way okay so a typical way
+that people look at survival of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people look at survival of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people look at survival of a
+population is to say well given a cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is to say well given a cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is to say well given a cohort
+of people born at some instant zero what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people born at some instant zero what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people born at some instant zero what
+fraction of them are still alive after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of them are still alive after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of them are still alive after a
+certain period of time and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period of time and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period of time and what you see
+is that of course 20:31 we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of course 20:31 we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of course 20:31 we haven't
+reached yet and so these are projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached yet and so these are projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached yet and so these are projections
+based on sort of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on sort of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on sort of theoretical
+extrapolations of actual data but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolations of actual data but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolations of actual data but the
+older data is real and what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older data is real and what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older data is real and what you see is
+that from 1851 to you know 2011 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from 1851 to you know 2011 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from 1851 to you know 2011 let's
+say these numbers have gone way up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these numbers have gone way up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these numbers have gone way up now
+where have they gone up the most well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have they gone up the most well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have they gone up the most well it
+used to be that childhood mortality was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be that childhood mortality was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be that childhood mortality was
+enormous and so if you look in 1851 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous and so if you look in 1851 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous and so if you look in 1851 by
+age 10 about 30 percent of children had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 10 about 30 percent of children had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 10 about 30 percent of children had
+died and so we've gotten a lot better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and so we've gotten a lot better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and so we've gotten a lot better at
+stopping that from happening people also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping that from happening people also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping that from happening people also
+look at curves like this so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at curves like this so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at curves like this so this is a
+distribution of death rates by age this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of death rates by age this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of death rates by age this
+happens to be for Japan a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be for Japan a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be for Japan a few years ago
+and again females do better than males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again females do better than males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again females do better than males
+the gold curve in the middle is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold curve in the middle is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold curve in the middle is the the
+average of the two and this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the two and this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the two and this is very
+typical of almost any country that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of almost any country that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of almost any country that you
+look at the shape of this curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the shape of this curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the shape of this curve is
+pretty universal so what does this say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty universal so what does this say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty universal so what does this say
+it says that when you were born there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that when you were born there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that when you were born there's
+a relatively high risk that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively high risk that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively high risk that you're going
+to die so these are kids who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die so these are kids who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die so these are kids who have
+congenital abnormalities have prenatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenital abnormalities have prenatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congenital abnormalities have prenatal
+problems have all kinds of difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems have all kinds of difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems have all kinds of difficulties
+and they don't make it so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't make it so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't make it so there's a
+fairly high death rate at birth but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly high death rate at birth but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly high death rate at birth but once
+you make it to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it to about
+I think about two years old the death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about two years old the death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about two years old the death
+rate is down to about one in 10,000 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is down to about one in 10,000 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is down to about one in 10,000 per
+year right and then it stays quite low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right and then it stays quite low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year right and then it stays quite low
+until you become a teenager now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you become a teenager now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you become a teenager now why
+might the death rate go up when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might the death rate go up when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might the death rate go up when you
+become a teenager while suicide is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a teenager while suicide is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a teenager while suicide is the
+extreme example of that but teenagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme example of that but teenagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme example of that but teenagers
+tend to be risk-seeking rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be risk-seeking rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be risk-seeking rather than
+risk-averse you know they start driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse you know they start driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse you know they start driving
+cars they go skiing skydiving you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars they go skiing skydiving you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars they go skiing skydiving you know
+whatever it is that they're doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that they're doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that they're doing and
+they start dying but then by if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start dying but then by if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start dying but then by if if you
+make it to about 20 then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to about 20 then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to about 20 then there's a
+relatively flat region where by then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively flat region where by then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively flat region where by then
+you've developed enough sense to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've developed enough sense to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've developed enough sense to know
+what risks are worth taking and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what risks are worth taking and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what risks are worth taking and which
+ones aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones aren't
+and so it's relatively flat until about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's relatively flat until about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's relatively flat until about
+age 35 or 40 at which point it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 35 or 40 at which point it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 35 or 40 at which point it starts
+inexorably rising and of course as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexorably rising and of course as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexorably rising and of course as you
+get older and older the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get older and older the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get older and older the probability that
+you're gonna die and the next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna die and the next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna die and the next year
+becomes higher and higher right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes higher and higher right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes higher and higher right this is
+uncomfortable for somebody with my gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable for somebody with my gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable for somebody with my gray
+now there is a peculiarity in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a peculiarity in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a peculiarity in Japan
+which people puzzled over for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people puzzled over for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people puzzled over for a while
+and that is that we're dipped up at age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that we're dipped up at age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that we're dipped up at age
+106 so first of all that's a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+106 so first of all that's a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+106 so first of all that's a very small
+number of people that that's represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people that that's represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people that that's represents
+and it turned out that it was fraud so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out that it was fraud so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turned out that it was fraud so
+there were families who failed to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were families who failed to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were families who failed to report
+the death of their ancient grandmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death of their ancient grandmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death of their ancient grandmother
+or great-grandmother because they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or great-grandmother because they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or great-grandmother because they wanted
+to continue collecting Social Security's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue collecting Social Security's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue collecting Social Security's
+payments from the government so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments from the government so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments from the government so that's
+that's an artifact okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is a serious problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a serious problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a serious problem which
+we're going to return to in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return to in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return to in a more
+technical way later in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical way later in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical way later in the semester
+which is this problem of disparities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this problem of disparities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this problem of disparities so
+if you look at for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at for example the
+difference between white and black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between white and black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between white and black
+female life expectancy in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female life expectancy in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female life expectancy in the United
+States you see that everybody's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you see that everybody's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you see that everybody's life
+expectancy as we've shown is going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy as we've shown is going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy as we've shown is going up
+gradually in this case from 1975 to 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually in this case from 1975 to 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually in this case from 1975 to 2015
+but there continues to be a gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there continues to be a gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there continues to be a gap between
+black and white females and between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white females and between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white females and between
+black and white males where black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white males where black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white males where black
+patients are more likely to die or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are more likely to die or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients are more likely to die or less
+likely to survive longer given the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to survive longer given the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to survive longer given the the
+disparities that exist socioeconomic ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparities that exist socioeconomic ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparities that exist socioeconomic ly
+may be medically we don't know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be medically we don't know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be medically we don't know exactly
+and then if you look at Hispanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look at Hispanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look at Hispanics
+however they do pretty well so in 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they do pretty well so in 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they do pretty well so in 2015
+you're actually a little bit better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually a little bit better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually a little bit better off
+to be Hispanic either male or female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Hispanic either male or female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Hispanic either male or female
+than you are to be either white or black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are to be either white or black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are to be either white or black
+but it's still worse to be black than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still worse to be black than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still worse to be black than to
+be white or Hispanic right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be white or Hispanic right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be white or Hispanic right so these are
+the kinds of facts that drive some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of facts that drive some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of facts that drive some of
+the issues in what we do in medical care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues in what we do in medical care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues in what we do in medical care
+now what do people die of well about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do people die of well about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do people die of well about a
+quarter of them die of heart disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of them die of heart disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of them die of heart disease and
+a little over a fifth of them die of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little over a fifth of them die of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little over a fifth of them die of
+cancer this is us a data from 2014 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer this is us a data from 2014 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer this is us a data from 2014 so
+it's not completely up to date but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not completely up to date but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not completely up to date but
+hasn't changed that much and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed that much and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed that much and then
+there's a decreasing number of deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decreasing number of deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decreasing number of deaths
+from various other causes so heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from various other causes so heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from various other causes so heart
+disease cancer a chronic lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease cancer a chronic lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease cancer a chronic lower
+respiratory disease so this is like COPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory disease so this is like COPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory disease so this is like COPD
+that's caused by by smoking stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's caused by by smoking stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's caused by by smoking stuff like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+accidents account for about five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents account for about five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents account for about five percent
+of deaths stroke cerebral vascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deaths stroke cerebral vascular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deaths stroke cerebral vascular
+events Alzheimer's disease diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events Alzheimer's disease diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events Alzheimer's disease diabetes
+influenza and pneumonia kidney disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenza and pneumonia kidney disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenza and pneumonia kidney disease
+suicide and then everything else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide and then everything else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide and then everything else is
+about another quarter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another quarter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another quarter okay
+now take a look at those what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take a look at those what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now take a look at those what kind of
+diseases are these the biggies well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are these the biggies well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases are these the biggies well
+they're chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're chronic
+most of them are chronic they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are chronic they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are chronic they're also
+not infectious right except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infectious right except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not infectious right except for
+influenza and pneumonia nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenza and pneumonia nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenza and pneumonia nothing else
+there is infectious as far as we know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is infectious as far as we know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is infectious as far as we know I
+mean they're that asterisk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're that asterisk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're that asterisk
+you should put after every statement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should put after every statement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should put after every statement so
+that's interesting because if you wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting because if you wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting because if you wrote
+the same table back in 1850 you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same table back in 1850 you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same table back in 1850 you would
+find that a lot of people were dying of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that a lot of people were dying of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that a lot of people were dying of
+infections and they weren't typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections and they weren't typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections and they weren't typically
+living long enough to develop these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living long enough to develop these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living long enough to develop these
+lovely chronic diseases of of the aging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely chronic diseases of of the aging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely chronic diseases of of the aging
+so there have been big changes there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there have been big changes there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there have been big changes there now
+the other thing that's worth looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that's worth looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that's worth looking at
+is in addition to the reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in addition to the reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in addition to the reasons that
+people die they start getting sicker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people die they start getting sicker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people die they start getting sicker and
+they are getting sort of less value out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are getting sort of less value out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are getting sort of less value out
+of life because they're developing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life because they're developing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life because they're developing all
+these other conditions so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other conditions so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other conditions so if you look at
+people over 65 about half of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over 65 about half of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over 65 about half of them have
+arthritis some form of arthritis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis some form of arthritis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis some form of arthritis and
+about 40% yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40% yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40% yeah
+about 40% have hypertension by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40% have hypertension by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40% have hypertension by the way
+this if you have trouble with any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you have trouble with any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you have trouble with any of the
+medical Lee's words just interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical Lee's words just interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical Lee's words just interrupt
+hypertension is high blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension is high blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension is high blood pressure
+hearing impairment me you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing impairment me you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing impairment me you know I'm
+wearing a hearing aid on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a hearing aid on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a hearing aid on one side
+because my my ears are going bad heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my my ears are going bad heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my my ears are going bad heart
+disease about 1/4 orthostatic impairment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease about 1/4 orthostatic impairment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease about 1/4 orthostatic impairment
+that means people who wobble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means people who wobble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means people who wobble because
+their sense of balance is not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sense of balance is not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sense of balance is not so good
+16% cataracts chronic sinusitis visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16% cataracts chronic sinusitis visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16% cataracts chronic sinusitis visual
+impairment genitourinary problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impairment genitourinary problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impairment genitourinary problems
+diabetes etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes etc
+okay so these are all growing here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are all growing here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are all growing here's the
+list of the next ten and varicose veins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the next ten and varicose veins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the next ten and varicose veins
+hernia hemorrhoid psoriasis hardening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hernia hemorrhoid psoriasis hardening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hernia hemorrhoid psoriasis hardening of
+the arteries tinnitus corns calluses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arteries tinnitus corns calluses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arteries tinnitus corns calluses
+constipation hay fever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constipation hay fever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constipation hay fever and
+cerebrovascular problems alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebrovascular problems alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebrovascular problems alright so
+people developed these by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people developed these by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people developed these by the time
+they're over 65 so one question we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're over 65 so one question we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're over 65 so one question we might
+ask is well what is the quality of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is well what is the quality of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is well what is the quality of life
+so for example a lot of the doctors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example a lot of the doctors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example a lot of the doctors that
+I started working with in the 1970s were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started working with in the 1970s were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started working with in the 1970s were
+were great advocates of the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were great advocates of the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were great advocates of the application
+of decision analysis decision theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decision analysis decision theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decision analysis decision theory to
+making medical decisions and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making medical decisions and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making medical decisions and so the
+problem is how do you evaluate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is how do you evaluate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is how do you evaluate an
+outcome and they said well the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and they said well the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and they said well the way we
+evaluate an outcome is we look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate an outcome is we look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate an outcome is we look at your
+longevity obviously the longer you live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longevity obviously the longer you live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longevity obviously the longer you live
+the better typically but we also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better typically but we also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better typically but we also look at
+your quality of life during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quality of life during that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quality of life during that time
+and we say that you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say that you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say that you know if you're
+confined to a wheelchair let's say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined to a wheelchair let's say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined to a wheelchair let's say your
+quality of life might not be as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life might not be as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life might not be as good as
+if you were able to run around or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were able to run around or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were able to run around or if
+you're suffering from chronic pain your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suffering from chronic pain your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suffering from chronic pain your
+quality of life might not be as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life might not be as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of life might not be as good as
+if you were pain free and so we came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were pain free and so we came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were pain free and so we came up
+with this model that says well the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this model that says well the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this model that says well the value
+of your life is essentially an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your life is essentially an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your life is essentially an integral
+from time 0 to however long you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time 0 to however long you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time 0 to however long you're going
+to live of a function q that says this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live of a function q that says this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live of a function q that says this
+is a measure of how good your quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of how good your quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of how good your quality of
+life is at that particular point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is at that particular point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is at that particular point in time
+and then some discount factor right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some discount factor right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some discount factor right so
+what's the role of the discount factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role of the discount factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the role of the discount factor
+well it's just like in economics if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just like in economics if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just like in economics if I
+offer you you know some horribly painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you you know some horribly painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you you know some horribly painful
+thing today versus 10 years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing today versus 10 years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing today versus 10 years from now
+which are you going to choose most of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you going to choose most of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you going to choose most of us
+will say later so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say later so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say later so that's
+the discount factor does now who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor does now who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount factor does now who knows
+what the right discount rate is so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the right discount rate is so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the right discount rate is so in
+some of their work they were doing crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their work they were doing crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their work they were doing crazy
+things like taking the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like taking the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like taking the financial
+discount factors about you know bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors about you know bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors about you know bank
+interest rates and things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates and things like that and
+applying them to these health things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying them to these health things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying them to these health things
+just because they didn't have any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they didn't have any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they didn't have any better
+numbers to do that seems a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to do that seems a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to do that seems a little
+suspicious but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious but nevertheless
+methodologically it's a way of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologically it's a way of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologically it's a way of doing it
+okay so how do you measure the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do you measure the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do you measure the quality
+of life well there's this notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life well there's this notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life well there's this notion of the
+activities of daily living so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities of daily living so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities of daily living so can you
+bathe and shower can you you know brush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathe and shower can you you know brush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathe and shower can you you know brush
+your teeth and groom your hair can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teeth and groom your hair can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teeth and groom your hair can you
+get dressed can you go to the toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get dressed can you go to the toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get dressed can you go to the toilet
+being yourself up are you able to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being yourself up are you able to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being yourself up are you able to walk
+get in and out of bed get in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in and out of bed get in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in and out of bed get in and out of
+a chair can you feed yourself and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair can you feed yourself and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chair can you feed yourself and then
+there are a bunch of instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of instrumental
+factors things like are you able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors things like are you able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors things like are you able to
+clean your house and can you manage your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean your house and can you manage your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean your house and can you manage your
+money and so on so these are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and so on so these are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and so on so these are typically
+for older people but they are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for older people but they are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for older people but they are ways of
+trying to quantify that quality of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to quantify that quality of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to quantify that quality of life
+by saying how many of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying how many of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying how many of these things are
+you able to do and there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you able to do and there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you able to do and there are a lot of
+federal regulations for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal regulations for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal regulations for example that
+take advantage of quantification like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of quantification like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of quantification like
+this so if you're asking to be put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you're asking to be put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you're asking to be put on
+some sort of disability where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of disability where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of disability where the
+government sends you a check to keep you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sends you a check to keep you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government sends you a check to keep you
+alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive
+you have to demonstrate that you are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to demonstrate that you are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to demonstrate that you are at
+a certain point on the scale that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain point on the scale that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain point on the scale that's
+derived from these capabilities in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from these capabilities in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from these capabilities in order
+to justifiably get that so occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justifiably get that so occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justifiably get that so occupational
+therapy is one of the things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy is one of the things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy is one of the things that people
+try to teach the elderly my parents died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to teach the elderly my parents died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to teach the elderly my parents died
+in their late 80s and my dad was 90 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their late 80s and my dad was 90 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their late 80s and my dad was 90 and
+I remember when he would you know have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember when he would you know have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember when he would you know have
+some medical problem then he would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medical problem then he would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medical problem then he would be
+put into the clutches of an occupational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the clutches of an occupational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the clutches of an occupational
+therapist who would try to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapist who would try to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapist who would try to make sure
+that he was able to you know communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was able to you know communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was able to you know communicate
+and get around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get around and
+not fall for tricks where people wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fall for tricks where people wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fall for tricks where people wanted
+to get him to send all all his money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get him to send all all his money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get him to send all all his money to
+them or you know the very meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or you know the very meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or you know the very meal
+preparation and stuff like that so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation and stuff like that so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation and stuff like that so these
+are sort of the the occupational is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the the occupational is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of the the occupational is a
+funny term for it because this typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny term for it because this typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny term for it because this typically
+applies to people who are retired so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to people who are retired so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to people who are retired so
+it's not really an occupation but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really an occupation but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really an occupation but it's
+the sort of things that you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of things that you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of things that you need to do
+in order to be able to have a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be able to have a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be able to have a decent
+life well now there's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life well now there's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life well now there's an interesting
+valuation question so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation question so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation question so if you look at the
+top light the top right model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top light the top right model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top light the top right model we
+actually don't have very good data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't have very good data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't have very good data on
+anything other than mortality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything other than mortality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything other than mortality so
+mortality is who dies so the the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality is who dies so the the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality is who dies so the the blue
+curve there is the curve that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve there is the curve that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve there is the curve that you've
+seen before which is of a cohort how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before which is of a cohort how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before which is of a cohort how
+many people are still alive after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are still alive after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are still alive after a
+certain number of years the red curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of years the red curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of years the red curve is
+a morbidity curve which says how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a morbidity curve which says how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a morbidity curve which says how many of
+those people are still alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are still alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are still alive
+and have no sort of problematic chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have no sort of problematic chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have no sort of problematic chronic
+diseases so they're not in constant pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases so they're not in constant pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases so they're not in constant pain
+and they're not immobilized and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not immobilized and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not immobilized and they're
+not you know unable to do the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know unable to do the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know unable to do the things
+that I just listed on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just listed on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just listed on the previous
+slides and then disability is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and then disability is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and then disability is when you
+really become incapable of taking care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really become incapable of taking care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really become incapable of taking care
+of yourself and it typically involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yourself and it typically involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yourself and it typically involves
+moving into an assisted living facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into an assisted living facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into an assisted living facility
+or a nursing home or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a nursing home or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a nursing home or something like that
+which is kind of a nightmare for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a nightmare for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a nightmare for many
+people and also very expensive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and also very expensive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and also very expensive for
+society so as I said the the blue curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society so as I said the the blue curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society so as I said the the blue curve
+there is based on actual data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is based on actual data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is based on actual data for
+American females in 1980 the red curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American females in 1980 the red curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American females in 1980 the red curve
+is a hypothetical curve where I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hypothetical curve where I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hypothetical curve where I just
+assumed that the rate of developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the rate of developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the rate of developing a
+morbidity is about twice the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morbidity is about twice the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morbidity is about twice the rate of
+dying and the green curve I assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying and the green curve I assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying and the green curve I assumed that
+the rate of developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of developing a
+a disability is I can't remember I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disability is I can't remember I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disability is I can't remember I think
+three times as high as the rate of dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as high as the rate of dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as high as the rate of dying
+or something like that so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so that's why
+those curves are lower and they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those curves are lower and they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those curves are lower and they look
+approximately right but we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately right but we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately right but we don't have
+good data on those now the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good data on those now the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good data on those now the question that
+you have to ask is how do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask is how do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask is how do you want to
+change this so for example suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this so for example suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this so for example suppose that
+we kept the same situation we reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept the same situation we reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept the same situation we reduced
+mortality to 20% of its actual rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality to 20% of its actual rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality to 20% of its actual rate but
+we kept the disability and morbidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept the disability and morbidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept the disability and morbidity
+rates the same as they are on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates the same as they are on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates the same as they are on the top
+left so what would that do well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so what would that do well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so what would that do well what
+that would do is create a huge number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would do is create a huge number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would do is create a huge number of
+people who are disabled right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are disabled right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are disabled right because
+they're gonna live longer beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna live longer beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna live longer beyond the
+point where they're able to function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where they're able to function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where they're able to function
+fully so this is yeah yeah so beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully so this is yeah yeah so beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully so this is yeah yeah so beyond
+green is what I meant is the morbidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is what I meant is the morbidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is what I meant is the morbidity
+curve and beyond red is the disability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and beyond red is the disability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and beyond red is the disability
+curve okay I may have misspoken right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay I may have misspoken right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay I may have misspoken right so
+green is healthy red red means suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is healthy red red means suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is healthy red red means suffering
+from some morbidity and blue means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some morbidity and blue means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some morbidity and blue means
+disabled okay so if we just extend life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled okay so if we just extend life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled okay so if we just extend life
+but we don't make it any better then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't make it any better then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't make it any better then
+that's not a very attractive picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a very attractive picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a very attractive picture so
+other possibilities are compression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibilities are compression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibilities are compression of
+morbidity so for example if we reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morbidity so for example if we reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morbidity so for example if we reduce
+the rate at which people get sick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which people get sick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which people get sick and
+die but we increase it we decrease it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die but we increase it we decrease it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die but we increase it we decrease it
+initially and then increase it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and then increase it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and then increase it so that
+on average people live about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average people live about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average people live about the same
+length of time that they now do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of time that they now do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of time that they now do then
+we're gonna have fewer people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have fewer people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have fewer people who are
+suffering from morbidity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering from morbidity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering from morbidity or
+who are disabled because you last doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are disabled because you last doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are disabled because you last doing
+well and then you die so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then you die so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then you die so this is the
+wonderful one one-horse Shay right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful one one-horse Shay right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful one one-horse Shay right where
+everything falls apart at once which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything falls apart at once which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything falls apart at once which you
+know frankly as somebody who's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know frankly as somebody who's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know frankly as somebody who's a little
+closer to the end than you guys are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the end than you guys are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the end than you guys are I
+wouldn't mind that kind of exit right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't mind that kind of exit right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't mind that kind of exit right I
+don't want to be disabled for 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be disabled for 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be disabled for 20 years
+I'd rather live a long time healthy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather live a long time healthy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rather live a long time healthy and
+then drop that at some point okay my dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then drop that at some point okay my dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then drop that at some point okay my dad
+used to say that that he wanted to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to say that that he wanted to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to say that that he wanted to die
+by being hit by a meteor right he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being hit by a meteor right he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being hit by a meteor right he
+wouldn't know it's coming it's instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know it's coming it's instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know it's coming it's instant
+no suffering no pain perfect he almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no suffering no pain perfect he almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no suffering no pain perfect he almost
+got it but not quite okay and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it but not quite okay and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it but not quite okay and and then
+the final story is is lifespan extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final story is is lifespan extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final story is is lifespan extension
+which is where we simply lower the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we simply lower the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we simply lower the the
+more the mortality rate and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the mortality rate and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the mortality rate and all the
+other rates in proportion and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rates in proportion and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rates in proportion and what
+happens is that you start having you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that you start having you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that you start having you
+know healthy hundred and seven year olds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know healthy hundred and seven year olds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know healthy hundred and seven year olds
+and not so healthy hundred and twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not so healthy hundred and twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not so healthy hundred and twenty
+year olds in the population in larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year olds in the population in larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year olds in the population in larger
+numbers than we do now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers than we do now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers than we do now okay
+social quality of life that's a tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social quality of life that's a tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social quality of life that's a tough
+one right so here's a naive theory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so here's a naive theory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so here's a naive theory we
+take the quality of life of every person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the quality of life of every person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the quality of life of every person
+on the planet we sum them up and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet we sum them up and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the planet we sum them up and we say
+okay that's the social quality of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good idea
+probably not right for one thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not right for one thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not right for one thing it
+would say that we ought to have as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that we ought to have as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that we ought to have as much
+population explosion as possible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population explosion as possible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population explosion as possible because
+then we have more people to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have more people to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have more people to integrate
+over which doesn't seem sensible right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which doesn't seem sensible right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which doesn't seem sensible right
+now obviously if we start packing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously if we start packing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously if we start packing the
+world so that it's super crowded then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so that it's super crowded then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so that it's super crowded then
+the quality of life will go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of life will go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of life will go down
+eventually enough that adding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually enough that adding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually enough that adding more
+people is probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is probably not
+tamal but nevertheless that doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamal but nevertheless that doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tamal but nevertheless that doesn't seem
+like a real a real satisfying solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real a real satisfying solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real a real satisfying solution
+how about less it was popular about ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about less it was popular about ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about less it was popular about ten
+years ago for people to write these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago for people to write these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago for people to write these sort
+of speculative books about how would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speculative books about how would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speculative books about how would the
+world look if half the people died right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world look if half the people died right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world look if half the people died right
+other than the trauma of the half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the trauma of the half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the trauma of the half the
+people dying you know they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dying you know they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dying you know they were
+proposing that this would be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing that this would be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing that this would be some
+wonderful you know Sylvan sort of ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful you know Sylvan sort of ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful you know Sylvan sort of ideal
+old-fashioned kind of world I didn't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned kind of world I didn't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned kind of world I didn't buy
+that and of course we don't know of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and of course we don't know of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and of course we don't know of a
+good way to get there although it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to get there although it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to get there although it is
+true that in at least developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that in at least developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that in at least developed
+countries birth rates keep falling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries birth rates keep falling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries birth rates keep falling to
+the point where populations are worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where populations are worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where populations are worried
+about under population the Japanese for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about under population the Japanese for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about under population the Japanese for
+example have very strict immigration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example have very strict immigration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example have very strict immigration
+policies so you can't become Japanese if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies so you can't become Japanese if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies so you can't become Japanese if
+you're not born Japanese and Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not born Japanese and Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not born Japanese and Japanese
+people aren't having enough kids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't having enough kids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't having enough kids to
+replace themselves and so the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace themselves and so the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace themselves and so the natural
+population of Japan is falling Italy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of Japan is falling Italy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of Japan is falling Italy is
+in the same quandary except that Italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same quandary except that Italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same quandary except that Italy
+has all these immigrants coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all these immigrants coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all these immigrants coming in and
+trying to become Italians and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to become Italians and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to become Italians and of course
+this leads to big political fights about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to big political fights about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to big political fights about
+who gets to be an Italian and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gets to be an Italian and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gets to be an Italian and who
+doesn't and then of course there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and then of course there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and then of course there's the
+question of money which as I say we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of money which as I say we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of money which as I say we'll
+return to later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to later
+now one other important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one other important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one other important thing to
+consider is that because of the increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is that because of the increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is that because of the increase
+in life expectancy there's been a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life expectancy there's been a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life expectancy there's been a big
+change in time scale in the way think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time scale in the way think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in time scale in the way think
+about people think about medical care so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people think about medical care so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people think about medical care so
+it used to be long long ago you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be long long ago you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be long long ago you know in
+the shaman era you wouldn't go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shaman era you wouldn't go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shaman era you wouldn't go to a
+shaman to say keep me healthy you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaman to say keep me healthy you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaman to say keep me healthy you would
+go to a shaman saying you know I broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a shaman saying you know I broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a shaman saying you know I broke
+my arm or I have this pain in my leg or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my arm or I have this pain in my leg or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my arm or I have this pain in my leg or
+you know fix me somehow and so things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fix me somehow and so things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fix me somehow and so things
+were focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were focus
+on the notion of cure and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the notion of cure and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the notion of cure and that was
+applicable to acute illnesses but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to acute illnesses but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to acute illnesses but as
+we've gotten better at treating acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten better at treating acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten better at treating acute
+illnesses which by the way didn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illnesses which by the way didn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illnesses which by the way didn't happen
+all that long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that long ago
+I mean antibiotics were only invented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean antibiotics were only invented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean antibiotics were only invented in
+the early 20th century and that made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 20th century and that made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 20th century and that made a
+huge difference in stopping people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference in stopping people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge difference in stopping people from
+dying of infections so then it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying of infections so then it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying of infections so then it became
+more a matter of managing long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a matter of managing long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a matter of managing long term
+chronic illnesses and that's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic illnesses and that's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic illnesses and that's pretty much
+where we are now the the medical world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are now the the medical world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are now the the medical world
+at the moment most of the action is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment most of the action is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment most of the action is in
+trying to understand things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand things like
+diabetes and heart disease and cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and heart disease and cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and heart disease and cancer
+and things like that that develop over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that that develop over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that that develop over a
+long time and they don't kill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time and they don't kill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time and they don't kill you
+instantly like infectious diseases did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly like infectious diseases did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly like infectious diseases did
+but they provide they produce a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they provide they produce a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they provide they produce a real
+burden and then of course the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden and then of course the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burden and then of course the next step
+that everybody expects is well how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody expects is well how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody expects is well how do we
+prevent disease so how can we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent disease so how can we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent disease so how can we change
+your exposures how can we change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exposures how can we change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exposures how can we change your
+motivation how can we change your diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation how can we change your diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation how can we change your diet
+how can we change whatever it is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we change whatever it is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we change whatever it is that we
+need to change how can we change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change how can we change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change how can we change your
+genes to prevent you from developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes to prevent you from developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes to prevent you from developing
+these diseases in the first place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diseases in the first place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diseases in the first place and
+that's sort of the future ok so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the future ok so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the future ok so that's
+about what medicine tries to do but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what medicine tries to do but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what medicine tries to do but how
+does it do it and so we're gonna talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do it and so we're gonna talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do it and so we're gonna talk a
+little bit about the traditional tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the traditional tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the traditional tasks
+that are attributed to healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attributed to healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attributed to healthcare
+practice so traditionally people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so traditionally people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so traditionally people talk
+about diagnosis prognosis and therapy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diagnosis prognosis and therapy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diagnosis prognosis and therapy so
+diagnosis I go to my doctor I say doc I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis I go to my doctor I say doc I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis I go to my doctor I say doc I
+got this horrible headache I've had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this horrible headache I've had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this horrible headache I've had it
+for two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two weeks
+what's wrong with me right and his job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with me right and his job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with me right and his job
+in my case it happens to be a he his job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my case it happens to be a he his job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my case it happens to be a he his job
+is to come up with an answer what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to come up with an answer what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to come up with an answer what's
+wrong with me okay prognosis is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with me okay prognosis is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with me okay prognosis is he's
+supposed to predict what's gonna happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to predict what's gonna happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to predict what's gonna happen
+to me at least if he doesn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me at least if he doesn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me at least if he doesn't do anything
+so you know is this headache and a go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know is this headache and a go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know is this headache and a go
+away or is it gonna turn out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away or is it gonna turn out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away or is it gonna turn out to be a
+brain tumor that will kill me or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain tumor that will kill me or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain tumor that will kill me or is it
+gonna be you know some amoeba that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be you know some amoeba that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be you know some amoeba that's
+living in my brain and eat my neurons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in my brain and eat my neurons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in my brain and eat my neurons or
+so you know all kinds of horrible things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know all kinds of horrible things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know all kinds of horrible things
+are possible so it's the prospect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible so it's the prospect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible so it's the prospect of
+recovery as anticipated from the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery as anticipated from the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery as anticipated from the usual
+course of disease or peculiarities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of disease or peculiarities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of disease or peculiarities of
+the case and then therapy of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and then therapy of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and then therapy of course is
+what do you do about it and prognosis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do about it and prognosis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do about it and prognosis is
+definitely informed by diagnosis because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely informed by diagnosis because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely informed by diagnosis because
+if you don't know what's wrong with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know what's wrong with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know what's wrong with me
+then it's much harder to predict what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's much harder to predict what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's much harder to predict what's
+gonna happen to me and if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen to me and if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen to me and if you can't
+predict what's gonna happen to me then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's gonna happen to me then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what's gonna happen to me then
+it's much harder to figure out what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder to figure out what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder to figure out what to
+do to prevent that from happening or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to prevent that from happening or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to prevent that from happening or to
+encourage that to happen right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage that to happen right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage that to happen right so this
+is kind of a serial process and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a serial process and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a serial process and the way
+I look at it is that there's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at it is that there's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at it is that there's a kind of
+cyclic process of care and the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic process of care and the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic process of care and the process
+starts with an initial presentation so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with an initial presentation so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with an initial presentation so I
+show up at my doctor's office and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at my doctor's office and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at my doctor's office and I
+complain about something and if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain about something and if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain about something and if you ever
+listen to dr. interacting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to dr. interacting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to dr. interacting with the
+patient the first time the patient comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient the first time the patient comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient the first time the patient comes
+in the first question is always what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first question is always what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first question is always what
+brought you here right and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought you here right and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought you here right and that's called
+the presenting complaint so if I say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presenting complaint so if I say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presenting complaint so if I say you
+know my ankle hurts like hell that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my ankle hurts like hell that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my ankle hurts like hell that's
+very different than if I say I stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than if I say I stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than if I say I stopped
+being able to hear in my right ear or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to hear in my right ear or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to hear in my right ear or I
+have this horrible skin rash on my arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this horrible skin rash on my arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this horrible skin rash on my arm
+or whatever and that's gonna take me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and that's gonna take me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and that's gonna take me in
+very different directions so then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different directions so then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different directions so then what
+happens is that the doctor examines you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the doctor examines you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the doctor examines you
+and generates a bunch of data so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates a bunch of data so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates a bunch of data so these
+are measurements and of course it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurements and of course it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measurements and of course it used
+to be that those measurements were based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that those measurements were based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that those measurements were based
+on observation so there are very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on observation so there are very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on observation so there are very famous
+doctors from a hundred years ago who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors from a hundred years ago who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors from a hundred years ago who
+were spectacularly good at being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were spectacularly good at being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were spectacularly good at being
+able to look at a patient and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at a patient and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at a patient and figure out
+what's wrong with them by being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with them by being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with them by being very
+astute observers you know the Sherlock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astute observers you know the Sherlock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astute observers you know the Sherlock
+Holmes kind of subtle oh I see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holmes kind of subtle oh I see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holmes kind of subtle oh I see that you
+have a cut on the inside of your shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cut on the inside of your shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cut on the inside of your shoe
+which means you must have been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you must have been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you must have been going
+through brambles and you know whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through brambles and you know whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through brambles and you know whatever
+I'm making up a Sherlock Holmes story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making up a Sherlock Holmes story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making up a Sherlock Holmes story
+here so that generates data and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that generates data and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that generates data and then we
+interpret that data to generate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that data to generate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that data to generate some
+kind of information or interpreted data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of information or interpreted data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of information or interpreted data
+about the patient and based on that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patient and based on that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patient and based on that we
+determine a diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine a diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine a diagnosis
+now do we determine a diagnosis maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do we determine a diagnosis maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do we determine a diagnosis maybe
+not maybe we guess a diagnosis one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe we guess a diagnosis one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe we guess a diagnosis one of
+the things I learned early on working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I learned early on working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I learned early on working in
+this field is that doctors are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field is that doctors are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field is that doctors are actually
+quite willing to make guesses because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite willing to make guesses because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite willing to make guesses because
+it's so useful to believe that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so useful to believe that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so useful to believe that you
+understand what's going on if if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on if if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on if if you say
+well you know there's some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know there's some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know there's some probability
+distribution over a vast number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over a vast number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over a vast number of
+possible things that doesn't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things that doesn't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things that doesn't give you
+very good guidance on what to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good guidance on what to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good guidance on what to do next
+whereas if you can say oh I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you can say oh I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you can say oh I think this
+patient is developing type 2 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is developing type 2 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is developing type 2 diabetes
+then you have you know you're locked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have you know you're locked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have you know you're locked
+into a set of questions and a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a set of questions and a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a set of questions and a set of
+approaches that you might try now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that you might try now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that you might try now when
+we come back to looking at machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to looking at machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to looking at machine
+learning machines don't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning machines don't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning machines don't have the same
+limitations as people and so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations as people and so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations as people and so for a
+machine to integrate over a vast number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to integrate over a vast number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to integrate over a vast number
+of possibilities is not difficult but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities is not difficult but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities is not difficult but
+for a human cognition to do that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a human cognition to do that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a human cognition to do that is very
+hard and so this is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and so this is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and so this is actually an
+important characteristic of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important characteristic of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important characteristic of the way
+doctors think about diagnostic reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors think about diagnostic reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors think about diagnostic reasoning
+so then having made a diagnosis or made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then having made a diagnosis or made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then having made a diagnosis or made
+a guess they planned some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess they planned some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess they planned some kind of
+therapy they apply that therapy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy they apply that therapy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy they apply that therapy and then
+they wait awhile and they see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait awhile and they see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait awhile and they see what
+happened so if your diagnosis led you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so if your diagnosis led you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so if your diagnosis led you to
+a choice of therapy you gave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice of therapy you gave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice of therapy you gave that
+therapy to the patient and the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy to the patient and the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy to the patient and the patient
+got better then you say well it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got better then you say well it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got better then you say well it must
+have been the right diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the right diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the right diagnosis
+if the patient didn't get better then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the patient didn't get better then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the patient didn't get better then
+you say well how did what happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well how did what happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well how did what happen to the
+patient differ from what I expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient differ from what I expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient differ from what I expected to
+happen to the patient and that drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the patient and that drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the patient and that drives
+your revision of this whole process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your revision of this whole process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your revision of this whole process so
+we again examine what happened as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we again examine what happened as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we again examine what happened as a
+result of the therapy we gather more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the therapy we gather more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the therapy we gather more
+data we interpret it we come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we interpret it we come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we interpret it we come up with the
+revised diagnostic hypothesis we come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised diagnostic hypothesis we come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised diagnostic hypothesis we come up
+with the revised therapeutic plan and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the revised therapeutic plan and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the revised therapeutic plan and we
+keep going around this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going around this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going around this cycle
+okay now that cycle happens very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that cycle happens very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that cycle happens very quickly
+if you're a hospitalized patient because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a hospitalized patient because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a hospitalized patient because
+you're there all the time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there all the time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there all the time you're
+available they're trying to do things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available they're trying to do things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available they're trying to do things to
+you constantly and so this cycle happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you constantly and so this cycle happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you constantly and so this cycle happens
+on the order of hours or a day whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of hours or a day whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of hours or a day whereas
+if you're an outpatient and you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're an outpatient and you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're an outpatient and you're not
+dealing with some urgent problem it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with some urgent problem it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with some urgent problem it may
+happen over a much slower period you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over a much slower period you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen over a much slower period you
+know it may be that your doctor says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may be that your doctor says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may be that your doctor says
+well we're going to adjust your drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to adjust your drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to adjust your drug
+dose and see if that helps bring down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose and see if that helps bring down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose and see if that helps bring down
+your cholesterol or manage your pain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cholesterol or manage your pain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cholesterol or manage your pain or
+whatever it is that he's trying to do or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that he's trying to do or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that he's trying to do or
+worse yet we're gonna try to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse yet we're gonna try to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse yet we're gonna try to convince
+you to eat more healthy food and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to eat more healthy food and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to eat more healthy food and six
+months later we'll see if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later we'll see if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later we'll see if your
+hemoglobin a1c came down but your or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin a1c came down but your or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin a1c came down but your or
+less you're you're less close to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you're you're less close to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you're you're less close to being
+diabetic so the time scale is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic so the time scale is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic so the time scale is very
+different but but that process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but but that process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but but that process of
+continually reinterpreting things is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually reinterpreting things is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continually reinterpreting things is a
+really critical feature I think of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical feature I think of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical feature I think of all
+of medical care and if you look back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medical care and if you look back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medical care and if you look back the
+Alan Turing actually talked in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Turing actually talked in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Turing actually talked in the early
+1950s about health care as being one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s about health care as being one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s about health care as being one of
+the interesting application areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting application areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting application areas of
+artificial intelligence why well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence why well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence why well because
+it was an important topic and he had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an important topic and he had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an important topic and he had the
+vision that says as we start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision that says as we start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision that says as we start getting
+more data about healthcare we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data about healthcare we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data about healthcare we're going
+to be able to build the kinds of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to build the kinds of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to build the kinds of models
+that were going to be talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were going to be talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were going to be talking about in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but a lot of the early work took a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of the early work took a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of the early work took a kind
+of one-shot approach so they said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one-shot approach so they said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one-shot approach so they said well
+we're gonna solve the diagnostic problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna solve the diagnostic problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna solve the diagnostic problem
+so we're gonna take a snapshot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna take a snapshot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna take a snapshot of a
+patient all their data at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient all their data at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient all their data at a particular
+moment we're gonna feed it into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we're gonna feed it into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we're gonna feed it into an
+algorithm it'll come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it'll come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it'll come up with the
+diagnosis we're done okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis we're done okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis we're done okay and that
+wasn't very useful because it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very useful because it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very useful because it didn't
+obey the cyclic nature of the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the cyclic nature of the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the cyclic nature of the process of
+providing health care and so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing health care and so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing health care and so this was a
+revolution that started really around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution that started really around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution that started really around
+the 1980s when people realized that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s when people realized that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s when people realized that you
+had to be in it for the long run and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be in it for the long run and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be in it for the long run and not
+for sort of single interactions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is just some definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is just some definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is just some definitions of
+these care processes so here I've listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these care processes so here I've listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these care processes so here I've listed
+some ideas that came from a 1976 paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas that came from a 1976 paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas that came from a 1976 paper
+by several of my colleagues who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by several of my colleagues who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by several of my colleagues who said
+well here's a cognitive theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's a cognitive theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's a cognitive theory of
+diagnosis from the initial complaints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis from the initial complaints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis from the initial complaints
+guess of suitable hypothesis use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of suitable hypothesis use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of suitable hypothesis use the
+current active hypotheses to guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current active hypotheses to guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current active hypotheses to guide
+questioning so to order more tests to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning so to order more tests to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning so to order more tests to
+ask questions of the patient and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions of the patient and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions of the patient and it's
+the failure to satisfy expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure to satisfy expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure to satisfy expectations
+that's the strongest clue to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the strongest clue to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the strongest clue to how to
+develop a better hypothesis so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a better hypothesis so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a better hypothesis so and then
+the hypotheses could be in an activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses could be in an activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses could be in an activated
+deactivated confirmed or rejected state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivated confirmed or rejected state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deactivated confirmed or rejected state
+they actually built a computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually built a computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually built a computer program
+that implemented this theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implemented this theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implemented this theory of
+diagnostic reasoning and these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic reasoning and these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic reasoning and these rules
+essentially about whether to activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially about whether to activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially about whether to activate
+the activate confirm or reject something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activate confirm or reject something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activate confirm or reject something
+could be based both on logical criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be based both on logical criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be based both on logical criteria
+and on a kind of very bad probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on a kind of very bad probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on a kind of very bad probabilistic
+model so it was very bad because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so it was very bad because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so it was very bad because what
+they really needed was Bayesian networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really needed was Bayesian networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really needed was Bayesian networks
+and those were about a decade in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those were about a decade in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those were about a decade in the
+future at that point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future at that point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future at that point so
+the day and every other system built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and every other system built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and every other system built in
+the 1970s had really horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s had really horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s had really horrible
+probabilistic models because you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic models because you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic models because you didn't
+understand how to do it correctly now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to do it correctly now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to do it correctly now
+what's interesting is somebody noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is somebody noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is somebody noticed
+that if you strip away the medicine from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you strip away the medicine from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you strip away the medicine from
+this this is kind of like the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is kind of like the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is kind of like the scientific
+method right if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right if you're trying to
+understand something you form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something you form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something you form a
+hypothesis you perform an experiment if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis you perform an experiment if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis you perform an experiment if
+the experiment is consistent with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is consistent with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is consistent with your
+expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations
+then you go on and you've gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go on and you've gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go on and you've gotten a
+little bit more confident in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more confident in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more confident in your
+hypothesis if your experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis if your experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis if your experiment is
+inconsistent with your expectations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with your expectations then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with your expectations then
+you have to change your theory change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to change your theory change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to change your theory change
+your hypothesis you go back and gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hypothesis you go back and gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hypothesis you go back and gather
+more data and then keep doing this until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data and then keep doing this until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data and then keep doing this until
+you were satisfied that you've come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were satisfied that you've come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were satisfied that you've come up
+with an adequate theory so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an adequate theory so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an adequate theory so this was a
+surprise to doctors because they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to doctors because they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to doctors because they thought
+of themselves more as artists than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of themselves more as artists than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of themselves more as artists than a
+scientists but in a way they act like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists but in a way they act like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists but in a way they act like
+scientists which is kind of cool all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists which is kind of cool all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists which is kind of cool all
+right this doesn't stop with caring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this doesn't stop with caring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this doesn't stop with caring for
+a single patient so we have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single patient so we have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single patient so we have all these
+meta-level processes about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-level processes about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta-level processes about the
+acquisition and the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition and the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition and the application of
+knowledge about education quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about education quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about education quality
+control and process improvement cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and process improvement cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and process improvement cost
+containment and developing references so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment and developing references so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment and developing references so
+this is a picture from David Margolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture from David Margolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture from David Margolis
+who was chief information officer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was chief information officer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was chief information officer at
+Children's Hospital here and the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Children's Hospital here and the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Children's Hospital here and the cycle
+that I described is the one right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I described is the one right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I described is the one right here
+this is the care team taking care of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the care team taking care of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the care team taking care of a
+patient but of course at some point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient but of course at some point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient but of course at some point that
+patient is discharged and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is discharged and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is discharged and then they're
+in community care and self care and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in community care and self care and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in community care and self care and then
+maybe they're in some sort of active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're in some sort of active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're in some sort of active
+health status management and they're and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health status management and they're and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health status management and they're and
+and then if that goes badly then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if that goes badly then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if that goes badly then there's
+some episode where they reconnect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some episode where they reconnect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some episode where they reconnect to the
+healthcare system they get authorized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare system they get authorized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare system they get authorized to
+come back they get scheduled for a visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back they get scheduled for a visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back they get scheduled for a visit
+and they're back in this cycle and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're back in this cycle and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're back in this cycle and so
+the process of care involves you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of care involves you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of care involves you know
+people going to the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going to the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going to the hospital
+getting taken care of they get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting taken care of they get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting taken care of they get better
+they get discharged they live in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get discharged they live in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get discharged they live in their
+lives for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives for a while
+maybe they get sick again they come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they get sick again they come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they get sick again they come back
+and so there's this larger cycle around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's this larger cycle around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's this larger cycle around
+that issue and then around that are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue and then around that are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue and then around that are all
+kinds of things about health plan design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things about health plan design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things about health plan design
+and membership and what what coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and membership and what what coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and membership and what what coverage
+you have and so on and then I would add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and so on and then I would add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and so on and then I would add
+one more idea which is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more idea which is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more idea which is that if you have
+a system like this you actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system like this you actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system like this you actually want to
+study at some at the next meta level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study at some at the next meta level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study at some at the next meta level
+that system make observations about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system make observations about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system make observations about it
+analyze it model it plan some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it model it plan some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it model it plan some
+improvements and then intervene in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and then intervene in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements and then intervene in the
+system and observe how it's working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and observe how it's working and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and observe how it's working and
+try to make it better right so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it better right so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it better right so in terms
+of tasks that are important for us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks that are important for us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks that are important for us in
+this class this class of tasks is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class this class of tasks is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class this class of tasks is is
+central because one of the things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central because one of the things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central because one of the things we're
+trying to do is to look at the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is to look at the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is to look at the way
+healthcare work sent to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare work sent to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare work sent to figure out how
+to make it better by examining its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it better by examining its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it better by examining its
+operation and that can be done at any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and that can be done at any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and that can be done at any of
+these three levels that can be done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three levels that can be done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three levels that can be done in
+the more acute phase where we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more acute phase where we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more acute phase where we're dealing
+with somebody who's in the middle of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody who's in the middle of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody who's in the middle of an
+illness it can be done at the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness it can be done at the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness it can be done at the larger
+phase of somebody who's going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of somebody who's going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of somebody who's going through
+the cycle of being well for a while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle of being well for a while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle of being well for a while and
+then being sick and then being well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then being sick and then being well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then being sick and then being well
+again and being sick again and it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and being sick again and it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and being sick again and it can be
+in terms of the system itself of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the system itself of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the system itself of how do
+you design a healthcare system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design a healthcare system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design a healthcare system that
+works better for the population so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works better for the population so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works better for the population so this
+notion of a learning healthcare system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a learning healthcare system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a learning healthcare system
+is now a journal so in 2017 Chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a journal so in 2017 Chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a journal so in 2017 Chuck
+Friedman at the University of Michigan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman at the University of Michigan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman at the University of Michigan
+started this new journal and it's full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this new journal and it's full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this new journal and it's full
+of articles about this this this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articles about this this this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articles about this this this third
+level of external cycle so how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of external cycle so how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of external cycle so how does the
+health care system learn well I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care system learn well I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care system learn well I'll tell
+you an anecdote in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an anecdote in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an anecdote in
+the mid-1980s I was teaching an AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid-1980s I was teaching an AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid-1980s I was teaching an AI
+expert systems course and I had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert systems course and I had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert systems course and I had just
+come back from a conference of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back from a conference of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back from a conference of medical
+informatics people where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics people where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics people where they were
+talking about this great new idea called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this great new idea called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this great new idea called
+evidence-based medicine and I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence-based medicine and I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence-based medicine and I remember
+mentioning this to a bunch of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning this to a bunch of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning this to a bunch of MIT
+engineering students and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering students and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering students and one of them
+raised his hand and said as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised his hand and said as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised his hand and said as opposed to
+what right I mean to an engineer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what right I mean to an engineer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what right I mean to an engineer it's
+obvious that evidence is the basis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that evidence is the basis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that evidence is the basis on
+which you analyze things and make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you analyze things and make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you analyze things and make things
+better but it wasn't obvious to doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but it wasn't obvious to doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but it wasn't obvious to doctors
+and so this was almost a revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was almost a revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was almost a revolutionary
+change and the idea that they fostered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the idea that they fostered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the idea that they fostered
+was the idea of the randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea of the randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea of the randomized
+controlled clinical trial so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled clinical trial so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled clinical trial so I'm gonna
+sketch what that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch what that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch what that looks like
+of course there are many variations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are many variations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are many variations but
+suppose that I'm one of the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I'm one of the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I'm one of the drug
+companies around Kendall Square and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies around Kendall Square and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies around Kendall Square and I
+come up with a new drug and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a new drug and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a new drug and I want to
+prove that it's more effective for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it's more effective for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it's more effective for
+condition X than some existing drug B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition X than some existing drug B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition X than some existing drug B so
+what do I do I find some patients who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do I find some patients who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do I find some patients who
+are suffering from X and I try very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suffering from X and I try very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suffering from X and I try very hard
+to find patients who are not suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find patients who are not suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find patients who are not suffering
+from anything else I want the purest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything else I want the purest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything else I want the purest
+case possible I then go to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case possible I then go to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case possible I then go to my
+statisticians and I say let's design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians and I say let's design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians and I say let's design an
+experiment where we're going to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we're going to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where we're going to collect
+a standard set of data about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard set of data about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard set of data about all these
+patients and then we're going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and then we're going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and then we're going to give
+some of them the drug and a drug a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them the drug and a drug a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them the drug and a drug a and
+some of them drug B and we'll see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them drug B and we'll see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them drug B and we'll see which
+of them do better and we'll pre define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them do better and we'll pre define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them do better and we'll pre define
+what we mean by do better so like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by do better so like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by do better so like not
+dying is considered doing better or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying is considered doing better or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying is considered doing better or not
+suffering some bad thing that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering some bad thing that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering some bad thing that people are
+suffering from is considered doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering from is considered doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering from is considered doing
+better and then the statisticians also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then the statisticians also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and then the statisticians also
+will tell me given that you expect drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me given that you expect drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me given that you expect drug
+a to be let's say 10% better than drug B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to be let's say 10% better than drug B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to be let's say 10% better than drug B
+how many patients do you have to enroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many patients do you have to enroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many patients do you have to enroll
+in this try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this try
+in order to be likely to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be likely to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be likely to get a
+statistically significant answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically significant answer to that
+question and then they do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and then they do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and then they do it the
+statisticians analyzed the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians analyzed the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians analyzed the data
+hopefully you've gotten P less than 0.05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you've gotten P less than 0.05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you've gotten P less than 0.05
+you go to the Food and Drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the Food and Drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the Food and Drug
+Administration and say give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration and say give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration and say give me
+permission to market this drug as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to market this drug as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to market this drug as the
+hottest new cure for something or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hottest new cure for something or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hottest new cure for something or other
+and then you make billions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make billions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make billions of dollars
+right this is the standard way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the standard way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the standard way that
+farmer works now there are some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer works now there are some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer works now there are some problems
+so most of the cases to which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the cases to which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the cases to which the
+results of the trial like this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the trial like this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the trial like this are
+applied wouldn't have qualified to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied wouldn't have qualified to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied wouldn't have qualified to be in
+the trial because for example you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trial because for example you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trial because for example you know
+we talked about morbidities about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about morbidities about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about morbidities about
+chronic problems that people have well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic problems that people have well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic problems that people have well
+if you're dealing with one disease you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're dealing with one disease you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're dealing with one disease you
+want to make sure that those populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that those populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that those populations
+you're dealing with don't have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with don't have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with don't have any of
+these other diseases but in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other diseases but in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other diseases but in the real
+world people do and so we've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world people do and so we've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world people do and so we've never
+actually measured what happens to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measured what happens to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measured what happens to those
+people if you give them this drug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if you give them this drug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if you give them this drug and
+they have this these comorbidities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this these comorbidities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this these comorbidities the
+other problem is that the drug company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problem is that the drug company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problem is that the drug company
+wants to start making these billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to start making these billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to start making these billions of
+dollars as soon as possible and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars as soon as possible and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars as soon as possible and so they
+want the trial to be as short as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the trial to be as short as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the trial to be as short as
+possible and they want it to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and they want it to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and they want it to be a
+smaller sample as they need to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sample as they need to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sample as they need to get that
+0.05 statistical significance so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 statistical significance so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 statistical significance so these
+are all problematic and and they lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all problematic and and they lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all problematic and and they lead to
+real problems so I didn't bring any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems so I didn't bring any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problems so I didn't bring any
+examples but there are plenty of stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but there are plenty of stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but there are plenty of stories
+where the FDA has approved some drug on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the FDA has approved some drug on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the FDA has approved some drug on
+this basis and then later they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis and then later they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis and then later they
+discovered that although the drug works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that although the drug works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that although the drug works
+well in the short term it has horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the short term it has horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the short term it has horrible
+side effects in the long term or that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side effects in the long term or that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side effects in the long term or that it
+has interactions with other diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has interactions with other diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has interactions with other diseases
+where it doesn't work effectively for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it doesn't work effectively for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it doesn't work effectively for
+people except for these pure cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people except for these pure cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people except for these pure cases that
+it was tested on so the other idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was tested on so the other idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was tested on so the other idea the
+competing idea is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing idea is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing idea is to say
+let's build this learning healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build this learning healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build this learning healthcare
+system in which progress in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which progress in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in which progress in science
+informatics and whatever generates new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics and whatever generates new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics and whatever generates new
+knowledge as an ongoing natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge as an ongoing natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge as an ongoing natural
+byproduct of the care experience and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct of the care experience and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct of the care experience and we
+seamlessly refine and deliver best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamlessly refine and deliver best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamlessly refine and deliver best
+practices for continuous improvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices for continuous improvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices for continuous improvement in
+health and health care wonderful words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and health care wonderful words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and health care wonderful words
+from the Institute of Medicine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Institute of Medicine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Institute of Medicine now
+called the national academy of medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the national academy of medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the national academy of medicine
+but it's hard to do this and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hard to do this and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hard to do this and the reason
+it's hard to do this is mainly for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do this is mainly for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to do this is mainly for a
+very profound underlying reason which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very profound underlying reason which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very profound underlying reason which is
+that people are not treated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are not treated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are not treated by
+experimental protocols so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental protocols so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental protocols so it's very
+important in that sketch that I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in that sketch that I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in that sketch that I gave you
+of the drug a versus drug B that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drug a versus drug B that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the drug a versus drug B that there's
+a randomization step where I flip a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomization step where I flip a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomization step where I flip a coin
+to decide which drug any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide which drug any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide which drug any particular
+individual is going to get if I allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual is going to get if I allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual is going to get if I allow
+that decision to be biased by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision to be biased by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decision to be biased by my
+expectations or by something else I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations or by something else I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations or by something else I know
+about the patient then I'm no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patient then I'm no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the patient then I'm no longer
+doing a fair trial and of course when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a fair trial and of course when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a fair trial and of course when I
+collect data about how actual patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data about how actual patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect data about how actual patients
+are being treated they're being treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being treated they're being treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being treated they're being treated
+according to what their doctors think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what their doctors think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what their doctors think is
+best for them and so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best for them and so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best for them and so there is no
+randomization I mean if I went to Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization I mean if I went to Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization I mean if I went to Mass
+General and said could you guys please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and said could you guys please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and said could you guys please
+treat everybody randomly so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat everybody randomly so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat everybody randomly so that we
+collect really good data if they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect really good data if they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect really good data if they would
+throw me yeah properly okay so we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw me yeah properly okay so we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw me yeah properly okay so we also
+need a whole lot of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a whole lot of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a whole lot of technical
+infrastructure we need to capture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure we need to capture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure we need to capture all
+kinds of novel data sources which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of novel data sources which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of novel data sources which we'll
+talk about in the next lecture and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in the next lecture and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in the next lecture and then
+we need a technical infrastructure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a technical infrastructure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a technical infrastructure for
+truly big data so you know just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly big data so you know just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly big data so you know just for
+example the dana-farber started about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the dana-farber started about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the dana-farber started about
+five years ago you know it's a cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago you know it's a cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago you know it's a cancer
+hospital and so for every solid tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and so for every solid tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and so for every solid tumor
+they would take samples of the tumor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would take samples of the tumor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would take samples of the tumor and
+genotype it okay multiple samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype it okay multiple samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype it okay multiple samples
+because too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because too
+not uniform so just storing that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uniform so just storing that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uniform so just storing that stuff
+is a technical challenge and being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a technical challenge and being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a technical challenge and being able
+to come up with it you know you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with it you know you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with it you know you've got
+three three Giga bases so about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three Giga bases so about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three Giga bases so about you know
+over a gigabyte of data from each sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a gigabyte of data from each sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a gigabyte of data from each sample
+from each tumor times all the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each tumor times all the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each tumor times all the people who
+come in and and and have this test so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and and and have this test so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and and and have this test so
+you know you buy some big disk drives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you buy some big disk drives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you buy some big disk drives or
+you farm it out to Google or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you farm it out to Google or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you farm it out to Google or something
+but then you need to organize it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you need to organize it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you need to organize it in some
+way so that it's usefully easy to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that it's usefully easy to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that it's usefully easy to to
+find that data so today's technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that data so today's technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that data so today's technique
+today's prejudice is to what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's prejudice is to what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's prejudice is to what I call the
+meat grinder story which is you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat grinder story which is you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat grinder story which is you take
+medical records genetic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records genetic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records genetic data
+environmental data data from wearables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental data data from wearables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental data data from wearables
+you put them into an old-fashioned meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them into an old-fashioned meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them into an old-fashioned meat
+grinder and outcome bits which you store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grinder and outcome bits which you store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grinder and outcome bits which you store
+on a disk and then you have all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a disk and then you have all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a disk and then you have all the data
+from which you can build models and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which you can build models and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which you can build models and and
+that's what we do and that you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do and that you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do and that you're gonna
+see a lot of that in this course okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of that in this course okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of that in this course okay
+the other thing that medicine tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that medicine tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that medicine tries to
+do is not to cure people but to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is not to cure people but to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is not to cure people but to keep
+them healthy and this has been pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them healthy and this has been pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them healthy and this has been pretty
+much the domain of the public health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the domain of the public health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the domain of the public health
+infrastructure so if you go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure so if you go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure so if you go across the
+river to the Harvard Medical area there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river to the Harvard Medical area there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river to the Harvard Medical area there
+are a couple of big buildings which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of big buildings which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of big buildings which is
+the Harvard School of Public Health and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Harvard School of Public Health and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Harvard School of Public Health and
+this is what they're all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they're all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they're all about
+so they do things like tracking disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do things like tracking disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do things like tracking disease
+prevalence and tracking infections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence and tracking infections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalence and tracking infections and
+worrying about quarantine people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about quarantine people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about quarantine people they
+also do a lot of the kind of work we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do a lot of the kind of work we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do a lot of the kind of work we're
+gonna talk about in this class which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about in this class which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about in this class which is
+modeling in order to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling in order to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling in order to try to understand
+what's going on in individuals health in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in individuals health in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in individuals health in
+the health of a population in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health of a population in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health of a population in the
+operations of a healthcare system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of a healthcare system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of a healthcare system so
+they're very much into this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much into this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much into this now
+historically I look back and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically I look back and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically I look back and it turns
+out there's something called the London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's something called the London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's something called the London
+Bills of mortality in the 17th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bills of mortality in the 17th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bills of mortality in the 17th century
+started by a gentleman named John grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by a gentleman named John grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by a gentleman named John grant
+and he was interested just in figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was interested just in figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was interested just in figuring
+out how long do people live and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how long do people live and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how long do people live and so he
+came up with these Bills of mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with these Bills of mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with these Bills of mortality
+where he went around to different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he went around to different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he went around to different parts
+of London talked to Undertaker's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of London talked to Undertaker's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of London talked to Undertaker's and
+hospitals and whatever health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and whatever health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and whatever health care
+providers existed at the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers existed at the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers existed at the time and
+collected data on what people died and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data on what people died and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data on what people died and
+how many people were living in that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people were living in that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people were living in that area
+and so for example he estimated that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example he estimated that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example he estimated that the
+mortality before age six in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality before age six in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality before age six in the
+seventeenth century a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeenth century a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeenth century a long time ago
+1600s was about 36% so if you were a kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1600s was about 36% so if you were a kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1600s was about 36% so if you were a kid
+your chances of making it to age six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chances of making it to age six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chances of making it to age six
+were only about 64% so less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only about 64% so less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only about 64% so less than
+two-thirds it's kind of shocking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds it's kind of shocking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds it's kind of shocking in the
+18th century people you've never heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century people you've never heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century people you've never heard
+of and Linnaeus who you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and Linnaeus who you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and Linnaeus who you probably have
+heard of because he was one of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of because he was one of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of because he was one of the early
+taxonomist for biological animal species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomist for biological animal species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomist for biological animal species
+and so on made the first attempts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on made the first attempts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on made the first attempts at
+systemic classification in the mid 1850s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic classification in the mid 1850s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic classification in the mid 1850s
+mid 1800s there was a congress of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 1800s there was a congress of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 1800s there was a congress of the
+first international statistical Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first international statistical Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first international statistical Congress
+and a gentleman named William Farr came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a gentleman named William Farr came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a gentleman named William Farr came
+up with an interesting categorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an interesting categorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an interesting categorization
+that said well if we're going to taxon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said well if we're going to taxon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said well if we're going to taxon
+amaizing diseases we should separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amaizing diseases we should separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amaizing diseases we should separate
+epidemic diseases from constitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic diseases from constitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemic diseases from constitutional
+diseases from local diseases whereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases from local diseases whereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases from local diseases whereby
+local he means affecting a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local he means affecting a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local he means affecting a particular
+part of the body from developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the body from developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the body from developmental
+diseases so this is things like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases so this is things like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases so this is things like being
+stunted growth or a failure of mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunted growth or a failure of mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunted growth or a failure of mental
+development or speech development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or speech development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or speech development and
+then diseases that are the direct result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then diseases that are the direct result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then diseases that are the direct result
+of violence so this is things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of violence so this is things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of violence so this is things like
+broken bones and bar fight results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken bones and bar fight results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken bones and bar fight results and
+stuff like that so that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so that was the first
+classification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of
+zees in about 1853 note by the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zees in about 1853 note by the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zees in about 1853 note by the way that
+this is before Louis Pasteur and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is before Louis Pasteur and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is before Louis Pasteur and his
+theory of the germ cause of disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the germ cause of disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the germ cause of disease and
+so this was a pretty early attempt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a pretty early attempt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a pretty early attempt and
+obviously could have benefited from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously could have benefited from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously could have benefited from from
+what pasture were later discovered so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pasture were later discovered so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pasture were later discovered so by
+the 1890s which is post pasture they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1890s which is post pasture they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1890s which is post pasture they
+came up with the classification that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with the classification that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with the classification that was
+a hierarchic classification forty four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hierarchic classification forty four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hierarchic classification forty four
+top-level hierarchies is broken up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-level hierarchies is broken up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-level hierarchies is broken up into
+ninety-nine lower level categories and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety-nine lower level categories and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety-nine lower level categories and a
+hundred and sixty one particular titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and sixty one particular titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and sixty one particular titles
+and they adopted this as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they adopted this as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they adopted this as a way of
+getting typically mortality data of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting typically mortality data of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting typically mortality data of what
+was it that people were dying of and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it that people were dying of and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it that people were dying of and by
+1920 you've heard of ICD icd-9 icd-10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 you've heard of ICD icd-9 icd-10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920 you've heard of ICD icd-9 icd-10 so
+this is currently used as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is currently used as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is currently used as a way of
+classifying diseases and disorders the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying diseases and disorders the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying diseases and disorders the
+international list of the causes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international list of the causes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international list of the causes of
+death was the first ICD back in and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death was the first ICD back in and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death was the first ICD back in and I
+think the 1920s and then it kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the 1920s and then it kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the 1920s and then it kept
+developing through multiple versions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing through multiple versions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing through multiple versions in
+1975 ICD 9 was it adopted in 2015 ICD 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 ICD 9 was it adopted in 2015 ICD 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 ICD 9 was it adopted in 2015 ICD 10
+and these are under the control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are under the control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are under the control of the
+World Health Organization which is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Health Organization which is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World Health Organization which is now a
+UN agency although I think it predates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN agency although I think it predates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UN agency although I think it predates
+the UN actually and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN actually and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN actually and then we have
+icd-9-cm and icd-10-cm are US clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9-cm and icd-10-cm are US clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9-cm and icd-10-cm are US clinical
+modifications that are an extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications that are an extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications that are an extension of
+the ICD 9 and 10 coding and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ICD 9 and 10 coding and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ICD 9 and 10 coding and they are
+primarily used for billing but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily used for billing but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily used for billing but they're
+also used for epidemiological research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used for epidemiological research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used for epidemiological research
+and if you look at the Centers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the Centers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the Centers for
+Disease Control CDC they collect death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disease Control CDC they collect death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disease Control CDC they collect death
+certificates like this from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates like this from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates like this from all over the
+country and so this is a person who died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and so this is a person who died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and so this is a person who died
+of a cerebral hemorrhage which was due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cerebral hemorrhage which was due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cerebral hemorrhage which was due
+to nephritis which was due to cirrhosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nephritis which was due to cirrhosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nephritis which was due to cirrhosis
+of the liver and so you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liver and so you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liver and so you can use this
+kind of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data
+to say well here's the immediate cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well here's the immediate cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well here's the immediate cause
+of death here's sort of the proximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death here's sort of the proximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death here's sort of the proximate
+cause of death and here's the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of death and here's the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of death and here's the underlying
+cause of death right and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of death right and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of death right and so this is the
+sort of statistical data that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of statistical data that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of statistical data that we now
+have available now do any of you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have available now do any of you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have available now do any of you watch
+the PBS show Victoria no but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PBS show Victoria no but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PBS show Victoria no but you're not
+television Watchers alright that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television Watchers alright that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television Watchers alright that's
+pretty cool so I I was I was stunned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so I I was I was stunned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so I I was I was stunned
+because as I was preparing the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I was preparing the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I was preparing the this
+lecture and I had the next slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and I had the next slide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and I had the next slide it
+turns out this plays a role in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this plays a role in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this plays a role in one of
+the episodes that was broadcast about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episodes that was broadcast about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episodes that was broadcast about a
+week and a half ago so in in the 1918
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and a half ago so in in the 1918
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and a half ago so in in the 1918
+50s there was a big outbreak of cholera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s there was a big outbreak of cholera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s there was a big outbreak of cholera
+in London and John Snow was a doctor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London and John Snow was a doctor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London and John Snow was a doctor who
+did this amazing epidemiological study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this amazing epidemiological study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this amazing epidemiological study
+to try to figure out what was causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to figure out what was causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to figure out what was causing
+cholera the accepted opinion was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera the accepted opinion was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera the accepted opinion was the
+cholera was caused by miasma what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera was caused by miasma what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera was caused by miasma what's a
+miasma bad air okay so it's bad air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miasma bad air okay so it's bad air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miasma bad air okay so it's bad air
+somehow bad air was causing people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow bad air was causing people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow bad air was causing people to
+get sick and die and several hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sick and die and several hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sick and die and several hundred
+people died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people died
+whereas snow started plotting on a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas snow started plotting on a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas snow started plotting on a map
+of the area in London where these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the area in London where these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the area in London where these were
+concentrated where everybody lived and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated where everybody lived and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated where everybody lived and
+what he discovered interestingly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he discovered interestingly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he discovered interestingly enough
+is that right in the middle of Broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right in the middle of Broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right in the middle of Broad
+Street which is pretty much at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street which is pretty much at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street which is pretty much at the
+epicenter of all these people dying was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epicenter of all these people dying was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epicenter of all these people dying was
+a water pump that everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water pump that everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water pump that everybody in the
+neighborhood used and that water pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood used and that water pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood used and that water pump
+its supply had become infected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its supply had become infected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its supply had become infected by
+cholera and so people were pumping water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera and so people were pumping water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholera and so people were pumping water
+taking it home drinking it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it home drinking it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it home drinking it and then
+dying or at least getting very sick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying or at least getting very sick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying or at least getting very sick and
+he looked at this and he said well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looked at this and he said well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looked at this and he said well if we
+turn off that pump the epidemic will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off that pump the epidemic will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off that pump the epidemic will
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+and he actually went to the Queen Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually went to the Queen Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually went to the Queen Queen
+Victoria hence the tie-in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victoria hence the tie-in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victoria hence the tie-in to the
+television show and convinced her that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television show and convinced her that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television show and convinced her that
+this was worth trying because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was worth trying because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was worth trying because they
+didn't have any better ideas and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any better ideas and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any better ideas and they
+took the pump handle off the pump and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the pump handle off the pump and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the pump handle off the pump and
+sure enough the cholera epidemic abated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough the cholera epidemic abated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough the cholera epidemic abated
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now of course the underlying problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course the underlying problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course the underlying problem was
+sanitation and they didn't fix that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanitation and they didn't fix that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanitation and they didn't fix that that
+took longer but what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took longer but what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took longer but what's interesting is
+here is a 2003 study of the spread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a 2003 study of the spread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a 2003 study of the spread of
+West Nile virus so when this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Nile virus so when this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Nile virus so when this this is
+mosquitoes that are biting people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquitoes that are biting people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquitoes that are biting people who
+and infecting them with this nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infecting them with this nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infecting them with this nasty
+disease and they actually used very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and they actually used very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and they actually used very
+similar techniques to figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar techniques to figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar techniques to figure out that
+maybe this was coming in on airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this was coming in on airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this was coming in on airplanes
+through JFK so you know mosquitoes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through JFK so you know mosquitoes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through JFK so you know mosquitoes were
+hitching a ride on an airplane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitching a ride on an airplane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitching a ride on an airplane and
+coming into the into the u.s. we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the into the u.s. we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the into the u.s. we need to
+build a border wall against mosquitoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's also a very controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a very controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a very controversial
+practice that used to be used a lot by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that used to be used a lot by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that used to be used a lot by
+public health officials which was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health officials which was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health officials which was to
+quarantine people and so there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine people and so there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine people and so there are lots
+of examples anybody's relatives come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples anybody's relatives come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples anybody's relatives come
+through Ellis Island must be a few okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Ellis Island must be a few okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Ellis Island must be a few okay
+so they were subject to quarantine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were subject to quarantine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were subject to quarantine if
+you were sick when you arrived at Ellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were sick when you arrived at Ellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were sick when you arrived at Ellis
+Island and they didn't know exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island and they didn't know exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island and they didn't know exactly how
+sick you were they would put you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick you were they would put you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick you were they would put you in a
+building and wait a month and see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and wait a month and see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and wait a month and see if you
+got better or if you got worse and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got better or if you got worse and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got better or if you got worse and then
+decide whether to send you back or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to send you back or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to send you back or to
+let you in so that was a pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you in so that was a pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you in so that was a pretty common
+practice there's a famous story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's a famous story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's a famous story of
+typhoid mary who was a carrier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typhoid mary who was a carrier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typhoid mary who was a carrier of
+typhoid fever but was not herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typhoid fever but was not herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typhoid fever but was not herself
+affected unfortunately she was a cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected unfortunately she was a cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected unfortunately she was a cook
+and were wherever she was employed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were wherever she was employed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were wherever she was employed
+people got really sick and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got really sick and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got really sick and eventually
+the New York Department of Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Department of Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Department of Health
+forcibly essentially jailed her in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcibly essentially jailed her in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcibly essentially jailed her in some
+sanatorium in order to keep her from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanatorium in order to keep her from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanatorium in order to keep her from
+continuing to infect people it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to infect people it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to infect people it's very
+controversial case as you might imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial case as you might imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial case as you might imagine
+you don't have to go that far back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to go that far back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to go that far back
+here's a 1987 article from UPI from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a 1987 article from UPI from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a 1987 article from UPI from the
+Chicago Tribune so Jesse Helms who was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Tribune so Jesse Helms who was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago Tribune so Jesse Helms who was a
+senator was calling for everybody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator was calling for everybody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator was calling for everybody who
+has AIDS to be quarantined so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has AIDS to be quarantined so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has AIDS to be quarantined so
+fortunately that didn't happen but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately that didn't happen but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately that didn't happen but but
+the idea is still around to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is still around to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is still around to say well
+we're gonna stop this infection by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna stop this infection by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna stop this infection by
+quarantine people and then here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine people and then here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarantine people and then here's a
+recent report about the Ebola response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent report about the Ebola response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent report about the Ebola response
+in in Africa over the past few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Africa over the past few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Africa over the past few years
+when Ebola was ravaging parts of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Ebola was ravaging parts of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Ebola was ravaging parts of that
+continent and you know their conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent and you know their conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent and you know their conclusions
+are it's controversial and debated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's controversial and debated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's controversial and debated
+issues significant risks related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues significant risks related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues significant risks related to
+human rights quarantine should be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human rights quarantine should be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human rights quarantine should be used
+as a last resort quarantines and urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a last resort quarantines and urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a last resort quarantines and urban
+areas are really hard mobile populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas are really hard mobile populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas are really hard mobile populations
+make it hard and and this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it hard and and this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it hard and and this is the most
+technical conclusion that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical conclusion that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical conclusion that if you're
+going to quarantine a bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to quarantine a bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to quarantine a bunch of people
+you have a huge waste disposal problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a huge waste disposal problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a huge waste disposal problem
+on your hands because if you have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your hands because if you have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your hands because if you have people
+who might have Ebola you can't just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might have Ebola you can't just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might have Ebola you can't just take
+their garbage and throw it out somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their garbage and throw it out somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their garbage and throw it out somewhere
+you have to dispose of it properly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to dispose of it properly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to dispose of it properly okay
+so the last thing I wanted to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last thing I wanted to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last thing I wanted to talk about
+hopefully mercifully short will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully mercifully short will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully mercifully short will be
+paying for health care so I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for health care so I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for health care so I remember
+reading about 20 years ago that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about 20 years ago that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about 20 years ago that if you
+bought a Chevy from General Motors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a Chevy from General Motors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought a Chevy from General Motors they
+spent more money on health insurance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent more money on health insurance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent more money on health insurance and
+health care for their employees than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care for their employees than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care for their employees than
+they did on the steel that went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did on the steel that went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did on the steel that went into
+your car that's pretty amazing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car that's pretty amazing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car that's pretty amazing and so
+why is this well essentially there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this well essentially there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this well essentially there's an
+insatiable demand for health care right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insatiable demand for health care right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insatiable demand for health care right
+nobody wants to die except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants to die except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants to die except for the
+suicidal people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicidal people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicidal people
+and so if I'm sick I want the best care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I'm sick I want the best care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I'm sick I want the best care
+possible and I want as much of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and I want as much of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and I want as much of it as
+possible because you know what is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because you know what is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because you know what is more
+important in life than continuing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in life than continuing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in life than continuing to
+live so we also have gotten better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live so we also have gotten better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live so we also have gotten better at
+making drugs and better tests and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making drugs and better tests and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making drugs and better tests and so on
+I remember when MRI machines became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember when MRI machines became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember when MRI machines became
+popular about thirty years ago the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular about thirty years ago the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular about thirty years ago the state
+of Massachusetts for example had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts for example had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Massachusetts for example had a
+commission that you had to convince them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission that you had to convince them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission that you had to convince them
+that you to be allowed to buy an MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you to be allowed to buy an MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you to be allowed to buy an MRI
+machine for your hospital because MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine for your hospital because MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine for your hospital because MRI
+machines are very expensive and MRIs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are very expensive and MRIs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are very expensive and MRIs
+were at that time hugely expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at that time hugely expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at that time hugely expensive and
+so they wanted to contain the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to contain the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to contain the cost of
+healthcare by limiting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare by limiting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare by limiting the number of
+such machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such machines
+well eventually the cost came down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well eventually the cost came down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well eventually the cost came down and
+so we're doing better but if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're doing better but if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're doing better but if you read
+the newspapers you see that that drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspapers you see that that drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspapers you see that that drug
+therapy is very expensive we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy is very expensive we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy is very expensive we have these
+wonder drugs for you know rare diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder drugs for you know rare diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder drugs for you know rare diseases
+or cancers that cost a million dollars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cancers that cost a million dollars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cancers that cost a million dollars a
+year to pay for your dosage and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to pay for your dosage and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to pay for your dosage and so there
+is a high human motivation to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high human motivation to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high human motivation to do this
+and not much pushback except from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not much pushback except from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not much pushback except from
+insurance companies but they just passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies but they just passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies but they just passed
+the cost on in insurance contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost on in insurance contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost on in insurance contracts
+there's also waste so there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also waste so there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also waste so there are lots of
+stories about half of healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about half of healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories about half of healthcare
+expenses are spent in the last year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses are spent in the last year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses are spent in the last year of
+somebody's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's life
+although Ingle finger who was the editor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although Ingle finger who was the editor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although Ingle finger who was the editor
+of the New England Journal gave a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the New England Journal gave a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the New England Journal gave a talk
+here about 25 years ago and he said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about 25 years ago and he said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about 25 years ago and he said you
+know when I was a practicing doctor no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I was a practicing doctor no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I was a practicing doctor no
+patient ever came into my office saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient ever came into my office saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient ever came into my office saying
+doc I'm in the last year of my life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc I'm in the last year of my life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc I'm in the last year of my life and
+that was a difficult criterion to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a difficult criterion to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a difficult criterion to try to
+operationalize there are marginally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalize there are marginally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalize there are marginally
+useful procedures the IOM estimated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful procedures the IOM estimated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful procedures the IOM estimated that
+there are sort of 40 to a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of 40 to a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of 40 to a hundred
+thousand quote-unquote unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand quote-unquote unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand quote-unquote unnecessary
+deaths per year in other words deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths per year in other words deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths per year in other words deaths
+that could be avoided by just being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be avoided by just being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be avoided by just being more
+care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care
+and a little bit smarter well so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit smarter well so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit smarter well so the
+result of this is that if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this is that if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this is that if you look at
+health care spending as a percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care spending as a percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care spending as a percentage of
+gross domestic product from 1972 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross domestic product from 1972 I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross domestic product from 1972 I think
+2017 I believe and there's on this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 I believe and there's on this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 I believe and there's on this graph
+what you see is one one real outlier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is one one real outlier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is one one real outlier and
+that's the United States on top okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the United States on top okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the United States on top okay
+so I've selected a few of these just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've selected a few of these just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've selected a few of these just to
+look at there's the US on top France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at there's the US on top France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at there's the US on top France
+Germany a lot of the European countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany a lot of the European countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany a lot of the European countries
+are roughly at that that higher highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are roughly at that that higher highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are roughly at that that higher highest
+of the crowd level Canada is down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crowd level Canada is down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crowd level Canada is down there
+the UK's a little lower Spain is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK's a little lower Spain is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK's a little lower Spain is a
+little lower Israel is a little lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lower Israel is a little lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lower Israel is a little lower
+turkey is the lowest of the OECD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey is the lowest of the OECD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey is the lowest of the OECD
+countries in terms of percentage of GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in terms of percentage of GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in terms of percentage of GDP
+that they spend on health care so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they spend on health care so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they spend on health care so well
+that's okay but maybe we're getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay but maybe we're getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay but maybe we're getting more
+for our money than these other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our money than these other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our money than these other countries
+and so there are a lot of analyses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are a lot of analyses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are a lot of analyses that
+look at stuff like this they say well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at stuff like this they say well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at stuff like this they say well if
+we spend so much money per patient per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend so much money per patient per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend so much money per patient per
+year what do we get in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year what do we get in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year what do we get in terms of the
+simplest thing to measure which is life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing to measure which is life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing to measure which is life
+expectancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy
+how long do people live and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long do people live and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long do people live and what we
+discover is that in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that in the United States
+we're spending you know $9,000 a year on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're spending you know $9,000 a year on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're spending you know $9,000 a year on
+patients and we're getting a life span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and we're getting a life span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and we're getting a life span
+of somewhere in the high 70s so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somewhere in the high 70s so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somewhere in the high 70s so this is
+2015 data and whereas in Switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 data and whereas in Switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 data and whereas in Switzerland
+they're spending about 6,000 so about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're spending about 6,000 so about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're spending about 6,000 so about
+two-thirds and they're getting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds and they're getting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds and they're getting you know
+80 83 years or something of life for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 83 years or something of life for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 83 years or something of life for the
+same price and so on for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same price and so on for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same price and so on for all these
+different countries by the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries by the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries by the way this is
+all from Gapminder which is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all from Gapminder which is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all from Gapminder which is a wonderful
+data visualization tool and I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data visualization tool and I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data visualization tool and I don't have
+time to show you but you can click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to show you but you can click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to show you but you can click on
+individual lines there and slide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual lines there and slide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual lines there and slide the
+slider about what era you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slider about what era you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slider about what era you're talking
+about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and
+moves and it's beautiful and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and it's beautiful and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and it's beautiful and it's a
+wonderful way of understanding it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's an important thing to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important thing to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an important thing to remember
+which was taught to me by my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was taught to me by my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was taught to me by my friend
+Christie dia at the Harvard education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christie dia at the Harvard education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christie dia at the Harvard education
+school and that is that it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and that is that it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and that is that it's not even
+good enough to stand still so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to stand still so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to stand still so he
+suggested the following scenario if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested the following scenario if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested the following scenario if you
+look at the growth of productivity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the growth of productivity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the growth of productivity over
+this period of 10 years by industry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of 10 years by industry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of 10 years by industry you
+discover that productivity went up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that productivity went up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that productivity went up by
+you know seven point something percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know seven point something percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know seven point something percent
+for durable goods and went down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for durable goods and went down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for durable goods and went down by
+something like 2% for mining about 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 2% for mining about 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 2% for mining about 1%
+for construction information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for construction information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for construction information
+technologies grew by five and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies grew by five and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies grew by five and a half
+percent or something so if you ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or something so if you ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or something so if you ask the
+question what happens if the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what happens if the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what happens if the demand for
+these goods remains constant over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goods remains constant over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these goods remains constant over a
+period of time and what you discover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and what you discover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and what you discover is
+that because the more productive things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the more productive things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the more productive things
+become cheaper they wind up occupy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become cheaper they wind up occupy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become cheaper they wind up occupy
+occupying a smaller fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupying a smaller fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupying a smaller fraction of the
+total amount of money that's being spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of money that's being spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of money that's being spent
+okay so your computer your laptop is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your computer your laptop is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your computer your laptop is a
+lot cheaper today than it was 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot cheaper today than it was 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot cheaper today than it was 30 years
+ago and so that means that the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and so that means that the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and so that means that the amount of
+spending that people do on things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending that people do on things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending that people do on things like
+information technology at least per item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology at least per item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information technology at least per item
+is much lower than it used to be and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much lower than it used to be and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much lower than it used to be and if
+in the aggregate it's also lower than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aggregate it's also lower than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aggregate it's also lower than it
+used to be that means that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be that means that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be that means that something
+else must be higher right because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else must be higher right because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else must be higher right because it
+sums to a hundred percent and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums to a hundred percent and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums to a hundred percent and so what
+this shows is that if you spend thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows is that if you spend thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows is that if you spend thirty
+years at the same rates of productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at the same rates of productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at the same rates of productivity
+growth mining grows from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth mining grows from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth mining grows from you know
+whatever fraction of the economy it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever fraction of the economy it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever fraction of the economy it was
+to something that's about three times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that's about three times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that's about three times as
+big a fraction right and if productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a fraction right and if productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a fraction right and if productivity
+growth is better than that sector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is better than that sector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is better than that sector of the
+economy shrinks so I think something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy shrinks so I think something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy shrinks so I think something
+this is happening in health care which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening in health care which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening in health care which
+is that there's infinite demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's infinite demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's infinite demand and
+health care is not terribly productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care is not terribly productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care is not terribly productive
+we're not getting better as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not getting better as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not getting better as fast as
+electronics is getting better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics is getting better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics is getting better for
+example so people have tried doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so people have tried doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so people have tried doing
+various things managed care was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things managed care was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things managed care was the
+buzzword of the 1980s and 90s and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buzzword of the 1980s and 90s and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buzzword of the 1980s and 90s and they
+said well what we're gonna do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well what we're gonna do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well what we're gonna do is to
+prevent people from overusing medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from overusing medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from overusing medical
+services by requiring pre-admission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services by requiring pre-admission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services by requiring pre-admission
+review continued stay review second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review continued stay review second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review continued stay review second
+surgical opinion we're gonna have post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgical opinion we're gonna have post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgical opinion we're gonna have post
+care management where if you're released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care management where if you're released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care management where if you're released
+from the hospital and you're in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hospital and you're in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hospital and you're in that
+second of the cycles people will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of the cycles people will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of the cycles people will call
+you at home and try to help you out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at home and try to help you out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at home and try to help you out and
+make sure that you're doing whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you're doing whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you're doing whatever is
+best to keep you out of the hospital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to keep you out of the hospital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to keep you out of the hospital and
+we're going to try various experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try various experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try various experiments
+like institutional arrangements that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like institutional arrangements that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like institutional arrangements that say
+well if I as a doctor agree to refer all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I as a doctor agree to refer all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I as a doctor agree to refer all
+my patients to Mass General rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my patients to Mass General rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my patients to Mass General rather than
+to the Brigham or the bi they'll pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Brigham or the bi they'll pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Brigham or the bi they'll pay me
+extra and they'll get some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra and they'll get some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra and they'll get some kind of
+efficiencies from aggregation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies from aggregation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies from aggregation and so
+maybe that's one way of controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's one way of controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's one way of controlling
+costs so leakage is the idea of keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so leakage is the idea of keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so leakage is the idea of keeping
+people in system and capitation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in system and capitation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in system and capitation is an
+interesting idea which says that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea which says that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea which says that instead
+of paying for what the hospital does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paying for what the hospital does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paying for what the hospital does for
+me or what the doctor does for me we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or what the doctor does for me we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or what the doctor does for me we
+simply pay him a flat fee for the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply pay him a flat fee for the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply pay him a flat fee for the year
+to take care of me and that takes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of me and that takes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of me and that takes away
+the incentive for him to do more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentive for him to do more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentive for him to do more and
+more and more to get paid more but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more to get paid more but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more to get paid more but of
+course it gives him an incentive to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it gives him an incentive to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it gives him an incentive to do
+less and less and less so that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less and less so that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less and less so that he
+doesn't have to spend as much money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to spend as much money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to spend as much money and
+so it's sort of a nice balance to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of a nice balance to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of a nice balance to figure
+out how to how to do this but that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to how to do this but that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to how to do this but that's an
+important component so if you look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important component so if you look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important component so if you look at at
+the evaluation of managed care a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation of managed care a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation of managed care a long
+time ago what they said was it helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago what they said was it helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago what they said was it helped
+reduce inpatient costs by increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce inpatient costs by increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce inpatient costs by increasing
+outpatient costs so what it's done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outpatient costs so what it's done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outpatient costs so what it's done is
+it's pushed people from going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pushed people from going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pushed people from going to the
+hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital
+into going to their doctor's office but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into going to their doctor's office but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into going to their doctor's office but
+it's been pretty much a wash in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been pretty much a wash in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been pretty much a wash in terms of
+overall spending doctors also hated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall spending doctors also hated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall spending doctors also hated
+managed care I was sitting with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed care I was sitting with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed care I was sitting with one of
+my colleagues out of Boston Hospital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues out of Boston Hospital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues out of Boston Hospital and
+an insurance company clerk called him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insurance company clerk called him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insurance company clerk called him to
+done him for having ordered a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done him for having ordered a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done him for having ordered a certain
+test on a heart patient and so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on a heart patient and so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on a heart patient and so he was
+furious and he turns to her and says so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furious and he turns to her and says so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furious and he turns to her and says so
+which medical school do you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which medical school do you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which medical school do you have your
+diploma from and of course she doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma from and of course she doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploma from and of course she doesn't
+have a medical degree she's following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a medical degree she's following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a medical degree she's following
+some rules on a sheet about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules on a sheet about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules on a sheet about how to
+harass doctors not to order expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harass doctors not to order expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harass doctors not to order expensive
+tests and so we have Edward anise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and so we have Edward anise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and so we have Edward anise the
+past president of the AMA who says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past president of the AMA who says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past president of the AMA who says well
+in in the glory days there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the glory days there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the glory days there was no
+bureaucratic regimentation no forms no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucratic regimentation no forms no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucratic regimentation no forms no
+blah blah blah and all my patients were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah and all my patients were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah and all my patients were
+happy and I was happy and things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and I was happy and things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and I was happy and things were
+ideal if you actually look back at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal if you actually look back at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal if you actually look back at those
+days it wasn't as good as he as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it wasn't as good as he as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days it wasn't as good as he as he
+cracks it up to be and some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks it up to be and some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks it up to be and some of those
+issues of disparity that we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of disparity that we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of disparity that we were talking
+about were horrible so for his patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about were horrible so for his patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about were horrible so for his patients
+who were rich and who could afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were rich and who could afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were rich and who could afford to
+see him life was pretty good but not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him life was pretty good but not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him life was pretty good but not so
+much for underserved populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for underserved populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for underserved populations
+so you've seen Obamacare comment partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've seen Obamacare comment partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've seen Obamacare comment partly
+go and continues to be controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and continues to be controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and continues to be controversial
+but it's trying to foster better it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's trying to foster better it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's trying to foster better it
+better information technology as a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better information technology as a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better information technology as a basis
+for getting doctors to make better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting doctors to make better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for getting doctors to make better
+decisions it's trying to foster these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions it's trying to foster these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions it's trying to foster these
+accountable care organizations which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable care organizations which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable care organizations which is
+a version of capitation to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of capitation to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of capitation to put the
+pressure on to reduce the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on to reduce the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on to reduce the amount of
+health services that people are asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health services that people are asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health services that people are asking
+for there is a hospital readmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there is a hospital readmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for there is a hospital readmission
+reduction program now that says if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction program now that says if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction program now that says if you
+are a Medicare patient for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a Medicare patient for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a Medicare patient for example and
+you're discharged from the hospital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're discharged from the hospital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're discharged from the hospital and
+you're readmitted within 30 days of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're readmitted within 30 days of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're readmitted within 30 days of your
+discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge
+they're gonna done.you and not pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna done.you and not pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna done.you and not pay you
+for that readmission or not pay you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that readmission or not pay you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that readmission or not pay you for
+a part of that readmission but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of that readmission but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of that readmission but if you
+look at the statistics which I just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the statistics which I just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the statistics which I just did
+that's the distribution of the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the distribution of the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the distribution of the payment
+adjustment factors so it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment factors so it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment factors so it turns out the
+lowest number is ninety seven percent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest number is ninety seven percent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest number is ninety seven percent so
+three percent decrease in reimbursement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three percent decrease in reimbursement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three percent decrease in reimbursement
+is something that the CFO of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that the CFO of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that the CFO of your
+hospital would really care about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital would really care about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital would really care about but
+it's not like a 25% reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a 25% reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a 25% reduction in
+reimbursement so this has had a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement so this has had a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement so this has had a fairly
+minor effect let me just finish by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor effect let me just finish by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor effect let me just finish by
+saying that money determines much from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that money determines much from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that money determines much from
+our point of view one of the problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our point of view one of the problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our point of view one of the problems we
+face is that IT traditionally gets about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is that IT traditionally gets about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is that IT traditionally gets about
+one to two percent of spending and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two percent of spending and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two percent of spending and in
+medical centers whereas it gets about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical centers whereas it gets about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical centers whereas it gets about
+six or seven percent in business overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven percent in business overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven percent in business overall
+and about 10 to 12 percent for banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 10 to 12 percent for banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 10 to 12 percent for banking
+and a lot of these systems are managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of these systems are managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of these systems are managed
+by accountants although that is slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accountants although that is slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accountants although that is slowly
+changing so in the 1990s HST with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so in the 1990s HST with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so in the 1990s HST with
+Harvard started a training program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard started a training program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard started a training program for
+medical doctors to become medical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical doctors to become medical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical doctors to become medical and
+firm editions so practicing this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm editions so practicing this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm editions so practicing this sort of
+witchcraft and our first two graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witchcraft and our first two graduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witchcraft and our first two graduates
+one of them is now CIO at the Beth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is now CIO at the Beth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is now CIO at the Beth
+Israel Deaconess the second one is CIO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel Deaconess the second one is CIO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel Deaconess the second one is CIO
+at Children's Hospital and so one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Children's Hospital and so one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Children's Hospital and so one of my
+big successes personally has been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big successes personally has been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big successes personally has been to
+displace some accountants by doctors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace some accountants by doctors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace some accountants by doctors who
+actually understand this technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand this technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand this technology to
+some extent okay I think that's all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent okay I think that's all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent okay I think that's all I'm
+gonna say there's there's a funny last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say there's there's a funny last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say there's there's a funny last
+slide here which has a pointer that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here which has a pointer that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here which has a pointer that I
+would want you to remember the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want you to remember the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want you to remember the slides
+will be up on on on our website you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be up on on on our website you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be up on on on our website you can
+follow it mit has a program called gems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it mit has a program called gems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it mit has a program called gems
+it's the general education in Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the general education in Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the general education in Medical
+Sciences intended as a minor program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences intended as a minor program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences intended as a minor program for
+people in the ph.d program in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the ph.d program in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the ph.d program in some other
+field and if you're serious about really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and if you're serious about really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and if you're serious about really
+concentrating on healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on healthcare
+developing at least the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing at least the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing at least the kind of
+understanding of the healthcare process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the healthcare process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the healthcare process
+that I've tried to give you today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've tried to give you today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've tried to give you today and
+that would allow you to play a doctor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow you to play a doctor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would allow you to play a doctor on
+television is really important and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is really important and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is really important and there
+is a program that helps you achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a program that helps you achieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a program that helps you achieve that
+which I commend to people okay see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I commend to people okay see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I commend to people okay see you
+next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DkJnHukpn70.txt b/DkJnHukpn70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..566a05d14c864d4128c5d0f192d2118ff5f86960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DkJnHukpn70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this sphere is moving between electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sphere is moving between electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sphere is moving between electrodes
+having a potential difference of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a potential difference of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a potential difference of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT it is immersed in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT it is immersed in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT it is immersed in a slightly
+conducting oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting oil
+the mechanism responsible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism responsible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism responsible for the
+bouncing motion is basic to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing motion is basic to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing motion is basic to the
+interaction of electric fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of electric fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of electric fields and
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+media the applied voltage induces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the applied voltage induces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the applied voltage induces
+charges on the electrodes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on the electrodes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on the electrodes and the
+contacting metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting metallic
+sphere by virtue of the charges on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere by virtue of the charges on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere by virtue of the charges on its
+surface the sphere is attracted toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the sphere is attracted toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the sphere is attracted toward
+the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper
+plate but as the sphere Rises the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but as the sphere Rises the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but as the sphere Rises the charge
+induced on its surface leaks off through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced on its surface leaks off through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced on its surface leaks off through
+the liquid and eventually gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and eventually gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid and eventually gravity
+Returns the sphere to the plate to renew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns the sphere to the plate to renew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns the sphere to the plate to renew
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process once the sphere Rises off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process once the sphere Rises off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process once the sphere Rises off the
+lower electrode it can be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower electrode it can be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower electrode it can be completely
+enclosed by a surface s that's entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by a surface s that's entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by a surface s that's entirely
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid if we call the net charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid if we call the net charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid if we call the net charge on the
+sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere
+Q conservation of charge requires that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q conservation of charge requires that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q conservation of charge requires that
+the rate of change of Q be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of Q be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of change of Q be equal to the
+negative of the net current out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the net current out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the net current out of the
+sphere through the surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface if we model the liquid by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface if we model the liquid by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface if we model the liquid by an
+omic conductor having a conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omic conductor having a conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omic conductor having a conductivity
+Sigma the current density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma the current density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma the current density is
+proportional to Sigma times the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Sigma times the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Sigma times the electric
+field intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the conductivity of the liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the conductivity of the liquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the conductivity of the liquid is
+uniform then Sigma can be taken outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform then Sigma can be taken outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform then Sigma can be taken outside
+the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral if the primitivity of the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if the primitivity of the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if the primitivity of the fluid
+is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+uniform we can multiply e by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform we can multiply e by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform we can multiply e by
+Epsilon inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon inside the
+integral and divide by Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then by gauss's integral law the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by gauss's integral law the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by gauss's integral law the surface
+integral is equal to the net charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is equal to the net charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is equal to the net charge on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sphere and we have a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and we have a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and we have a differential
+equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q to is the charge relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q to is the charge relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q to is the charge relaxation
+time the permitivity divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the permitivity divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the permitivity divided by the
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the solution of this equation shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of this equation shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of this equation shows that
+the charge decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge decays
+exponentially with an effective RC time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with an effective RC time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with an effective RC time
+constant that is the charge relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time this is the rate of Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the rate of Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the rate of Decay
+regardless of the configuration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the configuration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the configuration and
+potentials of boundaries surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials of boundaries surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials of boundaries surrounding the
+particle our derivation makes evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle our derivation makes evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle our derivation makes evident
+the reason that the result is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that the result is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that the result is so
+General the net current from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General the net current from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General the net current from the
+particle is proportional to the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is proportional to the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is proportional to the net
+charge on the particle regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the particle regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the particle regardless of
+what bounds the uniform material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bounds the uniform material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bounds the uniform material
+surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle suppose we reduce the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle suppose we reduce the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle suppose we reduce the fluid
+conductivity then the relaxation time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+longer here we use Corno oil with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer here we use Corno oil with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer here we use Corno oil with a
+relaxation time of about 1 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have Transformer oil with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have Transformer oil with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have Transformer oil with a
+relaxation time of over 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds the sphere reaches the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds the sphere reaches the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds the sphere reaches the upper
+electrode long before the charges leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode long before the charges leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode long before the charges leak
+off upon contact it acquires charges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off upon contact it acquires charges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off upon contact it acquires charges of
+the opposite polarity and is pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite polarity and is pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite polarity and is pulled
+downward by the electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward by the electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward by the electric field and
+gravity the sidewise motion shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity the sidewise motion shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity the sidewise motion shows that
+now even charges on the wall are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even charges on the wall are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even charges on the wall are
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the oscillations of the Spheres provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillations of the Spheres provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillations of the Spheres provide
+an explanation of what we see if metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation of what we see if metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation of what we see if metal
+filings are placed between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filings are placed between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filings are placed between the
+electrodes in Corno oil most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in Corno oil most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in Corno oil most of them
+lose their charge and fall back before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their charge and fall back before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their charge and fall back before
+reaching the top electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in Transformer oil they stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Transformer oil they stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Transformer oil they stream
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrodes now if we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes now if we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes now if we increase the
+voltage the streaming particles cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage the streaming particles cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage the streaming particles cause
+electrical breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small particles in oil insulated high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small particles in oil insulated high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small particles in oil insulated high
+voltage equipment can similarly lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage equipment can similarly lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage equipment can similarly lead to
+disaster
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/E-sOMfDVe8o.txt b/E-sOMfDVe8o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf0db2cd1989b9932d4f38bdda21ab1e60b02a10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/E-sOMfDVe8o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to do sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to do sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to do sort
+of the second part of our discussion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second part of our discussion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second part of our discussion on
+walking um I want start with what sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking um I want start with what sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking um I want start with what sounds
+like a little bit of a um remedial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit of a um remedial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a little bit of a um remedial
+question in some ways uh in numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in some ways uh in numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in some ways uh in numerical
+analysis of these walking Gates because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of these walking Gates because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of these walking Gates because
+it forces us to be more careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forces us to be more careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forces us to be more careful about
+talking about the Dynamics through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the Dynamics through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the Dynamics through
+collisions and on panre maps Okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and on panre maps Okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and on panre maps Okay so so
+I actually want to start the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually want to start the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually want to start the discussion
+um by just asking given we've defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by just asking given we've defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by just asking given we've defined a
+walking robot with some stance Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot with some stance Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot with some stance Dynamics
+and some sort of collision Dynamics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sort of collision Dynamics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sort of collision Dynamics like
+we did for the rimless wheel and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for the rimless wheel and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for the rimless wheel and the
+compass gate and the need Compass gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate and the need Compass gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate and the need Compass gate
+quickly I just want to ask the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I just want to ask the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I just want to ask the simple
+question can you find the stable limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can you find the stable limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can you find the stable limit
+Cycles or even any um periodic Gates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles or even any um periodic Gates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles or even any um periodic Gates of
+the system okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question um I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I want to find
+equilibrium fixed points of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium fixed points of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium fixed points of the of the
+Quant gray map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um remember we we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um remember we we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um remember we we talked about
+uh panker analysis of limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh panker analysis of limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh panker analysis of limit cycle
+behaviors last time and we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors last time and we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors last time and we said that
+this continuous time stable oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous time stable oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous time stable oscillation
+could be nicely characterized as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be nicely characterized as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be nicely characterized as a
+discrete time fix Point analysis if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time fix Point analysis if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time fix Point analysis if
+we're able to for instance for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to for instance for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to for instance for the um
+Vander Poole oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vander Poole oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vander Poole oscillator
+right I called it x and x dot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I called it x and x dot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I called it x and x dot on the
+Vander Poole oscillator um if we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vander Poole oscillator um if we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vander Poole oscillator um if we're able
+to design some surface of section and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design some surface of section and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design some surface of section and
+just look at the state of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the state of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the state of the system
+every time it goes through that surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it goes through that surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it goes through that surface
+of section right then I can build a poan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of section right then I can build a poan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of section right then I can build a poan
+map which is on the on the poan I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which is on the on the poan I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which is on the on the poan I've got
+an A State X which is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A State X which is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A State X which is just some
+potentially nonlinear mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the uh the nth Crossing of this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh the nth Crossing of this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh the nth Crossing of this map
+to the N plus one crossing of the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N plus one crossing of the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N plus one crossing of the map
+yeah of the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah of the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah of the surface of
+section so given I have some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so given I have some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so given I have some sort
+of bisecting surface here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bisecting surface here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bisecting surface here
+um what I'd like to do is now find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'd like to do is now find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'd like to do is now find the
+fixed points of that solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right which means XP star is just P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means XP star is just P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means XP star is just P of
+x p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x p
+star yeah simple enough and that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star yeah simple enough and that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star yeah simple enough and that should
+tell me where I've got a fixed point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where I've got a fixed point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where I've got a fixed point and
+therefore where I have a limit cycle mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore where I have a limit cycle mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore where I have a limit cycle mhm
+it doesn't actually imply necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't actually imply necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't actually imply necessarily
+that that limit cycle is stable if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that limit cycle is stable if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that limit cycle is stable if it
+was stable then you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stable then you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stable then you could imagine
+finding the fix point for instance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the fix point for instance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the fix point for instance of
+the vanderpol oscillator just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vanderpol oscillator just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vanderpol oscillator just by
+simulating the vanderpol oscillator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating the vanderpol oscillator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating the vanderpol oscillator for
+enough time right it'll eventually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time right it'll eventually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time right it'll eventually go
+and do the work for you and find its way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the work for you and find its way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the work for you and find its way
+to the stable fix point so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stable fix point so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stable fix point so if you just
+run it long enough but if it's unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it long enough but if it's unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it long enough but if it's unstable
+that's not as easy to do and for systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not as easy to do and for systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not as easy to do and for systems
+like the compass gate it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the compass gate it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the compass gate it turns out the
+Basin of Attraction is sort of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin of Attraction is sort of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin of Attraction is sort of small
+enough that you could spend a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you could spend a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you could spend a long time
+trying to find Initial conditions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find Initial conditions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find Initial conditions which
+happened to simulate their way into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to simulate their way into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to simulate their way into the
+stable fix Point okay so we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable fix Point okay so we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable fix Point okay so we want to do
+better get some better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tools given what we've talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools given what we've talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools given what we've talked about in
+other parts of the class if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the class if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the class if you wanted
+to find the roots of this the the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the roots of this the the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the roots of this the the fix
+points of this system how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of this system how would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of this system how would you do
+it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I
+just slipped a little bit and gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slipped a little bit and gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slipped a little bit and gave you
+half the answer there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how would you do it I've got some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do it I've got some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do it I've got some big
+complicated function P I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated function P I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated function P I want to find
+the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points close right so so I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points close right so so I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points close right so so I want to find
+the roots of some function of XP right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of some function of XP right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of some function of XP right
+so it's equivalent to finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Roots the Roots of you know p XP star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots the Roots of you know p XP star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots the Roots of you know p XP star
+minus XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Star right so if I can evaluate p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star right so if I can evaluate p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star right so if I can evaluate p
+through simulation or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through simulation or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through simulation or whatever
+then I can evaluate this and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can evaluate this and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can evaluate this and I could
+just hand it to mat lab or something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hand it to mat lab or something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hand it to mat lab or something and
+say find me the roots of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say find me the roots of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say find me the roots of this um
+nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+function okay and that's easy enough we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and that's easy enough we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and that's easy enough we
+show we talked about the Newton method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show we talked about the Newton method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show we talked about the Newton method
+for finding roots in the quick in the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding roots in the quick in the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding roots in the quick in the we
+talked about the constraint solvers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the constraint solvers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the constraint solvers that
+SN and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN and the like
+uses okay so um so in fact we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses okay so um so in fact we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses okay so um so in fact we could just
+hand this to SN as is and ask it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this to SN as is and ask it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this to SN as is and ask it to do
+its thing and it would do numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thing and it would do numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thing and it would do numerical
+derivatives and it would find its way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and it would find its way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and it would find its way to
+some um some zero of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um some zero of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um some zero of that
+function we're going to be in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're going to be in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're going to be in a lot
+better shape though if we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shape though if we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shape though if we can compute
+the gradients of that analytically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradients of that analytically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradients of that analytically and
+hand it to snap it'll take a lot fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it to snap it'll take a lot fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it to snap it'll take a lot fewer
+trials and I want to sort of do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials and I want to sort of do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials and I want to sort of do that
+exercise quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise quickly
+Computing the gradients of the P gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the gradients of the P gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the gradients of the P gray
+map because it's going to be broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map because it's going to be broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map because it's going to be broadly
+useful in control and because it forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in control and because it forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in control and because it forces
+us to to really think about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to to really think about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to to really think about how we
+Define that point gr map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we'd like to do let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we'd like to do let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we'd like to do let me just
+say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's
+easier if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have partial P partial X available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have partial P partial X available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have partial P partial X available for
+the optimization right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just think ahead for a second here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just think ahead for a second here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just think ahead for a second here
+how would you compute if I was if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you compute if I was if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you compute if I was if I
+would just ask you off on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just ask you off on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just ask you off on the street
+I've got a point gray map how I how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a point gray map how I how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a point gray map how I how
+would I compute the gradients what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I compute the gradients what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I compute the gradients what would
+you what would you think what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what would you think what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what would you think what would you
+start trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so you
+so where have we analyzed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where have we analyzed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where have we analyzed the
+perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations
+before what kind of tools go with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what kind of tools go with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what kind of tools go with that
+idea well if we linearize about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point yeah so again around any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point yeah so again around any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point yeah so again around any given
+point which defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which defines a
+trajectory we could do we could do back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory we could do we could do back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory we could do we could do back
+prop through time if we cared about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop through time if we cared about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop through time if we cared about a
+cost function but remember the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function but remember the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function but remember the trick
+behind back propop through time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind back propop through time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind back propop through time
+Computing those gradients the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing those gradients the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing those gradients the reason
+that was so efficient was because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so efficient was because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so efficient was because we
+were trying to find U the gradients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to find U the gradients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to find U the gradients with
+respect to a scalar output so backrop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a scalar output so backrop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a scalar output so backrop
+through time did a forward pass and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time did a forward pass and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time did a forward pass and then
+connected it to that scalar cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected it to that scalar cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected it to that scalar cost
+function output and then backed up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function output and then backed up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function output and then backed up a
+minimal State Vector the forward version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal State Vector the forward version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal State Vector the forward version
+we talked about was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about was just
+Computing the the gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the the gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the the gradients
+marching forward we called that I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching forward we called that I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marching forward we called that I called
+that real-time recurrent learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real-time recurrent learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real-time recurrent learning
+rtrl and that's actually sort of 80% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtrl and that's actually sort of 80% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtrl and that's actually sort of 80% of
+what you need to compute the gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to compute the gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to compute the gradients
+here is there something I did wrong yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay so rtrl which we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so rtrl which we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so rtrl which we've talked about
+before and I'll say again real quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I'll say again real quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I'll say again real quickly
+here is is uh is a lot of the answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is uh is a lot of the answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is uh is a lot of the answer but
+there's a there's a subtlety that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a subtlety that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a subtlety that I want
+you to see okay so so let's be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see okay so so let's be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see okay so so let's be a little
+careful about how we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about how we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about how we go
+um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from
+XP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP of
+n over to XP n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one right that mapping is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right that mapping is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right that mapping is sort of a
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+uh there's a there's a transition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a there's a transition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a there's a transition from
+this discrete time system to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrete time system to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discrete time system to The
+Continuous time Dynamics a simulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuous time Dynamics a simulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuous time Dynamics a simulation of
+those continuous time Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those continuous time Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those continuous time Dynamics
+potentially an impact map at the end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially an impact map at the end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially an impact map at the end we
+talked about the rimless wheel doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the rimless wheel doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the rimless wheel doing the
+point gr map right at the impact so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point gr map right at the impact so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point gr map right at the impact so
+let's do that carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me say that um let me Define XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me say that um let me Define XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me say that um let me Define XP
+at n as being equivalent to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n as being equivalent to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n as being equivalent to in
+continuous time x the full the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time x the full the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time x the full the original
+Vector right I I use a p to denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right I I use a p to denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right I I use a p to denote the
+discrete time Punk Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time Punk Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time Punk Ray
+thing at the time of collision of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at the time of collision of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at the time of collision of the
+nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth
+Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision
+right in the walking case we did always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the walking case we did always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the walking case we did always
+did our pan map at the same time is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did our pan map at the same time is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did our pan map at the same time is a
+collision yeah in more generally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision yeah in more generally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision yeah in more generally you
+could just think of this as sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just think of this as sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just think of this as sort of a
+collision with the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision with the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision with the surface of
+section okay in the walking C case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay in the walking C case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay in the walking C case
+because the Collision has some Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Collision has some Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Collision has some Dynamics
+we want to be explicit about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be explicit about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be explicit about whether
+it's before or after those Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's before or after those Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's before or after those Dynamics
+before or after the Collision right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or after the Collision right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or after the Collision right so
+I'm going to say I'm going to call our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say I'm going to call our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say I'm going to call our
+um discreet time state of our system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um discreet time state of our system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um discreet time state of our system to
+be the state of the system immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the state of the system immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the state of the system immediately
+after I process that Collision Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I process that Collision Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I process that Collision Dynamic
+so I'm going to put a plus there minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to put a plus there minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to put a plus there minus
+would be just before the Collision yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just before the Collision yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just before the Collision yeah
+they're both at the same time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both at the same time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both at the same time but
+there's an instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an instantaneous
+Dynamics okay so I have this I know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay so I have this I know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics okay so I have this I know how
+to go from XP to a continuous time thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from XP to a continuous time thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from XP to a continuous time thing
+and then I know how to go from this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I know how to go from this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I know how to go from this to
+um March that forward right if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um March that forward right if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um March that forward right if I know
+when the next Collision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+then I know that had better just be X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know that had better just be X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know that had better just be X of
+TC plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC plus
+n plus the integral from 0 to TC well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus the integral from 0 to TC well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus the integral from 0 to TC well
+sorry from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry from
+TC um plus n to CC minus n + 1 of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC um plus n to CC minus n + 1 of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC um plus n to CC minus n + 1 of let's
+just say my Dynamics are x doal f ofx I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say my Dynamics are x doal f ofx I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say my Dynamics are x doal f ofx I
+forget about control for a second just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about control for a second just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about control for a second just
+to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it
+simpler that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right once I go from my discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once I go from my discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once I go from my discrete time
+thing to a continuous time thing I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to a continuous time thing I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to a continuous time thing I just
+integrate my equations of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate my equations of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate my equations of motion
+forward until I collide with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward until I collide with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward until I collide with
+the the surface of section again right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the surface of section again right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the surface of section again right
+and I want TC defined somehow I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want TC defined somehow I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want TC defined somehow I want
+somehow Define that surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+section and to Define that surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+section and that Collision time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and that Collision time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section and that Collision time I'm
+going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um or more generally more generally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or more generally more generally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or more generally more generally a
+collision yeah as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero right there's some manifold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right there's some manifold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right there's some manifold of
+states that I can describe by this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that I can describe by this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that I can describe by this this
+function which will Define my my Surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which will Define my my Surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which will Define my my Surface
+of section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of section
+yeah so what was it for the um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what was it for the um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what was it for the um for the
+Vander Poole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillator I just find my surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator I just find my surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator I just find my surface of
+section to be this thing going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section to be this thing going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section to be this thing going
+forward so what this surface of section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so what this surface of section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so what this surface of section
+is some you define it as some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some you define it as some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some you define it as some function
+which just happens to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just happens to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just happens to be zero
+here right so a perfectly good candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so a perfectly good candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so a perfectly good candidate
+would be like the distance the signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like the distance the signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like the distance the signed
+distance let's say between here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance let's say between here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance let's say between here uh
+between your current state and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your current state and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your current state and that
+manifold you okay with that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold you okay with that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold you okay with that I don't
+think I said that very well but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said that very well but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said that very well but if I
+want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know
+Define my Surface of section just Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my Surface of section just Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my Surface of section just Define
+a function of state which is non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of state which is non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of state which is non zero
+everywhere and zero where the surface I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and zero where the surface I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and zero where the surface I
+care about is yeah and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is yeah and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is yeah and that's going to
+allow me as you'll see to do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me as you'll see to do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me as you'll see to do things like
+taking the gradient of of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the gradient of of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the gradient of of you know
+knowing when I'm going to um collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing when I'm going to um collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing when I'm going to um collide
+with that that surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that surface of
+section so this could just be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so this could just be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section so this could just be for
+instance um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um the
+signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed
+distance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance um
+between let's say the foot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so when the robot's foot hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when the robot's foot hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when the robot's foot hits the
+ground that thing is going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that thing is going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that thing is going to be zero
+yeah when it's below the ground it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when it's below the ground it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when it's below the ground it'll be
+some negative distance when it's above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some negative distance when it's above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some negative distance when it's above
+the ground it'll be some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground it'll be some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground it'll be some positive
+distance okay and that's going to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay and that's going to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance okay and that's going to allow
+me then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then to
+Define um this at a time of collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define um this at a time of collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define um this at a time of collision
+this thing has going to had better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero is that also going to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that also going to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that also going to include the
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+XIs good so I would I'd want to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs good so I would I'd want to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs good so I would I'd want to Define
+it in a way that doesn't include that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that doesn't include that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way that doesn't include that
+right so I could I could put a um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I could I could put a um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I could I could put a um so the
+robot's foot colliding with the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot's foot colliding with the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot's foot colliding with the ground
+doesn't have that problem if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that problem if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that problem if you think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it um but but I do typically put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um but but I do typically put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um but but I do typically put
+something like a velocity um term in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a velocity um term in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a velocity um term in it
+let me just write down what I what I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write down what I what I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just write down what I what I use
+for the rimless wheel actually I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rimless wheel actually I got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rimless wheel actually I got it
+here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I do f of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do f of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do f of x is
+just s the sign function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just s the sign function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just s the sign function of
+of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dot * Theta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot * Theta minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot * Theta minus
+gamma- Alpha so if you don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma- Alpha so if you don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma- Alpha so if you don't remember
+all those symbols that's almost useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those symbols that's almost useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those symbols that's almost useless
+but this is this is um saying the sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is this is um saying the sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is this is um saying the sin
+Theta dot tells me if if the robot's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot tells me if if the robot's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot tells me if if the robot's
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+forward yeah then I'm going to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward yeah then I'm going to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward yeah then I'm going to look for
+the collision with the ground at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision with the ground at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision with the ground at this
+angle and if the robot's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and if the robot's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and if the robot's looking
+backwards I'm going to actually look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards I'm going to actually look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards I'm going to actually look at
+the collision with the ground in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision with the ground in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision with the ground in that
+angle and that's how I end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and that's how I end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and that's how I end up getting
+the surface of section which doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of section which doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of section which doesn't go
+um yeah just goes in the top half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah just goes in the top half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah just goes in the top half of the
+and bottom half of the thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom half of the thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom half of the thing yeah
+so you can Define whatever function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can Define whatever function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can Define whatever function but
+you just want it to be not zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay we're getting closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay we're getting closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay we're getting closer to
+having this thing will be well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this thing will be well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this thing will be well defined
+in fact there's this is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's this is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's this is a very common
+way to define um a collision in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to define um a collision in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to define um a collision in any
+hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid
+system so systems that are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so systems that are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so systems that are continuous
+with discrete impacts are called hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with discrete impacts are called hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with discrete impacts are called hybrid
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+yeah if you wanted to simulate a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you wanted to simulate a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you wanted to simulate a system
+in mat lab with OD then you would very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mat lab with OD then you would very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mat lab with OD then you would very
+much do that by defining a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do that by defining a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do that by defining a function
+which they call a collision function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they call a collision function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they call a collision function or
+a collision event function which has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collision event function which has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collision event function which has got
+zeros here and you can hand as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros here and you can hand as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros here and you can hand as your
+options to the OD solvers in mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options to the OD solvers in mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options to the OD solvers in mat lab
+event functions like this and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event functions like this and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event functions like this and they will
+very carefully watch for that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully watch for that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully watch for that for a
+crossing of that event function AC cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing of that event function AC cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing of that event function AC cross
+zero and pinpoint the time and state at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and pinpoint the time and state at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and pinpoint the time and state at
+which that thing goes across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that thing goes across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that thing goes across
+zero so this is a very common notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is a very common notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is a very common notation
+in hybrid systems kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worlds turns out if we do care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds turns out if we do care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds turns out if we do care about
+finding this gradient of the P gr map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this gradient of the P gr map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this gradient of the P gr map
+then this is going to be also be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be also be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be also be the
+enabling thing which allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling thing which allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling thing which allows us to
+compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient okay so we have this uh X of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient okay so we have this uh X of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient okay so we have this uh X of T
+minus we've gone from from from just P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus we've gone from from from just P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus we've gone from from from just P
+after a collision we've integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a collision we've integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a collision we've integrated
+forward over our continuous Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward over our continuous Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward over our continuous Dynamics
+yeah and then so now we're at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then so now we're at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then so now we're at the time
+of the new Collision TC minus n +1 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the new Collision TC minus n +1 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the new Collision TC minus n +1 we're
+going to compute the new um the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute the new um the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute the new um the new
+Dynamics by having some Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics by having some Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics by having some Collision
+function in the rimless wheel it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the rimless wheel it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the rimless wheel it was
+just the the thing that took out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the thing that took out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the thing that took out some
+energy because of the the inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because of the the inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because of the the inelastic
+collision with the ground so the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision with the ground so the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision with the ground so the final
+piece of the puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the puzzle
+here is X of p n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is X of p n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is X of p n
++1 which is equivalent to X of t C + n
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 which is equivalent to X of t C + n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 which is equivalent to X of t C + n
++1 which is some impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 which is some impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 which is some impact
+Dynamics I'll just call it Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics I'll just call it Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics I'll just call it Big
+f of x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x of
+T C minus n +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is both function of TC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in 90% of cases that that you that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 90% of cases that that you that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 90% of cases that that you that I
+would care about it's only a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would care about it's only a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would care about it's only a function of
+X I like to write in the more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I like to write in the more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I like to write in the more general
+form in case you have things like moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in case you have things like moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in case you have things like moving
+obstacles let's say right in the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles let's say right in the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles let's say right in the surface
+of section case for limit Cycles um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of section case for limit Cycles um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of section case for limit Cycles um I
+think it'd be pretty unusual to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'd be pretty unusual to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'd be pretty unusual to have a
+dependence a direct dependence on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence a direct dependence on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence a direct dependence on time
+but it doesn't make our derivation any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't make our derivation any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't make our derivation any
+more complicated than if you had if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than if you had if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than if you had if you
+wanted to worry about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to worry about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to worry about you know
+collisions with things or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions with things or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions with things or something like
+that you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so this is a sufficient recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is a sufficient recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is a sufficient recipe
+now for simulating the PK Ray map right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for simulating the PK Ray map right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for simulating the PK Ray map right
+if I want to if I want to just evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to if I want to just evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to if I want to just evaluate
+in the simulation with the punkay map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simulation with the punkay map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simulation with the punkay map
+someone says I'm at State XP on the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says I'm at State XP on the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says I'm at State XP on the nth
+Punk Ray map I'm going to turn that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punk Ray map I'm going to turn that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Punk Ray map I'm going to turn that into
+my continuous time thing I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my continuous time thing I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my continuous time thing I'm going to
+integrate forward my Dynamics just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate forward my Dynamics just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate forward my Dynamics just like
+we always do but I'm going to stop at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always do but I'm going to stop at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always do but I'm going to stop at a
+particular time TC minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time TC minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time TC minus
+which is defined as the the time when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as the the time when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as the the time when it
+causes Fe to equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes Fe to equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes Fe to equal zero
+yeah and then at that time in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then at that time in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then at that time in the case
+of the walking robots or any collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the walking robots or any collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the walking robots or any collisions
+physical collisions you might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical collisions you might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical collisions you might have to
+implement the the discrete Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the the discrete Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the the discrete Collision
+Dynamics and that takes you back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and that takes you back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and that takes you back to the
+the next map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right good so how do we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good so how do we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good so how do we take the
+gradients of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost
+trivial almost trivial right we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial almost trivial right we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial almost trivial right we know how
+to take the gradients of of this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the gradients of of this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the gradients of of this right
+we just we'll do it again just in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just we'll do it again just in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just we'll do it again just in one
+line but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but
+um we know how to just integrate forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know how to just integrate forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we know how to just integrate forward
+the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+Dynamics like we as we to to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics like we as we to to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics like we as we to to compute the
+the long-term gradients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the only
+subtlety is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety is that
+so so what when I'm Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what when I'm Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what when I'm Computing the
+gradient I'm changing XP a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient I'm changing XP a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient I'm changing XP a little bit
+I'm trying to do a sensitivity analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to do a sensitivity analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to do a sensitivity analysis
+between XP if I change XP a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between XP if I change XP a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between XP if I change XP a little bit
+how's it going to change XP n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's it going to change XP n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's it going to change XP n plus one
+right so the only subtlety is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the only subtlety is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the only subtlety is that when
+I change XP a little bit it can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change XP a little bit it can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change XP a little bit it can change
+my Collision time yeah so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Collision time yeah so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Collision time yeah so you have to
+make darn sure when you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make darn sure when you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make darn sure when you're taking the
+gradients that you capture the changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients that you capture the changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients that you capture the changes
+in Collision time that are due to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Collision time that are due to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Collision time that are due to your
+change in initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in initial
+conditions other than that it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions other than that it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions other than that it's almost
+EX ly the rtrl code that we had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EX ly the rtrl code that we had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EX ly the rtrl code that we had done
+before okay and that turns out to be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay and that turns out to be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay and that turns out to be not
+so bad so I want to I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad so I want to I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad so I want to I want to do
+it all right so we can just go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so we can just go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so we can just go forward
+with the uh the chain rule here so XP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh the chain rule here so XP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh the chain rule here so XP of
+n + One D XP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n well that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well that's going to
+be first of all the gradient of this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right partial capital F partial X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right partial capital F partial X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right partial capital F partial X and
+then times the gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside okay the inside is defined by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside okay the inside is defined by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside okay the inside is defined by X
+at a certain time so this is where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain time so this is where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain time so this is where that
+comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so first of all let me say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all let me say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all let me say we're
+doing we're doing this linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're doing this linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're doing this linearization
+around some nominal trajectory right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some nominal trajectory right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some nominal trajectory right we
+have some XP knot that we're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some XP knot that we're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some XP knot that we're um
+linearizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing
+around that implies we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that implies we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that implies we have an
+XT trajectory that we're linearizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT trajectory that we're linearizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT trajectory that we're linearizing
+around which I'm calling X knot yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which I'm calling X knot yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which I'm calling X knot yeah and
+it imp implies that there's some nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it imp implies that there's some nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it imp implies that there's some nominal
+time of impact that we're that time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of impact that we're that time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of impact that we're that time of
+collision that we're linearizing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision that we're linearizing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision that we're linearizing around
+which I'm calling TC knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm calling TC knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm calling TC knot
+okay so the obvious gradient here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the obvious gradient here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the obvious gradient here
+partial F partial X gets us past gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X gets us past gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial X gets us past gets
+backwards past the impact Dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards past the impact Dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards past the impact Dynamics and
+then we have to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to figure out what the
+state of X is relative to the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of X is relative to the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of X is relative to the initial
+conditions at time evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at time evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at time evaluated at the
+original impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original impact
+time right and then the subtlety is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and then the subtlety is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and then the subtlety is that
+I can also increment or decrement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also increment or decrement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also increment or decrement the
+index of the integral the limits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the integral the limits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the integral the limits of the
+integral which has the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which has the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which has the effect
+of you know adding this term again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know adding this term again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know adding this term again
+Modified by that increment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modified by that increment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modified by that increment in the
+in the limit of the integral so I get F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit of the integral so I get F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit of the integral so I get F
+ofx times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx times that
+increment okay so let's do this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment okay so let's do this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment okay so let's do this in a
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+right so let's say I have some um thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say I have some um thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's say I have some um thing
+some manifold defined by f equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z and I have some nominal trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and I have some nominal trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and I have some nominal trajectory
+that I took to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+um switching surface I'm calling this x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um switching surface I'm calling this x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um switching surface I'm calling this x0
+of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this one here
+is um x0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um x0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um x0 of
+tc0 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tc0 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tc0 uh
+plus n to be entirely confused I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n to be entirely confused I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n to be entirely confused I guess
+or just just a lot to write I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just just a lot to write I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just just a lot to write I could
+write that equally well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that equally well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that equally well as
+xpn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xpn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xpn
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+right and what I'm trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what I'm trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what I'm trying to figure out
+is what's the state going to be if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the state going to be if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the state going to be if I'm
+going to simulate my system from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simulate my system from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simulate my system from
+slightly different initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different initial conditions
+when it hits the map right so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it hits the map right so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it hits the map right so using
+my multicolored approach here if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my multicolored approach here if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my multicolored approach here if I take
+some increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some increment
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+x0 right and I simulate my new Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 right and I simulate my new Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 right and I simulate my new Dynamics
+forward then maybe I get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward then maybe I get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward then maybe I get something
+pretty similar but at time but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar but at time but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar but at time but my
+original end of time if I if I evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original end of time if I if I evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original end of time if I if I evaluated
+this integral for the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral for the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral for the same amount of
+time there's no reason to expect I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's no reason to expect I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's no reason to expect I would
+get back to that switching surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to that switching surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to that switching surface
+right so this is my modified thing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is my modified thing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is my modified thing at
+TC um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC um
+not but what I would have figured out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but what I would have figured out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but what I would have figured out is
+where it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to
+be the next time it hits the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the next time it hits the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the next time it hits the the
+surface bless you so you can do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface bless you so you can do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface bless you so you can do that by
+figuring out what this difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what this difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what this difference is
+this is partial um X of T given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is partial um X of T given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is partial um X of T given the
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+conditions at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at time
+TC that's this term here corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC that's this term here corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC that's this term here corresponds to
+this yeah but i' better also add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah but i' better also add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah but i' better also add in
+the Dynamics of this thing pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of this thing pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of this thing pushed
+forward by the amount of time necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by the amount of time necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by the amount of time necessary
+to get me back to the surface for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get me back to the surface for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get me back to the surface for that
+Collision yeah so you never take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision yeah so you never take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision yeah so you never take a
+derivative of the function you do I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the function you do I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the function you do I'll
+show you so in order to get this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you so in order to get this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you so in order to get this we're
+going to have to take a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to take a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to take a derivative of
+the V function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V function
+MH I can't tell people if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH I can't tell people if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH I can't tell people if people are
+bored by this or intrigued by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored by this or intrigued by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bored by this or intrigued by this
+or or don't care but okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or don't care but okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or don't care but okay does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+good all right so how do we figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right so how do we figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right so how do we figure out
+the change the incremented time given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change the incremented time given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change the incremented time given
+the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions well it's defined based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions well it's defined based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions well it's defined based on
+that F equaling zero is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F equaling zero is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F equaling zero is the thing that
+that defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines
+um this Collision surface so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Collision surface so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Collision surface so it's going
+to be used in Computing that increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in Computing that increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used in Computing that increment
+in time okay so if if um if V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time okay so if if um if V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time okay so if if um if V equals
+zero then it better also be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it better also be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then it better also be the case
+that um D Fe DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um D Fe DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um D Fe DX
+p n let me just write this I'm sorry TC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p n let me just write this I'm sorry TC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p n let me just write this I'm sorry TC
+minus or TC n + one here um X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus or TC n + one here um X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus or TC n + one here um X
+of TC minus n +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is just the the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is just the the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is just the the derivative of
+that thing with based on the changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing with based on the changes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing with based on the changes of
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XP I've defined that I want to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP I've defined that I want to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP I've defined that I want to I'm
+saying that that even though I changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that even though I changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that that even though I changed
+XP Fe had better still be zero right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP Fe had better still be zero right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP Fe had better still be zero right I'm
+I'm integrating until I hit that surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating until I hit that surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating until I hit that surface
+so this thing had better equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative with partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with partial
+Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe
+TX partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T evaluate at those same places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I I'll save myself from writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I'll save myself from writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I'll save myself from writing
+that last equation but obviously I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last equation but obviously I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last equation but obviously I can
+now solve this for D DTC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dxp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah stepping back just a second so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah stepping back just a second so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah stepping back just a second so I'm
+making an increment here I'm defining it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an increment here I'm defining it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an increment here I'm defining it
+that even though I made that increment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though I made that increment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though I made that increment I
+still better get to Fe equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still better get to Fe equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still better get to Fe equals
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+right I can look at the change in fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can look at the change in fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can look at the change in fee
+that could potentially occur it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could potentially occur it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could potentially occur it's going
+to also depend on the change in X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also depend on the change in X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also depend on the change in X and
+the change in final time right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in final time right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in final time right and that
+allows me to solve for the final time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to solve for the final time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to solve for the final time
+that must have made that happen must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must have made that happen must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must have made that happen must
+have made it so I get back to to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it so I get back to to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it so I get back to to the the
+switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's really the only thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's really the only thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's really the only thing you
+need to know to make all of your tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know to make all of your tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know to make all of your tools
+that we' we've used for open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we' we've used for open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we' we've used for open loop
+optimal control for instance um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control for instance um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control for instance um for the
+acrobot and the cart pole work for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot and the cart pole work for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot and the cart pole work for the
+walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+yeah the ad additional advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the ad additional advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the ad additional advantage of
+thinking about this now as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this now as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this now as um
+as on the point gray map as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as on the point gray map as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as on the point gray map as we can
+actually in some ways we could do even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some ways we could do even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some ways we could do even
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what did I just solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what did I just solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what did I just solve
+for I solve for partial P partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X absolutely yeah please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X absolutely yeah please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X absolutely yeah please
+to get yeah good I I want questions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get yeah good I I want questions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get yeah good I I want questions um
+so we start from there say okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from there say okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from there say okay we
+have map and then we Define the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have map and then we Define the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have map and then we Define the surface
+as Pi and that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Pi and that f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Pi and that f is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small um no not necessarily I I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um no not necessarily I I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um no not necessarily I I mean
+this to say so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to say so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to say so it
+happens it happens that often times uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it happens that often times uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it happens that often times uh
+at the surface of section we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface of section we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface of section we want to
+compute a discret Collision Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a discret Collision Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a discret Collision Dynamics
+right which is just some other function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is just some other function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is just some other function
+which I'm calling capital F I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm calling capital F I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm calling capital F I don't mean
+that to be directly related to that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be directly related to that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be directly related to that I
+can see that coming right after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that coming right after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that coming right after the
+integral that's confusing you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's confusing you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's confusing you want to
+call that something different we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that something different we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that something different we could
+call that something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that something different
+yeah yeah this is this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this is this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this is this is the the
+equation which says um well in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which says um well in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which says um well in the in
+the rimless wheel example it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rimless wheel example it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rimless wheel example it actually
+says I'm going to change coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to change coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to change coordinate
+systems back to where my my new leg is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems back to where my my new leg is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems back to where my my new leg is
+on the ground so I'm actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground so I'm actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground so I'm actually going to
+do a dis a discret change in Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a dis a discret change in Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a dis a discret change in Theta and
+I'm going to take away some of the Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take away some of the Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take away some of the Theta
+dot because there's I've lost some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot because there's I've lost some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot because there's I've lost some
+energy into the ground right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy into the ground right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy into the ground right and in
+general when you have collisions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when you have collisions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when you have collisions in
+mechanical systems if you model them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems if you model them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems if you model them as
+impulses you're going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses you're going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses you're going to have some
+function like f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like f
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry then we took the d x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then we took the d x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then we took the d x
+P xn to see this is equivalent right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P xn to see this is equivalent right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P xn to see this is equivalent right to
+being the partial P partial X everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the partial P partial X everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the partial P partial X everybody
+sees that yes yeah yeah okay so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that yes yeah yeah okay so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that yes yeah yeah okay so we want
+to see if the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if the change
+on then the next point if you reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then the next point if you reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then the next point if you reach the
+change right not a little bit of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right not a little bit of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right not a little bit of change
+of fi what we're changing the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fi what we're changing the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fi what we're changing the thing
+we're we're changing is the is XP yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're changing is the is XP yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're changing is the is XP yeah
+the point would start out of Chang a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point would start out of Chang a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point would start out of Chang a
+little bit out of then where the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit out of then where the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit out of then where the next
+one end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and X knot and all the knots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and X knot and all the knots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and X knot and all the knots are
+basically the initial trajectory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the initial trajectory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the initial trajectory we
+would have taken Y without changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have taken Y without changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have taken Y without changing
+because we're doing everything as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing everything as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing everything as an
+increment right we're doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment right we're doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment right we're doing an
+incremental now so I want to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental now so I want to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental now so I want to say that
+the new TC is going to be some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new TC is going to be some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new TC is going to be some you know
+tc0 plus this little this increment yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tc0 plus this little this increment yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tc0 plus this little this increment yeah
+and um so we know that the because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so we know that the because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so we know that the because we
+def should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I've def I've defined the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've def I've defined the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've def I've defined the problem
+that way again right so I said so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way again right so I said so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way again right so I said so even
+if I make a small change in XP I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make a small change in XP I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make a small change in XP I still
+want it to be that in my new Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be that in my new Collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be that in my new Collision
+point I'm not going to call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm not going to call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm not going to call it a
+collision point until um f equals z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision point until um f equals z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision point until um f equals z and
+if Fe is going to equal zero along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Fe is going to equal zero along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Fe is going to equal zero along
+everything then certainly equal zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything then certainly equal zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything then certainly equal zero on
+an increment in XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so it's tempting to say so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so it's tempting to say so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so it's tempting to say so so
+we got you know we've got gradient-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got you know we've got gradient-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got you know we've got gradient-based
+calculations flying around here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations flying around here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations flying around here we've
+been doing a lot with that I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing a lot with that I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing a lot with that I think they
+they're pretty powerful um it's tempting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty powerful um it's tempting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty powerful um it's tempting
+to say that if I have a discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that if I have a discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that if I have a discontinuity
+then it breaks all my gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it breaks all my gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it breaks all my gradient
+calculations it doesn't break them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations it doesn't break them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations it doesn't break them you
+just have to be more careful about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to be more careful about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to be more careful about them
+yeah okay so we can take a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so we can take a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so we can take a gradient
+through the impact of a walking robot no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the impact of a walking robot no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the impact of a walking robot no
+problem you just have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you just have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you just have to use
+this okay this would be the same if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay this would be the same if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay this would be the same if
+you're doing a you know a ping pong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a you know a ping pong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a you know a ping pong
+robot or something like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot or something like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot or something like that right
+anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with
+collisions a mobile robot that runs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions a mobile robot that runs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions a mobile robot that runs into
+Museum uh ATT you know visitors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum uh ATT you know visitors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum uh ATT you know visitors or
+something like this would also have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this would also have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this would also have an
+impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+map uh okay so um that's all you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map uh okay so um that's all you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map uh okay so um that's all you need to
+to to use all those methods we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to use all those methods we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to use all those methods we did
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+okay so if I wanted to now optimize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I wanted to now optimize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I wanted to now optimize a
+trajectory let's say of my periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory let's say of my periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory let's say of my periodic
+system right if I had if I had my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right if I had if I had my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right if I had if I had my
+Dynamics now we're back I did this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics now we're back I did this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics now we're back I did this just
+in the simple case of of f ofx but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple case of of f ofx but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple case of of f ofx but if I
+had F ofx comma U and I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had F ofx comma U and I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had F ofx comma U and I wanted to
+optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+u in order to to do something good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in order to to do something good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in order to to do something good on
+the point gray map minimize some cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point gray map minimize some cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point gray map minimize some cost
+function I can take the gradients I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I can take the gradients I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I can take the gradients I can
+do my optimization right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this idea of actually changing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this idea of actually changing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this idea of actually changing to a
+discrete time system is a bit empowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time system is a bit empowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time system is a bit empowering
+too you can always do it doesn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you can always do it doesn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you can always do it doesn't you
+it's not that you only do it uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you only do it uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you only do it uh for
+walking robots I could I could take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robots I could I could take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robots I could I could take any
+continuous time system instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time system instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time system instead of
+looking at it at every T I could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it at every T I could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it at every T I could look at
+it you know at discreete intervals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know at discreete intervals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know at discreete intervals of
+time right I could take my take a a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right I could take my take a a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right I could take my take a a ball
+that I throw across the room it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I throw across the room it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I throw across the room it has no
+impacts whatsoever well at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts whatsoever well at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts whatsoever well at the beginning
+you know and then uh right and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then uh right and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then uh right and I could
+look at the system between at X Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the system between at X Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the system between at X Time
+Zero then X to at tal 1 second X of tal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero then X to at tal 1 second X of tal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero then X to at tal 1 second X of tal
+2 second and I could build a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 second and I could build a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 second and I could build a discrete
+time system from any of these continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time system from any of these continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time system from any of these continuous
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+systems um it's particularly nice to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um it's particularly nice to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um it's particularly nice to do
+it on these walking robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on these walking robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on these walking robots
+um because well let's let's do it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because well let's let's do it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because well let's let's do it so so
+what have I just done right I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I just done right I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I just done right I've made
+I've computed partial P partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've computed partial P partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've computed partial P partial
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is telling me that I'm I'm G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to have I'm approximating it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have I'm approximating it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have I'm approximating it's
+a tailor expansion right of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamics around some nominal Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if x nominal is a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if x nominal is a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if x nominal is a fixed
+point you know or if I just change my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know or if I just change my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know or if I just change my
+coordinate systems to xar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems to xar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems to xar is
+is xn minus X nominal n right I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is xn minus X nominal n right I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is xn minus X nominal n right I could do
+the time varying thing if I want or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time varying thing if I want or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time varying thing if I want or I
+could just do it um simply if x bar not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do it um simply if x bar not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just do it um simply if x bar not
+is a is a fixed point then I'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a fixed point then I'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a fixed point then I'm left with
+a b a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+careful here P P's everywhere p n + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here P P's everywhere p n + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful here P P's everywhere p n + one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a xar p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay I can immediately look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can immediately look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can immediately look for the
+stability of that model by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of that model by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of that model by taking the
+igen vectors right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors right I
+values stability conditions are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values stability conditions are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values stability conditions are in
+discret time so those I values better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret time so those I values better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret time so those I values better be
+bounded by one and negative 1 it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by one and negative 1 it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by one and negative 1 it's not
+the same condition but perfectly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same condition but perfectly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same condition but perfectly easy to
+analyze the the stability of the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points right so now for the um if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right so now for the um if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right so now for the um if I just
+cared about analyzing a passive Walker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about analyzing a passive Walker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cared about analyzing a passive Walker
+I've immediately found I've got ways Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've immediately found I've got ways Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've immediately found I've got ways Now
+by Computing partial P partial X handing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing partial P partial X handing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing partial P partial X handing
+it to snot or something to solve to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to snot or something to solve to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to snot or something to solve to find
+the roots I can find the fixed points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots I can find the fixed points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots I can find the fixed points
+and it also happens that by Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also happens that by Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also happens that by Computing
+partial P partial X I can evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial X I can evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial X I can evaluate the
+stability of those fix points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of those fix points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of those fix points
+yeah the rimless Wheels fix points if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the rimless Wheels fix points if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the rimless Wheels fix points if
+you remember there was two of them one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember there was two of them one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember there was two of them one
+was a rolling fix point one was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a rolling fix point one was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a rolling fix point one was a
+standing still fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still fixed
+Point both of them are locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point both of them are locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point both of them are locally
+stable the compass gate if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable the compass gate if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable the compass gate if you remember
+the compass gate it also can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compass gate it also can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compass gate it also can have
+multiple fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple fixed
+points it has one fixed point for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points it has one fixed point for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points it has one fixed point for a
+nominal slope it has one fix Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal slope it has one fix Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal slope it has one fix Point
+that's walking and it actually has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's walking and it actually has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's walking and it actually has an
+unstable fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point now the cool thing is so amarish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now the cool thing is so amarish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now the cool thing is so amarish
+gami who's a who's a friend did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gami who's a who's a friend did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gami who's a who's a friend did a lot of
+the initial compus gate analysis if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial compus gate analysis if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial compus gate analysis if you
+um if you start inclining the the ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you start inclining the the ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you start inclining the the ramp
+steeper and steeper then those fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper and steeper then those fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper and steeper then those fix
+points change as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points change as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points change as a function of the
+Dynamics something really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics something really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics something really interesting
+happens it's uh it's not surprising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's uh it's not surprising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's uh it's not surprising that
+these are complicated Dynamics but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are complicated Dynamics but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are complicated Dynamics but you
+actually at some point at some critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at some point at some critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at some point at some critical
+angle you get a period doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you get a period doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you get a period doubling
+bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation
+so you get an extra fix point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get an extra fix point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get an extra fix point that
+corresponds not to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds not to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds not to a
+one-step fix point but to a two-step fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-step fix point but to a two-step fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-step fix point but to a two-step fix
+point so what what does that mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what what does that mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so what what does that mean what
+does that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that correspond to
+physically what is a two-step what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically what is a two-step what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically what is a two-step what do I
+even mean by twostep on the point CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mean by twostep on the point CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mean by twostep on the point CR
+map between two different points right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map between two different points right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map between two different points right
+so so at X of X of n + 2 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so at X of X of n + 2 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so at X of X of n + 2 is going to
+equal x of n but X of n plus one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal x of n but X of n plus one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal x of n but X of n plus one doesn't
+necessarily but every other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily but every other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily but every other thing is
+going to be the same so what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same so what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same so what does that
+physically correspond to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically correspond to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically correspond to in the
+walking it's more of a limp I'd say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking it's more of a limp I'd say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking it's more of a limp I'd say yeah
+it's some asymmetric gate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some asymmetric gate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some asymmetric gate it's
+like like this these robots start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like this these robots start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like this these robots start doing
+you know potentially asymmetric thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know potentially asymmetric thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know potentially asymmetric thing
+every other footstep ends up Landing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other footstep ends up Landing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other footstep ends up Landing in
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+place but but not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but but not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but but not every
+footstep okay so it's actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footstep okay so it's actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footstep okay so it's actually there's a
+lot of interesting work just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interesting work just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interesting work just looking at
+these passive models and just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these passive models and just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these passive models and just looking at
+the stability of these passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability of these passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability of these passive
+Gates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates okay
+I do want to say make one note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to say make one note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to say make one note
+here if you're looking at the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you're looking at the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you're looking at the igen
+values of a the way I've defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a the way I've defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a the way I've defined
+it um so the the trivial condition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so the the trivial condition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um so the the trivial condition here
+is that the I values of a had better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the I values of a had better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the I values of a had better be
+less than the magnitude better be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the magnitude better be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the magnitude better be better
+be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one there's different notations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's different notations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's different notations for
+working on the point gray Maps my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the point gray Maps my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the point gray Maps my
+notation is to denote X of P where X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is to denote X of P where X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is to denote X of P where X is
+the same size is the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size is the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size is the original
+Vector right because that's more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right because that's more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector right because that's more useful
+in simulation that's more useful in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simulation that's more useful in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simulation that's more useful in most
+of our computations but remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our computations but remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our computations but remember the
+point gray map effectively reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point gray map effectively reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point gray map effectively reduces
+dimensionality by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality by
+one and if you just in the way I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if you just in the way I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if you just in the way I've
+written it here if you just look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it here if you just look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it here if you just look at a
+that comes out of a stable periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of a stable periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of a stable periodic
+oscillation there's actually the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation there's actually the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation there's actually the way
+I've done it there's also there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done it there's also there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done it there's also there's always
+a trivial I value of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which doesn't degrade the stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't degrade the stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't degrade the stability of
+the system what does that I value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system what does that I value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system what does that I value
+correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to yeah if I take my stable rimless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah if I take my stable rimless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah if I take my stable rimless
+wheel I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel I compute
+a I take the igen values I see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I take the igen values I see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I take the igen values I see that the
+system stable it goes to my nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stable it goes to my nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stable it goes to my nominal
+thing this is the standard stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is the standard stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is the standard stability
+criteria for discreet time system but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for discreet time system but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for discreet time system but I
+noticed that there's actually always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that there's actually always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that there's actually always a
+trivial there's a one igen value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial there's a one igen value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial there's a one igen value that
+equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+makes sense because it's good right do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because it's good right do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because it's good right do
+people see that there's one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see that there's one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see that there's one direction
+that I can push it in which it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can push it in which it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can push it in which it does not
+reject that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disturbance right and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance right and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance right and that's the
+direction if you push it along the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you push it along the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you push it along the limit
+cycle right so there's two two ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right so there's two two ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right so there's two two ways to
+do it I I'm sorry to make it complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it I I'm sorry to make it complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it I I'm sorry to make it complicated
+but um there's two ways to do it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there's two ways to do it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there's two ways to do it if I
+were to have redefined my coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to have redefined my coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to have redefined my coordinate
+system on the map I wouldn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the map I wouldn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the map I wouldn't want to
+call it X anymore but something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it X anymore but something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it X anymore but something that
+reduced the dimensionality of the map by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the dimensionality of the map by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the dimensionality of the map by
+one right and then then I could get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and then then I could get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and then then I could get I
+could use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this
+condition um alone but in the way I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um alone but in the way I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um alone but in the way I've
+done it and in the notes and in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it and in the notes and in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it and in the notes and in in in
+life I like to keep this sort of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I like to keep this sort of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I like to keep this sort of as a
+same dimension of X and then because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same dimension of X and then because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same dimension of X and then because I
+want limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want limit cycle
+stability it's absolutely the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability it's absolutely the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability it's absolutely the case that
+one of the I value there is a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the I value there is a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the I value there is a direction
+in which those disturbances are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which those disturbances are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which those disturbances are not
+rejected that's what I want yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected that's what I want yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected that's what I want yeah
+okay so the way I I describe it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way I I describe it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way I I describe it in the
+notes is that that what you want for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is that that what you want for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is that that what you want for
+stability of the of the periodic gate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the of the periodic gate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the of the periodic gate is
+you want you ignore the first ion value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you ignore the first ion value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you ignore the first ion value
+of one you the rest of them better be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one you the rest of them better be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one you the rest of them better be I
+want it to be only one direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be only one direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be only one direction that
+that doesn't disturb reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't disturb reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't disturb reject
+disturbances you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances you with
+me okay what happen two Dimensions do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay what happen two Dimensions do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay what happen two Dimensions do
+L yeah then there's some other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L yeah then there's some other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L yeah then there's some other direction
+that doesn't reject disturbances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't reject disturbances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't reject disturbances and
+then I start questioning whether it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I start questioning whether it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I start questioning whether it's um
+stable right it wouldn't I wouldn't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right it wouldn't I wouldn't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right it wouldn't I wouldn't call
+it stable in the sense of a limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stable in the sense of a limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stable in the sense of a limit cycle
+stability right if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability right if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability right if I could
+push you know in some other direction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push you know in some other direction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push you know in some other direction in
+state space and doesn't get rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space and doesn't get rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space and doesn't get rejected
+then it's not going to contain it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to contain it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to contain it's not
+going to return to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return to that
+orbit right it's just there's a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit right it's just there's a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit right it's just there's a special
+Direction along the orbit which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction along the orbit which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction along the orbit which I'm
+allowed to push and that's what defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to push and that's what defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to push and that's what defines
+limit cycle stability right but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle stability right but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle stability right but there's
+only one direction what if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one direction what if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one direction what if you have this
+limits that two Dimension even in a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that two Dimension even in a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that two Dimension even in a high
+dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space
+right I have 50 dimensional robot going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have 50 dimensional robot going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have 50 dimensional robot going
+around there's only one place that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there's only one place that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there's only one place that that
+trajectory is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is going
+forward that I'm allowed to push and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward that I'm allowed to push and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward that I'm allowed to push and not
+reject the disturbance every other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject the disturbance every other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject the disturbance every other but
+one better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better
+converge yeah for me to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable okay we did the case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay we did the case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay we did the case for the
+non-controlled system but it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-controlled system but it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-controlled system but it's only
+we're only a Stones throw away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only a Stones throw away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only a Stones throw away from
+doing the the actuated version I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the the actuated version I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the the actuated version I want
+going to write it out again but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it out again but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it out again but let's
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's do it a little let me do it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's do it a little let me do it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's do it a little let me do it a
+little carefully just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little carefully just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little carefully just
+to just say what I mean carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just say what I mean carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just say what I mean carefully
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I want to do the controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case get back to a system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case get back to a system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case get back to a system like
+this we talked about in the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we talked about in the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we talked about in the policy
+gradient in the policy search world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the policy search world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the policy search world that
+I could then Define you to be a tape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could then Define you to be a tape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could then Define you to be a tape of
+use or or to come out of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use or or to come out of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use or or to come out of a linear
+feedback control or whatever sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control or whatever sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback control or whatever sort of
+parameterization but I like to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization but I like to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization but I like to to
+use to think of it as being some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to think of it as being some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to think of it as being some
+function which depends on a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which depends on a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which depends on a parameter
+Vector Alpha and could generally depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector Alpha and could generally depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector Alpha and could generally depend
+on X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a different way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a different way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a different way to think
+about control in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about control in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about control in the
+uh uh in the discreet time panker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense one way to think about it is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense one way to think about it is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense one way to think about it is let's
+say every time I hit a surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say every time I hit a surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say every time I hit a surface of
+section or my foot hits the ground in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section or my foot hits the ground in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section or my foot hits the ground in
+the walking case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walking case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walking case
+yeah why don't I change the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why don't I change the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why don't I change the the
+parameter Vector Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Vector Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Vector Alpha
+okay but I'm going to make decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm going to make decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm going to make decisions
+only once per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only once per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only once per
+step and then I'm going to execute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then I'm going to execute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and then I'm going to execute this
+policy for the duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for the duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for the duration of
+that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that
+cycle and then the next time my foot hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and then the next time my foot hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and then the next time my foot hit
+to the ground I'll make a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground I'll make a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground I'll make a different
+decision about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha you can imagine so so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha you can imagine so so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha you can imagine so so let's say
+that Pi of alpha on my compass gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pi of alpha on my compass gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pi of alpha on my compass gate
+Walker and we'll use this example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walker and we'll use this example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walker and we'll use this example in
+simulation in a second let's say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation in a second let's say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation in a second let's say I have
+a roller that runs during the limmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roller that runs during the limmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roller that runs during the limmit
+cycle which tries to set my inter leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle which tries to set my inter leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle which tries to set my inter leg
+angle to be some desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to be some desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle to be some desired
+value okay every step I take the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay every step I take the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay every step I take the only
+decision I make is what should that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I make is what should that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I make is what should that
+desired inter leg angle be for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired inter leg angle be for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired inter leg angle be for my
+compass gate but over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate but over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate but over the course of the
+cycle I'll simulate that a PD controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I'll simulate that a PD controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I'll simulate that a PD controller
+that tries to make that inner leg angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to make that inner leg angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to make that inner leg angle
+happen yeah but my discreet time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah but my discreet time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah but my discreet time
+decisions are just what inner leg angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are just what inner leg angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are just what inner leg angle
+should I should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I should I
+be fia's got a compass gate that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fia's got a compass gate that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fia's got a compass gate that works
+with um open loop trajectories that play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um open loop trajectories that play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um open loop trajectories that play
+out where his major parameters are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where his major parameters are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where his major parameters are the
+frequency and and phase of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and and phase of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and and phase of the of the
+periodic input it's amazingly stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic input it's amazingly stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic input it's amazingly stable
+coming out it's like a beautiful example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out it's like a beautiful example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out it's like a beautiful example
+of open loop stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open loop stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open loop stability
+okay so so fumi and I have been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so fumi and I have been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so fumi and I have been talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+changing the the parameters of his open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the the parameters of his open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the the parameters of his open
+loop controller once per step in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop controller once per step in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop controller once per step in order
+to to uh to try to Reg the the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh to try to Reg the the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh to try to Reg the the behavior
+of the system okay there's lots of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system okay there's lots of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system okay there's lots of ways
+you could do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do it but
+generally what that gives you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what that gives you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what that gives you if you
+just try to compute these exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to compute these exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to compute these exact same
+gradients again you we've computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients again you we've computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients again you we've computed the
+gradient with respect to the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient with respect to the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient with respect to the initial
+State um but we could also compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State um but we could also compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State um but we could also compute a
+gradient with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha and what that could give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and what that could give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and what that could give me
+here is a model like this you know I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a model like this you know I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a model like this you know I'll
+call it B because I'm thinking of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it B because I'm thinking of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it B because I'm thinking of alpha
+like a control decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a control decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a control decision
+yeah where Alpha bar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where Alpha bar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah where Alpha bar of
+n is the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the my control decision at Al at at n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my control decision at Al at at n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my control decision at Al at at n
+minus whatever the nominal Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus whatever the nominal Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus whatever the nominal Alpha is
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see okay so let's say I find a stable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so let's say I find a stable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so let's say I find a stable um
+limit cycle where I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle where I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle where I just
+command the inter angle leg angle to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command the inter angle leg angle to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command the inter angle leg angle to be
+I don't know pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know pi over
+4 every step and I can find a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 every step and I can find a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 every step and I can find a stable
+limit cycle Behavior well then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle Behavior well then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle Behavior well then if
+someone pushes my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone pushes my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone pushes my
+robot Computing these A and B matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot Computing these A and B matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot Computing these A and B matrices
+give me a nice simple way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a nice simple way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a nice simple way to make
+discreet decisions to try to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet decisions to try to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet decisions to try to stabilize
+that robot if I'm away from my limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that robot if I'm away from my limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that robot if I'm away from my limit
+cycle I can correct for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I can correct for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I can correct for those
+differences by just saying okay next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences by just saying okay next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences by just saying okay next
+time take a bigger step or then take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time take a bigger step or then take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time take a bigger step or then take a
+smaller step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller step
+right and how would I design that rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how would I design that rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how would I design that rule
+to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha how would you design it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha how would you design it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha how would you design it if you
+wanted to make a feedback law on Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is a discret Time linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a discret Time linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a discret Time linear
+system I could just hand it to mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I could just hand it to mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I could just hand it to mat lab
+and call lqr discreet time lqr it's D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call lqr discreet time lqr it's D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call lqr discreet time lqr it's D
+lqr give it a q and R it'll give me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr give it a q and R it'll give me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr give it a q and R it'll give me back
+a negative K Alpha you know K KX that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative K Alpha you know K KX that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative K Alpha you know K KX that
+defines Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines Alpha
+right you with me on that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you with me on that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you with me on that so the
+discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time
+um summarization of the Dynamics in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um summarization of the Dynamics in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um summarization of the Dynamics in this
+way can actually make it very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way can actually make it very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way can actually make it very natural
+and very simple to compute controllers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very simple to compute controllers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very simple to compute controllers
+which stabilize a walking cycle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stabilize a walking cycle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stabilize a walking cycle for
+instance where you make decisions once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance where you make decisions once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance where you make decisions once
+per step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to show you some some work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you some some work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you some some work that
+Katie Bill did in in um my lab where she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katie Bill did in in um my lab where she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katie Bill did in in um my lab where she
+did it on the nonlinear case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it on the nonlinear case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it on the nonlinear case for the
+compass gate um she instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate um she instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate um she instead of
+linearizing this she went right with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing this she went right with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing this she went right with the
+the the full nonlinear panker map right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the full nonlinear panker map right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the full nonlinear panker map right
+she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+just did X of n + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did X of n + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did X of n + one
+is a some panre map of X of n time Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a some panre map of X of n time Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a some panre map of X of n time Al
+parameterized by Alpha yeah or alpha n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by Alpha yeah or alpha n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by Alpha yeah or alpha n
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say and the compass gate how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and the compass gate how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and the compass gate how many
+dimensions was it was it's four basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions was it was it's four basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions was it was it's four basic
+Dimensions there's there's two angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions there's there's two angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions there's there's two angles
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if you it's just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you it's just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you it's just about the
+right size that you can try discretizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size that you can try discretizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size that you can try discretizing
+and doing Val iteration right so Katie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing Val iteration right so Katie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing Val iteration right so Katie
+had some nice work showing that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some nice work showing that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some nice work showing that on the
+compass gate we can really get a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate we can really get a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass gate we can really get a pretty
+good sense of the nonlinear optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sense of the nonlinear optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sense of the nonlinear optimal
+Solution by just popping this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution by just popping this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution by just popping this in this
+discreete time control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete time control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete time control problem
+into value iteration doing some work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into value iteration doing some work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into value iteration doing some work and
+Computing back an optimal feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing back an optimal feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing back an optimal feedback
+policy which tells you where you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy which tells you where you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy which tells you where you should
+step every time in order to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step every time in order to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step every time in order to stabilize
+your gate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gate one
+better if you add one more Dimension to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you add one more Dimension to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you add one more Dimension to
+your compass gate robot you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compass gate robot you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compass gate robot you can actually
+think about where it is on terrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about where it is on terrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about where it is on terrain and
+make it walk over rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terrain so maybe I didn't spend enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain so maybe I didn't spend enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain so maybe I didn't spend enough
+time uh in these two lectures convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh in these two lectures convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh in these two lectures convincing
+you that nobody knows how to make robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that nobody knows how to make robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that nobody knows how to make robots
+walk on rough terrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on rough terrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on rough terrain
+but uh shoot it's going to take a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but you might know for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you might know for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you might know for yourself
+that you don't see a lot of walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't see a lot of walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't see a lot of walking
+robots walking on rough terrainium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots walking on rough terrainium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots walking on rough terrainium
+big dog sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dog sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dog sort of the
+exception big dog seems to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good we've got a little dog upstairs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we've got a little dog upstairs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we've got a little dog upstairs in
+our lab which is also pretty good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lab which is also pretty good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lab which is also pretty good I
+think they're different uh little dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're different uh little dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're different uh little dogs
+got can see the terrain and big dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got can see the terrain and big dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got can see the terrain and big dog
+can't so we're supposed to be doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't so we're supposed to be doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't so we're supposed to be doing the
+uh the long-term planning of uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the long-term planning of uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the long-term planning of uh for the
+long-term research for Big Dog was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term research for Big Dog was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term research for Big Dog was the
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we've had that entry music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've had that entry music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've had that entry music
+here it's a very dramatic simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a very dramatic simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a very dramatic simulation
+that follows okay here's Katie's work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows okay here's Katie's work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows okay here's Katie's work on
+Compass skates on rough terrain yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compass skates on rough terrain yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compass skates on rough terrain yeah
+little Compass gate robot it's making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Compass gate robot it's making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Compass gate robot it's making
+control decisions every footstep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control decisions every footstep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control decisions every footstep it
+knows where the terrain is popped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows where the terrain is popped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows where the terrain is popped it
+into a big value iteration solver and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a big value iteration solver and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a big value iteration solver and
+this thing can walk over almost anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing can walk over almost anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing can walk over almost anything
+right it actually does it applies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it actually does it applies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it actually does it applies a
+torque of the hip with the PD controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque of the hip with the PD controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque of the hip with the PD controller
+I described and it also puts in a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described and it also puts in a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I described and it also puts in a an
+Impulse at the foot one time every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse at the foot one time every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse at the foot one time every every
+post impact so it can push itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post impact so it can push itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post impact so it can push itself
+forward a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward a little
+bit well this thing it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit well this thing it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit well this thing it's pretty
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and it's just converting this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's just converting this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's just converting this sort
+of complicated looking problem into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated looking problem into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated looking problem into a
+value iteration problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration problem
+like the exact train it does the SL of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the exact train it does the SL of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the exact train it does the SL of
+the train uh it doesn't think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train uh it doesn't think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train uh it doesn't think about the
+slope of the train we could but the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the train we could but the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the train we could but the um
+the reason it's tractable actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's tractable actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's tractable actually if
+you can sell by the the foot points it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell by the the foot points it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell by the the foot points it
+wraps around so we got a limited State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wraps around so we got a limited State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wraps around so we got a limited State
+space in X doesn't worry about um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in X doesn't worry about um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in X doesn't worry about um the
+swing foot hitting the ground uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing foot hitting the ground uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing foot hitting the ground uh we
+ignore we we if you look real carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore we we if you look real carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore we we if you look real carefully
+I think the leg gets a little shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the leg gets a little shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the leg gets a little shorter
+every time it goes right but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it goes right but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it goes right but it's a
+massless leg there's no Dynamics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless leg there's no Dynamics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless leg there's no Dynamics like
+that we build the robot the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we build the robot the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we build the robot the same way
+have a little TG toe that pulls up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little TG toe that pulls up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little TG toe that pulls up
+yeah how do you impulse at the LIF it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how do you impulse at the LIF it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how do you impulse at the LIF it's
+trivial in simulation yeah how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial in simulation yeah how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial in simulation yeah how do we do
+it in real life not as well as we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in real life not as well as we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in real life not as well as we'd like
+right I mean fumia has got a design that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean fumia has got a design that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean fumia has got a design that
+that it's got a Servo that pushes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got a Servo that pushes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got a Servo that pushes as
+fast as we can we were we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as we can we were we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as we can we were we talked about
+you know pneumatics that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pneumatics that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pneumatics that would be a
+little faster but we don't want to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster but we don't want to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little faster but we don't want to we
+haven't run that run that yet do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't run that run that yet do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't run that run that yet do you
+know the foot impulse it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the foot impulse it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the foot impulse it's interesting
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so she she actually did the case of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she she actually did the case of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she she actually did the case of just
+hip just foot they both work they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip just foot they both work they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip just foot they both work they both
+stabilize the The Walking on moderate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize the The Walking on moderate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize the The Walking on moderate
+terrain but the together they're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain but the together they're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain but the together they're much
+more stable than the other the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable than the other the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable than the other the thing
+that the the hip one always gets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the hip one always gets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the hip one always gets in
+these configurations where it goes whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations where it goes whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations where it goes whoa
+like this and Falls backwards right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and Falls backwards right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and Falls backwards right you
+need a little bit of foot energy to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit of foot energy to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit of foot energy to to
+get over and the one that pushes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over and the one that pushes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over and the one that pushes off
+with the toe keeps putting its foot down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the toe keeps putting its foot down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the toe keeps putting its foot down
+in the wrong place roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong place roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong place roughly
+right there's one thing that Katie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's one thing that Katie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's one thing that Katie's
+simulations had problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations had problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations had problems
+with the guys in my lab know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the guys in my lab know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the guys in my lab know
+but uh there's a pretty sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's a pretty sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's a pretty sort of very
+visual I should find the video maybe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual I should find the video maybe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual I should find the video maybe but
+uh there's a very visual thing that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a very visual thing that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a very visual thing that that
+uh we had problems what was the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had problems what was the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had problems what was the problem
+I always talked about with value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always talked about with value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always talked about with value
+iteration even if you could tile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration even if you could tile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration even if you could tile the
+space you got to watch out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something yeah there's you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah there's you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah there's you know your
+discretization if there's if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization if there's if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization if there's if there's
+hard discontinuities you can you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard discontinuities you can you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard discontinuities you can you can do
+things wrong in your discretization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wrong in your discretization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wrong in your discretization
+right your discretization could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your discretization could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your discretization could be a
+poor approximation of your continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor approximation of your continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor approximation of your continuous
+thing so Katie simulated a of terrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so Katie simulated a of terrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so Katie simulated a of terrain
+that had holes in it like Cliffs and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had holes in it like Cliffs and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had holes in it like Cliffs and had
+these beautiful policies that would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful policies that would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beautiful policies that would you
+know choose their step across you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know choose their step across you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know choose their step across you know
+karate kid sort of style terrain um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+karate kid sort of style terrain um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+karate kid sort of style terrain um but
+every once in a while the mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while the mesh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while the mesh points
+would land in the wrong place and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would land in the wrong place and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would land in the wrong place and the
+stupid thing would put its foot right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing would put its foot right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid thing would put its foot right in
+the middle of the hole right down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the hole right down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the hole right down into
+The Ether yeah was sort of the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether yeah was sort of the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether yeah was sort of the textbook
+case of value iteration resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of value iteration resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of value iteration resolution
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so walking isn't any harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so walking isn't any harder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so walking isn't any harder than
+any other robot really there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other robot really there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other robot really there's
+mechanical challenges there's you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical challenges there's you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical challenges there's you have
+to carry your actuators you're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry your actuators you're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry your actuators you're typically
+dealing with actuator saturations a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with actuator saturations a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with actuator saturations a lot
+it's it's definitely underactuated right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's definitely underactuated right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's definitely underactuated right
+I don't mean to say it's easy because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean to say it's easy because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean to say it's easy because I
+think the acrobots sort of rich and hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the acrobots sort of rich and hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the acrobots sort of rich and hard
+but it's not significantly harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not significantly harder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not significantly harder than
+the acrobot and this is remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acrobot and this is remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acrobot and this is remember the
+acrobot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot
+Dynamics the only two differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the only two differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the only two differences are
+that you have to worry about you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to worry about you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to worry about you you
+tend to think about Pon maps to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think about Pon maps to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think about Pon maps to Define
+stability and you have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and you have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and you have to worry about
+these Collision Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Collision Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Collision Dynamics
+mhm you get 100 degree fre I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm you get 100 degree fre I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm you get 100 degree fre I'm not
+showing you 100 degree of Freedom robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you 100 degree of Freedom robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you 100 degree of Freedom robot
+here walking along um but you could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here walking along um but you could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here walking along um but you could I
+mean we're getting there right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're getting there right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we're getting there right so the
+durall type methods that we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durall type methods that we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durall type methods that we're using
+with the LTV linearization we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the LTV linearization we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the LTV linearization we think
+that's going to work pretty nicely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to work pretty nicely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to work pretty nicely for
+for a little dog and that's 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little dog and that's 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little dog and that's 36
+dimensional walking on very rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terrain so there's been a lot of work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain so there's been a lot of work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain so there's been a lot of work um
+uh in the of this sort of outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the of this sort of outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the of this sort of outside the
+optimal control view of the world um i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control view of the world um i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control view of the world um i'
+i' I'd be doing you a disservice if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I'd be doing you a disservice if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I'd be doing you a disservice if I
+didn't tell you about a little bit of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um make sure I said everything I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make sure I said everything I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make sure I said everything I wanted
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+here okay good there's one one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay good there's one one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay good there's one one other
+point I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make there's something you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make there's something you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make there's something you can do in
+discreete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete
+time that you can't really do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you can't really do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you can't really do in
+continuous time when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time when it comes to
+stabilizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controllers if anybody anybody get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers if anybody anybody get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers if anybody anybody get it
+from just that I said it very obtusely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just that I said it very obtusely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just that I said it very obtusely
+but yeah yeah good right so if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah yeah good right so if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah yeah good right so if in
+discreet time I can actually find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet time I can actually find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet time I can actually find an
+action potentially depends on B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentially depends on B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potentially depends on B
+right I could find an action which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I could find an action which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I could find an action which would
+actually drive me um to zero in my error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drive me um to zero in my error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drive me um to zero in my error
+Dynamics in a single step right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics in a single step right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics in a single step right in
+continuous time getting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time getting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time getting there
+arbitrarily fast means setting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily fast means setting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily fast means setting your
+gains arbitrarily high in discreet time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains arbitrarily high in discreet time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains arbitrarily high in discreet time
+that's not the case I can set a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case I can set a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case I can set a finite
+um magnitude gain that will get me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um magnitude gain that will get me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um magnitude gain that will get me to
+zero in in a single step right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in in a single step right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in in a single step right so that's
+called deadbeat control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a very beautiful goal to have for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very beautiful goal to have for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very beautiful goal to have for a
+walking robot okay if I get perturbed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot okay if I get perturbed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot okay if I get perturbed by
+the terrain or by someone hitting me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrain or by someone hitting me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrain or by someone hitting me
+with a baseball bat or whatever this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a baseball bat or whatever this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a baseball bat or whatever this is
+you should see the videos that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see the videos that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see the videos that the
+robotics people make of walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics people make of walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics people make of walking
+robots um then a very beautiful goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots um then a very beautiful goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots um then a very beautiful goal is
+to say that before I my next foot hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that before I my next foot hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that before I my next foot hits
+the ground I'm going to cancel out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground I'm going to cancel out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground I'm going to cancel out all
+the error for my disturbance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error for my disturbance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error for my disturbance
+yeah certainly you can do that here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah certainly you can do that here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah certainly you can do that here if
+you have no limits on Alpha and if B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no limits on Alpha and if B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no limits on Alpha and if B is
+full row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full row
+rank then it's just an algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank then it's just an algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank then it's just an algebraic
+equation to compute what alpha n had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to compute what alpha n had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to compute what alpha n had had
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+be yeah I could just say compute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah I could just say compute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah I could just say compute what
+something that I could basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I could basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I could basically it's
+like feedback linearization I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like feedback linearization I could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like feedback linearization I could just
+cancel that out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes you can't do it but I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't do it but I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can't do it but I want you
+to know it's a beautiful goal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know it's a beautiful goal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know it's a beautiful goal for
+control um we'll see in the running um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um we'll see in the running um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um we'll see in the running um
+bit we'll see some running models where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit we'll see some running models where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit we'll see some running models where
+you can do deadbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do deadbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do deadbeat
+control um the compass gate if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um the compass gate if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um the compass gate if you had
+the right parameterization you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right parameterization you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right parameterization you could
+probably you could do Compass gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you could do Compass gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you could do Compass gate
+control John and I were debating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control John and I were debating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control John and I were debating this
+last night I don't think that the PD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night I don't think that the PD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night I don't think that the PD
+controller is probably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is probably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is probably going to be
+enough to give you deadbeat control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to give you deadbeat control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to give you deadbeat control
+because it won't simultaneously take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it won't simultaneously take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it won't simultaneously take out
+your energy and get your foot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy and get your foot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy and get your foot in the
+right place um but it's possible we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place um but it's possible we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right place um but it's possible we
+could actually do the analysis and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do the analysis and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do the analysis and and
+ask that question answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question okay so thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so thinking about these
+things as discreete time control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as discreete time control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as discreete time control
+problems is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is pretty
+beautiful more generally though we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful more generally though we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful more generally though we can
+do control through the um through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do control through the um through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do control through the um through the
+swing phase in this case or between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing phase in this case or between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing phase in this case or between the
+surfaces of section in in a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces of section in in a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces of section in in a general
+limit cycle case yeah and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle case yeah and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle case yeah and if you want to
+do that you could do you could do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you could do you could do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you could do you could do a
+shooting method you could do de call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting method you could do de call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting method you could do de call
+optimize some trajectory you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize some trajectory you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize some trajectory you have to be
+careful because the time can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because the time can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because the time can change
+during your optimization the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your optimization the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your optimization the the
+duration of your trajectory but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of your trajectory but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of your trajectory but you
+could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um and then optimize it but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and then optimize it but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and then optimize it but just
+like we showed in the acrobot and cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we showed in the acrobot and cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we showed in the acrobot and cart
+po case people have come up with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po case people have come up with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po case people have come up with with
+more I don't want to say problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I don't want to say problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I don't want to say problem
+specific but more sort of um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific but more sort of um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific but more sort of um well
+problem specific Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem specific Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem specific Solutions
+yeah so um gas Swami unish GW me is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um gas Swami unish GW me is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um gas Swami unish GW me is uh
+um did some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work can anybody guess I mean what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work can anybody guess I mean what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work can anybody guess I mean what's
+what's one of the dominant uh nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one of the dominant uh nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one of the dominant uh nonlinear
+control ideas we talked about for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control ideas we talked about for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control ideas we talked about for the
+acrobot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carple pfl but that led to energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carple pfl but that led to energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carple pfl but that led to energy
+shaping SO gas Swami did a nice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping SO gas Swami did a nice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping SO gas Swami did a nice um
+controller based on energy shaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and he showed that uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he showed that uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he showed that uh that you
+take your nominal Compass gate with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your nominal Compass gate with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your nominal Compass gate with its
+fragile little Basin of Attraction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile little Basin of Attraction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile little Basin of Attraction which
+he computed by sampling pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he computed by sampling pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he computed by sampling pushing the
+system until it fell down right and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system until it fell down right and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system until it fell down right and he
+showed that with an energy shaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that with an energy shaping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that with an energy shaping
+controller which is derived exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller which is derived exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller which is derived exactly the
+same way we derive the other one so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way we derive the other one so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way we derive the other one so I
+won't I won't bother but um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't I won't bother but um I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't I won't bother but um I can
+regulate the energy of the system to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the energy of the system to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate the energy of the system to put
+me back on the energetic orbit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back on the energetic orbit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back on the energetic orbit because
+this thing is is the with zero torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is is the with zero torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is is the with zero torque
+it's it's passive in the um swing phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's passive in the um swing phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's passive in the um swing phase
+so I can just drive myself up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can just drive myself up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can just drive myself up to the
+place where I will passively fall down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where I will passively fall down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where I will passively fall down
+and hit the the right place on my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit the the right place on my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit the the right place on my point
+map okay and that worked locally that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map okay and that worked locally that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map okay and that worked locally that's
+a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea um there's another bunch of work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um there's another bunch of work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um there's another bunch of work uh
+that's become popular in in our world um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's become popular in in our world um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's become popular in in our world um
+Eric Westervelt and Jesse Grizzle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Westervelt and Jesse Grizzle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Westervelt and Jesse Grizzle and
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um they talk about hybrid zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamics and more recently our friend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and more recently our friend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and more recently our friend uh
+who's going to join the lab is uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to join the lab is uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to join the lab is uh well
+sharv is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharv is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharv is is the
+adviser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Manchester these guys have been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester these guys have been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester these guys have been doing
+sort of similar work using more optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of similar work using more optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of similar work using more optimal
+control derivations um and similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control derivations um and similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control derivations um and similar
+hybrid zerod dnamic kind of methods let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid zerod dnamic kind of methods let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrid zerod dnamic kind of methods let
+me just cartoon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea it's sort of similar to the pfl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's sort of similar to the pfl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's sort of similar to the pfl
+idea but these hybrid zero dnamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but these hybrid zero dnamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but these hybrid zero dnamic
+methods are one of the places where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are one of the places where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are one of the places where we
+actually have um proofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence and the way they do it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and the way they do it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and the way they do it like
+in partial feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in partial feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in partial feedback
+linearization is that the when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization is that the when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization is that the when when the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+is let me say it say it carefully here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me say it say it carefully here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me say it say it carefully here
+um they find some desired trajectory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they find some desired trajectory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they find some desired trajectory of
+the robot which has a periodic gate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot which has a periodic gate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot which has a periodic gate that
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+like it has actuated joints that follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has actuated joints that follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has actuated joints that follow
+this trajectory and passive joints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trajectory and passive joints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trajectory and passive joints that
+follow this trajectory if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this trajectory if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this trajectory if you do a
+collocated pfl if you just regulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocated pfl if you just regulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocated pfl if you just regulate the
+Dynamics of your system your actuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of your system your actuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of your system your actuated
+joints to follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints to follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints to follow that
+trajectory then the passive one pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory then the passive one pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory then the passive one pretty
+much has to do the same has to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much has to do the same has to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much has to do the same has to do the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+thing okay so the results that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so the results that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so the results that these
+guys on the hybrid zero Dynamics they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on the hybrid zero Dynamics they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys on the hybrid zero Dynamics they
+talk the zero Dynamics are the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk the zero Dynamics are the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk the zero Dynamics are the resulting
+output but Dynamics you drive to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but Dynamics you drive to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but Dynamics you drive to drive
+to zero yeah when you your pfl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero yeah when you your pfl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero yeah when you your pfl
+controller has done its job and has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller has done its job and has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller has done its job and has it
+doesn't have to be a pfl controller it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a pfl controller it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a pfl controller it
+could be a PD controller when you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a PD controller when you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a PD controller when you've
+we've driven all your actuated joints to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've driven all your actuated joints to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've driven all your actuated joints to
+the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired
+trajectory if you parameterize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory if you parameterize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory if you parameterize that
+trajectory off let's say the ankle angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory off let's say the ankle angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory off let's say the ankle angle
+then your whole big complicated bipedal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your whole big complicated bipedal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your whole big complicated bipedal
+robot five link 10 link whatever looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot five link 10 link whatever looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot five link 10 link whatever looks
+like a rimless wheel rolling around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rimless wheel rolling around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rimless wheel rolling around the
+the The Stance foot and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Stance foot and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Stance foot and that's a
+beautiful idea so so let me maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful idea so so let me maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful idea so so let me maybe the
+bigger idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger idea here is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um a lot of the walking robots you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of the walking robots you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of the walking robots you can
+think of as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as having a lot of actuators at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having a lot of actuators at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having a lot of actuators at all the
+joints and just missing one unac just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints and just missing one unac just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints and just missing one unac just
+having one passive joint so a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one passive joint so a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one passive joint so a pretty
+good um idea for a walking robot is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um idea for a walking robot is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um idea for a walking robot is to
+just drive all of the actuated joints as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drive all of the actuated joints as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drive all of the actuated joints as
+a function of the passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the passive
+joint and that gives you a dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint and that gives you a dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint and that gives you a dynamical
+system in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in one
+variable it's a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's a more complicated
+dynamical system than the rimless wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical system than the rimless wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical system than the rimless wheel
+it's one that you can design but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one that you can design but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one that you can design but the
+analysis resolve reverts to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis resolve reverts to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis resolve reverts to basically
+the rimless wheel type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rimless wheel type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rimless wheel type
+analysis okay so this hybrid zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay so this hybrid zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay so this hybrid zero
+Dynamics is roughly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is roughly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is roughly that
+idea you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you can sort of do rimless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so I mean is this is this approach like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean is this is this approach like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean is this is this approach like
+sashing damage kind of like you said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sashing damage kind of like you said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sashing damage kind of like you said we
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+like I have had this debate with Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have had this debate with Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have had this debate with Eric
+Westervelt many times yeah I think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westervelt many times yeah I think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Westervelt many times yeah I think it is
+you know it's a good idea just like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a good idea just like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a good idea just like I
+say pfl is great we should use it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pfl is great we should use it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pfl is great we should use it for a
+little while until we figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while until we figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while until we figure out
+something better to do I think they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better to do I think they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better to do I think they'd
+admit that too their stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that too their stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that too their stability
+guarantees are when you've driven the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees are when you've driven the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees are when you've driven the
+aerodynamics to zero you squash the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics to zero you squash the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics to zero you squash the
+aerodynamics and you have to have gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics and you have to have gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamics and you have to have gains
+that are high enough to squash those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are high enough to squash those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are high enough to squash those
+arbitrarily fast right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily fast right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily fast right
+now the the bigger idea I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the bigger idea I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the bigger idea I think is
+is is that you I mean you can do sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that you I mean you can do sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that you I mean you can do sort of
+softer feedback and get some of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer feedback and get some of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softer feedback and get some of the same
+type of performance but the theory does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of performance but the theory does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of performance but the theory does
+depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squashing so all the stuff I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashing so all the stuff I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashing so all the stuff I talked
+about I think is sort of the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I think is sort of the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I think is sort of the right way
+to think about walk and control it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about walk and control it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about walk and control it's a
+small fraction of what people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of what people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of what people actually
+do in the walking robot World by far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the walking robot World by far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the walking robot World by far the
+dominant approach is is these Honda aimo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant approach is is these Honda aimo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant approach is is these Honda aimo
+type robots anybody see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type robots anybody see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type robots anybody see
+hrp uh 4C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hrp uh 4C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hrp uh 4C
+yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+yeah what does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what does it look like
+yeah who saw hrp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who saw hrp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah who saw hrp
+4C yeah it looks like a model yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4C yeah it looks like a model yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4C yeah it looks like a model yeah they
+actually videotaped some a Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually videotaped some a Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually videotaped some a Japanese
+model you know walking in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you know walking in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you know walking in high
+heels right and they built one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heels right and they built one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heels right and they built one of their
+newest it's the aist robot um by koata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest it's the aist robot um by koata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newest it's the aist robot um by koata
+industries that it's got a Now sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries that it's got a Now sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries that it's got a Now sort of a
+Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe
+Android head on it yeah and it walks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android head on it yeah and it walks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Android head on it yeah and it walks I
+mean I just saw a few videos but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I just saw a few videos but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I just saw a few videos but it
+looks pretty good right the the shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty good right the the shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty good right the the shapes
+are sort of you know more feminine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of you know more feminine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of you know more feminine and
+uh uh the gate was a little bit looser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the gate was a little bit looser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the gate was a little bit looser
+right uh but but most of the walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but but most of the walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but but most of the walking
+robots out there today most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots out there today most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots out there today most of the
+successful ones are all pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful ones are all pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful ones are all pretty similar
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+azimo and asmo doesn't do any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azimo and asmo doesn't do any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azimo and asmo doesn't do any of this
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+really Asimo plays one trick I could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Asimo plays one trick I could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Asimo plays one trick I could say
+it it's sort of in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's sort of in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's sort of in a single
+line they try to keep one foot flat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line they try to keep one foot flat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line they try to keep one foot flat on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ground and assume that that foot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and assume that that foot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and assume that that foot is
+bolted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolted to the
+ground and they pretend they're a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and they pretend they're a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and they pretend they're a fully
+actuated system and do trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated system and do trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuated system and do trajectory
+tracking yeah and when they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking yeah and when they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking yeah and when they're doing
+their trajectory tracking they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their trajectory tracking they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their trajectory tracking they have to
+make darn sure that foot doesn't roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make darn sure that foot doesn't roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make darn sure that foot doesn't roll
+off the ground right but if you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground right but if you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground right but if you watch
+the videos of azimo you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the videos of azimo you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the videos of azimo you're going to see
+it's always got one foot flat on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always got one foot flat on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always got one foot flat on the
+ground running is a small Excursion they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground running is a small Excursion they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground running is a small Excursion they
+just give up on stability for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give up on stability for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give up on stability for a little
+bit until so they go back to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit until so they go back to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit until so they go back to the place
+where they can catch on the ground okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can catch on the ground okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can catch on the ground okay
+that's relatively unappealing compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively unappealing compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relatively unappealing compared
+to these I think because it uses a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these I think because it uses a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these I think because it uses a ton
+of energy I told you in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy I told you in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy I told you in the first
+lecture uses 20 times as much energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uses 20 times as much energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uses 20 times as much energy as
+a human when it walks people have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human when it walks people have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human when it walks people have used
+these type of methods to make robot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of methods to make robot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of methods to make robot that
+walk uses the same kind of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk uses the same kind of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk uses the same kind of energy
+economy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy as a
+human right and it's just walking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human right and it's just walking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human right and it's just walking with
+its foot flat on the ground it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its foot flat on the ground it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its foot flat on the ground it doesn't
+work on rough terrain it's not walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on rough terrain it's not walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on rough terrain it's not walking
+as fast as we are all the energetics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as we are all the energetics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as we are all the energetics of
+heel strike you have to do all that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel strike you have to do all that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel strike you have to do all that with
+active control because you can't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active control because you can't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active control because you can't sort of
+reduce your Collision if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your Collision if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your Collision if you're going to
+land with a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land with a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land with a flat
+foot so this is the better way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot so this is the better way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot so this is the better way to do
+things excellent that's a quick preview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things excellent that's a quick preview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things excellent that's a quick preview
+into the world of walking and really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of walking and really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of walking and really the
+key message here is it only takes one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key message here is it only takes one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key message here is it only takes one or
+two more tools to turn it back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more tools to turn it back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more tools to turn it back into the
+acrobot problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrobot problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um midterm on Thursday if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um midterm on Thursday if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um midterm on Thursday if you have
+questions about that ask John ask me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that ask John ask me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that ask John ask me um
+if I do disappear I apologize but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do disappear I apologize but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do disappear I apologize but it's
+for a good reason um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a good reason um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a good reason um and uh
+and we'll yeah have a good spring break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll yeah have a good spring break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll yeah have a good spring break
+and I'll see you soon
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/E2sRItjdLGI.txt b/E2sRItjdLGI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad38ce9036329c3b22e648051a84959a9168b908
--- /dev/null
+++ b/E2sRItjdLGI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@
+Good morning.  Good morning,  yes, thank you.  Well, we were  
+
+coming to the end of the term rather soon.  That's sad.   
+
+And, what I'd like to do today is,  picking up on some of the stuff that  
+
+Bob has been doing,  begin to show how the things we've  
+
+learned about understanding molecular biology,   
+
+biochemistry, genetics,  all come together to help us treat  
+
+disease.  That is after all the point of all this.   
+
+Bob spoke about this with respect to cancer.  Today my goal is to talk  
+
+about this with respect to heart disease.  We've got about 50 minutes  
+
+or so, and I'd like to see if we could solve heart disease by the end  
+
+of the period.  That seems like a reasonable goal.   
+
+And so, I would like you, by the end of today's class,   
+
+to design a therapy to cure most people or at least to prevent a  
+
+couple million heart attacks,  all right?  So, that's our goal.   
+
+So, we'd better get to work if we're going to accomplish that in  
+
+the allotted time.  So, first off, you need to know a  
+
+little something about heart disease.   
+
+The heart: that's obviously an important component of understanding  
+
+heart disease.  What's the heart do?   
+
+The heart pumps blood,  and to and from tissues providing  
+
+nutrients, hormones, removing waste products,   
+
+cells, for example,  it pumps around red blood cells and  
+
+white blood cells and things like that, and of course oxygen in the  
+
+blood.  These are incredibly important things that your heart  
+
+does.  If your heart should stop doing it for even relatively brief  
+
+periods of time,  it's very bad news.   
+
+This is extremely serious not to have your heart pumping,   
+
+as you all know.  One of the ways in which you run  
+
+into trouble with your heart pumping is if the vessels that carry blood  
+
+away from the heart to the periphery arteries become clogged.   
+
+Just simple plumbing problem here: if they become clogged and the  
+
+arterial wall gets build ups here,  we have what is called  
+
+arteriosclerosis.  And, it can lead eventually to  
+
+nearly complete blockade of a vessel.  And if that vessel,   
+
+for example, were to be supplying something important like,   
+
+for example, the blood supply to the heart muscles itself,   
+
+that would be extremely bad,  all right, because then your heart  
+
+muscles wouldn't have oxygen,  and they would quickly die.   
+
+Other problems can happen here too,  where you could have insufficient  
+
+blood supply to the brain.  What happens when your brain  
+
+doesn't get enough oxygen: stroke.  So, we have many, many of these  
+
+issues.  So, if it's the brain: stroke.  If the tissue that doesn't  
+
+get enough oxygen is the heart,  you've got enough heart attack.   
+
+And so, we want to prevent this process of the buildup of plaques in  
+
+the arteries.  And these plaques are made up of complex mixtures of  
+
+proteins, lipids,  and cholesterol, and surely by now  
+
+you all know that cholesterol was this evil molecule,   
+
+and it will indeed be the villain of today's story.   
+
+So, that's the basic plan there.  I'll draw your basic plumbing  
+
+diagram here just so you have it.  We've got a heart here.  This is  
+
+your heart, somewhat simplified picture here.  The heart pumps blood  
+
+that goes out to the body,  to the heart itself, to the brain,   
+
+and of course this before it's doing it is receiving oxygenated  
+
+blood from the lungs.  So, it's really all of these places  
+
+that we're trying to keep flowing.  The number of heart attacks, deaths  
+
+from heart attacks,  and other cardiovascular disease is  
+
+extraordinarily high.  It's on the order of 1.   
+
+million deaths per year.  By contrast, number of deaths from  
+
+cancer is about 600,  00 or so, something like that.   
+
+And, this has been coming down a little bit for cardiovascular  
+
+disease partly because of some of the things we'll talk about today.   
+
+But it still is a leading killer of adults in this country,   
+
+and indeed the leading killer of adults in this country,   
+
+although there are projections that cancer may take over in that role.   
+
+Heart disease is incredibly important.  So,   
+
+if we're going to try to understand how we're going to prevent these  
+
+plaques, and I've told you already,  and you know from the media that  
+
+these plaques have lots of cholesterol in them,   
+
+and that you all know that high cholesterol is bad,   
+
+how do we know that high cholesterol is bad?   
+
+Correlation.  Epidemiological correlation is one,   
+
+and as we will see today,  there are some other, more direct  
+
+results coming out of genetics that point to this as well.   
+
+What is cholesterol?  Let's talk about cholesterol.   
+
+ So, this is the structure  
+
+of cholesterol.    
+
+There we go.  That's cholesterol.  It's a very complex, interesting  
+
+molecule here with lots of rings.  It is a waxy substance.  If you  
+
+were to look at a test tube with a lot of cholesterol in it,   
+
+it would look like wax.  And,  it is extremely hydrophobic.  It  
+
+will not dissolve in water.  So, if cholesterol is such an evil  
+
+molecule as you all know from the news media, why do we have  
+
+this evil molecule?  Sorry?  Well, because it's  
+
+absolutely essential for life.  I mean, despite it's rep as an evil  
+
+molecule, it's extraordinarily important.  The uses of cholesterol  
+
+are many.  One you've already said.  It plays a structural role in cell  
+
+membranes, the plasma membrane.  This is not a big player role in the  
+
+cell membrane.  But about half of all the lipids in  
+
+the cell membrane are cholesterol.  It's a huge component. Cholesterol  
+
+molecules, because of their funny shape, helps stiffen membranes and  
+
+strengthen membranes.  So they strengthen and stiffen the  
+
+membrane.  Also, not only are half of the  
+
+lipids in your cell membranes cholesterol, half of the cholesterol  
+
+in your body is in the cell membranes.  So,   
+
+that's the major location.  They're also used, these complex  
+
+molecules, as precursors for the synthesis of steroid hormones.   
+
+Steroid hormones,  of course, also are evil these days.   
+
+Those of you who checked the New York Times today saw that Jason  
+
+Giambi admitted using steroids to a grand jury.  But steroids are also,   
+
+notwithstanding those kinds of things, good for you.   
+
+What are some important steroids in your bodies: testosterone,   
+
+estrogen, glucocorticoids, all of these things are made  
+
+from cholesterol.  It was a precursor.   
+
+And if you look at the structure of steroid hormones,   
+
+you recognize that this coupled ring structure here is very similar to  
+
+what's in them.  And indeed, they're derivatized  
+
+from them.  It's also a precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D.   
+
+And, it is a precursor for the synthesis of bile acids.   
+
+When your body takes in triglycerides in your food supply  
+
+and you need to transport fats like triglycerides across your intestine,   
+
+they need to be emulsified.  The way that triglycerides are emulsified  
+
+are with bile acids.  So, you secrete bile acids into your  
+
+digestive tract.  It helps emulsify fats and helps  
+
+you take them up.  So, cholesterol plays a crucial  
+
+structural role,  a biochemical role with regard to  
+
+hormones, with regard to vitamin D synthesis, and with regard to bile  
+
+acid synthesis.  So, cholesterol was a good thing,   
+
+all right.  Now, if cholesterol is so  
+
+extraordinarily hydrophobic,  how is it that cholesterol gets  
+
+around the body?  It's almost entirely non-polar.   
+
+It doesn't dissolve in water.  It has one little hydroxyl there.   
+
+It's not going to help a lot.  Yep?  Well, the first thing actually is  
+
+it's chemically modified to make it a little hydrophilic and then it  
+
+does bind to hydrophilic proteins and particles that help  
+
+get it around.  So, the first thing that happens,   
+
+to be able to, even just to store cholesterol in any useful form,   
+
+it's not stored as cholesterol because it's so waxy.   
+
+It would just collapse as a waxy deposit.  What happens is it is  
+
+stored and transported as cholesterol ester.   
+
+ A cholesterol ester,   
+
+or CE, and its esterified by adding to it, here's my cholesterol again.   
+
+I'll be even less, there we go.    
+
+This hydroxyl here is used now for a fatty acid linkage.   
+
+And with this fatty acid attached to the cholesterol,   
+
+you have a cholesterol ester.  And this is somewhat more soluble.   
+
+All right, where do you get your cholesterol from?   
+
+Diet.  Do we eat cholesterol?  Butter's got cholesterol.  What  
+
+else has got cholesterol?  Eggs, a lot of cholesterol.   
+
+So, we eat cholesterol.  So,  let's get our sources of  
+
+cholesterol: number one,  diet.  And, sources, eggs,   
+
+butter, etc.  What else beyond diet?   
+
+Yeah?  Your body actually makes it.  Your own endogenous synthesis.  And  
+
+you would imagine that this is pretty important because cholesterol,   
+
+being half of all plasma membranes,  you can't just count on cholesterol  
+
+being sufficiently there in your diet.   
+
+So, your body also synthesizes cholesterol.  The synthesis of  
+
+cholesterol is a thing of beauty.  It starts with an incredibly simple  
+
+molecule, acetic acid,  right?  And it goes through many  
+
+steps and becomes cholesterol,  which I will summarize here as many  
+
+steps, OK?  We'll come back and talk a moment  
+
+about a few of those steps.  But it's one of these real triumphs  
+
+of biochemistry; the people have worked out the whole pathway for  
+
+cholesterol biosynthesis.  But it's not, I think, necessary to  
+
+remember all of the steps there.  But it is quite remarkable to go  
+
+from such an extremely simple molecule like acetic acid all the  
+
+way to cholesterol.  And the fact that people worked all  
+
+this out was a great achievement.  All right, so those are some of the  
+
+things you need.  Then, carrying on here,   
+
+we've got cholesterol coming in by diet.  We're synthesizing  
+
+cholesterol.  We're making cholesterol esters.   
+
+We've got to get them around the body.  So now,   
+
+we're going to take these cholesterol esters and we're going  
+
+to package them up and send them off.  So, you were saying that proteins  
+
+would be used.  Hydrophilic proteins might be used.   
+
+And indeed, that is the case.  Lipoproteins and lipoprotein  
+
+particles, lipo being fat,  of course, are used to transport  
+
+cholesterol and actually triglycerins too.   
+
+They are transported in particles that look roughly like this.   
+
+They have a monolayer of phospholipids with some protein  
+
+stuck in this monolayer of phospholipid.   
+
+And, inside is where these cholesterol esters go.   
+
+So, actually this is where cholesterols go unesterified.   
+
+So, cholesterol goes in here.  In the cell, we want it esterified.   
+
+When it's in the package, it's unesterified.  So we have a  
+
+monolayer of phospholipids.  We've got some protein stuck in  
+
+that monolayer,  and it's a very little particle.   
+
+Now, these particles come in different flavors.   
+
+These are very creative names: low-density lipoprotein  
+
+particles, or LDL.  There are high density lipoprotein  
+
+particles, HDL,  and very low density lipoprotein  
+
+particles,  VLDL, and some other things called  
+
+kilomicrons.  Now,  you can imagine that these names  
+
+were assigned based on not so much information, just based on density,   
+
+right?  Somebody was purifying lipoprotein particles and said,   
+
+well, there are some that are high density, low density,   
+
+oh, and you just discovered some very low density ones.   
+
+And this is not a highly informative description of these  
+
+particles, right?  So, people later worked out that  
+
+these particles were really quite different, and particularly the  
+
+proteins that are in them,  and those proteins turn out to have  
+
+important addressing roles in sending these particles to different  
+
+places.  The ones that I'll be interested in today are the LDL  
+
+particles.  The LDL particles have a particular protein in them that is  
+
+called apoprotein B-100.  It doesn't matter,   
+
+but that's the particular targeting protein there that's in that.   
+
+And these particles are very large.  They are about two and a half  
+
+million Daltons,  about 220 angstroms in size,   
+
+and each of them contains about 1,  00 cholesterols.   
+
+That's a description of these LDL particles, OK?   
+
+So, cholesterol,  if it's going to be transported in  
+
+the blood, gets packaged up into LDL particles, and it gets  
+
+sent off to cells.  How does cholesterol get taken up by  
+
+cells from these LDL particles?  How is that cell going to take up  
+
+an LDL particle: a receptor,  right?  It stands to reason that  
+
+there's going to be a receptor that's going to recognize probably  
+
+the protein on the surface of this thing that'll recognize that and  
+
+internalize this particle.  Now, this stands to reason to us to  
+
+you guys because you guys are highly sophisticated about all this.   
+
+But how was it that people came to know this, to find these receptors?   
+
+Well here is a little bit of an interesting story about how,   
+
+not so long ago, when people didn't have all the tools in molecular  
+
+biology and all this?  And very few of these cellular  
+
+receptors were known.  Two young medical students began  
+
+studying a fascinating condition.  The young medical students were  
+
+named Joe Goldstein and Mike Brown.  And in fact, at least early in  
+
+their careers they were working here in Boston.  So,   
+
+they studied a fascinating condition called familial hypercholesterolemia.   
+
+What does hypercholesterolemia mean?  Cholesterol, hyper, a lot of  
+
+cholesterol, emia,  in the blood, right?   
+
+So, a lot of cholesterol in the blood was this condition.   
+
+And it was characterized,  as you might guess, by the fact that  
+
+patients had a lot of cholesterol in the blood and that it was familial,   
+
+meaning what?  It transmitted in families.   
+
+In fact, it transmitted in families like a Mendelian trait,   
+
+and it transmitted as an autosomal co-dominant trait.   
+
+ In particular,   
+
+if we looked at most individuals in the population,   
+
+which we'll assume have genotype plus over plus,   
+
+and we look at their cholesterol levels, what we find is maybe they  
+
+have 150 mg per desalude.  Now, some people have higher  
+
+cholesterols than that,  but I'm going to take that as an  
+
+average.  Individuals who,  by virtue of their genetics,   
+
+appear to be FH over plus heterozygotes would have  
+
+cholesterols more like 300 mg per desalude,   
+
+or about double the normal level.  And, individuals who are FH  
+
+homozygotes, FH over FH based on the pedigree analysis here would have  
+
+greater than 600 milligrams per desalude.   
+
+In terms of heart attacks,  normal individuals would have heart  
+
+attacks at the normal age.  That doesn't say anything,   
+
+does it, because the normal individuals, the age at which they  
+
+have heart attacks is defined as the normal age.  But,   
+
+what you will know that's striking is that individuals who are  
+
+heterozygotes would tend to have heart attacks 10-20 years earlier  
+
+than normal age.  And, individuals who are homozygotes  
+
+would tend to have heart attacks below the age of 20.   
+
+So this might be heart attacks when you're 60.  This might be heart  
+
+attacks in your 40s and 50s,  and this might be heart attacks in  
+
+your 20s or teens.  In addition, some of these  
+
+individuals have very big cholesterol deposits and things like  
+
+that.  So, this was a very striking phenotype: simple Mendelian trait,   
+
+autosomal co-dominant, and to see teenagers or younger,   
+
+kids under the age of ten with massively occluded vessels,   
+
+and serious heart disease, and dying of heart attacks was very striking.   
+
+So, Brown and Goldstein decided that if we wanted to understand  
+
+heart disease in the general population, we should understand  
+
+heart disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia,   
+
+particularly the homozygotes.  Now,  I note that this is about one per  
+
+one million individuals.  And you could make a pretty strong  
+
+case that Brown and Goldstein are out of their minds trying to study  
+
+familial hypercholesterolemia at a frequency of one in a million and  
+
+try to imagine that that's going to tell them about heart disease in the  
+
+general population.  All right, and people made that  
+
+case to them and said,  what are you doing?  Let's see,   
+
+if this is P2, that means the frequency of the,   
+
+Q2, the allele is one in a thousand in the population, right?   
+
+If one in a million people are homozygotes, the allele is one in 1,   
+
+00.  And so, the heterozygote should be about one in 500.   
+
+Well, OK, so one in 500's not a terrible, it's not a small number.   
+
+One in 500 people are heterozygotes for FH.  That's maybe a little  
+
+better, but still not even a percent.  It's a fifth of a percent of the  
+
+population are heterozygotes for FH.  It's still something of a gamble to  
+
+imagine that by studying this relatively rare disease we're going  
+
+to learn about stuff in the general population.   
+
+But, Brown and Goldstein felt strongly that they would.   
+
+And they did.  They wanted to know,  what was the problem with these  
+
+individuals?  Did they have problems synthesizing their LDL?   
+
+Did they have problems degrading LDL?  Why was there so much LDL  
+
+cholesterol in the blood stream?  Maybe they didn't take up the LDL  
+
+from the blood stream.  What was wrong?  And so,   
+
+they studied just these individuals.    
+
+And what they found,  to make an interesting and long  
+
+story short was that when they studied the binding of radioactive  
+
+LDL particles to cells from these patients, they found that the  
+
+homozygotes were virtually unable to take up LDL particles.   
+
+There was very low uptake of LDL particles.  They also found that the  
+
+heterozygotes had only about half the normal uptake of LDL particles.   
+
+What's your hypothesis about what the problem is?  Sorry?   
+
+Well, it's with the uptake,  and what do you think the genetic  
+
+basis of this is?  Yep?  Well, let's see,   
+
+if there's zero in the homozygote,  half the level in the heterozygote,   
+
+could be the receptor.  And what could be the problem with receptor?   
+
+Mutation of the receptor gene.  What if homozygotes or FH had a  
+
+mutation that abolished the receptor?   
+
+OK, that turned out to be the case.  Was the FH was due to mutations in  
+
+the LDL receptor on cells?  And indeed, until this point,   
+
+the LDL receptor hadn't been characterized on cells,   
+
+but by virtue of Brown and Goldstein demonstrating that when they did  
+
+radioactive labeled LDL uptake assays,   
+
+and they found that FH homozygotes had no uptake,   
+
+virtually no uptake,  and that the heterozygotes had half  
+
+the normal level,  and that the wild type individuals,   
+
+plus over plus, had the normal level,  they inferred that the gene product  
+
+that was mutant in these individuals encoded the LDL receptor.   
+
+And they proceeded to clone this gene product, and determined that  
+
+the gene product encoded a protein that sat on the cell surface.   
+
+It had a cytoplasmic tale.  It had an extracellular tale,   
+
+and what it did was it bound to the apo B-100 protein on  
+
+the LDL particle.  When it bound the cell made a little  
+
+pit, and in this coded pit,  it came and internalized the LDL  
+
+receptor, carrying with it the LDL particle.  And then,   
+
+this then went into the cell.  The LDL particle was then degraded,   
+
+releasing cholesterol that could be used by the cell.   
+
+And the receptor itself got recycled back to the surface to work another  
+
+day.  And this is quite a general mechanism that is used there by a  
+
+lot of trafficking receptors like this that grab things from the cell  
+
+surface, bring them into the cell,  release something into a vesicle,   
+
+and then go back onto the surface there, and that the problem was that  
+
+patients FH did not have functional LDL receptors.   
+
+Now, this pointed out,  LDL receptors were very important  
+
+here because cells needed to take up cholesterol from the blood stream,   
+
+although they could make some of their own cholesterol.   
+
+But one of the most important places where cholesterol was  
+
+sequestered and taken up from the blood stream was the liver.   
+
+It turns out that the biggest problem for these patients with  
+
+familial hypercholesterolemia was that the liver is supposed to be  
+
+taking up large amounts of LDL to clear the blood stream and keep the  
+
+levels of LDL at the desirable amount.  So, the liver normally is  
+
+responsible for taking up clearing about 75% of LDL from the blood.   
+
+If someone has,  and other cells are responsible for  
+
+the rest, non-liver cells take up about 25% of the LDL.   
+
+Suppose somebody has half the level of LDL receptors,   
+
+they will take up half as much of these LDL particles,   
+
+and the average level in the blood would be much higher, about  
+
+twofold higher.  Suppose somebody has no LDL  
+
+receptors.  Well,  then the LDL receptor pathway is not  
+
+going to take up these particles,  and they're going to have  
+
+outrageously high levels of LDL.  Other mechanisms will kick in and  
+
+slightly prevent it from going to infinity, of course,   
+
+because there are other ways things get cleared out.   
+
+But they get huge levels of LDL because they have no  
+
+such receptors.  So, this is the major reason that  
+
+there's so much LDL cholesterol particles in the blood in these  
+
+patients who are FH homozygotes.  And then, FH heterozygotes have a  
+
+lot.  And, well,  what are we going to do about it?   
+
+How do you solve a problem like this?  The liver is not doing its  
+
+job.  Now, I should note,  the liver does one other thing.   
+
+the liver not only is the major source of taking cholesterol,   
+
+but it's the major source of producing LDL cholesterol as well.   
+
+The liver produces,  I remember every cell is able to  
+
+synthesize cholesterol,  but most of the cholesterol in the  
+
+body is synthesized from the liver and put out.  And so,   
+
+here we have the liver is a source of cholesterol,   
+
+and it's in this disease not acting as an appropriate sake for a  
+
+cholesterol.  It ought to be sucking up cholesterol and maintaining a  
+
+balance of producing cholesterol and soaking it back up there.   
+
+We've got a real problem.  Well, we need to know one more fact,   
+
+and then we can solve the disease.  Well, we're not going to solve the  
+
+disease, but we'll do the best we can here.  So,   
+
+cholesterol synthesis,  I just want to tell you one more  
+
+fact about it and then toss you the problem.  Cholesterol synthesis,   
+
+I said, was acetate, acetic acid,  goes to stuff,   
+
+and let me tell you just a little bit more about it.   
+
+It goes to acetyl CO-A,  which goes to HMG CO-A, which goes  
+
+to mevalonate,  which goes on to make cholesterol,   
+
+and that the key committed step of cholesterol synthesis is carried out  
+
+by an enzyme called HMG CO-A reductase, OK?   
+
+Now you have all the facts.  We know we've got these particles  
+
+that contain cholesterol.  We understand that the liver makes  
+
+cholesterol, that you get cholesterol from your diet.   
+
+The liver makes cholesterol.  It takes up cholesterol.  We have  
+
+some problems with its uptake of cholesterol.  Let's get to work and  
+
+design a therapy.  How are we going to do this?   
+
+So, we've got patients designing a rational therapy.   
+
+ OK, here's your digestive tract.   
+
+You've got some liver here it's going to take up by  
+
+means of diet.  It's going to synthesize cholesterol.   
+
+It's going to use cholesterol to make bile acids.   
+
+Those bile acids are going to help bring back fats because it's going  
+
+to emulsify the fats.  And so, the bile acids get recycled.   
+
+It's going to put out cholesterol to the body, and LDL particles are  
+
+going to get internalized into the liver.  So, we have our LDLs.   
+
+OK, so has everybody got the action?  You take up a cholesterol,   
+
+and fats, and things like that through our diet.   
+
+You've got some cholesterol in our body.  We synthesize cholesterol  
+
+from acetic acid.  We have this pathway here.   
+
+We use cholesterol to make bile acids.   
+
+We take up cholesterol from the blood stream, and all of these  
+
+things together working as a system control how much cholesterol is in  
+
+your body, and most importantly,  how much cholesterol's in your blood  
+
+stream in the form of LDL particles.  OK, we have a patient.  Maybe it's  
+
+a patient with FH homozygosity.  But let's start easier.  Let's  
+
+start with a patient who's a heterozygote for FH.   
+
+What's our first advice?  Eat well, get plenty of exercise:  
+
+this is always good advice.  So, plan one, so strategy number  
+
+one: diet, dietary reduction of cholesterol intake.   
+
+Eat less cholesterol.  It's a good bit of advice.   
+
+Stop eating eggs, whatever,  you have a serious condition,   
+
+don't eat so much better.  Does it do much to reduce LDL levels?   
+
+It turns out, not much.  Why doesn't it do much?   
+
+What if I reduce dramatically my intake of cholesterol?   
+
+Well, it only makes about a 10% reduction in LDL levels,   
+
+which is not enough to get close to normal.  Why?  Well,   
+
+it turns out your body,  number one, gets more efficient at  
+
+taking up cholesterol from your diet.  So, you have some cholesterol there,   
+
+and if you're eating less,  it takes up with higher efficiency  
+
+the cholesterol that's there.  Your body's good at doing things  
+
+like that.  It also starts synthesizing cholesterol.   
+
+Don't have enough cholesterol?  We'll make more cholesterol.  So,   
+
+the liver will make more cholesterol,  put cholesterol out into the blood  
+
+stream, and these guys can't take up the cholesterol with the LDL  
+
+receptor as well,  and it clogs it up again.   
+
+So in the end, between more efficient uptake of what is in the  
+
+diet and greater synthesis,  we've got to complex the human  
+
+system with feedback,  and all you've tried to do is affect  
+
+one variable, dietary intake.  And the system regulates so that you  
+
+haven't made a very big dent in the problem.  All right,   
+
+next strategy, let's try to deplete some cholesterol from the body.   
+
+If we could get some cholesterol out of the body by some pathway,   
+
+we might be able to decrease the overall levels of cholesterol.   
+
+So, where do we have access to a cholesterol product here?   
+
+In the digestive system, we have bile acids.  Got any ideas of what  
+
+we could do about the bile acids?  Suppose we could somehow deplete  
+
+your bile acids while they're in your digestive tract.   
+
+Then your body would not be able to recycle those bile acids,   
+
+but would have to make more bile acids.  And it would be a sink for  
+
+cholesterol, right?  It would start having to use up more  
+
+cholesterol to produce enough bile acids because it would have to use  
+
+up more cholesterol.  The liver might have to work harder  
+
+to get cholesterol,  you know, synthesizing cholesterol,   
+
+but it would also probably up regulate its LDL receptors to try to  
+
+draw in more cholesterol from the blood stream.   
+
+So, this was the clever idea.  Let's try to get ride of bile acids,   
+
+or not completely rid of them,  but let's try to complete bile acids.   
+
+Therefore, the liver is going to not be able to reuse them.   
+
+It's going to have to make more bile acids.  It's going to need  
+
+cholesterol.  And so it's going to up regulate the gene for LDL  
+
+receptors and draw in more from the blood stream.  It turns out that you  
+
+can feed people bile acid binding resins.  It's perfectly fine.   
+
+Just eat them, and you can give people bile acid binding resins.   
+
+So, strategy number two,  and what they will do is then they  
+
+will, in their feces,  eliminate some fraction of the bile  
+
+acids and as a result they will be able to get rid of some of their  
+
+cholesterol, and they will be able to decrease their overall  
+
+cholesterol levels.  Does this work?   
+
+It does, and you can get maybe a 20-25% reduction.  But  
+
+what's the problem?  You can't completely get rid of them,   
+
+right, because they're necessary.  So, we'll be able to get rid of  
+
+some bile acids.  That's really the problem is,   
+
+see, we're sitting here saying so cleverly we're going to feed the  
+
+body less cholesterol.  We're going to draw cholesterol out  
+
+of the body by removing bile acids,  and force the liver to take up more  
+
+cholesterol from the blood stream, right?   
+
+And hopefully it'll help regulate the gene.  And it does help regulate  
+
+the gene.  When starved for cholesterol, cells up regulate their  
+
+LDL receptor gene and make more LDL receptors.  That works.   
+
+But we've forgotten one aspect of the system, and that was the liver  
+
+has another option,  which was synthesize its own  
+
+cholesterol.  So,  we've got a complex system with  
+
+multiple feedbacks.  We've affected it at the level of  
+
+diet.  We've affected at the level here of drawing stuff out.   
+
+We've managed to get some up regulation the LDL receptor gene.   
+
+But it's not enough because the liver's choosing to make more  
+
+cholesterol through its endogenous synthesis pathway.   
+
+So, let's keep going.  What do you recommend?   
+
+Yes?  Ooh, ooh, I like that.  What do you think will happen then?   
+
+So, I won't make as much cholesterol.  What's the liver going to have to  
+
+do then?  And it will up regulate its LDL receptors to do that,   
+
+take up more cholesterol from the blood stream.  So now,   
+
+we back the liver into a corner,  right?  It needs more cholesterol.   
+
+We're going to inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol,   
+
+and therefore it's going to go to its second source,   
+
+which is uptake from the blood,  and it's going to induce more LDL  
+
+reception.  Everybody got your plan?  So, let's see.   
+
+Strategy would be inhibit cholesterol synthesis.   
+
+This is in addition also inhibit cholesterol synthesis.   
+
+And, you wanted to inhibit one of those steps.  Any preference of  
+
+where you'd like to inhibit the step?  How about the first committed step  
+
+of cholesterol synthesis?  So, how about H, M, G, CO-A  
+
+reductase inhibitors?    
+
+Well, it turns out that people found HMG CO-A reductase inhibitors.   
+
+Lovastatin, a fungal product inhibits HMG CO-A reductase.   
+
+And then, companies, Merck and then many other companies,   
+
+developed all sorts of what are called statin drugs that  
+
+inhibit that enzyme.  I would venture to say that a large  
+
+fraction of your parents take statin drugs to lower cholesterol.   
+
+And this is how it works.  It inhibits the endogenous synthesis  
+
+pathway at the step HMG CO-A reductase.  And,   
+
+in addition, if they do things like take bile acid binding resins,   
+
+and there's some combinations of those things, and also controlled  
+
+your dietary intake of cholesterol,  and FH heterozygote can get a 60%  
+
+reduction in LDL particle loss.  That is mighty good.   
+
+That brings them down to normal.  Yeah?  Yeah?  Yep.  So we're not  
+
+talking about totally removing it.  We're talking about decreasing it.   
+
+We're bringing it back down to a normal level.  Well,   
+
+it turns out that the cells out there will up regulate their LDL  
+
+receptors as well,  and I haven't focused on that.   
+
+But they're taking care of themselves.  It turns out,   
+
+you have to worry about all these strategies.  This is too clever by  
+
+half because you're going to mess up things in the periphery.   
+
+But it turns out the peripheral cells take care of themselves.   
+
+They'll up regulate their LDL receptors enough to get things in.   
+
+And the big problem is that the liver's not doing its job.   
+
+But you have to do the clinical tests to see that that's the case.   
+
+This turns out to be a strategy for FH heterozygotes.   
+
+But I just said that many of your parents take these drugs.   
+
+Most of your parents aren't FH heterozygotes.   
+
+Perhaps none of your parents are FH heterozygotes.   
+
+That turned out to be one of the most remarkable outcomes of studying  
+
+this rare genetic disease.  Well, as it turned out, this  
+
+strategy, which had been the understanding that had been  
+
+developed from this exceedingly rare genetic disease,   
+
+and the strategy that had been developed with an eye towards these  
+
+FH heterozygotes turns out to also work in normal individuals with high  
+
+cholesterol not because of a complete mutation in the LDL  
+
+receptor, but because of,  perhaps, other differences,   
+
+genetic differences that are weaker.  And in fact, tens of millions of  
+
+people take these therapies that were developed for this very rare  
+
+situation.  This is a perfect example of where understanding a  
+
+rare genetic disease points us to the basis for a physiological  
+
+pathway, in particular,  all these feedback loops that allow  
+
+us to do something that helps everybody.  So,   
+
+this has become a major,  major therapy.   
+
+Who were the only people who don't benefit from this particular therapy  
+
+of tricking the body into up regulating the LDL receptors?   
+
+Homozygotes, because they don't have a gene to be up regulated.   
+
+They don't have a functional gene to be up regulated.   
+
+And so, homozygotes need something else.  What do they need?   
+
+Gene therapy.  The best idea that people have here since the liver  
+
+regenerates tremendously would be able to take out some liver cells,   
+
+add back genes for LDL receptors,  and repopulate a liver with LDL  
+
+receptor transgenic cells.  And that would help them.   
+
+Anyway, this is meant to illustrate the power of rational therapy,   
+
+that understanding things, can you imagine trying to do this by hit or  
+
+miss?  It was your design knowing the pieces that God is here,   
+
+and this is basically what we're trying to do with all of medicine is  
+
+get to the point where we can design things that really do work.   
+
+See you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EDUMN4s44YU.txt b/EDUMN4s44YU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4cffbdd1bece56351588d27a1adc159b4ffe159
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EDUMN4s44YU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+last time we talked about so we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about so we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about so we had a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+or sequence of function. We had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sequence of function. We had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sequence of function. We had a
+interval say I and we had a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval say I and we had a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval say I and we had a sequence of
+function fn and a function f all defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fn and a function f all defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fn and a function f all defined
+on this interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval.
+And then we uh talked about uh pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we uh talked about uh pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we uh talked about uh pointwise
+convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So pointwise convergence means that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So pointwise convergence means that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So pointwise convergence means that for
+each. So this is for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x
+when you're looking at this. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at this. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at this. So this is
+a for each x fixed this is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for each x fixed this is a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for each x fixed this is a sequence
+this is supposed to converge to f ofx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to converge to f ofx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to converge to f ofx.
+So this was pointwise convergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was pointwise convergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was pointwise convergence and
+then we also talked about uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also talked about uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also talked about uniform
+convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this meant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this meant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this meant that
+this meant that for all for all epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meant that for all for all epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meant that for all for all epsilon
+greater than zero there exist a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero there exist a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero there exist a capital
+n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n such that
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+um if little n is bigger equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if little n is bigger equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if little n is bigger equal to this
+capital n then the difference between fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then the difference between fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then the difference between fn
+of x and f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and f ofx
+this here is smaller than epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is smaller than epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is smaller than epsilon and
+this here have to hold for fall in 4x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here have to hold for fall in 4x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here have to hold for fall in 4x
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+right so uniform again refer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uniform again refer to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uniform again refer to that is
+uniform in x the convergence is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform in x the convergence is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform in x the convergence is uniform
+in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x
+then so we talked about that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we talked about that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we talked about that and then
+one of the theorems we proved was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the theorems we proved was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the theorems we proved was that
+if you take a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a sequence
+uh fn and these here was integraable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh And uh these converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh And uh these converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh And uh these converge
+to some function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some function f
+uh then uh then then f is integral. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh then then f is integral. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh then then f is integral. So
+this here is uniform convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then f here is integraable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then f here is integraable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then f here is integraable
+and the integral is the limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integral is the limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integral is the limit of the
+integrals. So the integral from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. So the integral from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. So the integral from a to b
+of fn x dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn x dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn x dx
+is equal is the limit here of this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal is the limit here of this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal is the limit here of this. So
+the limit exist and it is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit exist and it is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit exist and it is equal to
+the integral of f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now so this is how uniform uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now so this is how uniform uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now so this is how uniform uh
+convergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and
+uh um and integrals interact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um and integrals interact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um and integrals interact.
+Uh if we take the suppose you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if we take the suppose you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if we take the suppose you take a
+sequence here. So this is a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that suppose you take a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose you take a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose you take a sequence
+uh fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fn
+of functions on some interval into r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have uh x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh x0
+is uh is in this interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is in this interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is in this interval.
+And then you have the following if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you have the following if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you have the following if you
+have the following properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following properties
+uh that one is that this sequence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that one is that this sequence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that one is that this sequence here
+converge to some number C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some number C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some number C.
+Um sorry this sequence here converts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um sorry this sequence here converts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um sorry this sequence here converts to
+some number C. two is that that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number C. two is that that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number C. two is that that these
+functions here fn are differentiable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here fn are differentiable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here fn are differentiable.
+So, so these are maybe I should say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so these are maybe I should say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so these are maybe I should say here
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these are converge to some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are converge to some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are converge to some function
+g and then three is that these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g and then three is that these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g and then three is that these functions
+here sorry the derivative converge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry the derivative converge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorry the derivative converge and
+the I'm also requiring that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm also requiring that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm also requiring that the
+derivative are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have the sequence of
+differentiable functions. If you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions. If you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions. If you just
+fix this one particular point x0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this one particular point x0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this one particular point x0 then
+the values of these function converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of these function converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of these function converge
+and then the functions their derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the functions their derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the functions their derivatives
+are continuous and the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continuous and the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are continuous and the derivative
+converge to some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some function
+and this convergence here is uniform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then the claim is that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the claim is that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the claim is that then
+uh um then there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh f on the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f on the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f on the interval
+so that uh f is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh f is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh f is uh
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+uh is differentiable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The derivative here is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh and you have the following two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and you have the following two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and you have the following two
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+that the function here these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the function here these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the function here these functions
+converge to f uh uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to restrict my interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to restrict my interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to restrict my interval.
+I'm going to take it just to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take it just to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take it just to be some
+interval from A to B. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from A to B. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from A to B. So,
+and this here is a interval. I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is a interval. I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is a interval. I want it
+to be bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+And uh so these here converge uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so these here converge uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so these here converge uniformly
+and true is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and true is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and true is
+that uh their derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh their derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh their derivative
+converts to the derivative of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to the derivative of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to the derivative of f
+uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we want to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to prove that
+and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so
+so we're going to define a function f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to define a function f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to define a function f.
+So G here is a proof of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So G here is a proof of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So G here is a proof of this.
+Since this sequence here since these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since this sequence here since these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since this sequence here since these
+here are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+and these functions here converts to G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these functions here converts to G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these functions here converts to G
+uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then this means that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this means that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this means that uh
+uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then
+uh uh therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh therefore
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+g here is also continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So we proved this already that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So we proved this already that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So we proved this already that if
+you have a sequence of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sequence of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sequence of continuous
+function that converges uniformly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that converges uniformly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that converges uniformly then
+the limit is also continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit is also continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit is also continuous.
+And so then we can look at so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then we can look at so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then we can look at so we can
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+we can therefore define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+uh f as a function on this interval here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+that's the uh that's um f of X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh that's um f of X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the uh that's um f of X is equal
+to the integral from X0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from X0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from X0
+uh so I'm defining it sorry to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm defining it sorry to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm defining it sorry to be um
+this C constant C plus the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C constant C plus the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C constant C plus the integral from
+X0 to X of G of X G of uh S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X0 to X of G of X G of uh S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X0 to X of G of X G of uh S
+DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+right so I define this function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I define this function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I define this function like
+this G is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G is continuous
+so this is a nice continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a nice continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a nice continuous function
+and in fact by the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact by the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact by the fundamental theorem
+of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh f here is differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with
+with the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the derivative
+equal to G. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to G. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to G. Right?
+We also have that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also have that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also have that um
+that we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh if we're looking at f of x0 fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if we're looking at f of x0 fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if we're looking at f of x0 fn
+of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x0
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+then we know already that these convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know already that these convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know already that these convert
+to c. This is the assumption one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c. This is the assumption one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c. This is the assumption one up
+there. But this here is the value of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. But this here is the value of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. But this here is the value of f
+at x0. So we have that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to now prove that that not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to now prove that that not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to now prove that that not just
+at this point but that this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but that this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but that this sequence
+converts to f uniformly. Right? B here B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to f uniformly. Right? B here B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to f uniformly. Right? B here B
+we get for free. Right? So b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get for free. Right? So b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get for free. Right? So b
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+that this fn prime converts to g. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this fn prime converts to g. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this fn prime converts to g. Right?
+And this here is this here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is this here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is this here is the
+derivative of f and we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f and we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f and we have this
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by by assumption two. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by assumption two. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by assumption two. Right?
+So all we need to show is So we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all we need to show is So we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all we need to show is So we just
+need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this fn converts to f uniform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? We just need to show the a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We just need to show the a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We just need to show the a the
+property a. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property a. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property a. Right?
+And so we're looking at uh fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we're looking at uh fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we're looking at uh fn
+of x we have to look at this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x we have to look at this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x we have to look at this difference
+right and for a given epsilon we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for a given epsilon we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for a given epsilon we have to
+find a little n. So we have to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a little n. So we have to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a little n. So we have to find a
+capital n. So that if little n is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. So that if little n is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. So that if little n is bigger
+than this capital n then this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this capital n then this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this capital n then this difference
+here is smaller than epsilon for all x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is smaller than epsilon for all x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is smaller than epsilon for all x.
+Right? But let's try to estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But let's try to estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? But let's try to estimate this
+here first. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first. Right?
+So this difference here is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this difference here is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this difference here is um
+this difference is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference is f
+uh by so we can write so so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by so we can write so so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by so we can write so so we want to
+estimate this difference and I can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this difference and I can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this difference and I can and
+we can use the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the fundamental theorem of
+calculus. I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. I use
+the fundamentality of calc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of calc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fn
+of x. We can write this as the value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. We can write this as the value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. We can write this as the value at
+x0 plus the integral of the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 plus the integral of the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 plus the integral of the derivative
+from this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this should be s like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this should be s like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this should be s like this.
+Right? We can use the fundamental the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We can use the fundamental the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We can use the fundamental the
+calculus to just rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to just rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to just rewrite
+fn like that. And so now I want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn like that. And so now I want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn like that. And so now I want to look
+at this difference here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this difference here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this difference here.
+And so to look at this difference fn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so to look at this difference fn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so to look at this difference fn of
+x minus f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I can fill in this form of it. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can fill in this form of it. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can fill in this form of it. So I
+have that this is fn of x0 plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that this is fn of x0 plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that this is fn of x0 plus the
+integral from x0 to x fn prime sds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from x0 to x fn prime sds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from x0 to x fn prime sds
+and then I have to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to subtract
+uh f ofx but fx was given by by this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f ofx but fx was given by by this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f ofx but fx was given by by this uh
+formula here and so so minus c plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here and so so minus c plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here and so so minus c plus this
+integral here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here
+uh g of s gs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh g of s gs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh g of s gs
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now I'm just rearranging terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I'm just rearranging terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I'm just rearranging terms so
+I just think about this thing here as fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just think about this thing here as fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just think about this thing here as fn
+n of x0 minus c. I take these two first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x0 minus c. I take these two first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x0 minus c. I take these two first
+and then plus the integral of x0 to x f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus the integral of x0 to x f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus the integral of x0 to x f
+prime n s ds minus this integral here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that. Right? And then I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Right? And then I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Right? And then I use the
+triangle inequality that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality that this thing here
+is less than fn of x minus c sorry fn of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than fn of x minus c sorry fn of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than fn of x minus c sorry fn of
+x0 minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 minus c
+absolute value like this. And then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value like this. And then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value like this. And then I
+have the second integral here. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the second integral here. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the second integral here. So the
+absolute value or the difference here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value or the difference here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value or the difference here if
+you do it slowly like this. So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it slowly like this. So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it slowly like this. So you have
+this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus
+this in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here
+of g of s ds like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g of s ds like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g of s ds like that.
+Now I can think about this thing here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I can think about this thing here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I can think about this thing here as
+I can find the integral. So I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find the integral. So I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find the integral. So I can write
+this thing here as so this I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here as so this I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here as so this I'm just
+keeping this first term here. I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping this first term here. I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping this first term here. I'm just
+keeping and then the second here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping and then the second here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping and then the second here I can
+think about this as a integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as a integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as a integral of the
+difference of these function and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of these function and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of these function and this
+here was an was an in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Right.
+And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can uh
+now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I can uh here I can just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can uh here I can just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can uh here I can just take the
+absolute value sign.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value sign.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value sign.
+If I take the value I in under it then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take the value I in under it then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take the value I in under it then I
+get something potentially larger. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something potentially larger. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something potentially larger. Right?
+So this thing here is lesser equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing here is lesser equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing here is lesser equal to
+fn of x0 minus c. That's the first term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x0 minus c. That's the first term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x0 minus c. That's the first term.
+And now I'm replacing it by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm replacing it by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm replacing it by something
+that is bigger equal to this. So where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bigger equal to this. So where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bigger equal to this. So where
+I'm just integrating from x0 to x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just integrating from x0 to x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just integrating from x0 to x and
+then of this difference here fn prime s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of this difference here fn prime s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of this difference here fn prime s
+minus g of s gs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I'm using that uh that's the fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm using that uh that's the fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm using that uh that's the fn
+so now using so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+of y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+right so let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let me actually
+let me just uh write this thing here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just uh write this thing here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just uh write this thing here. So
+I can write this thing here. This one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write this thing here. This one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write this thing here. This one
+here I'm keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm keeping
+this one here I'm keeping. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here I'm keeping. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here I'm keeping. So I'm
+writing this as lesser equal to keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this as lesser equal to keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this as lesser equal to keeping
+the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the second term you see this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term you see this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term you see this thing
+here is this difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this difference between these
+two. Well, the difference is at some S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Well, the difference is at some S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Well, the difference is at some S
+is smaller than the maximum for all S,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than the maximum for all S,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than the maximum for all S,
+right? But the maximum for all S, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But the maximum for all S, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But the maximum for all S, that's
+what we call D F N prime G, right? That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call D F N prime G, right? That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call D F N prime G, right? That
+was the maximum over all S. And so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the maximum over all S. And so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the maximum over all S. And so now
+we just have so this this function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have so this this function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have so this this function in
+here is less than this. And now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is less than this. And now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is less than this. And now we are
+using this is where I want to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this is where I want to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this is where I want to use that
+the interval is bounded. So I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval is bounded. So I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval is bounded. So I just get
+plus b minus a. This is the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b minus a. This is the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b minus a. This is the length of
+the interval like that. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval like that. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval like that. Right?
+And so now you see that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and now there's no reference to x on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now there's no reference to x on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now there's no reference to x on
+this side. Right? And so you see that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side. Right? And so you see that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side. Right? And so you see that as
+n goes to infinity well this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity well this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity well this thing here
+goes to zero and this thing here goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero and this thing here goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero and this thing here goes to
+zero right. So as this go this upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right. So as this go this upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right. So as this go this upper
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and and again note that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and again note that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and again note that there's no
+reference to x. That's a reference to x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to x. That's a reference to x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to x. That's a reference to x0
+but that's just some fixed points right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just some fixed points right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just some fixed points right?
+So this is uniform in x right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uniform in x right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uniform in x right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in x convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I want to
+I want to draw some uh consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to draw some uh consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to draw some uh consequences of
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+First let me look at what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First let me look at what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First let me look at what will be
+shortly a a particular case of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly a a particular case of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly a a particular case of more
+general phenomena.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomena.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomena.
+So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is
+this is this example we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this example we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this example we looked at
+several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times
+last time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time.
+So but it's now applied in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So but it's now applied in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So but it's now applied in this case
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So suppose you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you're looking at the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+uh functions e n of x. The en is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions e n of x. The en is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions e n of x. The en is where
+you're summing from k = 0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're summing from k = 0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're summing from k = 0 to n
+of x ^ k / k factorial. I looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x ^ k / k factorial. I looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x ^ k / k factorial. I looked at
+those last time, these functions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those last time, these functions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those last time, these functions and I
+called we called them en.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called we called them en.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called we called them en.
+And then we also looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we also looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we also looked at the
+exponential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the exponential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exponential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exponential function
+in terms of power series that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of power series that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of power series that was just
+this power series,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And we have that uh we have that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have that uh we have that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have that uh we have that uh that
+en here. So that for for all this was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en here. So that for for all this was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en here. So that for for all this was we
+used bias stress M test to to buy bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used bias stress M test to to buy bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used bias stress M test to to buy bias
+stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L L sub positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L L sub positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L L sub positive
+real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number
+we had that uh that we had that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had that uh that we had that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had that uh that we had that these
+functions converge to e uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+an interval like this. They don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval like this. They don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval like this. They don't
+necessarily in fact they don't but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in fact they don't but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in fact they don't but they
+you know um they the the claim here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um they the the claim here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um they the the claim here
+about uniform convergence is just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uniform convergence is just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uniform convergence is just on
+every bounded interval right so you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bounded interval right so you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bounded interval right so you fix
+a bounded interval like that interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded interval like that interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded interval like that interval
+and then you have uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have uniform convergence
+it's not like uniform convergence of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like uniform convergence of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like uniform convergence of all
+of R at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R at the same time
+okay you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have that
+and now if we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we are looking at
+so Now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Now um
+if we're looking at the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're looking at the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're looking at the function
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we take now the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take now the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take now the derivative of the
+ends. So what is the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends. So what is the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends. So what is the derivative of the
+ens?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the derivative of the en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the derivative of the en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the derivative of the en
+is just a polomial. So you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a polomial. So you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a polomial. So you can just
+differentiate each term on its own.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate each term on its own.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate each term on its own.
+So this here is the sum here of uh of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is the sum here of uh of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is the sum here of uh of um
+of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k
+x to the power k -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the power k -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the power k -1
+/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+k factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k factorial.
+And here you would be summing from k= to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here you would be summing from k= to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here you would be summing from k= to
+zero to n right this is just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to n right this is just the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to n right this is just the right
+and now I can write this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can write this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can write this also
+you see the first term because k when k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the first term because k when k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the first term because k when k
+is equal to zero the first term doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero the first term doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero the first term doesn't
+really count right so this thing here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really count right so this thing here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really count right so this thing here I
+can write as I mean by it doesn't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write as I mean by it doesn't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write as I mean by it doesn't count
+because it's zero right so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's zero right so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's zero right so you don't
+really need to write that term. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to write that term. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to write that term. So you
+can just write it from k = to 1 to n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write it from k = to 1 to n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write it from k = to 1 to n and
+then you could write it again as k * uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could write it again as k * uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could write it again as k * uh
+x ^ k -1 / k factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x ^ k -1 / k factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x ^ k -1 / k factorial.
+But k factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But k factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But k factorial
+k factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k factorial
+is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just
+is the same as k times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as k times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as k times
+k minus one factorial. Right? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus one factorial. Right? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus one factorial. Right? So this
+means that k factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that k factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that k factorial
+over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over k
+is just the same as k minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the same as k minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the same as k minus one
+factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial.
+Right? Or if you will, if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Or if you will, if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Or if you will, if I take the
+inverse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this
+k over k factorial, it's the same as 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over k factorial, it's the same as 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k over k factorial, it's the same as 1 /
+k minus one factorial. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus one factorial. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus one factorial. It's just
+flipping the denominator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the denominator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the denominator and
+denominator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator.
+So this finite sum I can write as k = 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this finite sum I can write as k = 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this finite sum I can write as k = 1
+to n because you see this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n because you see this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n because you see this thing here is
+exactly this. So we can just replace it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can write it like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But now this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now this thing here
+I'm summing from one to n. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing from one to n. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing from one to n. The first
+term I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I get
+that is just this here by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just this here by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just this here by definition
+when k is equal to one that's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when k is equal to one that's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when k is equal to one that's zero
+factorial zero factorial by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial zero factorial by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial zero factorial by definition
+is one right. So this thing here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right. So this thing here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right. So this thing here and
+this thing here by definition is is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here by definition is is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here by definition is is also
+one. So this here is just one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this here is just one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this here is just one. So
+starting off at one when k is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off at one when k is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off at one when k is equal to
+two then this become x this become one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then this become x this become one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then this become x this become one
+factorial one factorial is just one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial one factorial is just one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial one factorial is just one so
+this here is x right so the this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is x right so the this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is x right so the this here is
+like this x the next one when k is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this x the next one when k is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this x the next one when k is equal
+to three then you get x squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three then you get x squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three then you get x squ
+sorry you get x squ and down here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you get x squ and down here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you get x squ and down here you
+get two factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two factorial
+right and so you continue like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you continue like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you continue like this and
+The last one you get is x ^ n -1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The last one you get is x ^ n -1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The last one you get is x ^ n -1 over n
+minus one factorial right and so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one factorial right and so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one factorial right and so yeah
+let let me just say uh so so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me just say uh so so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me just say uh so so you see
+that this thing here is nothing but e n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is nothing but e n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is nothing but e n
+minus one of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one of x
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so the derivative of of the e n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative of of the e n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative of of the e n is the
+previous element en minus one. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous element en minus one. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous element en minus one. Yep.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like we have that dish in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have that dish in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have that dish in
+If I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I'm
+looking at the en is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the en is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the en is zero
+those the value here of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the value here of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the value here of these guys
+the only term that matters is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term that matters is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term that matters is the first
+term and that's one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that's one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that's one.
+So this here for each end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now what you have is so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now what you have is so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now what you have is so now we have
+that you have that if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have that if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have that if you're looking at
+this sequence you have we have this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence you have we have this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence you have we have this we
+have that the e n prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the e n prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the e n prime
+is equal to e n minus one and we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e n minus one and we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e n minus one and we already
+proved that these here it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that these here it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that these here it doesn't matter
+whether you're looking at the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're looking at the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're looking at the previous
+one that they converge to e uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that they converge to e uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that they converge to e uniformly
+right this is a uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on this interval here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then obviously three obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously three obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously three obviously the
+en prime here they're polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we have that um so we have so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have that um so we have so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have that um so we have so so
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the there exists some function f. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the there exists some function f. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the there exists some function f. So
+that these are converge to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are converge to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are converge to this
+uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly.
+That's no great surprise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we also have that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also have that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also have that this thing here
+the derivative converts to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative converts to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative converts to the
+derivative of this here uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And again this is on intervals of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again this is on intervals of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again this is on intervals of this
+form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? Well, we already know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Well, we already know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Well, we already know that this
+that it converts uniformly, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it converts uniformly, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it converts uniformly, right?
+This is just by I mean it can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just by I mean it can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is just by I mean it can only
+convert to one function, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to one function, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert to one function, right? Because
+uniform convergence means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence means that it's
+converging pointwise at each x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging pointwise at each x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging pointwise at each x and
+pointwise convergence then the limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise convergence then the limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise convergence then the limit is
+is is just one thing. So we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just one thing. So we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is just one thing. So we already know
+that this here is e of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here is e of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this here is e of x.
+So you see that this the conclusion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that this the conclusion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that this the conclusion here
+we get is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is now
+that um that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that these
+the and this here sorry is as we said e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and this here sorry is as we said e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and this here sorry is as we said e
+n minus one. So the conclusion that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one. So the conclusion that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one. So the conclusion that we
+get is that the e so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that the e so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that the e so this is the
+conclusion from the theorem up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from the theorem up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from the theorem up there
+that this e n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this e n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this e n minus one
+converge uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly
+to the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the derivative
+of this function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+Like the theorem said that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like the theorem said that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like the theorem said that if you have
+these three condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three condition
+then there exist a function f so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exist a function f so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exist a function f so that is
+differentiable and the derivative of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and the derivative of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and the derivative of it
+is continuous and you have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous and you have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous and you have these two
+properties but we already know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties but we already know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties but we already know that
+these converts to this so we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these converts to this so we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these converts to this so we've already
+identified what this function is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified what this function is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified what this function is so the
+theorem just give us that function must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem just give us that function must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem just give us that function must
+be derivative differentiable and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be derivative differentiable and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be derivative differentiable and the
+derivative continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative continuous.
+But and now we try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But and now we try to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But and now we try to figure out what
+that derivative is. But the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative is. But the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative is. But the derivative
+of these functions are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these functions are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these functions are the same
+functions we started with but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we started with but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we started with but just
+shifted one backwards. Right? So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted one backwards. Right? So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted one backwards. Right? So these
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here
+also they converge to this. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they converge to this. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they converge to this. That's what
+the theorem say. But but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem say. But but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem say. But but the
+but the en minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the en minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the en minus one
+they also converge to e right. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also converge to e right. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also converge to e right. So this
+means that that these two functions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that these two functions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that these two functions here
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+and this here must be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here must be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here must be the same
+right. So this means that e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this means that e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this means that e is
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+and the derivative is itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative is itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative is itself.
+Yeah. Um so we define this for like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um so we define this for like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um so we define this for like all
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+>> this here was for all this here was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> this here was for all this here was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> this here was for all this here was this
+here was defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was defined for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was defined for
+any non- negative integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+I mean when I'm talking about down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when I'm talking about down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when I'm talking about down here
+then I'm saying about n bigger equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm saying about n bigger equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm saying about n bigger equal to
+one because I didn't strictly speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I didn't strictly speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because I didn't strictly speak
+define e minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now I want to sort of do this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I want to sort of do this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I want to sort of do this more
+generally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+I take a power series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Also by the way the plan uh so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also by the way the plan uh so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also by the way the plan uh so after
+this lectures there's two more lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lectures there's two more lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lectures there's two more lectures
+Thursday and Tuesday next week and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and Tuesday next week and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and Tuesday next week and um
+and uh right and and and the my plan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh right and and and the my plan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh right and and and the my plan is
+uh it's I already updated the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's I already updated the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's I already updated the you know
+the course plan to reflect this. So my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course plan to reflect this. So my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course plan to reflect this. So my
+plan is like next time I will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is like next time I will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is like next time I will prove
+existence of uniqueness of some OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of uniqueness of some OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of uniqueness of some OD
+uh using things we have learned here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using things we have learned here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using things we have learned here you
+know about metric spaces and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about metric spaces and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about metric spaces and then
+Tuesday next week we'll do a review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday next week we'll do a review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday next week we'll do a review of
+the class so there won't be any new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so there won't be any new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so there won't be any new
+material on Tuesday. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also for whatever it was. I decided in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for whatever it was. I decided in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for whatever it was. I decided in
+the end with a friend to turn in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end with a friend to turn in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end with a friend to turn in the
+lecture notes to to turn it into a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes to to turn it into a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes to to turn it into a book
+just because the TBB I that was like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the TBB I that was like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the TBB I that was like the
+main reference I didn't find that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reference I didn't find that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reference I didn't find that great
+anyway. It was also you know at thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. It was also you know at thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. It was also you know at thousand
+pages you know who know when I reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages you know who know when I reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages you know who know when I reach
+thousand pages right so and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand pages right so and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand pages right so and so the
+course not here is like shorter as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not here is like shorter as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not here is like shorter as you
+probably have seen and trying to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have seen and trying to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have seen and trying to focus
+on on the uh you know the key points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the uh you know the key points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the uh you know the key points.
+Okay. So, so eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so eventually
+there will be a book.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a book.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a book.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now, um, right. So now I want to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now, um, right. So now I want to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now, um, right. So now I want to to
+do this sort of more generally. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this sort of more generally. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this sort of more generally. So I
+take we take a power series. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take we take a power series. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take we take a power series. So we have
+a as a sequence and we're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a sequence and we're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a sequence and we're looking at a
+power series like this. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series like this. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series like this. So this is a
+power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh so just rem to remind you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so just rem to remind you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so just rem to remind you the
+radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is given as as follows. So we take um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given as as follows. So we take um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given as as follows. So we take um we
+take m and m is defined to be the lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take m and m is defined to be the lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take m and m is defined to be the lean
+soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup
+as n go to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n go to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n go to infinity
+of the n root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the n root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the n root
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+absolute value of a n right and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a n right and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a n right and then the
+radius of convergence so r here is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence so r here is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence so r here is then
+1 / m with this usual uh convention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / m with this usual uh convention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / m with this usual uh convention that
+if m is infinity, this here is zero. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is infinity, this here is zero. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is infinity, this here is zero. If
+m is zero, this here is infinity, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is zero, this here is infinity, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is zero, this here is infinity, right?
+And so then we have again that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then we have again that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then we have again that we have
+that. So we have that the the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So we have that the the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So we have that the the series
+here. So if you're looking at this k = z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So if you're looking at this k = z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So if you're looking at this k = z
+up to n of a n xn this here converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n of a n xn this here converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n of a n xn this here converge
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+limit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+each interval of this form. here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each interval of this form. here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each interval of this form. here where
+where L here is strictly this and that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where L here is strictly this and that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where L here is strictly this and that.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And this is again this here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is again this here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is again this here is is
+biocest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now what I'm interested in is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what I'm interested in is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what I'm interested in is I'm
+interested in uh so I want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh so I want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh so I want to be able to
+calculate the derivative of this. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the derivative of this. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the derivative of this. So, so
+we so we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so we define
+so we define a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we define a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we define a function
+f by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f by
+that uh f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh f ofx
+is equal to the sum here from k = z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the sum here from k = z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the sum here from k = z to
+infinity. So this is the power series x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to k like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k like that.
+And we want to uh want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want to uh want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want to uh want
+a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for uh for the derivative and in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for the derivative and in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for the derivative and in fact I
+want a formula for any derivative of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a formula for any derivative of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a formula for any derivative of uh
+so say the m derivative of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so uh right So now I uh look at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh right So now I uh look at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh right So now I uh look at so
+we have take this power series and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have take this power series and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have take this power series and I'm
+looking at the power series that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the power series that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the power series that is
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right so if I take so uh it's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I take so uh it's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I take so uh it's supposed
+to looking at the power series where for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to looking at the power series where for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to looking at the power series where for
+each term so you have in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term so you have in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term so you have in the original
+power it's a n time x to the n then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's a n time x to the n then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's a n time x to the n then I'm
+looking at n a n * x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at n a n * x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at n a n * x
+uh -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh -1
+like this right so and here I'm summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right so and here I'm summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right so and here I'm summing
+from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um
+from uh from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I mean it doesn't matter sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean it doesn't matter sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean it doesn't matter sum from
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so zero to infinity like Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zero to infinity like Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zero to infinity like Yeah.
+Now the radius of convergence for this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the radius of convergence for this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the radius of convergence for this.
+So what is the radius of convergence? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is the radius of convergence? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is the radius of convergence? So
+of convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh the radius of convergence for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the radius of convergence for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the radius of convergence for this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is the nth root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nth root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nth root
+of n * a to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n * a to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n * a to the n
+like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this in here is the same as n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this in here is the same as n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this in here is the same as n to the
+power 1 / n * the nth root of a n like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power 1 / n * the nth root of a n like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power 1 / n * the nth root of a n like
+this. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Right?
+Now this thing here if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this thing here if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this thing here if you're looking at
+n like this this here is you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n like this this here is you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n like this this here is you can write
+this thing here as e and then it's log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here as e and then it's log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here as e and then it's log n
+/ n. This here as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n. This here as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n. This here as n goes to infinity
+converts to zero. So this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to zero. So this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to zero. So this thing here
+converts to to one by e to the one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to to one by e to the one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to to one by e to the one.
+And so you have that lean soup here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you have that lean soup here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you have that lean soup here. So
+the lim soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the nth root of n * a n like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nth root of n * a n like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nth root of n * a n like this
+this thing here is because this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is because this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is because this here
+right you can write this it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can write this it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can write this it's the same
+as li soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as li soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as li soup
+n go to infinity n go to infinity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n go to infinity n go to infinity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n go to infinity n go to infinity it's
+the same as the n root of of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the n root of of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the n root of of this in
+here times the n root of like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times the n root of like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times the n root of like this this
+here converts to one. So it really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converts to one. So it really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converts to one. So it really just
+converts. So it's equal to the limb soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts. So it's equal to the limb soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts. So it's equal to the limb soup
+as n go to infinity of the nth root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n go to infinity of the nth root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n go to infinity of the nth root of
+a. Right? So and that was what we call m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Right? So and that was what we call m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Right? So and that was what we call m
+originally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+this this limb soup is the same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this limb soup is the same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this limb soup is the same as this
+limb soup. So this means that m from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup. So this means that m from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup. So this means that m from for
+this new sequence is the same as m for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new sequence is the same as m for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new sequence is the same as m for
+the old sequence. So this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old sequence. So this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old sequence. So this means that the
+radius convergence for the new sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius convergence for the new sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius convergence for the new sequence
+is equal to the radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the radius of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the radius of convergence
+from the old sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the old sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the old sequence.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+So if you take the derivative term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you take the derivative term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you take the derivative term by
+term and you form this new power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and you form this new power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and you form this new power series
+then it has the same radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has the same radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has the same radius of
+convergence. That's the original passes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And so now you can iterate this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you can iterate this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you can take the So this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can take the So this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can take the So this is just
+taking the derivative term by term one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative term by term one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative term by term one
+time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time.
+If you now take the uh derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you now take the uh derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you now take the uh derivative
+suppose you're starting with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're starting with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're starting with this
+sequence here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here.
+So you're starting with with sorry with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're starting with with sorry with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're starting with with sorry with
+this power series and you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series and you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series and you're taking the
+derivative term by term then you get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative term by term then you get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative term by term then you get as
+we did up there you're getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did up there you're getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did up there you're getting this
+power sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power sh
+now you take a derivative again term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you take a derivative again term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you take a derivative again term by
+term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you're getting this right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're getting this right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're getting this right and the
+thing is that each time the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that each time the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that each time the radius of
+convergence for this same radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence for this same radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence for this same radius of
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these two here same radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two here same radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two here same radius of
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+right it's because of the same principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's because of the same principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's because of the same principle
+same radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and and so on. And so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so on. And so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so on. And so you can
+continue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you do this
+um if you do this uh m time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you do this uh m time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you do this uh m time
+then you're getting n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're getting n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're getting n
+uh then so right. So if you right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then so right. So if you right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then so right. So if you right so if
+you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this
+um m times then you get that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um m times then you get that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um m times then you get that this thing
+here is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is x
+uh - m and you're getting a n and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh - m and you're getting a n and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh - m and you're getting a n and here
+you're getting uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting uh n
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+n minus 2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 2 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 2 up to
+uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n
+min - m + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min - m + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min - m + 1
+right this would give you so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this would give you so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this would give you so you're
+getting that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that right
+so that is after this is when you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is after this is when you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is after this is when you do it
+m times and so again these here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m times and so again these here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m times and so again these here will
+have the same radius convergence right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah now this thing here right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now this thing here right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now this thing here right so what
+is So n if I want to write this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is So n if I want to write this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is So n if I want to write this a little
+bit more compactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more compactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more compactly
+if I'm thinking about this thing here n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm thinking about this thing here n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm thinking about this thing here n
+minus 2 up to n minus m + one I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 up to n minus m + one I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 up to n minus m + one I can
+write this thing here as n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this thing here as n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this thing here as n factorial
+and then uh but then I getting all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh but then I getting all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh but then I getting all these
+so if I wrote it as n factorial then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I wrote it as n factorial then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I wrote it as n factorial then I
+would also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also have
+Right? It would keep going like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It would keep going like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It would keep going like this and
+the next one here would be n minus m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one here would be n minus m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one here would be n minus m.
+Right? So if I writing so I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So if I writing so I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So if I writing so I can write
+this thing here times this factorial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here times this factorial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here times this factorial is
+equal to that. Right? Yeah. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> so I think you were complaining about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so I think you were complaining about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so I think you were complaining about
+one thing that I sort of uh pushed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I sort of uh pushed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I sort of uh pushed under
+the rock and that is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rock and that is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rock and that is the following
+that if you if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way we define so if you take a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we define so if you take a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we define so if you take a power
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+again like this and you define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like this and you define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like this and you define the
+radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you define it from this n element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you define it from this n element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you define it from this n element
+right I think that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that's what you're
+complaining about and so you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about and so you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining about and so you take the
+the coefficient to the n power that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient to the n power that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient to the n power that's
+not exactly what I did is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly what I did is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly what I did is that what
+you're complaining about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're complaining about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're complaining about yeah
+>> and and that doesn't matter right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and and that doesn't matter right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and and that doesn't matter right and
+and the thing is that so when you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing is that so when you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing is that so when you define
+the rate of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of convergence
+you took this n power like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took this n power like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took this n power like this right
+but this was to to this it was coicient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was to to this it was coicient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was to to this it was coicient
+to where this here was to the end when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where this here was to the end when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where this here was to the end when
+I'm doing it over here I there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing it over here I there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing it over here I there's two
+ways of dealing with it one is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of dealing with it one is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of dealing with it one is the one
+you suggest I mean and the other one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suggest I mean and the other one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suggest I mean and the other one and
+that was why I put it under you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was why I put it under you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was why I put it under you know I
+swept it under the rock is that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept it under the rock is that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept it under the rock is that that the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+the the radius this with the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the radius this with the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the radius this with the radius
+convergence it comes from comparing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence it comes from comparing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence it comes from comparing it
+with a geometric series and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a geometric series and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a geometric series and then it
+really doesn't matter for this term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter for this term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter for this term in
+terms of x whether you have shifted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of x whether you have shifted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of x whether you have shifted it
+or not. Okay. But if you do it um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not. Okay. But if you do it um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not. Okay. But if you do it um if you
+do it as you suggesting which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as you suggesting which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as you suggesting which would be
+totally fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine
+then let's see. So then listening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's see. So then listening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's see. So then listening here
+what you really should have done is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really should have done is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really should have done is that
+we should have thought about this n a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have thought about this n a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have thought about this n a n
+and then we should take the this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we should take the this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we should take the this here
+and we should take instead of the n root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should take instead of the n root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should take instead of the n root
+we should take the n minus one root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take the n minus one root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should take the n minus one root
+right but that doesn't matter either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that doesn't matter either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that doesn't matter either
+right that's going to be the same also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's going to be the same also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's going to be the same also
+yeah so either way you can check either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so either way you can check either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so either way you can check either
+of these two things and I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two things and I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two things and I was thinking
+about the first and that where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first and that where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first and that where it's
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+so now um right so sorry now I lost my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um right so sorry now I lost my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um right so sorry now I lost my
+thread here. So I was just observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread here. So I was just observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread here. So I was just observing
+that if you write if you can write the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you write if you can write the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you write if you can write the n
+factorial as first taking all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial as first taking all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial as first taking all of these
+factors and then taking n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and then taking n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and then taking n minus one
+right so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this means that
+that n factorial divided by n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n factorial divided by n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n factorial divided by n minus one
+sorry n minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry n minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry n minus m
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+this is equal to n -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to n -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to n -1
+n -2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n -2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n -2
+down to n - m + one like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you see that's exactly what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see that's exactly what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see that's exactly what we have
+down here right so this thing here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here right so this thing here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here right so this thing here so so
+what I conclude from this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if I take a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I take a power s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I take a power series like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and I take the derivative term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I take the derivative term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I take the derivative term by
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+then and I do this k uh m times Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and I do this k uh m times Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and I do this k uh m times Then
+this is what I get is n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I get is n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I get is n factorial
+n - m factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - m factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - m factorial
+and then a n x m n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a n x m n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a n x m n minus
+m right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the and we also so this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the and we also so this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the and we also so this is when
+we do it term by term taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it term by term taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it term by term taking the
+derivative and we already have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and we already have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and we already have that
+these here have the same radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here have the same radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these here have the same radius of
+conversion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now
+so now we have a funny theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you take a power series so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a power series so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a power series so you
+take a power series like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh r is the radius of converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and if L here is strictly less some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if L here is strictly less some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if L here is strictly less some
+positive number but strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number but strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number but strictly less than
+the radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of convergence
+then uh then these guys here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these guys here converge to uh right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys here converge to uh right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys here converge to uh right so
+these when you're summing when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when you're summing when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when you're summing when you take
+a finite sum sorry these here converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to to is uh uniformly. But not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to is uh uniformly. But not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to is uh uniformly. But not only
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But not only that, but you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But not only that, but you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But not only that, but you also have
+that more interestingly, you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more interestingly, you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more interestingly, you have that
+um that this sequence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that this sequence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that this sequence here
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+k minus k minus uh m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus k minus uh m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus k minus uh m
+sorry uh k factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh k factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh k factorial
+divided by k minus m factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by k minus m factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by k minus m factorial
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+uh k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k
+uh x k - m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x k - m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x k - m
+that this sequence here converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence here converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence here converge
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+to the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the derivative
+this is f ofx to the to the m derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of x of f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of f.
+So we have that these functions but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have that these functions but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have that these functions but that
+we already prove that these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already prove that these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already prove that these functions
+here converge and their derivative here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converge and their derivative here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here converge and their derivative here
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformly like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now why is this the case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now why is this the case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now why is this the case?
+So this here is again it's following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is again it's following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is again it's following so
+this follows to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows from the same theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the same theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the same theorem
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the theorem we proved earlier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we showed earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's just go through that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just go through that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just go through that.
+So let me go through it. So let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me go through it. So let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me go through it. So let's assume
+assume first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that m is equal to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that m is equal to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that m is equal to one.
+Right? So I just take one derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So I just take one derivative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So I just take one derivative.
+Well, then I'm looking at I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, then I'm looking at I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, then I'm looking at I'm getting
+I'm looking at this sequence here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at this sequence here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at this sequence here.
+Sorry. K X K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. K X K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. K X K
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+= Z to N. I'm looking at these that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= Z to N. I'm looking at these that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= Z to N. I'm looking at these that
+converge to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to this
+infinite this this two to two to it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite this this two to two to it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite this this two to two to it they
+converge to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right f again is this infinite power s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right f again is this infinite power s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right f again is this infinite power s
+and I'm looking at the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking at the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm looking at the derivative of
+these guys so these are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys so these are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys so these are this
+and I know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know now
+that these here converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these here converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these here converge
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+and these This here converts uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these This here converts uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these This here converts uniformly
+to the power series that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power series that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power series that is this
+infinite series. Right? This here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series. Right? This here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series. Right? This here was
+the finite part of it and this here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite part of it and this here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite part of it and this here it's
+like the infinite you know the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the infinite you know the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the infinite you know the whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means in particular that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means in particular that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means in particular that so this
+thing here implies of course that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here implies of course that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here implies of course that um
+that when you're looking at the at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're looking at the at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're looking at the at at
+zero when you're looking at zero by if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you're looking at zero by if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you're looking at zero by if
+you evaluate this thing here at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate this thing here at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate this thing here at zero
+then in this one here you get in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in this one here you get in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in this one here you get in this
+this is the sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sequence of functions
+fn of x from before. These are the fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x from before. These are the fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x from before. These are the fn
+prime of x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And so now I claim that so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so now I claim that so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so now I claim that so so the
+theorem that we proved earlier is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we proved earlier is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that we proved earlier is that
+if you take a sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a sequence of functions
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+differentiable and their derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and their derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and their derivative is
+continuous, these are all polinomial. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous, these are all polinomial. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous, these are all polinomial. So
+this is definitely the case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely the case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely the case.
+And we know that this that these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know that this that these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know that this that these values
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+fn in fact at zero they're equal to f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn in fact at zero they're equal to f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn in fact at zero they're equal to f of
+zero. Right? So this is like so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? So this is like so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Right? So this is like so we had
+three conditions. We had that the fn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions. We had that the fn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions. We had that the fn in
+some particular point that we call x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular point that we call x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular point that we call x0
+this is now zero that this converge. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now zero that this converge. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now zero that this converge. We
+have that the fp prime was converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the fp prime was converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the fp prime was converging
+uniformly. Well, we know that these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly. Well, we know that these here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly. Well, we know that these here
+converge uniformly. And then we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly. And then we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly. And then we had that
+the fprime should be continuous, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fprime should be continuous, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fprime should be continuous, but
+they were obviously continuous. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were obviously continuous. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were obviously continuous. They
+were polinomials, right? Then then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were polinomials, right? Then then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were polinomials, right? Then then we
+had that the derivative converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that the derivative converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that the derivative converge
+uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and that the and that the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and that the and that the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and that the and that the function
+that they converge to the the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they converge to the the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they converge to the the derivative
+converge and also the original functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and also the original functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and also the original functions
+converge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge,
+right? And um and that the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And um and that the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And um and that the derivative
+converts uniformly to the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts uniformly to the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts uniformly to the derivative of
+the function that it converts to. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that it converts to. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that it converts to. Right?
+So you see that this is just checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that this is just checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that this is just checking
+that we have the tree property from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the tree property from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the tree property from the
+theorem before and then we get the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem before and then we get the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem before and then we get the two
+conclusion and the one conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and the one conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and the one conclusion that
+we're interested in is that this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in is that this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in is that this here is
+then the power series for the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the power series for the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the power series for the derivative
+of f. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+Okay. So now the so and then you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now the so and then you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now the so and then you can do
+the same thing with so let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with so let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with so let me just say
+that you can do the same thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do the same thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do the same thing if you
+take um if you take um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take um if you take um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take um if you take um
+if you if you are integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you are integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you are integrating
+so so here we proved so suppose you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we proved so suppose you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we proved so suppose you take
+a sequence theorem that is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence theorem that is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence theorem that is converging to
+f well suppose you take a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f well suppose you take a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f well suppose you take a power series
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose you take this power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh k x k=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k x k=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k x k=
+to zero. So this is the finite this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. So this is the finite this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. So this is the finite this is
+the power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power series
+and suppose I'm interested in what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose I'm interested in what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose I'm interested in what is
+the integral from a to b of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from a to b of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from a to b of
+this power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power series
+f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+dx right and here I'm assuming that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx right and here I'm assuming that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx right and here I'm assuming that a
+and b are in the uh are um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are in the uh are um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are in the uh are um in the
+interval where the power shares is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval where the power shares is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval where the power shares is
+converging. So you have this right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging. So you have this right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging. So you have this right? So
+this means of course that if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means of course that if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means of course that if you think
+about it that you have here zero, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it that you have here zero, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it that you have here zero, you
+have r you have here minus r and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have r you have here minus r and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have r you have here minus r and then a
+and b is lying and so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b is lying and so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b is lying and so this means that
+this whole interval is lying comfortably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole interval is lying comfortably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole interval is lying comfortably
+inside some interval like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside some interval like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside some interval like this.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+Okay. And I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I'm asking
+what is a nice formula for this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a nice formula for this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a nice formula for this this
+integral here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here.
+And so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then
+well uh I can use not the theorem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh I can use not the theorem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh I can use not the theorem we
+proved earlier but the theorem we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved earlier but the theorem we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved earlier but the theorem we proved
+last time. And so what is that? So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. And so what is that? So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. And so what is that? So if I
+define f(n) of x to be equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define f(n) of x to be equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define f(n) of x to be equal to the sum
+here from k = to zero to n of a k x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from k = to zero to n of a k x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from k = to zero to n of a k x k
+sorry x to power k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry x to power k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry x to power k.
+These thing here, these here converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These thing here, these here converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These thing here, these here converge
+uniformly to f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to f ofx
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+any interval like this when l here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interval like this when l here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any interval like this when l here is
+strictly less than the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than the radius of
+convergence. Right? So they converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. Right? So they converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. Right? So they converge
+here uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But the theorem we proved earlier was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the theorem we proved earlier was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the theorem we proved earlier was
+that if you take a uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a uniform convergence
+like this and you take a and b in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you take a and b in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you take a and b in this
+integral then the integral of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then the integral of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then the integral of these guys
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converge to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this. Right? We have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Right? We have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Right? We have this
+convergence here. But these here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence here. But these here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence here. But these here are
+easy to integrate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to integrate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to integrate right
+these these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these guys
+but because they're polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the polomium so this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the polomium so this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the polomium so this means that the
+fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+s the fns of s when you integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the fns of s when you integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the fns of s when you integrate this
+from a to b ds these guys are the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b ds these guys are the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b ds these guys are the sum
+here of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of A
+uh K sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh K sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh K sorry
+uh S K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S K
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
+= Z to N and then the integral here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= Z to N and then the integral here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= Z to N and then the integral here
+D S from A to B, right fine? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D S from A to B, right fine? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D S from A to B, right fine? Because
+it's just that polomial. And so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that polomial. And so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that polomial. And so for
+polomium well we can just use that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomium well we can just use that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomium well we can just use that it's
+a sum of the of these guys a k sk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of the of these guys a k sk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of the of these guys a k sk
+k = to zero to n right and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = to zero to n right and this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = to zero to n right and this thing
+here when we integrate this that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we integrate this that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we integrate this that's just
+that's just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just um
+that's just the I mean now it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the I mean now it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the I mean now it doesn't
+get much nicer unless you make one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much nicer unless you make one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much nicer unless you make one of
+them equal to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them equal to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them equal to zero.
+So, so you have this. So, let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so you have this. So, let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so you have this. So, let me say
+that if a here was equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a here was equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a here was equal to zero
+and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and
+b was equal to x. So if that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b was equal to x. So if that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b was equal to x. So if that's the case
+and you're looking at this integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at this integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at this integral from
+0 to x of fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to x of fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to x of fn
+s ds, we know that this here converts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s ds, we know that this here converts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s ds, we know that this here converts to
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+right of the power series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+On the other hand, this integral here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, this integral here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, this integral here,
+right? You know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um on the other hand this integral here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand this integral here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand this integral here
+if you're looking at the sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then sum and now the a is zero b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sum and now the a is zero b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sum and now the a is zero b is
+x so then is this here a k x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so then is this here a k x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so then is this here a k x k
+now when we integrate this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we integrate this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we integrate this term here
+we're getting right so we're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting right so we're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting right so we're getting the
+sum here k = z to n and then this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here k = z to n and then this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here k = z to n and then this here
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um k
++ 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1
+um x to the power k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x to the power k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um x to the power k
++ one Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so you see that if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that if you're looking at
+so you see that these guys here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that these guys here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see that these guys here now
+converge to the to the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the to the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the to the integral from
+zero to x of f of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to x of f of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to x of f of s
+gs right that's what we get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gs right that's what we get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gs right that's what we get from the
+theorem. So the conclusion here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. So the conclusion here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. So the conclusion here is that
+if you take a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a power series
+um and you're looking inside the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you're looking inside the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you're looking inside the radius
+of convergence then the power series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence then the power series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence then the power series is
+differentiable as many times as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable as many times as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable as many times as you want
+and the derivative is given by power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative is given by power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative is given by power
+series and it's just the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and it's just the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and it's just the derivative of
+the ter individual term by term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ter individual term by term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ter individual term by term right
+and likewise if you want to integrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise if you want to integrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise if you want to integrate a
+power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series
+then the integral So at least when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integral So at least when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the integral So at least when
+you're integrating because otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating because otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating because otherwise the
+formula is not quite as nice but you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is not quite as nice but you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is not quite as nice but you get
+a but you do get a formula but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but you do get a formula but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but you do get a formula but it does
+doesn't look so nice but the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look so nice but the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look so nice but the integral of
+a power series you can just integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power series you can just integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power series you can just integrate it
+term by term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by term right
+okay so now the next thing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the next thing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the next thing we want to
+talk about um and that's I'm just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um and that's I'm just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um and that's I'm just trying
+to set up for next uh for for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up for next uh for for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up for next uh for for the next
+lecture and so this is we want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and so this is we want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and so this is we want to talk
+about uh differential equations and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh differential equations and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh differential equations and how
+we using some of the stuff that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we using some of the stuff that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we using some of the stuff that we
+proven in this class to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven in this class to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven in this class to solve
+differential equation and in and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and in and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and in and it's
+like an example where it may not be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an example where it may not be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an example where it may not be very
+obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that you could use metric spaces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use metric spaces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use metric spaces to
+solve a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a differential equation
+but but this is nevertheless the case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but this is nevertheless the case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but this is nevertheless the case.
+So, so we're looking at a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we're looking at a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we're looking at a differential
+equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, a differential equation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a differential equation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a differential equation is an
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in an unknown.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in an unknown function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and its derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me give you some examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me give you some examples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me give you some examples of this
+um that you take uh you're looking at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you take uh you're looking at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you take uh you're looking at uh
+at a function f you're trying to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a function f you're trying to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a function f you're trying to find a
+function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f
+so that so this is like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so this is like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so this is like the first
+example you have you're looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have you're looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you have you're looking for a
+function f so that the derivative is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f so that the derivative is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f so that the derivative is x
+right well we already know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we already know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we already know that this
+here the solutions to This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um f ofx
+= to 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 1/2
+x^2 plus some constant right constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus some constant right constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus some constant right constant
+whatever the constant when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the constant when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the constant when you take
+derivative you get zero and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you get zero and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you get zero and and the
+derivative of this in here gives you x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this in here gives you x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this in here gives you x
+right and those are the only solutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and those are the only solutions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and those are the only solutions.
+Um, another example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another example here
+is uh where you're taking something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh where you're taking something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh where you're taking something that
+looks like uh f prime minus f 2. So f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh f prime minus f 2. So f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh f prime minus f 2. So f
+ofx like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you're looking at the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're looking at the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're looking at the function
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um f ofx = 1 - 1 /x. If you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f ofx = 1 - 1 /x. If you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f ofx = 1 - 1 /x. If you take this
+function here and now you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and now you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and now you take the
+derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative.
+So now I'm using the chain rule. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm using the chain rule. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm using the chain rule. So I
+get 1 - one like this squared and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 - one like this squared and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 - one like this squared and then I
+take the derivative of this. So that's -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of this. So that's -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of this. So that's -
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+- one sorry - one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one sorry - one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one sorry - one.
+So that's -1 * -1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's -1 * -1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's -1 * -1.
+So this here is - 1 - x².
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is - 1 - x².
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is - 1 - x².
+And so you see that when you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that when you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that when you take this
+function here with a minus sign.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So,
+so when you take I think it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you take I think it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you take I think it should be a
+plus, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus, right?
+So, when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, when you take
+>> No, no, no. It should be minus. No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, no, no. It should be minus. No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, no, no. It should be minus. No,
+that's right. Sorry. Yeah. Yeah. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. Sorry. Yeah. Yeah. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. Sorry. Yeah. Yeah. Thanks.
+I did this one wrong. This here should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this one wrong. This here should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this one wrong. This here should
+have been a minus like that, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a minus like that, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a minus like that, right?
+And so, this here is now is indeed plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, this here is now is indeed plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, this here is now is indeed plus
+and then it's this equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's this equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's this equation.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example
+um another so again if the equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another so again if the equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another so again if the equation is
+something that involved a fun unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that involved a fun unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that involved a fun unknown
+function and its derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and its derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and its derivative
+uh so suppose you take something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so suppose you take something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so suppose you take something that
+looks like f fprime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like f fprime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like f fprime
+fprime equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime equal to zero
+if you're taking the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're taking the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're taking the function
+f= to some constant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f= to some constant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f= to some constant,
+this is a solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a solution.
+And if you're taking f= to say um x or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're taking f= to say um x or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're taking f= to say um x or
+some constant times x, this is is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant times x, this is is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant times x, this is is also a
+solution. They're both solutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is just because the second in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is just because the second in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is just because the second in
+this case, the second derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, the second derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, the second derivative is
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+Okay. So now what we will be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now what we will be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now what we will be interested
+in is uh we're going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is uh we're going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is uh we're going to be interested in
+uh what's called an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's called an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's called an ordinary
+differential equation. It's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. It's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. It's it's it's
+and we only looked at this we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we only looked at this we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we only looked at this we only
+looked as function of just one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's
+so this is what the ordinary refer to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we want to look at ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an ordinary
+differential equation is abbreviated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is abbreviated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is abbreviated by
+OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD
+and this is uh and if it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh and if it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh and if it's not an
+ordinary then it's usually a partial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary then it's usually a partial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary then it's usually a partial uh
+differential equation which involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation which involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation which involve a
+function that is uh that is of more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is uh that is of more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is uh that is of more than
+one variable. So it will involve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable. So it will involve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable. So it will involve the
+what's called the partial derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the partial derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the partial derivative of
+the functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions.
+Okay. And the the so the unknown so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the the so the unknown so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the the so the unknown so the
+unknown function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh will be denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by y.
+And the equation that we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the equation that we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the equation that we're looking at
+is that we want some particular value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we want some particular value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we want some particular value at
+say zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero.
+And then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we want
+uh that the derivative satisfying an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the derivative satisfying an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the derivative satisfying an
+equation. And the der equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And the der equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And the der equation that
+we're looking for is that we have so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for is that we have so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for is that we have so we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um we have um so f here and g are given.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have um so f here and g are given.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have um so f here and g are given.
+So think about those as functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So think about those as functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So think about those as functions that
+are given. Those are two given functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given. Those are two given functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given. Those are two given functions
+but you know they may not be super nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know they may not be super nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know they may not be super nice
+and but you know that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you know that f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you know that f is
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+and the derivative is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative is continuous
+and g here is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in principle you know they're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in principle you know they're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in principle you know they're given
+and now you're looking for a but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're looking for a but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're looking for a but it
+might be very very complicated maybe f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very very complicated maybe f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very very complicated maybe f
+is sign or you know something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sign or you know something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sign or you know something like that.
+Uh and so you're looking for a a unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so you're looking for a a unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so you're looking for a a unknown
+function y so that the derivative so y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y so that the derivative so y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function y so that the derivative so y
+we think about y as a function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about y as a function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about y as a function of x
+and the derivative of y is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative of y is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative of y is supposed to
+be equal to f but is now applied to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to f but is now applied to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to f but is now applied to this
+unknown function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown function
+and then plus g of x. Right? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus g of x. Right? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then plus g of x. Right? So this
+here is much more tame but this is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is much more tame but this is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is much more tame but this is a bit
+complicated because it involved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it involved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it involved the
+unknown function. Okay. And so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown function. Okay. And so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown function. Okay. And so we want
+to we want to so we want to see so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we want to so we want to see so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we want to so we want to see so we
+are asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asking
+so question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this equation
+does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um is the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh unique?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So by this we mean right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So by this we mean right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So by this we mean right? So
+we're looking for a function. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for a function. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for a function. So so
+here's what we're looking for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're looking for a function y defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're looking for a function y defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're looking for a function y defined
+on some interval into r. This function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some interval into r. This function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some interval into r. This function
+has to be differentiable. So this has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be differentiable. So this has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be differentiable. So this has to
+exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist.
+A zero has to be in that interval,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A zero has to be in that interval,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A zero has to be in that interval,
+right? Because we want this is a is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because we want this is a is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because we want this is a is just
+a constant, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant, right?
+And so so and then we want then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so and then we want then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so and then we want then we want
+obviously y to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this equation here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's what we're looking for. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're looking for. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're looking for. So this
+is existence. They're saying that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is existence. They're saying that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is existence. They're saying that what
+we will prove is that there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will prove is that there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will prove is that there exists some
+interal. So, so we want so we will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interal. So, so we want so we will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interal. So, so we want so we will prove
+the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we prove the following theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we prove the following theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we prove the following theorem of
+which is has many different names and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is has many different names and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is has many different names and is
+attributed to various people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to various people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to various people.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+but it's I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I guess
+uh um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um in
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+often most often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often most often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often most often
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+named the pic lindelof theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named the pic lindelof theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named the pic lindelof theorem
+and so this is that um that's um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is that um that's um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is that um that's um that
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+f and and g as a bound so f has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and and g as a bound so f has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and and g as a bound so f has to be
+differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable
+and the derivative continuous g just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative continuous g just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative continuous g just has
+to be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be continuous
+Then there exist then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there exist then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there exist then
+for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+a there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a delta greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta greater than zero
+um such that and a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such that and a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such that and a solution
+and a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this differential equation this OD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this differential equation this OD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this differential equation this OD
+um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um
+on the integral from minus delta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the integral from minus delta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the integral from minus delta to
+delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta.
+So we just prove we prove that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we just prove we prove that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we just prove we prove that there
+exist a solution near the origin. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a solution near the origin. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a solution near the origin. The
+thing is that a solution may blow up. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that a solution may blow up. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that a solution may blow up. So
+it may not exist on a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not exist on a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not exist on a very long
+interval. It may just exist on a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. It may just exist on a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. It may just exist on a smaller
+interval. is all depending on f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. is all depending on f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. is all depending on f and g
+but in particular will depend on f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular will depend on f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular will depend on f.
+Okay. So it's uh and and that moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it is unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning that if you take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that if you take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that if you take another
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+defined on the same interval then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the same interval then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the same interval then it
+must be that solution. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so,
+so now I just have a minute or two, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I just have a minute or two, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I just have a minute or two, but
+but we'll prove this next time anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll prove this next time anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll prove this next time anyway,
+but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to
+um as a teaser, if you will, I will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a teaser, if you will, I will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a teaser, if you will, I will just
+say that. So, the proof of this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that. So, the proof of this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that. So, the proof of this,
+so the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+uh uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh the contracting mapping zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mapping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll remind you what that is. Maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll remind you what that is. Maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll remind you what that is. Maybe I'll
+remind you what it is. So the so recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the contracting mapping system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that suppose you take a metric space X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose you take a metric space X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose you take a metric space X
+and D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D.
+So D is a metric, X is a space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So D is a metric, X is a space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So D is a metric, X is a space.
+And suppose you take a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose you take a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose you take a map
+from X to itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to itself.
+Then X is so then T. So T here is a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then X is so then T. So T here is a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then X is so then T. So T here is a map
+from X to itself. T is set to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a contracting map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If if there exists some constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if there exists some constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if there exists some constant that
+constant and that's key it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that's key it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that's key it has to be
+strictly less than one so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one so that if you
+measure distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure distances
+between the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the images
+so for any X and Y in capital X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any X and Y in capital X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any X and Y in capital X
+this is for all X and Y in capital X if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for all X and Y in capital X if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for all X and Y in capital X if
+you look at the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the distance between the
+images of these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of these two points
+then it's less or equal to this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's less or equal to this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's less or equal to this constant
+that is strictly less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is strictly less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is strictly less than one
+like this. Okay. So that's a contracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Okay. So that's a contracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Okay. So that's a contracting
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+and the contracting mapping theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contracting mapping theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contracting mapping theorem that
+we prove I I'll remind you about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove I I'll remind you about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove I I'll remind you about it
+again next time but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again next time but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again next time but just
+the contracting mapping theorem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contracting mapping theorem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contracting mapping theorem that we
+prove this that so we prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this that so we prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this that so we prove the
+following theorem which is a contracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following theorem which is a contracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following theorem which is a contracting
+mapping theorem that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping theorem that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping theorem that if
+X here is cushy complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then and
+and t from x to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t from x to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t from x to x
+is a contracting map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+has a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a unique
+fix point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a there's a unique so there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a there's a unique so there exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a there's a unique so there exist a
+unique one often write like this there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique one often write like this there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique one often write like this there
+exist one and only one x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist one and only one x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist one and only one x
+so that f so that or x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that f so that or x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that f so that or x0
+so that this map takes x0 to itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this map takes x0 to itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this map takes x0 to itself so
+that's a contracting mapping theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a contracting mapping theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a contracting mapping theorem
+okay and so now so it seems like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now so it seems like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now so it seems like that
+what does od has to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does od has to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does od has to do with this
+abstract concept of a metric space. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract concept of a metric space. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract concept of a metric space. So
+it's it's tied together using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's tied together using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's tied together using this
+and then the space X it's not. You may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the space X it's not. You may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the space X it's not. You may
+think that it's it's you may think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's it's you may think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's it's you may think
+that's close, but it's not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close, but it's not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close, but it's not quite the
+case. You may think that it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. You may think that it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. You may think that it's like a
+continuous function on an interval like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on an interval like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on an interval like
+this. That's close. That's this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. That's close. That's this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. That's close. That's this here is
+you may think that because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think that because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may think that because that's a
+space we've talked about a lot. this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we've talked about a lot. this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we've talked about a lot. this
+here with this metric D we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this metric D we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this metric D we talked about
+with this maximum distance. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this maximum distance. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this maximum distance. It's not
+actually quite the case. It's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite the case. It's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite the case. It's a little
+bit more complicated than this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated than this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated than this.
+The x is but x is related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The x is but x is related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The x is but x is related to this
+because x here would be a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x here would be a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x here would be a ball
+around the function that is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the function that is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the function that is constant
+um the function that is constant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the function that is constant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the function that is constant a
+in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space
+and and we have to choose this r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we have to choose this r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we have to choose this r
+carefully. Okay. And so that's a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. Okay. And so that's a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. Okay. And so that's a space
+X. And now I haven't defined the the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. And now I haven't defined the the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. And now I haven't defined the the fun
+the map G, but we'll do that next time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map G, but we'll do that next time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map G, but we'll do that next time.
+And I will remind you about this also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I will remind you about this also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I will remind you about this also.
+Any questions?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ef1eG33K_V0.txt b/Ef1eG33K_V0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da1968b2f2168f4dcf1ee21b033f1e7a91180d21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ef1eG33K_V0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3220 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: We're
+going to continue
+
+our discussion of correlation
+functions, and in particular,
+
+g2 of 0.
+
+If you think I'm focusing a
+lot on one quantity, g2 of 0,
+
+that's correct.
+
+But I have to tell
+you, I have been
+
+involved in so many
+discussions with people
+
+who looked at g2 of 0 with
+both Einstein condensates
+
+when Bose-Einstein condensates
+in [INAUDIBLE] were discovered
+
+here at MIT by [INAUDIBLE]
+and collaborators.
+
+There was some mystery about, in
+essence, the g2 of 0 function.
+
+So a lot of physics
+actually goes into it.
+
+And I've learned a lot
+from my own research
+
+and through discussions.
+
+And in this unit, I
+want to summarize it.
+
+So the confusion sometimes
+comes because people
+
+use classical pictures,
+quantum pictures,
+
+and they may not
+see the relation.
+
+So let's continue
+the discussion.
+
+I want to go through
+four different views
+
+of the same physics
+that you will
+
+recognize that
+they're interrelated.
+
+The first one, just
+to repeat that,
+
+is if you have light which
+is Gaussian intensity
+
+fluctuations, light
+from random sources.
+
+I think if you would look
+at the twinkle of starlight,
+
+if you look at the
+light from a light bulb,
+
+because of the
+central limit theorem,
+
+you will find that the intensity
+that the electric field
+
+has a Gaussian distribution,
+and the intensity
+
+in exponential distribution.
+
+And if you then ask, what is
+g2 of 0, you'll find it's 2.
+
+Because for an
+exponential distribution,
+
+the average of the
+intensity squared
+
+is two times the intensity,
+the average of the-- what
+
+did I say.
+
+This average of the
+squared intensity
+
+is two times the average
+of the intensity squared.
+
+Before I forget it, one
+student asked me after class,
+
+I'm discussing g2 of 0,
+but what about g2 of tau?
+
+Well, my understanding is
+that almost all of the physics
+
+is in g2 of 0.
+
+And there is a simple number,
+1 or 2, in those special cases.
+
+What happens is, if you have
+completely independent sources,
+
+if you completely
+independent statistics,
+
+then the probability of
+finding a second particle,
+
+a second photon, is
+independent of the first.
+
+So it means g2 of
+tau would be unity.
+
+This is the case for an
+uncoordinated system.
+
+But if you have g2 of 0 which is
+higher, this means correlation.
+
+This means some
+form of coherence.
+
+And usually, the
+correlated value simply
+
+decays to the uncorrelated value
+with a characteristic coherence
+
+time.
+
+And this characteristic
+coherence time
+
+can be inhomogeneous, technical.
+
+It can be limited by the Fourier
+transform of a light pulse,
+
+the monochromaticity,
+the bend which
+
+delta omega is 1 over tau.
+
+So it has all of
+the usual suspects
+
+for what limits
+the coherence time.
+
+So therefore in
+general, we're not
+
+learning something fundamental
+in looking at g2 of tau.
+
+We're just learning the usual
+spiel about correlation times
+
+and coherence times.
+
+The second angle I gave you
+with the brief interference
+
+is something which
+is deeply insightful.
+
+It shows you the following.
+
+If you have a plane wave,
+the intensity is constant.
+
+If you have two plane
+waves which interfere,
+
+you create density fluctuations,
+because the interference
+
+pattern can be constructive
+and can be destructive.
+
+So therefore, if the
+intensity fluctuates,
+
+then i square average is
+no longer i average square.
+
+And what happens is because
+of the nature of interference,
+
+because the average of
+cosine square kx is-- well,
+
+there are factors of 1/2
+and 2 which just come out
+
+of cosine and sine
+square function.
+
+You get exactly g2 of 2.
+
+But that should already
+tell you something,
+
+which will be important for both
+quantum particles, and light,
+
+and the classic limit.
+
+The moment if you have light or
+particles in one single mode,
+
+you can't have any
+form of interference.
+
+Only two modes can interfere.
+
+And you will always
+get a g2 function of 1.
+
+But we'll come to
+that in a second.
+
+Any questions at that point?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I thought that when
+we talked about the g2 function
+
+several weeks ago, you said
+that if we had a single mode
+
+thermal light, it would
+have the g2 function of 2.
+
+And that's therefore,
+all we were
+
+using for lasers when we
+used them in experiments
+
+is the fact that it's single
+mode, not the coherence
+
+in the g2 function.
+
+PROFESSOR: You have a good--
+that's a good point, Cory.
+
+Let's just try to
+connect the two pictures.
+
+Slowly, slowly.
+
+What did we discuss?
+
+This question is great for
+me to repeat something.
+
+When we looked at
+black body radiation,
+
+I wrote down the
+partition function.
+
+And I said I'm only
+considering a single mode.
+
+And then, we have of course
+in thermal equilibrium
+
+a Boltzmann type, or
+Bose-Einstein type,
+
+distribution of finding
+certain numbers,
+
+number of photons
+populating the single mode.
+
+And that resulted in
+a g2 function of 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not really
+single mode though, right?
+
+Because you're summing
+over many frequencies.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it
+was single frequency.
+
+I have to think about it.
+
+That's a really good question.
+
+Right now, I would quickly
+say, in thermal equilibrium--
+
+I'll give you partial answer,
+and when I think about it,
+
+I'll give you full
+answer on Friday
+
+at the beginning
+of the next class--
+
+I think would be
+calculated where
+
+the thermal fluctuations
+in the intensity.
+
+And the intensity fluctuations,
+and those intensity
+
+fluctuations.
+
+Those intensity fluctuations
+result in a g2 function of 2.
+
+That's correct.
+
+Maybe what I want
+you to say here
+
+is, if you have two modes
+which have all maybe
+
+single occupation or
+constant occupation,
+
+and they interfere, then they
+create a spatial interference
+
+pattern if the phase between
+the two modes is random,
+
+which gives rise to
+additional fluctuation.
+
+So most likely, the two
+fluctuations are independent.
+
+One is the fluctuations
+because of the interference
+
+of two modes.
+
+But when I say the single
+mode has a g2 function of 1,
+
+I meant actually a single
+mode with constant amplitude.
+
+I'll double check and give you a
+more complete answer on Friday.
+
+Other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+The third view is classical
+versus quantum statistics.
+
+And I think this really
+shows that we need at least
+
+some quantumness to
+find correlations.
+
+Let's assume we
+have n particles.
+
+And we have N possible states.
+
+And if it's a
+classical system, let's
+
+assume we want to find one
+particle in a certain state.
+
+We have a big box and want
+to-- we have a big box,
+
+have a small
+sub-volume, and say what
+
+is the probability of
+finding one particle here?
+
+So this probability
+to find one particle
+
+is P1 is small n over big
+N. The probability to find
+
+two particles.
+
+If you have non-interacting
+classical particles,
+
+well, it's simply P1 squared.
+
+Independent classical
+particles, they
+
+don't care what they are doing.
+
+You grab into a
+sub-volume, which
+
+is maybe phase space cell.
+
+And therefore,
+your quantum state,
+
+you have probability
+P of finding one.
+
+But since each particle
+moves around independently,
+
+the probability to find two
+particles is just P squared.
+
+It's a little bit like if
+you toss two coins, one
+
+with your left and
+one with your right,
+
+and you ask what
+is the probability
+
+to find a head or
+tail, and you simply
+
+multiply the probabilities.
+
+But now, following reasonings
+which Bose and Einstein
+
+introduced, you want to use
+counting statistics, which
+
+takes into account the
+indistinguishability
+
+of particles.
+
+So if we go from the
+classical distribution
+
+to the distribution of
+indistinguishable particles,
+
+then the classical probability
+P 1 is reduced by n factorial,
+
+because we are not--
+let me put it this way.
+
+The number-- I don't
+want to go through
+
+a mathematical argument.
+
+If you grab one particle,
+it can be the probability
+
+to find one particle
+is represented
+
+by a microconfiguration
+classically.
+
+And each configuration
+when you permute particles
+
+counts as independent.
+
+But if you have quantum
+indistinguishability,
+
+you're not counting
+permutations as
+
+an independent configuration.
+
+And therefore, you have a
+reduction by n factorial.
+
+If you look at the probability
+of finding two particles,
+
+the reduction is-- this is
+just the counting statistics
+
+n factorial by 2.
+
+So therefore, you will find
+that classically, that quantum
+
+mechanically for
+bosons, is two times.
+
+The probability to find two
+bosons in one quantum state
+
+is two times the probability
+squared to find one boson.
+
+So this is just
+counting statistics.
+
+This can be applied
+to conditions
+
+in a Bose-Einstein
+in a Bose gas.
+
+When you have inelastic
+collisions, spin relaxation,
+
+dipolar collisions,
+two body collisions,
+
+two-body collisions
+have a rate gamma 2,
+
+which is proportional to
+the probability of finding
+
+two particles at the same
+time at the same location.
+
+And that brings in
+the g2 function.
+
+Whereas three-body
+collisions, gamma 3,
+
+reflects the third
+order correlation
+
+function g3, which is
+defined in an analogous way.
+
+So if you now compare
+at the same density
+
+the two-body rate coefficient,
+like the same density
+
+means we are looking at the
+rate of two-body collisions.
+
+And we compare between
+two-body collision
+
+in a thermal cloud, which
+is a g2 factor of two,
+
+a thermal cloud of bosons.
+
+Whereas a Bose-Einstein
+condensate
+
+is a constant occupation
+of particles in one mode
+
+and has therefore a g2 factor
+of 1, exactly as [INAUDIBLE]
+
+of the Bose-Einstein
+condensate is
+
+for particles for meta waves,
+but the laser is for light.
+
+Whereas, if you look at
+three-body collisions,
+
+those who do experiments with
+Bose-Einstein condensates
+
+will know that
+usually the lifetime
+
+of Bose-Einstein
+condensates is limited
+
+by three-body collisions.
+
+Well, I didn't derive
+it, but actually
+
+yes, we have the Gaussian
+statistics for randomness.
+
+For Gaussian statistics, the
+n-body collision function
+
+has a factor of n factorial.
+
+So therefore,
+three-body collisions
+
+scale with 3 factorial, and
+two-body collisions with 2
+
+factorial.
+
+So in other words, you
+have a thermal cloud,
+
+you have a Bose-Einstein
+condensate at the same density.
+
+But what matters for
+two-body collision
+
+is not the average density.
+
+It is the average of n square.
+
+And the fluctuations
+in the thermal cloud
+
+because of the g2 function
+are two times enhanced
+
+compared to
+Bose-Einstein condensate.
+
+And therefore, you find
+that at the same density,
+
+you have more loss.
+
+You have a higher rate of two
+and three-body collisions.
+
+Some of this was not--
+became better understood
+
+soon after Bose-Einstein
+condensates were realized.
+
+The Boulder group studied
+three-body collisions.
+
+And for two-body
+collisions, myself
+
+in the post-doc
+clarified the situation
+
+that even the mean field energy,
+which everybody had measured
+
+before, requires two particles
+to interact with short range
+
+interaction is therefore
+proportional to g2.
+
+And therefore, when people
+had determined the mean field
+
+energy of a condensate
+without really knowing
+
+they had already
+determined the g2 function
+
+of Bose-Einstein condensates.
+
+OK, so this is pretty much
+the counting statistic
+
+which you do in
+undergraduate class
+
+when you derive the three
+different statistics--
+
+Boltzmann statistics,
+Bose-Einstein statistics, Fermi
+
+statistics.
+
+And it gives you the result
+of that is also for bosons,
+
+you have the factor of 2.
+
+For fermions, of
+course, you get 0.
+
+The average between bosons
+2 and fermions 0 is 1.
+
+And this is the
+classical statistics.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Then let me finish
+this discussion
+
+with a quantum
+mechanical description.
+
+If you describe the
+detection or collision of two
+
+particles in two modes.
+
+So you have mode.
+
+A mode operator, annihilation
+operator a1 you and a2.
+
+But if you are
+asking what happens
+
+if I measure two particles,
+you annihilate two particles
+
+with an operator a1 and a2.
+
+But then, because of
+the indistinguishability
+
+of particles, you
+have to consider
+
+an exchange term, which is a2a1.
+
+So whenever you
+detect two particles
+
+in two different
+modes, your signal
+
+is proportional to something
+related to a1a2 plus a2a1.
+
+This extra exchange term
+gives you an extra factor of 2
+
+for bosons, which is
+exactly what appears
+
+in the g2 function.
+
+And, of course, if you have
+an exchange term for fermions,
+
+you get 0.
+
+And this, of course,
+leads to the antibunching,
+
+or the g2 value
+of 0 for fermions.
+
+However, and this is obvious,
+if you have a single mode,
+
+then the only operator to detect
+two particles is a1 times a1.
+
+And this has no exchange term.
+
+And this is the
+situation of the laser
+
+and the Bose-Einstein
+condensate.
+
+And that means they
+have a g2 function of 1.
+
+So Cory, this is
+another argument
+
+why single mode occupation
+has a g2 function of 1.
+
+But I have to reconcile
+it with your question.
+
+Right now, I think
+there may be difference
+
+between a canonical ensemble
+and grand canonical ensemble.
+
+In a canonical ensemble,
+we have [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the total particle
+number is fixed.
+
+But in a grand
+canonical it fluctuates.
+
+And maybe this leads to
+additional fluctuations
+
+for the case of a single
+mode chaotic light.
+
+But I will have to think
+about it, your question.
+
+But here is the
+same argument why
+
+if you occupy only a
+single mode-- if you look,
+
+for instance, at a
+Bose-Einstein condensate,
+
+you do not have the
+second exchange term.
+
+And the missing
+exchange term just
+
+propagates through the
+equations and gives you
+
+the g2 factor, the
+g2 function of 1.
+
+OK so let me sort of wrap it up.
+
+I've given you different
+angles at the g2 function.
+
+Some are simply classical
+intensity distribution.
+
+Some is simply interference.
+
+Another aspect is Poissonian
+counting statistics.
+
+My understanding and
+my interpretation
+
+is they look as different
+as they can possibly look,
+
+but they reflect
+the same physics.
+
+Because interference of to
+light only happens because light
+
+consists of photons.
+
+And photons are bosons.
+
+So the classical
+interference and
+
+the quantum mechanical
+counting of bosons
+
+lead not for random reasons,
+but lead for profound reasons
+
+to the same result.
+
+And chaotic light, which
+seems to be determined
+
+by just random
+fluctuation, well,
+
+the random fluctuations
+if you have single mode
+
+light, a thermal distribution
+of single mode photons,
+
+comes from random phases.
+
+And these random phases
+lead to random interference.
+
+And so we are back
+to interference.
+
+Finally, let me give you my
+view on the measurements of g2.
+
+When you look through
+the literature,
+
+you find the famous Henry
+[INAUDIBLE] experiment.
+
+In one of your
+homework assignments,
+
+you looked at a
+seminal experiment
+
+where people dropped atoms
+out of cold atom clouds
+
+and measured the g2
+function for cold atoms.
+
+Sometimes it's confusing
+when you directly
+
+compare the two experiments.
+
+But let me try to give
+you a common description,
+
+or the common denominator,
+between all these experiments.
+
+You can say that all experiments
+to measure the two particle
+
+correlation function
+is about comparing
+
+the probability of finding two
+particles with a probability
+
+of finding one particle.
+
+And well, you restrict your
+measurement, your detection
+
+of particles, to
+either one quantum
+
+state, one mode of the
+electromagnetic field, one
+
+coherence length, or
+coherence volume, of light.
+
+Or if you use the semi-classical
+argument for the description
+
+of particles, you take
+one phase space cell.
+
+This is one phase space cell,
+one mode, one coherence volume,
+
+one quantum state, is sort
+of the different definitions
+
+of what a quantum state
+is, or what a wave packet
+
+is with Heisenberg
+limited uncertainty.
+
+You cannot define a particle
+in phase space to within better
+
+than the phase space
+volume of a quantum state,
+
+which is h square.
+
+Or is it h bar?
+
+I don't think there
+is a bar-- h square.
+
+And so this is how you
+can relate wave packets
+
+to quantum states to
+phase space volume.
+
+It's pretty much mathematically
+I could say in different basis
+
+sets, in different basis
+sets, it is one quantum state.
+
+But you can use wave packets.
+
+You can use time
+dependent description.
+
+But what I said here--
+one quantum state,
+
+one mode, one
+coherence volume-- this
+
+is as well as you can
+define a particle or photon
+
+to be by fundamental reasons
+by Heisenberg's uncertainty
+
+relation.
+
+AUDIENCE: What do you mean
+by one coherence volume?
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: What do we mean
+by one coherence volume?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, if you have
+a laser beam which propagates,
+
+and it is TEM00, you would say
+the transverse coherence volume
+
+is the size of the
+laser beam but then
+
+the longitudinal
+coherence volume
+
+is given by the
+coherence length.
+
+Just envision you have
+a laser beam here.
+
+And the coherence volume where
+all of the photons are coherent
+
+is the area of the laser beam
+times the coherence length.
+
+And whenever you find a
+photon in this kind of volume,
+
+then it is in a
+Heisenberg Uncertainty
+
+limited or
+Fourier-limited state.
+
+It is in, if it's a wave
+packet and pulse laser,
+
+it's in a time
+dependent quantum state.
+
+But it is as coherent.
+
+It is fully coherent.
+
+So you have to figure
+out for your system what
+
+is this minimum-- what is the
+coherence volume, what defines
+
+the fundamental phase
+space cell of your system?
+
+And now you do the following.
+
+You are asking, what
+is the probability
+
+to find two particles?
+
+And what is the probability
+to find one particle?
+
+So if p is the probability
+to find one particle,
+
+then you have three options.
+
+p square, 2 p square or
+0 to find two particles.
+
+One is the classical case
+of distinguishable particle.
+
+This is the case of bosons,
+bosonic atoms or photons.
+
+Collins Therefore includes the
+Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment.
+
+And 0 is fermions.
+
+And the question is now
+different experiments,
+
+how do you define,
+with spatial resolution
+
+or temporal resolution,
+the coherence volume?
+
+And that can involve
+transverse coordination,
+
+temporal resolution,
+and whatever
+
+you can use to define
+the phase space
+
+cell or the coherence links,
+the coherence volume of a laser
+
+beam.
+
+Let me give you one example,
+which I think illustrates it.
+
+And this is the example
+of an atom cloud.
+
+If you have an atom
+cloud, all the particles
+
+which are in a volume of a
+thermal de Broglie wavelengths
+
+are coherent.
+
+The momentum uncertainty of
+particles in a thermal cloud
+
+is 1 over the thermal--
+is the thermal momentum.
+
+And according to Heisenberg,
+the position uncertainty
+
+related with this
+momentum spread
+
+is just the thermal de
+Broglie wavelengths.
+
+So you can say that all the
+atoms in a cubic de Broglie
+
+wavelengths are coherent.
+
+All the atoms are in one
+semi-classical quantum state.
+
+So therefore, this is sort
+of atoms in one single mode.
+
+So the Hanbury Brown-Twiss
+experiment with atoms,
+
+or the measurement
+of the g2 function,
+
+could be defined as follows.
+
+You have an atom cloud.
+
+And if you had an
+electron microscope
+
+or some high resolution device,
+you grab into your cloud
+
+and ask, what is the
+probability for one particle.
+
+What is the probability
+for two particles?
+
+And you will find that
+p2 is 2 times p1 squared.
+
+If your volume is too big,
+you lose the factor of 2,
+
+because you average over
+uncorrelated volumes.
+
+Now, in your homework, you
+were looking at the question,
+
+how can I really
+grab into a cloud
+
+and just pick out atoms
+out of one phase space
+
+cell of effective size,
+lambda de Broglie cubed?
+
+And the way how it was done
+is that you take an atom cloud
+
+and you drop it and expand it.
+
+When the cloud expands, there
+is a mapping from momentum space
+
+into position space.
+
+Then you use some
+form of pinhole,
+
+which provides
+transverse coordination.
+
+You use a detection laser, which
+gives you temporal resolution.
+
+And well, this was
+part of your homework,
+
+but I just wanted to give
+you the bird's view on it.
+
+By controlling the
+transverse correlation
+
+and the temporal resolution
+of the detection,
+
+you create a situation that
+what you count only atoms which
+
+originated from one phase
+space cell in your cloud.
+
+So in other words,
+let's say experiment
+
+where without
+electron microscope,
+
+without submicron
+spatial resolution,
+
+you can literally
+grab into a cloud,
+
+capture a volume of the
+thermal de Broglie wavelengths,
+
+open your hand,
+and figure out how
+
+is the probability for
+two particles related
+
+to the probability of
+finding one particle.
+
+Any questions?
+
+All right.
+
+OK, good.
+
+So it's time for new chapter.
+
+So in this chapter,
+we want to look
+
+at interactions
+between light and atoms
+
+using Feynman diagrams.
+
+And I know this part of the
+course is a little bit formal.
+
+We are using exact solutions
+for the time evolution
+
+operator in quantum physics.
+
+But I'm not doing it to teach
+you sophisticated formalism.
+
+Well, it's interesting
+to learn it anyway.
+
+But it is this picture
+of really writing down
+
+the exact solution of the
+time evolution operator, which
+
+helped me to understand much
+better what virtual states are,
+
+what certain
+virtual photons are.
+
+So there are things we
+talk about it all the time.
+
+And the question is, how do
+you define a virtual state?
+
+What is the virtual
+emission of a photon?
+
+And the only way how I can
+really explain it to you
+
+is by showing you the
+equation and say look,
+
+the virtual photon is just
+a term in this equation.
+
+So that's the goal
+of this chapter.
+
+I don't want to overemphasize
+the mathematical rigor,
+
+but I want to
+really show you what
+
+it means to have
+virtual photons and what
+
+exactly virtual states are.
+
+So let me first motivate that by
+reminding you of two diagrams.
+
+In physics, we always
+like to draw something--
+
+a few lines, a few doodles.
+
+And when we have a
+two level system,
+
+we have the two processes which
+are emission and absorption.
+
+Well, so this is easy as long
+as the light is in resonance.
+
+But if the light is
+not in resonance,
+
+we may ask what
+about this process?
+
+And since somehow the weekly
+line of the photon ends here,
+
+I may even put in a
+dashed line and say,
+
+this is a virtual state.
+
+What does it mean?
+
+Or we can even ask,
+is it possible--
+
+I'm just playing with straight
+lines which are quantum state
+
+and wiggly lines--
+is it possible
+
+that this process happens.
+
+That would actually mean that
+an atom in the ground state,
+
+just out of the
+blue, emits a photon.
+
+Can that happen?
+
+And I can again
+draw a dashed line
+
+and say, here's a virtual state.
+
+Or, we can say we start
+in the excited state.
+
+The atom is in
+the excited state.
+
+But can the atom-- its
+a two level system,
+
+so we don't include higher
+states-- but can a two level
+
+atom in the excited state
+absorb another photon?
+
+So let me just change the
+color of these photons
+
+to red, because I want to--
+and this would remain black.
+
+All right.
+
+Good.
+
+So question is, are
+those processes possible?
+
+Yes or no?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, they are.
+
+And they have experimental,
+observable consequences.
+
+However, they look
+funny because something
+
+seems to be strange with
+energy conservation.
+
+And what we will see
+is that in the end,
+
+at the end of the
+day, that means
+
+if you let the system evolve for
+a long time, after a long time,
+
+energy has to be conserved.
+
+And therefore, we will
+always need a second photon
+
+to conserve energy.
+
+So those weirder
+processes, where
+
+photons are emitted
+by ground states out
+
+of the blue or excited
+states absorb other photons
+
+without-- also, there is
+no higher lying state.
+
+That looks a little bit strange.
+
+So what you will
+see is-- and I want
+
+to show you that
+mathematically--
+
+if an atom emits a photon
+out of the ground state,
+
+you would say, where does
+the energy come from.
+
+But quantum mechanic allows us
+to violate energy conservation
+
+by an amount delta e for a time
+which is h bar over delta e.
+
+So for short movement,
+energy can be violated.
+
+But then, you need
+the second photon
+
+to reconcile energy
+conservation.
+
+You can violate energy
+only for short times.
+
+And if you would say,
+what does it really
+
+mean to violate energy
+conservation for short times?
+
+Well, I want to show
+you the equation,
+
+which exactly explains
+what it means.
+
+Next question, just to see.
+
+If you have an excited
+state, and you just
+
+say it's possible to
+absorb another atom,
+
+you are in the excited state,
+and you absorb another photon.
+
+And at least you said,
+yes this is possible.
+
+My question is, when you
+are in the excited state
+
+and absorb a photon, in which
+quantum state is the atom
+
+after absorbing a photon?
+
+AUDIENCE: Ground state.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: Ground state.
+
+PROFESSOR: In the ground state.
+
+Yes.
+
+There is no other state.
+
+And the operator--
+and I want to show you
+
+that-- when photons
+are exchanged,
+
+always transforms the
+ground to the excited state,
+
+because a dipole
+operator connects
+
+the ground to the excited state.
+
+So therefore-- but we'll see
+that all in the time evolution
+
+operator in the formal solution
+that this dash line is actually
+
+the ground state.
+
+And while it's not obvious,
+what is this dash line?
+
+AUDIENCE: The excited state.
+
+PROFESSOR: It is
+the excited state.
+
+The atom in the ground
+state emits a photon.
+
+Therefore, the atomic
+system has now lower energy,
+
+because a photon
+has been emitted.
+
+But the character of this
+state is now the excited state.
+
+So we will later see that this
+means that in a perturbation
+
+analysis, we are
+violating energy.
+
+We are violating energy,
+because the real excited
+
+state is omega photon plus
+omega atom, the resonant energy
+
+for the atom.
+
+The real excited state is omega
+photon plus omega atom higher.
+
+So you will actually find that
+in a perturbation analysis,
+
+this term has an energy
+denominator, which
+
+is of resonant by
+exactly this separation.
+
+And this term, because the
+real count state is here,
+
+the virtual state here which
+is the count state is here,
+
+has actually the same energy
+denominator as that state.
+
+And for this state,
+of course, this
+
+is something you've seen of
+resonant light scattering.
+
+The energy
+[? denominator ?] is there.
+
+So, OK.
+
+So I'll explain to you that
+we involve virtual states.
+
+So when we have
+virtual states, we
+
+want to clarify what
+is their energy.
+
+But we discussed that
+already in the discussion.
+
+And what is the wave function,
+ground or excited state.
+
+Yes.
+
+So just to repeat it, when
+we draw those diagrams,
+
+those diagrams show
+the energy of the atom,
+
+but taking into account
+the energy of the photon.
+
+In other words, if you
+have a ground state,
+
+and we absorb a photon,
+the photon has disappeared,
+
+and the energy of
+the atom is now
+
+the ground state and
+the photon energy.
+
+And this is a dashed line.
+
+Similarly, when an atom emits
+a photon in the ground state,
+
+the photon is emitted.
+
+Therefore, the atomic energy
+is lower than the ground state
+
+by the photon energy.
+
+And we draw the
+dashed line here.
+
+This is what we mean
+when we say that is
+
+the energy of the virtual state.
+
+And this is what we
+draw in those diagrams.
+
+By the way, yesterday
+we had the CUA seminar.
+
+And the speaker was actually
+talking about trapping atoms
+
+with quantum fluctuations.
+
+And he conceded
+explicitly Casimir forces,
+
+forces of the vacuum.
+
+And diagrammatically,
+forces of the vacuum
+
+come, because the ground state
+atom emits a virtual photon
+
+and reabsorbs.
+
+This is actually, I
+will mention it later,
+
+the same diagram
+is actually also
+
+the diagram which leads
+to the Lamb shift.
+
+These are all sort of when you
+have atoms in the lowest state,
+
+and they interact with
+the electromagnetic field.
+
+Well, if they interact
+with the vacuum,
+
+they cannot absorb photon.
+
+All we can do is emit a photon,
+and this leads to this diagram.
+
+But just to tell you that
+you have to be careful,
+
+yesterday's speakers
+actually used this process.
+
+But he drew this diagram.
+
+He drew it in the
+opposite way, which
+
+I think confused some
+people in the audience.
+
+The correct way is
+to draw it like this.
+
+The virtual state for
+vacuum fluctuations
+
+for the Lamb shift
+for the Casimir force
+
+is below the current state.
+
+OK, so we have-- let me just
+redraw those three diagrams.
+
+I want to now introduce
+the time evolution.
+
+So I want to use those.
+
+Seems I'm running out of space.
+
+So we want to
+introduce the time axis
+
+for-- so we had this diagram.
+
+We had this diagram.
+
+And we had-- this
+is a virtual state.
+
+OK.
+
+So those three
+diagrams correspond
+
+to the following situation.
+
+If time evolves from
+the bottom to the top,
+
+we can now draw
+the first process
+
+when atom in the
+ground state first
+
+absorbs and then emits a photon.
+
+And let's label the second
+photon in the purple color.
+
+So an atom starts out
+in the ground state.
+
+Then it reaches
+the time where it
+
+interacts the
+electromagnetic field.
+
+There is a photon
+which propagates
+
+from earlier times to this
+time, t equals t prime.
+
+At the time t prime,
+the photon disappears.
+
+And the atom, which was
+in the ground state,
+
+goes to the excited state.
+
+It may propagate in the
+excited state for a while.
+
+And then it emits the photon and
+is back into the ground state.
+
+So this is the temporal
+diagram for this process.
+
+For the next situation,
+we also start
+
+with an atom in
+the ground state.
+
+But now we have the
+situation that a photon
+
+is emitted by the ground state.
+
+As a result, the atom
+switches to the excited state.
+
+Strong violation of energy,
+but possible for short times.
+
+Then there is a real photon,
+which is now absorbed,
+
+absorbed by an atom
+in the excited state.
+
+And that takes us back
+down to the ground state.
+
+And finally, in
+the third scenario,
+
+we have an atom in
+the excited state.
+
+There is a real photon
+which is absorbed
+
+that switches the atom
+into the ground state.
+
+And then the atom in the
+ground state emits a photon.
+
+And as a result, it is
+back in the excited state.
+
+So let me just make a note
+that when a ground state
+
+atom absorbs a photon, this
+is the co-rotating term
+
+in the quantum description,
+which a lot of you have seen.
+
+The opposite process of
+emitting a virtual photon-- I
+
+shouldn't say virtual photon.
+
+It's a photon.
+
+What makes it virtual
+we will see later
+
+when we have the more accurate
+mathematical formulation.
+
+So this is a
+counter-rotating term.
+
+And we have used the rule
+that every photon, which
+
+with a real or virtual-- every
+photon which is interchanged
+
+with the atom
+absorbs or emitted--
+
+changes the atomic state
+from ground to excited.
+
+So an atom goes from the
+ground to the excited state
+
+either by photon absorption
+or by photon emission.
+
+Both is possible.
+
+So whenever photon
+appears or disappears,
+
+it changes-- let's say we
+start in the ground state.
+
+We go to the excited state.
+
+And this is possible
+by photon absorption--
+
+this is a co-rotating
+term-- or emission.
+
+What I've just said
+reflects that when
+
+we derived the
+dipole approximation,
+
+that the essential term of the
+dipole operator is of diagonal.
+
+The dipole operator
+is an operator
+
+between calm and excited state.
+
+Therefore, it has those
+two matrix elements.
+
+Whereas electric field
+operator is the equation
+
+and annihilation
+operator a and a dagger.
+
+Or which is very elegant
+if I use for the two level
+
+system a spin one
+half description.
+
+And I use sigma plus
+and sigma minus,
+
+raising and lowering operator.
+
+Sigma plus takes the ground
+state to the excited state.
+
+Sigma minus takes the exciting
+state to the ground state.
+
+Then in the fundamental
+atom light interaction,
+
+we have those four terms.
+
+And now you see that
+sigma plus takes the atom
+
+from the calm to
+the excited state.
+
+But sigma plus appears
+both with photon absorption
+
+and with photon emission.
+
+So therefore, the
+atom can-- this
+
+is what the quantum
+mechanical operator
+
+tells us-- go from the
+ground to the excited state
+
+either by photon absorption
+or by photon emission.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if we were
+to look beyond the dipole
+
+approximation, would
+we see transitions
+
+that leave the
+[INAUDIBLE] state?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes or no.
+
+What we need here is a
+bilinear interaction,
+
+which has an raising and
+lowering operator for the atom.
+
+And here it has a
+raising and lowering atom
+
+operator for the photon number.
+
+And it has the co-rotating
+term where you raise here
+
+and you lower there.
+
+You lower here and
+you raise there.
+
+But it has also terms where you
+raise the atomic excitation,
+
+and you raise the
+photon number by one,
+
+which of course violates energy.
+
+But the message I want
+to give you is this
+
+is possible for short times.
+
+And this is exactly what the
+quantum mechanical equations
+
+tell us.
+
+So the short answer
+to your question
+
+is, as long as we
+describe the system
+
+by the dipole interaction,
+or what we have even beyond--
+
+I'm not using a
+perturbation argument.
+
+I'm writing down the operator.
+
+And this operator can
+now effect the system
+
+to all possible orders.
+
+So even the non-perturbative
+strong coupling limit
+
+will always have products
+of atomic raising operators,
+
+lowering operators with photon
+raising and lowering operators.
+
+The little bit longer answer
+is, some of what I'm telling you
+
+may be gauge dependence.
+
+If you work in the-- if you
+use, not the dipole description,
+
+but you use the p
+dot a Hamiltonian,
+
+this Hamiltonian
+has a e square term.
+
+The e square term
+allows the atoms
+
+to exchange two photons
+at the same time.
+
+So in other words, in
+the a square interaction,
+
+we may have a
+vertex point in time
+
+where the atom interact
+with the photon field
+
+where two photons are exchanged.
+
+And then the rules
+are different.
+
+So in that sense-- but
+this is quite often
+
+when we give a quantum
+mechanical pictures, which
+
+has terms, which nicely
+shows the time evolution.
+
+And you think wow, yeah,
+this is what happens.
+
+One photon at a
+time, the atom goes
+
+ground, excited,
+excited, ground state.
+
+And you have your picture.
+
+And it is fully consistent
+with the exact quantum
+
+mechanical result.
+
+You may be able to get
+the same result out
+
+of a different picture.
+
+That point will
+actually occur again
+
+when we talk, for
+instance, when we
+
+talk about density operators.
+
+A density operator is an
+average of our quantum states.
+
+But you can get the
+same density operator
+
+by averaging quantum states
+in different basis sets.
+
+So if you get one picture out
+of one specific basis set,
+
+it gives you the
+correct intuition,
+
+it's a correct
+description, but it is not
+
+the only possible description.
+
+[? Collin ?].
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe the
+thing, I don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+what you're trying
+
+to get at is that picture
+works as long as you can limit
+
+yourself to a two level system.
+
+Because that's
+correct on a whole.
+
+Or is it like strong coupling?
+
+But as long as you can
+identify the two level system,
+
+or I think the dipole versus
+particle approximations
+
+[INAUDIBLE] an atom may have
+transition probabilities
+
+to others, like from
+an [INAUDIBLE] state.
+
+But--
+
+AUDIENCE: Actually,
+I was just wondering
+
+if it was possible to have
+it like a transition matrix
+
+element to [INAUDIBLE] coupling
+the ground state to the ground
+
+state.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+The e square operator
+does that, because
+
+in the other gauge,
+which is pa, pa.
+
+p is in dipole operator.
+p is the momentum operator
+
+for the atoms.
+
+And the p operator will
+switch the atom from ground
+
+to excited state.
+
+a, the vector potential,
+involves a and a daggers.
+
+So the p dot a term does
+pretty much the same
+
+as the d dot e
+term, because it's
+
+a bilinear product
+of an operator which
+
+has an effect on the atoms and
+has an effect on the photons.
+
+And it means you always switch
+the quantum state in your atom
+
+and create or
+annihilate the photon.
+
+But the a squared term--
+it's just a square,
+
+it doesn't have a
+p in front of it--
+
+will allow an atom in without
+changing the state to create
+
+two photons, emit two photons.
+
+And then there's
+probably a cross term
+
+which means to absorb
+and emit a photon.
+
+You will actually, in one of
+your next homework assignments,
+
+you will actually look
+at the a square term.
+
+And I think it's a very
+educational problem.
+
+So you really see
+that you have two
+
+very different descriptions,
+but the results fully agree.
+
+But this is already
+an expert discussion.
+
+Why don't we for now just hang
+onto the dipole approximation.
+
+We have d dot e,
+and we just learn
+
+what is inside the
+dipole approximation,
+
+and what is an exact quantum
+mechanical description using
+
+the dipole approximation.
+
+But and then we can come
+back to the discussion,
+
+is everything we
+describe really real.
+
+And while the answer
+is, what is real
+
+in quantum physics
+is the final result,
+
+the intermediate
+results, you have
+
+to say that this is
+only one possibility
+
+to go to the final result.
+
+OK, so we want to-- let me
+just put in one more page.
+
+So what we want to do now is
+we want to do a calculation.
+
+It's a perturbative
+calculation, but we
+
+can take it to all orders.
+
+So therefore it's
+exact and general.
+
+We want to do a perturbative
+calculation of transition
+
+amplitudes.
+
+And what I am following here
+the discussion in atom photon
+
+interaction on those pages.
+
+And the idea is the following.
+
+We have the Hamiltonian
+for the atom.
+
+And then we have a
+Hamiltonian which
+
+describes the transverse field.
+
+And the interaction of
+the transverse field
+
+with the atoms.
+
+What we want to use is we
+want to use the interaction
+
+picture, which is often
+the nicest picture
+
+to describe the effect of
+the interaction between two
+
+systems.
+
+In the interaction picture,
+you are transforming
+
+from you Schrodinger
+type e function
+
+to wave function psi tilde.
+
+And those wave function
+psi tilde include already
+
+the dynamics of the
+Hamiltonian H naught.
+
+So that means that all operators
+in the normal Schrodinger
+
+picture become now operators
+in the interaction picture
+
+by canonical
+transformation, which
+
+involves the dynamics due to
+the unperturbed Hamiltonian.
+
+And so that's just
+a reminder what
+
+the interaction picture is.
+
+And we are now interested what
+happens in the interaction
+
+picture to an initial
+wave function psi of ti.
+
+This wave function already
+includes the time evolution
+
+due to H naught.
+
+So the only change now comes
+because we have interactions
+
+with the electromagnetic field.
+
+So this allows us
+now to focus only
+
+on the relevant interactions,
+the interactions we
+
+want to understand.
+
+And the formalism which is
+used in atom photon interaction
+
+focuses on the time
+evolution operator,
+
+which I'm sure all
+of you have seen.
+
+So the time evolution
+of our system,
+
+how the wave function
+involves from the initial
+
+to the final time, is described
+by the time evolution operator.
+
+I will come back to the
+wave function later,
+
+but in order to derive the time
+evolution of the wave function,
+
+it's at least convenient
+to focus first
+
+on the time evolution operator.
+
+So in other words,
+I want to show
+
+you a formal solution for
+the time evolution operator.
+
+And once we know the
+time evolution operator,
+
+we apply it to
+the wave function.
+
+And then we are talking again
+about the wave function.
+
+OK, since the derivation
+involves many equations
+
+and they are all printed in
+the full beauty in atom photon
+
+interaction, I decided to
+use pre-written slides here.
+
+Also, most of it is
+fairly elementary.
+
+The equations are complicated,
+but the concepts behind them
+
+are very, very simple.
+
+It's actually the
+beauty of using
+
+a kind of a time
+evolution operator.
+
+It's a little bit
+mathematically formal,
+
+but it allows us to
+express what is really
+
+going on in the solution
+in very, very simple terms.
+
+So the goal is to do a
+perturbative expansion
+
+for the time evolution operator.
+
+If we have no interaction
+potential v, the interaction
+
+picture, nothing happens
+in the interaction picture,
+
+and therefore, the
+time evolution operator
+
+is a unity matrix.
+
+But if you have a coupling term
+v, there is time evolution.
+
+And the time evolution
+can be treated
+
+in lowest or in higher
+orders in the perturbation.
+
+And we want to use now
+perturbation expansion, where
+
+we have correction
+terms, which is
+
+the first order, second
+order, and nth order
+
+correction for time
+evolution operator.
+
+So what we simply
+want to do is we
+
+want to do an
+iterative solution.
+
+We want to find an iterative
+solution for the time evolution
+
+operator.
+
+The next two lines
+is just a reminder.
+
+What is the differential
+equation for the time evolution
+
+operator?
+
+Well, we are really just talking
+about Schrodinger's equation.
+
+Schrodinger's equation
+for the wave function
+
+turns into differential
+equation for the time evolution
+
+operator.
+
+Schrodinger's equation in
+the interaction picture
+
+says that the time
+derivative of the wave
+
+function in the
+interaction picture
+
+has nothing to do H naught.
+
+H naught has already
+been absorbed
+
+in the definition of
+the wave function.
+
+So the time evolution in
+the interaction picture
+
+only comes from the
+interaction term.
+
+And now, if you write the
+wave function at time tf
+
+as the time evolved wave
+function from the initial time
+
+to the final time, then you
+take the derivative here.
+
+You actually take a derivative
+of the time evolution operator.
+
+And therefore, in one step,
+from Schrodinger's equation,
+
+you find a differential
+equation for the time evolution
+
+operator.
+
+In other words, this is
+now the operator equation
+
+for the time evolution operator.
+
+And it's nothing else than a
+100% rewrite of the Schrodinger
+
+equation.
+
+Interrupt me if
+you have questions.
+
+This part should be--
+we'll go through that
+
+for solely pedagogical reasons.
+
+And that means you should
+really understand it.
+
+So this equation can
+now be formally solved
+
+in the following way.
+
+Take this expression for
+the time evolution operator
+
+and insert it in this equation,
+and you find an identity.
+
+Of course, you haven't
+really solved it,
+
+because you have the time
+evolution operator expressed
+
+by the time evolution operator.
+
+This looks like a
+circular conclusion,
+
+which is just nonsense.
+
+But if you inspect
+it more closely,
+
+you observe that the time
+evolution operator here
+
+is expressed by the time
+evolution operator multiplied
+
+with v. And if you now think
+in an iterative solution
+
+that we want to express.
+
+We want to expand the
+time evolution operator
+
+in the different orders in the
+interaction parameter v. Then
+
+you find actually
+that if you are only
+
+interested in the first order
+of the interaction operator,
+
+you can use the
+[INAUDIBLE] order here,
+
+because you get one
+more power of v.
+
+So that's how you
+get the first order.
+
+If you want to know the second
+order of the time evolution
+
+operator, you can
+plug-in the first order
+
+on the right hand side.
+
+So therefore, you get
+an iterative solution.
+
+The first order solution is one.
+
+The [INAUDIBLE] order solution
+is the unity operator.
+
+The first order solution is by
+just putting the unity operator
+
+here.
+
+The second order solution
+is by taking the first order
+
+solution, plugging
+it in in here.
+
+And then you get two
+integrals over the operator
+
+v. So in that sense,
+we have formally
+
+solved the time evolution
+of the system in all orders.
+
+So this is what
+we get out of it.
+
+Yes, the equations
+are getting longer.
+
+But the structure
+is fairly obvious.
+
+So you saw that the--
+let me just flashback.
+
+The first order term
+had a temporal integral
+
+over v. The second order term
+has two temporal integrals
+
+over v. And there's a time order
+in between tau 1 and tau 2.
+
+And the nth order term now
+involves n temporal integrals
+
+where the times are
+ordered in such a way.
+
+Now we want to go back to
+the Schrodinger equation.
+
+So we want to use this already
+fairly complicated expression
+
+for the time evolution
+operator and apply it
+
+to the initial wave function.
+
+And we want to calculate
+matrix elements
+
+between the initial wave
+function and some other phi
+
+f, some other wave
+function in a given basis.
+
+So we are also going back.
+
+I don't want to go
+through too many steps.
+
+Here, we're also going back
+to the original Schrodinger
+
+picture.
+
+So I've taken all
+the tildes off.
+
+But you know the step
+form the Schrodinger
+
+picture to the
+interaction picture
+
+was only taking out the
+Hamiltonian H naught.
+
+And the Hamiltonian H naught
+for eigenstates phi i and phi f,
+
+is simply a time evolution, e
+to the e ei with a certain time.
+
+So all what this transformation
+to the interaction picture
+
+gave us, it eliminated, at
+least for a short while,
+
+all of those phase
+factors, which are simply
+
+the evolution of
+the eigenfunction
+
+in the Schrodinger picture.
+
+So let me look at a typical
+term which we have right now.
+
+And you can't expect
+something simpler
+
+than this, because this
+is the general solution.
+
+It's an exact solution
+to all orders.
+
+It's a summation over
+terms to all orders.
+
+And eventually the summation of
+an infinite number of diagrams
+
+is an exact solution.
+
+So what we've got here is we
+have an integral over n times.
+
+And the n times
+are time ordered.
+
+This is the formal solution for
+the time evolution operator.
+
+And that means that we
+integrate overall times,
+
+but what it is under
+the integral sign
+
+is a product of the
+operator v at times
+
+tau 1, tau 2, tau 3, tau 4.
+
+Since we got back to the
+Schrodinger picture, what
+
+happens is between
+times tau 1, and tau 2,
+
+the particle simply evolves
+with the phase factor
+
+given by the
+Hamiltonian H naught.
+
+So the picture is the following.
+
+The time evolution operator
+in the interaction picture
+
+is a product over the operator
+v tilde at different times.
+
+If you simply plug it back
+into the above equation--
+
+and you have to look at
+it for a little while
+
+to see that everything
+works out correctly.
+
+But what that means is then that
+if you go to the Schrodinger
+
+picture and write down the
+operator in the Schrodinger
+
+in the basis of
+unperturbed eigenfunction,
+
+that you have products of
+the operator v at times
+
+t1, tau 2, tau 3,
+they're time ordered.
+
+And because we have left
+the interaction picture,
+
+you also get the propagation
+with the phase factors
+
+given by the eigenenergies of
+the unperturbed Hamiltonian H
+
+naught.
+
+So therefore, you get
+just an infinite number
+
+of terms which have all
+the following structure,
+
+that the particle propagates
+in its eigenstate.
+
+It reaches a vertex where
+the interaction switches
+
+the particle from one
+state to the next.
+
+Then in the next state, which
+may now be the excited state,
+
+we have propagation
+in the excited state.
+
+Then the excited state is,
+again, exchanging a photon,
+
+has an interaction term,
+and is switched to-- well,
+
+for the two level system, it has
+to go back to the ground state.
+
+In a more general situation, it
+goes to another quantum state.
+
+So therefore, what we
+have exactly derived
+
+is that the propagation,
+or the time evolution,
+
+of the wave function
+is nothing else then
+
+many, many of those factors.
+
+And each of those factors
+can be represented
+
+by a diagram like this.
+
+So let me just write down
+what this diagram here
+
+means mathematically.
+
+It means that initially, we
+have a photon of energy epsilon,
+
+of polarization epsilon, wave
+factor k, and a certain energy.
+
+And we have
+particles in state a.
+
+That means that we get from the
+initial time to the time tau 1.
+
+And tau 1 is the time
+of the first vertex
+
+of the first photon exchange,
+that the wave function evolves.
+
+And it evolves with an energy
+of the unperturbed Hamiltonian,
+
+which is the atomic energy.
+
+And we have one
+photon h bar omega.
+
+At the time tau 1--
+and this is when
+
+the diagram on
+the left hand side
+
+has a vertex-- we are now
+bringing in the interaction
+
+operator, which
+acts on the atom.
+
+It takes the atom from
+state A to state B.
+
+And it changes the
+state of the photon.
+
+In this case, a photon
+with a certain wave factor
+
+and polarization
+simply disappears.
+
+So this is now the time tau 1.
+
+The next Vertex is
+reached at time tau 2.
+
+And between the time
+tau 2 and tau 1,
+
+the system evolves according
+to the Hamiltonian H naught.
+
+And the energy is now,
+because we have no photon,
+
+is simply the energy
+of the atom in state B.
+
+Then we reach the next vertex.
+
+We start with a state
+B and no photon.
+
+The interaction
+switches, as now I
+
+assumed we have more
+than two levels.
+
+Two are state C. And we
+have now a photon, which
+
+may be different, k
+prime epsilon prime.
+
+Since we are now, for this
+given example, I've selected n
+
+equals 2, something
+which is second order
+
+in the perturbation.
+
+But that means now that
+between the time tau
+
+2 and the final tie-in for
+the time propagation, that's
+
+now everything is done.
+
+Things propagate.
+
+And the unperturbed
+Hamiltonian H naught
+
+gives us now a
+phase factor, which
+
+reflects the energy
+of the atomic state,
+
+and the energy of
+the photon in mode k
+
+prime epsilon prime with
+energy omega h per omega prime.
+
+So in other words, I hope you
+see that at the end of this--
+
+I mean, this is why people
+have Feynman diagrams.
+
+It's a complicated, involved
+mathematical formulation
+
+with multiple integrations.
+
+But at the end of the
+day, what we have derived
+
+is that the most
+general solutions
+
+to all orders in the probation
+is nothing else than a sum
+
+and integral over
+diagrams like this.
+
+So when I depict it here, the
+second order diagram, of course
+
+this has an exact
+mathematical meaning.
+
+And what we have to
+do is when we solve
+
+a quantum mechanical
+equation, we
+
+have to now allow those
+interactions, which
+
+happen at time tau 1 and tau 2,
+to happen at arbitrary times.
+
+So therefore, we have
+to sum over amplitudes
+
+by integrating over
+times tau 1 and tau 2.
+
+So on Friday-- I
+have to stop now.
+
+I think there's a
+seminar right now.
+
+On Friday, I will show you
+that with this description,
+
+we have actually captured
+everything I explained to you
+
+earlier-- those virtual
+states, the emission
+
+of virtual or real photons.
+
+So everything that
+which was maybe
+
+qualitative at the
+beginning of this section
+
+has now a precise,
+mathematical meaning.
+
+But that's what we do on Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HI_7Ml16O6Y.txt b/HI_7Ml16O6Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dffa432d3197bde042dbe16f76ea46fda3e49cd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HI_7Ml16O6Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1528 @@
+ANNOUNCER 1: The following
+content is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today we're going to study
+something called the
+
+hyperbolic functions.
+
+And in a sense, we're going to
+show that in a very major way,
+
+the study of the hyperbolic
+functions mimics the study of
+
+the circular functions.
+
+And so in a sense, what we will
+do is parrot much of what
+
+we did for circular functions
+to wind up with
+
+our hyperbolic functions.
+
+Since the basic difference
+between a hyperbola and a
+
+circle is a sign, namely 'x
+squared' plus 'y squared'
+
+equals 1 versus, say, 'x
+squared' minus 'y squared'
+
+equals 1, I've entitled today's
+lesson, 'What a
+
+difference a sign makes'.
+
+Now, by way of brief review,
+recall that the circular
+
+functions originated as follows:
+we said consider the
+
+circle whose equation is
+'x squared' plus 'y
+
+squared' equals 1.
+
+That's a circle over here.
+
+Then what we did was picking
+this as a starting point, and
+
+taking any length, 't', we wrap
+'t' around the circle.
+
+When the length, 't', terminated
+at point, 'p', we
+
+defined what?
+
+Cosine 't' to equal 'x' and
+sine 't' to equal 'y'.
+
+That was basically the geometric
+interpretation of
+
+the circular functions, after
+which we showed that there was
+
+a physical meaning
+to this as well.
+
+Now you see what we'd like to
+do is the same thing only
+
+which regard now to
+what I would call
+
+the hyperbolic functions.
+
+And you may recall that in our
+lecture on circular functions,
+
+I mentioned the hyperbola
+very briefly.
+
+Now I'd like to go back to the
+hyperbola in somewhat more
+
+detail, namely we now look at
+the equation 'x squared' minus
+
+'y squared' equals 1.
+
+See just to change of
+sign over here.
+
+The graph of 'x squared'
+minus 'y squared'
+
+equals 1 is the hyperbola.
+
+And by the way, notice already
+one significant change when we
+
+change the sign here.
+
+Notice that in the case of 'x
+squared' plus 'y squared'
+
+equals 1, our curve essentially
+came in one piece.
+
+Now you see our curve has
+two different branches.
+
+And for the sake of uniformity,
+for the sake of
+
+well-definedness, let's pick the
+branch that we will deal
+
+with to be the positive branch,
+meaning the branch
+
+that's to the right
+of the y-axis.
+
+To mimic precisely what we did
+in the case of the circular
+
+functions, what we
+do now is what?
+
+Given any length, 't', we start
+at 's', mark 't' off
+
+along the upper branch
+of this double-valued
+
+curve if 't' is positive.
+
+Mark it off along the lower
+branch if 't' is negative.
+
+Wherever 't' terminates,
+we call that point 'p'.
+
+And then to complete our analogy
+with the circular
+
+functions, we define the
+x-coordinate of 'p' to be the
+
+hyperbolic cosine written
+C-O-S-H and pronounced cosh.
+
+'Cosh t' is 'x'.
+
+And the hyperbolic sine is
+the y-coordinate of 'p'.
+
+And that's written S-I-N with
+an h, hyperbolic sine
+
+pronounced cinch.
+
+In other words, 'cosh t' is
+the x-coordinate of 'p'.
+
+'Sinh t' is the y-coordinate
+of 'p'.
+
+And the same way that 'x
+squared' plus 'y squared'
+
+equals 1 gave us the circular
+identity that 'sine squared t'
+
+plus 'cosine squared t' is 1,
+the fact that 'x squared'
+
+minus 'y squared' is 1 gives
+us the hyperbolic identity
+
+that 'cosh squared t' minus
+'sinh squared t' is 1.
+
+So again, notice great
+similarities, great
+
+differences.
+
+I'd like to make just a brief
+aside to point out how in one
+
+sense this difference isn't
+too significant.
+
+Yet in another sense, it's
+very significant.
+
+Notice the following: if you
+look at the equation, 'x
+
+squared' minus 'y squared'
+equals 1, and if I can draw on
+
+your previous knowledge of the
+square root of minus 1 just
+
+for a moment for sake
+of illustration.
+
+If we think of 'i' as being a
+number whose square is minus
+
+1, noticed another way of
+writing 'x squared' minus 'y
+
+squared' is to write
+'x squared' plus
+
+the number 'iy squared'.
+
+You see 'i squared' is minus 1.
+'y squared' is 'y squared'.
+
+This is just another way of
+saying 'x squared' minus 'y
+
+squared' is 1.
+
+Again, it's not that crucial.
+
+But because much later in the
+course when we study complex
+
+numbers, there is going to be
+a rather nice identification
+
+between hyperbolic functions
+and circular functions as a
+
+prelude of things to come.
+
+Notice that what we're saying
+is if you plot 'x squared'
+
+minus 'y squared' equals 1, if
+you plot that in the xy-
+
+plane, you get the hyperbola
+that we talked about.
+
+On the other hand, if you change
+the name of the y-axis
+
+to the iy-axis, notice that with
+respect to this type of
+
+coordinate system, the graph
+would be a circle.
+
+Again, just an aside to show you
+structurally a connection
+
+between circles and hyperbolas
+in terms of complex numbers.
+
+In that way, these things
+out fairly similar.
+
+Now to show you how different
+a sign change is, I thought
+
+you might be interested in the
+following little device.
+
+Take any two numbers, 'a' and
+'b', no matter how different,
+
+and form two numbers, one
+of which is half the
+
+sum of 'a' and 'b'.
+
+And the other is half the
+difference of 'a' and 'b'.
+
+It's a trivial verification to
+show that the sum of 'x' and
+
+'y' is 'a'.
+
+And the difference
+'x - y' is 'b'.
+
+In other words, no matter how
+different 'a' and 'b' are, we
+
+can always find two numbers, 'x'
+and 'y', such that just by
+
+changing the sign, namely if we
+add the pair of numbers, we
+
+get one of the numbers.
+
+If we subtract them,
+we get the other.
+
+Just to make this a little bit
+more vivid, suppose, for
+
+example, 'a' happens
+to be 1,000.
+
+And suppose 'b' happens
+to be 4.
+
+Now there's no danger of
+confusing these two numbers.
+
+They're quite different.
+
+On the other hand, notice that
+half the sum is 502, and half
+
+the difference is 498.
+
+You see if I add these two
+numbers I get 1,000.
+
+If I subtract them I get 4.
+
+And therefore, notice that
+just by changing the sign
+
+here, I can effectively create
+a change from 4 to 1,000.
+
+I just mentioned that to show
+why these people who say
+
+things like, all I was, was off
+by a sign, that making a
+
+sign mistake is very, very
+crucial, especially if the
+
+answer later on has to be added
+on to something else.
+
+But any rate, I didn't even
+have to give this example.
+
+Except that I thought
+it was a cute little
+
+aside for you to notice.
+
+From a more practical point of
+view, if we just go back to
+
+these two graphs that we've
+drawn, notice that just
+
+changing the plus sign to a
+minus sign radically changed
+
+the shape of the curve that
+we were talking about.
+
+So at any rate then,
+this gives us
+
+the hyperbolic functions.
+
+And a very natural question to
+raise at this time, is why the
+
+hyperbolic functions now?
+
+Why study them now?
+
+Why didn't we do it before?
+
+Why did we wait until
+we were dealing
+
+with exponential functions?
+
+The answer is that the
+exponential functions give us
+
+a very vivid way of
+reconstructing
+
+the hyperbolic functions.
+
+And the key lies in the
+following fact.
+
+It lies in the fact that the
+derivative of 'e' to the 'u'
+
+with respect to 'x' is 'e'
+to the 'u' times 'du/dx'.
+
+In particular, if I take the
+derivative of 'e' to the 't'
+
+with respect to 't', I
+get 'e' to the 't'.
+
+If I take the derivative of
+'e' to the minus 't' with
+
+respect to 't', I get what?
+
+'e' to the minus 't' times the
+derivative of minus 't' with
+
+respect to 't'.
+
+That's minus 1.
+
+So the derivative of 'e' to the
+minus 't' is minus 'e' to
+
+the minus 't'.
+
+Well what does this have
+to do with anything?
+
+Notice that if I now construct a
+new function, 'e' to the 't'
+
+plus 'e' to the minus 't', since
+the derivative of a sum
+
+is the sum of derivatives,
+notice that this result here
+
+tells me that the derivative of
+'e' to the 't' plus 'e' to
+
+the minus 't' with respect to
+'t' is 'e' to the 't' minus
+
+'e' to the minus 't'.
+
+Now let me do this operation
+once again.
+
+Suppose I now take 'e' to the
+'t' minus 'e' to the minus 't'
+
+and I differentiate that
+with respect to 't'.
+
+Well, the derivative 'e'
+to the 't' gives me
+
+'e' to the 't' again.
+
+The derivative of 'e' to the
+minus 't' is minus 'e'
+
+to the minus 't'.
+
+Minus times minus is plus.
+
+So observe that if I
+differentiate 'e' to the 't'
+
+minus 'e' to the minus 't', I
+come back to 'e' to the 't'
+
+plus 'e' to the minus 't'.
+
+Notice already how this starts
+to behave, at least a little
+
+bit, like our friends sine and
+cosine, except again, for a
+
+little change in sign, namely if
+I give this function here a
+
+special name.
+
+And to make it suggestive, I'm
+going to call it 'c of t'.
+
+'c' sort of to indicate
+cosine.
+
+But I don't want
+to write cosine
+
+because it's not a cosine.
+
+Let me just call this function
+here 'c of t' and its
+
+companion, as you may guess,
+I will call 's of t'.
+
+'c of t' is 'e' to the 't' plus
+'e' to the minus 't'.
+
+'s of t' is 'e' to the 't' minus
+'e' to the minus 't'.
+
+This pair of functions has
+the property that what?
+
+The derivative of one of them is
+always the other, which is
+
+not quite what sine
+and cosine did.
+
+Remember if you differentiated
+the sine, you got the cosine.
+
+But if you differentiated
+the cosine, you
+
+didn't get the sine.
+
+You got minus the sine.
+
+So you see, again, a similarity,
+but not exactly
+
+the same thing.
+
+Nonetheless we get a little
+bit suspicious about this.
+
+We see that the derivative of
+'c' is 's', the derivative of
+
+'s' is 'c'.
+
+We remember that there was a
+basic identity involving sine
+
+squared plus cosine squared.
+
+We might get the premonition
+that maybe there's some
+
+relationship between 's squared'
+and 'c squared'.
+
+And one of the best ways of
+checking out a premonition is
+
+to just check it out.
+
+I mean let's just see
+what happens.
+
+In other words, starting with
+this definition of 'c'--
+
+this is a binomial--
+
+let's square it.
+
+You see if we square
+it, it's what?
+
+It's 'e' to the '2t', the first
+term squared, plus twice
+
+the product of these
+two terms.
+
+But 'e' to the 't' times 'e' to
+the minus 't' is 'e' to the
+
+0, which is 1, plus 'e' to the
+minus 't squared', which is
+
+'e' to the minus '2t'.
+
+In other words, putting this
+all together, the square of
+
+'c' is 'e' to the '2t' plus
+twice 1, which is 2, plus 'e'
+
+to the minus '2t'.
+
+Similarly, when we square 's',
+we get exactly the same thing
+
+only with a minus 2
+as the middle term
+
+rather than a plus 2.
+
+Well now we look at 'c squared'
+and 's squared'.
+
+And just by looking at this
+expression, any hope that 'c
+
+squared' plus 's squared'
+will give us a nice
+
+identity should vanish.
+
+Because you see, if you add
+these, you're going to get an
+
+'e' to the '2t' term
+in here, in fact,
+
+twice 'e' to the '2t'.
+
+Here you'll get twice 'e'
+to the minus '2t'.
+
+And only the 2 and the minus
+2 will drop out.
+
+On the other hand, should you
+elect to subtract 's squared'
+
+from 'c squared', the 'e' to the
+'2t' terms cancel, the 'e'
+
+to the minus '2t' term
+cancels, and we
+
+wind up with what?
+
+'c squared' minus 's squared'
+is identically 4.
+
+And by the way, notice
+up to this point, no
+
+use of the word hyperbola.
+
+OK?
+
+However, if you think of the
+so-called unit hyperbola, the
+
+one for which 'x squared' minus
+'y squared' is 1, notice
+
+that 'c squared' minus
+'s squared' equals 4
+
+almost has that form.
+
+Well it has the form.
+
+All that's spoiling it
+is the 4 on the side.
+
+Now you could pretend
+the 4 was a 1.
+
+But that would be cheating.
+
+What we do instead is just
+divide both sides of this
+
+equation by 4, observing that
+'c squared t' over 4 is just
+
+'c of t' over 2 squared.
+
+'s squared t' over 4 is just
+'s of t' over 2 squared.
+
+In other words, dividing through
+by 4, this equation
+
+can be put into this form.
+
+And now you see we satisfy the
+basic hyperbolic identity of
+
+this squared minus this
+squared equals 1.
+
+By the way, since the c's and
+the s's may not seem familiar
+
+to us, what we can do is what?
+
+Go back to the basic
+definition.
+
+'c of t' meant 'e' to the 't'
+plus 'e' to the minus 't'.
+
+Therefore, half of 'c of t' is
+'e' to the 't' plus 'e' to the
+
+minus 't' over 2.
+
+'s of t' was 'e' to the 't'
+minus 'e' to the minus 't'.
+
+Therefore 's of t' over 2 is
+'e' to the 't' minus 'e' to
+
+the minus 't' over 2.
+
+And again, the reason I bring
+this out, is it in most
+
+textbooks they simply define
+the hyperbolic
+
+functions this way.
+
+I find it a poor motivation.
+
+I don't find it easy to motivate
+where are the clear
+
+blue sky, you bring in a
+2 in the denominator.
+
+All I want you to see in terms
+of motivating what's going on
+
+so far, is that if I just
+defined a function to be 'e of
+
+t' plus 'e' to the minus 't' and
+another one to be 'e of t'
+
+minus 'e' to the minus 't', I
+could have shown that the
+
+first squared minus the
+second squared was 4.
+
+And the motivation of putting
+the 2 in the denominator is
+
+for no greater reason than to
+help us satisfy the equation
+
+'x squared' minus 'y
+squared' equals 1.
+
+In fact, this is now the
+connection between what we
+
+were doing a few months ago
+and what we're doing now.
+
+Namely if I now call this 'cosh
+t' and I call this 'sinh
+
+t', do I get my basic
+hyperbola?
+
+Namely, suppose I take a curve
+whose equation is given
+
+parametrically by 'x' equal
+'cosh t' and 'y' equal 'sinh
+
+t', where cosh and sinh are
+now defined as over here
+
+without any reference to the
+hyperbola, in the same way
+
+that we could define the
+circular functions in terms of
+
+calculus without having to
+appeal to the circle.
+
+What I'm saying is, suppose we
+had never mentioned the word
+
+hyperbolic function up to now.
+
+We've developed a function
+called 'cosh t', a function
+
+called 'sinh t' just from these
+two relationships here.
+
+If I eliminate the parameter 't'
+here, namely if I square
+
+both sides of each equation
+and subtract, I get 'x
+
+squared' minus 'y squared' is
+'cosh squared t' minus 'sinh
+
+squared t'.
+
+But that I already say is 1.
+
+In other words, this
+parametrically gives us the
+
+hyperbola 'x squared' minus
+'y squared' equals 1.
+
+By the way, let's make
+another observation.
+
+Notice that the exponential
+could never be negative.
+
+See 'e' to the minus 't' is 1
+over 'e' to the 't', which is
+
+still positive.
+
+Notice that the cosh can
+never be negative.
+
+See, 'e' to the 't' is
+a positive number.
+
+'e' to the minus 't' is
+a positive number.
+
+Therefore, notice that in this
+particular relationship, not
+
+only is the curve given by 'x
+squared' minus 'y squared'
+
+equals 1, but since the cosh
+can never be negative, it's
+
+also characterized by
+'x' is positive.
+
+And you see that
+tells us what?
+
+That what we're getting this
+way is not the entire
+
+hyperbola, but just the branch
+for which 'x' is positive,
+
+which is exactly what we
+were talking about
+
+earlier in the lesson.
+
+Again, I leave further details
+of this to the exercises.
+
+All I want to do in today's
+lesson is to get the flavor of
+
+what's going on, how we can
+invent the hyperbolic
+
+functions without reference
+to a hyperbola
+
+until we're all done.
+
+See, I hope you see this
+juxtaposition.
+
+We've done two things here.
+
+One is we've started with the
+hyperbola and showed how we
+
+could invent this
+construction.
+
+The other is we started with the
+exponential and showed how
+
+we could construct two functions
+of the exponential
+
+which had the property that they
+could be identified with
+
+the thing that was called the
+hyperbolic cosine and
+
+hyperbolic sine.
+
+In other words, we could take
+either of the two approaches
+
+and derive the other.
+
+But I don't want to put in all
+of those details here.
+
+OK?
+
+At any rate, to show you where
+calculus comes in, in terms of
+
+what I meant by saying that
+as far as this course is
+
+concerned, we have now finished
+the groundwork both
+
+with respect to differential
+and integral calculus.
+
+Suppose, for example,
+I now want to define
+
+the hyperbolic tangent.
+
+See y equals hyperbolic
+tangent 'x'.
+
+How could I do that?
+
+Well, I mimic the circular
+function definition.
+
+I say, OK, I will define the
+hyperbolic tangent to be the
+
+hyperbolic sine over the
+hyperbolic cosine.
+
+By the way, in the same way that
+one can show in terms of
+
+geometric constructions on the
+unit circle how one constructs
+
+the tangent and the cotangent
+and the cosecant and the
+
+secant, et cetera, once sine
+and cosine and given.
+
+It can also be shown that we can
+construct these things in
+
+terms of geometry from
+the hyperbola.
+
+But because that gets
+computationally involved, I've
+
+also saved those aspects
+for the exercises.
+
+I'm not going to worry about
+how you construct the
+
+hyperbolic tangent given the
+hyperbolic sine and the
+
+hyperbolic cosine right now.
+
+All I'm saying is suppose
+you've made up this
+
+definition.
+
+And now if somebody says gee,
+I would like to find the
+
+derivative of the hyperbolic
+tangent of 'x'.
+
+What I want to point out is that
+the recipes that we need
+
+are no different from anything
+we've had before.
+
+Namely, since the hyperbolic
+tangent of 'x' is 'sinh x'
+
+over 'cosh x', I use
+the same quotient
+
+rule as I used before.
+
+Namely, to differentiate the
+hyperbolic tangent, I
+
+differentiate this quotient.
+
+How do we differentiate
+a quotient?
+
+It's the denominator times the
+derivative of the numerator.
+
+Well the numerator
+is 'sinh x'.
+
+The derivative 'sinh
+x' is 'cosh x'.
+
+That gives me a 'cosh squared
+x' over here minus the
+
+numerator, which is 'sinh x'
+times the derivative of the
+
+denominator.
+
+Well the derivative of 'cosh
+x' is 'sinh x'--
+
+that give me another factor--
+
+over the square of
+the denominator.
+
+Now my basic identity is that
+cosh squared minus sinh
+
+squared is 1.
+
+So this is just 1 over
+'cosh squared x'.
+
+And if I want to write this
+all on one line, I could
+
+invent the notation that the
+hyperbolic secant is 1 over
+
+the hyperbolic cosine.
+
+In other words, I could invent
+a notation like this.
+
+But again, the important point
+is not so much what this
+
+answer is, but how I can
+derive it from first
+
+principles.
+
+And by the way, in terms of the
+inverse derivative, once I
+
+know that the derivative of
+hyperbolic tangent is a square
+
+of the hyperbolic secant, I can
+immediately add to my list
+
+of inverse derivatives.
+
+Namely I just have
+to write it down.
+
+See there's an integral formula
+that I now have.
+
+But again, all I want to
+emphasize here is how the
+
+details take care of themselves
+in the same way as
+
+always once we have our
+basic definitions.
+
+It might be interesting just
+in terms of cementing down
+
+what sinh and cosh look like,
+in the same way that we have
+
+talked about sine and cosine,
+it might be nice to
+
+graph sinh and cosh.
+
+And again notice, in terms of
+curve plotting, how do we plot
+
+'y' equals 'f of x'?
+
+The general procedure
+was what?
+
+Always take the first and second
+derivatives so that you
+
+can see what the slope
+is, what the
+
+concavity is, et cetera.
+
+The derivative of
+cosh is sinh.
+
+The derivative of
+sinh is cosh.
+
+By the way, again, if these
+terms seem alien to you, you
+
+can always rewrite them in terms
+of the basic definition,
+
+in terms of 'e' to the 'x' and
+'e' to the minus 'x', and
+
+carry out the differentiation
+in a straightforward way.
+
+Well here's the interesting
+point.
+
+Let's plot 'y' equals
+'cosh x'.
+
+Notice first of all that 'cosh
+x' is an even function.
+
+If I replace 'x' by minus 'x',
+all I get is what? 'e' to the
+
+minus 'x' plus 'e' to the 'x'
+over 2, which is the same
+
+thing as I have over here.
+
+It's going to be a symmetric
+function with a curve with
+
+respect to the y-axis.
+
+But again, what do I do?
+
+I compute the derivative.
+
+I can find out where the
+derivative is 0.
+
+It's 0 when 'e' to the 'x'
+equals 'e' to the minus 'x'.
+
+That happens only
+when 'x' is 0.
+
+When 'x' is 0, this is 'e' to
+the 0 plus 'e' to the 0.
+
+That's 1 plus 1, which is
+2 over 2, which is one.
+
+So in other words, the
+derivative is 0 when 'x' is 0
+
+and 'y' is 1.
+
+The second derivative is cosh.
+
+We've already seen that this
+can never be negative.
+
+So the second derivative
+is always positive.
+
+That means that the curve
+is always holding water.
+
+Putting all this together, the
+curve 'y' equals 'cosh x'
+
+looks something like this.
+
+It's a dangerous thing
+to say it sort
+
+of resembles a parabola.
+
+It's nothing like a parabola
+except what I mean is it has
+
+this type of shape.
+
+Notice it does not oscillate.
+
+It is not an oscillating
+function like the cosine.
+
+It doesn't act periodically.
+
+This thing just keeps
+going like this.
+
+All right?
+
+On the other hand, how can we
+plot 'y' equals 'sinh x'?
+
+Well, I guess we come
+right back to here
+
+and work from here.
+
+The derivative of
+sinh is cosh.
+
+But cosh is always at least
+as big as 1 we found out.
+
+Therefore, the slope of
+'sinh x' is always at
+
+least as big as 1.
+
+And it's equal to
+1 when 'x' is 0.
+
+Putting all these details
+together,
+
+what we find is what?
+
+First of all, the sinh is an odd
+function, meaning that if
+
+we replace 'x' by minus 'x',
+we change the sign.
+
+So this is 'e to the minus x'
+minus 'e to the x', which is a
+
+negative of what we
+have over here.
+
+But those, again, are details
+which are easy
+
+for you to fill in.
+
+The graph 'y' equals 'sinh x'
+looks something like this.
+
+In other words, it's
+a very steep curve.
+
+It's spilling water and
+rising here, holding
+
+water and rising here.
+
+The curve is always rising.
+
+Again, another interesting thing
+to observe here is that
+
+notice that when 'x' is very,
+very large, 'e' to the minus
+
+'x' becomes negligible.
+
+And if 'e' to the minus 'x' is
+negligible, notice that both
+
+sinh and cosh behave like
+1/2 'e to the x'.
+
+In other words, this term
+tends to drop out.
+
+And just to show you the
+contrast here, I've sketched
+
+in the curve 'y' equals '1/2 'e
+to the x'' to show you how
+
+it splits the difference for
+large values of 'x' between
+
+these two in a way.
+
+And as 'x' gets larger, both
+of these curves converge on
+
+'y' equals '1/2 'e to the x''.
+
+Again, I simply want to mention
+enough here so that
+
+you get the idea of how we can
+apply the same old calculus to
+
+our new function.
+
+What I'd like to do in closing
+is to try again from our point
+
+of view of being engineeringly
+oriented to show why the
+
+hyperbolic functions might have
+occurred in nature, in
+
+the same way that we tried
+to show that the circular
+
+functions had a natural
+outgrowth in terms of nature.
+
+You recall that the circular
+functions were motivated in
+
+terms of simple harmonic
+motion.
+
+The circular functions would
+have been invented when we
+
+talked about motion, in which
+the acceleration was
+
+proportional to the displacement
+but in the
+
+opposite direction.
+
+Let's see what happens
+when we work with
+
+the hyperbolic functions.
+
+Suppose now I have a particle
+moving along the x-axis.
+
+OK?
+
+And I know this position at any
+time, 't', is sinh of 'kt'
+
+where 'k' happens to
+be a constant.
+
+What is 'dx/dt'?
+
+The derivative of 'sinh
+u' with respect to
+
+'u' is 'cosh u'.
+
+So the derivative of 'sinh kt'
+with respect to 't' would be
+
+'cosh kt' times the derivative
+of 'kt' with respect to 't',
+
+which is just 'k'.
+
+In other words, the chain
+rule again, OK?
+
+Now knowing that 'dx/dt' is
+'k cosh kt', ''d 2 x' 'dt
+
+squared'' would be what?
+
+The derivative of 'cosh kt' is
+'sinh kt' times the derivative
+
+of 'kt' with respect to 't'.
+
+That gives me another
+factor of 'k'.
+
+And therefore the second
+derivative of 'x' with respect
+
+to 't' is ''k squared'
+sinh kt'.
+
+Now remember what
+'sinh kt' is.
+
+We started with the knowledge
+that 'sinh kt' is 'x'.
+
+Therefore replacing 'sinh kt'
+by what's it's equal to, we
+
+wind up with what?
+
+The second derivative of 'x'
+with respect to 't' is equal
+
+to 'k squared x'.
+
+See, no minus sign here.
+
+What happens when we
+start with a sinh?
+
+If an object we moved in
+according to the rule, 'x'
+
+equals 'sinh kt', its
+acceleration would be
+
+proportional to the
+displacement
+
+but in the same direction.
+
+You see what that means?
+
+That means the bigger the
+displacement, the bigger the
+
+acceleration so the faster
+the object keeps moving.
+
+In other words, this thing would
+move at a faster and
+
+faster right away from the
+origin, et cetera.
+
+That's not our main
+concern here.
+
+What is interesting though from
+a physical point of view,
+
+and we can use this as a summary
+from a physical point
+
+of view, is that the hyperbolic
+functions serve as
+
+a solution to the equation ''d
+2 x' 'dt squared'' equals 'k
+
+squared x' where 'k'
+is a constant.
+
+The circular functions, on the
+other hand, solve the equation
+
+''d 2 x' 'dt squared'' is
+minus 'k squared x'.
+
+In other words, from this point
+of view, notice again,
+
+from a physical point of view
+that the difference between
+
+the circular functions and the
+hyperbolic functions are again
+
+just the difference in sign.
+
+As I say, this will be
+
+emphasized more in the exercises.
+
+The obvious next lesson, I think
+you can see it coming by
+
+this stage in the game, will,
+of course, be the inverse
+
+hyperbolic functions.
+
+And we'll see why those are
+important next time.
+
+But until then, good bye.
+
+ANNOUNCER 2: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I1HpgnWQI7I.txt b/I1HpgnWQI7I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d3ed7a9171e0f7c793aa2f74dc4b82b6eeefd0ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I1HpgnWQI7I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at two examples of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at two examples of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at two examples of using
+the well ordering principle one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well ordering principle one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well ordering principle one of them
+is pretty obvious and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty obvious and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty obvious and the other one is
+not hard but a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard but a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hard but a little bit more
+interesting so what we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what we're going to prove
+is that every integer greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every integer greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every integer greater than one
+is a product of primes so remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product of primes so remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product of primes so remember a
+prime is an integer greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is an integer greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is an integer greater than one
+that is only divisible by itself and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is only divisible by itself and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is only divisible by itself and the
+number one it can't be expressed as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one it can't be expressed as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one it can't be expressed as the
+product of other numbers greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of other numbers greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of other numbers greater than
+one so the way we're going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the way we're going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the way we're going to prove this
+is by contradiction and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by contradiction and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by contradiction and we're going to
+begin by assuming suppose that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by assuming suppose that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by assuming suppose that there
+were some numbers that were non products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some numbers that were non products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some numbers that were non products
+of primes okay uh that is to say the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primes okay uh that is to say the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primes okay uh that is to say the set
+of non products is non-empty so applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non products is non-empty so applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non products is non-empty so applying
+the least the well ordering principle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least the well ordering principle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least the well ordering principle to
+this non-empty set of non products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-empty set of non products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non-empty set of non products
+there's got to be at least one so m is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be at least one so m is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be at least one so m is a
+number greater than one that is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number greater than one that is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number greater than one that is not a
+product of primes Now by convention if M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of primes Now by convention if M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of primes Now by convention if M
+itself was a prime it's considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself was a prime it's considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself was a prime it's considered to be
+a product of One Prime so we know that m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of One Prime so we know that m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of One Prime so we know that m
+is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime now look m is not a prime or if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime now look m is not a prime or if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime now look m is not a prime or if it
+was a prime it would be a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a prime it would be a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a prime it would be a product of
+just itself so that means that it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just itself so that means that it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just itself so that means that it must
+be a product of two numbers call them J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a product of two numbers call them J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a product of two numbers call them J
+and K where J and K are greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K where J and K are greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K where J and K are greater than one
+and less than M that's what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than M that's what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than M that's what it means to
+be a nonpr Prime it's a product of J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a nonpr Prime it's a product of J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a nonpr Prime it's a product of J and
+K well J and K are less than M uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well J and K are less than M uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well J and K are less than M uh so
+that means that they must be prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they must be prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they must be prime
+products because they're less than M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products because they're less than M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products because they're less than M and
+greater than one and M is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one and M is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one and M is the smallest
+such number that's not a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such number that's not a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such number that's not a product of
+primes so we can assume that J is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes so we can assume that J is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes so we can assume that J is equal
+to some product of primes say P1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some product of primes say P1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some product of primes say P1 through
+P94 and K is some other product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P94 and K is some other product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P94 and K is some other product of
+primes q1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes q1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes q1 through
+Q13 so you can see where this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q13 so you can see where this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q13 so you can see where this is going
+now what we have is that M which is JK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we have is that M which is JK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we have is that M which is JK
+is simply the product of those PS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the product of those PS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the product of those PS
+followed by the product of those Q's m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by the product of those Q's m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by the product of those Q's m
+is in Factor Prime product which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Factor Prime product which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Factor Prime product which is a
+contradiction so what did we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so what did we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so what did we assume that
+led to the contradiction we assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the contradiction we assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the contradiction we assumed that
+there were some counter examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some counter examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some counter examples and
+there must not be any and no counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must not be any and no counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must not be any and no counter
+examples means that in fact every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples means that in fact every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples means that in fact every single
+integer greater than one is indeed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer greater than one is indeed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer greater than one is indeed a
+product of primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of primes
+as let's start looking at a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as let's start looking at a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as let's start looking at a slightly
+more interesting example uh using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting example uh using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting example uh using the
+well-ordered principle to reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-ordered principle to reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-ordered principle to reasoning
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+postage so suppose that we have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postage so suppose that we have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postage so suppose that we have a bunch
+of 5cent stamps and 3 Cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5cent stamps and 3 Cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5cent stamps and 3 Cent
+stamps and what I want to analyze is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps and what I want to analyze is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps and what I want to analyze is
+what amounts of postage can you make out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what amounts of postage can you make out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what amounts of postage can you make out
+of 5cent stamps and three cent stamps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5cent stamps and three cent stamps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5cent stamps and three cent stamps so
+I'm going to introduce a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce a technical
+definition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for
+convenience let's say that a number n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience let's say that a number n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience let's say that a number n is
+postal if I can make n Plus 8 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal if I can make n Plus 8 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal if I can make n Plus 8 cents
+postage from three and 5 Cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postage from three and 5 Cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postage from three and 5 Cent
+stamps okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps okay
+so this is what I'm going to prove I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what I'm going to prove I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what I'm going to prove I
+claim that every number is postal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that every number is postal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that every number is postal in
+other words I can make every amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I can make every amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I can make every amount of
+postage from 8 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postage from 8 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postage from 8 cents
+up okay I'm going to prove this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay I'm going to prove this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay I'm going to prove this by
+applying the well ordering principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the well ordering principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the well ordering principle and
+as usual with well ordering principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual with well ordering principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual with well ordering principles
+will Begin by supposing that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Begin by supposing that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Begin by supposing that there was a
+number that wasn't postal that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that wasn't postal that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that wasn't postal that would be
+a counter example so if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counter example so if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counter example so if there's any
+number that's not postal then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's not postal then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's not postal then there's a
+least one M by the well ordering PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one M by the well ordering PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one M by the well ordering PR
+because the set of counter examples is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the set of counter examples is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the set of counter examples is
+non empty if some number is not postal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non empty if some number is not postal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non empty if some number is not postal
+so there's a least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a least
+one so what we know in other words is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what we know in other words is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what we know in other words is
+that this least M that's not postal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this least M that's not postal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this least M that's not postal has
+the property it's not postal and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property it's not postal and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property it's not postal and any
+number less than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number less than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number less than it is
+postal see what we can figure out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal see what we can figure out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal see what we can figure out about
+M first of all m is not zero zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M first of all m is not zero zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M first of all m is not zero zero is
+postal because uh 0 Plus 8 cents can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal because uh 0 Plus 8 cents can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal because uh 0 Plus 8 cents can be
+made with a 3 cent stamp and a 5 cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made with a 3 cent stamp and a 5 cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made with a 3 cent stamp and a 5 cent
+stamp m is not zero because m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp m is not zero because m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp m is not zero because m is
+supposed to be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be not
+postal as a matter of fact by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal as a matter of fact by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal as a matter of fact by the same
+reasoning m is not one CU you can make 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning m is not one CU you can make 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning m is not one CU you can make 1
+plus 8 cents with three 3es and M is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 8 cents with three 3es and M is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 8 cents with three 3es and M is not
+two because you can make two plus 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because you can make two plus 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because you can make two plus 8
+cents 10 cents using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents 10 cents using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents 10 cents using two
+fives so we've just figured out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives so we've just figured out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives so we've just figured out that
+this least counter example has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this least counter example has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this least counter example has to be
+greater than or equal to three because 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to three because 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to three because 0
+1 and two are not counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and two are not counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and two are not counter
+examples so we've got that m is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so we've got that m is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so we've got that m is greater
+than equal to three the lead non-postal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to three the lead non-postal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to three the lead non-postal
+number so if I look at M minus 3 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if I look at M minus 3 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if I look at M minus 3 that
+means it's a number that's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a number that's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a number that's greater than
+equal to zero and it's less than M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and it's less than M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and it's less than M so
+it's postal because m is the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's postal because m is the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's postal because m is the least
+non-postal one all right so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-postal one all right so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-postal one all right so in other
+words I can make out of three and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I can make out of three and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I can make out of three and five
+cent stamps I can make M minus 3 plus 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent stamps I can make M minus 3 plus 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent stamps I can make M minus 3 plus 8
+cents but look if I can make M minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents but look if I can make M minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents but look if I can make M minus 3
+plus 8 cents then obviously m is postal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 8 cents then obviously m is postal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 8 cents then obviously m is postal
+also because I just add three cents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because I just add three cents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because I just add three cents to
+that M minus 3 number and I wind up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M minus 3 number and I wind up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M minus 3 number and I wind up with
+M plus 8 cents which says that m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus 8 cents which says that m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus 8 cents which says that m is
+postal and it's a contradiction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal and it's a contradiction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postal and it's a contradiction so
+assuming that there was a least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there was a least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there was a least
+non-postal number I reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-postal number I reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-postal number I reach a
+contradiction and therefore there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction and therefore there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction and therefore there is no
+non-postal number every number is postal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-postal number every number is postal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-postal number every number is postal
+0 + 8 is postal 1 plus 8 is postal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 + 8 is postal 1 plus 8 is postal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 + 8 is postal 1 plus 8 is postal 2
+plus 8 is postal every number greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 8 is postal every number greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 8 is postal every number greater
+than or equal to 8 cents can be made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 8 cents can be made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 8 cents can be made out
+of three and 5 Cent stamps
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IK9OVbj_Ir0.txt b/IK9OVbj_Ir0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efd14f2b5255505ebbbc27430bd952c0f26219f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IK9OVbj_Ir0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+The modern world has an insatiable appetite
+for computation, so system architects are
+
+always thinking about ways to make programs
+run faster.
+
+The running time of a program is the product
+of three terms:
+
+The number of instructions in the program,
+multiplied by the average number of processor
+
+cycles required to execute each instruction
+(CPI), multiplied by the time required for
+
+each processor cycle (t_CLK).
+
+To decrease the running time we need to decrease
+one or more of these terms.
+
+The number of instructions per program is
+determined by the ISA and by the compiler
+
+that produced the sequence of assembly language
+instructions to be executed.
+
+Both are fair game, but for this discussion,
+let's work on reducing the other two terms.
+
+As we've seen, pipelining reduces t_CLK by
+dividing instruction execution into a sequence
+
+of steps, each of which can complete its task
+in a shorter t_CLK.
+
+What about reducing CPI?
+
+In our 5-stage pipelined implementation of
+the Beta, we designed the hardware to complete
+
+the execution of one instruction every clock
+cycle, so CPI_ideal is 1.
+
+But sometimes the hardware has to introduce
+"NOP bubbles" into the pipeline to delay execution
+
+of a pipeline stage if the required operation
+couldn't (yet) be completed.
+
+This happens on taken branch instructions,
+when attempting to immediately use a value
+
+loaded from memory by the LD instruction,
+and when waiting for a cache miss to be satisfied
+
+from main memory.
+
+CPI_stall accounts for the cycles lost to
+the NOPs introduced into the pipeline.
+
+Its value depends on the frequency of taken
+branches and immediate use of LD results.
+
+Typically it's some fraction of a cycle.
+
+For example, if a 6-instruction loop with
+a LD takes 8 cycles to complete, CPI_stall
+
+for the loop would be 2/6, i.e., 2 extra cycles
+for every 6 instructions.
+
+Our classic 5-stage pipeline is an effective
+compromise that allows for a substantial reduction
+
+of t_CLK while keeping CPI_stall to a reasonably
+modest value.
+
+There is room for improvement.
+
+Since each stage is working on one instruction
+at a time, CPI_ideal is 1.
+
+Slow operations - e.g, completing a multiply
+in the ALU stage, or accessing a large cache
+
+in the IF or MEM stages - force t_CLK to be
+large to accommodate all the work that has
+
+to be done in one cycle.
+
+The order of the instructions in the pipeline
+is fixed.
+
+If, say, a LD instruction is delayed in the
+MEM stage because of a cache miss, all the
+
+instructions in earlier stages are also delayed
+even though their execution may not depend
+
+on the value produced by the LD.
+
+The order of instructions in the pipeline
+always reflects the order in which they were
+
+fetched by the IF stage.
+
+Let's look into what it would take to relax
+these constraints and hopefully improve program
+
+runtimes.
+
+Increasing the number of pipeline stages should
+allow us to decrease the clock cycle time.
+
+We'd add stages to break up performance bottlenecks,
+e.g., adding additional pipeline stages (MEM1
+
+and MEM2) to allow a longer time for memory
+operations to complete.
+
+This comes at cost to CPI_stall since each
+additional MEM stage means that more NOP bubbles
+
+have to be introduced when there's a LD data
+hazard.
+
+Deeper pipelines mean that the processor will
+be executing more instructions in parallel.
+
+Let's interrupt enumerating our performance
+shopping list to think about limits to pipeline
+
+depth.
+
+Each additional pipeline stage includes some
+additional overhead costs to the time budget.
+
+We have to account for the propagation, setup,
+and hold times for the pipeline registers.
+
+And we usually have to allow a bit of extra
+time to account for clock skew, i.e., the
+
+difference in arrival time of the clock edge
+at each register.
+
+And, finally, since we can't always divide
+the work exactly evenly between the pipeline
+
+stages, there will be some wasted time in
+the stages that have less work.
+
+We'll capture all of these effects as an additional
+per-stage time overhead of O.
+
+If the original clock period was T, then with
+N pipeline stages, the clock period will be
+
+T/N + O.
+
+At the limit, as N becomes large, the speedup
+approaches T/O.
+
+In other words, the overhead starts to dominate
+as the time spent on work in each stage becomes
+
+smaller and smaller.
+
+At some point adding additional pipeline stages
+has almost no impact on the clock period.
+
+As a data point, the Intel Core-2 x86 chips
+(nicknamed "Nehalem") have a 14-stage execution
+
+pipeline.
+
+Okay, back to our performance shopping list…
+
+There may be times we can arrange to execute
+two or more instructions in parallel, assuming
+
+that their executions are independent from
+each other.
+
+This would increase CPI_ideal at the cost
+of increasing the complexity of each pipeline
+
+stage to deal with concurrent execution of
+multiple instructions.
+
+If there's an instruction stalled in the pipeline
+by a data hazard, there may be following instructions
+
+whose execution could still proceed.
+
+Allowing instructions to pass each other in
+the pipeline is called out-of-order execution.
+
+We'd have to be careful to ensure that changing
+the execution order didn't affect the values
+
+produced by the program.
+
+More pipeline stages and wider pipeline stages
+increase the amount of work that has to be
+
+discarded on control hazards, potentially
+increasing CPI_stall.
+
+So it's important to minimize the number of
+control hazards by predicting the results
+
+of a branch (i.e., taken or not taken)
+so that we increase the chances that the instructions
+
+in the pipeline are the ones we'll want to
+execute.
+
+Our ability to exploit wider pipelines and
+out-of-order execution depends on finding
+
+instructions that can be executed in parallel
+or in different orders.
+
+Collectively these properties are called "instruction-level
+parallelism" (ILP).
+
+Here's an example that will let us explore
+the amount of ILP that might be available.
+
+On the left is an unoptimized loop that computes
+the product of the first N integers.
+
+On the right, we've rewritten the code, placing
+instructions that could be executed concurrently
+
+on the same line.
+
+First notice the red line following the BF
+instruction.
+
+Instructions below the line should only be
+executed if the BF is *not* taken.
+
+That doesn't mean we couldn't start executing
+them before the results of the branch are
+
+known,
+but if we executed them before the branch,
+
+we would have to be prepared to throw away
+their results if the branch was taken.
+
+The possible execution order is constrained
+by the read-after-write (RAW) dependencies
+
+shown by the red arrows.
+
+We recognize these as the potential data hazards
+that occur when an operand value for one instruction
+
+depends on the result of an earlier instruction.
+
+In our 5-stage pipeline, we were able to resolve
+many of these hazards by bypassing values
+
+from the ALU, MEM, and WB stages back to the
+RF stage where operand values are determined.
+
+Of course, bypassing will only work when the
+instruction has been executed so its result
+
+is available for bypassing!
+
+So, in this case, the arrows are showing us
+the constraints on execution order that guarantee
+
+bypassing will be possible.
+
+There are other constraints on execution order.
+
+The green arrow identifies a write-after-write
+(WAW) constraint between two instructions
+
+with the same destination register.
+
+In order to ensure the correct value is in
+R2 at the end of the loop, the LD(r,R2) instruction
+
+has to store its result into the register
+file after the result of the CMPLT instruction
+
+is stored into the register file.
+
+Similarly, the blue arrow shows a write-after-read
+(WAR) constraint that ensures that the correct
+
+values are used when accessing a register.
+
+In this case, LD(r,R2) must store into R2
+after the Ra operand for the BF has been read
+
+from R2.
+
+As it turns out, WAW and WAR constraints can
+be eliminated if we give each instruction
+
+result a unique register name.
+
+This can actually be done relatively easily
+by the hardware by using a generous supply
+
+of temporary registers, but we won't go into
+the details of renaming here.
+
+The use of temporary registers also makes
+it easy to discard results of instructions
+
+executed before we know the outcomes of branches.
+
+In this example, we discovered that the potential
+concurrency was actually pretty good for the
+
+instructions following the BF.
+
+To take advantage of this potential concurrency,
+we'll need to modify the pipeline to execute
+
+some number N of instructions in parallel.
+
+If we can sustain that rate of execution,
+CPI_ideal would then be 1/N since we'd complete
+
+the execution of N instructions in each clock
+cycle as they exited the final pipeline stage.
+
+So what value should we choose for N?
+
+Instructions that are executed by different
+ALU hardware are easy to execute in parallel,
+
+e.g., ADDs and SHIFTs, or integer and floating-point
+operations.
+
+Of course, if we provided multiple adders,
+we could execute multiple integer arithmetic
+
+instructions concurrently.
+
+Having separate hardware for address arithmetic
+(called LD/ST units) would support concurrent
+
+execution of LD/ST instructions and integer
+arithmetic instructions.
+
+This set of lecture slides from Duke gives
+a nice overview of techniques used in each
+
+pipeline stage to support concurrent execution.
+
+Basically by increasing the number of functional
+units in the ALU and the number of memory
+
+ports on the register file and main memory,
+we would have what it takes to support concurrent
+
+execution of multiple instructions.
+
+So, what's the right tradeoff between increased
+circuit costs and increased concurrency?
+
+As a data point, the Intel Nehelam core can
+complete up to 4 micro-operations per cycle,
+
+where each micro-operation corresponds to
+one of our simple RISC instructions.
+
+Here's a simplified diagram of a modern out-of-order
+superscalar processor.
+
+Instruction fetch and decode handles, say,
+4 instructions at a time.
+
+The ability to sustain this execution rate
+depends heavily on the ability to predict
+
+the outcome of branch instructions,
+ensuring that the wide pipeline will be mostly
+
+filled with instructions we actually want
+to execute.
+
+Good branch prediction requires the use of
+the history from previous branches and there's
+
+been a lot of cleverness devoted to getting
+good predictions from the least amount of
+
+hardware!
+
+If you're interested in the details, search
+for "branch predictor" on Wikipedia.
+
+The register renaming happens during instruction
+decode, after which the instructions are ready
+
+to be dispatched to the functional units.
+
+If an instruction needs the result of an earlier
+instruction as an operand, the dispatcher
+
+has identified which functional unit will
+be producing the result.
+
+The instruction waits in a queue until the
+indicated functional unit produces the result
+
+and when all the operand values are known,
+the instruction is finally taken from the
+
+queue and executed.
+
+Since the instructions are executed by different
+functional units as soon as their operands
+
+are available, the order of execution may
+not be the same as in the original program.
+
+After execution, the functional units broadcast
+their results so that waiting instructions
+
+know when to proceed.
+
+The results are also collected in a large
+reorder buffer so that that they can be retired
+
+(i.e., write their results in the register
+file) in the correct order.
+
+Whew!
+
+There's a lot of circuitry involved in keeping
+the functional units fed with instructions,
+
+knowing when instructions have all their operands,
+and organizing the execution results into
+
+the correct order.
+
+So how much speed up should we expect from
+all this machinery?
+
+The effective CPI is very program-specific,
+depending as it does on cache hit rates, successful
+
+branch prediction, available ILP, and so on.
+
+Given the architecture described here the
+best speed up we could hope for is a factor
+
+of 4.
+
+Googling around, it seems that the reality
+is an average speed-up of 2, maybe slightly
+
+less, over what would be achieved by an in-order,
+single-issue processor.
+
+What can we expect for future performance
+improvements in out-of-order, superscalar
+
+pipelines?
+
+Increases in pipeline depth can cause CPI_stall
+and timing overheads to rise.
+
+At the current pipeline depths the increase
+in CPI_stall is larger than the gains from
+
+decreased t_CLK and so further increases in
+depth are unlikely.
+
+A similar tradeoff exists between using more
+out-of-order execution to increase ILP and
+
+the increase in CPI_stall caused by the impact
+of mis-predicted branches and the inability
+
+to run main memories any faster.
+
+Power consumption increases more quickly than
+the performance gains from lower t_CLK and
+
+additional out-of-order execution logic.
+
+The additional complexity required to enable
+further improvements in branch prediction
+
+and concurrent execution seems very daunting.
+
+All of these factors suggest that is unlikely
+that we'll see substantial future improvements
+
+in the performance of out-of-order superscalar
+pipelined processors.
+
+So system architects have turned their attention
+to exploiting data-level parallelism (DLP)
+
+and thread-level parallelism (TLP).
+
+These are our next two topics.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IzTRzMf8kKE.txt b/IzTRzMf8kKE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f39a33269d2013a728a5835adf7473dc61716b35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IzTRzMf8kKE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm Cathy Drennen I'm a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm Cathy Drennen I'm a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm Cathy Drennen I'm a professor of
+chemistry and biology here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and biology here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and biology here at the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+I'm also an investigator and professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also an investigator and professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also an investigator and professor
+with a Howard Hughes Medical Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Howard Hughes Medical Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Howard Hughes Medical Institute
+and I just want to give a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to give a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to give a little
+introduction to the training video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the training video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the training video
+you're about to watch this workshop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to watch this workshop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're about to watch this workshop that
+we've developed that is on the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've developed that is on the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've developed that is on the topic of
+stereotyped stereotype threat wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped stereotype threat wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped stereotype threat wise
+criticism unconscious bias and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism unconscious bias and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism unconscious bias and so in
+this workshop you're about to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this workshop you're about to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this workshop you're about to see this
+is the workshop that we run for teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the workshop that we run for teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the workshop that we run for teacher
+training at MIT both in the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training at MIT both in the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training at MIT both in the biology
+department and in the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and in the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and in the chemistry
+department so most of the people in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so most of the people in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so most of the people in this
+room are about to go on an adventure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room are about to go on an adventure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room are about to go on an adventure of
+teaching for the first time here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching for the first time here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching for the first time here at MIT
+so I'm gonna talk about the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna talk about the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna talk about the motivation
+for doing this workshop actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this workshop actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this workshop actually in the
+workshop but let me just tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop but let me just tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop but let me just tell you the
+goals for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals for a minute
+so we want the people who are gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want the people who are gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want the people who are gonna be
+teaching our students here to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching our students here to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching our students here to know about
+stereotypes know about stereotype threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes know about stereotype threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes know about stereotype threat
+feel comfortable with terms such as wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable with terms such as wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable with terms such as wise
+criticism know some of the data behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism know some of the data behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism know some of the data behind
+the idea that stereotype threat can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that stereotype threat can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that stereotype threat can
+actually lead to under performance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lead to under performance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lead to under performance by
+students and think about how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and think about how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and think about how do you
+create an environment in your classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an environment in your classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an environment in your classroom
+where every student can reach their full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every student can reach their full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every student can reach their full
+potential so that's what this training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so that's what this training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so that's what this training
+is about and we hope the students coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about and we hope the students coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about and we hope the students coming
+out the other end are going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other end are going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other end are going to be really
+excited about their classroom experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about their classroom experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about their classroom experience
+and how they're going to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're going to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're going to create this
+environment for every student so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for every student so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for every student so
+although this training is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this training is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this training is really
+designed for teaching assistants we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for teaching assistants we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for teaching assistants we
+found that this material is broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that this material is broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that this material is broadly
+applicable it can be used to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable it can be used to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable it can be used to train
+faculty members it can be true used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members it can be true used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members it can be true used to
+train mentors in a research laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train mentors in a research laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train mentors in a research laboratory
+it can be used to become a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be used to become a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be used to become a better
+student oneself for a better mentee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student oneself for a better mentee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student oneself for a better mentee
+oneself it's really for everyone and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneself it's really for everyone and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneself it's really for everyone and it
+relates to everyone so I'm hoping at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to everyone so I'm hoping at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to everyone so I'm hoping at the
+end of watching this video that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of watching this video that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of watching this video that maybe
+you will feel comfortable enough with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will feel comfortable enough with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will feel comfortable enough with
+this material that you might start these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material that you might start these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material that you might start these
+discussions at your home institution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions at your home institution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions at your home institution so
+I'm gonna make available to you both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna make available to you both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna make available to you both
+this this workshop on videotape all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this workshop on videotape all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this workshop on videotape all of
+the slides that you're about to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides that you're about to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides that you're about to see a
+booklet with more information for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booklet with more information for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booklet with more information for you to
+read and exercises in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and exercises in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and exercises in it
+references in it it can be used people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references in it it can be used people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references in it it can be used people
+can read about this before they do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read about this before they do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read about this before they do a
+workshop we're hoping to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop we're hoping to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop we're hoping to have this
+discussion just sort of spread all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion just sort of spread all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion just sort of spread all over
+the place and I know what some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place and I know what some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place and I know what some of you
+are thinking it's like no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking it's like no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking it's like no way
+I cannot lead this discussion myself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot lead this discussion myself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot lead this discussion myself but
+you know that's what I used to think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's what I used to think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's what I used to think and
+everyone can talk about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can talk about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can talk about these things
+sometimes it makes us feel a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it makes us feel a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it makes us feel a little
+uncomfortable to talk about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable to talk about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable to talk about things like
+stereotypes but we can talk about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes but we can talk about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes but we can talk about them
+we need to talk about them and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to talk about them and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to talk about them and after
+watching this video we hope that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video we hope that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video we hope that you'll
+be ready to start a discussion of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready to start a discussion of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready to start a discussion of your
+own so it's important to do this it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so it's important to do this it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so it's important to do this it's an
+important time to be having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important time to be having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important time to be having these
+discussions because there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions because there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions because there are a lot of
+problems in the world and in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the world and in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the world and in addition to
+being a professor I'm a mom of a 10 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a professor I'm a mom of a 10 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a professor I'm a mom of a 10 year
+old and I can tell you I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and I can tell you I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and I can tell you I'm really
+worried about the planet that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about the planet that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about the planet that she's
+going to be inheriting there's global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be inheriting there's global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be inheriting there's global
+warming there's warming of oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming there's warming of oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming there's warming of oceans
+there's antibiotic resistance we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's antibiotic resistance we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's antibiotic resistance we need
+smart people to be thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart people to be thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart people to be thinking about these
+problems we need scientists to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we need scientists to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we need scientists to be
+thinking about these problems so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these problems so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these problems so we need
+everyone who wants to be a scientist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who wants to be a scientist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who wants to be a scientist to
+be able to reach their full potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to reach their full potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to reach their full potential so
+that we can tackle these important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can tackle these important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can tackle these important
+problems moving forward and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems moving forward and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems moving forward and that's what
+this training is designed to do start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this training is designed to do start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this training is designed to do start
+the discussion so that everyone can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion so that everyone can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion so that everyone can be
+in an environment where they can reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an environment where they can reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an environment where they can reach
+their full potential so enjoy watching
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J4Ecq7hIzYU.txt b/J4Ecq7hIzYU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3aa5b7794a3ce1feea200d3570e95ccda58f70f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J4Ecq7hIzYU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu in this demonstration we're
+going to study the interference of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to study the interference of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to study the interference of light
+in particular the interference of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the interference of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the interference of two
+beams of light and we will use use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams of light and we will use use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams of light and we will use use a
+simple Michaelson interferometer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Michaelson interferometer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Michaelson interferometer to
+study the interference and here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the interference and here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the interference and here it
+is here we have a helium neon laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here we have a helium neon laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here we have a helium neon laser
+here's the beam from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the beam from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the beam from the
+laser being reflected by this mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser being reflected by this mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser being reflected by this mirror
+here and then another mirror over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then another mirror over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then another mirror over
+here into the Michael sinometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into the Michael sinometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into the Michael sinometer
+we have a beam splitter a 50/50 beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a beam splitter a 50/50 beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a beam splitter a 50/50 beam
+splitter which reflects half the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter which reflects half the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter which reflects half the light
+into this mirror this arm then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this mirror this arm then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this mirror this arm then the
+mirror reflects the light back through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror reflects the light back through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror reflects the light back through
+the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam
+splitter again reflected by this mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter again reflected by this mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter again reflected by this mirror
+here into this lens and then onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into this lens and then onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into this lens and then onto the
+screen the second arm we have the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen the second arm we have the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen the second arm we have the light
+through transmitted through the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transmitted through the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through transmitted through the beam
+splitter onto the mirror in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter onto the mirror in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter onto the mirror in the second
+arm mirror reflects light back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm mirror reflects light back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm mirror reflects light back to the
+beam splitter which is then reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter which is then reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam splitter which is then reflected
+here onto this mirror through the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here onto this mirror through the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here onto this mirror through the lens
+and onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and onto the
+screen so now I'm going to cover up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so now I'm going to cover up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so now I'm going to cover up one
+of the mirrors or block one arm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirrors or block one arm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirrors or block one arm of the
+interferometer and then let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer and then let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer and then let's look at
+let's look at the screen now and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the screen now and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the screen now and we'll
+see only the light from from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see only the light from from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see only the light from from this
+arm now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm now if I
+block the arm here and take the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the arm here and take the card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the arm here and take the card
+away from this arm now you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from this arm now you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from this arm now you'll see the
+beam from the arm over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam from the arm over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam from the arm over
+here so in order to see interference I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in order to see interference I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in order to see interference I'm
+going to lift this card so that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lift this card so that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lift this card so that both
+beams are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beams are
+superimposed and then as we see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed and then as we see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed and then as we see on the
+screen we see the fringes as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we see the fringes as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen we see the fringes as a result of
+the interference of of the two beams one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference of of the two beams one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference of of the two beams one
+coming from this arm and one coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this arm and one coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this arm and one coming from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+arm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm you
+see that there is a very nice contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there is a very nice contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there is a very nice contrast
+between the bright and the uh dark parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the bright and the uh dark parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the bright and the uh dark parts
+of The Fringe and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Fringe and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Fringe and the
+contrast is where the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is where the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is where the information
+is if you have no contrast at all then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you have no contrast at all then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you have no contrast at all then
+essentially you have no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you have no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you have no no
+interference now I want to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference now I want to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference now I want to illustrate
+how sensitive this interferometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sensitive this interferometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sensitive this interferometer
+is all I have to do is lean on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all I have to do is lean on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all I have to do is lean on the table
+here and you can see I can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can see I can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can see I can make the
+fringes move due to a misalignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes move due to a misalignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes move due to a misalignment of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+interferometer another way uh is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer another way uh is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer another way uh is by
+actually misaligning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually misaligning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually misaligning the
+interferometer by adjusting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer by adjusting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer by adjusting the
+alignment of this mirror here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of this mirror here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of this mirror here you can
+see every time I touch the mirror they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every time I touch the mirror they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every time I touch the mirror they
+shaking because I'm disturbing the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking because I'm disturbing the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking because I'm disturbing the setup
+but if I take my hand away The Fringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I take my hand away The Fringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I take my hand away The Fringe
+stability is restored so again I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is restored so again I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is restored so again I'm going
+to misalign the interferometer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to misalign the interferometer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to misalign the interferometer and you
+can see that I can vary the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that I can vary the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that I can vary the spacing
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+fringes which is due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes which is due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes which is due to the
+misalignment also you can see that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment also you can see that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment also you can see that if I
+can work hard enough I can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work hard enough I can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work hard enough I can make the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+dark by making the spacing between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark by making the spacing between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark by making the spacing between the
+fringes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes so
+large that here we are you can see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that here we are you can see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that here we are you can see very
+nicely how it's going in and out and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely how it's going in and out and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely how it's going in and out and I
+can press on the table to make the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can press on the table to make the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can press on the table to make the light
+go completely out and onto maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go completely out and onto maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go completely out and onto maximum value
+simply by leaning on the table this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by leaning on the table this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by leaning on the table this is
+means that the beams are practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the beams are practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the beams are practically
+superimposed almost exactly on on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed almost exactly on on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed almost exactly on on each
+other let me go again to back to where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other let me go again to back to where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other let me go again to back to where I
+was with the original alignment and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with the original alignment and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with the original alignment and show
+you another way of of altering the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another way of of altering the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another way of of altering the the
+path difference in this way I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path difference in this way I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path difference in this way I want to do
+it in a controlled way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a controlled way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a controlled way
+by mounting this mirror here if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mounting this mirror here if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mounting this mirror here if we can
+get a closeup at this mirror we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a closeup at this mirror we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a closeup at this mirror we can see
+that this mirror is mounted on a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this mirror is mounted on a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this mirror is mounted on a p
+Electric Crystal over here and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric Crystal over here and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric Crystal over here and when I
+apply a voltage to the p Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a voltage to the p Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a voltage to the p Electric
+Crystal I can make the length of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal I can make the length of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal I can make the length of it
+change which means that the this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which means that the this length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which means that the this length
+of this arm uh will change and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this arm uh will change and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this arm uh will change and then
+we'll see the fringes move so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the fringes move so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the fringes move so let's uh
+let's do it now I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it now I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it now I will
+connect my voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect my voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect my voltage
+source to the pi electric Crystal then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to the pi electric Crystal then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to the pi electric Crystal then
+I'll now if we can see the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll now if we can see the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll now if we can see the this the
+fringes you can see they're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes you can see they're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes you can see they're pretty
+stable and if I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the my voltage source you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my voltage source you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my voltage source you can see that
+the fringes go backwards and forwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fringes go backwards and forwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fringes go backwards and forwards
+because I'm applying a slowly varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm applying a slowly varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm applying a slowly varying
+sinusoidal voltage onto the p Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal voltage onto the p Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal voltage onto the p Electric
+Crystal which in turn is modulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal which in turn is modulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal which in turn is modulating the
+length of this the arm of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this the arm of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this the arm of this uh
+interferometer so summary we've seen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer so summary we've seen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer so summary we've seen how
+two beams of light interfere we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two beams of light interfere we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two beams of light interfere we looked
+at the interference pattern we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interference pattern we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interference pattern we looked at
+the contrast in the fringes we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast in the fringes we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contrast in the fringes we looked at
+the spacing between fringes due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between fringes due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between fringes due to
+misalignment and we also looked at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment and we also looked at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment and we also looked at how
+sensitive the setup is to very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive the setup is to very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive the setup is to very small
+pertubations of the order of wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertubations of the order of wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertubations of the order of wavelength
+of light to to the to the interferometer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JkGKLILLy0I.txt b/JkGKLILLy0I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0f1db4d47bf8f8b2b5b70da37ce72426363780d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JkGKLILLy0I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well last time Jerry really let the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well last time Jerry really let the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well last time Jerry really let the cat
+out of the bag he introduced the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bag he introduced the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bag he introduced the idea of
+assignment of assignment and state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of assignment and state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment of assignment and state and
+as we started to see the implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we started to see the implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we started to see the implications of
+introducing assignment and state into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing assignment and state into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing assignment and state into
+the language are absolutely frightening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language are absolutely frightening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language are absolutely frightening
+I mean first of all the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean first of all the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean first of all the substitution
+model of evaluation breaks down and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of evaluation breaks down and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of evaluation breaks down and we
+have to use this much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use this much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use this much more complicated
+environment model and this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment model and this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment model and this very
+mechanistic thing with diagrams even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic thing with diagrams even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic thing with diagrams even to
+say what statements in the programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what statements in the programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what statements in the programming
+language mean and that's not a mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language mean and that's not a mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language mean and that's not a mere
+technical point see it's not that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical point see it's not that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical point see it's not that we had
+this particular substitution model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular substitution model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular substitution model and
+well it doesn't quite work so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it doesn't quite work so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it doesn't quite work so we have to
+do something else it's that it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else it's that it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else it's that it's that
+nothing like the substitution model can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like the substitution model can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like the substitution model can
+work because suddenly suddenly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because suddenly suddenly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because suddenly suddenly a
+variable is not just something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is not just something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is not just something that
+stands to revalue right a variable now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands to revalue right a variable now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands to revalue right a variable now
+has to somehow specify a place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to somehow specify a place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to somehow specify a place that
+holds a value and the value that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds a value and the value that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds a value and the value that's in
+that place can change or for instance an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place can change or for instance an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place can change or for instance an
+expression like f of X might might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like f of X might might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like f of X might might have
+a side effect in it so if we say f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side effect in it so if we say f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side effect in it so if we say f of X
+and it has some value and then later we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some value and then later we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some value and then later we
+say f of X again we might get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f of X again we might get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f of X again we might get a
+different value depending on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value depending on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value depending on the order
+so suddenly we have to think not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suddenly we have to think not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suddenly we have to think not only
+about values but about time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about values but about time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about values but about time and then
+things like pairs are no longer just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like pairs are no longer just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like pairs are no longer just
+their cars and their critters appear now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cars and their critters appear now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cars and their critters appear now
+is is not quite its car and its critter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not quite its car and its critter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not quite its car and its critter
+it's it's rather its identity so a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's rather its identity so a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's rather its identity so a pair
+is has identity it's an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and two pairs that have the same car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two pairs that have the same car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two pairs that have the same car and
+cooter well might be the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooter well might be the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooter well might be the same or
+different because suddenly we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because suddenly we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because suddenly we have to
+worry about sharing so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about sharing so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about sharing so all of these
+things enter as soon as we introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things enter as soon as we introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things enter as soon as we introduce the
+assignment see this is a really far cry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment see this is a really far cry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment see this is a really far cry
+from where we started with substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where we started with substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where we started with substitution
+right it's it's a technically harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's a technically harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's a technically harder
+harder way of looking at things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder way of looking at things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder way of looking at things because
+we have to think and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think and more
+mechanistically about our programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistically about our programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistically about our programming
+language we can't just think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we can't just think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we can't just think about it as
+mathematics it's a it's Dilys awfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it's a it's Dilys awfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it's a it's Dilys awfully
+hard ER because suddenly they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard ER because suddenly they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard ER because suddenly they're all
+these funny issues about what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny issues about what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these funny issues about what does it
+mean that something changes or that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that something changes or that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that something changes or that two
+things are the same and then also its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the same and then also its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the same and then also its
+programming harder because as jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming harder because as jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming harder because as jerry
+showed last time there all these bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed last time there all these bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed last time there all these bugs
+having to do with with bad sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with with bad sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with with bad sequencing
+and aliasing that just just don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aliasing that just just don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and aliasing that just just don't exist
+in a language where we don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a language where we don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a language where we don't worry about
+objects well how do we get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects well how do we get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects well how do we get into this
+mess remember what we did the reason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess remember what we did the reason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess remember what we did the reason we
+got into this is because we were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into this is because we were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into this is because we were looking
+to build modular systems we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build modular systems we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build modular systems we wanted to
+build systems that that fall apart into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build systems that that fall apart into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build systems that that fall apart into
+chunks that seemed natural so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks that seemed natural so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks that seemed natural so for
+instance want to take a random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance want to take a random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance want to take a random number
+generator and package up the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and package up the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and package up the state of
+that random number generator inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random number generator inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random number generator inside of
+it so that we could separate the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that we could separate the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that we could separate the idea of
+picking random numbers from the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking random numbers from the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking random numbers from the general
+Monte Carlo strategy of estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo strategy of estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo strategy of estimating
+something and separate that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and separate that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and separate that from the
+particular way that you work with random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way that you work with random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way that you work with random
+numbers and that formula developed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and that formula developed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and that formula developed by
+Chi Azzaro for pi and similarly when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chi Azzaro for pi and similarly when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chi Azzaro for pi and similarly when we
+go off and construct some models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and construct some models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and construct some models of
+things if we go off and model a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if we go off and model a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if we go off and model a system
+that we see in the real world we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the real world we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the real world we'd like
+our program to break into natural pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our program to break into natural pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our program to break into natural pieces
+pieces that mirror the parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that mirror the parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that mirror the parts of the
+system that we see in the real world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we see in the real world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we see in the real world so
+for example if we look at a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we look at a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we look at a digital
+circuit we say gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit we say gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit we say gee
+there's a circuit and it has a piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a circuit and it has a piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a circuit and it has a piece and
+it has another piece and these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has another piece and these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has another piece and these different
+pieces sort of have identity they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces sort of have identity they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces sort of have identity they have
+state and the state sits on these wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the state sits on these wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the state sits on these wires
+and we think of this piece as an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of this piece as an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of this piece as an object
+that's different from that as an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different from that as an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different from that as an object
+and when we watch the system change we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we watch the system change we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we watch the system change we
+think about a signal coming in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a signal coming in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a signal coming in here and
+changing a state that might be here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a state that might be here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a state that might be here and
+going here and interacting with a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here and interacting with a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here and interacting with a state
+that might be stored there and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be stored there and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be stored there and so on and
+so on so what we'd like is we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so what we'd like is we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so what we'd like is we'd like to
+to build in the computer systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build in the computer systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build in the computer systems that
+fall into pieces that mirror your our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into pieces that mirror your our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into pieces that mirror your our
+view of reality of the way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of reality of the way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of reality of the way that the
+actual systems were modeling seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual systems were modeling seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual systems were modeling seem to
+fall into pieces well maybe the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into pieces well maybe the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into pieces well maybe the reason
+that that building systems like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that building systems like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that building systems like this
+seems to introduce such technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to introduce such technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to introduce such technical
+complications has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications has nothing to do with
+computers see maybe the real reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers see maybe the real reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers see maybe the real reason that
+we pay such a price to write programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pay such a price to write programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pay such a price to write programs
+that mirror our view of reality is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mirror our view of reality is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mirror our view of reality is that
+we have the wrong view of reality see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the wrong view of reality see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the wrong view of reality see
+maybe maybe time is just an illusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe time is just an illusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe time is just an illusion and
+nothing ever changes see for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing ever changes see for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing ever changes see for example if
+I take this chalk we say gee this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take this chalk we say gee this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take this chalk we say gee this is an
+object and it has a state right at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it has a state right at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and it has a state right at each
+moment it has a position and a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it has a position and a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it has a position and a velocity
+and if we do something that state can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do something that state can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do something that state can
+change but if you studied any relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but if you studied any relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but if you studied any relativity
+for instance you know that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance you know that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance you know that you don't
+think of the path of that chalk as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the path of that chalk as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the path of that chalk as
+something that goes on instant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that goes on instant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that goes on instant by
+instant it's more insightful to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant it's more insightful to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant it's more insightful to think of
+that whole chalks existence as a path in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole chalks existence as a path in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole chalks existence as a path in
+space-time that sort of all splayed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that sort of all splayed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time that sort of all splayed out
+but there are individual positions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are individual positions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are individual positions and
+velocities there's just it's it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities there's just it's it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities there's just it's it's sort
+of unchanging existence in space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unchanging existence in space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unchanging existence in space-time
+similarly if we look at this electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if we look at this electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if we look at this electrical
+system if we imagine this electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if we imagine this electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if we imagine this electrical
+system is implementing some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is implementing some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is implementing some sort of a
+signal processing system the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing system the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing system the signal
+processing engineer who put that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing engineer who put that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing engineer who put that thing
+together doesn't think of it as well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together doesn't think of it as well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together doesn't think of it as well at
+each instance there's a voltage coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each instance there's a voltage coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each instance there's a voltage coming
+in and that translates into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that translates into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that translates into something
+and that affects the state over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that affects the state over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that affects the state over here
+which changes to the state over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changes to the state over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changes to the state over here
+nobody putting together a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody putting together a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody putting together a signal
+processing system thinks about it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing system thinks about it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing system thinks about it like
+that instead you say there's this signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead you say there's this signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead you say there's this signal
+that's right if it's played out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right if it's played out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right if it's played out over
+time and if this is acting as a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and if this is acting as a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and if this is acting as a filter
+this whole thing transforms this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing transforms this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing transforms this whole
+thing is some sort of some sort of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is some sort of some sort of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is some sort of some sort of other
+output that you don't think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that you don't think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that you don't think of it as
+what's happening instant by instant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening instant by instant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening instant by instant is
+the state of these things and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of these things and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of these things and somehow
+you think of this box as as sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of this box as as sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of this box as as sort of a
+whole thing not as little pieces sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing not as little pieces sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing not as little pieces sending
+messages of state to each other a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages of state to each other a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages of state to each other a
+particular instance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well today we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well today we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well today we're going to look at
+another way to decompose systems that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to decompose systems that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to decompose systems that's
+more like the signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the signal processing
+engineers view of the world than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers view of the world than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers view of the world than it is
+like thinking about objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinking about objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thinking about objects that
+communicate sending messages okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate sending messages okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate sending messages okay that's
+called that's called stream processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to start by showing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to start by showing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to start by showing by
+showing how we can make our programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how we can make our programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how we can make our programs
+more uniform and see a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uniform and see a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uniform and see a lot more
+commonality if we if we throw out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality if we if we throw out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality if we if we throw out of
+these programs or what you might say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs or what you might say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs or what you might say is
+an inordinate concern with worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inordinate concern with worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inordinate concern with worrying
+about time all right well let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time all right well let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time all right well let me start
+by by comparing two procedures the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by comparing two procedures the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by comparing two procedures the first
+one sort of does this we imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of does this we imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of does this we imagine that
+there's a tree say there's a tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tree say there's a tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tree say there's a tree of
+integers it's a binary tree you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers it's a binary tree you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers it's a binary tree you'll see
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+said it looks like this and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it looks like this and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it looks like this and there's
+there's integers at each of the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's integers at each of the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's integers at each of the nodes
+and what we would like to compute is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we would like to compute is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we would like to compute is for
+each odd number sitting here we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each odd number sitting here we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each odd number sitting here we'd like
+to find the square and then sum up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the square and then sum up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the square and then sum up all
+those squares right well that's a should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those squares right well that's a should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those squares right well that's a should
+be a familiar kind of thing now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a familiar kind of thing now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a familiar kind of thing now there's
+a recursive strategy for doing it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursive strategy for doing it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursive strategy for doing it we
+look at each leaf and either it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at each leaf and either it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at each leaf and either it's going
+to contribute the square of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribute the square of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribute the square of the number
+if it's odd or zero if it's even and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's odd or zero if it's even and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's odd or zero if it's even and
+then recursively we can say at each tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recursively we can say at each tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recursively we can say at each tree
+the sum of all of them is the sum coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all of them is the sum coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all of them is the sum coming
+from the right branch and the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right branch and the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right branch and the left
+branch and recursively down through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and recursively down through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and recursively down through the
+nodes and that's a familiar way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that's a familiar way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that's a familiar way of
+thinking about programming let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about programming let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about programming let's let's
+actually look at that on the slide how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at that on the slide how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at that on the slide how
+do we say just sum the odd squares and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we say just sum the odd squares and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we say just sum the odd squares and a
+tree well there's a test either it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree well there's a test either it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree well there's a test either it's a
+leaf node I'm going to check to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf node I'm going to check to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf node I'm going to check to see if
+it's an integer and then either it's odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integer and then either it's odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integer and then either it's odd
+in which we take the square or else it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we take the square or else it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we take the square or else it's
+zero and then the sum of the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the sum of the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the sum of the whole thing
+is the sum coming from the left branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum coming from the left branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum coming from the left branch
+and the right branch okay well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right branch okay well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right branch okay well let me
+let me contrast that with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me contrast that with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me contrast that with a with a
+second problem I suppose I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second problem I suppose I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second problem I suppose I'll give you
+an integer n and then some function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer n and then some function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer n and then some function to
+compute of the first of each integer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute of the first of each integer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute of the first of each integer in
+one through n and then I want to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through n and then I want to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through n and then I want to collect
+together in a list all those function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a list all those function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a list all those function
+values that satisfy some property well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that satisfy some property well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that satisfy some property well
+it's a general kind of thing let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a general kind of thing let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a general kind of thing let's say
+to be specific let's imagine that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be specific let's imagine that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be specific let's imagine that for
+each integer K we're going to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each integer K we're going to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each integer K we're going to compute
+the K Fibonacci number and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Fibonacci number and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K Fibonacci number and then we'll
+see which of those are odd and assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which of those are odd and assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which of those are odd and assembled
+those into a list so here's a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those into a list so here's a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those into a list so here's a procedure
+that does that Northy find the odds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that Northy find the odds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that Northy find the odds to
+Bonacci numbers among the first and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonacci numbers among the first and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonacci numbers among the first and and
+here is a standard loop the way we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a standard loop the way we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a standard loop the way we've
+been writing it this is a recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been writing it this is a recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been writing it this is a recursion
+right it's a loop on K and says if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a loop on K and says if K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a loop on K and says if K is
+bigger than n it's the empty list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n it's the empty list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n it's the empty list
+otherwise we compute the case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we compute the case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we compute the case the
+Bonacci number call that F if it's odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonacci number call that F if it's odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonacci number call that F if it's odd
+we concert on to the list starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we concert on to the list starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we concert on to the list starting with
+the next one and otherwise we just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one and otherwise we just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one and otherwise we just take
+the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one
+and this is the standard way we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the standard way we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the standard way we've been
+riding iterative loops and we start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding iterative loops and we start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding iterative loops and we start off
+calling that loop with one okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that loop with one okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that loop with one okay so there
+are two procedures this procedures look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two procedures this procedures look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two procedures this procedures look
+very different they have very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different they have very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different they have very different
+structures yet from a certain point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures yet from a certain point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures yet from a certain point of
+view those procedures are really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view those procedures are really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view those procedures are really doing
+very much the same thing so if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the same thing so if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the same thing so if I was
+talking like a signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking like a signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking like a signal processing
+engineer what I might say is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer what I might say is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer what I might say is that it's
+the first procedure this first procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first procedure this first procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first procedure this first procedure
+enumerates the leaves of a tree and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerates the leaves of a tree and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerates the leaves of a tree and then
+we can think of a of a signal coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of a of a signal coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of a of a signal coming out
+of that which is all the leaves will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which is all the leaves will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which is all the leaves will
+filter them to see which ones are odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter them to see which ones are odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter them to see which ones are odd
+put them through some kind of filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them through some kind of filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them through some kind of filter
+well then put them through a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then put them through a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then put them through a kind of a
+transducer maybe for each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducer maybe for each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducer maybe for each one of those
+things we'll take the square and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll take the square and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll take the square and then
+we'll accumulate all those will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll accumulate all those will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll accumulate all those will
+accumulate them by sticking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate them by sticking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate them by sticking them
+together with addition starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with addition starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with addition starting from
+zero that's the first program the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the first program the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the first program the second
+program I can describe in a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I can describe in a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I can describe in a very very
+similar way I'll say will enumerate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way I'll say will enumerate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way I'll say will enumerate the
+numbers on this interval so the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on this interval so the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on this interval so the interval
+1 through am well for each one compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 through am well for each one compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 through am well for each one compute
+the Fibonacci number put them through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci number put them through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci number put them through a
+transducer will then take the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducer will then take the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducer will then take the result of
+that and will filter it for oddness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and will filter it for oddness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and will filter it for oddness and
+then we'll take those and put them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll take those and put them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll take those and put them into
+an accumulator this time we'll build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accumulator this time we'll build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accumulator this time we'll build up
+a list so we'll accumulate with cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list so we'll accumulate with cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list so we'll accumulate with cons
+starting from the empty list ok so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the empty list ok so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the empty list ok so this
+way of looking at the program makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at the program makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at the program makes the
+two seem very very similar the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seem very very similar the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seem very very similar the problem
+is that that commonality is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that commonality is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that commonality is completely
+obscured when we look at the procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscured when we look at the procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscured when we look at the procedures
+we wrote let's go back and look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote let's go back and look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote let's go back and look at some
+odd squares again and say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd squares again and say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd squares again and say things like
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the enumerator but where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enumerator but where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enumerator but where's the
+enumerator in this program well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator in this program well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator in this program well it's not
+in one place right it's a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place right it's a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place right it's a little bit in
+this leaf node test just going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leaf node test just going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leaf node test just going to stop
+it's a little bit in the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit in the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit in the recursive
+structure of the thing itself where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the thing itself where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the thing itself where's
+the accumulator the accumulator isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accumulator the accumulator isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accumulator the accumulator isn't
+one place either it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place either it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place either it's it's sort of
+partly in this 0 right and partly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly in this 0 right and partly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly in this 0 right and partly in
+this plus but it's not there as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus but it's not there as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus but it's not there as a as a
+thing that we can look at similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we can look at similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we can look at similarly if
+we look at a Todd's dibs that's also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a Todd's dibs that's also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at a Todd's dibs that's also in
+some sense in the numerator and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense in the numerator and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense in the numerator and an
+accumulator but it looks very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator but it looks very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator but it looks very different
+because partly the enumerator is here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partly the enumerator is here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partly the enumerator is here in
+this greater than sign in the test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this greater than sign in the test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this greater than sign in the test and
+partly it's in this whole recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly it's in this whole recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly it's in this whole recursive
+structure in the loop and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the loop and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the loop and the way that
+we call it and then similarly that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it and then similarly that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it and then similarly that's
+also mixed up in there with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mixed up in there with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mixed up in there with the
+accumulator which is partly over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator which is partly over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator which is partly over there
+and partly over there so these very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly over there so these very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly over there so these very very
+natural pieces that these very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural pieces that these very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural pieces that these very natural
+boxes here don't appear in our programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes here don't appear in our programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes here don't appear in our programs
+because they're kind of mixed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're kind of mixed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're kind of mixed up the
+programs don't chop things up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs don't chop things up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs don't chop things up in the
+right way see we don't have going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way see we don't have going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way see we don't have going back
+to this fundamental principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this fundamental principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this fundamental principle of
+computer science that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that in order to
+control something you need the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control something you need the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control something you need the name of
+it we don't really have control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we don't really have control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we don't really have control over
+thinking about things this way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things this way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things this way because
+we don't don't have our hands in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't don't have our hands in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't don't have our hands in them
+explicitly we don't have a good language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly we don't have a good language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly we don't have a good language
+for talking about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking about them
+well let's invent an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's invent an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's invent an appropriate
+language which we can build these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which we can build these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which we can build these pieces
+the key to the language is to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to the language is to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to the language is to say is
+these guys is what is the these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys is what is the these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys is what is the these things
+like called signals what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like called signals what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like called signals what are these
+things that are flowing on the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are flowing on the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are flowing on the arrows
+between the boxes okay well those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the boxes okay well those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the boxes okay well those things
+are going to be data structures called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be data structures called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be data structures called
+streams that's going to be the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams that's going to be the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams that's going to be the key to
+inventing this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing this language
+what's the stream while the stream is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the stream while the stream is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the stream while the stream is
+making anything else a data abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making anything else a data abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making anything else a data abstraction
+so I should tell you what what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should tell you what what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should tell you what what its
+selectors and constructors are the offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors and constructors are the offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors and constructors are the offer
+stream we're gonna have one constructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we're gonna have one constructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we're gonna have one constructor
+that's called Kahn stream con stream is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called Kahn stream con stream is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called Kahn stream con stream is
+going to put two things together to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put two things together to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put two things together to form
+a thing called a stream and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing called a stream and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing called a stream and then to
+extract things from the stream we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract things from the stream we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract things from the stream we're
+going to have a selector called the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a selector called the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a selector called the head
+of the stream so if I have a stream I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream so if I have a stream I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream so if I have a stream I
+can take its head or I can take its tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take its head or I can take its tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take its head or I can take its tail
+and remember I have to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember I have to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember I have to tell you
+George's contract here tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's contract here tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's contract here tell you what the
+what the axioms are that relate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the axioms are that relate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the axioms are that relate these
+and it's going to be for for any x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i form the Kahn stream and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i form the Kahn stream and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i form the Kahn stream and take the
+head the head of Kahn stream X&Y it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head the head of Kahn stream X&Y it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head the head of Kahn stream X&Y it's
+going to be X and the tail of Kahn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be X and the tail of Kahn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be X and the tail of Kahn
+stream of the X and Y is going to be Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of the X and Y is going to be Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of the X and Y is going to be Y
+so those are the constructor two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the constructor two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the constructor two
+selectors for streams and an axiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors for streams and an axiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectors for streams and an axiom
+there's something fishy here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something fishy here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something fishy here so you
+might notice that these are exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might notice that these are exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might notice that these are exactly the
+axioms for Kant's current critter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms for Kant's current critter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms for Kant's current critter
+see if I said instead of writing Kahn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I said instead of writing Kahn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I said instead of writing Kahn
+stream I wrote Kant's and I said head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream I wrote Kant's and I said head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream I wrote Kant's and I said head
+was the car and TL was the cooter those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the car and TL was the cooter those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the car and TL was the cooter those
+are exactly the axioms for pairs and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the axioms for pairs and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly the axioms for pairs and in
+fact there's another thing here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's another thing here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's another thing here we're
+going to have a thing called the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a thing called the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a thing called the empty
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like the empty list so why am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the empty list so why am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the empty list so why am i
+introducing this terminology why don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this terminology why don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this terminology why don't I
+just keep talking about pairs and lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep talking about pairs and lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep talking about pairs and lists
+well we'll see for now if you like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll see for now if you like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll see for now if you like why
+don't you just pretend that streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you just pretend that streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you just pretend that streams
+really are just a terminology for lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are just a terminology for lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are just a terminology for lists
+and we'll see in a little while why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see in a little while why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see in a little while why why
+we want to keep this extra abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to keep this extra abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to keep this extra abstraction
+layer and not just call them lists okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and not just call them lists okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and not just call them lists okay
+now that we have streams we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have streams we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have streams we can start
+constructing the pieces of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the pieces of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the pieces of the language
+to operate on streams and there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate on streams and there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to operate on streams and there are a
+whole bunch of very useful things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of very useful things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of very useful things that
+we could we could start making for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could start making for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could start making for
+instance we'll make our map box right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we'll make our map box right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we'll make our map box right to
+take a stream s and procedure and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a stream s and procedure and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a stream s and procedure and to
+generate a new stream which has as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a new stream which has as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a new stream which has as its
+elements the procedure applied to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the procedure applied to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the procedure applied to all
+these successive elements at s in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these successive elements at s in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these successive elements at s in fact
+we've seen this before this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this before this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this before this is the
+procedure map that we did with lists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure map that we did with lists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure map that we did with lists and
+you see it's exactly map except we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's exactly map except we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's exactly map except we're
+testing for empty stream well I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for empty stream well I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing for empty stream well I forgot
+to mention that empty stream is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention that empty stream is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention that empty stream is like the
+null test so if it's empty we generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null test so if it's empty we generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null test so if it's empty we generate
+the empty stream otherwise we form a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty stream otherwise we form a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empty stream otherwise we form a new
+stream whose first element is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream whose first element is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream whose first element is the
+procedure applied to the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure applied to the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure applied to the head of the
+stream and whose rest is gotten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and whose rest is gotten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and whose rest is gotten by
+mapping along with the procedure down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping along with the procedure down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping along with the procedure down
+the tail of the stream so that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the stream so that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the stream so that looks
+exactly like the map procedure we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the map procedure we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the map procedure we looked
+at before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at before
+here's another useful thing filter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another useful thing filter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another useful thing filter this
+is our filter box we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our filter box we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our filter box we're going to have a
+predicate and a stream we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate and a stream we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate and a stream we're going to
+make a new stream that consists of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new stream that consists of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new stream that consists of all
+the elements of the original one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of the original one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of the original one that
+satisfy the predicate let's case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the predicate let's case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the predicate let's case
+analysis if there's nothing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis if there's nothing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis if there's nothing in the
+stream we return the empty stream we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we return the empty stream we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream we return the empty stream we
+test the predicate on the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the predicate on the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the predicate on the head of the
+stream and if it's true we add the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and if it's true we add the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and if it's true we add the head
+of the stream onto the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream onto the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream onto the result of
+filtering the tail of the stream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering the tail of the stream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering the tail of the stream and
+otherwise if that predicate was false we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if that predicate was false we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if that predicate was false we
+just filtered the tail of the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just filtered the tail of the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just filtered the tail of the stream
+right so they're still Terr we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're still Terr we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're still Terr we went
+through a couple of more rather quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a couple of more rather quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a couple of more rather quickly
+they're all they're all in the book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all they're all in the book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all they're all in the book and
+you can look at them let me just flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at them let me just flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at them let me just flash
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+here's accumulate accumulate takes a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's accumulate accumulate takes a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's accumulate accumulate takes a way
+of combining things and an initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combining things and an initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combining things and an initial value
+in a stream and sticks them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stream and sticks them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stream and sticks them all together
+if the streams empty it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the streams empty it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the streams empty it's just the
+initial value otherwise we combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value otherwise we combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value otherwise we combine the
+head of the stream with the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the stream with the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the stream with the result of
+accumulating the tail of the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating the tail of the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating the tail of the stream
+starting from the initial value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the initial value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the initial value so
+that's what I used to add up everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I used to add up everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I used to add up everything
+in the stream I'd accumulate with plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stream I'd accumulate with plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stream I'd accumulate with plus
+how would I enumerate the leaves of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I enumerate the leaves of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I enumerate the leaves of the
+tree well if the tree is just a leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree well if the tree is just a leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree well if the tree is just a leaf
+itself I make something which only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I make something which only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I make something which only has
+that node in it otherwise I append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node in it otherwise I append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node in it otherwise I append
+together the stuff of accumulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the stuff of accumulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the stuff of accumulating the
+left branch of enumerate ileft branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left branch of enumerate ileft branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left branch of enumerate ileft branch
+and the right branch and then a pan here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right branch and then a pan here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right branch and then a pan here
+is like the ordinary append on lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can look at that that's analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at that that's analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at that that's analogous to
+the the ordinary procedure on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ordinary procedure on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ordinary procedure on for
+appending to lists how would I enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending to lists how would I enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending to lists how would I enumerate
+an interval this will take two integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval this will take two integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval this will take two integers
+low and high and generate a stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high and generate a stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high and generate a stream of
+the integers going from low to high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers going from low to high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers going from low to high and
+we can make a whole bunch of pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make a whole bunch of pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make a whole bunch of pieces
+it's--there's so that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's--there's so that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's--there's so that's a little
+language of talking about streams once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of talking about streams once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of talking about streams once
+we have streams we can build things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have streams we can build things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have streams we can build things for
+manipulating them again we're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating them again we're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating them again we're making a
+language and now we can start expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and now we can start expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and now we can start expressing
+things in this language here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this language here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this language here's our
+original procedure for summing the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original procedure for summing the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original procedure for summing the odd
+squares in a tree and you'll notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares in a tree and you'll notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares in a tree and you'll notice it
+looks exactly now like the block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly now like the block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly now like the block diagram
+like the signal processing block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the signal processing block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the signal processing block diagram
+so to sum the odd squares in a tree we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to sum the odd squares in a tree we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to sum the odd squares in a tree we
+enumerate the leaves of the tree we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate the leaves of the tree we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate the leaves of the tree we
+filter that for oddness we map that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that for oddness we map that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that for oddness we map that for
+squareness and we accumulate the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squareness and we accumulate the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squareness and we accumulate the result
+of that using addition starting from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that using addition starting from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that using addition starting from 0
+so we can see the pieces that we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see the pieces that we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see the pieces that we wanted
+similarly the fibonacci 1 alright how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the fibonacci 1 alright how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the fibonacci 1 alright how do
+we get the odd fibs well we enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the odd fibs well we enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the odd fibs well we enumerate
+the interval from 1 to M we map along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 1 to M we map along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from 1 to M we map along
+that computing the Fibonacci of each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computing the Fibonacci of each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computing the Fibonacci of each one
+we filter the result of those 4 oddness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we filter the result of those 4 oddness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we filter the result of those 4 oddness
+and we accumulate all of that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we accumulate all of that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we accumulate all of that stuff
+using Kant's starting from the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Kant's starting from the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Kant's starting from the empty
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's the advantage of this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the advantage of this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the advantage of this well
+for one thing we now have pieces that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing we now have pieces that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing we now have pieces that we
+can start mixing and matching so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start mixing and matching so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start mixing and matching so for
+instance if I wanted to change this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if I wanted to change this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if I wanted to change this if I
+wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to
+Oh compute the squares of the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh compute the squares of the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh compute the squares of the integers
+and then filter them all I need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then filter them all I need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then filter them all I need to do is
+pick up a standard piece like this a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a standard piece like this a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a standard piece like this a map
+square and put it in or if we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and put it in or if we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and put it in or if we wanted to
+do this whole finish computation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this whole finish computation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this whole finish computation on the
+leaves of a tree rather than a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of a tree rather than a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of a tree rather than a sequence
+all I need to do is replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do is replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do is replace this
+enumerator with that one see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator with that one see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator with that one see the
+advantage of this stream processing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this stream processing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this stream processing is
+that we're establishing this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're establishing this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're establishing this is one of
+the big themes of the course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big themes of the course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big themes of the course we're
+establishing conventional interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conventional interfaces that allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional interfaces that allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional interfaces that allow us to
+glue things together yeah things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glue things together yeah things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glue things together yeah things like
+map and filter or sort of a standard set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and filter or sort of a standard set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and filter or sort of a standard set
+of components that we can start using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components that we can start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components that we can start using
+for pasting together programs and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pasting together programs and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pasting together programs and all
+sorts of ways it allows us to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of ways it allows us to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of ways it allows us to see the
+the commonality of programs I just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commonality of programs I just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commonality of programs I just sort
+of mentioned I've only showed you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mentioned I've only showed you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mentioned I've only showed you two
+procedures but let me emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures but let me emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures but let me emphasize that
+this way of putting things together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of putting things together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of putting things together with
+maps filters and accumulators is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps filters and accumulators is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps filters and accumulators is very
+very general it's sort of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general it's sort of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general it's sort of the the the
+generate and test kind of paradigm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and test kind of paradigm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and test kind of paradigm for
+programs and as an example of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and as an example of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and as an example of that uh
+richard waters because at MIT when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard waters because at MIT when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard waters because at MIT when he
+was a graduate student as part of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a graduate student as part of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a graduate student as part of his
+thesis research when an analyzed a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis research when an analyzed a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis research when an analyzed a large
+chunk of the IBM scientific subroutine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of the IBM scientific subroutine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of the IBM scientific subroutine
+leveraged library and discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged library and discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged library and discovered that
+about 60% of the programs in it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60% of the programs in it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 60% of the programs in it could be
+expressed exactly in in terms using no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed exactly in in terms using no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed exactly in in terms using no
+more than what we put here map filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what we put here map filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what we put here map filter
+and accumulate all right let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accumulate all right let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accumulate all right let's take a
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah seems like the essence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah seems like the essence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah seems like the essence of this
+whole thing it's just that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing it's just that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing it's just that you have a
+very uniform simple data structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uniform simple data structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uniform simple data structure to
+work with the strand right the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the strand right the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the strand right the essence
+is that you again it's this the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you again it's this the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you again it's this the sense of
+conventional interfaces so you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional interfaces so you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional interfaces so you can start
+putting a lot of things together and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a lot of things together and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a lot of things together and and
+the stream is the sort of you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream is the sort of you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream is the sort of you say the
+uniform data structure that supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform data structure that supports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform data structure that supports
+that this is very much like APL by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is very much like APL by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is very much like APL by the
+way APL is very much the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way APL is very much the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way APL is very much the same idea
+except in APL instead of the stream you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in APL instead of the stream you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in APL instead of the stream you
+have arrays and vectors and a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrays and vectors and a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrays and vectors and a lot of the
+power of the APL is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the APL is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the APL is exactly the same
+reason of the power of this okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason of the power of this okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason of the power of this okay but
+thank you let's take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you let's take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you let's take a break
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we've been looking at at ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we've been looking at at ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we've been looking at at ways
+of organizing computations using streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organizing computations using streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of organizing computations using streams
+what I want to do now is just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is just show you
+two more somewhat somewhat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more somewhat somewhat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more somewhat somewhat more
+complicated examples of that let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated examples of that let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated examples of that let's start
+by by thinking about about the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by thinking about about the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by thinking about about the following
+no kind of utility procedure that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no kind of utility procedure that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no kind of utility procedure that will
+come in and useful suppose I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and useful suppose I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and useful suppose I've got a
+stream and the elements of this stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and the elements of this stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and the elements of this stream
+are themselves streams so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are themselves streams so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are themselves streams so the first
+thing might be one two three so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing might be one two three so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing might be one two three so I've got
+a stream and each element of the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream and each element of the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream and each element of the stream
+is itself a stream and what I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself a stream and what I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself a stream and what I'd like to
+do is build a stream that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is build a stream that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is build a stream that sort of
+collects together all of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects together all of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects together all of the elements
+pulls all the elements out of these sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls all the elements out of these sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls all the elements out of these sub
+streams and strings them all together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and strings them all together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and strings them all together in
+one thing so just to show you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing so just to show you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing so just to show you the the
+use of this language how easy it is call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of this language how easy it is call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of this language how easy it is call
+that flatten and I can define to flatten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to flatten which you call the stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flatten which you call the stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flatten which you call the stream of
+streams well what is that that's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams well what is that that's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams well what is that that's just an
+accumulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation
+I want to accumulate I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to accumulate I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to accumulate I want to
+accumulate using a pin by successively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate using a pin by successively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate using a pin by successively
+appending so I accumulate using a pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending so I accumulate using a pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending so I accumulate using a pin
+streams starting with the empty stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damn that stream of streams okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn that stream of streams okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn that stream of streams okay
+so there's an example of how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an example of how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an example of how you can
+start using these higher-order things do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using these higher-order things do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using these higher-order things do
+some interesting operations in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting operations in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting operations in fact
+there's another there's another useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another there's another useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another there's another useful
+thing that I want to do I want to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to do I want to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to do I want to define
+a procedure called flat map flatmap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure called flat map flatmap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure called flat map flatmap of
+some function and a stream and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function and a stream and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function and a stream and what this
+is going to do is F F will be a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to do is F F will be a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to do is F F will be a stream
+of elements F is going to be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements F is going to be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements F is going to be a function
+that for each element in the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each element in the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each element in the stream
+produces another stream and what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces another stream and what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces another stream and what I want
+to do is take all of the elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is take all of the elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is take all of the elements and
+all of the streams and combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the streams and combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the streams and combine them
+together so that's just going to be B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that's just going to be B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that's just going to be B
+flatten Oh map Afghan yes each time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten Oh map Afghan yes each time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten Oh map Afghan yes each time I
+apply F to an element of des I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply F to an element of des I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply F to an element of des I get a
+stream if I map it all the way down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream if I map it all the way down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream if I map it all the way down I
+get a stream of streams and I'll flatten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a stream of streams and I'll flatten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a stream of streams and I'll flatten
+that well I want to use that to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I want to use that to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I want to use that to show you
+a a new way to do a familiar kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a new way to do a familiar kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a new way to do a familiar kind of
+problem the problems going to be this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problems going to be this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problems going to be this is
+like a lot of problems you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of problems you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of problems you've seen
+although maybe not this particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although maybe not this particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although maybe not this particular one
+I'm gonna give you an integer an and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give you an integer an and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna give you an integer an and the
+problem is going to be find all pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see all pairs of integers I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all pairs of integers I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all pairs of integers I and J
+between 0 and I with J less than I J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and I with J less than I J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and I with J less than I J
+less than I up to n such that such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than I up to n such that such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than I up to n such that such that
+I plus J is prime so for example if N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus J is prime so for example if N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus J is prime so for example if N
+equals 6 let's make a little table here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 6 let's make a little table here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 6 let's make a little table here
+I and J and I plus J so for say I equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J and I plus J so for say I equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J and I plus J so for say I equals
+2 and J equals 1 I get 3 and for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and J equals 1 I get 3 and for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and J equals 1 I get 3 and for I
+equals 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3
+I'd have J equals 2 and that would be 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have J equals 2 and that would be 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have J equals 2 and that would be 5
++ 4 + 1 would be 5 and so on up until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4 + 1 would be 5 and so on up until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4 + 1 would be 5 and so on up until I
+goes to 6 and what I'd like to return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 6 and what I'd like to return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 6 and what I'd like to return is
+to produce a stream of all the triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a stream of all the triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a stream of all the triples
+like this let's say I I J and I plus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this let's say I I J and I plus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this let's say I I J and I plus J
+so for each end I want to generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each end I want to generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each end I want to generate this
+stream ok well that's easy let's build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream ok well that's easy let's build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream ok well that's easy let's build
+it up I'm going to start like this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up I'm going to start like this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up I'm going to start like this we're
+gonna say for each eye for each eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say for each eye for each eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say for each eye for each eye
+we're gonna generate a stream for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna generate a stream for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna generate a stream for each
+eye in the interval 1 through and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye in the interval 1 through and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye in the interval 1 through and we're
+going to generate a stream what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate a stream what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate a stream what's that
+stream going to be we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream going to be we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream going to be we're going to start
+by generating all the pairs so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by generating all the pairs so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by generating all the pairs so for each
+eye we're going to generate for each J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye we're going to generate for each J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye we're going to generate for each J
+for each J in the interval 1 to I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each J in the interval 1 to I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each J in the interval 1 to I minus
+1 will generate the pair or the the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 will generate the pair or the the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 will generate the pair or the the list
+with two elements I and J alright so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two elements I and J alright so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two elements I and J alright so we
+nap along the interval generating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nap along the interval generating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nap along the interval generating the
+pairs for each eye that generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs for each eye that generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs for each eye that generates a
+stream of pairs and we flatmap it now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of pairs and we flatmap it now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of pairs and we flatmap it now we
+have all the pairs I and J such that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the pairs I and J such that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the pairs I and J such that I
+is less than J so that builds that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than J so that builds that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than J so that builds that now
+got to test them well we take that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to test them well we take that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to test them well we take that thing
+we just built flat map and we filter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just built flat map and we filter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just built flat map and we filter it
+to see whether the I see we had an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether the I see we had an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether the I see we had an eye
+in a J why was the first thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a J why was the first thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a J why was the first thing in the
+list J was the second thing in the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list J was the second thing in the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list J was the second thing in the list
+so we have a predicate which says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a predicate which says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a predicate which says in
+that list of two elements is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list of two elements is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list of two elements is the sum of
+the car in the critter Prime and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car in the critter Prime and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car in the critter Prime and we
+filter that collection appears we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that collection appears we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that collection appears we just
+built so those are the pairs we want now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so those are the pairs we want now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so those are the pairs we want now
+we go ahead and we map we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go ahead and we map we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go ahead and we map we take the
+result of that filter and we map along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that filter and we map along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that filter and we map along
+it generating the list I and J and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generating the list I and J and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generating the list I and J and I
+plus J and that's our procedure Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus J and that's our procedure Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus J and that's our procedure Prime
+some pairs okay and then just to flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pairs okay and then just to flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pairs okay and then just to flash
+it up here's the whole procedure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here's the whole procedure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here's the whole procedure okay
+nap a filter a flat map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright there's the whole thing even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright there's the whole thing even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright there's the whole thing even
+though this isn't particularly readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this isn't particularly readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this isn't particularly readable
+it's just expanding that flatmap alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just expanding that flatmap alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just expanding that flatmap alright
+so there's an example which illustrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an example which illustrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an example which illustrates
+the general point that nested loops in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general point that nested loops in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general point that nested loops in
+this procedure start looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure start looking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure start looking like
+compositions of flat maps of flat maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions of flat maps of flat maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions of flat maps of flat maps
+of flat maps of maps and things alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flat maps of maps and things alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flat maps of maps and things alright
+so not only can we sort of enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only can we sort of enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only can we sort of enumerate
+individual things but by using flat maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual things but by using flat maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual things but by using flat maps
+we can do what would correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do what would correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do what would correspond to
+nested loops and most other languages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested loops and most other languages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested loops and most other languages of
+course it's pretty awful to keep writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's pretty awful to keep writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's pretty awful to keep writing
+these flat maps of flat maps of flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flat maps of flat maps of flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flat maps of flat maps of flat
+maps prime some pairs you saw was fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps prime some pairs you saw was fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps prime some pairs you saw was fairly
+sort of looked fairly complicated even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looked fairly complicated even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of looked fairly complicated even
+though the individual pieces were easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the individual pieces were easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the individual pieces were easy
+so what you can do if you like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do if you like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do if you like is
+introduce some syntactic sugar that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some syntactic sugar that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some syntactic sugar that's
+called collect and collect is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called collect and collect is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called collect and collect is just an
+abbreviation for that nest of flat map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation for that nest of flat map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation for that nest of flat map
+some filters arranged in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some filters arranged in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some filters arranged in that particular
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+here's prime some pairs again written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's prime some pairs again written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's prime some pairs again written
+using collect it says to find all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using collect it says to find all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using collect it says to find all those
+pairs I'm going to collect together a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs I'm going to collect together a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs I'm going to collect together a
+result which is the list I J and I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which is the list I J and I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result which is the list I J and I plus
+J that's going to be generated as I runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J that's going to be generated as I runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J that's going to be generated as I runs
+through the interval from 1 to N and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the interval from 1 to N and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the interval from 1 to N and as
+J runs through the interval from 1 to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J runs through the interval from 1 to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J runs through the interval from 1 to I
+minus 1 such that I plus J is prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 such that I plus J is prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 such that I plus J is prime so
+I'm not going to say what collect does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to say what collect does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to say what collect does
+in general you can look at that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you can look at that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general you can look at that by
+looking at it in the book but pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it in the book but pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it in the book but pretty
+much you can see that the pieces of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you can see that the pieces of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you can see that the pieces of this
+are the pieces of that original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pieces of that original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pieces of that original
+procedure I wrote and this collect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure I wrote and this collect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure I wrote and this collect is
+just sum is just syntactic sugar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum is just syntactic sugar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum is just syntactic sugar for
+automatically generating that nest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically generating that nest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically generating that nest of
+flat maps and flat maps okay well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat maps and flat maps okay well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat maps and flat maps okay well let me
+do one more example it shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one more example it shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one more example it shows you the
+same kind of thing here's a very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing here's a very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing here's a very famous
+problem that's used to illustrate a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's used to illustrate a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's used to illustrate a lot
+of so-called backtracking computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so-called backtracking computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so-called backtracking computer
+algorithms this is the 8 Queens problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this is the 8 Queens problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this is the 8 Queens problem
+this is a chessboard and the 8 Queens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a chessboard and the 8 Queens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a chessboard and the 8 Queens
+problem says find a way to put down 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says find a way to put down 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says find a way to put down 8
+Queens on a chessboard so that no two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens on a chessboard so that no two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens on a chessboard so that no two
+are attacking each other and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are attacking each other and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are attacking each other and this is
+here's a particular solution to the 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a particular solution to the 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a particular solution to the 8
+Queens problem right so I can't have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens problem right so I can't have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens problem right so I can't have I
+have to make sure to put down Queens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure to put down Queens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure to put down Queens so
+that no two are in the same row or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no two are in the same row or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no two are in the same row or the
+same column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same column
+or sit along the same diagonal yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sit along the same diagonal yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sit along the same diagonal yeah
+what's a there's sort of a standard way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a there's sort of a standard way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a there's sort of a standard way
+of doing that well first what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing that well first what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing that well first what we need to
+do is sort of below the surface at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is sort of below the surface at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is sort of below the surface at
+George's level we have to find some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's level we have to find some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's level we have to find some way
+to represent a board represent positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a board represent positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a board represent positions
+and will not worry about that but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will not worry about that but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will not worry about that but let's
+assume that there's a predicate called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that there's a predicate called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that there's a predicate called
+safe and what's safe is going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and what's safe is going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and what's safe is going to do is
+going to say given that I have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say given that I have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say given that I have a bunch
+of Queens down on the chess board is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Queens down on the chess board is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Queens down on the chess board is it
+okay to put a queen in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to put a queen in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to put a queen in this particular
+spot so safe is going to take a row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so safe is going to take a row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so safe is going to take a row and
+a column that's going to be a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column that's going to be a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column that's going to be a place
+where I'm going to try and put down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to try and put down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to try and put down the
+next queen and the sort of rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next queen and the sort of rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next queen and the sort of rest of
+positions and what's safe we'll say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and what's safe we'll say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and what's safe we'll say is
+given that I already have Queens down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that I already have Queens down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that I already have Queens down in
+these positions is it safe to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these positions is it safe to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these positions is it safe to put
+another Queen down in that row and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Queen down in that row and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Queen down in that row and that
+column let's not worry about that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column let's not worry about that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column let's not worry about that that's
+sort of George's problem and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of George's problem and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of George's problem and it's not
+hard to write you just have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to write you just have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to write you just have to check
+whether whether this thing contains any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether this thing contains any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether this thing contains any
+things on that row or that column or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on that row or that column or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on that row or that column or in
+that diagonal okay now how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonal okay now how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonal okay now how would you
+organize the probe the program given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the probe the program given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the probe the program given
+that and there's sort of a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's sort of a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's sort of a traditional
+way to organize it called backtracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to organize it called backtracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to organize it called backtracking
+and it says well let's start off let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says well let's start off let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says well let's start off let's
+think about all the ways of putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the ways of putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the ways of putting the
+first Queen down in the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Queen down in the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Queen down in the first column
+there 8 ways well let's say well try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 8 ways well let's say well try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 8 ways well let's say well try the
+first column try column 1 Row 1 these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column try column 1 Row 1 these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column try column 1 Row 1 these
+branches are going to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches are going to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches are going to represent the
+possibilities at each level so I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities at each level so I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities at each level so I'll try
+and put a queen down in the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put a queen down in the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put a queen down in the first column
+and now given that it's in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now given that it's in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now given that it's in the first
+column I'll try and put the next Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I'll try and put the next Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column I'll try and put the next Queen
+down in the first column well that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the first column well that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the first column well that's no
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+they're both and if I put the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both and if I put the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both and if I put the first
+Queen the one in the first column down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen the one in the first column down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen the one in the first column down
+in the first row I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first row I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first row I'm sorry
+and then given that we'll put the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then given that we'll put the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then given that we'll put the next
+Queen down in the first row and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen down in the first row and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen down in the first row and that's
+no good so I'll back up to here and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good so I'll back up to here and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good so I'll back up to here and I'll
+say oh can I put the first Queen down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh can I put the first Queen down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh can I put the first Queen down in
+the second row oh that's no good what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row oh that's no good what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row oh that's no good what
+can I put it on the third row well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I put it on the third row well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I put it on the third row well
+that's good well now can I put the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good well now can I put the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good well now can I put the next
+Queen down in the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen down in the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen down in the first column
+well I can't visualize this chessboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can't visualize this chessboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can't visualize this chessboard
+anymore but I think that's right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but I think that's right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but I think that's right and I
+try the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try the next one
+and in each place I like go down as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each place I like go down as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each place I like go down as far
+down this tree as I can and I back up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this tree as I can and I back up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this tree as I can and I back up if
+I get down to here and find no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get down to here and find no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get down to here and find no
+possibilities below there I back all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities below there I back all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities below there I back all the
+way up to here and now start again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to here and now start again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to here and now start again
+generating this subtree and I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating this subtree and I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating this subtree and I sort of
+walk around and finally if I ever manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around and finally if I ever manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around and finally if I ever manage
+to get all the way down I found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all the way down I found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all the way down I found a
+solution that's oh that's a typical sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's oh that's a typical sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's oh that's a typical sort
+of a paradigm that's used a lot and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a paradigm that's used a lot and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a paradigm that's used a lot and when
+AI programming it's called backtracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI programming it's called backtracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI programming it's called backtracking
+search and it's really unnecessary you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and it's really unnecessary you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and it's really unnecessary you
+saw me get confused while I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw me get confused while I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw me get confused while I was
+visualizing this thing you sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing this thing you sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing this thing you sort of see
+the complication this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complication this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complication this is sort of a
+complicated thing to say why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing to say why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing to say why is it
+complicated it's because somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's because somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's because somehow this
+program is too inordinately concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is too inordinately concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is too inordinately concerned
+with time it's too much I tried this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time it's too much I tried this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time it's too much I tried this one
+and I tried this one and I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried this one and I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried this one and I go back to
+the last possibility and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last possibility and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last possibility and that's sort of
+a complicated thing if I stop worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated thing if I stop worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated thing if I stop worrying
+about time so much then there's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time so much then there's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time so much then there's a much
+simpler way to describe this it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way to describe this it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way to describe this it says
+let's imagine that I I have in my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that I I have in my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that I I have in my hands
+the tree down to Cape K minus-1 levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree down to Cape K minus-1 levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree down to Cape K minus-1 levels
+see suppose I had in my hands all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see suppose I had in my hands all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see suppose I had in my hands all
+possible ways to solve to put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to solve to put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to solve to put down
+Queens in the first K columns suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens in the first K columns suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens in the first K columns suppose I
+just had that let's not worry about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had that let's not worry about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had that let's not worry about how
+we get it well then how do I figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get it well then how do I figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get it well then how do I figure it
+how do I extend that how do I find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I extend that how do I find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I extend that how do I find all
+possible ways to put down Queens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to put down Queens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to put down Queens in the
+next column it's really easy for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next column it's really easy for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next column it's really easy for each of
+these for each of these positions I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for each of these positions I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for each of these positions I have
+my adjoint Queens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my adjoint Queens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my adjoint Queens
+I put I think about putting down a queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put I think about putting down a queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put I think about putting down a queen
+in each row to make the next thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each row to make the next thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each row to make the next thing and
+then for each one I put down I filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each one I put down I filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each one I put down I filter
+those by the ones that are safe right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those by the ones that are safe right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those by the ones that are safe right so
+instead of thinking about this trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thinking about this trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thinking about this trace
+generated step by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated step by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated step by step
+I suppose suppose I had it all there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose suppose I had it all there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose suppose I had it all there and
+so it to extend it from level K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it to extend it from level K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it to extend it from level K minus
+one to level K I just need to extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to level K I just need to extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to level K I just need to extend
+each thing in all possible ways and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each thing in all possible ways and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each thing in all possible ways and only
+keep the ones that are safe and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the ones that are safe and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the ones that are safe and that
+will give you the tree to level K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the tree to level K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the tree to level K and
+that's a recursive strategy for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a recursive strategy for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a recursive strategy for solving
+the a queens problem alright well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a queens problem alright well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a queens problem alright well let's
+look at it right to solve the 8 Queens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it right to solve the 8 Queens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it right to solve the 8 Queens
+problem on a board of some specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on a board of some specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on a board of some specified
+size let me write a sub procedure called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size let me write a sub procedure called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size let me write a sub procedure called
+still column still columns is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still column still columns is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still column still columns is going to
+put down Queens up through column K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down Queens up through column K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down Queens up through column K and
+here's the pattern of the recursion i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the pattern of the recursion i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the pattern of the recursion i'm
+going to call fill columns with the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call fill columns with the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call fill columns with the size
+and eventually so fill column says how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually so fill column says how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually so fill column says how
+to put down queens safely in the first K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put down queens safely in the first K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put down queens safely in the first K
+columns of this chessboard with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of this chessboard with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of this chessboard with with a
+size number of rows in it if K is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size number of rows in it if K is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size number of rows in it if K is equal
+to 0 well then I don't have put anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 well then I don't have put anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 well then I don't have put anything
+down so my solution is just an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so my solution is just an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so my solution is just an empty
+chessboard otherwise I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chessboard otherwise I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chessboard otherwise I'm going to do
+some stuff and I'm gonna use collect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff and I'm gonna use collect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff and I'm gonna use collect and
+here's the collect I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find always to put down Queens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find always to put down Queens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find always to put down Queens in the
+first K minus 1 columns and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K minus 1 columns and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K minus 1 columns and this was
+just what I said for imagined I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what I said for imagined I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what I said for imagined I have
+this tree down to K minus 1 levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree down to K minus 1 levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree down to K minus 1 levels and
+then I find all ways of trying a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I find all ways of trying a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I find all ways of trying a row
+that's just each of the possible rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just each of the possible rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just each of the possible rows
+their size rows so that's enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their size rows so that's enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their size rows so that's enumerate
+interval and now what I do is I collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and now what I do is I collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and now what I do is I collect
+together the new row I'm going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the new row I'm going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the new row I'm going to try
+and column K with the rest of the Queens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column K with the rest of the Queens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column K with the rest of the Queens
+I could join a position missus George's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could join a position missus George's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could join a position missus George's
+problem a joint position is like safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a joint position is like safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a joint position is like safe
+it's it's a thing that takes a row and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a thing that takes a row and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a thing that takes a row and a
+column and a rest of positions and makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and a rest of positions and makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and a rest of positions and makes
+a new position collection so I join the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new position collection so I join the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new position collection so I join the
+position I join a position of a new row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I join a position of a new row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I join a position of a new row
+and a new column to the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new column to the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new column to the rest of the
+Queens where the rest of the Queens runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens where the rest of the Queens runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens where the rest of the Queens runs
+through all possible ways of solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all possible ways of solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all possible ways of solving the
+problem and K minus 1 columns and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and K minus 1 columns and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and K minus 1 columns and the
+new row runs through all possible rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new row runs through all possible rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new row runs through all possible rows
+such that it was safe to put one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it was safe to put one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it was safe to put one there
+and that's the whole program right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the whole program right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the whole program right
+there's the whole procedure okay not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the whole procedure okay not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the whole procedure okay not
+only that that doesn't just solve the 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that that doesn't just solve the 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that that doesn't just solve the 8
+Queens problem right it solved it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens problem right it solved it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queens problem right it solved it gives
+you all solutions to the 8 Queens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all solutions to the 8 Queens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all solutions to the 8 Queens
+problem when you're done you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when you're done you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when you're done you have a
+stream and the elements of that streamer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and the elements of that streamer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and the elements of that streamer
+or all possible ways of solving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all possible ways of solving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all possible ways of solving that
+problem why is that simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem why is that simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem why is that simpler
+well we threw away the whole idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we threw away the whole idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we threw away the whole idea that
+this is some process that happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some process that happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some process that happens in
+time with state and we just said it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with state and we just said it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with state and we just said it's a
+whole collection of stuff and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole collection of stuff and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole collection of stuff and that's why
+it's simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simpler
+right we've we've changed our view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've we've changed our view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've we've changed our view
+remember that's where we started today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's where we started today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's where we started today
+we've changed our view of what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've changed our view of what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've changed our view of what it is
+we're trying to model and we're stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to model and we're stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to model and we're stop
+modeling things that evolve in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling things that evolve in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling things that evolve in time and
+have steps and have state and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have steps and have state and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have steps and have state and instead
+we're trying to model the sort of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to model the sort of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to model the sort of global
+thing like the like the whole flight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like the like the whole flight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like the like the whole flight of
+the chalk rather than its its stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chalk rather than its its stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chalk rather than its its stated
+each instant any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each instant any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each instant any questions
+it looks to me like backtracking would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks to me like backtracking would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks to me like backtracking would
+be searching for the first solution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be searching for the first solution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be searching for the first solution it
+can find whereas this recursive search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find whereas this recursive search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find whereas this recursive search
+would be looking for all solutions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be looking for all solutions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be looking for all solutions right
+and it seems that if you have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems that if you have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems that if you have a large
+enough area to search that the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough area to search that the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough area to search that the second is
+going to become impossible okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become impossible okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become impossible okay that's
+the answer to that question is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that question is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that question is the whole
+rest of this lecture it's it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this lecture it's it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this lecture it's it's exactly
+the right question so you should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right question so you should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right question so you should start
+without trying to anticipate the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without trying to anticipate the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without trying to anticipate the lecture
+too much you should you should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much you should you should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much you should you should start
+being suspicious at this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being suspicious at this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being suspicious at this point and
+exactly those kinds of suspicions isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly those kinds of suspicions isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly those kinds of suspicions isn't
+it it's wonderful but isn't it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's wonderful but isn't it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's wonderful but isn't it so
+terribly inefficient let's that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly inefficient let's that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly inefficient let's that's where
+we're going okay so I won't answer now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going okay so I won't answer now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going okay so I won't answer now
+but I'll answer later okay let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll answer later okay let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll answer later okay let's take a
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well by now you should be starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by now you should be starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by now you should be starting to
+get suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get suspicious
+see I showed you this the simple elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I showed you this the simple elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I showed you this the simple elegant
+way of putting programs together right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of putting programs together right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of putting programs together right
+very unlike this these other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlike this these other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlike this these other sort of
+traditional programs that some the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional programs that some the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional programs that some the odd
+squares or compute the odd Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares or compute the odd Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares or compute the odd Fibonacci
+numbers right very unlike these programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right very unlike these programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right very unlike these programs
+that mix up the enumerator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mix up the enumerator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mix up the enumerator and the
+filter and the accumulator all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and the accumulator all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and the accumulator all right and
+by mixing it up we just can't we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mixing it up we just can't we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mixing it up we just can't we don't
+have all of these wonderful conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of these wonderful conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of these wonderful conceptual
+advantages of these streams pieces these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of these streams pieces these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of these streams pieces these
+these wonderful mix and match components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wonderful mix and match components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wonderful mix and match components
+for putting together just lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for putting together just lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for putting together just lots and lots
+of programs on the other hand most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs on the other hand most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs on the other hand most of
+the programs you've seen look like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programs you've seen look like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programs you've seen look like these
+ugly ones why is that see can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly ones why is that see can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly ones why is that see can it
+possibly be that the computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be that the computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be that the computer scientists
+are so obtuse that they don't notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so obtuse that they don't notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so obtuse that they don't notice
+that if you'd merely did this thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you'd merely did this thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you'd merely did this thing then
+you can get this great programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this great programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this great programming
+elegance there's got to be a catch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegance there's got to be a catch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegance there's got to be a catch and
+it's it's actually pretty easy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually pretty easy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually pretty easy to see
+what the catch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the catch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the catch is
+let's let's think about the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's think about the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's think about the following
+problem suppose I suppose I tell you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem suppose I suppose I tell you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem suppose I suppose I tell you to
+find the second prime between 10,000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the second prime between 10,000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the second prime between 10,000 and
+a million for a few computers larger to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million for a few computers larger to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million for a few computers larger to
+between 10,000 and a hundred billion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10,000 and a hundred billion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10,000 and a hundred billion or
+something you say oh that's easy I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you say oh that's easy I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you say oh that's easy I can
+do that with a stream all I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with a stream all I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with a stream all I do is I
+enumerate the unit interval from 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate the unit interval from 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate the unit interval from 10,000
+to a million so I get all those integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a million so I get all those integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a million so I get all those integers
+from 10,000 to a million I filter them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 10,000 to a million I filter them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 10,000 to a million I filter them
+for prime minister tests all of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for prime minister tests all of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for prime minister tests all of them and
+see if they're prime and I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if they're prime and I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if they're prime and I take the
+second element right that's the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element right that's the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element right that's the head of
+the tail okay well that's clearly pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail okay well that's clearly pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail okay well that's clearly pretty
+ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous
+I mean I don't you not even have room in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't you not even have room in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't you not even have room in
+the machine right to store the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine right to store the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine right to store the integers
+in the first place much less to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place much less to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place much less to test
+them right and then I only want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right and then I only want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right and then I only want the
+second one see the the power of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one see the the power of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one see the the power of this
+traditional programming style is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional programming style is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional programming style is exactly
+its weakness that we're mixing up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its weakness that we're mixing up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its weakness that we're mixing up the
+enumerator and the testing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator and the testing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator and the testing and the
+accumulating right so we sort of don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating right so we sort of don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating right so we sort of don't
+do it all so by the actual so the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all so by the actual so the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all so by the actual so the very
+thing that makes it sort of conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that makes it sort of conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that makes it sort of conceptually
+ugly is the very thing that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly is the very thing that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly is the very thing that makes it
+efficient all right it's just mixing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient all right it's just mixing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient all right it's just mixing up
+so it seems that all I've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems that all I've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems that all I've done this
+morning so far is just confusing you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so far is just confusing you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning so far is just confusing you I
+showed you this wonderful way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you this wonderful way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you this wonderful way that
+programming might work except that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming might work except that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming might work except that it
+doesn't well here's where the wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't well here's where the wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't well here's where the wonderful
+thing happens turns out in this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens turns out in this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens turns out in this game
+that we really can have our cake and eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really can have our cake and eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really can have our cake and eat
+it too and what I mean by that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too and what I mean by that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too and what I mean by that is that
+we really can write stream programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really can write stream programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really can write stream programs
+exactly like the ones I wrote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the ones I wrote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like the ones I wrote and
+arrange things so that when the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange things so that when the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange things so that when the machine
+actually runs it's as efficient as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually runs it's as efficient as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually runs it's as efficient as
+running this sort of traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this sort of traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this sort of traditional
+programming style that mixes up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming style that mixes up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming style that mixes up the
+generation and the tests all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and the tests all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and the tests all right well
+that that sounds pretty magic the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sounds pretty magic the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sounds pretty magic the key to
+this is that streams are not lists well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that streams are not lists well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that streams are not lists well
+let's see this carefully in a second but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this carefully in a second but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this carefully in a second but
+for now let's take a look at that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's take a look at that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's take a look at that that
+slide again the image you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide again the image you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide again the image you should have
+here of the signal processing system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the signal processing system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the signal processing system is
+that what's going to happen is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's going to happen is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's going to happen is they're
+sort of this box that has the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this box that has the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this box that has the integers
+sitting in it and there's this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in it and there's this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in it and there's this filter
+that's connected to it and it's tugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connected to it and it's tugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connected to it and it's tugging
+on them and then there's someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and then there's someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and then there's someone who's
+tugging on this stuff saying what comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tugging on this stuff saying what comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tugging on this stuff saying what comes
+out of the filter and the image you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the filter and the image you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the filter and the image you
+should have is that someone says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have is that someone says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have is that someone says well
+what's the first prime and tugs on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first prime and tugs on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first prime and tugs on this
+filter and the filter tugs on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and the filter tugs on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and the filter tugs on the
+integers all right and you look only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers all right and you look only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers all right and you look only at
+that much and then say oh I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much and then say oh I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much and then say oh I really
+wanted the second one what's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the second one what's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the second one what's the second
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+and that no other computation no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that no other computation no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that no other computation no
+computation gets done except when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation gets done except when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation gets done except when you
+tug on these things I mean let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug on these things I mean let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tug on these things I mean let me try
+that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again
+this is a little little device that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little little device that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little little device that's a
+little stream machine invented by Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stream machine invented by Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stream machine invented by Eric
+Grimson I've been teaching this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson I've been teaching this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimson I've been teaching this course
+at MIT and the images here's a so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and the images here's a so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT and the images here's a so here's
+a stream of stuff like a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream of stuff like a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream of stuff like a whole bunch of
+the integers right and here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers right and here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers right and here's some
+processing elements and if say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing elements and if say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing elements and if say it's a
+say it's filter a filter of map or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's filter a filter of map or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's filter a filter of map or
+something and if I really try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and if I really try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and if I really try to
+implement that with streams as lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that with streams as lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement that with streams as lists
+what I'd say is well I've got this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd say is well I've got this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd say is well I've got this sort
+of list of things and now I do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of list of things and now I do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of list of things and now I do the first
+filter so I sort of do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so I sort of do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so I sort of do all this
+processing but I take this and I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing but I take this and I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing but I take this and I write
+my process and my process and I process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my process and my process and I process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my process and my process and I process
+my process and I've got this new stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my process and I've got this new stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my process and I've got this new stream
+right now I take that result in my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I take that result in my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I take that result in my hands
+someplace and I put that through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace and I put that through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace and I put that through the
+second one and I process the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and I process the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and I process the whole thing
+alright there's this new stream alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright there's this new stream alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright there's this new stream alright
+and then I take the result and I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I take the result and I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I take the result and I put it
+all the way through this one the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through this one the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through this one the same
+way that's hell that's what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's hell that's what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's hell that's what would happen
+to these stream programs if streams were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these stream programs if streams were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these stream programs if streams were
+just lists but in fact streams aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lists but in fact streams aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lists but in fact streams aren't
+list they're streams and the image you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list they're streams and the image you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list they're streams and the image you
+should have is something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have is something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have is something a little bit
+more like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like this
+I've got these gadgets connected up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got these gadgets connected up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got these gadgets connected up by
+this data that's flowing out of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data that's flowing out of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data that's flowing out of them and
+here's my original source of the streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my original source of the streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my original source of the streams
+it might be starting to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be starting to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be starting to generate the
+integers and that what happens if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and that what happens if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and that what happens if I want
+to result I sort of tug on the end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to result I sort of tug on the end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to result I sort of tug on the end here
+and this element says gee I need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this element says gee I need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this element says gee I need some
+more data so it's sort of this one comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data so it's sort of this one comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data so it's sort of this one comes
+here and tugs on that one it says gee I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and tugs on that one it says gee I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and tugs on that one it says gee I
+need some more data and this one tugs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some more data and this one tugs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some more data and this one tugs on
+this thing which might be a filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which might be a filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing which might be a filter and
+says do I need some more data and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do I need some more data and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says do I need some more data and only
+as much of this thing at the end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of this thing at the end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of this thing at the end here
+gets generated as I tugged and only as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets generated as I tugged and only as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets generated as I tugged and only as
+much of this stuff goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this stuff goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this stuff goes through the
+processing units as I'm pulling on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing units as I'm pulling on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing units as I'm pulling on the
+end in need that's the image you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in need that's the image you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in need that's the image you should
+have of the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of the difference between
+implementing what we're actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing what we're actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing what we're actually going
+to do and if streams were lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well how do we make this thing I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we make this thing I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do we make this thing I hope
+you have the image that the trick is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the image that the trick is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the image that the trick is how
+to make it we want to arrange for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it we want to arrange for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it we want to arrange for a
+stream to be a data structure that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream to be a data structure that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream to be a data structure that sort
+of computes itself incrementally sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computes itself incrementally sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computes itself incrementally sort of
+an on-demand data structure right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an on-demand data structure right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an on-demand data structure right and
+the basic idea is again one of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is again one of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is again one of the very
+basic ideas that we're seeing throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ideas that we're seeing throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ideas that we're seeing throughout
+the whole course and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole course and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole course and that is that
+there's not a firm distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a firm distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a firm distinction between
+programs and data so what a stream is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and data so what a stream is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and data so what a stream is
+going to be is simultaneously this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be is simultaneously this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be is simultaneously this data
+structure that you think of like a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you think of like a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that you think of like a you
+know the stream of the leaves of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stream of the leaves of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stream of the leaves of this
+tree but at the same time it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree but at the same time it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree but at the same time it's going to
+be very clever procedure that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very clever procedure that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very clever procedure that has the
+method of computing in it well let me we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of computing in it well let me we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of computing in it well let me we
+try this it's going to turn out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this it's going to turn out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this it's going to turn out that we
+don't need any more mechanism we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need any more mechanism we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need any more mechanism we already
+have everything we need simply from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything we need simply from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have everything we need simply from the
+fact that we know how to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we know how to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we know how to handle
+procedures as first-class objects well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures as first-class objects well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures as first-class objects well
+let's go back to the key the key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the key the key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the key the key is
+remember we had these operations Kahn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had these operations Kahn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had these operations Kahn
+stream and head until when I started I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and head until when I started I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and head until when I started I
+said you can think about this as comps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can think about this as comps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can think about this as comps
+and think about this as car and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about this as car and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about this as car and think
+about that as could or but it's not now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as could or but it's not now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as could or but it's not now
+let's look at what they really are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what they really are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what they really are well
+hot stream con stream of x and y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot stream con stream of x and y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot stream con stream of x and y is
+going to be an abbreviation for it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an abbreviation for it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an abbreviation for it's
+going to be an abbreviation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an abbreviation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an abbreviation for the
+following thing cons form a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing cons form a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing cons form a pair
+ordinary cons of X to a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary cons of X to a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary cons of X to a thing called
+delay of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I explain that let me go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I explain that let me go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I explain that let me go and
+write the rest the head of the stream is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the rest the head of the stream is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the rest the head of the stream is
+going to be just the car and the tail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just the car and the tail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just the car and the tail of
+the stream is going to be a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream is going to be a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream is going to be a thing called
+force the cooter of the stream now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the cooter of the stream now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the cooter of the stream now let
+me explain this delay is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain this delay is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain this delay is going to be a
+special magic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special magic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special magic thing
+what delay does is take an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what delay does is take an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what delay does is take an expression
+and produce a promise to compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce a promise to compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce a promise to compute that
+expression when you ask for it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when you ask for it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression when you ask for it doesn't
+do any computation here it just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any computation here it just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any computation here it just sort of
+sort of gives you a raincheck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gives you a raincheck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gives you a raincheck
+and it produces a promise and con stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it produces a promise and con stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it produces a promise and con stream
+says I'm going to put together in a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to put together in a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to put together in a pair
+X and a promise to compute Y now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and a promise to compute Y now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and a promise to compute Y now if I
+want the head that's just a car that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the head that's just a car that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the head that's just a car that I
+put in the pair and the key is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the pair and the key is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the pair and the key is that the
+tail is going to be force force calls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail is going to be force force calls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail is going to be force force calls in
+that promise force tail says well take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that promise force tail says well take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that promise force tail says well take
+that promise and now now calling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that promise and now now calling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that promise and now now calling that
+promise namely compute that thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise namely compute that thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise namely compute that thing that's
+how this is going to work that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is going to work that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is going to work that's what
+con stream head and tail really are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con stream head and tail really are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con stream head and tail really are now
+let's see how this works you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how this works you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how this works you go through
+this fairly carefully let's see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fairly carefully let's see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fairly carefully let's see how this
+works in this example of computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in this example of computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in this example of computing the
+second prime right between 10,000 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second prime right between 10,000 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second prime right between 10,000 and a
+million okay so we sort of started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay so we sort of started off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay so we sort of started off
+and we have this expression the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this expression the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this expression the head
+right the second prime the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the second prime the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the second prime the head of the
+tail of the results of filtering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the results of filtering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the results of filtering for
+prime allottee the integers between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime allottee the integers between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime allottee the integers between
+10,000 and a million now what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 and a million now what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 and a million now what is that
+what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that interval between 10,000 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that interval between 10,000 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that interval between 10,000 and a
+million well if you trace through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million well if you trace through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million well if you trace through
+enumerate interval there builds a con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate interval there builds a con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate interval there builds a con
+stream the constant and that constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream the constant and that constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream the constant and that constrain
+is the cons of 10,000 to a promise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cons of 10,000 to a promise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cons of 10,000 to a promise to
+compute the integers between 10,000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the integers between 10,000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the integers between 10,000 and
+one-in-a-million okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-in-a-million okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-in-a-million okay so that's what
+this expression is here I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is here I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is here I'm using the
+substitution model and we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution model and we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution model and we can use the
+substitution model because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution model because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution model because we don't have
+start effects in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start effects in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start effects in state
+okay so I have cons of 10,000 to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have cons of 10,000 to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have cons of 10,000 to a
+promise to compute the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to compute the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to compute the rest of the
+integer so only one integer so far I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer so only one integer so far I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer so only one integer so far I got
+enumerated well I'm going to filter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerated well I'm going to filter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerated well I'm going to filter that
+thing for prime allottee if you get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for prime allottee if you get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for prime allottee if you get if
+again you go back and look at the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you go back and look at the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you go back and look at the filter
+code what the filter will first do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code what the filter will first do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code what the filter will first do is
+test the head so in this case the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the head so in this case the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the head so in this case the filter
+will test 10,000 and say oh 10,000 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will test 10,000 and say oh 10,000 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will test 10,000 and say oh 10,000 is
+not prime therefore what I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime therefore what I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime therefore what I have to do
+recursively is filter the tail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively is filter the tail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively is filter the tail and
+what's the tail of it well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the tail of it well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the tail of it well that's the
+tail of this this pair with a promise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of this this pair with a promise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of this this pair with a promise in
+it tail now comes in and says well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tail now comes in and says well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tail now comes in and says well I'm
+going to force that I'm going to force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force that I'm going to force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force that I'm going to force
+that promise which means now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that promise which means now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that promise which means now I'm going
+to compute the integers between 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the integers between 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the integers between 10,000
+and one-in-a-million okay so this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one-in-a-million okay so this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one-in-a-million okay so this filter
+now is looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that enumerate itself we'll now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enumerate itself we'll now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enumerate itself we'll now we're
+back in the original enumerate situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the original enumerate situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the original enumerate situation
+the enumerate is the cost of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enumerate is the cost of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enumerate is the cost of the first
+thing ten thousand and one onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ten thousand and one onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ten thousand and one onto a
+promise to compute the rest so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to compute the rest so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to compute the rest so now the
+prime allottee filter is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime allottee filter is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime allottee filter is going to go
+look at ten thousand and one it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at ten thousand and one it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at ten thousand and one it's going
+to cite if it likes that it or not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cite if it likes that it or not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cite if it likes that it or not it
+turns out ten thousand and one isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out ten thousand and one isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out ten thousand and one isn't
+prime so it'll force it again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so it'll force it again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so it'll force it again and again
+and again and finally I think the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and finally I think the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and finally I think the first
+prime it hits is ten thousand and nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime it hits is ten thousand and nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime it hits is ten thousand and nine
+and at that point it'll stop and that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point it'll stop and that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at that point it'll stop and that'll
+be the first prime and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first prime and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first prime and then eventually
+it'll need the second prime okay so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll need the second prime okay so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll need the second prime okay so at
+that point it'll go again so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point it'll go again so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point it'll go again so you see
+what happens is that is that no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that is that no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that is that no more
+gets generated then you actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that enumerate is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that enumerate is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that enumerate is not going to
+generate any more integers then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any more integers then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any more integers then the
+filter asks it for us it's pulling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter asks it for us it's pulling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter asks it for us it's pulling in
+things to check for prime ality right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to check for prime ality right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to check for prime ality right in
+the filter is not going to generate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter is not going to generate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter is not going to generate any
+more stuff than you asked it for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff than you asked it for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff than you asked it for which
+is the head of the tail see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the head of the tail see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the head of the tail see what's
+happened is we've we've put that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is we've we've put that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is we've we've put that that
+mixing of generation and test into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing of generation and test into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing of generation and test into what
+actually happens in the computer even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens in the computer even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens in the computer even
+though even though that's not apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though even though that's not apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though even though that's not apparently
+what's happening from looking at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening from looking at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening from looking at our
+programs ok well that seemed easy all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs ok well that seemed easy all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs ok well that seemed easy all of
+this mechanism got put into this magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mechanism got put into this magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mechanism got put into this magic
+delay so you're saying gee that must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay so you're saying gee that must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay so you're saying gee that must be
+where the magic is but but see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magic is but but see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magic is but but see there's
+no magic there either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no magic there either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no magic there either
+you know what delay is delay on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what delay is delay on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what delay is delay on some
+expression is just an abbreviation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what's a promise to compute an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's a promise to compute an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's a promise to compute an
+expression lambda of nil right procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression lambda of nil right procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression lambda of nil right procedure
+of no arguments which is that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no arguments which is that expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no arguments which is that expression
+right that's what a procedure is it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what a procedure is it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what a procedure is it says
+I'm going to compute an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute an expression
+what's force right how do I take up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's force right how do I take up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's force right how do I take up a
+how do I take up a promise well force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I take up a promise well force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I take up a promise well force of
+some procedure and promise it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some procedure and promise it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some procedure and promise it's just
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done it so there's no magic there at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it so there's no magic there at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it so there's no magic there at all
+what are we done we said the old style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we done we said the old style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we done we said the old style
+traditional style of programming is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional style of programming is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional style of programming is more
+efficient and the stream thing is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and the stream thing is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and the stream thing is more
+is more perspicuous and we managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more perspicuous and we managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more perspicuous and we managed to
+make the prestream procedures run like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the prestream procedures run like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the prestream procedures run like
+the other procedures by using delay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other procedures by using delay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other procedures by using delay and
+the thing that delay did for us was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that delay did for us was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that delay did for us was to
+decouple the apparent order of events in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple the apparent order of events in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple the apparent order of events in
+our programs from the actual order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our programs from the actual order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our programs from the actual order of
+events that happen in the machine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that happen in the machine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that happen in the machine that's
+really what delay is doing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what delay is doing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what delay is doing that's
+exactly the whole point we've given up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the whole point we've given up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the whole point we've given up
+right we're getting up the idea that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're getting up the idea that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're getting up the idea that our
+procedures as they run or as as we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures as they run or as as we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures as they run or as as we look
+at them mirror some clear notion of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them mirror some clear notion of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them mirror some clear notion of time
+by giving that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving that up
+we give delay the freedom to arrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give delay the freedom to arrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give delay the freedom to arrange the
+order of events and the computation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of events and the computation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of events and the computation the
+way it likes like that's the whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it likes like that's the whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it likes like that's the whole idea
+we decouple the apparent order of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decouple the apparent order of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decouple the apparent order of events
+and our programs from the actual order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our programs from the actual order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our programs from the actual order
+of events in the computer okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events in the computer okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events in the computer okay well
+there's one one more detail it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one one more detail it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one one more detail it's just a
+technical detail but it's actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical detail but it's actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical detail but it's actually an
+important one as you run through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one as you run through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one as you run through these
+recursive programs unwinding you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive programs unwinding you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive programs unwinding you'll see
+a lot of things that look like tail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that look like tail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that look like tail of
+the tail of the tail all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the tail all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the tail all right that's
+that's the kind of thing that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that would
+happen is I go constant down a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is I go constant down a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is I go constant down a stream
+all the way and if each time I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way and if each time I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way and if each time I'm doing
+that see if each time to compute a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see if each time to compute a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see if each time to compute a tail
+I evaluate a procedure which then has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I evaluate a procedure which then has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I evaluate a procedure which then has to
+go recompute its tail and recompute its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go recompute its tail and recompute its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go recompute its tail and recompute its
+tail and recompute its tail each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and recompute its tail each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and recompute its tail each time
+you can see that's very inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that's very inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that's very inefficient
+compared to just say just having a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to just say just having a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to just say just having a list
+where the elements are all there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the elements are all there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the elements are all there and I
+don't have to recompute each tail every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to recompute each tail every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to recompute each tail every
+time I get the next tail so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I get the next tail so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I get the next tail so there's one
+there's one little hack to slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one little hack to slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one little hack to slightly
+change the abbreviation change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the abbreviation change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the abbreviation change what
+delay is and make it a thing which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay is and make it a thing which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay is and make it a thing which is uh
+I'll write this way to let the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write this way to let the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write this way to let the actual
+implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delay is an abbreviation for this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay is an abbreviation for this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay is an abbreviation for this thing
+memo-proc of a procedure memo-proc is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo-proc of a procedure memo-proc is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo-proc of a procedure memo-proc is a
+special thing that transforms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special thing that transforms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special thing that transforms a
+procedure what it does is it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure what it does is it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure what it does is it takes a
+procedure of no arguments and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of no arguments and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of no arguments and it
+transforms it into a procedure that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it into a procedure that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it into a procedure that will
+only have to do its computation once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to do its computation once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to do its computation once and
+what I mean by that is you give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that is you give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that is you give it a
+procedure the results of memo-proc will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the results of memo-proc will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the results of memo-proc will
+be a new procedure which the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a new procedure which the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a new procedure which the first time
+you call it will run the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it will run the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it will run the original
+procedure remember what resulted got and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure remember what resulted got and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure remember what resulted got and
+then from ever on after when you call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from ever on after when you call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from ever on after when you call it
+it just won't have to do the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just won't have to do the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just won't have to do the computation
+it will cache that result someplace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will cache that result someplace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will cache that result someplace and
+here's an implementation of memo-proc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay once you have the idea it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once you have the idea it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once you have the idea it's easy to
+implement memo-proc is this little thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement memo-proc is this little thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement memo-proc is this little thing
+that has two little flags in there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has two little flags in there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has two little flags in there it
+says have I've already been run and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says have I've already been run and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says have I've already been run and
+initially it says no I haven't already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it says no I haven't already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially it says no I haven't already
+been run and what was the result I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been run and what was the result I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been run and what was the result I got
+the last time I was wrong so memo-proc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time I was wrong so memo-proc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time I was wrong so memo-proc
+takes a procedure called proc and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a procedure called proc and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a procedure called proc and it
+returns a new procedure of no arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a new procedure of no arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a new procedure of no arguments
+crock is supposed to be a procedure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crock is supposed to be a procedure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crock is supposed to be a procedure of
+no arguments and it says oh if I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arguments and it says oh if I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arguments and it says oh if I'm not
+already run then I'm going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already run then I'm going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already run then I'm going to do a
+sequence of things I'm gonna compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of things I'm gonna compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of things I'm gonna compute
+proc I'm going to save the adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proc I'm going to save the adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proc I'm going to save the adding a
+stash that in the variable result I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stash that in the variable result I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stash that in the variable result I'm
+gonna make a note to myself that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make a note to myself that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make a note to myself that I've
+already been run and then I'll return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been run and then I'll return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been run and then I'll return
+the result so that's if you compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result so that's if you compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result so that's if you compute it
+if it's not already round if you call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not already round if you call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not already round if you call it
+and it's already been run it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's already been run it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's already been run it just
+returns the result so that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the result so that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the result so that's a that's a
+little clever hack called memoization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little clever hack called memoization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little clever hack called memoization
+and in this case it's short-circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it's short-circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it's short-circuits
+having to recompute the tail of the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to recompute the tail of the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to recompute the tail of the tail
+of the tail the tail of the tail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tail the tail of the tail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tail the tail of the tail so
+there there isn't even that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there isn't even that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there isn't even that kind of
+inefficiency and in fact the streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency and in fact the streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency and in fact the streams
+will run with pretty much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run with pretty much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run with pretty much the same
+efficiency as the other programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as the other programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency as the other programs
+precisely okay and remember again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely okay and remember again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely okay and remember again the
+whole idea of this is that we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of this is that we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of this is that we've used
+the fact that there's no really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's no really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there's no really good
+dividing line between procedures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing line between procedures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing line between procedures and
+data we've written data structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we've written data structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we've written data structures that
+in fact our sort of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact our sort of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact our sort of life
+and what that's allowed us to do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that's allowed us to do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that's allowed us to do is take
+is take an example of a common control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take an example of a common control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take an example of a common control
+structure in this place iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in this place iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in this place iteration
+iteration and we've built a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and we've built a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and we've built a data
+structure which since itself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which since itself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which since itself as a
+procedure kind of has this iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure kind of has this iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure kind of has this iteration
+control structure in it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control structure in it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control structure in it and that's
+really what streams are okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your description of tail to tail if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your description of tail to tail if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your description of tail to tail if I
+understand it correctly forces actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it correctly forces actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it correctly forces actually
+the execution of a procedure if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the execution of a procedure if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the execution of a procedure if it's
+done without this memo-proc thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done without this memo-proc thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done without this memo-proc thing right
+and you implied the memo pockets around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you implied the memo pockets around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you implied the memo pockets around
+that problem doesn't only get around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem doesn't only get around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem doesn't only get around to
+do if tail tail tail is always executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if tail tail tail is always executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if tail tail tail is always executing
+exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same
+oh that's sure I guess I mustn't miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's sure I guess I mustn't miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's sure I guess I mustn't miss
+that point oh sure I mean the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean I I have to do a computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I I have to do a computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean I I have to do a computation
+to get the answer but the point is once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the answer but the point is once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the answer but the point is once
+I've I found the tail of the stream to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I found the tail of the stream to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I found the tail of the stream to
+get the tail of the tail I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the tail of the tail I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the tail of the tail I shouldn't
+have had to recompute the first tail see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to recompute the first tail see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to recompute the first tail see
+and if I didn't use memo-proc that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I didn't use memo-proc that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I didn't use memo-proc that
+recomputation would have been done your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recomputation would have been done your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recomputation would have been done your
+examples you mentioned that we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you mentioned that we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you mentioned that we were able
+to use the substitution model because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the substitution model because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the substitution model because
+here there are no side effects what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are no side effects what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are no side effects what if
+we had a a signal processing he knew we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a a signal processing he knew we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a a signal processing he knew we
+had a side effect who had a state could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a side effect who had a state could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a side effect who had a state could
+we still practically deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still practically deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still practically deal with the
+stream model mmm maybe that's a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream model mmm maybe that's a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream model mmm maybe that's a hard
+question I'm going to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to talk a little bit
+later about the places where where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later about the places where where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later about the places where where where
+substitution and side-effects don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and side-effects don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and side-effects don't
+really mix very well but in general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mix very well but in general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mix very well but in general I
+think the answer is unless you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer is unless you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer is unless you're very
+careful any amount of side effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful any amount of side effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful any amount of side effect is
+going to mess up everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright if I understand the memo-proc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright if I understand the memo-proc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright if I understand the memo-proc
+operation is when do you execute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is when do you execute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is when do you execute the
+lambda in other words when memo-proc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in other words when memo-proc is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in other words when memo-proc is
+executed just this lambda expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed just this lambda expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed just this lambda expression is
+being generated but it's not clear to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated but it's not clear to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated but it's not clear to me
+when it's executed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's executed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's executed right
+what memo-proc does remember the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what memo-proc does remember the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what memo-proc does remember the thing
+that's going into memo-proc the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going into memo-proc the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going into memo-proc the thing
+proc is a procedure of no arguments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proc is a procedure of no arguments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proc is a procedure of no arguments and
+someday you're gonna call it memo-proc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday you're gonna call it memo-proc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday you're gonna call it memo-proc
+translates that procedure into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates that procedure into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates that procedure into another
+procedure of no arguments which someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of no arguments which someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure of no arguments which someday
+you're going to call that's that lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to call that's that lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to call that's that lambda
+so here where I initially built as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here where I initially built as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here where I initially built as my
+where I built as my tail of the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I built as my tail of the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I built as my tail of the stream
+say this procedure of no arguments which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this procedure of no arguments which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this procedure of no arguments which
+some day I'll call instead I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some day I'll call instead I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some day I'll call instead I'm going to
+I'm going to have the tail of the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have the tail of the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have the tail of the stream
+be memo-proc of it which some day I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be memo-proc of it which some day I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be memo-proc of it which some day I'll
+call so that lambda of nil that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so that lambda of nil that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so that lambda of nil that gets
+called when you call the memo-proc right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called when you call the memo-proc right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called when you call the memo-proc right
+when you call the result of that memo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you call the result of that memo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you call the result of that memo
+proc which is which would be ordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proc which is which would be ordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proc which is which would be ordinarily
+when you would have called the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you would have called the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you would have called the original
+thing that you said it when you called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you said it when you called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you said it when you called
+memo-proc you just return this lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo-proc you just return this lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo-proc you just return this lambda
+that's right when you call now more proc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right when you call now more proc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right when you call now more proc
+you return leave the lambda you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you return leave the lambda you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you return leave the lambda you never
+evaluate the expression at all until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the expression at all until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the expression at all until the
+first time that you would have evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time that you would have evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time that you would have evaluated
+it do I understand it right that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do I understand it right that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do I understand it right that you
+actually have to build the list up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to build the list up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to build the list up but
+the the elements of the list don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the elements of the list don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the elements of the list don't get
+evaluated the expressions don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the expressions don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the expressions don't get
+evaluated but at each stage you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated but at each stage you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated but at each stage you actually
+are building a list that's yeah I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are building a list that's yeah I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are building a list that's yeah I really
+should have said this that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said this that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said this that's a that's a
+really good point no it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good point no it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good point no it's not quite
+right see cause what happens is this let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right see cause what happens is this let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right see cause what happens is this let
+me draw this as pairs suppose I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw this as pairs suppose I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw this as pairs suppose I'm gonna
+make a big stream like a numerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a big stream like a numerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a big stream like a numerate
+interval 1 through a billion what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 1 through a billion what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 1 through a billion what that
+is is a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the one and a promise that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the one and a promise that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the one and a promise that's exactly
+what it is nothing got built up when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is nothing got built up when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is nothing got built up when I
+go and force this and say what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and force this and say what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and force this and say what happens
+well this thing is now also recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this thing is now also recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this thing is now also recursively
+a Const so that this promise now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Const so that this promise now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Const so that this promise now is the
+next thing which is a to and a promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing which is a to and a promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing which is a to and a promise
+to do more and so on and so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more and so on and so on and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more and so on and so on and so on
+so nothing gets built up until you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing gets built up until you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing gets built up until you walk
+down the stream because what sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the stream because what sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the stream because what sitting
+here is not the list but a promise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not the list but a promise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not the list but a promise to
+generate a list and my promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a list and my promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a list and my promise
+technically I mean procedure okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically I mean procedure okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically I mean procedure okay so it
+doesn't get built up yeah I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get built up yeah I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get built up yeah I should have
+said that for this okay thank you let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that for this okay thank you let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that for this okay thank you let's
+take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JlKqhxwezkg.txt b/JlKqhxwezkg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed99d125a213e2069dc2c50c6db6c85c943b86c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JlKqhxwezkg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello my name is TZ Kari I'm a visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is TZ Kari I'm a visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello my name is TZ Kari I'm a visiting
+scholar in the MIT UTM Malian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar in the MIT UTM Malian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar in the MIT UTM Malian
+sustainable cities program I welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable cities program I welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable cities program I welcome
+viewers to watch this video about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers to watch this video about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers to watch this video about the
+challenges of urban flooding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of urban flooding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of urban flooding in
+Malaysia floods are the third most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia floods are the third most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia floods are the third most
+destructive disaster in the world after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive disaster in the world after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive disaster in the world after
+storms and earthquakes in Malaysia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms and earthquakes in Malaysia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms and earthquakes in Malaysia
+floods account for 90% of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods account for 90% of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods account for 90% of natural
+disasters the average annual costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters the average annual costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters the average annual costs of
+flood damage are over 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood damage are over 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood damage are over 100 million
+Us in this video I will show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Us in this video I will show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Us in this video I will show how
+residents and local authorities dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents and local authorities dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents and local authorities dealt
+with floods in Kota tingi town in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with floods in Kota tingi town in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with floods in Kota tingi town in
+southern Malaysia and what the glob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern Malaysia and what the glob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern Malaysia and what the glob
+Community can learn from this experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community can learn from this experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community can learn from this experience
+the key messages that this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key messages that this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key messages that this video
+provides is that the residents and local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides is that the residents and local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides is that the residents and local
+authorities should not only strengthen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities should not only strengthen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities should not only strengthen
+their ability to deal with flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ability to deal with flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ability to deal with flood
+disasters but also communicate with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters but also communicate with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters but also communicate with each
+other and take Joint action from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and take Joint action from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and take Joint action from
+December 2006 to January 2007 huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 2006 to January 2007 huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 2006 to January 2007 huge
+floods that would normally be expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods that would normally be expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floods that would normally be expected
+to occur every 50 years occurred twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur every 50 years occurred twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur every 50 years occurred twice
+in Kota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tingi Heavy mson Rain poured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tingi Heavy mson Rain poured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tingi Heavy mson Rain poured
+continuously for 5 days in mid December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2006 the rain prompted huge flooding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 the rain prompted huge flooding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 the rain prompted huge flooding in
+the area Upstream flood control dams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area Upstream flood control dams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area Upstream flood control dams
+failed to contain the excess water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed to contain the excess water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed to contain the excess water
+as a result the downstream joha River
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result the downstream joha River
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result the downstream joha River
+water level Rose rapidly and flooded all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water level Rose rapidly and flooded all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water level Rose rapidly and flooded all
+of Kota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tingi for one week the town was under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water two weeks later the rain started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water two weeks later the rain started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water two weeks later the rain started
+again and lasted 4 days since the soil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and lasted 4 days since the soil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and lasted 4 days since the soil
+was already saturated with water from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already saturated with water from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already saturated with water from
+the previous flood it could not absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous flood it could not absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous flood it could not absorb
+any more flood water as a result this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more flood water as a result this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more flood water as a result this
+rain generated an even deeper and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain generated an even deeper and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain generated an even deeper and more
+widespread flood in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread flood in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread flood in the
+area between the two flood events over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area between the two flood events over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area between the two flood events over
+5,000 residents were evacuated 15 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 residents were evacuated 15 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 residents were evacuated 15 people
+were killed and 44 million US dollar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were killed and 44 million US dollar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were killed and 44 million US dollar of
+property was damaged changed many Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property was damaged changed many Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property was damaged changed many Town
+residents did not receive early warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents did not receive early warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents did not receive early warning
+messages in time the huge unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages in time the huge unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages in time the huge unexpected
+flood shocked both the town residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood shocked both the town residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood shocked both the town residents
+and local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and local
+authorities some residents left for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities some residents left for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities some residents left for
+shelters some were stranded on rops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelters some were stranded on rops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelters some were stranded on rops and
+others sheltered in tall buildings near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others sheltered in tall buildings near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others sheltered in tall buildings near
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+home those who took Refuge in the houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home those who took Refuge in the houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home those who took Refuge in the houses
+of their loved ones were also flooded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their loved ones were also flooded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their loved ones were also flooded
+eventually they had to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they had to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they had to go to
+shelters many were not able to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelters many were not able to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelters many were not able to protect
+valuable assets like cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable assets like cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable assets like cars and
+Furniture one resident who was on a trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture one resident who was on a trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture one resident who was on a trip
+abroad during the flood incident lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abroad during the flood incident lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abroad during the flood incident lost
+everything another resident's downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything another resident's downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything another resident's downtown
+Boutique shop went completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boutique shop went completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boutique shop went completely
+underwater those residents who were busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater those residents who were busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater those residents who were busy
+praying inside their homes did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praying inside their homes did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+praying inside their homes did not
+anticipate that the flood would rise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate that the flood would rise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate that the flood would rise so
+fast in their front a those who did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast in their front a those who did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast in their front a those who did not
+go to the shelter in the daytime had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the shelter in the daytime had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the shelter in the daytime had
+difficulty getting rescued at night most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty getting rescued at night most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty getting rescued at night most
+residents were not trained in how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents were not trained in how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents were not trained in how to
+respond to flooding the households did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to flooding the households did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to flooding the households did
+not discuss flood issues with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discuss flood issues with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discuss flood issues with their
+neighbors and they acted in individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and they acted in individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors and they acted in individually
+the flood victims rescue needs far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flood victims rescue needs far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flood victims rescue needs far
+exceeded the ability of the Kota Ting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeded the ability of the Kota Ting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeded the ability of the Kota Ting
+District
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District
+Authority the firefighters had limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority the firefighters had limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority the firefighters had limited
+resources to respond to mounting calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to respond to mounting calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to respond to mounting calls
+for res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most City Transport routes and vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most City Transport routes and vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most City Transport routes and vehicles
+were inundated causing A disruption in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inundated causing A disruption in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inundated causing A disruption in
+the supply of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Goods because of the disruption in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods because of the disruption in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods because of the disruption in the
+supply the local authorities had a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the local authorities had a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply the local authorities had a hard
+time meeting demand for food providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time meeting demand for food providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time meeting demand for food providing
+clean water and better sanitation were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean water and better sanitation were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean water and better sanitation were
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+challenges more importantly the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges more importantly the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges more importantly the town
+itself is located in a flood risk area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is located in a flood risk area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is located in a flood risk area
+it sits largely on a flood plane near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits largely on a flood plane near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sits largely on a flood plane near
+the joho river that is often inundated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joho river that is often inundated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joho river that is often inundated
+due to high tides even so the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to high tides even so the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to high tides even so the local
+zoning map does not show flood risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoning map does not show flood risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoning map does not show flood risk
+areas areas in the town new housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas areas in the town new housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas areas in the town new housing
+developments are now underway in areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments are now underway in areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments are now underway in areas
+that were heavily inundated in 2006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were heavily inundated in 2006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were heavily inundated in 2006
+furthermore most houses developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore most houses developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore most houses developed in
+flood risk areas have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood risk areas have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood risk areas have low
+ples private housing developers prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ples private housing developers prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ples private housing developers prefer
+building low ples to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building low ples to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building low ples to minimize
+construction cost and maximize profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction cost and maximize profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction cost and maximize profits
+this development Trend makes the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development Trend makes the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development Trend makes the ground
+floor vulnerable to any ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor vulnerable to any ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor vulnerable to any ordinary
+flooding in the area this goes against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding in the area this goes against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooding in the area this goes against
+the traditional Malaysian practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional Malaysian practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional Malaysian practice of
+building houses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building houses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building houses on
+steels for cities and towns in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steels for cities and towns in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steels for cities and towns in the
+global South the Malayan experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global South the Malayan experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global South the Malayan experience
+Revels three priorities for flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revels three priorities for flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revels three priorities for flood
+preparedness educating and empowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparedness educating and empowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparedness educating and empowering
+local residents strengthening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local residents strengthening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local residents strengthening the
+capacity of local authorities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of local authorities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of local authorities and
+improving local zoning regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving local zoning regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving local zoning regulations
+first the local authorities should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the local authorities should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the local authorities should
+educate and involve local residents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate and involve local residents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate and involve local residents in
+all flood related issues they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all flood related issues they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all flood related issues they should
+encourage the residents to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage the residents to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage the residents to form a
+neighborhood level flood prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood level flood prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood level flood prevention
+committee second the authorities should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee second the authorities should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee second the authorities should
+establish a reliable flood warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a reliable flood warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a reliable flood warning
+system they should make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they should make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they should make sure that
+firefighters have enough equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefighters have enough equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firefighters have enough equipment
+Manpower and Advanced Training to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manpower and Advanced Training to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manpower and Advanced Training to
+respond and rescue the firefighters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and rescue the firefighters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and rescue the firefighters
+should work with local residents train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work with local residents train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work with local residents train
+them and develop a joint strategy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and develop a joint strategy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and develop a joint strategy on
+coping with floods finally planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coping with floods finally planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coping with floods finally planning
+authorities should create a zoning map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities should create a zoning map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities should create a zoning map
+that shows flood risk areas in town and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows flood risk areas in town and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows flood risk areas in town and
+that prohibits new development in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prohibits new development in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prohibits new development in those
+risky areas they should provide monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky areas they should provide monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky areas they should provide monetary
+incentives to Residents to raise their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to Residents to raise their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to Residents to raise their
+house floors of V the ground the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house floors of V the ground the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house floors of V the ground the
+authorities should relocate and resettle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities should relocate and resettle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities should relocate and resettle
+residents living in flood prone areas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents living in flood prone areas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents living in flood prone areas to
+Higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higher
+Ground the experiences presented above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ground the experiences presented above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ground the experiences presented above
+show that the residents as well as local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the residents as well as local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the residents as well as local
+authorities need to strengthen their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities need to strengthen their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities need to strengthen their
+ability to deal with flood disasters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to deal with flood disasters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to deal with flood disasters in
+cities however their strengths will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities however their strengths will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities however their strengths will not
+be as effective if they act separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as effective if they act separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as effective if they act separately
+both the city residents and local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the city residents and local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the city residents and local
+authorities should work together talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities should work together talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities should work together talk to
+each other learn from each other and act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other learn from each other and act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other learn from each other and act
+collectively to find ways to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively to find ways to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively to find ways to deal with
+flood disaster
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JmK0vSLULP8.txt b/JmK0vSLULP8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea55eb1d2afa141ebd54dc9e61d177fbb5ee6223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JmK0vSLULP8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh good morning uh my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh good morning uh my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh good morning uh my name
+is SE and I'm a post working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is SE and I'm a post working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is SE and I'm a post working with
+professor bartis and he has a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor bartis and he has a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor bartis and he has a personal
+emergency today so you could to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency today so you could to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency today so you could to make it
+so actually Pepe and I uh will give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually Pepe and I uh will give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually Pepe and I uh will give a
+lecture today and just for reminder uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today and just for reminder uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today and just for reminder uh
+you can turn in your uh first homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn in your uh first homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn in your uh first homework
+uh today uh you know before class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today uh you know before class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today uh you know before class or
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class okay so the last time actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so the last time actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so the last time actually
+yesterday uh we talked about a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday uh we talked about a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday uh we talked about a bunch of
+different things the first one uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the first one uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the first one uh we
+derive uh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive uh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive uh by the
+way uh we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh we are going to
+excuse me we're going to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me we're going to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me we're going to do the same
+thing same format so if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing same format so if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing same format so if you have any
+question just feel free to interrupt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just feel free to interrupt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just feel free to interrupt and
+ask uh ask questions okay so the uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask uh ask questions okay so the uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask uh ask questions okay so the uh last
+last time uh we talked about the uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh we talked about the uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time uh we talked about the uh with
+Excuse me we actually derived the uh R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me we actually derived the uh R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me we actually derived the uh R
+transfer Matrix for thin lens which as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer Matrix for thin lens which as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer Matrix for thin lens which as
+the spherical lens has two cure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical lens has two cure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical lens has two cure the
+first one and second one which is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and second one which is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and second one which is here
+the one one and negative one 1 / f f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one and negative one 1 / f f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one and negative one 1 / f f is
+focal length and one zero and the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length and one zero and the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length and one zero and the focal
+length 1 / f is is actually we derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 1 / f is is actually we derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 1 / f is is actually we derived
+this equation the lens M equation so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation the lens M equation so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation the lens M equation so if
+you have the uh if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the uh if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the uh if you know the
+reflective index and the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective index and the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective index and the radius
+coverture left side and right side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverture left side and right side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverture left side and right side and
+you can just uh easily compute the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just uh easily compute the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just uh easily compute the focal
+length of your thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of your thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of your thin
+length when also we talked about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length when also we talked about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length when also we talked about uh the
+object at infinity and the image at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object at infinity and the image at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object at infinity and the image at
+Infinity so for example in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so for example in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so for example in this case we
+have the object at Infinity so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object at Infinity so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object at Infinity so we have
+uh this Ray is coming uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Ray is coming uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Ray is coming uh from the
+infinity and we going to have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we going to have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we going to have the the
+focus uh point at the focal plane that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus uh point at the focal plane that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus uh point at the focal plane that's
+the definition of the focal uh length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the focal uh length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the focal uh length
+and focal plane and the other way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focal plane and the other way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focal plane and the other way we
+have if we have the point object at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we have the point object at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we have the point object at
+focal plane then we are going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane then we are going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane then we are going to have a
+image at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image at Infinity
+so uh uh that's the uh same thing and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh that's the uh same thing and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh that's the uh same thing and if
+we have the negative length which is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the negative length which is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the negative length which is I
+mean The Who focal length is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean The Who focal length is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean The Who focal length is negative
+then we have the same thing we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the same thing we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the same thing we have uh
+parallel coming in in this case it bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel coming in in this case it bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel coming in in this case it bent
+outside but if you extract then extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but if you extract then extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but if you extract then extend
+then we have the uh F focal point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the uh F focal point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the uh F focal point here
+so as you know the object and image they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know the object and image they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know the object and image they
+are conjugate and in this case one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are conjugate and in this case one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are conjugate and in this case one of
+the object or image is at Infinity so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object or image is at Infinity so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object or image is at Infinity so we
+call it I mean this configuration uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it I mean this configuration uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it I mean this configuration uh as
+infinite conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh dark can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dark can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dark can
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah CU you know one of them is said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity so yeah that's what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so yeah that's what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so yeah that's what we talked
+about uh yesterday and today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh yesterday and today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh yesterday and today we're going
+to talk uh we going to be talking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk uh we going to be talking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk uh we going to be talking more
+interesting uh topic so what if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh topic so what if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh topic so what if we have
+our object or an image is at fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object or an image is at fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object or an image is at fin
+distance is more a realistic case just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is more a realistic case just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is more a realistic case just
+like when you take a picture of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you take a picture of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you take a picture of your
+person I mean of your friend then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I mean of your friend then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I mean of your friend then your
+friend is not going to be at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is not going to be at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is not going to be at Infinity
+right so it's more real realistic case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's more real realistic case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's more real realistic case
+and then we'll talk about uh thick lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about uh thick lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about uh thick lens
+because uh so far we just assume our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh so far we just assume our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh so far we just assume our
+lens is infinitely thin so thick lens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is infinitely thin so thick lens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is infinitely thin so thick lens is
+more like the realistic case and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the realistic case and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the realistic case and then
+the paper will talk about the uh human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper will talk about the uh human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper will talk about the uh human
+visual uh human visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I guess uh this slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess uh this slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess uh this slide is
+probably one of the most important slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the most important slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the most important slide
+of this whole course because you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this whole course because you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this whole course because you know we
+are uh dealing with the object and image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh dealing with the object and image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh dealing with the object and image
+at finite distance so situation is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at finite distance so situation is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at finite distance so situation is like
+this we have a a lens whose focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have a a lens whose focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have a a lens whose focal length
+F and in object space we are given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and in object space we are given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and in object space we are given a
+object at some distance and our task is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object at some distance and our task is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object at some distance and our task is
+you know this situation like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this situation like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this situation like this you
+have a camera and you want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a camera and you want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a camera and you want to take a
+picture of person then what if uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of person then what if uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of person then what if uh where
+should where should I put my screen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should where should I put my screen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should where should I put my screen or
+detector or in the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector or in the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector or in the other way
+around you know there must be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know there must be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know there must be some
+condition that makes a perfect image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that makes a perfect image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that makes a perfect image
+right so if you take a picture of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you take a picture of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you take a picture of at
+some distance and the other object which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance and the other object which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance and the other object which
+is not at that distance will be will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not at that distance will be will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not at that distance will be will
+look blurry in your uh final image right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look blurry in your uh final image right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look blurry in your uh final image right
+so we're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to find
+uh what condition should be satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what condition should be satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what condition should be satisfied
+here in terms of the distance in object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of the distance in object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of the distance in object
+space and focal length and distance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and focal length and distance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and focal length and distance in
+image space and we are going to see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image space and we are going to see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image space and we are going to see uh
+what kind of what kind of image we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of what kind of image we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of what kind of image we will
+get or how big it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get or how big it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get or how big it is
+okay so the first one is uh why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first one is uh why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first one is uh why is
+image so what is image so image is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so what is image so image is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so what is image so image is you
+know just replica of object right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just replica of object right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just replica of object right so in
+terms of this R picture we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this R picture we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this R picture we have uh
+infinite number uh infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number uh infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number uh infinite number of
+rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry so infinite number of Ray are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so infinite number of Ray are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so infinite number of Ray are
+eminating from the object point then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eminating from the object point then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eminating from the object point then and
+if this configuration is uh Imaging uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this configuration is uh Imaging uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this configuration is uh Imaging uh
+configuration which means you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration which means you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration which means you make the
+perfect image then all these Rays at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect image then all these Rays at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect image then all these Rays at
+least most of them they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least most of them they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least most of them they should be
+convert at a point in object space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert at a point in object space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert at a point in object space
+somewhere right so that's the imag you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right so that's the imag you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere right so that's the imag you
+have bunch of R coming from this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bunch of R coming from this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bunch of R coming from this point
+and they should met at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should met at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they should met at one
+point so you can draw up many many rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you can draw up many many rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you can draw up many many rats
+but obious choice is just two rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obious choice is just two rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obious choice is just two rays
+here so this uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me uh this first Ray and the second Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh this first Ray and the second Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh this first Ray and the second Ray
+and since every Ray should meet at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since every Ray should meet at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since every Ray should meet at one
+point in image space these two rays also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in image space these two rays also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in image space these two rays also
+should meet at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should meet at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should meet at the same
+point and the reason why we choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the reason why we choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and the reason why we choose this
+only two rays is kind of obvious because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two rays is kind of obvious because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two rays is kind of obvious because
+we know the infinite conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the infinite conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the infinite conjugate
+configuration right so the first aray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration right so the first aray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration right so the first aray
+the oper rate here uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oper rate here uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oper rate here uh let me
+see this Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this Ray
+is it looks like coming from the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it looks like coming from the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it looks like coming from the object
+Infinity right is parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity right is parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity right is parallel to the
+optical axis so the after after the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis so the after after the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis so the after after the lens
+it should pass the focal point uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should pass the focal point uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should pass the focal point uh like
+this and we call this point uh as back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we call this point uh as back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we call this point uh as back
+focal plane since it is behind the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane since it is behind the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane since it is behind the uh
+lens and what about the the second way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so if you choose that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you choose that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you choose that way
+is passing through the uh focal point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passing through the uh focal point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passing through the uh focal point
+which is in front of the L we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in front of the L we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in front of the L we call the
+front focal plane then you know after at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front focal plane then you know after at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front focal plane then you know after at
+the lens it looks like coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens it looks like coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens it looks like coming from the
+focal point focal point right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal point focal point right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal point focal point right so it
+should be a going uh to the infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a going uh to the infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a going uh to the infinity so
+it collimated and parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it collimated and parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it collimated and parallel to the
+optical axis and these two rays uh meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis and these two rays uh meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis and these two rays uh meet
+at this point so that point is the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point so that point is the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point so that point is the where
+you get the image and the other Rays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the image and the other Rays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the image and the other Rays the
+infinite number Ray should met should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number Ray should met should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number Ray should met should
+meet at that point okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet at that point okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet at that point okay so this is the
+how we def how we draw the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we def how we draw the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we def how we draw the the
+configuration image so we have bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration image so we have bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration image so we have bunch of
+Ray and bunch of Ray image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray and bunch of Ray image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray and bunch of Ray image
+space any question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space any question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space any question so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so to find the relation between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to find the relation between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to find the relation between you
+know the object distance and image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the object distance and image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the object distance and image
+distance let's define two distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance let's define two distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance let's define two distance here
+so first one is X not the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first one is X not the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first one is X not the distance from
+the object to the front focal plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to the front focal plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to the front focal plane and
+this second one is X I so from the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second one is X I so from the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second one is X I so from the back
+focal point to the image so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal point to the image so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal point to the image so we're going
+to see how they are relate to the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how they are relate to the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how they are relate to the focal
+length here so first thing is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length here so first thing is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length here so first thing is we can
+compare uh two big triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare uh two big triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare uh two big triangle
+here so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so for
+the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops this triangle op P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops this triangle op P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops this triangle op P
+FF and this one b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FF since they are similar right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FF since they are similar right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FF since they are similar right so if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+see uh this height of p and this BC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh this height of p and this BC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh this height of p and this BC is
+pro is same as H this actually they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro is same as H this actually they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro is same as H this actually they are
+H object over H XO so ho and XO and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H object over H XO so ho and XO and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H object over H XO so ho and XO and
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be same as negative hi the negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same as negative hi the negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same as negative hi the negative sign
+is because hi is negative so to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because hi is negative so to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because hi is negative so to make the
+positive you have to put uh the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you have to put uh the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you have to put uh the negative
+sign here and this length is f right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here and this length is f right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here and this length is f right so
+you get this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this first
+relation and you can uh compare the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and you can uh compare the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and you can uh compare the same
+uh the other triangle triangles uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other triangle triangles uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other triangle triangles uh at
+image space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image space
+so this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this a
+c FB and I qf this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c FB and I qf this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c FB and I qf this
+one so if you do the same thing then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you do the same thing then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you do the same thing then we
+have the this relation so Qi is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the this relation so Qi is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the this relation so Qi is which is
+the image height and F PQ this is x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image height and F PQ this is x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image height and F PQ this is x i
+and we have the H the object height over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the H the object height over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the H the object height over
+a focal length so we have this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a focal length so we have this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a focal length so we have this relation
+and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second
+relation so if you combine them uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so if you combine them uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so if you combine them uh we
+have uh two interesting equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh two interesting equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh two interesting equation here
+the first one is H the image height over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is H the image height over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is H the image height over
+X or the object height should is x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or the object height should is x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or the object height should is x i
+over H or equal to F over x o and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H or equal to F over x o and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H or equal to F over x o and is
+also same as negative x i over F can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also same as negative x i over F can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also same as negative x i over F can
+anyone guess what this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone guess what this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone guess what this quantity
+means so hi I over X hi I over ho o so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so hi I over X hi I over ho o so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so hi I over X hi I over ho o so
+image height over IM object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image height over IM object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image height over IM object
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly yeah but he said magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah but he said magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah but he said magnification
+yeah because you know this is the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you know this is the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because you know this is the ratio
+of the relative size of the image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the relative size of the image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the relative size of the image and
+object so this actually this ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so this actually this ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so this actually this ter
+indicate the magnification of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the magnification of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the magnification of your
+Imaging system right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging system right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging system right so if
+magnification actually is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification actually is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification actually is defined
+by actually defined by like this just h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by actually defined by like this just h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by actually defined by like this just h
+i over ho o and if the mag the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i over ho o and if the mag the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i over ho o and if the mag the absolute
+value of magnification is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of magnification is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of magnification is larger than
+one then you're going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you're going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you're going to get the
+magnified image because the image height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnified image because the image height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnified image because the image height
+is bigger than object height right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than object height right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than object height right and
+if it is smaller than one you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is smaller than one you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is smaller than one you're going
+to get the uh smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the uh smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the uh smaller
+image and if you combine the rest these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and if you combine the rest these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and if you combine the rest these
+two equation so F overx and X XO and x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equation so F overx and X XO and x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equation so F overx and X XO and x i
+over F then you can get the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over F then you can get the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over F then you can get the this
+equation x o and XO * X I should be uh f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x o and XO * X I should be uh f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation x o and XO * X I should be uh f
+s which means so XO is the this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which means so XO is the this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which means so XO is the this distance
+the object to the focal plane front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to the focal plane front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object to the focal plane front
+focal plane and XI is from back focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane and XI is from back focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane and XI is from back focal
+plane to the image plane so this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to the image plane so this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to the image plane so this tells
+you uh where you where should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh where you where should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh where you where should you
+put uh the detector or object to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put uh the detector or object to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put uh the detector or object to make
+image right so they are related like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image right so they are related like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image right so they are related like
+this so this is on uh is one of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is on uh is one of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is on uh is one of the form
+of the Imaging condition and we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Imaging condition and we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Imaging condition and we call it
+a neut form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and sometimes it's more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and sometimes it's more convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and sometimes it's more convenient
+to define the distance from object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the distance from object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the distance from object to
+the lens not the focal plane so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens not the focal plane so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens not the focal plane so we
+Define two other distance so s o so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define two other distance so s o so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define two other distance so s o so
+object distance from object to the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance from object to the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance from object to the lens
+and image distance s i from lens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and image distance s i from lens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and image distance s i from lens to
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+and actually in this in this figure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually in this in this figure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually in this in this figure we
+can draw another way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw another way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw another way which
+is from object to the image but it pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from object to the image but it pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from object to the image but it pass
+through the center of the lens and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of the lens and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of the lens and it
+looks like just pass straight through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like just pass straight through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like just pass straight through
+the lens and can anyone guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why uh because at the center of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh because at the center of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh because at the center of the lens
+at the very center the radius cure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very center the radius cure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very center the radius cure is
+kind of infinity right so it just looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of infinity right so it just looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of infinity right so it just looks
+like you know just piece of piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know just piece of piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know just piece of piece of
+flat glass so if you have the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat glass so if you have the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat glass so if you have the piece of
+glass then you know from the snat the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass then you know from the snat the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass then you know from the snat the in
+the incident Ray and the outgoing Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident Ray and the outgoing Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident Ray and the outgoing Ray
+they they are parallel right if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are parallel right if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are parallel right if you have
+the same medium here and here and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same medium here and here and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same medium here and here and also
+we talk about we are talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about we are talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about we are talking about the
+very thin lens here so we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin lens here so we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin lens here so we don't really
+uh consider the thickness thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider the thickness thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider the thickness thickness of
+the lens so that's why the that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens so that's why the that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens so that's why the that way
+just that way looks like just passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that way looks like just passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that way looks like just passing
+straight through the lens so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through the lens so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through the lens so you can
+draw actually three uh Rays here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw actually three uh Rays here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw actually three uh Rays here so the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh first one this one and this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first one this one and this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first one this one and this one and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and then you can uh compare uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you can uh compare uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you can uh compare uh two
+actually another Tri big triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so o CA this one and i q c this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so o CA this one and i q c this one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so o CA this one and i q c this one so
+if you compare that triangle then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare that triangle then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare that triangle then we're
+going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the
+uh so CA over CB so uh CA and CV which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so CA over CB so uh CA and CV which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so CA over CB so uh CA and CV which
+is the actually magnification here H ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actually magnification here H ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actually magnification here H ho
+of negative hi should be same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative hi should be same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negative hi should be same as this
+object distance and image distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance and image distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance and image distance
+so so the this this tells you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the this this tells you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the this this tells you if you
+have the object distance and image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object distance and image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object distance and image
+distance they are related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance they are related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance they are related to the
+magnification so if your object is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification so if your object is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification so if your object is very
+far away from the uh length then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the uh length then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the uh length then you're
+going to get very smaller image right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get very smaller image right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get very smaller image right
+because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you
+have so you have the very big one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you have the very big one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you have the very big one here
+so you're going to get the small one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get the small one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get the small one but
+if you move your object to the lens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move your object to the lens then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move your object to the lens then
+you there a big chance you you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there a big chance you you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there a big chance you you're going
+to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the
+magnified one magnified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+image and if you and if you combine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and if you and if you combine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and if you and if you combine this
+equation and this relation and this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this relation and this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this relation and this two
+then we going to have the SI over s o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we going to have the SI over s o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we going to have the SI over s o
+but s and is same as F of XO but XO is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but s and is same as F of XO but XO is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but s and is same as F of XO but XO is
+actually so XO is actually s o minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so XO is actually s o minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so XO is actually s o minus F
+right so s o minus F and if you uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so s o minus F and if you uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so s o minus F and if you uh yeah
+let me do the do please so let we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the do please so let we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the do please so let we write
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+equation uh I just flip the uh numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh I just flip the uh numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh I just flip the uh numerator
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+denominator so s o over SI I is same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so s o over SI I is same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so s o over SI I is same as
+s o minus F and F and it should be same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s o minus F and F and it should be same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s o minus F and F and it should be same
+as s over F and is minus one right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s over F and is minus one right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s over F and is minus one right and I
+divide uh by s o here so I get 1 / SI I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide uh by s o here so I get 1 / SI I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide uh by s o here so I get 1 / SI I
+should be one / f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I just flip the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just flip the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just flip the numerator
+denominator so give us s so as s SI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so give us s so as s SI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so give us s so as s SI over
+s but I write I wrote s o over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but I write I wrote s o over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but I write I wrote s o over
+SI so this one also flip right s over s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI so this one also flip right s over s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI so this one also flip right s over s
+minus F over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I end up with
+1/ SI I = to 1 / f minus 1 / s which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the final equation so we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the final equation so we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the final equation so we call this
+lens low so one object distance plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens low so one object distance plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens low so one object distance plus one
+image distance should be one over F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image distance should be one over F so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image distance should be one over F so
+yeah so actually that's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so actually that's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so actually that's the equation
+that we in most most of time we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we in most most of time we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we in most most of time we are
+going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we just finished the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just finished the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just finished the probably
+one of the most important uh slide any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question so by using this equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so by using this equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so by using this equation we
+can uh analyze uh uh different situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh analyze uh uh different situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh analyze uh uh different situation
+so let's for see the four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's for see the four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's for see the four different
+situation here we have a positive lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here we have a positive lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here we have a positive lens
+and negative lens and the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative lens and the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative lens and the upper left
+situation is what we just describe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is what we just describe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is what we just describe uh
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+I actually object distance is longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually object distance is longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually object distance is longer
+than front focal length so you draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than front focal length so you draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than front focal length so you draw the
+two rays the upper one and right one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rays the upper one and right one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rays the upper one and right one and
+you just Trace them and they meet at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just Trace them and they meet at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just Trace them and they meet at one
+point and you're going to get the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you're going to get the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you're going to get the image
+and we call this one as a real image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call this one as a real image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call this one as a real image
+because all this r m uh is departing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all this r m uh is departing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all this r m uh is departing at
+that point they actually meet at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point they actually meet at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point they actually meet at this
+point so if you put a screen then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so if you put a screen then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so if you put a screen then and
+you can actually see the uh image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see the uh image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see the uh image of
+your object so that's why we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your object so that's why we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your object so that's why we call the
+real image and it's inverted right cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real image and it's inverted right cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real image and it's inverted right cuz
+it was uh going upright it's down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh going upright it's down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh going upright it's down uh
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+right and no magnification is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and no magnification is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and no magnification is is
+definitely small is negative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely small is negative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely small is negative because
+inverted and also uh if you if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted and also uh if you if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted and also uh if you if you see
+the the distance object distance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distance object distance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distance object distance this
+one and this one then you can easily see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one then you can easily see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one then you can easily see
+you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh actually it depends on the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually it depends on the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually it depends on the object
+distance but yeah and if you in terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but yeah and if you in terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but yeah and if you in terms in
+ter of equation so this s is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter of equation so this s is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter of equation so this s is bigger than
+focal length right so this one / s o is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length right so this one / s o is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length right so this one / s o is
+actually smaller than one / f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually smaller than one / f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually smaller than one / f so
+actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the
+SI should be positive you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI should be positive you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI should be positive you know you know
+you need to add something right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to add something right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to add something right because
+this one is smaller than this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is smaller than this one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is smaller than this one so
+that's why we have the S side which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have the S side which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have the S side which is
+positive distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive distance
+here but if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you think about this
+situation so object distance now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so object distance now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so object distance now is
+smaller than focal length it's closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than focal length it's closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than focal length it's closer
+it's closer than the front uh front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closer than the front uh front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closer than the front uh front
+focal plane then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane then you
+can still draw these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rays one is parallel to the optical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays one is parallel to the optical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays one is parallel to the optical axis
+and the other one is passing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is passing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is passing through the
+front focal plane but after the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front focal plane but after the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front focal plane but after the lens
+actually they you don't Mo because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they you don't Mo because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they you don't Mo because they
+are diverging so if you uh back Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diverging so if you uh back Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diverging so if you uh back Trace
+then they actually meet in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they actually meet in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they actually meet in front of the
+lens so we call this as a VD this as a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so we call this as a VD this as a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so we call this as a VD this as a a
+virtual image because it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual image because it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual image because it looks like
+coming from that point but if you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that point but if you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that point but if you put a
+screen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen there
+there uh just second the Singapore I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh just second the Singapore I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh just second the Singapore I'm
+not using the docum ey right now so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using the docum ey right now so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using the docum ey right now so okay
+thanks so so if you put the screen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so so if you put the screen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so so if you put the screen there
+then you don't really see the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't really see the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't really see the actual
+image it just looks like uh these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image it just looks like uh these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image it just looks like uh these two
+rays uh behind the lens they they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays uh behind the lens they they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays uh behind the lens they they look
+coming from this point so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this point so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this point so that's the
+definition of the virtual image and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the virtual image and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the virtual image and as
+you can see here we have the uh erect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here we have the uh erect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here we have the uh erect
+image and it's bigger than the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and it's bigger than the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and it's bigger than the original
+object which is green so magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which is green so magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which is green so magnification
+is bigger than one in terms of equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than one in terms of equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than one in terms of equation
+so now s so is smaller than F so one/ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now s so is smaller than F so one/ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now s so is smaller than F so one/ s
+o is actually bigger than one/ F right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is actually bigger than one/ F right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is actually bigger than one/ F right
+so actually this guy should be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually this guy should be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually this guy should be negative
+which means SI also should be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means SI also should be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means SI also should be negative
+and which indicate your image distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which indicate your image distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which indicate your image distance
+is negative so you are going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative so you are going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative so you are going to have the
+image in front of your lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and the negative length you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the negative length you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the negative length you know
+we have the negative focal length here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the negative focal length here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the negative focal length here
+so that's why the front focal plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the front focal plane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the front focal plane is
+actually behind the lens not the infont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually behind the lens not the infont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually behind the lens not the infont
+of the lens so you can still draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens so you can still draw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens so you can still draw these
+trays but they don't me they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trays but they don't me they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trays but they don't me they have the
+they make a virtual image in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a virtual image in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a virtual image in front of
+the lens and we have the virtual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens and we have the virtual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens and we have the virtual and
+erect image and mag magnification we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erect image and mag magnification we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erect image and mag magnification we get
+actually the smaller image and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the smaller image and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the smaller image and if you do
+the same thing here uh we going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing here uh we going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing here uh we going to get
+the virtual erect and this also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtual erect and this also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtual erect and this also a
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so so so far we just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so so far we just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so so so far we just talk
+about the thin lens and how they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the thin lens and how they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the thin lens and how they make
+the image like for sorry uh paper will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image like for sorry uh paper will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image like for sorry uh paper will
+pass around this uh the convex lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around this uh the convex lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around this uh the convex lens
+which is uh which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh which was the
+the upper case so you're going to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper case so you're going to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper case so you're going to see if
+you move your uh screen or eyes then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move your uh screen or eyes then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move your uh screen or eyes then you
+can see actually it was inverted but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually it was inverted but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually it was inverted but is
+erect so you can see you have to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erect so you can see you have to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erect so you can see you have to see the
+flipped image right so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped image right so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped image right so it's going to
+pass around so one one way to do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around so one one way to do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around so one one way to do it is
+just look at the look at your uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the look at your uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the look at your uh your
+notebook and if you have it just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook and if you have it just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook and if you have it just at the
+right distance the the image would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right distance the the image would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right distance the the image would look
+inverted and floating on top of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted and floating on top of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted and floating on top of the uh
+the lens which is the real image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens which is the real image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens which is the real image
+and if you put it closer which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you put it closer which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you put it closer which means
+that now we have the second case there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we have the second case there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we have the second case there
+the image will be erect so not inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image will be erect so not inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image will be erect so not inverted
+anymore and will look behind the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and will look behind the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and will look behind the lens
+right so it's actually pretty dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's actually pretty dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's actually pretty dramatic
+the change yeah actually the the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change yeah actually the the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change yeah actually the the upper
+right configuration is the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right configuration is the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right configuration is the exact same
+form as magnifier so you know magnifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as magnifier so you know magnifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as magnifier so you know magnifier
+that detective are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+Okay so yeah so next question is what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so yeah so next question is what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so yeah so next question is what if
+we have a multiple lenses like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a multiple lenses like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a multiple lenses like this this
+case so here we have two lenses uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so here we have two lenses uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so here we have two lenses uh each
+one has a focal length of 10 so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has a focal length of 10 so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has a focal length of 10 so let's
+say unit is millim so the focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say unit is millim so the focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say unit is millim so the focal length
+is just 10 mm 10 mm and the gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 10 mm 10 mm and the gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 10 mm 10 mm and the gap between
+the lens is 5 mm and we are given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens is 5 mm and we are given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens is 5 mm and we are given an
+object which is the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which is the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which is the distance from the
+object to the first lens is just 5 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to the first lens is just 5 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to the first lens is just 5 mm
+and we want we want to find uh what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want we want to find uh what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want we want to find uh what kind
+of image we get and where it is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of image we get and where it is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of image we get and where it is at
+somewhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around
+here so can anyone guess uh how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so can anyone guess uh how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so can anyone guess uh how to do it
+because we just talk about the single l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just talk about the single l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just talk about the single l
+a single lens but what if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single lens but what if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single lens but what if we have the
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lenses yeah so actually the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses yeah so actually the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses yeah so actually the answer is
+pretty straightforward so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward so you just
+Cascade which means you first consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade which means you first consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade which means you first consider
+first lens so you just find the image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lens so you just find the image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lens so you just find the image of
+the object through the first lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object through the first lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object through the first lens and
+that image becomes the object to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image becomes the object to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image becomes the object to the
+second the second lens and you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the second lens and you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the second lens and you the same
+thing find the image and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing find the image and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing find the image and if you have
+more lens you just repeat the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lens you just repeat the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lens you just repeat the same
+process okay so let's first try it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay so let's first try it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay so let's first try it so
+here I just consider I just neglect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I just consider I just neglect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I just consider I just neglect the
+the second lens I only have the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lens I only have the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lens I only have the first
+length which has the object distance 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length which has the object distance 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length which has the object distance 5
+mm and focal length is 10 so I can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm and focal length is 10 so I can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm and focal length is 10 so I can draw
+the two or three Rays to find the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two or three Rays to find the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two or three Rays to find the image
+but to be precise I just plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to be precise I just plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to be precise I just plug in the
+equation the one over five which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the one over five which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the one over five which is the
+this distance the five is this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance the five is this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance the five is this distance
+and we're going to we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to we want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to we want to find the
+image distance if it is positive then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image distance if it is positive then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image distance if it is positive then we
+going to get real image but if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get real image but if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get real image but if it is
+negative then we are going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then we are going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then we are going to get the
+virtual image here and should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual image here and should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual image here and should be
+vulnerable 10 which is focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable 10 which is focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable 10 which is focal length
+right and it turns out that this S Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out that this S Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out that this S Prime
+this image distance is actually - 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image distance is actually - 10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image distance is actually - 10 so
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+means uh we have the negative image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh we have the negative image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh we have the negative image
+which is in front of the length the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in front of the length the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in front of the length the this
+distance is 10 mm and if you compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is 10 mm and if you compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is 10 mm and if you compare the
+magnification which is defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification which is defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification which is defined by the
+object distance and image distance so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance and image distance so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance and image distance so is
+negative there is a negative sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there is a negative sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there is a negative sign so
+negative negative -1 over 5 is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative negative -1 over 5 is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative negative -1 over 5 is actually
+two so we we have uh uh erect fure image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we we have uh uh erect fure image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we we have uh uh erect fure image
+image which is twice larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image which is twice larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image which is twice larger than
+original image this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image this is the first
+lens and this image is now an object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and this image is now an object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and this image is now an object to
+the second lens so we had the virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lens so we had the virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lens so we had the virtual
+image here which was the 10 mm in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image here which was the 10 mm in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image here which was the 10 mm in front
+of the lens but if you only think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens but if you only think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens but if you only think about
+second lens then this object distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lens then this object distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lens then this object distance
+should be 15 mm right so if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 15 mm right so if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 15 mm right so if you do the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing so now we have the one 15 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so now we have the one 15 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so now we have the one 15 from
+here to here and we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and we want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and we want to find the
+image distance one/ S Prime should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image distance one/ S Prime should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image distance one/ S Prime should be
+one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/
+10 uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just uh positive 30 mm so so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh positive 30 mm so so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh positive 30 mm so so we are
+going to get after 30 mm we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get after 30 mm we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get after 30 mm we going to
+have the real image and if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the real image and if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the real image and if you compare
+the magnification of the second length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnification of the second length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnification of the second length
+then it's 30 over 15 so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's 30 over 15 so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's 30 over 15 so we have the
+negative2 so we have the uh the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative2 so we have the uh the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative2 so we have the uh the real
+image here which is inverted one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image here which is inverted one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image here which is inverted one and
+that is twice larger than this virtual I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is twice larger than this virtual I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is twice larger than this virtual I
+mean the object of the second image so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the object of the second image so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the object of the second image so
+if you so the overall magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you so the overall magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you so the overall magnification
+because you know actually we initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know actually we initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know actually we initially
+had a two lens like this so the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a two lens like this so the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a two lens like this so the overall
+magnification is just multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification is just multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification is just multiplication of
+individual magnification so first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual magnification so first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual magnification so first one
+was the positive two and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the positive two and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the positive two and this is
+negative two so the final magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative two so the final magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative two so the final magnification
+is minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 4
+so the an the answer to the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the an the answer to the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the an the answer to the question is
+we're going to have the inverted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the inverted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the inverted the
+real image behind behind the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real image behind behind the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real image behind behind the the second
+lens which is 30 mm behind the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which is 30 mm behind the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which is 30 mm behind the second
+lens and which is four times larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and which is four times larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and which is four times larger than
+the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object so if you have few length like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if you have few length like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if you have few length like
+two or three then this approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three then this approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three then this approach is
+pretty straight for right you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straight for right you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straight for right you just
+consider one by one and and just apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider one by one and and just apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider one by one and and just apply
+the answer LW and you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer LW and you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer LW and you're going to get
+the uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the previous slide we just derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the previous slide we just derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the previous slide we just derived
+the iming condition which was the XO * X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iming condition which was the XO * X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iming condition which was the XO * X
+I should be f s or 1 / s o plus 1 / SI I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be f s or 1 / s o plus 1 / SI I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be f s or 1 / s o plus 1 / SI I
+is one / f we just deriv those equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one / f we just deriv those equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one / f we just deriv those equation
+from the geometry right those we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the geometry right those we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the geometry right those we just
+compare the the few triangles and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the the few triangles and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the the few triangles and get
+the uh the final equations well I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the final equations well I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the final equations well I can do
+the same thing with the ray Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with the ray Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with the ray Matrix
+Transformer so uh let me do uh on dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the way you do it is you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the way you do it is you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the way you do it is you know in
+the ray transfer Matrix you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ray transfer Matrix you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ray transfer Matrix you first
+Define the angle and height in object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the angle and height in object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the angle and height in object
+space and image right so here I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and image right so here I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and image right so here I have uh
+Alpha I and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I and x
+i which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i which
+is this angle and the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this angle and the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this angle and the height of the
+image let me write H I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually and the input was x o and H O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and the input was x o and H O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and the input was x o and H O
+which is this angle and this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this angle and this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this angle and this side
+and as the as R you know is propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the as R you know is propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the as R you know is propagating
+from left to right but I write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right but I write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right but I write the
+Matrix from right to left right so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix from right to left right so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix from right to left right so first
+thing is the propagation from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the propagation from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the propagation from here to
+here so which is the Distance by uh s o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so which is the Distance by uh s o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so which is the Distance by uh s o
+so the first Matrix should be uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first Matrix should be uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first Matrix should be uh 1
+Zer uh S one am I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer uh S one am I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer uh S one am I right
+oh s o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh s o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh s o
+yes okay so we just first consider from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so we just first consider from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so we just first consider from
+here to here and then you have the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and then you have the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and then you have the lens
+which was we just derived the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was we just derived the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was we just derived the last time
+which was one 1 / f z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was one 1 / f z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was one 1 / f z and
+one and the next one is from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the next one is from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the next one is from here to
+here right the same uh propagation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right the same uh propagation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right the same uh propagation so we
+have 1 z s i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 z s i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 z s i1
+so this is the uh Matrix formulation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh Matrix formulation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh Matrix formulation in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case so if I compute these matrices then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so if I compute these matrices then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so if I compute these matrices then
+actually I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write s so f s I + s o - s i s o f and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write s so f s I + s o - s i s o f and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write s so f s I + s o - s i s o f and 1
+/ f 1 - I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ f 1 - I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ f 1 - I
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2
+this so can anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so can anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so can anyone
+guess can anyone explain the Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess can anyone explain the Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess can anyone explain the Imaging
+condition from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition from this
+Matrix so we just derive the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so we just derive the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so we just derive the relation
+between uh angle and height in object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh angle and height in object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh angle and height in object
+but angle and height in image and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but angle and height in image and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but angle and height in image and we
+have the transform Matrix here so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the transform Matrix here so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the transform Matrix here so what's
+the the Imaging condition in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so let's go back to the uh first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's go back to the uh first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's go back to the uh first so
+what is what was the image so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what was the image so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what was the image so we have
+the bunch of different uh bunch of rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bunch of different uh bunch of rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bunch of different uh bunch of rays
+starting from the object point and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the object point and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the object point and they
+all they arrive at the same point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they arrive at the same point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they arrive at the same point in the
+image right so if you just just com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image right so if you just just com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image right so if you just just com
+think about the hi and ho o here so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the hi and ho o here so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the hi and ho o here so at
+that point all these Rays have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point all these Rays have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point all these Rays have the same
+height ho but they have different Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height ho but they have different Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height ho but they have different Alpha
+o these guys right but at the image side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o these guys right but at the image side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o these guys right but at the image side
+the same thing the all those Rays these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing the all those Rays these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing the all those Rays these
+Rays they have the same height hi but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays they have the same height hi but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays they have the same height hi but
+they have different different angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different different angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different different angle
+Alpha I so if you just compare the hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I so if you just compare the hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I so if you just compare the hi
+and ho you know those rays even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ho you know those rays even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ho you know those rays even though
+they have different angles but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different angles but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different angles but they have
+the same height which means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same height which means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same height which means it's
+independ which means actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi so hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi so hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi so hi
+actually should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually should be
+independent on Alpha zero because no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent on Alpha zero because no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent on Alpha zero because no
+matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how
+they how they uh how they depart at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they how they uh how they depart at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they how they uh how they depart at that
+point they have the same height here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they have the same height here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they have the same height here
+right so the answer is actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the answer is actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the answer is actually this
+ter CU you know this is Alpha I and hi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter CU you know this is Alpha I and hi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter CU you know this is Alpha I and hi I
+so this term should be zero because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term should be zero because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term should be zero because you
+know as I just described hi should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as I just described hi should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as I just described hi should be
+independent on alpha alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent on alpha alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent on alpha alpha
+object right so if I do the math then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so if I do the math then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so if I do the math then
+this is one over I just divide by s o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one over I just divide by s o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one over I just divide by s o
+and Si so this one is one/ s o plus one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Si so this one is one/ s o plus one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Si so this one is one/ s o plus one/
+SI IUS one/ F should be zero which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI IUS one/ F should be zero which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI IUS one/ F should be zero which is
+uh which is uh again the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lo
+okay yeah so that's the what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so that's the what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so that's the what I just
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+and uh if I plug in uh this equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if I plug in uh this equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if I plug in uh this equation I
+mean in this Matrix and I get uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in this Matrix and I get uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in this Matrix and I get uh this
+find finally I get these matrices so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find finally I get these matrices so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find finally I get these matrices so if
+I continue at this equation then - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I continue at this equation then - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I continue at this equation then - x
+over f 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over f 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over f 1 /
+F0 - x i over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+right okay so the upper right term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the upper right term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the upper right term we
+still have 1 / negative 1 / f which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have 1 / negative 1 / f which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have 1 / negative 1 / f which is
+lens power or Optical power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what is this term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is this term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is this term the
+upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh this the the last term negative x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this the the last term negative x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this the the last term negative x
+i over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i over
+F can anyone answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy uh press the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh press the button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh press the button
+please magnification yes cuz since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please magnification yes cuz since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please magnification yes cuz since this
+term is zero so if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero so if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero so if you think about the
+second row here then you have the hi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row here then you have the hi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row here then you have the hi is
+just uh this guy multiplied by ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh this guy multiplied by ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh this guy multiplied by ho
+right so if you just think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you just think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you just think about the
+second element here then hi is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element here then hi is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element here then hi is negative
+x i over F which is h o or object height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i over F which is h o or object height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i over F which is h o or object height
+so this term is actually tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term is actually tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term is actually tells you the
+relation between the object height and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the object height and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the object height and
+image height which is the magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image height which is the magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image height which is the magnification
+so I just say the lateral magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just say the lateral magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just say the lateral magnification
+because we are talking about the size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are talking about the size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are talking about the size so
+this term is magnification and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is magnification and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is magnification and and it
+turns out that the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the upper left
+term this term is actually we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this term is actually we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this term is actually we call the
+angular magnification because that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular magnification because that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular magnification because that is
+related with the alpha I and Alpha o to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related with the alpha I and Alpha o to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related with the alpha I and Alpha o to
+be more precise actually angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more precise actually angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more precise actually angular
+magnification is defined by the uh ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification is defined by the uh ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification is defined by the uh ratio
+of change in object angle the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change in object angle the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change in object angle the image
+angle and object angle and if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and object angle and if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and object angle and if you do the
+math then we finally get the this ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math then we finally get the this ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math then we finally get the this ter
+negative XO over F and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative XO over F and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative XO over F and it turns out that
+the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular
+magnification is actually vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification is actually vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification is actually vulnerable
+lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnification um yes yeah what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification um yes yeah what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification um yes yeah what's the
+what's the idea of angular magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea of angular magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea of angular magnification
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we understand that lateral magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand that lateral magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand that lateral magnification
+means how much the object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means how much the object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means how much the object is
+scaled um but in the case of Imaging how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled um but in the case of Imaging how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled um but in the case of Imaging how
+what what does it mean uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does it mean uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does it mean uh that's
+actually good question so actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good question so actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good question so actually if
+you see the definition of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the definition of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the definition of the angular
+vcation is actually there is a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vcation is actually there is a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vcation is actually there is a Delta
+right so this Delta Alpha I mean change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this Delta Alpha I mean change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this Delta Alpha I mean change
+in image angle and change over change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in image angle and change over change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in image angle and change over change in
+object angle which means let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object angle which means let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object angle which means let's think
+about just two rays here and here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just two rays here and here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just two rays here and here so you
+have the object uh uh Ray angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object uh uh Ray angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object uh uh Ray angle and
+object space and another ray in image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object space and another ray in image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object space and another ray in image
+space if you change this angle in object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you change this angle in object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if you change this angle in object
+space then you're going to also change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then you're going to also change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then you're going to also change
+the I mean angle in weight I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I mean angle in weight I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I mean angle in weight I mean in
+this side the image space so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side the image space so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side the image space so actually
+the angular modification tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular modification tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular modification tells you how
+they are related so if you change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are related so if you change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are related so if you change this
+much then how uh uh what is what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much then how uh uh what is what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much then how uh uh what is what do you
+get in this side how much how much CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in this side how much how much CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in this side how much how much CH
+change you get in uh in image space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you get in uh in image space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you get in uh in image space so
+that's the I guess that's the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the I guess that's the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the I guess that's the proper
+interpretation of uh angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of uh angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of uh angular
+magnification is the answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yeah thanks and does it relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah thanks and does it relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah thanks and does it relate
+to numerical aperture or in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to numerical aperture or in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to numerical aperture or in some
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+uh sure actually the angular medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure actually the angular medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure actually the angular medication
+is X or over F right right um yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X or over F right right um yeah oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X or over F right right um yeah oh
+not really yeah it just depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really yeah it just depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really yeah it just depend on
+the uh you know ination we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you know ination we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you know ination we don't have
+the notion of the size of L yeah so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of the size of L yeah so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of the size of L yeah so it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+related yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks uh any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question I supposed to go very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I supposed to go very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I supposed to go very slowly
+but there's no questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then uh let's do uh let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh let's do uh let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh let's do uh let's talk about the
+next topic a thick lens so so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next topic a thick lens so so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next topic a thick lens so so far we
+just think about just thin lens all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about just thin lens all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about just thin lens all
+these way transform matrices or Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these way transform matrices or Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these way transform matrices or Imaging
+condition we just consider the thin lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we just consider the thin lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we just consider the thin lens
+which is the Two Cure but we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the Two Cure but we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the Two Cure but we didn't
+really account for the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really account for the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really account for the thickness of the
+lens but if you think about the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but if you think about the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but if you think about the real
+lens we just uh seen uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens we just uh seen uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens we just uh seen uh the
+the bonx lens actually they have final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonx lens actually they have final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonx lens actually they have final
+thickness right like this so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness right like this so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness right like this so you have
+the first surface and second surface but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surface and second surface but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surface and second surface but
+it has the final thickness so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the final thickness so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the final thickness so what is it
+what is the more uh accurate or I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the more uh accurate or I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the more uh accurate or I should
+say more rigorous way to model to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more rigorous way to model to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more rigorous way to model to make a
+model for this lens so obvious this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for this lens so obvious this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for this lens so obvious this
+answer is very obvious right so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is very obvious right so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is very obvious right so you just
+first uh think the reflection at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh think the reflection at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh think the reflection at first
+surface and just propagate the ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and just propagate the ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and just propagate the ray
+inside the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the glass
+right and then think the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then think the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then think the second
+reflection at the uh second surface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection at the uh second surface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection at the uh second surface so
+that's the you know the proper way to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the you know the proper way to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the you know the proper way to uh
+describe so I can do the we transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so I can do the we transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe so I can do the we transfer
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh
+yeah so we have we start with the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have we start with the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have we start with the alpha
+1 and X1 which is the angle and height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and X1 which is the angle and height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and X1 which is the angle and height
+in uh in left side and Alpha 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X2 so it's Alpha 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so it's Alpha 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so it's Alpha 2 and
+X2 and Alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and Alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and Alpha 1 and
+X1 and the first Matrix should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and the first Matrix should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and the first Matrix should be the
+reflection at this first surface so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection at this first surface so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection at this first surface so it
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh one negative uh left to right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one negative uh left to right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one negative uh left to right and
+R1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 1
+Z by the way if R1 is positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z by the way if R1 is positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z by the way if R1 is positive or
+the R1 is the the cover radi of cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R1 is the the cover radi of cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R1 is the the cover radi of cover
+this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface oh we talked about the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface oh we talked about the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface oh we talked about the last time
+if the center of the radius cure is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the center of the radius cure is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the center of the radius cure is that
+way I mean which is POS uh positive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I mean which is POS uh positive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I mean which is POS uh positive way
+then this radi of cover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this radi of cover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this radi of cover is
+positive so actually R1 is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so actually R1 is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so actually R1 is positive and
+next Matrix should be propagation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Matrix should be propagation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Matrix should be propagation from
+first surface to the second surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first surface to the second surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first surface to the second surface
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh 1 z e over n one so don't forget n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 z e over n one so don't forget n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 z e over n one so don't forget n in
+denominator because it's not a the r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator because it's not a the r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator because it's not a the r is
+propagating through inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating through inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating through inside the
+glass and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and the the
+last the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the
+third the last Matrix is Matrix should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third the last Matrix is Matrix should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third the last Matrix is Matrix should
+be one and minus negative uh left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and minus negative uh left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and minus negative uh left to
+right and radius cover to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and radius cover to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and radius cover to one
+Zer so these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so these three
+matrices describe this thick length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices describe this thick length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices describe this thick length
+right so we just consider the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just consider the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just consider the two
+refraction and the propagation through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and the propagation through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and the propagation through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+glass and if I compute this matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and if I compute this matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and if I compute this matrices
+then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+actually M21 M22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll get the four different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll get the four different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll get the four different elements
+right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is I just so actually if you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just so actually if you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just so actually if you compute
+those three matrices I get this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three matrices I get this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three matrices I get this one but
+I just symbolize M11 and M12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M2 uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 uh which
+one D Over N yeah because the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one D Over N yeah because the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one D Over N yeah because the distance
+is D but the reflective in is n so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D but the reflective in is n so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D but the reflective in is n so you
+need to divide by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+yeah and as you know if we cu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and as you know if we cu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and as you know if we cu the
+previously we had a thin lens which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we had a thin lens which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we had a thin lens which is
+uh just thin lens like this and incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just thin lens like this and incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just thin lens like this and incoming
+way they converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at Point like this and this was focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Point like this and this was focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Point like this and this was focal
+length right and the we transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right and the we transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right and the we transfer
+matrices Matrix for this thin lens was 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices Matrix for this thin lens was 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices Matrix for this thin lens was 1
+1/ F 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ F 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ F 0 and 1
+right so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes oh where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see oh left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh sorry
+yes all right so you should be n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right so you should be n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right so you should be n minus
+one and 1 minus n yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and 1 minus n yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and 1 minus n yeah I
+confusing no uh actually the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing no uh actually the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing no uh actually the way I
+remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is
+the uh reflective index at left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh reflective index at left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh reflective index at left side
+minus uh reflecting this right side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh reflecting this right side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh reflecting this right side but
+there was negative sign so yeah I I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was negative sign so yeah I I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was negative sign so yeah I I got
+I got wrong here thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you sorry uh yeah so what I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sorry uh yeah so what I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sorry uh yeah so what I was going to
+talk about is we have uh if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is we have uh if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is we have uh if we have the
+thin lens then the rate transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin lens then the rate transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin lens then the rate transform
+matrixes Matrix should be it was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixes Matrix should be it was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrixes Matrix should be it was the one
+negative 1 over F and 1 zero but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 over F and 1 zero but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 over F and 1 zero but now we
+have the thick lens that's why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the thick lens that's why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the thick lens that's why we have
+complicated these four terms but we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated these four terms but we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated these four terms but we get
+the same analogy of this term because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same analogy of this term because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same analogy of this term because
+this term describe the how much R band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term describe the how much R band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term describe the how much R band
+right Optical power or lens power so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Optical power or lens power so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Optical power or lens power so we
+get the same thing here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing here which is
+actually this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+um this time and since it is uh thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this time and since it is uh thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this time and since it is uh thick
+lens we Define a new quantity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens we Define a new quantity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens we Define a new quantity which is
+effective focal lens so we consider that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal lens so we consider that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal lens so we consider that
+ter as a single quantity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter as a single quantity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter as a single quantity which is
+negative one over effective focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one over effective focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one over effective focal length
+so effective focal length is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effective focal length is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effective focal length is actually
+the quantity inside inside the bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity inside inside the bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity inside inside the bracket
+so n minus one and one / R1 minus one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n minus one and one / R1 minus one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n minus one and one / R1 minus one/
+R2 and we have extra term so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and we have extra term so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and we have extra term so what is
+this term the N minus one and one/ R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the N minus one and one/ R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the N minus one and one/ R1
+minus one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah actually actually that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah actually actually that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah actually actually that's the
+what I describe at the very first slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I describe at the very first slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I describe at the very first slide
+right so that's the uh lens maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the uh lens maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the uh lens maker
+equation so focal length of thin lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so focal length of thin lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so focal length of thin lens
+and you can compute the focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute the focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute the focal length
+from the reflective index and radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reflective index and radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reflective index and radius
+cover right but now we have thick lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover right but now we have thick lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover right but now we have thick lens
+so we have exra ter it's function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have exra ter it's function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have exra ter it's function of the
+the D the distance from the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D the distance from the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the D the distance from the first and
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+surface so if actually the effective so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so if actually the effective so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so if actually the effective so
+if you consider thick lens then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider thick lens then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider thick lens then the
+effective focal length is not same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length is not same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length is not same as
+the focal length right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we just find the where is the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just find the where is the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just find the where is the focal
+length measured from is it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length measured from is it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length measured from is it from the
+middle going to talk about yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle going to talk about yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle going to talk about yeah okay so
+we just find the effective focal L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just find the effective focal L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just find the effective focal L of
+the thick length but yeah exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thick length but yeah exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thick length but yeah exactly where
+the focus uh where the focus will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus uh where the focus will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus uh where the focus will be
+that's the next question right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the next question right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the next question right because
+we we didn't Define any uh ples yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we didn't Define any uh ples yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we didn't Define any uh ples yet so
+let's think about it so first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about it so first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about it so first one is
+back focal plane so we have the uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back focal plane so we have the uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back focal plane so we have the uh we
+have a object at infinity and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a object at infinity and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a object at infinity and so we have
+the uh Ray parallel to the optical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Ray parallel to the optical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Ray parallel to the optical axis
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+Bend twice here and here and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend twice here and here and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bend twice here and here and finally
+they're going to make a focus at here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to make a focus at here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to make a focus at here so
+this is focal plane and you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is focal plane and you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is focal plane and you can Define
+the focal length from this point so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal length from this point so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal length from this point so okay
+and I can do the R so this I can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do the R so this I can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do the R so this I can do the
+to find that point actually the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find that point actually the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find that point actually the this
+distance right so this distance tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right so this distance tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance right so this distance tells
+you actually we we Define this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually we we Define this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually we we Define this distance
+as back focal plane so from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as back focal plane so from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as back focal plane so from the second
+surface of the lens to this back focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the lens to this back focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the lens to this back focal
+plane and what I'm going to do is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and what I'm going to do is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and what I'm going to do is find
+the this Distance by R transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices so what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay the same as before
+uh Alpha 2 and X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alpha 2 and X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alpha 2 and X2
+which is here but you know the X2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here but you know the X2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here but you know the X2 is
+zero because it is on the on the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it is on the on the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it is on the on the optical
+axis right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis right so this
+actually zero and input is Alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 this one so this X1 and angle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 this one so this X1 and angle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 this one so this X1 and angle but
+since it is parallel to the optical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it is parallel to the optical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it is parallel to the optical axis
+so alpha 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and I I just derive the the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I I just derive the the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I I just derive the the r
+transfer Matrix of the thick lens this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer Matrix of the thick lens this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer Matrix of the thick lens this
+guy I mean this whole guy so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have M11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M11
+M12 M21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M12 M21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M12 M21
+M22 and it's not the end right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M22 and it's not the end right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M22 and it's not the end right so we
+have to propagate again from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to propagate again from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to propagate again from here to
+Here by distance ZB so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here by distance ZB so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here by distance ZB so it's going to
+be 1 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 Z
+ZB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZB
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if you solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then so this is just I uh what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this is just I uh what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this is just I uh what I've
+written so we have the one Zer zb1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so we have the one Zer zb1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so we have the one Zer zb1 and
+this is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M
+matrices and if you solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and if you solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and if you solve this equation
+then we get two two result right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get two two result right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get two two result right we have
+the uh two equations so one is Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh two equations so one is Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh two equations so one is Alpha 2
+is negative X1 and effective so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative X1 and effective so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative X1 and effective so this
+sign means you know this Alpha 2 uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign means you know this Alpha 2 uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign means you know this Alpha 2 uh is
+heading downward so so amplitude means X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading downward so so amplitude means X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading downward so so amplitude means X
+X1 over effective focal length and zv ZB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 over effective focal length and zv ZB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 over effective focal length and zv ZB
+is actually effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually effective focal
+length uh times 1 minus this gu so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh times 1 minus this gu so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh times 1 minus this gu so in
+this case actually the zp is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case actually the zp is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case actually the zp is bigger than
+effective forance or smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective forance or smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective forance or smaller than
+effective forance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know in this case n is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this case n is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in this case n is bigger than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so this gu positive so ZB is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gu positive so ZB is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gu positive so ZB is actually
+smaller than effective forance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than effective forance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than effective forance
+right wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys right so we we Define this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys right so we we Define this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys right so we we Define this distance
+ZB as a back focal length and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZB as a back focal length and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZB as a back focal length and we just
+talk about the effective focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the effective focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the effective focal length
+the quantity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity in the
+bracket and with one over effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and with one over effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and with one over effective
+focal length is uh Power the lens power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length is uh Power the lens power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length is uh Power the lens power
+or Optical power of this thck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Optical power of this thck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Optical power of this thck
+length so this distance is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so this distance is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so this distance is the fact
+focal length which is the answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length which is the answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length which is the answer to your
+question and we can do the same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and we can do the same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and we can do the same thing in
+the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we start from the point we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from the point we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from the point we don't know
+where it is yet but the the focal point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is yet but the the focal point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is yet but the the focal point
+in front of the lens which is front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the lens which is front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the lens which is front
+focal plane front focal point and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane front focal point and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane front focal point and they
+ban twice and finally they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban twice and finally they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban twice and finally they get
+collimated because you know it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collimated because you know it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collimated because you know it's going
+to the image at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the image at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the image at
+Infinity so the ray matrices is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so the ray matrices is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so the ray matrices is in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Alpha 2 and X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alpha 2 and X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alpha 2 and X2
+and Alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 1 and
+X1 but we now we start from the point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 but we now we start from the point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 but we now we start from the point on
+the optical axis so X1 should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and at the end we are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and at the end we are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and at the end we are going to have
+the X2 but Alpha 2 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X2 but Alpha 2 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X2 but Alpha 2 equal
+Z so this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this should be
+zero and first matrices we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and first matrices we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and first matrices we should
+consider is this propagation by ZF right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is this propagation by ZF right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is this propagation by ZF right
+so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to
+be 1 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 Z
+zf1 and then we have the thick length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zf1 and then we have the thick length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zf1 and then we have the thick length
+so M11 M12 M21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so M11 M12 M21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so M11 M12 M21
+M22 and if you solve the this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M22 and if you solve the this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M22 and if you solve the this equation
+then we also get the uh two result so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also get the uh two result so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also get the uh two result so
+which is the front focal length which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the front focal length which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the front focal length which is
+ZF from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZF from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZF from here to
+here and this is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is what you get
+and the second one in X2 is Alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one in X2 is Alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one in X2 is Alpha 1 and
+Alpha 1 time effective focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question uh I guess this time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh I guess this time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh I guess this time to
+break uh yeah uh let's let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh yeah uh let's let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh yeah uh let's let's take a
+break here so I so next time I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break here so I so next time I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break here so I so next time I'm going
+to I'm going to continue to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to continue to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to continue to explain
+these front focal lengths and back focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these front focal lengths and back focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these front focal lengths and back focal
+lengths and how they are related and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths and how they are related and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths and how they are related and
+meantime we have the demo setup here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime we have the demo setup here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime we have the demo setup here so
+uh you're welcome to uh come and see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're welcome to uh come and see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're welcome to uh come and see and
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+have uh here is actually the Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh here is actually the Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh here is actually the Imaging
+setup we have a single lens here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we have a single lens here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we have a single lens here and
+object which is the resolution Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which is the resolution Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which is the resolution Target
+and we have a screen here so if you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a screen here so if you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a screen here so if you move
+this screen back and forth or lens or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this screen back and forth or lens or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this screen back and forth or lens or
+yeah lens and the image right we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lens and the image right we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lens and the image right we cannot
+move object so we'll see basically we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move object so we'll see basically we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move object so we'll see basically we're
+going to demonstrate the Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to demonstrate the Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to demonstrate the Imaging
+condition so if the distance is proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so if the distance is proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so if the distance is proper
+properly aligned properly located then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly aligned properly located then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly aligned properly located then
+we going to see the very nice image but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to see the very nice image but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to see the very nice image but
+if not then the iMed looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blur so uh before we continue with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur so uh before we continue with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur so uh before we continue with all
+the math uh some of you came to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math uh some of you came to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math uh some of you came to see the
+demo and for the the ones that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and for the the ones that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and for the the ones that didn't
+come suggested to come after class it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come suggested to come after class it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come suggested to come after class it's
+easier to see the images that we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see the images that we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see the images that we try to
+form because we don't have the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because we don't have the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because we don't have the dynamic
+range problem that any camera has but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range problem that any camera has but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range problem that any camera has but
+anyways the main idea of this them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways the main idea of this them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways the main idea of this them was
+to show what we've been learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show what we've been learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show what we've been learning about
+an Imaging of a single lens right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Imaging of a single lens right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Imaging of a single lens right so if
+you can summarize at this point so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can summarize at this point so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can summarize at this point so far
+what we've learned we've learned thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned we've learned thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned we've learned thin
+lenses thick lenses right so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses thick lenses right so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses thick lenses right so it's just a
+refractive element that is capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive element that is capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive element that is capable of
+forming an image from a given point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming an image from a given point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming an image from a given point
+either at infinity or a close distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at infinity or a close distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at infinity or a close distance
+to another plane that's what we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another plane that's what we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another plane that's what we learned
+another important point that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important point that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important point that we've
+learned today is the Imaging condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned today is the Imaging condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned today is the Imaging condition
+right Imaging condition is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Imaging condition is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Imaging condition is just
+depending on three variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on three variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on three variables the
+distance from the lens to the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the lens to the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the lens to the image
+plane SI the distance from the lens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane SI the distance from the lens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane SI the distance from the lens to
+the object plane s o and the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object plane s o and the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object plane s o and the focal
+length right this is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right this is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right this is one of the most
+important things because um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things because um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things because um basically
+this tells you if I want to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you if I want to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you if I want to have an
+InFocus very sharp nice image I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+InFocus very sharp nice image I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+InFocus very sharp nice image I can
+either play with two of these part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either play with two of these part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either play with two of these part
+variables keep one constant so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables keep one constant so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables keep one constant so for
+example in this demo what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this demo what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this demo what I'm going to
+show you is how a single lens a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is how a single lens a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is how a single lens a positive
+lens performs Imaging of a them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens performs Imaging of a them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens performs Imaging of a them
+transparency so in this case I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency so in this case I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency so in this case I'm going
+to start showing here how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start showing here how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start showing here how I'm
+Illuminating this transparency which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illuminating this transparency which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illuminating this transparency which is
+here it's just a piece of glass that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just a piece of glass that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just a piece of glass that has
+some dark coated lines of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dark coated lines of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dark coated lines of different
+sizes it's called a resolution Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes it's called a resolution Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes it's called a resolution Target
+and we're Illuminating this with white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're Illuminating this with white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're Illuminating this with white
+light from the back so it's just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from the back so it's just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from the back so it's just like a
+transparency for an overhead projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency for an overhead projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency for an overhead projector
+you can think of then this is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of then this is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of then this is a positive
+lens here that will basically is form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens here that will basically is form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens here that will basically is form an
+image at another screen here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image at another screen here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image at another screen here right so
+now let's let's let's look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's let's let's look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's let's let's look at these
+quantities physically that we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities physically that we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities physically that we've learned
+in the math here this distance from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the math here this distance from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the math here this distance from here
+to here is the object distance that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here is the object distance that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here is the object distance that's
+the s o from the equation this lens has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s o from the equation this lens has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s o from the equation this lens has
+a fixed focal length which I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed focal length which I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed focal length which I cannot
+change it's just a piece of glass curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it's just a piece of glass curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it's just a piece of glass curved
+in a given way so this distance here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given way so this distance here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given way so this distance here is
+the distance to the image plane so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to the image plane so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to the image plane so these
+two dist is I really can change a to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dist is I really can change a to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dist is I really can change a to get
+a sharp Focus to make sure that my image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sharp Focus to make sure that my image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sharp Focus to make sure that my image
+is exactly at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly at my
+screen and or if I want to play with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and or if I want to play with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and or if I want to play with the
+magnification because remember from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification because remember from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification because remember from the
+math if you can see the notes before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math if you can see the notes before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math if you can see the notes before
+that the magnification the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the magnification the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the magnification the lateral
+magnification depends on the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification depends on the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification depends on the ratio of
+minus SI which is this distance over s o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus SI which is this distance over s o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus SI which is this distance over s o
+which is this distance right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this distance right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this distance right so let's
+lower the exposure here just to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the exposure here just to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the exposure here just to see the
+image that we have here please all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that we have here please all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that we have here please all right
+so we lowered exposure again for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we lowered exposure again for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we lowered exposure again for the
+same reasons of of um of um dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reasons of of um of um dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reasons of of um of um dynamic
+range so I'm going to try to focus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so I'm going to try to focus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so I'm going to try to focus here
+on the image so this is the image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the image so this is the image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the image so this is the image that
+we are forming on the screen and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are forming on the screen and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are forming on the screen and as you
+can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's
+um it's so so there's a bunch of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's so so there's a bunch of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's so so there's a bunch of lines
+stripes and and and squares with numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes and and and squares with numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes and and and squares with numbers
+and it's very sharply Focus okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very sharply Focus okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very sharply Focus okay so so
+now what I'm going to do and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'm going to do and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'm going to do and hopefully
+we we can see it with a camera is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can see it with a camera is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can see it with a camera is that
+I'm going to change the ratio between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to change the ratio between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to change the ratio between
+these two distances so what if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two distances so what if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two distances so what if for
+example I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I want to
+demagnify demagnify my image so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demagnify demagnify my image so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demagnify demagnify my image so the
+magnification quantity I just describ SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification quantity I just describ SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification quantity I just describ SI
+over so forget about the Min minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so forget about the Min minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so forget about the Min minus sign
+the minus sign just tells you that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign just tells you that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign just tells you that it's
+an inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverted
+image uh SI over so I want I want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image uh SI over so I want I want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image uh SI over so I want I want that
+quantity smaller what should I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm going to repeat the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to repeat the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to repeat the question
+one more time magnification equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time magnification equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time magnification equal to one
+I want magnification say less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want magnification say less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want magnification say less than one
+how can I reduce that M number M = - SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I reduce that M number M = - SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I reduce that M number M = - SI
+I over s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what move okay just push the buttons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what move okay just push the buttons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what move okay just push the buttons and
+repeat what you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said uh increase the uh distance so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh increase the uh distance so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh increase the uh distance so so
+you move closer to the screen so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move closer to the screen so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move closer to the screen so if I
+move the lens closer to the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the lens closer to the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the lens closer to the screen
+effectively I reduce s so increase I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively I reduce s so increase I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively I reduce s so increase I'm
+sorry reduce SI the Imaging distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry reduce SI the Imaging distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry reduce SI the Imaging distance so
+let's try it so I'm going to move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try it so I'm going to move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try it so I'm going to move this
+lens closer to this side Soo increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens closer to this side Soo increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens closer to this side Soo increases
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and
+I can just look at the right position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just look at the right position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just look at the right position
+here for Focus so now this distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for Focus so now this distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for Focus so now this distance is
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+and it's hard to see with a webcam but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hard to see with a webcam but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hard to see with a webcam but
+the image is still in Focus it's smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is still in Focus it's smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is still in Focus it's smaller
+the magnified respect to the one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnified respect to the one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnified respect to the one that I
+showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you
+before uh but yeah that basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh but yeah that basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh but yeah that basically we
+accomplish this right so for this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish this right so for this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish this right so for this part
+if you can come and play with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can come and play with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can come and play with these
+distances later after class you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances later after class you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances later after class you'll see
+how this relationship works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this relationship works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this relationship works
+right so in this case we have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case we have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case we have these two
+variables the so and Si that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the so and Si that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the so and Si that we're
+playing at but as we'll see in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at but as we'll see in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at but as we'll see in a second
+for the I it's a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the I it's a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the I it's a very different
+different story because in the eye the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story because in the eye the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story because in the eye the
+lens of the eye and the retina so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens of the eye and the retina so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens of the eye and the retina so in
+this case would be your si is fixed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case would be your si is fixed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case would be your si is fixed you
+cannot change it it's the shape of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change it it's the shape of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change it it's the shape of your
+eye so how can the eye Focus far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye so how can the eye Focus far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye so how can the eye Focus far
+distance objects or when you read nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance objects or when you read nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance objects or when you read nearby
+objects so it has to do similar tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so it has to do similar tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so it has to do similar tricks
+playing in the Imaging condition such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in the Imaging condition such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in the Imaging condition such
+that it always always has sharp image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it always always has sharp image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it always always has sharp image
+the way the I does it and we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the I does it and we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the I does it and we'll see it
+in a second is by changing the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second is by changing the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second is by changing the focal
+length so now the two variables become F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so now the two variables become F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so now the two variables become F
+and so and you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and you can do the same
+trick so this was a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick so this was a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick so this was a positive
+lens we've learned about negative power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens we've learned about negative power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens we've learned about negative power
+lenses so the ones that are curved like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses so the ones that are curved like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses so the ones that are curved like
+this right so in these ones we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so in these ones we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so in these ones we've
+learned that this generate this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that this generate this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that this generate this weird
+non-intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive
+virtual images right so I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual images right so I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual images right so I was just
+asking to the students that came here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking to the students that came here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking to the students that came here uh
+what did they expect to see if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they expect to see if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they expect to see if I put
+this lens here anyone wants to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lens here anyone wants to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lens here anyone wants to guess
+other than the students that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the students that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the students that already
+answered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered the
+question what do you think we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do you think we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do you think we have we
+let me put it in this way would I see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it in this way would I see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it in this way would I see an
+image and where or should I not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and where or should I not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and where or should I not see
+anything if I put this negative lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+image or no image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Singapore unless you form the image with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore unless you form the image with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore unless you form the image with
+another lens you don't see it okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lens you don't see it okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lens you don't see it okay let's
+try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I put the negative lens actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I put the negative lens actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I put the negative lens actually
+going to put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+oh we lost the video give me just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we lost the video give me just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we lost the video give me just one
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I put
+the the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the negative
+lens let me move it back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens let me move it back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens let me move it back and forth and
+yeah you can see how I have just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can see how I have just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can see how I have just a
+bright patch of light no image right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright patch of light no image right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright patch of light no image right so
+you said that if we use another lens we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said that if we use another lens we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said that if we use another lens we
+can make that image into a real image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that image into a real image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make that image into a real image
+what type of lens do you think we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of lens do you think we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of lens do you think we need
+to add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where okay I'll answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where okay I'll answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where okay I'll answer that
+one okay your answer an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer um a positive lens after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um a positive lens after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um a positive lens after the
+negative lens before the neg uh screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lens before the neg uh screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lens before the neg uh screen
+exactly yep so essentially physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yep so essentially physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yep so essentially physically
+what this is doing is that the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is doing is that the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is doing is that the light
+going out from the object gets even uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out from the object gets even uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out from the object gets even uh
+bent out outwards more right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent out outwards more right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bent out outwards more right so it
+basically essentially forms a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically essentially forms a virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically essentially forms a virtual
+object behind the lens right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object behind the lens right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object behind the lens right so the
+positive lens what it's going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive lens what it's going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive lens what it's going to do is
+grab these outward rays and focus them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab these outward rays and focus them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab these outward rays and focus them
+back into the screen to form an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the screen to form an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the screen to form an image
+and let's just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it now I have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lenses just make sure that the exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses just make sure that the exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses just make sure that the exposure
+we're reducing the exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh it's hard to see here but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's hard to see here but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's hard to see here but there's
+lines again right so then we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines again right so then we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines again right so then we have an
+image so essentially as I was mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so essentially as I was mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so essentially as I was mentioning
+before this is what our eye would do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is what our eye would do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is what our eye would do for
+us when we see virtual images we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us when we see virtual images we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us when we see virtual images we have a
+virtual image and our eye is is the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual image and our eye is is the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual image and our eye is is the lens
+that focuses this light and converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focuses this light and converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that focuses this light and converts
+this virtual image into a real image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this virtual image into a real image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this virtual image into a real image
+right we'll understand more how the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll understand more how the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll understand more how the the
+Eye Works in a second so I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eye Works in a second so I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eye Works in a second so I think we're
+going to switch back to uh the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch back to uh the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch back to uh the normal
+class mode thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class mode thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class mode thanks for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentation okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation okay uh
+so we were talking about the thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were talking about the thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were talking about the thick
+length so by using rate transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so by using rate transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so by using rate transfer
+matrices we just derived the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we just derived the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we just derived the effective
+focal length of a thick lens and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length of a thick lens and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length of a thick lens and we
+Define the back focal plane back focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the back focal plane back focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the back focal plane back focal
+length and the front focal length which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and the front focal length which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and the front focal length which
+is function of effective FAL length here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is function of effective FAL length here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is function of effective FAL length here
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's see
+uh how they are related the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how they are related the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how they are related the first
+one uh know we have the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh know we have the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh know we have the infinite
+conjugate configuration so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate configuration so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate configuration so we have
+object at infinity and at back focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object at infinity and at back focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object at infinity and at back focal
+plane we have focus and we just derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we have focus and we just derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we have focus and we just derive
+the two equation which is Alpha 2 is X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two equation which is Alpha 2 is X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two equation which is Alpha 2 is X1
+over effective focal length and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over effective focal length and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over effective focal length and back
+focal length is no effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length is no effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length is no effective focal
+length times some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length times some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length times some extra
+factor and what I'm going to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is I just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just measure the effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just measure the effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just measure the effective focal
+length from the back focal plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length from the back focal plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length from the back focal plane and
+since the back focal length which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the back focal length which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the back focal length which means
+the back focal plane to the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back focal plane to the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back focal plane to the the second
+the second surface is shorter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second surface is shorter than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second surface is shorter than the
+effective focal l so actually in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal l so actually in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal l so actually in this
+case we're going to have the plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to have the plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're going to have the plane the
+virtual plane inside of the class inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual plane inside of the class inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual plane inside of the class inside
+the class and from that equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and from that equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and from that equation which
+is Alpha 2 and Alpha 2 equal X1 X1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha 2 and Alpha 2 equal X1 X1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha 2 and Alpha 2 equal X1 X1 over
+effective focal length and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length and it turns out
+that if you uh extend uh this Ray over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you uh extend uh this Ray over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you uh extend uh this Ray over
+here and this Ray over here and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this Ray over here and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this Ray over here and they
+actually meet at that plane so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually meet at that plane so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually meet at that plane so it's
+essentially you can op you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can op you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can op you can think
+even though you have thick lens but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you have thick lens but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you have thick lens but you
+have the th thin lens there so Ray just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the th thin lens there so Ray just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the th thin lens there so Ray just
+just uh you know propagating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you know propagating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you know propagating from
+straight and at that this plane and band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and at that this plane and band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and at that this plane and band
+and make a focus there so we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a focus there so we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a focus there so we call this
+plane a second principal plane because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane a second principal plane because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane a second principal plane because
+it's associated with the back FAL plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's associated with the back FAL plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's associated with the back FAL plane
+so this is second uh principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is second uh principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is second uh principal
+plane and you can do the same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and you can do the same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and you can do the same thing in
+the other side of course so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of course so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of course so we have the
+front focal plane when and I measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front focal plane when and I measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front focal plane when and I measure
+from here to Here by effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to Here by effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to Here by effective focal
+length and effective focal length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and effective focal length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and effective focal length is
+actually longer than the front focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually longer than the front focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually longer than the front focal
+plane ZF from here to there so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane ZF from here to there so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane ZF from here to there so it's
+still inside inside the class and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still inside inside the class and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still inside inside the class and if you
+extend those rays and actually they met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend those rays and actually they met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend those rays and actually they met
+they meet at the uh This Plane so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they meet at the uh This Plane so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they meet at the uh This Plane so we
+call this first PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plan so I just put these two figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so I just put these two figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so I just put these two figure
+together so I have thi lens and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I have thi lens and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I have thi lens and we have
+the front focal point and this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front focal point and this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front focal point and this distance
+to the the surface of the lens is front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the surface of the lens is front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the surface of the lens is front
+focal length and we Define the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length and we Define the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length and we Define the same
+thing here so we have the back focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here so we have the back focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here so we have the back focal
+point and we Define the back focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we Define the back focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we Define the back focal
+length from here to here and since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length from here to here and since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length from here to here and since we
+you know from the rate R transfer Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from the rate R transfer Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from the rate R transfer Matrix
+we Define the effective focal length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define the effective focal length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define the effective focal length of
+this thick lens so we so we Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thick lens so we so we Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thick lens so we so we Define the
+first principal plane and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principal plane and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principal plane and second
+principal plane and that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane and that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane and that's the the
+effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+conceptually this thick lens can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually this thick lens can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually this thick lens can be
+assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed
+no we we already computed the r transer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we we already computed the r transer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we we already computed the r transer
+matrices right so we can conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices right so we can conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices right so we can conceptually
+think we have the thin lens but each the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have the thin lens but each the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have the thin lens but each the
+the first surface and infinity thin lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surface and infinity thin lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surface and infinity thin lens
+the first surface and second surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surface and second surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surface and second surface is
+actually the first principal plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first principal plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first principal plane and
+the second principal plane and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second principal plane and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second principal plane and if you
+have you know if you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know if you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know if you remember the
+infinite conjugate uh configuration if R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite conjugate uh configuration if R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite conjugate uh configuration if R
+from the object Infinity so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the object Infinity so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the object Infinity so it's
+propagating propagating parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating propagating parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating propagating parallel to the
+optical axis then it bends at the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis then it bends at the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis then it bends at the second
+principal plane and make focus at back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane and make focus at back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane and make focus at back
+focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal
+plane and same thing here if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and same thing here if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and same thing here if you have
+the point object at the the front focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point object at the the front focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point object at the the front focal
+plane and it bends at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and it bends at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and it bends at the first
+principal plane and cimate it and go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane and cimate it and go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane and cimate it and go to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity so actually re reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so actually re reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so actually re reason why we
+introduced this concept the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this concept the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this concept the principal
+plane and effective focal length is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and effective focal length is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and effective focal length is uh
+is actually pretty simple cuz you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty simple cuz you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty simple cuz you know
+we just we start with the thin lens but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just we start with the thin lens but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just we start with the thin lens but
+now we had the thick lens so if what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we had the thick lens so if what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we had the thick lens so if what if
+we have multiple lenses like thick lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have multiple lenses like thick lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have multiple lenses like thick lens
+so no matter how complicate the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter how complicate the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter how complicate the optical
+system is we can always find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is we can always find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is we can always find the
+effective focal length and this uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length and this uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length and this uh first
+and second principal plane so once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second principal plane so once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second principal plane so once we
+have this uh first and the second princi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh first and the second princi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh first and the second princi
+plane and effective focal length F here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and effective focal length F here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and effective focal length F here
+then we can treat this whole system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can treat this whole system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can treat this whole system as a
+one Thin lens so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example come on so we have the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example come on so we have the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example come on so we have the object
+object space and Ray you know we we is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object space and Ray you know we we is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object space and Ray you know we we is
+exactly same as thin lens we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly same as thin lens we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly same as thin lens we we we
+choose two rays right so first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two rays right so first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two rays right so first one is
+Bann at the second PR plane and it pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bann at the second PR plane and it pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bann at the second PR plane and it pass
+through the back focal plane back focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the back focal plane back focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the back focal plane back focal
+point sorry and the second Ray was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sorry and the second Ray was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sorry and the second Ray was the
+is it goes through the goes goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it goes through the goes goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it goes through the goes goes through
+the front focal point and it Bend at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front focal point and it Bend at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front focal point and it Bend at the
+the first principal plane and that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first principal plane and that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first principal plane and that and
+it's collimated and they meet at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's collimated and they meet at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's collimated and they meet at some
+point so you can easily find the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you can easily find the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you can easily find the image
+even though your system is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though your system is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though your system is pretty
+complicated but once you find this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but once you find this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but once you find this two
+principal plane and effective ENT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane and effective ENT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane and effective ENT and
+you can just do the uh you can uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just do the uh you can uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just do the uh you can uh you
+can still use the same equation as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still use the same equation as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still use the same equation as a
+thin length like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um Comm on yeah all this equations so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Comm on yeah all this equations so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Comm on yeah all this equations so X
+you you can you can Define the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can you can Define the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can you can Define the same
+thing XO and s o the image distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing XO and s o the image distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing XO and s o the image distance and
+object distance like this and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance like this and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance like this and you can
+use the same equation so Newton form x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same equation so Newton form x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same equation so Newton form x *
+x i = to f s and the lens low one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i = to f s and the lens low one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i = to f s and the lens low one over
+object distance Plus one/ image distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance Plus one/ image distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object distance Plus one/ image distance
+should be one/ F so f is effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be one/ F so f is effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be one/ F so f is effective
+accordance in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance in this
+case and the magnification the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the magnification the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and the magnification the lateral
+magnification and angular magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification and angular magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification and angular magnification
+they Define the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Define the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they Define the same
+way and I I just want to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I I just want to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I I just want to mention that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so actually the effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so actually the effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so actually the effective focal
+length is depend on the the stuff inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is depend on the the stuff inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is depend on the the stuff inside
+of the your Optical system so so thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the your Optical system so so thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the your Optical system so so thick
+lens we just consider one thick lens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens we just consider one thick lens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens we just consider one thick lens so
+one one for first surface and lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one for first surface and lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one for first surface and lens and
+second surface but the I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second surface but the I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second surface but the I'm going to
+actually derive I mean talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derive I mean talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derive I mean talk about the
+later but what if we have two lens so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but what if we have two lens so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but what if we have two lens so we
+first consider first lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first consider first lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first consider first lens and
+propagation and the second lens so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and the second lens so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and the second lens so you
+can Define the same way you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define the same way you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define the same way you can Define
+the same the effective focal length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the effective focal length the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the effective focal length the
+same way okay so in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way okay so in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way okay so in this case the
+effective focal length is not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length is not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length is not related to
+the aperture or whatever you just depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture or whatever you just depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture or whatever you just depend
+on the reflective index and distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reflective index and distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reflective index and distance
+from distance between the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element the yeah distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element the yeah distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element the yeah distance between the
+the element right okay so that's the WID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element right okay so that's the WID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element right okay so that's the WID
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so um yeah over here we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so um yeah over here we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so um yeah over here we have this
+Duality between X object next image but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality between X object next image but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality between X object next image but
+we always have one f is that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have one f is that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have one f is that only
+because we're assuming that the lens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're assuming that the lens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're assuming that the lens is
+the same radius of curve on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same radius of curve on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same radius of curve on either side
+for now or is it always just one F no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now or is it always just one F no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now or is it always just one F no no
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh so effective focal length is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so effective focal length is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so effective focal length is you know
+just function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just function of
+uh yeah maybe it's it's confusing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so in this thick lens the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in this thick lens the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in this thick lens the effective
+focal length is just function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length is just function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length is just function of the
+radius cure and reflective index and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius cure and reflective index and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius cure and reflective index and d
+right and since we so the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since we so the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since we so the concept of
+this effective focal length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effective focal length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effective focal length and
+principal plane we treat the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane we treat the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane we treat the whole
+system as one Thin lens and one thing L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as one Thin lens and one thing L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as one Thin lens and one thing L
+is the same focal lens front front side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same focal lens front front side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same focal lens front front side
+and rear side right so effective focal L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rear side right so effective focal L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rear side right so effective focal L
+always same you know in front side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always same you know in front side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always same you know in front side and
+and the back side of the lens okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the back side of the lens okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the back side of the lens okay but
+it depends on the system because right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the system because right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the system because right
+now we I just talk about this thick lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we I just talk about this thick lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we I just talk about this thick lens
+so that's why we have only uh one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we have only uh one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we have only uh one two
+three four parameter here but if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four parameter here but if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four parameter here but if I have
+the another thick lens as Su here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the another thick lens as Su here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the another thick lens as Su here here
+then effective focal length is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then effective focal length is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then effective focal length is more
+complicated right so it also function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right so it also function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right so it also function of
+the the reflective index and distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reflective index and distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reflective index and distance
+and cover of the second length Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cover of the second length Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cover of the second length Okay so
+we'll talk about I mean actually I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about I mean actually I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about I mean actually I'll
+show you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you uh
+main so for one lens you always have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main so for one lens you always have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main so for one lens you always have one
+effective focal length that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length that
+characterizes the entire lens no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the entire lens no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the entire lens no matter
+what the sides are so let's say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sides are so let's say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sides are so let's say if you
+have the 100 lens but you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 100 lens but you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 100 lens but you can always
+find the one effective focal length yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so actually if you have a digital camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you have a digital camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually if you have a digital camera
+then typically you have multiple lens or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then typically you have multiple lens or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then typically you have multiple lens or
+three or four or five but you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four or five but you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four or five but you only have
+the one focal length and you I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one focal length and you I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one focal length and you I mean they
+only spfy one focal length right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only spfy one focal length right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only spfy one focal length right so they
+that is actually effective focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually effective focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually effective focal length
+so they already compute this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they already compute this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they already compute this whole thing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that's the uh the reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's the uh the reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's the uh the reason why we
+introduce this uh concept and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this uh concept and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this uh concept and I just
+want to mention that uh this the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention that uh this the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention that uh this the center
+Ray which is starting from the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray which is starting from the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray which is starting from the object
+point and but is incident on the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and but is incident on the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and but is incident on the center
+at the first principal plane and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first principal plane and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first principal plane and if you
+uh remind the the thin lens case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remind the the thin lens case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remind the the thin lens case then
+you know at the thin lens we that rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the thin lens we that rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the thin lens we that rate
+is actually just go just pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just go just pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just go just pass through
+the center of the way right so the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the way right so the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the way right so the same
+here so that way is starting again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that way is starting again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that way is starting again at
+the second prin plane at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second prin plane at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second prin plane at the center of
+the second PL plan and it goes to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second PL plan and it goes to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second PL plan and it goes to the uh
+imag and of course if you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imag and of course if you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imag and of course if you have the same
+media same medium uh in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media same medium uh in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media same medium uh in front of the
+lens and the I say in front of the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and the I say in front of the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and the I say in front of the front
+uh in front of the principal plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in front of the principal plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in front of the principal plane and
+behind the principal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then actually this angle and this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually this angle and this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually this angle and this angle
+are same right because you know at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are same right because you know at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are same right because you know at the
+center you just have the piece of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you just have the piece of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you just have the piece of glass
+so you know by the SN row they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parall okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parall okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parall okay
+so actually that's about it so the tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually that's about it so the tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually that's about it so the tech
+message is we just talk about the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is we just talk about the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is we just talk about the image
+and condition vulnerable uh Anyway by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and condition vulnerable uh Anyway by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and condition vulnerable uh Anyway by
+the way he's going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he's going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he's going to talk about the
+human visual system so te on message of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human visual system so te on message of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human visual system so te on message of
+the my part is we just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my part is we just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my part is we just talk about
+Imaging condition which is on the S O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging condition which is on the S O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging condition which is on the S O
+and plus one/ SI is one/ f and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus one/ SI is one/ f and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus one/ SI is one/ f and there are
+some mathematical way to find or derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mathematical way to find or derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mathematical way to find or derive
+that condition okay so that's which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition okay so that's which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition okay so that's which is
+the rate trans matrices and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate trans matrices and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate trans matrices and we just
+introduced the front uh front uh front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the front uh front uh front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the front uh front uh front
+focal this front focal length and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal this front focal length and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal this front focal length and back
+focal length and principal planes but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length and principal planes but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length and principal planes but I
+didn't really talk about how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about how to find
+these principal planes okay right so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principal planes okay right so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principal planes okay right so let
+me finish with uh how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me finish with uh how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me finish with uh how to find the
+principal ples if you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal ples if you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal ples if you have multiple
+Elements which is was the course we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements which is was the course we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements which is was the course we have
+the two example of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two example of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two example of two
+lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses
+so dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dark
+please so initially we had the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please so initially we had the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please so initially we had the example
+that two Thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two Thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two Thin
+lens which as focal length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which as focal length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which as focal length is
+10 10 and distance is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 and distance is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 and distance is 5
+mm and the object was was five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm and the object was was five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm and the object was was five
+m uh by the way uh Professor Bara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m uh by the way uh Professor Bara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m uh by the way uh Professor Bara
+studies uh he posted a different way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh he posted a different way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh he posted a different way to
+do it you know to find the IM where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you know to find the IM where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you know to find the IM where the
+image is or how big it is and where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is or how big it is and where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is or how big it is and where is
+the principal plan what's the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal plan what's the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal plan what's the effective
+he summarized the uh all this different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he summarized the uh all this different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he summarized the uh all this different
+method and he posted on the Stella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and he posted on the Stella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and he posted on the Stella
+website in the supplement material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website in the supplement material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website in the supplement material so
+please go to this uh website and review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go to this uh website and review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please go to this uh website and review
+it and it looks complicated but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it looks complicated but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it looks complicated but once
+you've done then it's pretty straightfor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done then it's pretty straightfor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done then it's pretty straightfor
+and you want never forget you you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want never forget you you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want never forget you you're not
+going to forget so you know please do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to forget so you know please do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to forget so you know please do it
+I strongly uh suggest you okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I strongly uh suggest you okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I strongly uh suggest you okay so let's
+do let's continue how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's continue how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do let's continue how to find the
+principal plane here so there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane here so there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane here so there are a
+bunch of different way so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different way so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different way so I'm going to
+do the first one the easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first one the easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the first one the easy way
+so uh let's let's first find the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's let's first find the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let's let's first find the back
+focal plane first because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane first because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal plane first because you
+know the the definition of the focal PL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the definition of the focal PL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the definition of the focal PL
+if you remind the thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remind the thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remind the thin
+lens thin lens like this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens thin lens like this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens thin lens like this and this
+incoming incoming Rays they converg at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming incoming Rays they converg at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming incoming Rays they converg at
+one point right so in this case let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point right so in this case let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point right so in this case let's
+find the let's first assume I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the let's first assume I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the let's first assume I have the
+Rays coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rays coming from
+Infinity like this and I do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity like this and I do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity like this and I do the the
+Cascade method so I just consider first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade method so I just consider first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade method so I just consider first
+lens here and where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens here and where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens here and where is
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+image actually we already competed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image actually we already competed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image actually we already competed like
+it's already competed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh so this focal length since is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this focal length since is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this focal length since is 10
+right so this distance F so by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this distance F so by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this distance F so by the first
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops I draw only one way here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I draw only one way here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I draw only one way here which is
+parallel to the optical axis so that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the optical axis so that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the optical axis so that way
+actually goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes to
+the focal plan focal point of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal plan focal point of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focal plan focal point of the first
+lens which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 right but we do have the second lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 right but we do have the second lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 right but we do have the second lens
+here so if you do the uh lens equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you do the uh lens equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you do the uh lens equation
+then actually it bends more so finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually it bends more so finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually it bends more so finally
+what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get
+is it coming in Bend like this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it coming in Bend like this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it coming in Bend like this it's
+supposed to go like this but it Bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to go like this but it Bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to go like this but it Bend
+more like this so that this point is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like this so that this point is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like this so that this point is uh
+back focal point of these two length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back focal point of these two length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back focal point of these two length
+system and if you do the same thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and if you do the same thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and if you do the same thing so
+you extend this the parway like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extend this the parway like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you extend this the parway like this and
+if you extend like this then where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you extend like this then where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you extend like this then where they
+meet actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet actually that's
+the that's the uh the position that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the uh the position that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the uh the position that
+position of the second placement plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the second placement plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the second placement plane
+and you can do uh because you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do uh because you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do uh because you have all
+the numbers you can easily find the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers you can easily find the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers you can easily find the the
+position of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of this guy
+and so this distance is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this distance is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this distance is actually
+effective focal length and the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length and the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length and the distance
+from the the second length to the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the second length to the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the second length to the back
+focal point is actually back focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal point is actually back focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal point is actually back focal
+length so we just find the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so we just find the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so we just find the second
+principal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal plane
+here second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here second
+princi and you can do the same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princi and you can do the same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princi and you can do the same thing in
+object side you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh Point Source on optical axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Point Source on optical axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Point Source on optical axis and
+at the end you're going to get the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you're going to get the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you're going to get the uh
+cated light so since it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cated light so since it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cated light so since it is
+symmetric so if I have so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so if I have so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so if I have so it's actually
+you're going to put the ray like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to put the ray like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to put the ray like this
+and bend like this and it's final C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bend like this and it's final C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bend like this and it's final C so
+if you do the same thing then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the same thing then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do the same thing then you're
+going to get the first principle plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the first principle plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the first principle plane
+here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this
+is effective focal length which is same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effective focal length which is same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effective focal length which is same
+as before and you'll get uh you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before and you'll get uh you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before and you'll get uh you can find
+the uh front focal plane front focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh front focal plane front focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh front focal plane front focal
+length Okay so that's the you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay so that's the you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay so that's the you know just
+uh conceptual way to find the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conceptual way to find the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conceptual way to find the principal
+plane and effective focal length but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and effective focal length but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and effective focal length but if
+you want to be uh accurate or precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be uh accurate or precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be uh accurate or precise
+then you can always use the r transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can always use the r transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can always use the r transfer
+matric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric
+so uh let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you have we have two lens focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have we have two lens focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have we have two lens focal
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+and 10 so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 so let's start with
+the actually this interface to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually this interface to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually this interface to the the
+at the end of the second lens so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the second lens so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the second lens so we have
+here Alpha o and x o and here Alpha I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Alpha o and x o and here Alpha I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Alpha o and x o and here Alpha I
+and x i right so I have Alpha i x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x i right so I have Alpha i x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x i right so I have Alpha i x
+i Alp and XO and I assume these lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i Alp and XO and I assume these lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i Alp and XO and I assume these lenses
+are thin lenses so first matrices should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thin lenses so first matrices should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thin lenses so first matrices should
+be 1 / 1 and 1 over F and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 / 1 and 1 over F and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 / 1 and 1 over F and Z
+1 and next one is the propagation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and next one is the propagation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and next one is the propagation from
+here to here so it should be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here so it should be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here so it should be one
+zero actually this 4 1 cuz this is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero actually this 4 1 cuz this is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero actually this 4 1 cuz this is it's
+five five and the second lens it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five and the second lens it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five and the second lens it should
+be same as the first one one one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same as the first one one one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be same as the first one one one over
+negative f 0 1 so if you compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative f 0 1 so if you compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative f 0 1 so if you compute this
+one then you're going to get this is 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you're going to get this is 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you're going to get this is 1 -
+uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1
+Z and 1 0 by 1 and 1 - 1 10 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z z and you are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh it should be one over two negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it should be one over two negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it should be one over two negative
+uh 3 over 20 and 5 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3 over 20 and 5 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3 over 20 and 5 1 /
+two and alha object and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and alha object and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and alha object and X
+object so as you remind the thin lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so as you remind the thin lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so as you remind the thin lens
+case which is 1 - one / f 01 so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which is 1 - one / f 01 so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which is 1 - one / f 01 so actually
+this guys is one of effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guys is one of effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guys is one of effective focal
+length so in this case effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so in this case effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so in this case effective focal
+length should be 20 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is how to find the
+effective focal length by using we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length by using we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective focal length by using we
+transform matrices and you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform matrices and you can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform matrices and you can find the
+back focal lens and front focal lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back focal lens and front focal lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back focal lens and front focal lens
+just Cascade the another propagation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Cascade the another propagation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Cascade the another propagation you
+know just like what we did in class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just like what we did in class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just like what we did in class so
+here and here you can find the back FOC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here you can find the back FOC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here you can find the back FOC
+uh back focal plane back focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back focal plane back focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back focal plane back focal length
+and front focal plane and front F length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and front focal plane and front F length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and front focal plane and front F length
+and and you know first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know first and second
+princial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princial
+plane yeah so since since uh Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane yeah so since since uh Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane yeah so since since uh Professor
+uh posted the detailed material he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh posted the detailed material he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh posted the detailed material he
+actually he derived four different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he derived four different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he derived four different way
+so please visit the website and uh to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please visit the website and uh to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please visit the website and uh to it
+by yourself okay uh thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so far we've been learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far we've been learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far we've been learning about
+lenses and some sort of imag Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses and some sort of imag Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses and some sort of imag Imaging
+techniques and principles but more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and principles but more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and principles but more than
+that we've learned about some Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned about some Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned about some Optical
+PRP principles that regulate how light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRP principles that regulate how light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRP principles that regulate how light
+propagates namely refraction reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates namely refraction reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates namely refraction reflection
+so far total internal reflection so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far total internal reflection so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far total internal reflection so now
+the question is that how does nature do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is that how does nature do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is that how does nature do
+itting and how does it evolved over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itting and how does it evolved over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itting and how does it evolved over the
+past several several years and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past several several years and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past several several years and it
+actually comes down to according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes down to according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes down to according to this
+uh reference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reference here
+to eight different possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight different possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eight different possible
+configurations of eyes and just by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of eyes and just by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of eyes and just by the
+way defining an eye is is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way defining an eye is is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way defining an eye is is more
+complicated than just a simple photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just a simple photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just a simple photo
+receptor so an I it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor so an I it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor so an I it's a little bit more
+evolved like some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved like some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved like some sort of
+forming either an image or a shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming either an image or a shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming either an image or a shadow
+based system so these can this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based system so these can this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based system so these can this type of
+eyes can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can be
+broadly categorized or divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly categorized or divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly categorized or divided into
+chamber eyes the ones that I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber eyes the ones that I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber eyes the ones that I'm showing
+here okay so let's look at these eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let's look at these eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let's look at these eyes
+here and see what principles apply right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and see what principles apply right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and see what principles apply right
+from what we learned so far so in C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we learned so far so in C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we learned so far so in C and
+in D we can see what snail slow right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D we can see what snail slow right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D we can see what snail slow right so
+this is refraction so this type of eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is refraction so this type of eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is refraction so this type of eyes
+again like our human eye Focus the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like our human eye Focus the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like our human eye Focus the light
+and form an image in some sort of photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form an image in some sort of photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form an image in some sort of photo
+receptors located here right then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors located here right then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors located here right then we
+have also reflection based these lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also reflection based these lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also reflection based these lenses
+here I'm sorry this mirror base here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm sorry this mirror base here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm sorry this mirror base here
+where the light gets reflected and forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the light gets reflected and forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the light gets reflected and forms
+an image in a photo receptor here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image in a photo receptor here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image in a photo receptor here and
+now we also have another one that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we also have another one that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we also have another one that is an
+aperture based or you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture based or you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture based or you can think about
+these as being as a natural pinhole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as being as a natural pinhole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these as being as a natural pinhole and
+this image is formed by Shadows right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image is formed by Shadows right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image is formed by Shadows right so
+you see the shadow difference so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the shadow difference so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the shadow difference so these
+are the the four types of chamber eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the four types of chamber eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the four types of chamber eyes
+but even more um older type of eyes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even more um older type of eyes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even more um older type of eyes we
+have the compound eyes as we said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the compound eyes as we said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the compound eyes as we said in the
+very first lecture that are made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first lecture that are made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first lecture that are made out of
+a segmented array of many apertures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a segmented array of many apertures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a segmented array of many apertures or
+many elements you can think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements you can think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements you can think about like
+many lenses for the case of a refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lenses for the case of a refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many lenses for the case of a refractive
+based system or for a reflective basem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based system or for a reflective basem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based system or for a reflective basem
+is several apertures that reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is several apertures that reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is several apertures that reflect the
+light somewhere here and also focus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light somewhere here and also focus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light somewhere here and also focus it
+into some photo receptive sensor or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some photo receptive sensor or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some photo receptive sensor or in
+this case for instance here each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case for instance here each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case for instance here each one of
+these uh uh segments sees a very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh uh segments sees a very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh uh segments sees a very tiny
+field of view and integrates all that fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view and integrates all that fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view and integrates all that fi
+of view into that photo receptor so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view into that photo receptor so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view into that photo receptor so in
+reality it's not like the type of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's not like the type of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's not like the type of images
+that we're used to right it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're used to right it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're used to right it's just like
+sort of like a blurry version of that IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a blurry version of that IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like a blurry version of that IM
+of our images in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our images in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our images in this
+case but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but of
+course of very important interest to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of very important interest to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of very important interest to us
+is how the human eye works because as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the human eye works because as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the human eye works because as we
+know we've experienced we have eyes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've experienced we have eyes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've experienced we have eyes uh
+it's it's an extremely robust and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an extremely robust and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an extremely robust and very
+elaborate Optical system I just said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate Optical system I just said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate Optical system I just said one
+of the problems we've had with the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems we've had with the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problems we've had with the demo
+is the Adaptive to dynamic range our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Adaptive to dynamic range our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Adaptive to dynamic range our
+eyes can do that very well we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can do that very well we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can do that very well we can also
+go to uh read a book or just look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to uh read a book or just look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to uh read a book or just look at uh
+at uh some scene far away and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh some scene far away and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh some scene far away and we can
+focus pretty well too right so all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus pretty well too right so all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus pretty well too right so all these
+things and all these adaptations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and all these adaptations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and all these adaptations
+regulate this Optical print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate this Optical print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate this Optical print
+principles that we presented are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that we presented are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that we presented are
+actually what made a lot of researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what made a lot of researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what made a lot of researchers
+to try to study the eye and how the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to study the eye and how the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to study the eye and how the eye
+perceives light so that's under the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives light so that's under the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceives light so that's under the the
+field of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of visual
+perception so this is the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception so this is the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception so this is the structure of
+the eye the eye is essentially a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye the eye is essentially a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye the eye is essentially a sphere
+and it's all covered by some wide opaque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all covered by some wide opaque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all covered by some wide opaque
+uh layer called the sceta and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh layer called the sceta and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh layer called the sceta and that
+basically blocks straight light going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically blocks straight light going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically blocks straight light going
+through the only transparent section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the only transparent section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the only transparent section of
+the eye is the cornea here so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye is the cornea here so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye is the cornea here so in the
+cornea the light can go through and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea the light can go through and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea the light can go through and the
+cornea is the first refractive element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea is the first refractive element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea is the first refractive element
+of the I curved it has a refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the I curved it has a refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the I curved it has a refractive
+index of something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of something like
+1.37 which uh basically is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.37 which uh basically is the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.37 which uh basically is the largest
+bending of light because it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending of light because it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending of light because it comes from
+Air to this 1.37 element so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air to this 1.37 element so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air to this 1.37 element so that's why
+you can think of it when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it when you are
+actually swimming uh it's hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually swimming uh it's hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually swimming uh it's hard to see
+why because the index of refraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the index of refraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the index of refraction of
+water is 1.33 very close to that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is 1.33 very close to that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is 1.33 very close to that of the
+cornea so then the the the bending of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea so then the the the bending of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea so then the the the bending of
+light that occurs in this first layer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that occurs in this first layer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that occurs in this first layer is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+minimal so after the cornea we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal so after the cornea we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal so after the cornea we have some
+chamber filled with a solution called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber filled with a solution called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber filled with a solution called
+ACU uh humor which basically nourishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACU uh humor which basically nourishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACU uh humor which basically nourishes
+the uh the eye especially the cornea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the eye especially the cornea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the eye especially the cornea
+keeps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps it
+alive uh that has is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive uh that has is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive uh that has is very similar to
+water now we have then the iris the iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now we have then the iris the iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now we have then the iris the iris
+it's the element that controls well its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the element that controls well its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the element that controls well its
+functional purpose is to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional purpose is to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional purpose is to control the
+amount of light that your ey receiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light that your ey receiv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light that your ey receiv
+so as we know the iris expands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we know the iris expands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we know the iris expands and
+contracts depending on the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts depending on the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts depending on the amount of
+Light present in the environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light present in the environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light present in the environment and
+actually very impressive it can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very impressive it can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very impressive it can go from
+like 2 millim in diameter to 8 millim in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2 millim in diameter to 8 millim in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 2 millim in diameter to 8 millim in
+diameter depending on the light light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter depending on the light light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter depending on the light light
+conditions but it's also responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but it's also responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but it's also responsible for
+the nice color of the eyes that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice color of the eyes that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice color of the eyes that we we
+see like blue eyes green eyes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like blue eyes green eyes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like blue eyes green eyes you know
+that's that's the one to blame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the one to blame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the one to blame
+um the the aperture or the hole that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the aperture or the hole that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the aperture or the hole that we
+have is what we call the pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is what we call the pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is what we call the pupil
+so after the iris we have the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after the iris we have the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after the iris we have the second
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep no it's uh it's due to and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep no it's uh it's due to and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep no it's uh it's due to and actually
+it's very very interesting so um no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very interesting so um no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very interesting so um no it
+basically just blocks the light it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just blocks the light it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just blocks the light it it
+acts like an aperture like of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts like an aperture like of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts like an aperture like of the
+aperture of your camera you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of your camera you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of your camera you would
+control if you like photography would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control if you like photography would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control if you like photography would
+control the the the the speed uh or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the the the the speed uh or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the the the the speed uh or the
+F number of your system but the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F number of your system but the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F number of your system but the light
+reflected uh from the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected uh from the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected uh from the eye
+uh gets the color in a similar principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets the color in a similar principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets the color in a similar principle
+to why the sky is blue and I'll just let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why the sky is blue and I'll just let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why the sky is blue and I'll just let
+you investigate that because actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you investigate that because actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you investigate that because actually
+it's very interesting and we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting and we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting and we used to
+have that problem in the first P set why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that problem in the first P set why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that problem in the first P set why
+the sky is blue why clouds are white and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky is blue why clouds are white and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sky is blue why clouds are white and
+I guess the physical phenomena of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the physical phenomena of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the physical phenomena of why
+that happens is very interesting so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens is very interesting so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens is very interesting so you
+guys should read it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys should read it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys should read it's in
+hect um okay so after the iris we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hect um okay so after the iris we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hect um okay so after the iris we have
+this uh what it's called the crystalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh what it's called the crystalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh what it's called the crystalling
+lens this lens here this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens this lens here this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens this lens here this is the second
+Optical component more important most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical component more important most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical component more important most
+important in in our eye it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in in our eye it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in in our eye it's basically a
+multi-layer fibrous Mass element covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer fibrous Mass element covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer fibrous Mass element covered
+by some elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some elastic
+membrane that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane that it's
+transparent and it can contract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and it can contract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and it can contract and
+deform itself in such a way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform itself in such a way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform itself in such a way that it
+changes the effective focal length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the effective focal length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the effective focal length of
+these lens but you can think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lens but you can think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lens but you can think about this
+this element as some transparent quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element as some transparent quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element as some transparent quasi
+onion uh but in addition it has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onion uh but in addition it has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onion uh but in addition it has very
+interesting properties because this lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties because this lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties because this lens
+is actually a gradient refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a gradient refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a gradient refractive index
+lens is what we call what we learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is what we call what we learned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is what we call what we learned in
+some classes a green lens this element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes a green lens this element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes a green lens this element
+here it has a refractive index in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it has a refractive index in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it has a refractive index in the
+core something like one 1.4 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core something like one 1.4 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core something like one 1.4 and it
+decays all the way to uh something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays all the way to uh something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays all the way to uh something like
+1.38 to the to the edges so the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.38 to the to the edges so the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.38 to the to the edges so the light
+gets basically uh see the transition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets basically uh see the transition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets basically uh see the transition so
+this is similar to the P the P one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similar to the P the P one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is similar to the P the P one and
+it basically sees multiple layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically sees multiple layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically sees multiple layers of
+different indices of refraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different indices of refraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different indices of refraction and
+starts bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts bending
+accordingly um okay so this lens uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly um okay so this lens uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly um okay so this lens uh will
+in in in conjunction with these cornea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in conjunction with these cornea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in conjunction with these cornea
+form what we called or we could model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what we called or we could model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what we called or we could model
+this system as a dual or double lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system as a dual or double lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system as a dual or double lens
+Optical system and combined they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical system and combined they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical system and combined they have an
+optical power and remember the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical power and remember the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical power and remember the optical
+power is one over the focal length uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is one over the focal length uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is one over the focal length uh
+which it's measured in diopters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's measured in diopters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's measured in diopters of
+equivalent of something like 59 diopters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of something like 59 diopters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of something like 59 diopters
+just so so you get an idea for an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so so you get an idea for an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so so you get an idea for an an
+unaccommodated eye or a relaxed eye just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccommodated eye or a relaxed eye just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccommodated eye or a relaxed eye just
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+Infinity so then after these lens we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so then after these lens we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so then after these lens we
+have another chamber with another fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another chamber with another fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another chamber with another fluid
+called Vitus humor and it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Vitus humor and it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Vitus humor and it's it's it's
+another fluid that basically gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fluid that basically gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fluid that basically gives
+support to the eye and uh going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support to the eye and uh going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support to the eye and uh going back to
+a question I think someone in Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question I think someone in Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question I think someone in Singapore
+had in in the very first lecture this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in in the very first lecture this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in in the very first lecture this uh
+this fluid has a lot of little particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fluid has a lot of little particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fluid has a lot of little particles
+floating cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating cell
+debris uh and actually sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debris uh and actually sometimes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debris uh and actually sometimes you can
+see them and maybe many of you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them and maybe many of you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them and maybe many of you have seen
+them if you see to the sky or you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you see to the sky or you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you see to the sky or you just
+Queen your eyes and see a a bright light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen your eyes and see a a bright light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen your eyes and see a a bright light
+source you see the Shadows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source you see the Shadows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source you see the Shadows
+of these little uh particles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little uh particles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little uh particles that are
+freely flowing in the vus humor and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely flowing in the vus humor and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely flowing in the vus humor and you
+can see the fringes if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the fringes if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the fringes if you look
+carefully of the light refracting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully of the light refracting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully of the light refracting at
+that um okay so after that the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um okay so after that the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um okay so after that the light
+basically gets focused into the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gets focused into the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gets focused into the retina
+we know that the retina is is composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the retina is is composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the retina is is composed
+of photo receptors photo recepted cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photo receptors photo recepted cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photo receptors photo recepted cells
+cone and Roads and I'm going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone and Roads and I'm going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone and Roads and I'm going to explain
+those in a couple uh of of slides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in a couple uh of of slides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in a couple uh of of slides and
+then we can also Identify two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can also Identify two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can also Identify two other
+points with identify here that each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points with identify here that each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points with identify here that each of
+these cells are connected to Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells are connected to Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells are connected to Optical
+nerves and they all basically come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves and they all basically come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves and they all basically come
+together into this output that goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into this output that goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into this output that goes to
+the brain and this is what constitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and this is what constitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain and this is what constitutes
+the blind spot and I also explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blind spot and I also explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blind spot and I also explain that
+and we have a fun exercise in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a fun exercise in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a fun exercise in a second
+and we also have this other region which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also have this other region which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also have this other region which
+is like a it's a spot of 3 millim in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a it's a spot of 3 millim in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a it's a spot of 3 millim in
+diameter more or less it's like a yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter more or less it's like a yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter more or less it's like a yellow
+spot it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot it's called the
+maula and it has the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maula and it has the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maula and it has the largest
+concentration of cones and and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of cones and and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of cones and and I'll
+explain what is its role but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what is its role but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what is its role but it's very
+important this just that section here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this just that section here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this just that section here
+accounts for 90 to 95% of our visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for 90 to 95% of our visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for 90 to 95% of our visual
+perception so um I talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception so um I talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception so um I talked about the
+ability of this crystalling lens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of this crystalling lens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of this crystalling lens to
+accommodate right change the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate right change the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate right change the focal
+length and similar to this demo that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and similar to this demo that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and similar to this demo that
+we're changing the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're changing the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're changing the distance between
+these guys well in this case as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys well in this case as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys well in this case as I said
+before this distance is fixed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this distance is fixed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this distance is fixed right
+unless you have some sort of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have some sort of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have some sort of disease
+that actually changes the length of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually changes the length of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually changes the length of your
+eye and that actually happens um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and that actually happens um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and that actually happens um this is
+you we can think about this fixed so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we can think about this fixed so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we can think about this fixed so if
+we want to focus objects other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to focus objects other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to focus objects other than
+infinity we need to play now with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity we need to play now with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity we need to play now with the
+focal L right so now this lens has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal L right so now this lens has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal L right so now this lens has to be
+capable of changing the effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of changing the effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of changing the effective focal
+length in such a way that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in such a way that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in such a way that it will
+conserve or preserve the Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve or preserve the Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve or preserve the Imaging
+distance here so here this lens does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here so here this lens does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here so here this lens does it
+by Contracting or expanding the sary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Contracting or expanding the sary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Contracting or expanding the sary
+muscles that are control are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that are control are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that are control are connected
+via some fibers to this lens right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via some fibers to this lens right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via some fibers to this lens right so in
+an relaxed State you see this casate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an relaxed State you see this casate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an relaxed State you see this casate
+here the radius of curvature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the radius of curvature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the radius of curvature of this
+lens it's very large like closer to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens it's very large like closer to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens it's very large like closer to like
+Infinity say like very flat and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity say like very flat and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity say like very flat and then it
+focuses nice into the into the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses nice into the into the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses nice into the into the retina
+like a plane wave whereas for nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a plane wave whereas for nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a plane wave whereas for nearby
+objects the these muscles are stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the these muscles are stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the these muscles are stressed
+so then the radius of cature of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the radius of cature of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the radius of cature of the lens
+changes the focal length changes and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the focal length changes and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the focal length changes and now
+this image it's focusing to again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image it's focusing to again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image it's focusing to again the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+retina so we can think about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina so we can think about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina so we can think about some of
+the uh conditions uh that would affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh conditions uh that would affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh conditions uh that would affect
+the normal behavior of the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal behavior of the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal behavior of the length of the
+eye and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and the
+two very important conditions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very important conditions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very important conditions that we
+have is uh farsighted or nearsighted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is uh farsighted or nearsighted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is uh farsighted or nearsighted so
+in the farsighted case for example our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the farsighted case for example our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the farsighted case for example our
+eye lost its ability to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye lost its ability to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye lost its ability to focus
+effectively and in a relaxed state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and in a relaxed state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and in a relaxed state it
+will actually form a focal point so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually form a focal point so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually form a focal point so the
+back focal point it will be far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back focal point it will be far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back focal point it will be far away
+behind our retina so actually what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind our retina so actually what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind our retina so actually what you
+see would be a blurry image in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see would be a blurry image in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see would be a blurry image in the
+myopia case or nearsighted you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myopia case or nearsighted you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myopia case or nearsighted you see the
+opposite now the point is is formed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite now the point is is formed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite now the point is is formed in
+front of the retina and again you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the retina and again you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the retina and again you see a
+blurry blurry signal and by the way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry blurry signal and by the way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry blurry signal and by the way a
+far point for a normal healthy eye it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far point for a normal healthy eye it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far point for a normal healthy eye it
+starts from like something like 5 m on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from like something like 5 m on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from like something like 5 m on
+so 5 m more or less what you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 m more or less what you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 5 m more or less what you consider
+still like a fire point so for someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like a fire point so for someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like a fire point so for someone
+that suffers myopia typically they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suffers myopia typically they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suffers myopia typically they see
+close by objects pretty fine but far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close by objects pretty fine but far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close by objects pretty fine but far
+objects that say further than the Fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that say further than the Fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that say further than the Fire
+Point something like 5 m away they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point something like 5 m away they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point something like 5 m away they they
+become blurry and uh the near point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become blurry and uh the near point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become blurry and uh the near point
+which is the counterpart of the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the counterpart of the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the counterpart of the fire
+point is how close can we see that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is how close can we see that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is how close can we see that's a
+point that also varies with age like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that also varies with age like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that also varies with age like
+normally like teenagers the closest they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally like teenagers the closest they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally like teenagers the closest they
+can see something like 7 cenm for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see something like 7 cenm for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see something like 7 cenm for us
+maybe it's around 10 to 12 you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's around 10 to 12 you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's around 10 to 12 you can try
+later by just trying to focus your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later by just trying to focus your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later by just trying to focus your
+notebook centimeters and then if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook centimeters and then if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook centimeters and then if you are
+like over 60 years old it goes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like over 60 years old it goes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like over 60 years old it goes down to
+up to uh 100 cmers so basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to uh 100 cmers so basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to uh 100 cmers so basically you can
+see how the eye starts decaying in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the eye starts decaying in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the eye starts decaying in its
+ability to to modify this uh crystalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to to modify this uh crystalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to to modify this uh crystalling
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+so to correct for these these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to correct for these these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to correct for these these uh
+conditions we can use what we' learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we can use what we' learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we can use what we' learned
+so far positive and negative lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far positive and negative lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far positive and negative lenses
+right so let's think about it like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about it like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about it like in
+this case the rays are not focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the rays are not focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the rays are not focusing
+enough are not bending enough right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough are not bending enough right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough are not bending enough right
+because they are basically focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are basically focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are basically focusing
+behind that so we want to help the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that so we want to help the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that so we want to help the race
+to focus a little bit more so a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus a little bit more so a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus a little bit more so a positive
+power lens or a positive lens like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power lens or a positive lens like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power lens or a positive lens like this
+one allows me to bend the race inward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one allows me to bend the race inward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one allows me to bend the race inward
+more right and is essentially what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right and is essentially what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more right and is essentially what this
+is happening the positive power bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening the positive power bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening the positive power bends
+these parallel rays more and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parallel rays more and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parallel rays more and then
+assures that this is uh um that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assures that this is uh um that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assures that this is uh um that this
+focuses in the retina so let me ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses in the retina so let me ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses in the retina so let me ask a
+question what do you think happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do you think happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do you think happens with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+magnification for this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification for this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification for this case
+any idea so for those of you that wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea so for those of you that wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea so for those of you that wear
+glasses do you guys see the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses do you guys see the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses do you guys see the word
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+magnified no there's shaking head no why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnified no there's shaking head no why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnified no there's shaking head no why
+do you think it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case Okay so the power of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so the power of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so the power of the the the
+optical system the compound Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical system the compound Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical system the compound Optical
+system so if you work out actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if you work out actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if you work out actually the
+the power of the Cora plus crystalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the Cora plus crystalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the Cora plus crystalling
+lens which I said is something like 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which I said is something like 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which I said is something like 59
+for a healthy eye but in reality when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a healthy eye but in reality when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a healthy eye but in reality when
+it's not healthy it changes and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not healthy it changes and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not healthy it changes and if you
+consider the power added by this element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the power added by this element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the power added by this element
+here it Still Remains uh it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it Still Remains uh it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it Still Remains uh it basically
+comes down to the same power as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the same power as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the same power as the
+healthy eye so therefore you don't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy eye so therefore you don't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy eye so therefore you don't add
+or subtract any any any power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subtract any any any power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or subtract any any any power so
+therefore the magnification stays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the magnification stays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the magnification stays the
+same for the myopia case we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for the myopia case we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for the myopia case we can use the
+opposite we can use a negative lens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite we can use a negative lens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite we can use a negative lens as
+shown here to actually bend the Rays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here to actually bend the Rays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here to actually bend the Rays a
+little bit outwards right so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit outwards right so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit outwards right so essentially
+this is interesting because again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting because again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is interesting because again the
+myopia case you cannot you see far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myopia case you cannot you see far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myopia case you cannot you see far away
+objects blurry right but some objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects blurry right but some objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects blurry right but some objects
+closer than the fire point you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer than the fire point you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer than the fire point you can see
+them fine so what the negative lens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fine so what the negative lens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fine so what the negative lens is
+doing and again going back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and again going back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and again going back to this
+virtual images is bringing a far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual images is bringing a far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual images is bringing a far away
+object into a near distance closer to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object into a near distance closer to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object into a near distance closer to to
+the Far Point as you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Far Point as you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Far Point as you can see this
+appears to come from some virtual Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to come from some virtual Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to come from some virtual Point
+here that is closer from a region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is closer from a region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is closer from a region that
+you can see naturally with your ey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see naturally with your ey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see naturally with your ey so
+therefore this is intuitively this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is intuitively this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is intuitively this is
+how this Ray makes this uh lens Still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this Ray makes this uh lens Still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this Ray makes this uh lens Still
+project the image into the retina but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the image into the retina but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the image into the retina but as
+a side effect the near Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep no and actually as a f yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep no and actually as a f yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep no and actually as a f yeah that
+that was the the second point that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the second point that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the the second point that I was
+going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say
+as a as a consequence of this your near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a consequence of this your near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a consequence of this your near
+point which I said that for like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which I said that for like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which I said that for like a
+healthy eye would be something like 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy eye would be something like 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy eye would be something like 12
+centimeters becomes uh long larger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters becomes uh long larger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters becomes uh long larger so
+people that have myopia I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have myopia I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have myopia I don't know if
+there's anyone here but probably you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anyone here but probably you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anyone here but probably you you
+know that uh sometimes if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh sometimes if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh sometimes if you want to
+read a very close by document you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a very close by document you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a very close by document you need
+to remove your glasses right and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove your glasses right and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove your glasses right and people
+just okay for a small print they get off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just okay for a small print they get off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just okay for a small print they get off
+their glasses and and for fire far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their glasses and and for fire far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their glasses and and for fire far away
+objects they put their glasses on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects they put their glasses on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects they put their glasses on and
+and and see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so the retina the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so the retina the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so the retina the retina
+has a bunch of cells that are photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of cells that are photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of cells that are photo
+receptive cells that can be classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive cells that can be classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive cells that can be classified
+into two types ro rods and cones right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two types ro rods and cones right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two types ro rods and cones right
+so and we can see here rods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we can see here rods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we can see here rods and
+cones for those of you that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cones for those of you that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cones for those of you that like
+photography you can think about the rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography you can think about the rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography you can think about the rods
+being equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equivalent
+of a highspeed black and white film what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a highspeed black and white film what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a highspeed black and white film what
+what is the meaning of that it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of that it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of that it basically
+means that it's very very sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's very very sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's very very sensitive to
+light okay for very low levels of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light okay for very low levels of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light okay for very low levels of light
+you can you can you can detect them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can you can detect them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can you can detect them very
+fine but it's insensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but it's insensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but it's insensitive to
+color and gives you images that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and gives you images that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and gives you images that are not
+really good quality sort of like Blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good quality sort of like Blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good quality sort of like Blurry
+bluish type of images right the cones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluish type of images right the cones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluish type of images right the cones on
+the other hand can be thought of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand can be thought of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand can be thought of as a
+low contrast or low speed uh color film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low contrast or low speed uh color film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low contrast or low speed uh color film
+so the cones have cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cones have cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cones have cells that are
+sensitive to red green blue you can are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to red green blue you can are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to red green blue you can are
+responsible for the colors that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the colors that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the colors that we see
+and I also responsible of the knife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also responsible of the knife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also responsible of the knife
+Sharp Images so all around the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp Images so all around the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp Images so all around the the the
+retina we have sort of a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina we have sort of a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina we have sort of a combination of
+both although as you can see here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both although as you can see here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both although as you can see here in the
+density plot shown here there's a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density plot shown here there's a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density plot shown here there's a region
+that is called the macula and inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the macula and inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the macula and inside the
+macula there's even a smaller region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macula there's even a smaller region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macula there's even a smaller region of
+something like 300 microns it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 300 microns it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 300 microns it's called
+the phobia that has the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phobia that has the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phobia that has the highest
+concentration of cones again those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of cones again those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of cones again those
+responsible to for the color vision as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible to for the color vision as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible to for the color vision as
+you can see the plot just picks here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the plot just picks here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the plot just picks here and
+all those no uh rods right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those no uh rods right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those no uh rods right this is
+called the phobia centralis and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the phobia centralis and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the phobia centralis and that's
+the central the the responsible of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central the the responsible of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central the the responsible of the
+central vision and basically that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central vision and basically that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central vision and basically that's the
+one that I was saying they responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I was saying they responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I was saying they responsible
+for 90 to 95% of the visual perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 90 to 95% of the visual perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 90 to 95% of the visual perception
+that we have so it's interesting to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so it's interesting to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so it's interesting to note
+that in contrast to a normal camera the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in contrast to a normal camera the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in contrast to a normal camera the
+sampling of these photo receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling of these photo receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling of these photo receptor
+elements so you can think of it as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so you can think of it as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so you can think of it as like
+pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+uh it's different outside the macula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's different outside the macula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's different outside the macula
+they are large and coarse as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are large and coarse as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are large and coarse as you can see
+like the these rods uh are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the these rods uh are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the these rods uh are just
+responsible for the black the peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the black the peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the black the peripheral
+peripheral V vision and black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral V vision and black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral V vision and black and white
+but in this macula they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this macula they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this macula they're very
+concentrated and dense and as a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated and dense and as a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated and dense and as a matter
+of fact the cones inside this region so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact the cones inside this region so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact the cones inside this region so
+when when they're here they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when they're here they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when they're here they have a
+different diameter than uh the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diameter than uh the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different diameter than uh the ones
+outside there's something like a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside there's something like a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside there's something like a factor
+of two they are actually thinner so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two they are actually thinner so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two they are actually thinner so they
+are very close packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very close packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very close packed
+together so you can see very sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you can see very sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you can see very sharp
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+here um we as I mentioned uh uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we as I mentioned uh uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um we as I mentioned uh uh before
+each of these um photo receptors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these um photo receptors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these um photo receptors is
+connected to these nerves that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to these nerves that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to these nerves that all
+bundle up together and go to the blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle up together and go to the blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle up together and go to the blind
+spot shown here now have you guys been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot shown here now have you guys been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot shown here now have you guys been
+bothered by a blind spot all your lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered by a blind spot all your lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered by a blind spot all your lives
+not really why because as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really why because as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really why because as you can see
+it's actually just blocking a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually just blocking a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually just blocking a very small
+portion of your vision as I as I said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of your vision as I as I said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of your vision as I as I said a
+lot of the vision or visual perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the vision or visual perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the vision or visual perception
+happens in this region right this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this region right this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this region right this is not
+true if we have a camera if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if we have a camera if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if we have a camera if we have a
+camera and we have a bunch of bad pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and we have a bunch of bad pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and we have a bunch of bad pixels
+like that it might corrupt our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it might corrupt our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it might corrupt our system
+and then we're done like if a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're done like if a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're done like if a microscope
+experiment for example forget about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment for example forget about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment for example forget about it
+like we lose a lot of pixels and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we lose a lot of pixels and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we lose a lot of pixels and then
+the image gets really corrupted so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image gets really corrupted so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image gets really corrupted so I
+brought a little card I'm going to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought a little card I'm going to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought a little card I'm going to pass
+it around I have actually multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around I have actually multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around I have actually multiple of
+these so this a fun experiment uh it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so this a fun experiment uh it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so this a fun experiment uh it has
+in the in the top part a little cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the top part a little cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the top part a little cross
+and a little black circle in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little black circle in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little black circle in the bottom
+part another cross and a line that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part another cross and a line that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part another cross and a line that is
+basically truncated right so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically truncated right so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically truncated right so what you're
+going to do when you get it uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do when you get it uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do when you get it uh is that
+you're going to have the cross to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have the cross to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have the cross to your
+right side and you're going to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side and you're going to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side and you're going to close
+your ey right eye and then you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ey right eye and then you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ey right eye and then you're going
+to just play with this distance staring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just play with this distance staring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just play with this distance staring
+at the cross so you're going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cross so you're going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cross so you're going to focus
+your your your left eye at the cross and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your left eye at the cross and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your left eye at the cross and
+you're going to find a position here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find a position here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find a position here in
+which the circle will disappear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the circle will disappear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the circle will disappear right
+because the C the circle essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the C the circle essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the C the circle essentially
+will be imaged into this blind spot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be imaged into this blind spot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be imaged into this blind spot and
+we're not going to see it but the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to see it but the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to see it but the second
+one is more interesting because you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is more interesting because you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is more interesting because you do
+the same thing and the the hole here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and the the hole here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and the the hole here
+disappears but not only disappears it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears but not only disappears it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears but not only disappears it
+gets filled with a line so you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets filled with a line so you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets filled with a line so you'll see a
+continuous line and it's more shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous line and it's more shocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous line and it's more shocking
+because basically our brain feels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically our brain feels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically our brain feels that
+missing information it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing information it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing information it's actually a
+pretty interesting so I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting so I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting so I don't know if
+you can help me pass this around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do I go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is this time like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so takes
+forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever
+okay so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is
+a um simulation that it was done by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um simulation that it was done by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um simulation that it was done by a
+group in Caltech they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Caltech they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Caltech they were trying to
+simulate what would be the image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate what would be the image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate what would be the image that
+our eye actually is projecting at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eye actually is projecting at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eye actually is projecting at the
+retina what is exactly what we see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina what is exactly what we see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina what is exactly what we see and
+interestingly enough compared to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough compared to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough compared to a
+normal image of the same scene produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal image of the same scene produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal image of the same scene produced
+by a CCD camera as you can see the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a CCD camera as you can see the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a CCD camera as you can see the image
+is really blurry in the surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really blurry in the surroundings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really blurry in the surroundings
+very sharp in the center as we described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sharp in the center as we described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sharp in the center as we described
+due to the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the sampling
+Etc so the eye tries to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so the eye tries to take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so the eye tries to take advantage
+of this fact that the fact that it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fact that the fact that it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fact that the fact that it has a
+very small very sharp region in Focus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small very sharp region in Focus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small very sharp region in Focus as
+much as it it can and the way it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as it it can and the way it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as it it can and the way it does it
+is by by uh jittering the eye moving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by by uh jittering the eye moving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by by uh jittering the eye moving it
+at a at a frequency of something like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a at a frequency of something like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a at a frequency of something like 30
+to 70 Hertz to scan a a given scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 70 Hertz to scan a a given scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 70 Hertz to scan a a given scene and
+try to collect as much information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to collect as much information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to collect as much information to
+create the scene that we perceive in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the scene that we perceive in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the scene that we perceive in our
+brain and also there's some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and also there's some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and also there's some interesting
+image processing to try to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing to try to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image processing to try to account for
+this blurring or you can think about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blurring or you can think about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blurring or you can think about for
+those of you that are in Signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that are in Signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that are in Signal
+processing the bluring algorithms embedd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the bluring algorithms embedd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the bluring algorithms embedd
+in our brains I think it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our brains I think it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our brains I think it's pretty
+interesting how so the phenomena of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how so the phenomena of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how so the phenomena of
+moving of the ey is called uh sading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion also the con on the roads as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion also the con on the roads as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion also the con on the roads as I
+said are connected with nerves but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said are connected with nerves but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said are connected with nerves but it
+was first proposed by studying the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first proposed by studying the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first proposed by studying the eye
+of a cat that and then for humans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cat that and then for humans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cat that and then for humans that
+the eye actually has this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye actually has this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye actually has this type of
+response to a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a light
+stimulus that in some regions is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that in some regions is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that in some regions is going
+to be positive some regions is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive some regions is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be positive some regions is going to
+be negative following what it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative following what it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative following what it's called
+the Mexican Mexican hat uh Trend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mexican Mexican hat uh Trend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mexican Mexican hat uh Trend and
+actually this response is what is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this response is what is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this response is what is uh
+responsible for many optical illusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for many optical illusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for many optical illusions
+that we see for example this one so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see for example this one so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see for example this one so what
+do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see you've seen this one probably before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no so you see these flickering gray dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you see these flickering gray dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you see these flickering gray dots
+that are really not there right and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really not there right and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really not there right and if
+you try to focus your eye and if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to focus your eye and if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to focus your eye and if you are
+like as close as I am to the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as close as I am to the projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as close as I am to the projector
+and I'm focusing my eye here I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm focusing my eye here I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm focusing my eye here I don't see
+anything of there at least at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything of there at least at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything of there at least at that point
+I don't see any great dos however if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see any great dos however if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see any great dos however if I
+focus on another point right now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on another point right now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on another point right now I'm
+also seeing this flickering Dot
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K5tUbZzcOEc.txt b/K5tUbZzcOEc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70738f7a6344a0128f9ae55eb8dfcfe9b9c22b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K5tUbZzcOEc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we get started so uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get started so uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get started so uh last
+class we took up the topic of isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we took up the topic of isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we took up the topic of isolated
+DC DC converters and I'd like to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC DC converters and I'd like to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC DC converters and I'd like to expand
+on our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our discussion
+today um if you recall the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um if you recall the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um if you recall the first
+converter we introduced last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter we introduced last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter we introduced last time was
+called the flyback converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is sort of like an isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of like an isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sort of like an isolated
+buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boost and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost and the idea
+is I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'll come
+in from um say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from um say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from um say
+VN I will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer will also Al have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer will also Al have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer will also Al have a
+magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductance that has some magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance that has some magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance that has some magnetizing
+current that represents energy stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that represents energy stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that represents energy stored in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Transformer then I'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer then I'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer then I'll have a
+switch Q of t and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diode and that's about it okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and that's about it okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and that's about it okay and we
+worked this out and we said okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked this out and we said okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked this out and we said okay in the
+first part of the cycle I VN across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the cycle I VN across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the cycle I VN across the
+magnetizing inductance second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance second part of
+the cycle I turn this switch off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle I turn this switch off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle I turn this switch off and
+then I reply apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflected voltage from v v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected voltage from v v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected voltage from v v
+out across the magnetizing inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out across the magnetizing inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out across the magnetizing inductance
+okay and I need a zero average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I need a zero average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I need a zero average value
+across the magnetizing inductance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the magnetizing inductance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the magnetizing inductance okay
+and if you apply that what we get is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you apply that what we get is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you apply that what we get is V
+out over V in is equal to N2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over V in is equal to N2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over V in is equal to N2 over
+N1 * D over 1us D so I could have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 * D over 1us D so I could have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 * D over 1us D so I could have made
+it minus N2 n over N1 * eus D it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it minus N2 n over N1 * eus D it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it minus N2 n over N1 * eus D it's just
+a question of how I Define V out and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of how I Define V out and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question of how I Define V out and I
+can Define it either way because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define it either way because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define it either way because this
+output circuit is electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output circuit is electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output circuit is electrically
+disconnected from the input side circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected from the input side circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected from the input side circuit
+so I can kind of reference the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can kind of reference the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can kind of reference the output
+any way I want okay we said okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way I want okay we said okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way I want okay we said okay if I
+looked at L mu in this circuit and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at L mu in this circuit and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at L mu in this circuit and I
+looked at IM mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at IM mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at IM mu
+right it ramps up in the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it ramps up in the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it ramps up in the first part of
+the cycle and down in the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and down in the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and down in the second part of
+the cycle and just kind of does that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and just kind of does that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and just kind of does that it
+acts IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts IM
+mu or LM exact acts exactly like the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu or LM exact acts exactly like the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu or LM exact acts exactly like the um
+inductor in a buck boost converter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor in a buck boost converter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor in a buck boost converter okay
+and so I'm storing energy in IMU and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm storing energy in IMU and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm storing energy in IMU and I'm
+taking energy from the input and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking energy from the input and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking energy from the input and putting
+in IMU and then I'm taking that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IMU and then I'm taking that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IMU and then I'm taking that energy
+out and putting into the output just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and putting into the output just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and putting into the output just
+like a buck boost converter okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a buck boost converter okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a buck boost converter okay so this
+is a a very popular isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a very popular isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a very popular isolated
+converter okay we looked at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay we looked at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay we looked at a different
+example and and I should say by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and and I should say by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and and I should say by the way
+in order to do this because I'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this because I'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this because I'm storing
+all the energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the energy in
+the uh magnetizing inductance I usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh magnetizing inductance I usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh magnetizing inductance I usually
+use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+gapped um core because what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gapped um core because what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gapped um core because what I really
+want to do is sort of store the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is sort of store the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is sort of store the magnetic
+energy in the Gap to make the Cor small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the Gap to make the Cor small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the Gap to make the Cor small
+as possible so I'm using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible so I'm using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible so I'm using this
+Transformer like an energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer like an energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer like an energy storage
+element not like an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer we also looked at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer we also looked at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer we also looked at a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+converter here which I will call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter here which I will call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter here which I will call a
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter okay and there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay and there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay and there's different
+versions of this but this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this but this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this but this is basically
+an isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Buck sometimes they would call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buck sometimes they would call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buck sometimes they would call this a
+buck derived isolated converter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck derived isolated converter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck derived isolated converter and the
+idea is this we will um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VN okay and I'll use this Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN okay and I'll use this Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN okay and I'll use this Transformer
+basically just to give me galvanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+right I'll add on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll add on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll add on a
+diode and then I will have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and then I will have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and then I will have an
+inductor and get V out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and get V out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and get V out
+okay and the notion here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the notion here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the notion here is that
+um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+voltage I'll call this say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'll call this say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'll call this say
+VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is when the switch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on when the switch is on I get V2 N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when the switch is on I get V2 N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when the switch is on I get V2 N2
+over N1 V in here here this di is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N1 V in here here this di is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N1 V in here here this di is
+forward biased this di is reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward biased this di is reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward biased this di is reversed
+biased and I get some scaled version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased and I get some scaled version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased and I get some scaled version of
+the input applied here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input applied here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input applied here at
+VX and then when I turn this switch off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX and then when I turn this switch off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX and then when I turn this switch off
+this diod conducts and I get zero at VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diod conducts and I get zero at VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diod conducts and I get zero at VX
+so this is DT this is T right so as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is DT this is T right so as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is DT this is T right so as far
+as voltage VX concerned this looks just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as voltage VX concerned this looks just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as voltage VX concerned this looks just
+like what a buck converter would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what a buck converter would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what a buck converter would do
+right so what I get in this voltage VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I get in this voltage VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I get in this voltage VX
+is N2 over N1 VN is what voltage is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is N2 over N1 VN is what voltage is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is N2 over N1 VN is what voltage is the
+peak voltage here so what I get is V out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak voltage here so what I get is V out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak voltage here so what I get is V out
+over VN is equal to N2 over N1 * D so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over VN is equal to N2 over N1 * D so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over VN is equal to N2 over N1 * D so
+it's just like that of a buck converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like that of a buck converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like that of a buck converter
+but scaled by some turns ratio N2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but scaled by some turns ratio N2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but scaled by some turns ratio N2 over
+N1 okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 okay so in this
+converter really what I'm doing is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter really what I'm doing is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter really what I'm doing is I'm
+using the inductor L here as my energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the inductor L here as my energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the inductor L here as my energy
+storage element that's what's filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage element that's what's filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage element that's what's filtering
+this pulsating voltage vx to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pulsating voltage vx to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pulsating voltage vx to give me a
+constant V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant V
+out okay the Transformer I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay the Transformer I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay the Transformer I'm really
+trying to use is an ideal Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to use is an ideal Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to use is an ideal Transformer
+right I just want to apply an ac voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just want to apply an ac voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just want to apply an ac voltage
+across the Transformer and uh generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Transformer and uh generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Transformer and uh generate
+this voltage um generate a voltage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage um generate a voltage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage um generate a voltage here
+which then gives me VX all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then gives me VX all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then gives me VX all right um
+nonetheless I do have to respect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless I do have to respect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless I do have to respect the
+fact that any real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that any real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that any real
+transformer has some parasitic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer has some parasitic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer has some parasitic
+magnetizing inductance right I have L mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance right I have L mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance right I have L mu
+here and I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I have I
+mu here okay so I do need to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu here okay so I do need to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu here okay so I do need to make the
+average voltage across the magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltage across the magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltage across the magnetizing
+inductance zero or things bad things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance zero or things bad things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance zero or things bad things
+will happen the other thing I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen the other thing I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen the other thing I should
+recognize is that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is that in this
+circuit you know if I plotted I mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit you know if I plotted I mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit you know if I plotted I mu
+right even if I start off with it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even if I start off with it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even if I start off with it being
+zero at the beginning of the cycle I mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the beginning of the cycle I mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at the beginning of the cycle I mu
+Rises for time DT why because when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises for time DT why because when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises for time DT why because when the
+switch is on I'm applying VN across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is on I'm applying VN across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is on I'm applying VN across the
+magnetizing inductance that magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance that magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance that magnetizing
+current stores energy it has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stores energy it has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current stores energy it has to have
+somewhere to go and thus far I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to go and thus far I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to go and thus far I have not
+provided it with any place to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided it with any place to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided it with any place to go and
+that would be bad right I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be bad right I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be bad right I need to do
+something to so-call reset the core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to so-call reset the core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to so-call reset the core and
+give myself a means of recapturing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give myself a means of recapturing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give myself a means of recapturing that
+energy okay either recapturing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay either recapturing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay either recapturing or
+dissipating that energy there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipating that energy there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipating that energy there's a lot of
+ways you could do it here's one here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could do it here's one here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could do it here's one here's a
+different one that we used last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one that we used last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one that we used last time
+maybe I will add one more winding onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I will add one more winding onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I will add one more winding onto
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Transformer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and the diode and what I will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the diode and what I will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the diode and what I will then
+do is Orient this this way and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is Orient this this way and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is Orient this this way and maybe
+this will have uh a number of turns n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will have uh a number of turns n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will have uh a number of turns n
+subr okay so what then happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr okay so what then happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr okay so what then happens is that
+when I turn the switch off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I turn the switch off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I turn the switch off this
+magnetizing current if I think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current if I think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current if I think of the
+white plus the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white plus the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white plus the plus
+um plus this winding as being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus this winding as being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus this winding as being an
+ideal Transformer an ideal with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Transformer an ideal with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal Transformer an ideal with three
+winding Transformer current will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding Transformer current will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding Transformer current will
+circulate out of that dot into this Dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulate out of that dot into this Dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulate out of that dot into this Dot
+and come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back to the
+input so I could dump this energy into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so I could dump this energy into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so I could dump this energy into a
+xener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xener
+or I could use another winding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I could use another winding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I could use another winding and
+recirculate it and bring it back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculate it and bring it back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recirculate it and bring it back to the
+input okay that's called a tertiary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay that's called a tertiary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay that's called a tertiary
+winding or or an additional winding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding or or an additional winding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding or or an additional winding to
+recover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the
+energy any questions about how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy any questions about how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy any questions about how that
+works yeah uh so what happens in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works yeah uh so what happens in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works yeah uh so what happens in that
+winding when the switch is excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding when the switch is excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding when the switch is excellent
+question right so he said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right so he said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right so he said all
+the if this is series wound this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if this is series wound this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if this is series wound this
+requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+a a One Core with three windings on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a One Core with three windings on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a One Core with three windings on it
+right so the core looks sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the core looks sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the core looks sort of like
+this right and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and I have
+N1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+N2 and then I have some tertiary winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and then I have some tertiary winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and then I have some tertiary winding
+you know like this right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um N3 like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um N3 like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um N3 like that
+okay um so what happens so because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what happens so because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what happens so because these
+all L the same flux their voltages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all L the same flux their voltages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all L the same flux their voltages are
+scaled versions of one others right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled versions of one others right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled versions of one others right so
+what happens is when I have qft on I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is when I have qft on I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is when I have qft on I get
+V1 here that means I get this way NR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 here that means I get this way NR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 here that means I get this way NR
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+N1 V1 here and it just reverse biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 V1 here and it just reverse biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 V1 here and it just reverse biases
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+diode so this winding is disconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode so this winding is disconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode so this winding is disconnected
+when the switch is on and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the switch is on and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the switch is on and then it's
+connected when the switch is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected when the switch is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected when the switch is off
+okay any other questions yeah um does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions yeah um does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions yeah um does
+that get does that answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get does that answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get does that answer the question
+yeah all right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+yeah but right now the switch only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but right now the switch only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but right now the switch only
+affects the top for for I would make be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the top for for I would make be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the top for for I would make be
+better if the switch was directly uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if the switch was directly uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if the switch was directly uh in
+series with v or does it matter this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series with v or does it matter this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series with v or does it matter this uh
+uh well the switch is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the switch is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the switch is sort
+of I mean the switch is switching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I mean the switch is switching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I mean the switch is switching this
+winding on and off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding on and off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding on and off with
+VN right whether you say it's in series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right whether you say it's in series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right whether you say it's in series
+or not because of this path is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not because of this path is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not because of this path is another
+thing but right so the switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but right so the switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but right so the switch the
+function of the switch hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changed does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed does that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed does that answer your
+question I mean from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I mean from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I mean from the perspective of
+this winding when the switch is on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this winding when the switch is on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this winding when the switch is on this
+winding is connected across VN when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding is connected across VN when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding is connected across VN when the
+switch is off this winding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is off this winding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch is off this winding is
+disconnected from BN does that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected from BN does that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected from BN does that's that's
+the function of the switch talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the switch talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the switch talking about
+whether it's in series or not I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in series or not I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in series or not I mean you
+wouldn't want to put the switch here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to put the switch here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to put the switch here but
+you could put the switch here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put the switch here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put the switch here if you
+wanted okay and this is just acting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted okay and this is just acting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted okay and this is just acting as
+another uncontrolled switch that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uncontrolled switch that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uncontrolled switch that does
+what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+want let me let me just come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want let me let me just come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want let me let me just come back to
+this question um someone switch related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question um someone switch related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question um someone switch related
+not necessarily related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily related to this
+implementation thing but why are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation thing but why are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation thing but why are the
+switches coming the Transformer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches coming the Transformer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches coming the Transformer and
+these implementations yeah it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these implementations yeah it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these implementations yeah it's because
+if I have an end Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have an end Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have an end Channel
+transistor right the voltage I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor right the voltage I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor right the voltage I need to
+apply to run this is the gate Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to run this is the gate Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to run this is the gate Source
+voltage right so I have some driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so I have some driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so I have some driver
+circuit here that can be referenced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit here that can be referenced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit here that can be referenced to
+you know if you imagine this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you imagine this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you imagine this is my
+ground can be referenced right here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground can be referenced right here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground can be referenced right here if I
+put the switch up here the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the switch up here the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the switch up here the source
+terminal where my switch is referenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal where my switch is referenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal where my switch is referenced
+is here this node would be clapping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here this node would be clapping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here this node would be clapping up
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+down right so you'd like to put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right so you'd like to put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right so you'd like to put your
+switch usually where you can use a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch usually where you can use a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch usually where you can use a very
+simple driver to drive it and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple driver to drive it and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple driver to drive it and that's the
+reason why both the flyback and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why both the flyback and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why both the flyback and the
+forward would tend to put their switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward would tend to put their switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward would tend to put their switch
+right here because you can put all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here because you can put all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here because you can put all your
+logic here and your driver here and life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic here and your driver here and life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic here and your driver here and life
+is good that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good that make
+sense I was wondering uh the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I was wondering uh the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I was wondering uh the current
+going back to the source uhhuh how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the source uhhuh how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the source uhhuh how is
+the source able to reuse that well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source able to reuse that well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source able to reuse that well I
+mean if if I have a you know really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if if I have a you know really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if if I have a you know really what
+what I have here in in parallel with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have here in in parallel with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have here in in parallel with my
+whatever source and Source resistance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever source and Source resistance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever source and Source resistance I
+usually have a capacitor across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have a capacitor across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have a capacitor across the
+input so basically energy is coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so basically energy is coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so basically energy is coming out
+of that capacitor and the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that capacitor and the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that capacitor and the input and
+going into the magnetizing inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the magnetizing inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the magnetizing inductance
+and then it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's coming
+back you can do a lot of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you can do a lot of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you can do a lot of other things
+there's a converter called a fly forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a converter called a fly forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a converter called a fly forward
+where they take that energy and throw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they take that energy and throw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they take that energy and throw it
+to the output instead of back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output instead of back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output instead of back to the
+input it's not as widely done for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's not as widely done for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input it's not as widely done for a
+variety of reasons but you could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of reasons but you could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of reasons but you could do that
+okay so um this design we have to reset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um this design we have to reset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um this design we have to reset
+the core so this purple winding in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core so this purple winding in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core so this purple winding in other
+words when when the switch turns off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words when when the switch turns off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words when when the switch turns off and
+this diode turns on the current will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diode turns on the current will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diode turns on the current will
+ramp back down to zero okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp back down to zero okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp back down to zero okay and then
+it'll stay zero until the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll stay zero until the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll stay zero until the beginning of
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+cycle so this is T and this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so this is T and this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so this is T and this is some
+reset time here okay and so the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset time here okay and so the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset time here okay and so the lowest
+the smallest Transformer I can get if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest Transformer I can get if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest Transformer I can get if I
+think about the energy storage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the energy storage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the energy storage of the
+Transformer which is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer which is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer which is essentially the
+energy stored in this magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy stored in this magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy stored in this magnetizing
+inductance tends to be smaller when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance tends to be smaller when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance tends to be smaller when the
+magnetizing inductance is bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance is bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance is bigger and
+that ends up meaning that you typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up meaning that you typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up meaning that you typically
+used an ungapped core or minimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an ungapped core or minimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an ungapped core or minimally
+gapped core in this kind of converter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gapped core in this kind of converter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gapped core in this kind of converter so
+in this design you want sort of an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this design you want sort of an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this design you want sort of an ideal
+Transformer but you got to deal with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer but you got to deal with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer but you got to deal with its
+parasitics in the flyback design you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitics in the flyback design you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitics in the flyback design you uh
+are really using it like an inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really using it like an inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really using it like an inductor
+with an extra for winding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an extra for winding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an extra for winding on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now these are only two of a a plethora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are only two of a a plethora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are only two of a a plethora
+of isolated converter designs I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolated converter designs I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolated converter designs I could
+choose from why might I choose from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from why might I choose from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from why might I choose from one
+versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the
+other what's the real benefit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what's the real benefit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what's the real benefit of the
+flyback look it's got one magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback look it's got one magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback look it's got one magnetic
+component it's both my Transformer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component it's both my Transformer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component it's both my Transformer and
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+inductor one ground reference switch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor one ground reference switch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor one ground reference switch and
+one diode and some capacitors very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one diode and some capacitors very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one diode and some capacitors very very
+simple very few components so in a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple very few components so in a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple very few components so in a low
+power circuit where component count and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power circuit where component count and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power circuit where component count and
+cost is really important that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is really important that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is really important that's a great
+circuit in fact a lot of uh laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in fact a lot of uh laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in fact a lot of uh laptop
+adapters or Little Wall Works that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapters or Little Wall Works that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapters or Little Wall Works that you
+use use some version of that circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use use some version of that circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use use some version of that circuit
+they'll put a rectifier and then they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll put a rectifier and then they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll put a rectifier and then they'll
+use that as a dcdc converter to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as a dcdc converter to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as a dcdc converter to supply
+your your outputs okay so flybacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your outputs okay so flybacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your outputs okay so flybacks
+really good for low component count and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good for low component count and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good for low component count and
+simplicity on the other hand we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity on the other hand we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity on the other hand we said
+it's a isolated version of a buck boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a isolated version of a buck boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a isolated version of a buck boost
+and we said buck boost converters have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said buck boost converters have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said buck boost converters have a
+lot of stress on the components it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stress on the components it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stress on the components it has a
+very big inductor it has high voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big inductor it has high voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big inductor it has high voltage
+and current stresses on the switches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and current stresses on the switches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and current stresses on the switches and
+so as I go up in power that starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I go up in power that starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I go up in power that starts to
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+unpleasant the forward converter now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant the forward converter now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant the forward converter now has
+two magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two magnetic
+components so that's more magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that's more magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that's more magnetic
+components on the other hand um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components on the other hand um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components on the other hand um this is
+sort of based around a buck so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of based around a buck so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of based around a buck so this
+inductor requires typically a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor requires typically a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor requires typically a lot less
+energy storage than the magneti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage than the magneti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage than the magneti
+inductance of the buck boost okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of the buck boost okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of the buck boost okay
+um and so while I got to throw in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so while I got to throw in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so while I got to throw in a
+Transformer I maybe I can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I maybe I can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I maybe I can make this
+Transformer very compact at high power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer very compact at high power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer very compact at high power
+levels and so maybe in the balance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so maybe in the balance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so maybe in the balance I
+have more components in this design but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more components in this design but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more components in this design but
+at a higher power level maybe this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher power level maybe this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a higher power level maybe this one
+can be more efficient or smaller because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more efficient or smaller because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more efficient or smaller because
+there's less stresses on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less stresses on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less stresses on all the
+components okay so you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components okay so you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components okay so you know this is
+something you might do at hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you might do at hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you might do at hundreds of
+Watts or above or kilowatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watts or above or kilowatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watts or above or kilowatt
+okay so you know the designer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know the designer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know the designer will
+always play some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always play some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always play some
+tradeoff between higher complexity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff between higher complexity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff between higher complexity and
+component account versus Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component account versus Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component account versus Simplicity
+based on you know what components he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on you know what components he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on you know what components he can
+get and and what that implies for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and and what that implies for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and and what that implies for the
+design but you will see a lot of Telecom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design but you will see a lot of Telecom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design but you will see a lot of Telecom
+converters for example like they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters for example like they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters for example like they they
+come in you know that you might find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in you know that you might find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in you know that you might find in
+a a b sell base station or uh powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a b sell base station or uh powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a b sell base station or uh powered
+from 48 volts to supply some voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 48 volts to supply some voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 48 volts to supply some voltage to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+run a board in a microprocessor rack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a board in a microprocessor rack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a board in a microprocessor rack
+system or something forward converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or something forward converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or something forward converter
+especially the active clamp forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the active clamp forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the active clamp forward
+converter which has a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter which has a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter which has a slightly different
+configuration of the clamping circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the clamping circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the clamping circuit
+but it's the same basic circuit very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same basic circuit very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the same basic circuit very
+popular in that application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in that application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in that application
+okay um both of these we said what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um both of these we said what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um both of these we said what are
+the reasons why we wanted to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why we wanted to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why we wanted to use an
+isolated converter uh one is galvanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated converter uh one is galvanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated converter uh one is galvanic
+isolation and both of these can mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation and both of these can mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation and both of these can mean I
+can be isolated from primary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be isolated from primary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be isolated from primary to
+secondary for protection for safety they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary for protection for safety they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary for protection for safety they
+also help you with large conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help you with large conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help you with large conversion
+ratios why because you know if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios why because you know if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios why because you know if I wanted
+to do a 10 to1 voltage conversion with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a 10 to1 voltage conversion with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a 10 to1 voltage conversion with a
+buck converter I need a 10% Duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck converter I need a 10% Duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck converter I need a 10% Duty ratio
+if I want a 20 to one I need a 5% Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want a 20 to one I need a 5% Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want a 20 to one I need a 5% Duty
+ratio I'm just like pulsing the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio I'm just like pulsing the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio I'm just like pulsing the switch
+I've got a lot of stress it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a lot of stress it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a lot of stress it's not it's
+not very easy to do here I can pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very easy to do here I can pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very easy to do here I can pick a
+turns ratio and rescale that and and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns ratio and rescale that and and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns ratio and rescale that and and by
+using a 10 to1 or 20 to1 turns ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a 10 to1 or 20 to1 turns ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a 10 to1 or 20 to1 turns ratio
+suddenly be running at 50% duty cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly be running at 50% duty cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly be running at 50% duty cycle
+again and have lower stresses so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and have lower stresses so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and have lower stresses so I get
+an additional design Freedom that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional design Freedom that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional design Freedom that helps
+me get to wide conversion ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ranges the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges the third
+reason first of all let me stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason first of all let me stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason first of all let me stop there
+are there any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions about
+either of these circuits as examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these circuits as examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of these circuits as examples of
+different ways you might do isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you might do isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you might do isolated
+converters um could you quickly go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters um could you quickly go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters um could you quickly go over
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+componentes so right so what we said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+componentes so right so what we said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+componentes so right so what we said was
+um for example in this circuit if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example in this circuit if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example in this circuit if I
+ignore the magnetizing currents because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the magnetizing currents because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the magnetizing currents because
+it's small right when I turn the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small right when I turn the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's small right when I turn the switch
+on if this is an output current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if this is an output current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if this is an output current
+I2 and it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 and it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 and it's almost
+constant right when I turn the when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right when I turn the when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right when I turn the when I
+turn the switch on right I2 is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the switch on right I2 is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the switch on right I2 is coming
+this way which means I2 is coming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way which means I2 is coming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way which means I2 is coming this
+way and I see uh N2 over N1 I2 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I see uh N2 over N1 I2 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I see uh N2 over N1 I2 through
+the switch when the switch is off I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch when the switch is off I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch when the switch is off I see
+the reset voltage which is some minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reset voltage which is some minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reset voltage which is some minimum
+multiple of VN right so I can relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of VN right so I can relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of VN right so I can relate
+the switch voltage to in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch voltage to in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch voltage to in this case the
+input voltage so and this switch current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage so and this switch current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage so and this switch current
+to the output current and then it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output current and then it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output current and then it helps
+me pick my switches I can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pick my switches I can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pick my switches I can do the same
+thing for the indirect kind of converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the indirect kind of converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the indirect kind of converter
+and what you'll see is for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see is for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see is for a given
+conversion ratio with optimally chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion ratio with optimally chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion ratio with optimally chosen
+turns ratios it's worse for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns ratios it's worse for that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns ratios it's worse for that one
+than it is for this one moreover you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is for this one moreover you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is for this one moreover you can
+see the same thing about the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same thing about the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same thing about the energy
+stored in that magnetizing inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in that magnetizing inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in that magnetizing inductance
+versus this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductance okay so what was the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance okay so what was the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance okay so what was the other
+reason I said we wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I said we wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I said we wanted to do
+um we wanted to do quote unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we wanted to do quote unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we wanted to do quote unquote
+isolated converters not for isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated converters not for isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated converters not for isolation
+but it's ease of doing multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's ease of doing multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's ease of doing multiple
+outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+okay why because a I often need multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why because a I often need multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why because a I often need multiple
+related outputs but B I can often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related outputs but B I can often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related outputs but B I can often
+um I can often do that just by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can often do that just by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can often do that just by adding
+windings to my Transformer so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings to my Transformer so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings to my Transformer so for
+example suppose I have a Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter and all I might do is say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and all I might do is say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and all I might do is say okay
+I'll build this trans trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forer and what I can do is I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forer and what I can do is I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forer and what I can do is I can say
+okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's
+N1 I'll have a second winding into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 I'll have a second winding into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 I'll have a second winding into this
+is my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output that's V2 and then I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's V2 and then I could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's V2 and then I could just
+build another winding on my same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build another winding on my same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build another winding on my same
+Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call that
+V3 with the number of turns n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 with the number of turns n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 with the number of turns n
+three right so all I do is I throw one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right so all I do is I throw one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right so all I do is I throw one
+more winding on my Transformer same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more winding on my Transformer same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more winding on my Transformer same idea
+series wound just like this guy and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series wound just like this guy and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series wound just like this guy and then
+yes I got to add two more dos in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I got to add two more dos in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I got to add two more dos in another
+inductor but I get another output so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor but I get another output so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor but I get another output so
+it's not like I got to build a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like I got to build a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like I got to build a whole
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+converter I just add a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter I just add a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter I just add a few more
+components to my existing converter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components to my existing converter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components to my existing converter and
+what should I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I get
+ideally right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally right
+whereas this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this
+voltage became N2 over N1 scale time VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage became N2 over N1 scale time VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage became N2 over N1 scale time VN
+this voltage becomes N3 over N1 * VN so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage becomes N3 over N1 * VN so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage becomes N3 over N1 * VN so
+what I get is V3 is equal to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is V3 is equal to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is V3 is equal to D
+times is equal to I'm sorry V2 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times is equal to I'm sorry V2 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times is equal to I'm sorry V2 is equal
+to N2 over N1 V1 * D and V3 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N2 over N1 V1 * D and V3 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N2 over N1 V1 * D and V3 is equal to
+ideally N3 over N1 V1 * D so if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally N3 over N1 V1 * D so if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally N3 over N1 V1 * D so if I wanted
+a 5 vol Vol output and a 12vt output I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5 vol Vol output and a 12vt output I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5 vol Vol output and a 12vt output I
+just make N3 12ths of N2 and boom I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make N3 12ths of N2 and boom I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make N3 12ths of N2 and boom I've
+got my extra output and life is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my extra output and life is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my extra output and life is good
+that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense to
+everybody and of course I'm not showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and of course I'm not showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and of course I'm not showing
+I still need a reset mechanism over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still need a reset mechanism over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still need a reset mechanism over here
+right whether it's that one or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether it's that one or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whether it's that one or some
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we often see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we often see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we often see
+converters with a lot of outputs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters with a lot of outputs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters with a lot of outputs when
+we're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building
+them we do have to however start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we do have to however start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we do have to however start
+thinking especially when we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking especially when we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking especially when we have many
+windings what are the impacts of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings what are the impacts of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings what are the impacts of all the
+Transformer parasitics beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer parasitics beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer parasitics beyond the
+magnetizing inductance okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance okay and that's
+why we spent time thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we spent time thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we spent time thinking about what
+are the Transformer parasitics so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Transformer parasitics so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Transformer parasitics so let's
+think about this um if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this um if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this um if I did
+this suppose I come back to my single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose I come back to my single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose I come back to my single
+output magnetize ing my signal output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output magnetize ing my signal output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output magnetize ing my signal output
+design here um what other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design here um what other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design here um what other kind of
+Transformer parasitics might I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have leakage inductances yes so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leakage inductances yes so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leakage inductances yes so this
+circuit this extra winding in the diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit this extra winding in the diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit this extra winding in the diode
+will help me capture recapture recycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help me capture recapture recycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help me capture recapture recycle
+the magnetizing energy back to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetizing energy back to the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetizing energy back to the input
+so whereas in the converter I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whereas in the converter I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whereas in the converter I showed you
+last time I threw it away here I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I threw it away here I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I threw it away here I can
+recycle it back to the input on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle it back to the input on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle it back to the input on the
+other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand
+suppose I have some primary leakage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have some primary leakage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have some primary leakage here
+ll1 energy stored there doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll1 energy stored there doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll1 energy stored there doesn't get
+caught right that won't get recycled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught right that won't get recycled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught right that won't get recycled
+that's going you know it's in series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going you know it's in series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going you know it's in series
+with the switch I turn the switch off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the switch I turn the switch off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the switch I turn the switch off
+it's going to get dumped into the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get dumped into the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get dumped into the switch
+now maybe I just rate my switch to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe I just rate my switch to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe I just rate my switch to take
+that energy when it turns off and eat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy when it turns off and eat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy when it turns off and eat it
+and you often do that or maybe I go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you often do that or maybe I go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you often do that or maybe I go and
+I add like a little xener diode or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add like a little xener diode or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add like a little xener diode or a
+clamp or some other thing a snubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp or some other thing a snubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp or some other thing a snubber
+which we'll talk about next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about next class
+snubbers um to eat that energy okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snubbers um to eat that energy okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snubbers um to eat that energy okay but
+I have to think about that and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to think about that and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to think about that and because
+we're going to be interfacing switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be interfacing switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be interfacing switches
+and Transformers we often have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Transformers we often have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Transformers we often have to worry
+about leakages that are bigger than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leakages that are bigger than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leakages that are bigger than I
+have to think about in a non-isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about in a non-isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about in a non-isolated
+converter okay all right I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay all right I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay all right I can do
+that let's think about the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's think about the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's think about the impact of
+leakage in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage in a different
+scenario let's again just simply Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario let's again just simply Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario let's again just simply Let's
+ignore for the primary side leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore for the primary side leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore for the primary side leakage
+right like this circuit would take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like this circuit would take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like this circuit would take care
+of eating any primary side leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eating any primary side leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eating any primary side leakage
+effects but let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but let's think about the
+leakage effects on the secondary side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage effects on the secondary side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage effects on the secondary side so
+suppose I build my forward converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I build my forward converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I build my forward converter
+again okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay and
+um here is my Transformer my ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I am going to run out of room if I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to run out of room if I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am going to run out of room if I draw
+it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so here's my
+Transformer here's my P1 here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer here's my P1 here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer here's my P1 here's my
+Transformer right here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer right here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer right here's my
+switch N1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch N1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch N1 to
+N2 okay now let me worry about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 okay now let me worry about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 okay now let me worry about a
+second element let me worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element let me worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element let me worry about
+leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 this is the secondary side leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this is the secondary side leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this is the secondary side leakage
+inductance okay and then this runs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance okay and then this runs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance okay and then this runs into
+this diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair and then this runs into an inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and then this runs into an inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and then this runs into an inductor
+I'll call that current I2 let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that current I2 let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that current I2 let's assume
+this inductor really big and then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductor really big and then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inductor really big and then I get
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well what happens in this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what happens in this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what happens in this circuit
+uh when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I'm
+switching well um I might think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching well um I might think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching well um I might think about a
+voltage that I'm going to call VY and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that I'm going to call VY and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that I'm going to call VY and
+let me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use
+um let me use this color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me use this color for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me use this color for
+VY here's VY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VY here's VY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VY here's VY
+here what does VY look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what does VY look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what does VY look like
+VY right when I turn the switch on V y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VY right when I turn the switch on V y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VY right when I turn the switch on V y
+looks like uh N2 over N1 V1 right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh N2 over N1 V1 right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like uh N2 over N1 V1 right this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+VY okay in the first part of the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VY okay in the first part of the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VY okay in the first part of the cycle
+in the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second part of the
+cycle um it goes negative to some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um it goes negative to some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um it goes negative to some value
+that's determined by the clamp that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's determined by the clamp that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's determined by the clamp that I'm
+not showing right there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing right there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing right there's some
+Transformer reset mechanism that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer reset mechanism that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer reset mechanism that's going
+to make this node clamped you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this node clamped you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this node clamped you know
+whether I used this method or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I used this method or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I used this method or some other
+method okay and you know it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay and you know it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay and you know it's going to
+clamp to some value and then maybe it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp to some value and then maybe it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp to some value and then maybe it'll
+go to zero before the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero before the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero before the beginning of the
+next cycle something like that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cycle something like that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cycle something like that okay so
+this is what voltage VY looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what voltage VY looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what voltage VY looks like
+everybody buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody buy
+that so let's think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's think about what
+happens where I have this secondary side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens where I have this secondary side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens where I have this secondary side
+leakage and I particularly want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage and I particularly want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage and I particularly want to look
+at I'll call this I leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I'll call this I leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I'll call this I leakage
+2 and let me call this device um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and let me call this device um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and let me call this device um I'll
+call this D1 and I'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this D1 and I'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this D1 and I'll call this
+D2 okay so let's plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so here's my voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dy and it's going to do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and I I don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I I don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I I don't have to worry about
+what happens as long as the core resets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as long as the core resets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens as long as the core resets
+I'm happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy
+um so this is N2 over N1 * V1 here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is N2 over N1 * V1 here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is N2 over N1 * V1 here okay
+so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about
+that and I can really think about VY as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I can really think about VY as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I can really think about VY as
+just sort of being an equivalent Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of being an equivalent Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of being an equivalent Source
+there right so what's going to happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so what's going to happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so what's going to happen to
+that current L leakage I leakage 2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current L leakage I leakage 2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current L leakage I leakage 2 right
+so here's what that that's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what that that's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what that that's going to look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um when I turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I turned
+on the switch L leakage 2 had no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the switch L leakage 2 had no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the switch L leakage 2 had no current
+in it right because before I turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it right because before I turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it right because before I turned on
+the switch D2 was conducting so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch D2 was conducting so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch D2 was conducting so over
+here D2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conducting and there's no current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting and there's no current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting and there's no current in
+through D1 and no current through I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through D1 and no current through I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through D1 and no current through I
+leakage 2 so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage 2 so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage 2 so he's
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay what's going to happen when I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's going to happen when I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's going to happen when I turn
+the switch on well suddenly VY becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch on well suddenly VY becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch on well suddenly VY becomes
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+okay on the other hand I can't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand I can't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand I can't change
+the current through L leakage to so D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current through L leakage to so D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current through L leakage to so D2
+can't turn off D1 however turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't turn off D1 however turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't turn off D1 however turns
+on okay so what I'm going to get is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so what I'm going to get is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so what I'm going to get is we
+talked about at this the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at this the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at this the beginning of
+the class we're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we're going to get a
+commutation interval so what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation interval so what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation interval so what happens is
+I'm going to get an interval where D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get an interval where D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get an interval where D1
+and D2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D2 are
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+okay and so I can sort of think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I can sort of think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I can sort of think of this
+circuit as being like this during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit as being like this during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit as being like this during that
+interval I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VY which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VY which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VY which is exactly
+this then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have I leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I leakage
+two this is L leakage two and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this is L leakage two and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this is L leakage two and then I
+have D1 is on and D2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have D1 is on and D2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have D1 is on and D2 is
+on and maybe I think of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and maybe I think of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and maybe I think of the output
+Network as just being constant during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network as just being constant during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network as just being constant during
+this time so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time so this is
+I2 okay so this is a c simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay so this is a c simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay so this is a c simplified
+circuit model there for the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model there for the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model there for the interval
+after the switch turns on when D1 and D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the switch turns on when D1 and D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the switch turns on when D1 and D2
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+on does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on does that make sense
+everybody okay so what should I happen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody okay so what should I happen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody okay so what should I happen I
+basically have VY applied across that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have VY applied across that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have VY applied across that
+leakage to right and so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage to right and so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage to right and so I have a
+constant voltage across L leakage so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant voltage across L leakage so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant voltage across L leakage so I
+should expect that I leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 should just ramp up like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 should just ramp up like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 should just ramp up like this
+linearly how long is it going to ramp up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly how long is it going to ramp up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly how long is it going to ramp up
+linearly it's going to ramp up linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly it's going to ramp up linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly it's going to ramp up linearly
+until I leakage 2 equals I2 at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I leakage 2 equals I2 at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I leakage 2 equals I2 at which
+point this do will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this do will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this do will turn
+off so once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so once I
+hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+I2 then this is going to keep cease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 then this is going to keep cease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 then this is going to keep cease
+increasing this dial is going to turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this dial is going to turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this dial is going to turn on
+and then iage 2 is just going to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then iage 2 is just going to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then iage 2 is just going to carry
+I2 and it's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 and it's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 and it's going to do
+this okay if I follow the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay if I follow the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay if I follow the rest of the
+cycle it'll do the same thing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle it'll do the same thing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle it'll do the same thing in this
+after I turn off the switch there's DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I turn off the switch there's DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I turn off the switch there's DT
+okay it'll go back to zero okay until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it'll go back to zero okay until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it'll go back to zero okay until
+the beginning of the next cycle all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the next cycle all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the next cycle all
+right so this is what happens with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is what happens with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is what happens with I
+leakage 2 in this case and all I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage 2 in this case and all I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage 2 in this case and all I'm doing
+and and during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and during this
+interval right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval right
+D2 is on uh D1 is on right so I go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 is on uh D1 is on right so I go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 is on uh D1 is on right so I go from
+D2 on to D1 and D2 on to D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 on to D1 and D2 on to D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 on to D1 and D2 on to D1
+on Everybody follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Everybody follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Everybody follow
+that so why am I dragging you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so why am I dragging you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so why am I dragging you through
+this because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because of the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+um let me look at a different voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me look at a different voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me look at a different voltage
+now let me look at the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me look at the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me look at the voltage
+VX right it's this voltage here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX right it's this voltage here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX right it's this voltage here this
+volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage right is going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right is going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right is going to be zero
+whenever D2 is on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever D2 is on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever D2 is on and
+and so what am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what am I going to
+get is D2 is on so it BX was Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is D2 is on so it BX was Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is D2 is on so it BX was Zero
+because D2 is on after this switch turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because D2 is on after this switch turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because D2 is on after this switch turns
+on it stays zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it stays zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it stays zero
+okay until D2 turns off and once D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay until D2 turns off and once D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay until D2 turns off and once D2
+turns off I2 has a constant current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns off I2 has a constant current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns off I2 has a constant current
+through it so it has no drop across it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it so it has no drop across it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it so it has no drop across it
+and then this will just jump up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this will just jump up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this will just jump up to a
+value that is N2 over N1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that is N2 over N1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that is N2 over N1 *
+V1 and it'll stay there until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and it'll stay there until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and it'll stay there until
+DT then D2 will turn on again and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT then D2 will turn on again and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT then D2 will turn on again and so
+forth until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth until
+T so let me call this time I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so let me call this time I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so let me call this time I didn't
+specify what this time let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what this time let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what this time let me call this
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+T and this is GT all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is GT all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is GT all
+right and um the question the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um the question the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and um the question the question
+we have is what is the average output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is what is the average output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is what is the average output
+voltage of this circuit well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of this circuit well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of this circuit well it's
+clearly V2 is just equal to the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly V2 is just equal to the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly V2 is just equal to the average
+voltage of VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of VX
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 right is the average of this voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right is the average of this voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right is the average of this voltage
+V2 is equal the average voltage of VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is equal the average voltage of VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is equal the average voltage of VX
+which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to
+uh D minus delta T / T time N2 over N1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D minus delta T / T time N2 over N1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D minus delta T / T time N2 over N1 *
+V1 does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 does that make sense
+everybody well what's delta T we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody well what's delta T we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody well what's delta T we have uh
+V is equal to LD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is equal to LD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is equal to LD
+DT right so Delta T is simply going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right so Delta T is simply going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right so Delta T is simply going to
+be equal to l leakage 2 * Delta I which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to l leakage 2 * Delta I which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to l leakage 2 * Delta I which
+is I2 over V which is N2 over N1 V1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I2 over V which is N2 over N1 V1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I2 over V which is N2 over N1 V1 so
+this is my expression for this time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my expression for this time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my expression for this time it's
+just you know V is equal LD DL V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know V is equal LD DL V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know V is equal LD DL V is
+equal to ldt that's how long delta T has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ldt that's how long delta T has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ldt that's how long delta T has
+to be with a constant applied voltage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be with a constant applied voltage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be with a constant applied voltage so
+I can rewrite this as being equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rewrite this as being equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rewrite this as being equal to
+D N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D N2
+N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1
+minus delta T * N2 over N1 V1 L leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta T * N2 over N1 V1 L leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta T * N2 over N1 V1 L leakage
+2 I2 which just gives me minus uh L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 I2 which just gives me minus uh L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 I2 which just gives me minus uh L
+leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage
+2 over T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over T *
+I2 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 does that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is precisely load regulation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is precisely load regulation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is precisely load regulation just
+like we talked about with rectifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we talked about with rectifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we talked about with rectifiers
+before but we don't have sign s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but we don't have sign s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but we don't have sign s of
+waveforms anymore because we're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms anymore because we're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms anymore because we're building
+a dcdc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dcdc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dcdc
+converter but the point is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter but the point is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter but the point is that the
+output voltage V2 no longer just depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage V2 no longer just depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage V2 no longer just depends
+upon the input and voltage and Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the input and voltage and Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the input and voltage and Duty
+ratio but it depends upon my load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio but it depends upon my load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio but it depends upon my load
+current right this load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right this load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right this load
+current influences my output voltage as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current influences my output voltage as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current influences my output voltage as
+I2 gets bigger V2 tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 gets bigger V2 tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 gets bigger V2 tends to
+droop okay is that a problem well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droop okay is that a problem well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droop okay is that a problem well not
+really right it's it's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really right it's it's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really right it's it's a little bit of a
+problem if I wanted to get if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if I wanted to get if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if I wanted to get if I have a
+low load current if I2 goes toward zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low load current if I2 goes toward zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low load current if I2 goes toward zero
+well I just get my ideal relationship if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I just get my ideal relationship if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I just get my ideal relationship if
+I get heavier and heavier load depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get heavier and heavier load depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get heavier and heavier load depending
+upon how big leakage is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon how big leakage is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon how big leakage is the output
+voltage troops so all I would have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage troops so all I would have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage troops so all I would have to do
+is to get the right B2 the one I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get the right B2 the one I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get the right B2 the one I really
+wanted i' use a slightly larger Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted i' use a slightly larger Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted i' use a slightly larger Duty
+ratio okay yeah would it also affect B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay yeah would it also affect B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay yeah would it also affect B3
+ah you put your finger on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah you put your finger on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah you put your finger on the real
+problem of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of this
+yes this is f it probably doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is f it probably doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is f it probably doesn't matter
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+much in a as long I mean if L leakage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in a as long I mean if L leakage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in a as long I mean if L leakage is
+huge then I've always got a problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge then I've always got a problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge then I've always got a problem but
+if El Le it's just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if El Le it's just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if El Le it's just you know
+small maybe I don't care so much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small maybe I don't care so much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small maybe I don't care so much but
+it's exactly what you're saying suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly what you're saying suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly what you're saying suppose
+I have my two output converter I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my two output converter I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my two output converter I only
+have one duty ratio right both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one duty ratio right both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one duty ratio right both of those
+outputs are being regulated by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are being regulated by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs are being regulated by by the
+same Duty ratio and if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Duty ratio and if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Duty ratio and if I wanted
+ratiometric outputs you know scaled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratiometric outputs you know scaled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratiometric outputs you know scaled by
+N3 over N2 that's fine but now once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 over N2 that's fine but now once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 over N2 that's fine but now once I
+put in leakage suddenly I have this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in leakage suddenly I have this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in leakage suddenly I have this term
+where I have to vary Duty ratio based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I have to vary Duty ratio based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I have to vary Duty ratio based on
+the load of L2 I can only control one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load of L2 I can only control one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load of L2 I can only control one
+output and the other output I get what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and the other output I get what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and the other output I get what I
+get and so what will happen is I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and so what will happen is I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and so what will happen is I'll get
+something called cross regulation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called cross regulation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called cross regulation that
+is suppose I'm controlling V2 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose I'm controlling V2 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose I'm controlling V2 I'm
+picking Duty ratio by my controller to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking Duty ratio by my controller to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking Duty ratio by my controller to
+get the V2 I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the V2 I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the V2 I want
+if I get a heavier load I turn D up V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I get a heavier load I turn D up V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I get a heavier load I turn D up V2
+goes back to where I wanted but V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to where I wanted but V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to where I wanted but V1
+changes because I changed the duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes because I changed the duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes because I changed the duty ratio
+so the load on output two affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the load on output two affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the load on output two affects the
+voltage on output three and I tend not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on output three and I tend not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on output three and I tend not
+to like that I'm stuck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like that I'm stuck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like that I'm stuck with
+that yeah doesn't that work the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah doesn't that work the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah doesn't that work the other
+way around don't you could you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around don't you could you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around don't you could you do the
+same analysis for Circuit 3 and then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same analysis for Circuit 3 and then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same analysis for Circuit 3 and then get
+an equivalent that that's right it dep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent that that's right it dep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent that that's right it dep
+it depends there's much leakage there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends there's much leakage there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends there's much leakage there
+too with respect to winding one yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too with respect to winding one yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too with respect to winding one yes
+certainly but the so the there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly but the so the there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly but the so the there's two
+points first of all the two outputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points first of all the two outputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points first of all the two outputs are
+going to influence one one another which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to influence one one another which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to influence one one another which
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+like all right you generally if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right you generally if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right you generally if I want
+five volts at my output I want five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five volts at my output I want five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five volts at my output I want five
+volts in my output what can I do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts in my output what can I do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts in my output what can I do about
+that a few things one thing I might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a few things one thing I might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a few things one thing I might do
+is the output I really care about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output I really care about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output I really care about that
+has to be precise that's the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be precise that's the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be precise that's the one I
+regulate and then the other one if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate and then the other one if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate and then the other one if it
+drifts around a little bit maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts around a little bit maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts around a little bit maybe I don't
+care or maybe I put a linear reg I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or maybe I put a linear reg I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or maybe I put a linear reg I make
+it go a little high so when it drifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go a little high so when it drifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go a little high so when it drifts
+around it's always high enough and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's always high enough and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's always high enough and then
+I put a linear regulator there or I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a linear regulator there or I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a linear regulator there or I put
+another conversion stage there but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another conversion stage there but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another conversion stage there but now
+I'm adding complexity and loss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm adding complexity and loss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm adding complexity and loss and
+everything else so you know an upside to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else so you know an upside to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else so you know an upside to
+these multiple output converters is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these multiple output converters is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these multiple output converters is that
+I can get multiple outputs the downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get multiple outputs the downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get multiple outputs the downside
+is maybe I can only get one of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe I can only get one of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe I can only get one of them to
+be precisely what I want the other moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be precisely what I want the other moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be precisely what I want the other moves
+around a little bit how much does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a little bit how much does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a little bit how much does it
+move around it depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around it depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around it depends on your
+Transformer parasitics and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer parasitics and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer parasitics and that's where
+you start to think very care carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think very care carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to think very care carefully
+about how you design your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this might be um simple but can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this might be um simple but can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this might be um simple but can you
+explain like what is being like in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain like what is being like in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain like what is being like in terms
+of like current being commutated like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like current being commutated like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like current being commutated like
+could you explain like the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you explain like the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you explain like the current
+paths sure so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths sure so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths sure so what's
+happening is that what I would ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that what I would ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that what I would ideally
+like if I didn't have any leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I didn't have any leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I didn't have any leakage
+right um before the switch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um before the switch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um before the switch is
+on um the current's coming through D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um the current's coming through D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um the current's coming through D2
+the output current is consider I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output current is consider I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output current is consider I2
+constant it's coming through D2 when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's coming through D2 when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's coming through D2 when I
+turn the switch on what I would like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the switch on what I would like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the switch on what I would like for
+is current come out of this winding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is current come out of this winding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is current come out of this winding of
+the Transformer and into this winding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Transformer and into this winding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Transformer and into this winding of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Transformer okay but because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay but because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay but because you know
+that's easy to do in a buck converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy to do in a buck converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy to do in a buck converter
+because I'm connecting those nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm connecting those nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm connecting those nodes
+together but here I got a transformer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but here I got a transformer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but here I got a transformer in
+between he has some leakage and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between he has some leakage and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between he has some leakage and that's
+what causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+headache nonetheless right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache nonetheless right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache nonetheless right we
+often we can often get away with still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we can often get away with still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we can often get away with still
+having just multiple windings and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having just multiple windings and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having just multiple windings and many
+many converters are built exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many converters are built exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many converters are built exactly that
+way so I'm not saying it's impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I'm not saying it's impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I'm not saying it's impossible
+I'm just saying it's another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying it's another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying it's another thing you
+got to watch about out about is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to watch about out about is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to watch about out about is how
+precise can you get your wine outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise can you get your wine outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise can you get your wine outputs
+and which output do you care the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which output do you care the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which output do you care the most
+about and that's the one you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that's the one you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that's the one you'll
+precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+regulate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's keep going I've only introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's keep going I've only introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's keep going I've only introduced
+kind of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two
+um two isolated converters and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two isolated converters and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two isolated converters and there are
+you know arbitrary numbers of kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know arbitrary numbers of kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know arbitrary numbers of kinds of
+isolated converters you can build um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated converters you can build um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated converters you can build um but
+one of the things we said was well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we said was well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we said was well uh
+why would I choose a Ford instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would I choose a Ford instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would I choose a Ford instead of a
+flyback because when I get higher power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback because when I get higher power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyback because when I get higher power
+um this tends to be more compact even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this tends to be more compact even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this tends to be more compact even
+though it has more components right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has more components right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has more components right
+particular has more devices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular has more devices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular has more devices and
+everything but because the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but because the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but because the energy
+storage elements are smaller I'm happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage elements are smaller I'm happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage elements are smaller I'm happier
+and the energy storage elements tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy storage elements tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy storage elements tend to
+dominate the overa what happens if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the overa what happens if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the overa what happens if I
+went still further up in power what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went still further up in power what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went still further up in power what
+might I think about doing well I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I think about doing well I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I think about doing well I might
+end up it turns out that these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up it turns out that these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up it turns out that these are both
+considered quote unquote single-ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered quote unquote single-ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered quote unquote single-ended
+converters they sort of Drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters they sort of Drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters they sort of Drive the
+Transformer one way and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer one way and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer one way and then you know
+let something else reset the core apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let something else reset the core apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let something else reset the core apply
+the the voltage that resets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the voltage that resets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the voltage that resets the
+Transformer or drives the Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer or drives the Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer or drives the Transformer
+flux to zero I could get more clever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux to zero I could get more clever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux to zero I could get more clever um
+let me show you a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you a different
+circuit that's very closely related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that's very closely related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that's very closely related to
+the forward converter and maybe it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward converter and maybe it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward converter and maybe it looks
+like this maybe I will get a full Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverter okay I'll have two switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter okay I'll have two switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter okay I'll have two switches
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'll
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer and let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and let me call this
+q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1
+Q2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 uh
+Q3 and Q4 so I now have instead of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 and Q4 so I now have instead of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 and Q4 so I now have instead of one
+switch I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch I have
+four okay here's my Transformer N1 to N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay here's my Transformer N1 to N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay here's my Transformer N1 to N2
+now I'm going to take the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to take the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to take the secondary
+winding and I'm going to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding and I'm going to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding and I'm going to do the same
+thing except I'm going to have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diodes and there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes and there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes and there's a lot of different
+versions of this I'm just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this I'm just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this I'm just showing you
+one I'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll call this
+I2 and here's my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2 okay and I will connect this one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 okay and I will connect this one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 okay and I will connect this one this
+way like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like this
+okay so now what have I done instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what have I done instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what have I done instead of
+having a forward converter where I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a forward converter where I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a forward converter where I kind
+of have one switch and some reset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have one switch and some reset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have one switch and some reset
+mechanism I've got four switches instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism I've got four switches instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism I've got four switches instead
+of having two diodes I've got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having two diodes I've got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having two diodes I've got four
+diodes so this kind of looks like geez I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes so this kind of looks like geez I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes so this kind of looks like geez I
+wouldn't like this very much would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't like this very much would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't like this very much would I
+because I got a lot more components but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got a lot more components but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I got a lot more components but
+what happens let's think about this let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens let's think about this let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens let's think about this let
+me show you the switching patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you the switching patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you the switching patterns of
+this guy um what what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy um what what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy um what what we're going to
+do is we're going to control this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to control this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to control this so
+that let me call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me call this
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um V sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu and keep in mind I do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and keep in mind I do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and keep in mind I do have a
+magnetizing inductance and a magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance and a magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance and a magnetizing
+current I mu here right so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I mu here right so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I mu here right so what I'm
+going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is
+this I'm going to I'm going to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to I'm going to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to I'm going to control
+this thing in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in the following
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+okay I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I will
+have first I'll turn on q1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have first I'll turn on q1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have first I'll turn on q1 and
+Q2 so that I will apply a v mu that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V1 this is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 this is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 this is V
+mu it's going to go to V1 until sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT right so here I've got q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q2 then I'll turn on Q2 2 Q3 so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 then I'll turn on Q2 2 Q3 so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 then I'll turn on Q2 2 Q3 so I'll
+just Short Circuit the Transformer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Short Circuit the Transformer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Short Circuit the Transformer and
+I'll get V mu is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get V mu is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get V mu is equal to
+Z until sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z until sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z until sometime
+T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so
+here's Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Q2
+Q3 to time T and then I'll turn Q3 Q4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 to time T and then I'll turn Q3 Q4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 to time T and then I'll turn Q3 Q4
+on so now I'm going to apply the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so now I'm going to apply the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so now I'm going to apply the voltage
+across the Transformer the reverse way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Transformer the reverse way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Transformer the reverse way
+and this is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is minus
+V1 okay so this is Q3 Q4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT and then I'll have Q4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q1 until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 until
+2T all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T all
+right like this and then I'll repeat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like this and then I'll repeat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like this and then I'll repeat so
+forth okay so what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so what I'm going to do is
+I'm going to go q1 Q2 Q2 Q3 Q3 Q4 and Q4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go q1 Q2 Q2 Q3 Q3 Q4 and Q4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go q1 Q2 Q2 Q3 Q3 Q4 and Q4
+q1 and then I repeat okay so my actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 and then I repeat okay so my actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 and then I repeat okay so my actual
+repeating patterns in sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating patterns in sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating patterns in sometime
+2T okay why do I do that if I apply V mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T okay why do I do that if I apply V mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T okay why do I do that if I apply V mu
+I just get a scaled version of that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get a scaled version of that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get a scaled version of that on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+secondary right and then if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary right and then if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary right and then if I look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage remember this voltage here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage remember this voltage here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage remember this voltage here we
+had some voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VX let's look at VX now on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX let's look at VX now on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX let's look at VX now on this
+one here's VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's VX
+again VX is just going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again VX is just going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again VX is just going to take the
+scaled version of VM and then Rectify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled version of VM and then Rectify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled version of VM and then Rectify it
+with this full Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this full Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this full Bridge
+rectifier so it's going to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier so it's going to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier so it's going to be sort of
+the flipped version of that and scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flipped version of that and scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flipped version of that and scaled
+by the Transformer terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio okay and what I'm going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to
+get it's going to look like this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it's going to look like this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it's going to look like this it's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be this is going to be N2 over N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this is going to be N2 over N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this is going to be N2 over N1
+V1 and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and for
+DT then it's going to be zero and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT then it's going to be zero and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT then it's going to be zero and then a
+t to t plus DT it's going to positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to t plus DT it's going to positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to t plus DT it's going to positive
+again and at 2T is going to be here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and at 2T is going to be here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and at 2T is going to be here so
+this is DT t t plus DT 2T and Etc right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is DT t t plus DT 2T and Etc right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is DT t t plus DT 2T and Etc right
+and what's V2 going to be equal to V2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's V2 going to be equal to V2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's V2 going to be equal to V2 is
+going to be the average value of VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be equal to
+D N2 over N1 V1 right so this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D N2 over N1 V1 right so this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D N2 over N1 V1 right so this circuit
+does the exact same thing as my standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the exact same thing as my standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the exact same thing as my standard
+forward converter turns ratio and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward converter turns ratio and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward converter turns ratio and two
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+one control it like d it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one control it like d it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one control it like d it's basically a
+buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck
+converter make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter make sense
+everybody so why would I go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so why would I go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so why would I go through all
+this trouble to do that there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trouble to do that there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trouble to do that there's a couple
+reasons I might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I might do
+it let's look at IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's look at IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's look at IM
+mu what does IM mu look like well I mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu what does IM mu look like well I mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu what does IM mu look like well I mu
+when I'm applying positive it's sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm applying positive it's sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm applying positive it's sing
+positive like this then it's zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive like this then it's zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive like this then it's zero then
+it slews down to negative then it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slews down to negative then it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it slews down to negative then it's zero
+change and then it SL positive again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and then it SL positive again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and then it SL positive again
+right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is
+I and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this
+is Delta I mu Peak to Peak which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta I mu Peak to Peak which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta I mu Peak to Peak which is
+proportional to Delta B Peak to Peak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta B Peak to Peak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta B Peak to Peak in
+the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core
+right so here's the idea there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's the idea there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's the idea there's a whole
+bunch of reasons why this circuit's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of reasons why this circuit's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of reasons why this circuit's a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+prettier um in terms of its performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettier um in terms of its performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prettier um in terms of its performance
+here my Transformer flux or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my Transformer flux or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my Transformer flux or my
+magnetizing current swung in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current swung in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing current swung in One
+Direction swung between zero and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction swung between zero and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction swung between zero and a
+positive value maybe that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value maybe that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value maybe that could be
+limited if I translate to magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited if I translate to magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited if I translate to magnetizing
+current to magnetic flux Den maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to magnetic flux Den maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current to magnetic flux Den maybe that
+it's limited to B Max which is below B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's limited to B Max which is below B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's limited to B Max which is below B
+here I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I get to
+use the negative to the positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the negative to the positive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the negative to the positive right
+so I can swing my Transformer flux more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can swing my Transformer flux more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can swing my Transformer flux more
+before I saturate it so if I'm limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I saturate it so if I'm limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I saturate it so if I'm limited
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+saturation this converter is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation this converter is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation this converter is going to
+lead to a smaller Transformer than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a smaller Transformer than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a smaller Transformer than the
+forward converter because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward converter because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward converter because it's
+double-ended it swings the flux in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended it swings the flux in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-ended it swings the flux in both
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+okay even in cases where you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even in cases where you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay even in cases where you're not
+limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by the
+saturation you're limited by core loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation you're limited by core loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation you're limited by core loss
+some core materials actually tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some core materials actually tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some core materials actually tend to
+have well we didn't cover this some core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well we didn't cover this some core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well we didn't cover this some core
+materials tend to have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials tend to have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials tend to have less
+loss if you don't have an offset flux in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss if you don't have an offset flux in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss if you don't have an offset flux in
+them so this can still be better even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this can still be better even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this can still be better even if
+you're not care caring about saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not care caring about saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not care caring about saturation
+this can be still better and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be still better and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be still better and you get
+more head room with respect to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more head room with respect to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more head room with respect to your
+saturation with this circuit and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation with this circuit and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation with this circuit and that
+circuit okay the other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay the other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay the other thing that
+happens is notice these switches all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is notice these switches all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is notice these switches all
+switch once for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch once for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch once for every
+2T okay but the Ripple frequency that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T okay but the Ripple frequency that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T okay but the Ripple frequency that's
+on that output inductor is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that output inductor is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that output inductor is every
+T so what that means is for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so what that means is for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so what that means is for the same
+switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+frequency I can have higher Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I can have higher Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I can have higher Ripple
+frequency and hence a smaller inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and hence a smaller inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and hence a smaller inductor
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+circuit so what you can see then is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so what you can see then is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so what you can see then is I'm
+making some tradeoff I'm saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some tradeoff I'm saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some tradeoff I'm saying I'm
+gonna have more components now I'm GNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have more components now I'm GNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have more components now I'm GNA
+have four switches I'm gonna have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four switches I'm gonna have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four switches I'm gonna have four
+diodes but my Transformer got better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes but my Transformer got better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes but my Transformer got better and
+my inductor got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my inductor got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my inductor got
+better and this is a very typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and this is a very typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and this is a very typical
+tradeoff that you see in Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff that you see in Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff that you see in Power
+Electronics design generally but nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics design generally but nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics design generally but nice
+related converters especially that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related converters especially that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related converters especially that I
+will throw more components at it I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will throw more components at it I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will throw more components at it I'll
+have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more
+sophisticated you know flux swings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated you know flux swings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated you know flux swings or
+controls but what I get is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls but what I get is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls but what I get is smaller
+passive components and so if your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive components and so if your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive components and so if your life
+is dominated by the physical size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominated by the physical size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dominated by the physical size of
+your passive components and not by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passive components and not by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passive components and not by their
+component total component count this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component total component count this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component total component count this
+strategy is better so this strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is better so this strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is better so this strategy
+would be good you know for 5 kilowatt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good you know for 5 kilowatt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good you know for 5 kilowatt or
+10 kilowatt maybe I would do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilowatt maybe I would do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilowatt maybe I would do something
+like this okay there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay there's a whole bunch of
+other advantages and trade-offs I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other advantages and trade-offs I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other advantages and trade-offs I'm not
+talking about relating to soft switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about relating to soft switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about relating to soft switching
+and other things and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things and we'll talk about
+those later in the class but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those later in the class but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those later in the class but this is
+just sort of the show you the idea from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of the show you the idea from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of the show you the idea from
+the procress of progression from simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procress of progression from simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procress of progression from simple
+circuits that maybe have high stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that maybe have high stresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that maybe have high stresses
+to more sophistication to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more sophistication to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more sophistication to more
+sophistication to get higher levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication to get higher levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication to get higher levels of
+performance which tend to become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance which tend to become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance which tend to become more
+important at higher power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels I should say as a final comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I should say as a final comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I should say as a final comment
+there are lots of other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of other kinds of
+isolated converters I show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated converters I show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated converters I show you a
+converter on the last page of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter on the last page of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter on the last page of electron
+notes which is essentially like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes which is essentially like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes which is essentially like an
+isolated boost converter um but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated boost converter um but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated boost converter um but there
+are isolated converters that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are isolated converters that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are isolated converters that don't
+really have any counter part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any counter part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any counter part in the
+non-isolated world because they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-isolated world because they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-isolated world because they just
+choose to use Transformers and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to use Transformers and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to use Transformers and you would
+sort of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that's
+your advantage as a good designer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your advantage as a good designer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your advantage as a good designer is
+saying I'm going to be more clever than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm going to be more clever than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm going to be more clever than
+my colleague about uh which circuit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleague about uh which circuit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleague about uh which circuit I
+choose to use for what and hence have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to use for what and hence have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to use for what and hence have a
+smaller cheaper higher performance more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller cheaper higher performance more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller cheaper higher performance more
+efficient circuit and hence kind of win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient circuit and hence kind of win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient circuit and hence kind of win
+in the competition of of who's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the competition of of who's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the competition of of who's going to
+make a better overall system so I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a better overall system so I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a better overall system so I'm done
+there are there any final questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there any final questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there any final questions
+before we wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we wrap up
+today are these other converter designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are these other converter designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are these other converter designs
+in the textbook yeah sure and many I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook yeah sure and many I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook yeah sure and many I
+didn't talk about so I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about so I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about so I'm just trying to
+illustrate sort of kind of how things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate sort of kind of how things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate sort of kind of how things go
+but yes the isolated converters chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes the isolated converters chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes the isolated converters chapter
+goes even Beyond any of the ones I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes even Beyond any of the ones I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes even Beyond any of the ones I'm
+showing here and shows a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here and shows a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here and shows a whole bunch of
+other ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to do
+it uh and the last thing I'll note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and the last thing I'll note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and the last thing I'll note is
+next class we're going to come back I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class we're going to come back I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class we're going to come back I'm
+actually not going to prevent Dr Zan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not going to prevent Dr Zan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not going to prevent Dr Zan is
+going to present but he's going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to present but he's going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to present but he's going to talk
+about some very important things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some very important things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some very important things you
+know how do you deal with stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you deal with stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you deal with stuff like
+leakages and capturing that energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakages and capturing that energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakages and capturing that energy and
+then we'll talk about other things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about other things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about other things like
+thermal like how do I deal with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal like how do I deal with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal like how do I deal with all the
+heat that we don't want to generate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that we don't want to generate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat that we don't want to generate but
+we do so those next couple classes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do so those next couple classes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do so those next couple classes we're
+going to talk about some of these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some of these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some of these very
+practical implementation issues have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical implementation issues have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical implementation issues have a
+great day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KfbvrGt3MlI.txt b/KfbvrGt3MlI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1c307257aed3c945b536e6c2ca7bbb599587655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KfbvrGt3MlI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we look at the shinger equation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we look at the shinger equation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we look at the shinger equation we're
+going to work for bound States we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work for bound States we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work for bound States we could
+work with scattering States in spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with scattering States in spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with scattering States in spherical
+coordinates but it's usually um done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but it's usually um done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but it's usually um done in
+advanced courses the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced courses the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced courses the most important
+thing is the calculation of the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the calculation of the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the calculation of the bound
+States so this is kind of a neat part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so this is kind of a neat part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so this is kind of a neat part of
+quantum mechanics because in a sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics because in a sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics because in a sense you
+get accustomed in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get accustomed in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get accustomed in quantum mechanics
+about uncertainties you can only predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uncertainties you can only predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uncertainties you can only predict
+the pro probability that the photon will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro probability that the photon will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro probability that the photon will
+go through this branch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this branch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this branch of the
+interferometer or this other probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer or this other probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer or this other probability
+you can't be sure and all this but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't be sure and all this but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't be sure and all this but here
+you get the energy levels and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the energy levels and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the energy levels and you get
+the exact energy level so it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact energy level so it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact energy level so it's a nice
+thing that in quantum mechanics energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that in quantum mechanics energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that in quantum mechanics energy
+levels are things that you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are things that you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are things that you calculate
+exactly of course when you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly of course when you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly of course when you try to
+measure energy levels experimentally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure energy levels experimentally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure energy levels experimentally the
+uncertainties arise again you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties arise again you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties arise again you get a
+photon of some energy and there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon of some energy and there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon of some energy and there is an
+energy time uncertainty or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy time uncertainty or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy time uncertainty or something
+like that that can bother you but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that can bother you but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that can bother you but the
+end result is that these systems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end result is that these systems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end result is that these systems have
+beautifully determined fixed numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully determined fixed numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully determined fixed numbers
+called energy levels and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called energy levels and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called energy levels and that's what
+we're aiming at uh it's a nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're aiming at uh it's a nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're aiming at uh it's a nice thing
+because it's the most physical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the most physical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the most physical example
+it has many applications the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has many applications the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has many applications the energy
+levels of hydrogen atom the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of hydrogen atom the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of hydrogen atom the more you
+study the more complicated they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the more complicated they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the more complicated they are
+because you can include fine effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can include fine effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can include fine effects
+like the effects of the spins of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the effects of the spins of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the effects of the spins of the
+particles what does it do the specs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles what does it do the specs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles what does it do the specs of
+Relativity what does it do all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relativity what does it do all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Relativity what does it do all kinds of
+things you can put in and do more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can put in and do more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can put in and do more and
+more accurate result so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate result so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accurate result so it's really
+unbelievable how much you can learn with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable how much you can learn with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable how much you can learn with
+the fine spectrum of the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine spectrum of the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine spectrum of the hydrogen atom
+our equation is - h^2 / 2 m DC d r 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation is - h^2 / 2 m DC d r 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation is - h^2 / 2 m DC d r 2 the
+radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial
+equation plus h^2 L * l +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation plus h^2 L * l +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation plus h^2 L * l +
+1/ 2 m r 2us z e^2 over r u is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ 2 m r 2us z e^2 over r u is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ 2 m r 2us z e^2 over r u is equal to
+e u so this is the radial equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e u so this is the radial equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e u so this is the radial equation
+remember it was like a shredding our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was like a shredding our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was like a shredding our
+equation for a variable U and the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a variable U and the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a variable U and the wave
+function was uh U over R * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was uh U over R * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was uh U over R * a
+PM or a y LM actually a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM or a y LM actually a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM or a y LM actually a spherical
+harmonic here here I could have labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic here here I could have labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic here here I could have labeled
+U with E and L because certainly U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U with E and L because certainly U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U with E and L because certainly U
+depends U is U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends U is U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends U is U of
+r and u depends on the energy um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and u depends on the energy um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and u depends on the energy um that
+we're going to get and it will depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get and it will depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get and it will depend on
+L that is there in the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L that is there in the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L that is there in the differential
+equation this is the effective potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is the effective potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is the effective potential
+that we discussed before was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed before was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed before was the
+original potential to which you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original potential to which you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original potential to which you add the
+centrifugal barrier and what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal barrier and what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal barrier and what are you
+supposed to solve here you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to solve here you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to solve here you're supposed
+to solve for Lal 0 to find some states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for Lal 0 to find some states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for Lal 0 to find some states
+for L equal one 2 3 4 Infinity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L equal one 2 3 4 Infinity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for L equal one 2 3 4 Infinity you
+should find all the energy levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find all the energy levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find all the energy levels of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+thing so the wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the wave function is
+Si of R Theta and F will be this U of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Si of R Theta and F will be this U of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Si of R Theta and F will be this U of R
+over R times a y LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R times a y LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R times a y LM
+of theta and F and in fact plugging that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta and F and in fact plugging that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta and F and in fact plugging that
+into the shular equation was what gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the shular equation was what gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the shular equation was what gave
+us this radial equation so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this radial equation so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this radial equation so this was
+called the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the radial
+equation which we talk about we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we talk about we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we talk about we never
+quite solved it for any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example okay as you know uh we like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay as you know uh we like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay as you know uh we like in
+this course to get rid of units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course to get rid of units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course to get rid of units and
+constants so uh first step is to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so uh first step is to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so uh first step is to replace
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+by a unitree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+x and we have the right quantity a0 a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and we have the right quantity a0 a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and we have the right quantity a0 a z
+would be the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the perfect
+thing so you if you do that you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you if you do that you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you if you do that you will be
+able to clean up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to clean up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to clean up the
+units but if you do that uh you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units but if you do that uh you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units but if you do that uh you might
+not quite be able to clean up the Z from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite be able to clean up the Z from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite be able to clean up the Z from
+all the places that you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the places that you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the places that you would like to
+clean it up so we can improve that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it up so we can improve that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it up so we can improve that uh
+maybe it's not too obvious by putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not too obvious by putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not too obvious by putting a
+two over Z here Z has no units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over Z here Z has no units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over Z here Z has no units of
+course so uh so that you would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so uh so that you would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so uh so that you would probably
+do by trial and error um you would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by trial and error um you would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by trial and error um you would uh
+say well I want to get rid of the Z as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I want to get rid of the Z as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I want to get rid of the Z as
+well and I have have it in this form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I have have it in this form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I have have it in this form and
+you will see how it works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see how it works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see how it works out
+so at this moment I have to plug R into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this moment I have to plug R into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this moment I have to plug R into
+this equation and just clean it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and just clean it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and just clean it up and
+what should happen is that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen is that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen is that everything
+all the unit all the units should give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the unit all the units should give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the unit all the units should give
+you a factor with units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a factor with units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a factor with units of
+energy because at the end of the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because at the end of the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because at the end of the if
+whatever ever is left is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ever is left is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever ever is left is not going to
+have units everything out must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have units everything out must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have units everything out must have
+units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of
+energy so this takes about one line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this takes about one line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this takes about one line to
+do I'll skip some algebra on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll skip some algebra on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll skip some algebra on these
+things I'll try to post notes soon on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so if you leave a line you could do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you leave a line you could do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you leave a line you could do the
+calculation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for
+yourselves and uh it might be worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it the claim is that we get 2 z^ 2 e^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the claim is that we get 2 z^ 2 e^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the claim is that we get 2 z^ 2 e^ 2
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0
+multiplying Min - DC dx^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying Min - DC dx^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying Min - DC dx^
+2 + L * L +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + L * L +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + L * L +
+1/ x² - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ x² - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ x² - 1
+/x * u = e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U that will be the common factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that will be the common factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that will be the common factor that
+will come out of uh everything by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out of uh everything by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out of uh everything by the
+time you you solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you you solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you you solve it
+um and it has the units of energy as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it has the units of energy as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it has the units of energy as you
+can imagine um e^2 over a has a units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine um e^2 over a has a units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine um e^2 over a has a units of
+energy so might as well move that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so might as well move that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so might as well move that to the
+other side to get the final form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side to get the final form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side to get the final form of the
+equation which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which would be
+- D2 D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- D2 D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- D2 D
+x^2 + L * L + 1/ x² - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + L * L + 1/ x² - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + L * L + 1/ x² - 1
+/x U is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x U is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x U is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+minus Kaa squar U where Capa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kaa squar U where Capa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kaa squar U where Capa
+squared is going to be minus E over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is going to be minus E over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is going to be minus E over
+2 z^ 2 little e 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the trick on all these things um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the trick on all these things um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the trick on all these things um is
+to not lose track of our variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not lose track of our variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not lose track of our variables and
+that it's a little challenging so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a little challenging so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a little challenging so let me
+just reemphasize what's going on on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reemphasize what's going on on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reemphasize what's going on on here
+we've passed from R variables to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've passed from R variables to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've passed from R variables to U
+variables that we will still do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we will still do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we will still do more
+things and we have a not in there Z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we have a not in there Z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we have a not in there Z in
+there and then the energy is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then the energy is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then the energy is really
+encapsulated by Kappa squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated by Kappa squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated by Kappa squar
+here um and it's Kaa is unit three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you know Kappa you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know Kappa you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know Kappa you know the
+energies that's what you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that's what you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that's what you should be
+looking for Kappa is the thing you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for Kappa is the thing you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for Kappa is the thing you want
+to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure
+out knowing Kappa is the same as knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out knowing Kappa is the same as knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out knowing Kappa is the same as knowing
+the energies because this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies because this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies because this is just a
+constant that gives you the scale of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that gives you the scale of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that gives you the scale of the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+so this is what we want to solve so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we want to solve so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we want to solve so and
+the equation doesn't look all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation doesn't look all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation doesn't look all that
+complicated but it's actually not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's actually not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's actually not yet
+that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple
+unfortunately so we have to keep working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so we have to keep working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so we have to keep working
+with it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it a
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one reason you can see that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason you can see that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one reason you can see that an
+equation like that would not be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like that would not be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like that would not be too
+simple is to um look at it and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is to um look at it and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is to um look at it and see what
+kind of recursion relation it would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recursion relation it would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recursion relation it would give
+you and that's a good thing to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that's a good thing to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that's a good thing to look at
+the beginning and you see okay here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and you see okay here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and you see okay here I'm
+going to lower the number of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower the number of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower the number of power
+Powers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers by
+two here I'm going to lower the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here I'm going to lower the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here I'm going to lower the number
+of powers by one and here I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of powers by one and here I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of powers by one and here I'm not going
+to lower the number of powers so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower the number of powers so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower the number of powers so you're
+going to have three terms so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have three terms so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have three terms so it's not a
+simple recursion relation which the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple recursion relation which the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple recursion relation which the next
+term is determined by the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is determined by the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is determined by the previous one
+so that suggests you better do some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that suggests you better do some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that suggests you better do some work
+still with this equation uh to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still with this equation uh to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still with this equation uh to simplify
+the situation and several things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation and several things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation and several things that
+you can do one thing is to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do one thing is to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do one thing is to look at the
+behavior of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the equation
+near Infinity near zero and see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near Infinity near zero and see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near Infinity near zero and see if you
+you see patterns going on one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see patterns going on one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see patterns going on one thing
+we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is
+to um which is U not urgent but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um which is U not urgent but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um which is U not urgent but it's
+usually done um and people do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done um and people do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done um and people do it in
+different ways is to look at uh X goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways is to look at uh X goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways is to look at uh X goes
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity and see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and see what the
+solutions may look like so as X goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions may look like so as X goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions may look like so as X goes to
+Infinity the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the differential equation
+probably can be approximated to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can be approximated to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably can be approximated to keep
+this term to see how things vary and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term to see how things vary and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term to see how things vary and X
+goes to Infinity throw this throw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity throw this throw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity throw this throw this
+and keep that so you would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep that so you would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep that so you would have the
+second Uh u d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Uh u d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Uh u d
+x² is equal to Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ so this suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so this suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so this suggests that
+U goes like e to the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U goes like e to the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U goes like e to the plus
+minus Kaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so exponential Behavior e to the +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so exponential Behavior e to the +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so exponential Behavior e to the +
+minus Kaa X ideally of course for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kaa X ideally of course for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kaa X ideally of course for our
+Solutions we would like the minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions we would like the minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions we would like the minus one
+but we will see what the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will see what the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will see what the equations
+do now this suggest yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now this suggest yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now this suggest yet another
+transformation that people do which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that people do which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that people do which is
+look Kappa is dimensionless and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look Kappa is dimensionless and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look Kappa is dimensionless and we had
+uh X that is unit free also so Kappa has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X that is unit free also so Kappa has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X that is unit free also so Kappa has
+no units X has no units um so let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no units X has no units um so let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no units X has no units um so let's move
+to yet another variable you see um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yet another variable you see um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yet another variable you see um we
+started with r being proportional to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with r being proportional to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with r being proportional to X
+and now we can put factors that may help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can put factors that may help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can put factors that may help
+us without units here so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us without units here so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us without units here so I'm not
+suggesting that this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that this is something that
+would occur to me uh if I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would occur to me uh if I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would occur to me uh if I'm doing this
+problem but it's certainly a a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's certainly a a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it's certainly a a possible
+thing to do to say okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do to say okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do to say okay I'm going to
+Define now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define now
+row as Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row as Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row as Kappa
+X and uh with X being given by this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh with X being given by this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh with X being given by this row
+would be two Kaa Z over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two Kaa Z over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two Kaa Z over
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r so row is going to be my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so row is going to be my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so row is going to be my new
+coordinate so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so from
+R we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R we've
+um I'm sorry we've gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sorry we've gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sorry we've gone to
+X and now we've gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row and a new variable over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and a new variable over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and a new variable over here
+so what happens to the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens to the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens to the differential
+equation well it's going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well it's going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well it's going to be a little
+better but um in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but um in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but um in particular the
+solutions may be a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions may be a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions may be a little better
+but uh here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is if you look at the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at the differential
+equation um the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um the differential equation
+here think of moving the Kappa squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here think of moving the Kappa squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here think of moving the Kappa squared
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+below and then you see immediately it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and then you see immediately it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and then you see immediately it
+fits perfectly well in the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits perfectly well in the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits perfectly well in the first two
+terms so you get - DC D Row 2 + L * L +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so you get - DC D Row 2 + L * L +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so you get - DC D Row 2 + L * L +
+1 row squared and here it doesn't fit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 row squared and here it doesn't fit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 row squared and here it doesn't fit um
+all that well you would have a one Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that well you would have a one Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that well you would have a one Kappa
+left over so 1 over Kaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over so 1 over Kaa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over so 1 over Kaa
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+U equal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U um yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um yes
+it's it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of
+uh suggestive uh the Capa has almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suggestive uh the Capa has almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suggestive uh the Capa has almost
+disappeared from everywhere but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from everywhere but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared from everywhere but it
+better not disappear from everywhere if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not disappear from everywhere if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not disappear from everywhere if
+it would have disappeared from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have disappeared from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have disappeared from
+everywhere would have been in problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere would have been in problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere would have been in problems
+because the equation would have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the equation would have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the equation would have not
+fixed the energy you see we're hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the energy you see we're hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed the energy you see we're hoping
+that the differential equation will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the differential equation will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the differential equation will have
+as usual solutions for some values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual solutions for some values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as usual solutions for some values of
+the energy and for the others not so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and for the others not so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and for the others not so the
+energy better not disappear it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy better not disappear it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy better not disappear it came
+close to disappearing the Kappa but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to disappearing the Kappa but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to disappearing the Kappa but it's
+still here so we're we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still here so we're we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still here so we're we're still
+okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+now you would say okay this is nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you would say okay this is nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you would say okay this is nice uh
+if you look at the row going to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the row going to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the row going to Infinity
+again it works as we wanted you get D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it works as we wanted you get D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it works as we wanted you get D
+second u d Row 2 is equal to U and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second u d Row 2 is equal to U and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second u d Row 2 is equal to U and that
+means um U goes to e to the +us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row which is what inspired this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which is what inspired this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which is what inspired this and the
+other part of the solution is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part of the solution is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part of the solution is the
+solution at near R going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at near R going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution at near R going to
+zero or near X going to zero or near row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or near X going to zero or near row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or near X going to zero or near row
+equal going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal going to
+zero so near row going to zero you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so near row going to zero you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so near row going to zero you have
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+terms and we actually did it uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and we actually did it uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and we actually did it uh last
+time we analyzed what was going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we analyzed what was going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we analyzed what was going on with
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+um last time near row equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time near row equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time near row equal to zero and
+we found out that U must behave like row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out that U must behave like row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out that U must behave like row
+to the L + one for row going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so it was from this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it was from this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it was from this two
+terms the differential equation and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the differential equation and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the differential equation and for
+row going to zero REM remember the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row going to zero REM remember the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row going to zero REM remember the wave
+function must vanish and how fast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function must vanish and how fast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function must vanish and how fast it
+should vanish should vanish to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should vanish should vanish to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should vanish should vanish to this
+power to the L +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to the L +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to the L +
+one okay so you know lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so you know lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so you know lots of things
+about this function so first of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this function so first of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this function so first of all that
+this thing doesn't have necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing doesn't have necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing doesn't have necessarily
+polinomial Solutions because it behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Solutions because it behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Solutions because it behaves
+exponentially moreover you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially moreover you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially moreover you know it
+doesn't start with constant plus row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start with constant plus row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start with constant plus row
+plus row squar it starts with row to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus row squar it starts with row to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus row squar it starts with row to the
+L + one so it it is pretty important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L + one so it it is pretty important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L + one so it it is pretty important to
+see all these things before you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these things before you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these things before you try to
+do a recursion relation because cursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a recursion relation because cursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a recursion relation because cursion
+relation might lead you to funny things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation might lead you to funny things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation might lead you to funny things
+so um so here we go what do we do based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so here we go what do we do based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so here we go what do we do based
+on all this we try something better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all this we try something better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all this we try something better
+which is we set U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we set U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we set U of
+row the solution we write an answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row the solution we write an answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row the solution we write an answer is
+going to be row to the L + 1 that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be row to the L + 1 that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be row to the L + 1 that will
+have the right behavior for row going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right behavior for row going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right behavior for row going to
+zero an unknown function W of row time e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero an unknown function W of row time e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero an unknown function W of row time e
+to the minus row which is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus row which is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus row which is the right
+Behavior we want now there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior we want now there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior we want now there's no
+assumption whatsoever when you write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption whatsoever when you write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption whatsoever when you write an
+anets of this form you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anets of this form you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anets of this form you're just
+expressing your knowledge because at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing your knowledge because at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing your knowledge because at the
+end of the day if row if Omega or W here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day if row if Omega or W here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day if row if Omega or W here
+actually is undetermined this W could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is undetermined this W could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is undetermined this W could
+have an e to the row that cancels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an e to the row that cancels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an e to the row that cancels this
+factor and maybe of with some funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and maybe of with some funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and maybe of with some funny
+power that cancels this this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that cancels this this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that cancels this this is just a
+hope that we're expressing that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that we're expressing that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that we're expressing that by
+writing the solution in this form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the solution in this form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the solution in this form this
+quantity may be simple because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity may be simple because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity may be simple because we know
+this Express present in the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Express present in the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Express present in the solution for
+far large row this is present for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far large row this is present for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far large row this is present for small
+row well in between um we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and when you write uh an aners of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and when you write uh an aners of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and when you write uh an aners of
+this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form
+you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hope for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for a
+simple differential equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple differential equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple differential equation for
+W so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well we can
+plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that
+anet into the differential equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anet into the differential equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anet into the differential equation that
+we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have and see what happens and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and see what happens and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and see what happens and indeed
+that's what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll
+do um I'll skip the calculation of in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um I'll skip the calculation of in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um I'll skip the calculation of in my
+notes it took me half a page and I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it took me half a page and I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it took me half a page and I write
+big so it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so it's not too
+long so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get you get an equation that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get an equation that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get an equation that doesn't
+look that simple I'm sorry it just does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that simple I'm sorry it just does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that simple I'm sorry it just does
+looks like a step back but uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a step back but uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a step back but uh it's not
+the second W the row squar + 2 * L + 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second W the row squar + 2 * L + 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second W the row squar + 2 * L + 1 -
+row strange range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row strange range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row strange range
+DWD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DWD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DWD
+row plus 1 / Kaa minus 2 2 * L +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row plus 1 / Kaa minus 2 2 * L +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row plus 1 / Kaa minus 2 2 * L +
+1 W =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 okay aesthetically looks worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay aesthetically looks worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay aesthetically looks worse
+certainly that equation on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly that equation on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly that equation on the left
+board looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board looked
+nicer but uh actually it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer but uh actually it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer but uh actually it's uh it's
+pretty good because again now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good because again now look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good because again now look at
+your recursion relation how will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recursion relation how will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recursion relation how will it be
+if you take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take some
+power uh fixed power here you lose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh fixed power here you lose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh fixed power here you lose one
+power here with the l+ one and this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power here with the l+ one and this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power here with the l+ one and this you
+lose one power here you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose one power here you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose one power here you lose
+nothing and here you lose nothing so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and here you lose nothing so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and here you lose nothing so you
+have either one power less or your power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either one power less or your power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either one power less or your power
+so it's a onestep recursion relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a onestep recursion relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a onestep recursion relation
+without a gap it's not like the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a gap it's not like the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a gap it's not like the two
+steps that we had for the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that we had for the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that we had for the harmonic
+oscillator for the LeAndre pols here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator for the LeAndre pols here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator for the LeAndre pols here is
+onestep recursion relation AK + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onestep recursion relation AK + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onestep recursion relation AK + one
+determined by AK so um we say uh excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by AK so um we say uh excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by AK so um we say uh excuse
+me to the equation you don't look that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to the equation you don't look that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to the equation you don't look that
+good but you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but you're very
+solvable so uh we can proceed but
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MTakzGAhYvo.txt b/MTakzGAhYvo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed2763d53797b7f726073d763016356a06d998c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MTakzGAhYvo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu what we're going to talk
+about today is in the previous class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is in the previous class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is in the previous class we
+did a lot of examples on some data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of examples on some data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of examples on some data sets
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and they were artificially dated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were artificially dated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were artificially dated
+generated data sets um which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated data sets um which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated data sets um which is kind of
+a requirement in terms of if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a requirement in terms of if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a requirement in terms of if you want to
+do anything with big data and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything with big data and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything with big data and really
+show stuff it can be really difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show stuff it can be really difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show stuff it can be really difficult to
+pass around terabytes and terabytes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around terabytes and terabytes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around terabytes and terabytes of
+data so having data generators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so having data generators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so having data generators that
+generate the statistics that you want or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the statistics that you want or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the statistics that you want or
+approximately the statistics that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the statistics that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the statistics that you
+want are good to have we had a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want are good to have we had a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want are good to have we had a previous
+lecture on power law graphs and talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on power law graphs and talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on power law graphs and talked
+about a perfect power is very useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a perfect power is very useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a perfect power is very useful and
+I encourage you to use that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to use that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to use that it's a
+useful analytic tool this one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful analytic tool this one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful analytic tool this one we're
+going to talk about chronic graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about chronic graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about chronic graphs and
+and generation chroniker graphs are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generation chroniker graphs are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generation chroniker graphs are used
+in the largest Benchmark in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the largest Benchmark in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the largest Benchmark in the world
+for benchmarking graph uh systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for benchmarking graph uh systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for benchmarking graph uh systems and
+then finally I'm going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally I'm going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally I'm going to talk a little
+bit about performance you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about performance you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about performance you know what are
+the things you should be aware of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you should be aware of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you should be aware of when
+you're when you're doing systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you're doing systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you're doing systems and
+Building Systems from a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Systems from a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Systems from a performance
+perspective the kinds of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the kinds of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective the kinds of things that are
+sort of essentially fundamental limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of essentially fundamental limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of essentially fundamental limits
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+technology so moving forward let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so moving forward let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so moving forward let's talk
+about the uh graph 500 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh graph 500 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh graph 500 uh
+Benchmark so the graph 500 Benchmark was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark so the graph 500 Benchmark was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark so the graph 500 Benchmark was
+created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+to uh provide a mechanism for timing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh provide a mechanism for timing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh provide a mechanism for timing the
+world's most powerful computers and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most powerful computers and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most powerful computers and see
+how they good they were on uh uh graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they good they were on uh uh graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they good they were on uh uh graph
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+operations and so I was involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and so I was involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and so I was involved and
+actually wrote some of the initial code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote some of the initial code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote some of the initial code
+for this Benchmark about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Benchmark about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Benchmark about
+five or 10 years ago and um it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or 10 years ago and um it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or 10 years ago and um it's now
+become a community effort and the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a community effort and the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a community effort and the code
+has changed and other types of things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed and other types of things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed and other types of things um
+and uh it's mainly meant for dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's mainly meant for dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's mainly meant for dealing
+with parallel inmemory computations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parallel inmemory computations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parallel inmemory computations but
+the Benchmark is actually very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Benchmark is actually very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Benchmark is actually very useful
+for timing databases or any types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for timing databases or any types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for timing databases or any types of
+things you can do the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do the exact same
+operations so it generates data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so it generates data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so it generates data and then
+it has you construct it in a graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has you construct it in a graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has you construct it in a graph and
+then it goes on to do some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes on to do some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes on to do some other
+operations and so we've actually found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and so we've actually found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and so we've actually found
+it to be a very useful tool for just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a very useful tool for just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a very useful tool for just it
+has a very fast high performance data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very fast high performance data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very fast high performance data
+generator and just if you want a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and just if you want a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and just if you want a Time
+inserts of power Law data it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts of power Law data it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts of power Law data it's very
+useful for that this is some older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for that this is some older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for that this is some older
+performance numbers but this just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance numbers but this just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance numbers but this just shows
+um um essentially here the on a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um essentially here the on a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um essentially here the on a single
+core of computing capability the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of computing capability the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of computing capability the number
+of entries that we're inserting into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries that we're inserting into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries that we're inserting into a
+table and the uh the inserts per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and the uh the inserts per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and the uh the inserts per second
+that we're getting so the single core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting so the single core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're getting so the single core
+performance here for this data uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance here for this data uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance here for this data uh into
+accumulo it's about 20,000 inserts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulo it's about 20,000 inserts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulo it's about 20,000 inserts per
+second so this is just a one core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so this is just a one core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so this is just a one core
+database very very small um as you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database very very small um as you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database very very small um as you've
+seen we've even showed last week you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen we've even showed last week you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen we've even showed last week you
+know on sort of modern servers where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on sort of modern servers where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on sort of modern servers where we
+were getting several hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting several hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting several hundred thousand
+inserts per second on sort of a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts per second on sort of a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts per second on sort of a standard
+uh standard databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh standard databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh standard databases
+um I'm comparing this also with just d4m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm comparing this also with just d4m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm comparing this also with just d4m
+without a database if I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a database if I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a database if I just have
+triples and I construct an associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples and I construct an associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples and I construct an associative
+array how fast does it do that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array how fast does it do that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array how fast does it do that and so
+obviously d4m is limited by how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously d4m is limited by how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously d4m is limited by how much
+memory that you have on your system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that you have on your system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that you have on your system but
+it just just shows you that constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just just shows you that constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just just shows you that constructing
+an associative array in memory is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array in memory is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array in memory is is
+faster than inserting data into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than inserting data into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than inserting data into a
+database uh by by a good amount and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh by by a good amount and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh by by a good amount and so
+again if you can work with associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you can work with associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you can work with associative
+arrays and memory uh you're going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays and memory uh you're going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays and memory uh you're going to you
+know that's that's going to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's going to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's going to be better
+for you obviously though the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you obviously though the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you obviously though the database
+allows you to go to very large sizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to go to very large sizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to go to very large sizes and
+one of the great things about a cumulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great things about a cumulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the great things about a cumulo
+is that this line stays pretty fat flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this line stays pretty fat flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this line stays pretty fat flat
+I mean you can go on out and out and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you can go on out and out and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you can go on out and out and out
+and out I mean that's what it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out I mean that's what it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out I mean that's what it really
+Prides itself on is just that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prides itself on is just that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prides itself on is just that you know
+as you add data I mean it might degrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you add data I mean it might degrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you add data I mean it might degrade
+slightly uh uh you know but if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly uh uh you know but if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly uh uh you know but if you're if
+you're inserting it right that that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inserting it right that that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're inserting it right that that line
+stays pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays pretty
+flat um in the last class we did show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat um in the last class we did show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat um in the last class we did show
+how to do parallel inserts and parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do parallel inserts and parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do parallel inserts and parallel
+deform and this just shows you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform and this just shows you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform and this just shows you know
+parallel inserts here on a single node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel inserts here on a single node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel inserts here on a single node
+database you know d4m itself you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database you know d4m itself you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database you know d4m itself you know
+basically just taking this number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just taking this number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just taking this number and
+scaling it up and also into the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling it up and also into the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling it up and also into the database
+and so here a you know single node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here a you know single node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here a you know single node
+database uh single node single core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh single node single core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database uh single node single core
+database we're getting like 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database we're getting like 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database we're getting like 100,000
+inserts a second with uh with that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts a second with uh with that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts a second with uh with that and
+so uh so um you know that just shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so um you know that just shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so um you know that just shows you
+kind of some of the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some of the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some of the parallel
+expectations and when you should use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and when you should use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and when you should use a
+uh a parallel you know parallel versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a parallel you know parallel versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a parallel you know parallel versions
+uh databases again if you can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh databases again if you can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh databases again if you can be in
+memory you want to be in memory it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you want to be in memory it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you want to be in memory it's
+faster if you can be in parallel memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if you can be in parallel memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if you can be in parallel memory
+you probably want to be in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to be in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably want to be in parallel
+memory that's faster but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that's faster but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that's faster but if you have
+really large problems then obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large problems then obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large problems then obviously you
+need to go to the database and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to the database and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go to the database and that's
+what's that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that that's
+for the uh the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh the data
+in the uh top 500 I mean the graph 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh top 500 I mean the graph 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh top 500 I mean the graph 500
+Benchmark is what we call a chroner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark is what we call a chroner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark is what we call a chroner
+graph it basically takes a little tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it basically takes a little tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it basically takes a little tiny
+Matrix okay little seed Matrix in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay little seed Matrix in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay little seed Matrix in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+G and you can imagine kind of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and you can imagine kind of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and you can imagine kind of what it
+looks like here sort of Imagine This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like here sort of Imagine This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like here sort of Imagine This is
+a 2X two Matrix here you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2X two Matrix here you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2X two Matrix here you can sort of see
+you know maybe a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a little bit of the
+structure and then it just does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then it just does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then it just does a
+chroner product of that on out to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner product of that on out to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner product of that on out to create
+an adjacency Matrix of uh of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adjacency Matrix of uh of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adjacency Matrix of uh of uh you know
+by creating this adjacent Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by creating this adjacent Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by creating this adjacent Matrix that
+creates the graph and um and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the graph and um and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the graph and um and as a result
+it naturally produces this is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it naturally produces this is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it naturally produces this is the result
+it produces something that naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces something that naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces something that naturally
+looks like a power law uh graph here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a power law uh graph here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a power law uh graph here and
+this just shows you the dots show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows you the dots show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows you the dots show you
+the uh the power law degree distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the power law degree distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the power law degree distribution
+of that um and you can see the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that um and you can see the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that um and you can see the sort of
+the slope there and um from generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope there and um from generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope there and um from generated
+from this I should say one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this I should say one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this I should say one of the the
+powerful things about this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful things about this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful things about this particular
+generator is uh you you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator is uh you you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator is uh you you don't have to
+form the C The adjacency Matrix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the C The adjacency Matrix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the C The adjacency Matrix to
+construct the graph so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the graph so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the graph so it doesn't
+require you to build this gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you to build this gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you to build this gigantic
+Matrix it it it it generates the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it it it it generates the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it it it it generates the edges
+sort of atomically um if you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of atomically um if you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of atomically um if you have many
+many processes all doing this as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many processes all doing this as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many processes all doing this as long as
+they set the random number seeds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set the random number seeds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set the random number seeds to
+different locations they'll all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different locations they'll all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different locations they'll all be
+generating perfectly consistent edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating perfectly consistent edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating perfectly consistent edges in
+a larger graph so it makes it very and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger graph so it makes it very and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger graph so it makes it very and
+then so people have run this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so people have run this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so people have run this on
+computers with millions of course to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers with millions of course to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers with millions of course to uh
+to do that because the uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because the uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because the uh the the the
+the graph generator is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph generator is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph generator is completely
+parallel allows you to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel allows you to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel allows you to essentially
+create a giant uh a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a giant uh a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a giant uh a giant
+graph um and uh and also um the chroner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um and uh and also um the chroner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um and uh and also um the chroner
+graph though does generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph though does generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph though does generate this
+structure here which is these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here which is these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here which is these these
+bumps and wiggles and that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps and wiggles and that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps and wiggles and that actually
+corresponds to the power K so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the power K so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the power K so you can
+count the number of bumps we have 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of bumps we have 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of bumps we have 1 2 3
+4 5 6 7 eight so this would be uh a g to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5 6 7 eight so this would be uh a g to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5 6 7 eight so this would be uh a g to
+the E uh graph so that structure uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E uh graph so that structure uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E uh graph so that structure uh is
+is is visible uh there um which is an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is visible uh there um which is an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is visible uh there um which is an an
+artificial feature uh of the data and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial feature uh of the data and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial feature uh of the data and so
+um one of the things that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that's actually
+occurred now with is that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred now with is that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred now with is that people have
+been actually trying to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been actually trying to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been actually trying to use this
+generator because it's so fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator because it's so fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator because it's so fast and
+efficient to to simulate graphs and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to to simulate graphs and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to to simulate graphs and and
+we've basically said to people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've basically said to people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've basically said to people you know
+not not really designed to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not really designed to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not really designed to simulate
+large because it does create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large because it does create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large because it does create these
+artificial uh structures in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial uh structures in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial uh structures in there and
+that's kind of the reason uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the reason uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the reason uh we
+developed the perfect power law method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the perfect power law method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the perfect power law method
+because that's a much better method if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a much better method if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a much better method if
+you're actually trying to simulate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually trying to simulate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually trying to simulate uh
+graphs uh for doing that um again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs uh for doing that um again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs uh for doing that um again this
+method has these advantages in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method has these advantages in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method has these advantages in terms of
+being able to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them another advantage of these of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them another advantage of these of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them another advantage of these of these
+chroner graphs and so in this case b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner graphs and so in this case b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner graphs and so in this case b is
+my little Matrix here uh that I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my little Matrix here uh that I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my little Matrix here uh that I'm I'm
+going to do a chroner products of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a chroner products of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a chroner products of in
+fact let me remind you about what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me remind you about what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me remind you about what a
+chroner product is so if I have here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner product is so if I have here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroner product is so if I have here a
+matrix B that's NB by NB although these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix B that's NB by NB although these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix B that's NB by NB although these
+don't have to be square and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be square and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be square and another
+Matrix C that's NC by NC doesn't also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix C that's NC by NC doesn't also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix C that's NC by NC doesn't also
+have to be square and I do the chronicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be square and I do the chronicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be square and I do the chronicle
+product basically what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product basically what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product basically what you're doing is
+essentially taking C and multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking C and multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking C and multiplying by
+the first element and having essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first element and having essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first element and having essentially
+a block here and so it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block here and so it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block here and so it's a way of
+essentially expanding The Matrix in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially expanding The Matrix in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially expanding The Matrix in both
+both dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both dimensions
+and uh Yuri lovic who's now professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Yuri lovic who's now professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Yuri lovic who's now professor at
+Stanford uh essentially uh developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford uh essentially uh developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford uh essentially uh developed
+this method uh back at uh 2005 for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method uh back at uh 2005 for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method uh back at uh 2005 for uh
+for uh creating these matrices which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh creating these matrices which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh creating these matrices which
+allowed you to very naturally create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed you to very naturally create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed you to very naturally create
+sort of power law matrices and they even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of power law matrices and they even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of power law matrices and they even
+had tools for fitting them you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had tools for fitting them you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had tools for fitting them you know to
+data which is a a useful a useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is a a useful a useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is a a useful a useful thing
+um again it's it's its biggest impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again it's it's its biggest impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again it's it's its biggest impact
+has been on um on generating very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been on um on generating very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been on um on generating very large
+graphs Power log graphs very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs Power log graphs very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs Power log graphs very quickly
+the chroner graph itself has several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chroner graph itself has several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chroner graph itself has several
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+types so that I call here basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so that I call here basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so that I call here basically
+explicit to stochastic and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit to stochastic and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit to stochastic and an
+instance so if I just set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so if I just set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so if I just set the
+coefficients of the chronicle graph to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the chronicle graph to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the chronicle graph to
+be like ones and zeros and I Chronicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like ones and zeros and I Chronicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like ones and zeros and I Chronicle
+out I will get structures that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I will get structures that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I will get structures that look like
+this so this is a chronic graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is a chronic graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is a chronic graph that
+essentially is a bipartite essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is a bipartite essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is a bipartite essentially
+starting with a what you call a star R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a what you call a star R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a what you call a star R
+graph and then a a diagonal so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then a a diagonal so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then a a diagonal so that's
+kind of one that's g z G1 then I Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one that's g z G1 then I Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one that's g z G1 then I Pro
+chronic product again G2 and G3 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic product again G2 and G3 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic product again G2 and G3 and I
+get these sort of different structure 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these sort of different structure 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these sort of different structure 01
+matrices and so it's only zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and so it's only zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and so it's only zeros and ones
+and so the structure and the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the structure and the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the structure and the connections
+are very obvious and um this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very obvious and um this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very obvious and um this is actually
+useful for doing Theory so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for doing Theory so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for doing Theory so you can
+actually do a fair amount of Theory on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a fair amount of Theory on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a fair amount of Theory on
+the structure of graphs using these 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of graphs using these 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of graphs using these 01
+matrices uh the the in fact there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh the the in fact there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh the the in fact there's a
+famous paper by Van LOM on chroner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper by Van LOM on chroner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper by Van LOM on chroner
+products and it's basically the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and it's basically the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and it's basically the paper is
+full of identities of chroniker products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of identities of chroniker products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of identities of chroniker products
+that you know the igen values of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the igen values of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the igen values of the of
+the chronicle product of two matrices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chronicle product of two matrices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chronicle product of two matrices is
+the same as the chronicle product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the chronicle product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the chronicle product of
+their igen values and and just a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their igen values and and just a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their igen values and and just a whole
+series of those things and so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of those things and so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of those things and so what's
+nice is if you compute something on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice is if you compute something on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice is if you compute something on just
+the the the the the small Matrix G you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the small Matrix G you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the small Matrix G you
+can very quickly compute all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very quickly compute all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very quickly compute all the
+properties of the chroner product Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the chroner product Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the chroner product Matrix
+and that makes it very nice for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it very nice for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes it very nice for doing
+Theory and so there's times when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and so there's times when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and so there's times when you
+want to to sort of understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to to sort of understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to to sort of understand the
+structure of these things very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of these things very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of these things very useful
+theoretical tool for doing that um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical tool for doing that um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical tool for doing that um if
+instead if we use uh our little our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if we use uh our little our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if we use uh our little our our
+seed graph instead of it being ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed graph instead of it being ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed graph instead of it being ones and
+zeros it contains say numbers between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros it contains say numbers between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros it contains say numbers between
+zero and one that are probabilities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one that are probabilities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one that are probabilities the
+probability of an of creating an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an of creating an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an of creating an edge
+between those two vertices and we uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two vertices and we uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two vertices and we uh uh
+multiply that on out you again to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that on out you again to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that on out you again to get
+essentially a giant probability Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a giant probability Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a giant probability Matrix
+showing the probability of edges all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the probability of edges all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the probability of edges all
+right these are the same but here we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are the same but here we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are the same but here we see
+we have differences we don't just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have differences we don't just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have differences we don't just have
+zeros and ones we have values between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones we have values between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones we have values between
+zeros and ones and then using The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones and then using The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones and then using The
+Chronic Generation Technique we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chronic Generation Technique we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chronic Generation Technique we
+essentially draw instances from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially draw instances from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially draw instances from this
+probability Matrix over here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Matrix over here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Matrix over here so this
+allows us to se randomly sample so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to se randomly sample so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to se randomly sample so when
+we talked about chronic graphs there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about chronic graphs there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about chronic graphs there's
+kind of three different types here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of three different types here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of three different types here uh
+this is kind of very easy to do theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of very easy to do theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of very easy to do theory
+on you can do theory on this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can do theory on this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you can do theory on this too
+although it tends to you know be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it tends to you know be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it tends to you know be a
+little bit more worky and then likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more worky and then likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more worky and then likewise
+when you doing simulations usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you doing simulations usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you doing simulations usually you
+end up with with chronical graphs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this as an example of the kind of theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an example of the kind of theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an example of the kind of theory
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um
+one of the nicest uh uh graphs to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the nicest uh uh graphs to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the nicest uh uh graphs to work
+with are bipartite graphs so bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are bipartite graphs so bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are bipartite graphs so bipartite
+graph is a set of vertices two sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is a set of vertices two sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is a set of vertices two sets of
+vertices that have and each vertex has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that have and each vertex has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that have and each vertex has a
+connection to every vertex in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to every vertex in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to every vertex in the other
+set but they don't have any connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but they don't have any connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but they don't have any connections
+amongst themselves and so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst themselves and so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst themselves and so here I'm
+showing you a bipartite or star graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a bipartite or star graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a bipartite or star graph so
+basically have one set of vertices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have one set of vertices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have one set of vertices here
+and another set of vertices here and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another set of vertices here and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another set of vertices here and all
+the vertices have connection to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices have connection to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices have connection to this
+vertex but they have no nections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex but they have no nections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex but they have no nections
+themselves and this is the adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and this is the adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and this is the adjacency
+Matrix of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of that
+graph and here is another bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and here is another bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and here is another bipartite
+graph it's sort of a three one set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's sort of a three one set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's sort of a three one set and
+if I chroner product two bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I chroner product two bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I chroner product two bipartite
+graphs the result is two more bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs the result is two more bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs the result is two more bipartite
+graphs so as we see here we've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so as we see here we've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so as we see here we've created
+this one here and this one here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and this one here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and this one here and and
+and so in my notation I'll say B5 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in my notation I'll say B5 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in my notation I'll say B5 comma
+1 is a Bart Bart that's basically I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is a Bart Bart that's basically I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is a Bart Bart that's basically I'm
+saying I have a matrix it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I have a matrix it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I have a matrix it's a it's a
+five you know five one bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you know five one bipartite graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you know five one bipartite graph
+uh 31 bipartite graph and with within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 31 bipartite graph and with within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 31 bipartite graph and with within
+some permutation they produce a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some permutation they produce a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some permutation they produce a matrix
+that is the union of a 15 A1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the union of a 15 A1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the union of a 15 A1 and a
+35 okay and this result is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 okay and this result is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 okay and this result is actually a
+result was first shown by a professor by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result was first shown by a professor by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result was first shown by a professor by
+the name of weel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of weel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of weel in
+1962 you know and there was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1962 you know and there was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1962 you know and there was actually a
+little flurry of Act of activity back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flurry of Act of activity back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flurry of Act of activity back in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+1960s um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s um uh
+with this whole algebraic view of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this whole algebraic view of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this whole algebraic view of graph
+Theory um and um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory um and um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory um and um and then
+uh and then uh which was very productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then uh which was very productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then uh which was very productive
+but then it all died off and after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it all died off and after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it all died off and after the
+lecture I can tell you why that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I can tell you why that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I can tell you why that happened
+but now it's all coming back which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's all coming back which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's all coming back which is
+nice so it took us uh 50 years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so it took us uh 50 years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so it took us uh 50 years to
+ReDiscover this work but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ReDiscover this work but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ReDiscover this work but there's
+actually a whole book on it with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a whole book on it with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a whole book on it with lots of
+interesting results uh and so but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting results uh and so but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting results uh and so but then
+this just shows you kind of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows you kind of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows you kind of the general
+result here is that you know for any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here is that you know for any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here is that you know for any two
+bipar graphs by chronic or problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipar graphs by chronic or problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipar graphs by chronic or problem
+together they are under some permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they are under some permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they are under some permutation
+equal to um you know uh two other bipar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to um you know uh two other bipar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to um you know uh two other bipar
+graphs and this sort of naturally shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and this sort of naturally shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and this sort of naturally shows
+you how the power law structure gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the power law structure gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the power law structure gets
+built up when you chroner product these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up when you chroner product these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up when you chroner product these
+graphs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so
+basically you know you had this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know you had this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know you had this and this
+and there we basically add you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we basically add you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there we basically add you know
+that's the super node vertex here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the super node vertex here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the super node vertex here this
+one one vertex and these are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one vertex and these are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one vertex and these are the the
+lower degree pieces and then these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower degree pieces and then these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower degree pieces and then these other
+vertices here are the singl 10 vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here are the singl 10 vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here are the singl 10 vertices
+so you can see as you naturally by part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see as you naturally by part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see as you naturally by part
+you know product these bip parte graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know product these bip parte graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know product these bip parte graphs
+together you naturally create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you naturally create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you naturally create these
+power law power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law power law
+graphs and just an example and I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and just an example and I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and just an example and I won't
+really blab the details here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really blab the details here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really blab the details here you can
+compute the degree distribution so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the degree distribution so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the degree distribution so this
+is this is and this is all there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is and this is all there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is and this is all there's like
+a long chapter on this in the book um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long chapter on this in the book um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long chapter on this in the book um
+basically you can compute analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can compute analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can compute analytically
+the degree distributions of chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree distributions of chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree distributions of chronic
+producting bipar graphs this shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producting bipar graphs this shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producting bipar graphs this shows you
+the formula for doing that um um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for doing that um um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for doing that um um and
+here is the actual degree distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the actual degree distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the actual degree distribution
+um with the binomial coefficients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the binomial coefficients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the binomial coefficients for
+the uh for for for that and so a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for for for that and so a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for for for that and so a very
+useful thing you can a priori do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing you can a priori do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing you can a priori do that uh
+this shows you the results so if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows you the results so if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows you the results so if I have
+a chronic product of a bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chronic product of a bipartite graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chronic product of a bipartite graph
+Nal 5 one and I take it out to the 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 5 one and I take it out to the 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 5 one and I take it out to the 10th
+power this is the the this is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this is the the this is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this is the the this is the result
+is this blue line and what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this blue line and what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this blue line and what you see is
+that you get if you connect the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get if you connect the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get if you connect the last
+vertex and this vertex essentially did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and this vertex essentially did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and this vertex essentially did
+our poor man's alpha or connected any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our poor man's alpha or connected any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our poor man's alpha or connected any
+one of these other sets here they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these other sets here they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these other sets here they have a
+constant slope of negative 1 so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant slope of negative 1 so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant slope of negative 1 so that's a
+theoretical result is that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical result is that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical result is that they have
+this this constant slope uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this constant slope uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this constant slope uh and that's
+true down here you know K to K to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true down here you know K to K to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true down here you know K to K to the
+five other types of things so we do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five other types of things so we do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five other types of things so we do get
+this Boe effect so it's not per perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Boe effect so it's not per perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Boe effect so it's not per perfect
+with respect to that but uh but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that but uh but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that but uh but you can
+see how this power law is sort of baked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this power law is sort of baked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this power law is sort of baked
+into the chroner generator which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the chroner generator which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the chroner generator which is a
+very nice uh nice uh nice uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing this just shows a samp and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this just shows a samp and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this just shows a samp and we
+basically uh created a uh a bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh created a uh a bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh created a uh a bipartite
+4x1 bipartite graph and then sampled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x1 bipartite graph and then sampled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x1 bipartite graph and then sampled it
+and so this shows the uh the stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this shows the uh the stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this shows the uh the stochastic
+instance there's about a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance there's about a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance there's about a million
+vertices here shows you that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here shows you that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here shows you that and then
+these curves here show when we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves here show when we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves here show when we take the
+uh stochastic graph and analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stochastic graph and analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stochastic graph and analytically
+compute what the expected value of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what the expected value of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what the expected value of every
+single degree is assuming A Plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree is assuming A Plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree is assuming A Plus on
+distribution and you can see that we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you can see that we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you can see that we uh
+that we get a pretty much a perfect fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a pretty much a perfect fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a pretty much a perfect fit
+here okay all the way out except to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay all the way out except to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay all the way out except to the
+very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end
+here and this is where you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is where you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is where you get some
+pretty interesting statis going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting statis going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting statis going
+on in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in theory
+right no one vertex you know you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no one vertex you know you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no one vertex you know you should
+this is your distribution right no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your distribution right no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your distribution right no one
+vertex should actually be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex should actually be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex should actually be you know
+attracting this many nodes but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting this many nodes but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracting this many nodes but you have
+so many vertices with one of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many vertices with one of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many vertices with one of them that
+have this problem when you sum them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this problem when you sum them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this problem when you sum them all
+together one of them gets to be chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together one of them gets to be chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together one of them gets to be chosen
+to be the winner and it's what pops it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the winner and it's what pops it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the winner and it's what pops it
+up here so all the way out to the Su you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so all the way out to the Su you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so all the way out to the Su you
+know our fit is very good all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our fit is very good all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our fit is very good all the way
+out to the super noed and we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the super noed and we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the super noed and we have this
+difference here and this is where kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here and this is where kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here and this is where kind
+of the the Plus on statistics begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the Plus on statistics begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the Plus on statistics begin to
+fail so again lots of opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so again lots of opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so again lots of opportunities for
+very interesting very interesting Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting very interesting Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting very interesting Theory
+there so that's just pure bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's just pure bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's just pure bipartite
+graphs um but bip partti graphs have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um but bip partti graphs have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs um but bip partti graphs have no
+Intergroup connections so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intergroup connections so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intergroup connections so we can
+actually create uh something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create uh something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create uh something that looks
+like a power log graph and see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a power log graph and see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a power log graph and see all the
+sub community substructure in it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub community substructure in it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub community substructure in it very
+clearly but those communities are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly but those communities are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly but those communities are not
+connect Ed in any way and so to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect Ed in any way and so to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect Ed in any way and so to create
+Connections in the to the communities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in the to the communities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connections in the to the communities we
+have to add the identity Matrix down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add the identity Matrix down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add the identity Matrix down the
+diagonal and that will then now connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and that will then now connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and that will then now connect
+all our our sub bipartite graphs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together so this just shows here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this just shows here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this just shows here so we
+basically take our B parte graph plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take our B parte graph plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take our B parte graph plus
+identity and that's essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and that's essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and that's essentially this
+sort of binom this combinatorial sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of binom this combinatorial sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of binom this combinatorial sum
+here of the individual bipartite graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the individual bipartite graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the individual bipartite graphs
+uh there again where in quotes means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there again where in quotes means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there again where in quotes means
+there's a permutation you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a permutation you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a permutation you need to
+actually make this all uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out if we actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if we actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if we actually do the
+computation all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation all
+right this shows the B the the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this shows the B the the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this shows the B the the four
+comma 1 by part type plus an identity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 1 by part type plus an identity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 1 by part type plus an identity by
+part type graph out to the fourth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part type graph out to the fourth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part type graph out to the fourth power
+so you see here you're going to get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here you're going to get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here you're going to get one
+two you can compute it on out there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you can compute it on out there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you can compute it on out there um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um what what you see is sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what you see is sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what you see is sort of this
+recurs of structure almost fractal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurs of structure almost fractal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurs of structure almost fractal like
+structure so that's a nice way to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that's a nice way to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so that's a nice way to view
+it you know that's one way to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know that's one way to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know that's one way to kind of
+see it but you don't really see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it but you don't really see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it but you don't really see the
+bipartite substructure in there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite substructure in there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite substructure in there it's
+hard hard to see what's going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard hard to see what's going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard hard to see what's going on there
+well since this is analytic we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since this is analytic we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since this is analytic we can
+actually compute a permutation that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute a permutation that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute a permutation that says
+please recover all those bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please recover all those bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please recover all those bipartite
+substructures and so in the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructures and so in the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructures and so in the software
+actually we've distributed we have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we've distributed we have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we've distributed we have a way
+of basically Computing a permutation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically Computing a permutation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically Computing a permutation of
+this that basically regroups all our bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that basically regroups all our bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that basically regroups all our bar
+all our bipartite groups here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our bipartite groups here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our bipartite groups here and then
+you can see all the bipartite uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all the bipartite uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see all the bipartite uh uh the
+core sort of bipartite pieces and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core sort of bipartite pieces and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core sort of bipartite pieces and then
+all the interconnections between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interconnections between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interconnections between those
+core bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core bipartite
+pieces to give you a better sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to give you a better sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to give you a better sense of
+what that really means so here basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that really means so here basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that really means so here basically
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+have we have uh B to the I to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have uh B to the I to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have uh B to the I to the third
+power here all right that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power here all right that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power here all right that's what it
+looks like if we just subtract out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like if we just subtract out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like if we just subtract out the
+first and second order components then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second order components then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second order components then
+we're left with these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with these are the
+interconnecting pieces you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnecting pieces you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnecting pieces you can see that
+much better when we permute it so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better when we permute it so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better when we permute it so here
+is the permutation of just the bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the permutation of just the bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the permutation of just the bipartite
+piece and that shows you these core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and that shows you these core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and that shows you these core
+bipartite chunks that are in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite chunks that are in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite chunks that are in the graph
+if we then do the second term which is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we then do the second term which is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we then do the second term which is B
+cron b crr i so this is the second now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cron b crr i so this is the second now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cron b crr i so this is the second now
+you can see that this creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this creates
+connections between these groups all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between these groups all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between these groups all
+right and then likewise if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then likewise if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then likewise if you do the
+the next one so B you know B cron i b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one so B you know B cron i b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one so B you know B cron i b
+that shows you the connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you the connections between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you the connections between
+these groups and then I BB shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups and then I BB shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups and then I BB shows you the
+different Connections in these groups so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Connections in these groups so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Connections in these groups so
+each set of when we take B plus I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each set of when we take B plus I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each set of when we take B plus I and
+multiply it out and look at all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it out and look at all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it out and look at all those
+different combinations of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations of the different
+multiplies there you know there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies there you know there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies there you know there's the
+core piece which is just B cron to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core piece which is just B cron to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core piece which is just B cron to the
+three and then it all and that creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then it all and that creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then it all and that creates
+this core structure here uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this core structure here uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this core structure here uh which is
+these densest pieces and then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these densest pieces and then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these densest pieces and then all the
+other polinomial are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other polinomial are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other polinomial are essentially
+creating interconnections between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating interconnections between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating interconnections between that
+so you can get really deep understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get really deep understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get really deep understanding
+of the core structure and how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core structure and how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core structure and how those
+things uh connect together which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh connect together which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh connect together which can be
+very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting uh we can compute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh we can compute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh we can compute these
+interconnected structures fairly nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected structures fairly nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected structures fairly nicely
+um here's a higher order example going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a higher order example going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a higher order example going
+out to the fifth okay um but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the fifth okay um but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the fifth okay um but we can
+compute the structure this Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the structure this Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the structure this Kai
+uh structure which is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh structure which is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh structure which is essentially a
+summary of these by just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of these by just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of these by just looking
+at uh uh a 2 by two so we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh uh a 2 by two so we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh uh a 2 by two so we can compute
+all the structures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the structures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the structures of the
+interconnections by just looking since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections by just looking since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections by just looking since
+we have a bipartite thing we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bipartite thing we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bipartite thing we can
+collapse all those pieces down and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse all those pieces down and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse all those pieces down and just
+have a 2 by two so we have here a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2 by two so we have here a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2 by two so we have here a little
+tiny version of this structure here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny version of this structure here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny version of this structure here it
+shows you that likewise this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you that likewise this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you that likewise this structure
+here is summarized by that and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is summarized by that and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is summarized by that and this
+structure here is summarized by that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here is summarized by that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here is summarized by that so
+you can get complete knowledge not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get complete knowledge not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get complete knowledge not just
+at the low level scale but at all scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the low level scale but at all scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the low level scale but at all scales
+if you want to just say I want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to just say I want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to just say I want to look
+at the blocks and how the edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the blocks and how the edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the blocks and how the edges are
+connected in detail or if I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in detail or if I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in detail or if I just want to
+consider things in Big Blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider things in Big Blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider things in Big Blocks and
+connect them I can do that very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them I can do that very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them I can do that very nicely
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well and again we can compute the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and again we can compute the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and again we can compute the degree
+distributions as well so this just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions as well so this just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions as well so this just shows
+B crr to the K and then B plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B crr to the K and then B plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B crr to the K and then B plus the
+second order terms and then moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order terms and then moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order terms and then moving on
+out and actually what you see is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and actually what you see is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and actually what you see is by
+adding this identity Matrix all it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this identity Matrix all it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding this identity Matrix all it does
+is sort of Slide the degree structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of Slide the degree structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of Slide the degree structure
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+it also does change the slope a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also does change the slope a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also does change the slope a little
+bit here by adding this identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here by adding this identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here by adding this identity Matrix
+along so it's steeper than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along so it's steeper than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along so it's steeper than the
+original and you can do other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and you can do other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and you can do other types of
+things like here's something we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like here's something we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like here's something we did in
+isoparametric ratios I won't belabor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoparametric ratios I won't belabor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoparametric ratios I won't belabor
+that but it's essentially a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's essentially a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's essentially a way of
+computing the surface to volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the surface to volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the surface to volume of
+subgraphs and we can compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraphs and we can compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraphs and we can compute this
+analytically and we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and we see the
+isoparametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoparametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoparametric
+matro of of a bipartite subgraph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matro of of a bipartite subgraph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matro of of a bipartite subgraph is
+constant but the half bipartite uh graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but the half bipartite uh graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but the half bipartite uh graph
+has this property here here and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this property here here and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this property here here and just to
+summarize here and this is done a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize here and this is done a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize here and this is done a great
+deal in chapter this just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal in chapter this just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal in chapter this just shows
+different examples of the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples of the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples of the theoretical
+results you know you can compute for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you know you can compute for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you know you can compute for a
+for bipartite graph or a bipartite plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bipartite graph or a bipartite plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bipartite graph or a bipartite plus
+an identity uh you know the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identity uh you know the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identity uh you know the degree
+distribution between the centrality is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution between the centrality is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution between the centrality is a
+fairly complicated metric we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated metric we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated metric we actually
+haven't figured it out for this one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't figured it out for this one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't figured it out for this one or
+right I didn't bother to figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I didn't bother to figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I didn't bother to figure it out
+for this one you can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one you can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one you can compute the
+diameter uh very nicely you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter uh very nicely you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter uh very nicely you can compute
+the igen values and the isoparametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values and the isoparametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values and the isoparametric
+ratios are just all examples of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios are just all examples of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios are just all examples of the kind
+of theoretical work you can do and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theoretical work you can do and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theoretical work you can do and again
+I think it's very useful if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's very useful if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's very useful if you want to
+kind of really understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of really understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of really understand the
+substructure and how the different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure and how the different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure and how the different parts
+of a power law graph might interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a power law graph might interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a power law graph might interact with
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other all right so that just talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all right so that just talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all right so that just talks about
+kind of Chronicle graphs and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Chronicle graphs and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Chronicle graphs and so and
+which are are the basis of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are are the basis of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are are the basis of these
+benchmarks and now I'm going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks and now I'm going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks and now I'm going to get into
+uh some benchmarks again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves so this just uh to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so this just uh to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so this just uh to remind
+folks uh this just shows some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks uh this just shows some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks uh this just shows some examples
+of when you're doing a benchmarking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you're doing a benchmarking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when you're doing a benchmarking of
+inserts into a database and normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts into a database and normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts into a database and normally
+when you do parallel Computing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do parallel Computing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do parallel Computing you have
+kind of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one
+parameter which is how many parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which is how many parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which is how many parallel
+processes are you running at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are you running at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are you running at the same
+time and so most of your scaling curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so most of your scaling curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so most of your scaling curves
+will be with respect to in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be with respect to in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be with respect to in this case the
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of the number of concurrent processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of concurrent processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of concurrent processes
+that you're running at one time here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're running at one time here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're running at one time here I
+think we're going up end up going up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going up end up going up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're going up end up going up to
+32 here that's the standard parameter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 here that's the standard parameter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 here that's the standard parameter in
+parallel Computing when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel Computing when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel Computing when you have
+parallel databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel databases
+involved now you have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved now you have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved now you have a couple of
+additional parameters which just make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional parameters which just make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional parameters which just make it
+sort of that much more stuff you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that much more stuff you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that much more stuff you have to
+keep in your head which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in your head which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in your head which is essentially
+in this case an accumulo calls its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case an accumulo calls its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case an accumulo calls its
+individual data servers tablet servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual data servers tablet servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual data servers tablet servers
+so you have to be aware of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be aware of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be aware of how many
+tablet servers you have so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet servers you have so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet servers you have so that's
+another parameter so you have to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another parameter so you have to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another parameter so you have to create
+separate curves here this is our scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate curves here this is our scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate curves here this is our scaling
+curve with a number of injust processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve with a number of injust processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve with a number of injust processes
+into into one tablet server uh versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into one tablet server uh versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into one tablet server uh versus
+number of injust processes into six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of injust processes into six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of injust processes into six
+tablet servers and as you can see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet servers and as you can see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet servers and as you can see you
+know they don't not a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they don't not a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they don't not a huge difference
+here at the small end but eventually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the small end but eventually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the small end but eventually the
+one tablet server uh uh uh uh database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tablet server uh uh uh uh database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tablet server uh uh uh uh database
+uh sort of levels off while the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of levels off while the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of levels off while the other
+one keeps on scaling and so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one keeps on scaling and so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one keeps on scaling and so this is very
+tricky I mean if you want to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky I mean if you want to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky I mean if you want to do these
+kind of results you kind of have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of results you kind of have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of results you kind of have to be
+aware of both of these parameters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of both of these parameters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of both of these parameters you
+know in order to really understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in order to really understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in order to really understand what
+you're what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's also a third parameter which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a third parameter which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a third parameter which is
+generally true of most databases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true of most databases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true of most databases and
+accumula is no exception which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumula is no exception which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumula is no exception which is that
+if you're inserting a table a table into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're inserting a table a table into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're inserting a table a table into
+a parallel database that that table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel database that that table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel database that that table is
+going to be split amongst the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be split amongst the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be split amongst the uh the
+different uh parallel servers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh parallel servers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh parallel servers in the
+database and um that will have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and um that will have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and um that will have a big
+impact on performance how how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on performance how how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on performance how how many
+splits you have because you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits you have because you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits you have because you're not going
+to be able to take advantage of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to take advantage of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to take advantage of if you
+have fewer splits than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer splits than the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer splits than the number of
+database server nodes then you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database server nodes then you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database server nodes then you're not
+taking advantage of those and then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of those and then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of those and then how
+balanced those splits are are the are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced those splits are are the are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced those splits are are the are is
+the data going in uniformly into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data going in uniformly into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data going in uniformly into those
+into those things and so this just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those things and so this just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those things and so this just shows
+you an example of an eight tablet server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of an eight tablet server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of an eight tablet server
+accumulo doing the inserts with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulo doing the inserts with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulo doing the inserts with no
+splits versus doing it in this case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits versus doing it in this case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits versus doing it in this case with
+35 splits and you see there's a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 splits and you see there's a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 splits and you see there's a rather
+large impact on the performance there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large impact on the performance there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large impact on the performance there so
+a deform actually has tools we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deform actually has tools we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deform actually has tools we didn't
+really go into them but if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go into them but if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go into them but if you look at
+the uh look at the documentation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh look at the documentation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh look at the documentation for
+allowing you to do splits the databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing you to do splits the databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing you to do splits the databases
+we've given you access to are all single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given you access to are all single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given you access to are all single
+node databases so we've made your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node databases so we've made your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node databases so we've made your life
+in certain sense a little bit easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain sense a little bit easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain sense a little bit easier
+that you don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to worry about
+splits but it is something as you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits but it is something as you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits but it is something as you work
+on larger systems you have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on larger systems you have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on larger systems you have to be very
+aware aware of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+splits another thing that's often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits another thing that's often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits another thing that's often very
+important is when you're inserting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is when you're inserting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is when you're inserting into
+a database is the chunks of the size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a database is the chunks of the size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a database is the chunks of the size the
+chunks of data that you're handing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of data that you're handing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of data that you're handing to
+the database this is sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database this is sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database this is sometimes called
+the block size this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block size this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block size this is a very important
+parameter blocking of of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter blocking of of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter blocking of of of of of
+programs is very important and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is very important and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is very important and probably
+the key thing we do in optimizing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing we do in optimizing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing we do in optimizing any
+program is coming up finding out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is coming up finding out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is coming up finding out what
+the right block size is for a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right block size is for a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right block size is for a system
+because it almost always has a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it almost always has a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it almost always has a peak
+around some number here and so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some number here and so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some number here and so um this
+just shows the impact of block size on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows the impact of block size on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows the impact of block size on
+the performance rate here for a cumulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance rate here for a cumulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance rate here for a cumulo
+and nice thing about d4m there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nice thing about d4m there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nice thing about d4m there's
+actually a parameter you can set for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a parameter you can set for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a parameter you can set for the
+table which will say how many bytes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table which will say how many bytes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table which will say how many bytes I
+want to set I think the default is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set I think the default is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set I think the default is like
+500 kilobytes which is a lot smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 kilobytes which is a lot smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 kilobytes which is a lot smaller
+than I would have thought but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I would have thought but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I would have thought but it's a
+number that we found tends to be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we found tends to be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that we found tends to be fairly
+optimal across a wide range of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal across a wide range of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal across a wide range of things
+typically when you do inserts into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you do inserts into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you do inserts into a
+database you're like well I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database you're like well I want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database you're like well I want to give
+you the biggest chunk that I can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the biggest chunk that I can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the biggest chunk that I can and
+move on and a cumulo and probably a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on and a cumulo and probably a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on and a cumulo and probably a lot
+of data is actually like to get data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data is actually like to get data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data is actually like to get data in
+smaller chunks than you would than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller chunks than you would than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller chunks than you would than you
+would than you might think uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would than you might think uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would than you might think uh basically
+what's happening then is uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening then is uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening then is uh if you're
+giving it the right size chunks then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it the right size chunks then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it the right size chunks then it
+all fits in Cache and any sorting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fits in Cache and any sorting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fits in Cache and any sorting and
+other types of operation has to do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of operation has to do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of operation has to do on
+that data can be done much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data can be done much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data can be done much more
+efficiently so this just shows another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so this just shows another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so this just shows another
+parameter you have to be worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you have to be worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you have to be worried about
+if you do everything right and I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do everything right and I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do everything right and I showed
+this uh showed these results before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh showed these results before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh showed these results before uh
+these are the kind of results that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of results that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of results that you
+can get this shows essentially on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this shows essentially on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this shows essentially on an
+eight node system fairly powerful 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight node system fairly powerful 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight node system fairly powerful 24
+cores per per per node getting the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores per per per node getting the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores per per per node getting the 4
+million inserts or entries per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million inserts or entries per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million inserts or entries per second
+that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw
+uh which is to our knowledge again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is to our knowledge again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is to our knowledge again the
+world record holder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that talks about inserts another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that talks about inserts another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that talks about inserts another
+thing that we also want to look at is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we also want to look at is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we also want to look at is uh
+queries so uh as I said before a cumulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries so uh as I said before a cumulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries so uh as I said before a cumulo
+is a row based store which means if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a row based store which means if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a row based store which means if you
+give it a row key it will return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a row key it will return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a row key it will return the
+result in constant time and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in constant time and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in constant time and so that's
+true so we've done a bunch of queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so we've done a bunch of queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so we've done a bunch of queries
+here um lots of different concurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um lots of different concurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um lots of different concurrent
+processes all querying at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes all querying at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes all querying at the same time
+and you can see the uh the response time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the uh the response time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the uh the response time
+is you know generally they say around 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know generally they say around 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know generally they say around 50
+milliseconds which is great you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds which is great you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds which is great you know and
+this is the full roundtrip time a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the full roundtrip time a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the full roundtrip time a lot of
+this could have been networked lately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could have been networked lately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could have been networked lately
+and see for all we know and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see for all we know and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see for all we know and so that's
+what you expect that's what accumula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect that's what accumula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect that's what accumula
+divers if you do row queries then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divers if you do row queries then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divers if you do row queries then you
+get constant time now as we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constant time now as we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get constant time now as we've talked
+about before we do our special exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before we do our special exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before we do our special exploded
+transpose schema which essentially give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose schema which essentially give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose schema which essentially give
+this performance for both row and Comm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this performance for both row and Comm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this performance for both row and Comm
+column queries but if you have a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column queries but if you have a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column queries but if you have a table
+where you haven't done that and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you haven't done that and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you haven't done that and you are
+going to query a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to query a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to query a
+column it's a complete scan of the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column it's a complete scan of the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column it's a complete scan of the table
+and so you see here as you and just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see here as you and just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see here as you and just you
+know when you want to do a column query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you want to do a column query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you want to do a column query
+you know the performance is just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the performance is just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the performance is just going
+to go up and up and up and up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up and up and up and up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up and up and up and up and
+because they're all just doing more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all just doing more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all just doing more and
+more scans and the the system can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scans and the the system can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scans and the the system can only
+scan at a certain rate so that's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan at a certain rate so that's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan at a certain rate so that's again
+the main reason why we do these special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reason why we do these special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reason why we do these special
+schemas is to avoid this performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas is to avoid this performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemas is to avoid this performance
+penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so finally in talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally in talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally in talking about
+performance let's talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance let's talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance let's talk a little bit
+about d4m performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about d4m performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about d4m performance
+itself if you write your d4m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programs optimally and this sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs optimally and this sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs optimally and this sometimes
+takes a while to get to because usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a while to get to because usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a while to get to because usually
+you don't quite have the but I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't quite have the but I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't quite have the but I should
+say in the most elegant way possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the most elegant way possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the most elegant way possible
+again this sometimes requires some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this sometimes requires some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this sometimes requires some
+understanding most applications end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding most applications end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding most applications end up
+becoming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a
+combination of Matrix multiplies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Matrix multiplies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Matrix multiplies on
+these Associated arrays now it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Associated arrays now it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Associated arrays now it's usually
+not the first program I write but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the first program I write but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the first program I write but
+usually it's the last one I write for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's the last one I write for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's the last one I write for
+this like I finally Dawns on me to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like I finally Dawns on me to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like I finally Dawns on me to how
+to do the entire complicated analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the entire complicated analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the entire complicated analytic
+and all its queries as a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all its queries as a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all its queries as a series of
+special sparse Matrix multiplies which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sparse Matrix multiplies which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sparse Matrix multiplies which
+then allows us to maximally leverage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allows us to maximally leverage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allows us to maximally leverage the
+underlying libraries which have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying libraries which have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying libraries which have been
+very optimized to do uh you you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very optimized to do uh you you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very optimized to do uh you you know I'm
+it's basically not calling any of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically not calling any of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically not calling any of my
+code it's just calling the mat laab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's just calling the mat laab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's just calling the mat laab
+sparse Matrix multiply routine which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse Matrix multiply routine which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse Matrix multiply routine which is
+further calling the sparse blaws which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further calling the sparse blaws which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further calling the sparse blaws which
+are heavily optimized by the vendor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are heavily optimized by the vendor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are heavily optimized by the vendor the
+Computing vendors and likewise Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing vendors and likewise Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing vendors and likewise Rec
+calling sort routines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling sort routines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling sort routines
+so the thing you have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing you have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing you have to understand
+though is that sparse Matrix multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that sparse Matrix multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that sparse Matrix multiply
+has fundamental Hardware limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has fundamental Hardware limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has fundamental Hardware limits
+depending on the kinds of multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the kinds of multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the kinds of multiplies
+you're doing here so uh and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing here so uh and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing here so uh and we have a
+whole program that basic basically times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole program that basic basically times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole program that basic basically times
+all these and generates them so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these and generates them so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these and generates them so if you
+ever want to get what your fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever want to get what your fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever want to get what your fundamental
+limits are we have a set of programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits are we have a set of programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits are we have a set of programs
+that will run all these benchmarks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will run all these benchmarks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will run all these benchmarks for
+you and show you what you can expect if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and show you what you can expect if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and show you what you can expect if
+you're and this shows you basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're and this shows you basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're and this shows you basically the
+fraction of the theoretical Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the theoretical Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the theoretical Peak
+Performance of the processor as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performance of the processor as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performance of the processor as a
+function of the total memory of on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the total memory of on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the total memory of on that
+processor so so this is all single core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor so so this is all single core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor so so this is all single core
+single processor benchmarks so as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single processor benchmarks so as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single processor benchmarks so as you
+can see here this is dense Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here this is dense Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here this is dense Matrix
+multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+and it's like 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like 95%
+efficient if I was to build a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if I was to build a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if I was to build a piece of
+special purpose hardware and a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special purpose hardware and a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special purpose hardware and a memory
+subsystem for doing DSE Matrix multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem for doing DSE Matrix multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem for doing DSE Matrix multiply
+it would be identical to the computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be identical to the computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be identical to the computers
+that you all have your computers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all have your computers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all have your computers have
+been absolutely designed to do dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been absolutely designed to do dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been absolutely designed to do dense
+Matrix multiply and for good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply and for good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix multiply and for good or bad
+that's just the way it it is the caching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way it it is the caching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the way it it is the caching
+structure the the the the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the the the the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the the the the Matrix
+multiply units the vectorization units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply units the vectorization units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply units the vectorization units
+they're all designed to do they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all designed to do they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all designed to do they're
+identical to an you know a custombuilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to an you know a custombuilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to an you know a custombuilt
+matrix multiply unit and so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiply unit and so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiply unit and so we get
+enormously high performance here 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously high performance here 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously high performance here 95%
+Peak on dense Matrix multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak on dense Matrix multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak on dense Matrix multiply
+unfortunately that Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately that Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately that Hardware
+architecture and everything we do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and everything we do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and everything we do it for
+dense Matrix multiply is the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense Matrix multiply is the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense Matrix multiply is the opposite of
+what we would do if we built a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would do if we built a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would do if we built a computer
+for doing sparse Matrix multiply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing sparse Matrix multiply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing sparse Matrix multiply and
+that that's why we have when we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's why we have when we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's why we have when we go from
+dense Matrix multiply to sparse Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense Matrix multiply to sparse Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense Matrix multiply to sparse Matrix
+multiply this THX drop in performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this THX drop in performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this THX drop in performance
+okay and this is not getting better with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is not getting better with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is not getting better with
+time this is getting worse with time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is getting worse with time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is getting worse with time um
+and there's nothing you can do about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing you can do about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing you can do about it
+that is just what the hardware does now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just what the hardware does now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just what the hardware does now
+it's still better to do sparse makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still better to do sparse makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still better to do sparse makes
+multiply than to convert it to dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply than to convert it to dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply than to convert it to dense
+because you're still a net win by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're still a net win by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're still a net win by not
+storing Computing all those zeros that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing Computing all those zeros that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing Computing all those zeros that
+you would have in a very sparse Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have in a very sparse Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have in a very sparse Matrix
+so it's still a significant win in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still a significant win in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still a significant win in in in
+in execution time to do your calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in execution time to do your calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in execution time to do your calculation
+on sparse matrices if they are sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sparse matrices if they are sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sparse matrices if they are sparse
+but uh but not otherwise and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so that's that this shows sparse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that this shows sparse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that this shows sparse uh
+the uh The Matrix multiply of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh The Matrix multiply of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh The Matrix multiply of an
+associative array so the first one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array so the first one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array so the first one the
+top one is mat lab dense mat lab sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one is mat lab dense mat lab sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one is mat lab dense mat lab sparse
+d d4m associative array and we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d4m associative array and we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d4m associative array and we worked
+very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to
+make the d4m associative array just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the d4m associative array just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the d4m associative array just to
+be a constant you know Factor below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant you know Factor below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant you know Factor below the
+core Spar so you're really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core Spar so you're really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core Spar so you're really getting
+performance that's pretty darn close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that's pretty darn close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that's pretty darn close to
+that and so uh you know generally doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so uh you know generally doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so uh you know generally doing
+sparse Matrix multiplies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse Matrix multiplies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse Matrix multiplies on the
+associative arrays works out pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays works out pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays works out pretty
+well but again these are still like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but again these are still like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but again these are still like
+about 0.1% efficient of the hardware and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.1% efficient of the hardware and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.1% efficient of the hardware and
+then the final thing is we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the final thing is we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the final thing is we have these
+special SP Matrix multiplies where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special SP Matrix multiplies where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special SP Matrix multiplies where we
+can catenate the keys together if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can catenate the keys together if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can catenate the keys together if you
+remember way back when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember way back when we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember way back when we did the
+bioinformatics example we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioinformatics example we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioinformatics example we could do
+special Matrix multiplies that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Matrix multiplies that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Matrix multiplies that uh that
+essentially preserved where the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially preserved where the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially preserved where the data
+came from if we correlated two DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from if we correlated two DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from if we correlated two DNA
+sequences uh we would you know have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences uh we would you know have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences uh we would you know have a
+mat a m a matrix that would show the IDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat a m a matrix that would show the IDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat a m a matrix that would show the IDS
+of the DNA sequence and if we did these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNA sequence and if we did these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the DNA sequence and if we did these
+special Matrix multiplies the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Matrix multiplies the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Matrix multiplies the values
+would then hold the exact DNA sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then hold the exact DNA sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then hold the exact DNA sequences
+themselves that that were the matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that that were the matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that that were the matches
+well there's a performance hit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a performance hit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a performance hit that
+comes with holding that additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with holding that additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with holding that additional
+information just all the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just all the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just all the string
+information and maybe one day we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and maybe one day we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and maybe one day we'll be
+able to optimize this further although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to optimize this further although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to optimize this further although
+we've actually optimized it a fair bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually optimized it a fair bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually optimized it a fair bit
+already and so there's another sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and so there's another sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and so there's another sort of
+factor of 100 and it looks like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 100 and it looks like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 100 and it looks like this is
+just again fundamentally limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again fundamentally limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just again fundamentally limited by the
+the speed at which we can that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed at which we can that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed at which we can that the
+hardware will do sparse Matrix multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware will do sparse Matrix multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware will do sparse Matrix multiply
+and the speed at which it can do string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the speed at which it can do string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the speed at which it can do string
+sorting that's essentially the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting that's essentially the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting that's essentially the two
+routines that these all these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines that these all these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines that these all these functions
+boil down to is sparse Matrix multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down to is sparse Matrix multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down to is sparse Matrix multiply
+and string sorting and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and string sorting and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and string sorting and those are
+essentially Hardware limited those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Hardware limited those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Hardware limited those are
+very optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very optimized
+functions so this just gives you a way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so this just gives you a way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so this just gives you a way I
+think it's always and it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's always and it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's always and it's the first
+thing we do when we run a program is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do when we run a program is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do when we run a program is you
+know if we want to optimize it we'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we want to optimize it we'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we want to optimize it we'll run
+the we'll write the program and run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we'll write the program and run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we'll write the program and run it
+get a time and then we'll try and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a time and then we'll try and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a time and then we'll try and figure
+out you know based on this type of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know based on this type of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know based on this type of data
+well what's the theoretical best we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the theoretical best we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the theoretical best we
+could do you know what's given the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you know what's given the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you know what's given the kind
+of what this calculation is dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this calculation is dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this calculation is dominated by
+what is the best we could do because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the best we could do because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the best we could do because if
+the best we could do the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we could do the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we could do the theoretical
+Peak was I mean of for what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak was I mean of for what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak was I mean of for what we were
+doing was a thousand times better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was a thousand times better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was a thousand times better than
+what we're doing that tells us you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing that tells us you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing that tells us you know
+what if we have to invest time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we have to invest time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we have to invest time in
+optimization it probably is time well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization it probably is time well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization it probably is time well
+spent going from being a THX below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent going from being a THX below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent going from being a THX below
+whatever the best you can do getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the best you can do getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the best you can do getting to
+100x usually doesn't take too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100x usually doesn't take too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100x usually doesn't take too much
+trouble usually you can find what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble usually you can find what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble usually you can find what that
+issue is and you can correct it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is and you can correct it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is and you can correct it okay
+likewise going from 100x to 10x is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise going from 100x to 10x is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise going from 100x to 10x is still
+usually a worthwhile thing to do if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a worthwhile thing to do if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a worthwhile thing to do if if
+if if you're if you're at like 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're if you're at like 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're if you're at like 10% of
+the best that you can do then you begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that you can do then you begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that you can do then you begin
+to think hard about well do I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think hard about well do I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think hard about well do I really
+want to chase I'm never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to chase I'm never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to chase I'm never going to
+probably do better than 50% of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do better than 50% of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do better than 50% of what the
+best is you know or maybe even 30 or 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is you know or maybe even 30 or 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is you know or maybe even 30 or 40%
+usually there's a lot of effort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's a lot of effort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's a lot of effort that
+goes into going from 10% of of Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into going from 10% of of Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into going from 10% of of Peak
+Performance to 50% of Peak Performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performance to 50% of Peak Performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performance to 50% of Peak Performance
+but going from 0.1% of Peak Performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but going from 0.1% of Peak Performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but going from 0.1% of Peak Performance
+to 1% of Peak Performance is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1% of Peak Performance is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1% of Peak Performance is usually
+profile the code aha I'm doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile the code aha I'm doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile the code aha I'm doing something
+wrong here fix it done and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong here fix it done and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong here fix it done and so this is
+something that's a part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a part of our
+philosophy in doing optimization and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in doing optimization and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy in doing optimization and why
+we spend so much time running benchmarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend so much time running benchmarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend so much time running benchmarks
+and understanding where we where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding where we where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding where we where we
+because it tells us when to stop if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells us when to stop if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells us when to stop if
+someone says well will this be faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says well will this be faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says well will this be faster
+you can say no it won't be faster you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say no it won't be faster you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say no it won't be faster you're
+done or ah no we we think in a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done or ah no we we think in a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done or ah no we we think in a few weeks
+times we really can you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we really can you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we really can you know we can
+really make it a lot better so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make it a lot better so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make it a lot better so very
+useful thing and that's why bench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing and that's why bench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing and that's why bench
+marking is a big part of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking is a big part of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking is a big part of what we
+do so finally I want to wrap up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so finally I want to wrap up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so finally I want to wrap up here
+this was one of the first charts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one of the first charts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one of the first charts I
+showed you and hopefully now it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and hopefully now it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and hopefully now it makes a
+lot more sense this shows you the e easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more sense this shows you the e easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more sense this shows you the e easy
+path towards solving your problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path towards solving your problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path towards solving your problems and
+Signal processing on databases all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal processing on databases all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal processing on databases all right
+and if you look at your problem as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at your problem as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at your problem as one
+of how much data I want to process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much data I want to process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much data I want to process and
+how much you know what the granularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you know what the granularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you know what the granularity
+of access is well if if I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of access is well if if I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of access is well if if I don't have a
+lot of data and I'm accessing it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data and I'm accessing it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data and I'm accessing it at a
+very small granularity well then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small granularity well then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small granularity well then I
+should just do it in the memory of my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just do it in the memory of my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just do it in the memory of my my
+computer don't mess around with files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer don't mess around with files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer don't mess around with files
+don't mess around around with databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mess around around with databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mess around around with databases
+keep your life simple work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your life simple work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your life simple work it
+there if the data request gets high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if the data request gets high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if the data request gets high
+memory is still the best whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is still the best whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is still the best whether you're
+doing little bits or big bits you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing little bits or big bits you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing little bits or big bits you know
+working out of main memory on a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out of main memory on a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out of main memory on a single
+processor generally for the most part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor generally for the most part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor generally for the most part is
+where you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to
+be if you're going to be uh getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you're going to be uh getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you're going to be uh getting to
+larger amounts of data but having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger amounts of data but having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger amounts of data but having a
+fairly large request size then using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large request size then using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly large request size then using
+files reading those files in out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files reading those files in out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files reading those files in out so
+basically you know if I have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know if I have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know if I have a lot of
+data I want to process it won't fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I want to process it won't fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I want to process it won't fit into
+serial memory we'll write it out into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial memory we'll write it out into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial memory we'll write it out into a
+bunch of files just read them in process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of files just read them in process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of files just read them in process
+them move on to the next file is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them move on to the next file is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them move on to the next file is the
+right thing to do or spread it out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing to do or spread it out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing to do or spread it out in
+parallel run a bunch of nodes and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel run a bunch of nodes and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel run a bunch of nodes and use
+the ram in each one of those that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ram in each one of those that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ram in each one of those that's
+still the best way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it you can also do that in parallel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can also do that in parallel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can also do that in parallel you
+can have parallel programs reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have parallel programs reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have parallel programs reading
+parallel files too so if you have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel files too so if you have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel files too so if you have really
+enormous amounts of data and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amounts of data and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amounts of data and you're
+going to be reading the data in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reading the data in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reading the data in large
+chunks then you want to use parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks then you want to use parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks then you want to use parallel
+files parallel Computing that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files parallel Computing that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files parallel Computing that's going to
+give you better performance and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you better performance and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you better performance and it's
+just going to be easy I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be easy I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be easy I mean you know
+have a lot of files each program reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of files each program reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of files each program reads
+in a sets of files processes it set very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sets of files processes it set very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sets of files processes it set very
+easy to do and we have lots of support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do and we have lots of support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do and we have lots of support
+in our L grid system for doing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our L grid system for doing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our L grid system for doing those
+types of problems it's the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of problems it's the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of problems it's the thing that
+most people do however if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people do however if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people do however if you have a
+large amount of data and you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of data and you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of data and you want to be
+accessing small fractions of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing small fractions of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing small fractions of it
+randomly that's when you want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly that's when you want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly that's when you want to use the
+database that is the use case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that is the use case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that is the use case for the
+database and there are definitely times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and there are definitely times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and there are definitely times
+when we have that case where we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have that case where we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have that case where we want to
+do that but you want to kind of build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but you want to kind of build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but you want to kind of build
+towards it a lot of times when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards it a lot of times when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards it a lot of times when you're
+doing analytics or algorithm development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing analytics or algorithm development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing analytics or algorithm development
+you tend to be in these cases first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to be in these cases first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tend to be in these cases first and
+so rather than um bite off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than um bite off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than um bite off the
+complexity associated with dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity associated with dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity associated with dealing with
+a database use these tools first but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a database use these tools first but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a database use these tools first but
+then eventually there may be a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually there may be a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually there may be a time
+where you actually have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually have to use the
+database and I hopefully one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and I hopefully one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and I hopefully one thing you
+you get out of this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out of this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out of this course is
+understanding this Nuance type of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this Nuance type of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this Nuance type of thing
+because a lot of people say we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of people say we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of people say we need a
+parallel database why we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel database why we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel database why we have a lot of
+data all right that's great well what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right that's great well what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right that's great well what do
+you want to do well we want to scan over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do well we want to scan over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do well we want to scan over
+the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole
+thing well that's just going to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well that's just going to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well that's just going to be a lot
+of data really slow you know so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data really slow you know so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data really slow you know so people
+will do that they'll load a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that they'll load a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that they'll load a bunch of
+data in the system like well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the system like well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the system like well but
+nothing's faster you know it's like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's faster you know it's like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's faster you know it's like well
+yeah if you're going to scan over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're going to scan over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're going to scan over
+significant fraction of the database it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the database it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the database it
+will be slower certainly slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be slower certainly slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be slower certainly slower than
+loading it into the memories of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading it into the memories of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading it into the memories of a bunch
+of computers and and even slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computers and and even slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computers and and even slower than
+just having a bunch of files and reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a bunch of files and reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having a bunch of files and reading
+them into memor so and increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into memor so and increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into memor so and increasingly
+nowadays you know I mean so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you know I mean so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you know I mean so what you
+know you're talking about this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're talking about this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're talking about this is like
+millions of entries you know uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of entries you know uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of entries you know uh there's
+a lot of things that were databases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that were databases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that were databases that
+we have like the lab's ldap server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like the lab's ldap server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have like the lab's ldap server
+it's like 30,000 entries we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 30,000 entries we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 30,000 entries we have a
+database for it you could send it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database for it you could send it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database for it you could send it around
+an Excel spreadsheet and you know pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Excel spreadsheet and you know pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Excel spreadsheet and you know pretty
+much do everything with that or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do everything with that or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do everything with that or the
+entire release review query or the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire release review query or the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire release review query or the phone
+book or whatever these are all Now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book or whatever these are all Now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book or whatever these are all Now by
+today's standards microscopic data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's standards microscopic data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's standards microscopic data sets
+that can trally be stored in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can trally be stored in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can trally be stored in a single
+associative array in something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array in something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array in something like this
+and manipulated to your heart's content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manipulated to your heart's content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manipulated to your heart's content
+so there's a lot of data sets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of data sets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of data sets that are
+big to the human but are microscopic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to the human but are microscopic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to the human but are microscopic to
+the technology now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology now
+um so this is usually millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is usually millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is usually millions of
+entries you know this might be hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries you know this might be hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries you know this might be hundreds
+of millions of entries definitely when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of millions of entries definitely when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of millions of entries definitely when
+you're really needing you know often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really needing you know often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really needing you know often
+you're talking about billions of entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about billions of entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about billions of entries
+when you're getting here to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting here to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting here to the point
+where you really need a database the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you really need a database the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you really need a database the
+exception to this being if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to this being if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to this being if you're in a
+program that requires you know many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that requires you know many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that requires you know many of
+our customers say the database is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our customers say the database is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our customers say the database is being
+used this is where the data is it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this is where the data is it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this is where the data is it's in
+no other place so for integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other place so for integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other place so for integration
+purposes then you throw all this out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes then you throw all this out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes then you throw all this out the
+window right right if they say look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window right right if they say look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window right right if they say look this
+is where the data is and you have that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the data is and you have that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the data is and you have that's
+the only way you can get it then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you can get it then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you can get it then of
+course but that still doesn't mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but that still doesn't mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but that still doesn't mean you
+might be like yeah well you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be like yeah well you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be like yeah well you're going to
+store in the data but I'm going to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store in the data but I'm going to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store in the data but I'm going to store
+it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+sltm and work on it and then put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sltm and work on it and then put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sltm and work on it and then put my
+results back in the database because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results back in the database because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results back in the database because I
+know that what I'm doing is is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that what I'm doing is is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that what I'm doing is is going to
+be better there's there's no you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better there's there's no you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better there's there's no you know
+don't as I say you know we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't as I say you know we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't as I say you know we don't want to
+be too proud to win you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too proud to win you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too proud to win you know just
+because it's in you know some people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in you know some people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in you know some people's
+like we have a database and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have a database and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have a database and everything
+must be purely done in the database or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be purely done in the database or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be purely done in the database or
+some people like we have a file system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like we have a file system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like we have a file system
+and everything must be purely done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything must be purely done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything must be purely done in
+the file system or we we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file system or we we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file system or we we have this
+language and everything the right tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and everything the right tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and everything the right tool
+for the job you know the right tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the job you know the right tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the job you know the right tool for
+the job pulling them together totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job pulling them together totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job pulling them together totally
+fine it's a quick way to get get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine it's a quick way to get get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine it's a quick way to get get this
+work done without driving yourself crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done without driving yourself crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done without driving yourself crazy
+so with that I'll come to the end I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that I'll come to the end I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that I'll come to the end I have
+one code example which is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one code example which is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one code example which is relatively
+short to show you but uh again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short to show you but uh again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short to show you but uh again you know
+parel graphs are the dominant type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parel graphs are the dominant type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parel graphs are the dominant type of
+data that we see you know graph 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we see you know graph 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we see you know graph 500
+relies on this Chronicle prod product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on this Chronicle prod product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on this Chronicle prod product
+Chronicle graph theory is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chronicle graph theory is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chronicle graph theory is a great
+theoretical framework for looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical framework for looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical framework for looking at
+stuff you get all the uh identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you get all the uh identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you get all the uh identity
+benefits that come with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that come with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that come with with the
+chroniker product igen values if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroniker product igen values if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chroniker product igen values if you're
+into that I certainly suggest you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that I certainly suggest you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that I certainly suggest you to
+read the van LOM paper which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the van LOM paper which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the van LOM paper which is also
+this the seminal work on on chroniker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the seminal work on on chroniker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the seminal work on on chroniker
+products and I don't think anyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and I don't think anyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and I don't think anyone's
+written a follow-up to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a follow-up to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a follow-up to because
+everyone's like yep covered it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's like yep covered it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's like yep covered it there
+it's about 12 15 pages covered all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 12 15 pages covered all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 12 15 pages covered all the
+properties of chroner products um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of chroner products um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of chroner products um we can
+do parallel Computing in dform Via pmat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do parallel Computing in dform Via pmat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do parallel Computing in dform Via pmat
+lab and again the the fundament if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and again the the fundament if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and again the the fundament if
+you've implemented your algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've implemented your algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've implemented your algorithms
+correctly they're limited by Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly they're limited by Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly they're limited by Hardware
+okay by fundamental aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by fundamental aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by fundamental aspects of the
+hardware there are limitations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware there are limitations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware there are limitations it's
+important to know what those are and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know what those are and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know what those are and to
+be aware of them so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MbzbbvTlL1Y.txt b/MbzbbvTlL1Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..391ff0522505921011e4ae724bf2430e29b06c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MbzbbvTlL1Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it's the human behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the human behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the human behavior
+that is making the brain of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is making the brain of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is making the brain of the machine
+that is how you make the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how you make the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how you make the machine
+intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent
+today on chalk radio how the future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on chalk radio how the future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on chalk radio how the future of
+artificial intelligence and machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and machine
+learning education might look a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning education might look a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning education might look a lot more
+human what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human what's the difference between
+saying you know a restaurant review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know a restaurant review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know a restaurant review
+expresses positive sentiment which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses positive sentiment which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses positive sentiment which is a
+very complicated social phenomenon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated social phenomenon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated social phenomenon and
+saying that you know a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you know a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you know a picture of the
+number nine is a picture of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number nine is a picture of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number nine is a picture of the number
+nine which is much less complicated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine which is much less complicated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine which is much less complicated as a
+social phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social phenomenon
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+this week we're talking with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we're talking with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we're talking with three
+interdisciplinary collaborators about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary collaborators about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary collaborators about
+their mission to foster a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mission to foster a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mission to foster a new kind of
+approach to computing technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to computing technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to computing technologies
+they've created an assignment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've created an assignment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've created an assignment that
+challenges students to take a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges students to take a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges students to take a critical
+approach as they build the technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach as they build the technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach as they build the technologies
+of the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future
+i am catherine dignizio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am catherine dignizio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am catherine dignizio
+i am an assistant professor of urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am an assistant professor of urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am an assistant professor of urban
+science and planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and planning
+my name is jacob andreas i'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is jacob andreas i'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is jacob andreas i'm an
+assistant professor in the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor in the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor in the department of
+electrical engineering and computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering and computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering and computer
+science and also the computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and also the computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and also the computer science
+and artificial intelligence laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and artificial intelligence laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and artificial intelligence laboratory
+my name is harini suresh i'm a fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is harini suresh i'm a fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is harini suresh i'm a fifth
+year phd student in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year phd student in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year phd student in computer science
+in spring 2021 catherine jacob and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spring 2021 catherine jacob and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spring 2021 catherine jacob and
+harini were brought together as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harini were brought together as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harini were brought together as part of
+a special initiative called cirque from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special initiative called cirque from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special initiative called cirque from
+the mit stephen a schwarzman college of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mit stephen a schwarzman college of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mit stephen a schwarzman college of
+computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing
+circ stands for the social and ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circ stands for the social and ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circ stands for the social and ethical
+responsibilities of computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities of computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities of computing
+the mission broadly is thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission broadly is thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission broadly is thinking about
+how do we cultivate responsible creators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we cultivate responsible creators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we cultivate responsible creators
+of computational tools and technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational tools and technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational tools and technologies
+for the folks who are going to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the folks who are going to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the folks who are going to go out
+and be building the tools of the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be building the tools of the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be building the tools of the future
+you know in a lot of cases you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a lot of cases you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a lot of cases you don't
+know what the ethical implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the ethical implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the ethical implications of
+something are until you know a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something are until you know a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something are until you know a kind of
+more abstract tool or technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract tool or technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract tool or technology or
+algorithm is kind of like plugged into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is kind of like plugged into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is kind of like plugged into
+the human context right like that place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human context right like that place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human context right like that place
+where you know the machine learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know the machine learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know the machine learning and
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet
+there have been lots of high profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been lots of high profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been lots of high profile
+incidents involving things like face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents involving things like face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents involving things like face
+recognition software people trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition software people trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition software people trying to
+deploy machine learning systems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy machine learning systems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy machine learning systems in the
+contents of things like sentencing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of things like sentencing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of things like sentencing or
+recidivism prediction and in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recidivism prediction and in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recidivism prediction and in many cases
+having sort of seriously harmful effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having sort of seriously harmful effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having sort of seriously harmful effects
+for jacob exploring the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for jacob exploring the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for jacob exploring the social
+consequences of ai got him to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of ai got him to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of ai got him to start
+thinking a little differently in his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a little differently in his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a little differently in his own
+survey course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey course
+6.864
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.864
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.864
+natural language processing or nlp for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing or nlp for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing or nlp for
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+the way we have traditionally taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we have traditionally taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we have traditionally taught
+machine learning classes it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning classes it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning classes it's always
+okay you know here's a data set of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know here's a data set of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know here's a data set of you
+know photographs of digits classify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know photographs of digits classify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know photographs of digits classify this
+picture as whether it contains you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture as whether it contains you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture as whether it contains you know
+a zero or a one or a two or a three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero or a one or a two or a three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero or a one or a two or a three and
+you know here's a data set of restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's a data set of restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's a data set of restaurant
+reviews and they just happen to already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews and they just happen to already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews and they just happen to already
+have assigned to them labels for whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have assigned to them labels for whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have assigned to them labels for whether
+this is a positive restaurant review or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a positive restaurant review or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a positive restaurant review or
+a negative restaurant review you know go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative restaurant review you know go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative restaurant review you know go
+train the machine learning model and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train the machine learning model and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train the machine learning model and at
+no point do you stop and ask okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point do you stop and ask okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point do you stop and ask okay but
+where did these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did these
+restaurant reviews come from and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant reviews come from and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the difference between saying you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between saying you know a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between saying you know a
+restaurant review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant review
+expresses positive sentiment which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses positive sentiment which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses positive sentiment which is a
+very complicated social phenomenon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated social phenomenon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated social phenomenon and
+saying that you know a picture of the
+
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+saying that you know a picture of the
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+social phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social phenomenon
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so we teamed up with catherine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we teamed up with catherine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we teamed up with catherine and
+harini to show students that the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harini to show students that the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harini to show students that the machine
+part of machine learning is very much
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+ align:start position:0%
+part of machine learning is very much
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of machine learning is very much
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by humans
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that machine learning systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that machine learning systems
+work in many cases is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in many cases is something called
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in many cases is something called
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised learning where the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+contains examples as well as labels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+those examples so for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data set
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data set
+comments from a message board as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments from a message board as well as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments from a message board as well as
+annotations that say this is a toxic
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+ align:start position:0%
+annotations that say this is a toxic
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment or this is not a toxic comment
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment or this is not a toxic comment
+so then what the machine learning system
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+is trying to do is
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+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to do is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to do is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from that data what makes up a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from that data what makes up a
+toxic comment what are characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic comment what are characteristics
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
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+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the annotations to figure that
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+
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+it uses the annotations to figure that
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+ align:start position:0%
+out and those annotations typically come
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+automatically generated by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically generated by looking at
+historically what sorts of comments have
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+ align:start position:0%
+historically what sorts of comments have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically what sorts of comments have
+been moderated
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+ align:start position:0%
+been moderated
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+been moderated
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they might be generated by people
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+specific
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of people to annotate comments as
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+ align:start position:0%
+to whether they think they're toxic or
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+we need to train it basically and the
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+
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+we need to train it basically and the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to train it is you look either like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to train it is you look either like
+harry set out historical data or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harry set out historical data or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harry set out historical data or you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your own data set where you and
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+
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+make your own data set where you and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team are you in a group of people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team are you in a group of people
+or you hire people to say this is toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you hire people to say this is toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you hire people to say this is toxic
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+
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+this is not toxic or let's keep this one
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+
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+this is not toxic or let's keep this one
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+let's not keep that one and that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not keep that one and that
+that annotation
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+ align:start position:0%
+that annotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that annotation
+that is how you make the machine
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+that is how you make the machine
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+that is how you make the machine
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+intelligent and so if we back up a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and so if we back up a
+little bit it's the human behavior
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+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it's the human behavior
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it's the human behavior
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+that is making the brain of the machine
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+
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+that's why you know that step is really
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+
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+that's why you know that step is really
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+important in there that that human
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+important in there that that human
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+step is also the step that we were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tune people into as not just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tune people into as not just
+being this like this objective thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being this like this objective thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being this like this objective thing
+that the the machine makes up by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the machine makes up by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the machine makes up by itself
+based on completely objective parameters
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+ align:start position:0%
+based on completely objective parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on completely objective parameters
+or whatever
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+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
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+
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+themselves building detectors for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves building detectors for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves building detectors for even
+more complicated things like like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated things like like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated things like like these
+toxicity detectors and that was what
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+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity detectors and that was what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxicity detectors and that was what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+together they designed a brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they designed a brand new
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they designed a brand new
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+annotating data sets and then they tried
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+thinking about data as this pre-existing
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+assignment is not to say that data is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+this created by how is it created what
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+but it also did something none of them
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+but it also did something none of them
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+
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+but it also did something none of them
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+had expected
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+had expected
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that surprised me most was the
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+
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+the thing that surprised me most was the
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+
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+number of students who said
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+
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+number of students who said
+i've never done an assignment like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've never done an assignment like this
+ 
+
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+i've never done an assignment like this
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+training right and this is an advanced
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+and for many people it was really the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data sets that they've been seeing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data sets that they've been seeing
+since you know their sophomore year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you know their sophomore year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you know their sophomore year
+were actually being generated
+
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+were actually being generated
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+were actually being generated
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+ align:start position:0%
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+subjectivity that annotators might have
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+so like subjectivity in labels and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like subjectivity in labels and data
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+entire
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizations that people came up with
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+for the same problem were drastically
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+ align:start position:0%
+for the same problem were drastically
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same problem were drastically
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some cases
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+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was like wow i was very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+surprised by the amount
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+my own
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and these students reflections actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these students reflections actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these students reflections actually
+pointed to much bigger questions within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed to much bigger questions within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed to much bigger questions within
+the field as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field as a whole
+of the numerous ways that uh hereini and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numerous ways that uh hereini and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numerous ways that uh hereini and
+catherine mentioned of constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catherine mentioned of constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catherine mentioned of constructing
+these data sets one that has become i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data sets one that has become i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data sets one that has become i
+think particularly important within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think particularly important within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think particularly important within the
+machine learning research community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning research community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning research community
+these days is crowdsourcing right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days is crowdsourcing right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days is crowdsourcing right where
+there's some sort of online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of online
+portal where people can log in and sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portal where people can log in and sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portal where people can log in and sign
+up for a you know teeny little labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for a you know teeny little labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for a you know teeny little labeling
+task like just look at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task like just look at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task like just look at this one
+picture and tell me whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and tell me whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and tell me whether or not
+there's a picture of a cat or look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a picture of a cat or look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a picture of a cat or look at
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+comment and tell me whether it's a toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment and tell me whether it's a toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment and tell me whether it's a toxic
+comment or not and then you get five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment or not and then you get five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment or not and then you get five
+cents or ten cents in exchange for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents or ten cents in exchange for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents or ten cents in exchange for doing
+this little micro task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little micro task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little micro task
+so there's two sorts of things to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two sorts of things to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two sorts of things to think
+about when using these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when using these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when using these kinds of
+platforms one is just thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms one is just thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms one is just thinking about the
+well-being of the annotators themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of the annotators themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of the annotators themselves
+right that it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that it's very easy to
+miscalibrate the amount of time that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscalibrate the amount of time that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscalibrate the amount of time that it
+takes to do one of these micro tasks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to do one of these micro tasks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to do one of these micro tasks and
+wind up not actually paying people a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up not actually paying people a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up not actually paying people a
+living wage for doing them and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living wage for doing them and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living wage for doing them and there are
+actually people all over the world who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people all over the world who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually people all over the world who
+rely on these kinds of crowdsourcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on these kinds of crowdsourcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on these kinds of crowdsourcing
+platforms as their primary source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms as their primary source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms as their primary source of
+income and another thing you know once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and another thing you know once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and another thing you know once
+you again start to think about tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again start to think about tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again start to think about tasks
+like toxic comment detection or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like toxic comment detection or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like toxic comment detection or even
+more sensitive things like recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive things like recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive things like recognizing
+images of pornography or images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of pornography or images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of pornography or images of
+violence or whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence or whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence or whatever it is
+relatively easy you know without you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy you know without you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy you know without you as
+the sort of system builder yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of system builder yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of system builder yourself
+having had to look at any of this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having had to look at any of this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having had to look at any of this data
+to dump just an enormous amount of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dump just an enormous amount of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dump just an enormous amount of like
+really traumatizing content on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really traumatizing content on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really traumatizing content on
+people who you're paying 10 cents a pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who you're paying 10 cents a pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who you're paying 10 cents a pop
+to label and there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label and there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label and there's all kinds of
+studies showing that you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies showing that you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies showing that you know people
+really experience post-traumatic stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really experience post-traumatic stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really experience post-traumatic stress
+disorder various other kinds of mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder various other kinds of mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder various other kinds of mental
+health issues when subjected to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health issues when subjected to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health issues when subjected to these
+kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things
+in our conversation this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our conversation this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our conversation this notion of
+context kept coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context kept coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context kept coming up
+the context in which data are created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context in which data are created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context in which data are created
+pulled from and annotated is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled from and annotated is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled from and annotated is incredibly
+important when thinking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when thinking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when thinking about how to
+improve machine learning systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve machine learning systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve machine learning systems
+one thing that comes to mind is desmond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that comes to mind is desmond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that comes to mind is desmond
+patton's lab at columbia he works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patton's lab at columbia he works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patton's lab at columbia he works on
+like context aware annotations of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like context aware annotations of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like context aware annotations of social
+media data so specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media data so specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media data so specifically
+the work of his that i've read is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of his that i've read is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of his that i've read is around
+twitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twitter
+so looking at tweets and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at tweets and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at tweets and specifically
+tweets in inner city chicago and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets in inner city chicago and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets in inner city chicago and they
+the task that they're trying to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task that they're trying to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task that they're trying to do is
+analyze tweets from gang involved youth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze tweets from gang involved youth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze tweets from gang involved youth
+in chicago and if you look at some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chicago and if you look at some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chicago and if you look at some of
+these tweets they're trying to annotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tweets they're trying to annotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tweets they're trying to annotate
+them with things like whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with things like whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with things like whether they're
+violent or whether they indicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent or whether they indicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent or whether they indicate that
+there's like a violent event going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a violent event going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a violent event going on
+and if you were to just read them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were to just read them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were to just read them
+without any awareness of the context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any awareness of the context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any awareness of the context and
+try to annotate them something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to annotate them something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to annotate them something that
+seems like it super violent if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it super violent if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it super violent if you
+actually were in the context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were in the context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were in the context and
+were part of that community you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were part of that community you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were part of that community you might
+know that it's like a lyric from a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's like a lyric from a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's like a lyric from a local
+rapper or something that requires a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapper or something that requires a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapper or something that requires a lot
+of community specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of community specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of community specific
+expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise
+so what they did in this project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did in this project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did in this project was
+actually get experts from the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get experts from the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get experts from the community
+to look through this data and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look through this data and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look through this data and do
+context-aware annotation and they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-aware annotation and they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context-aware annotation and they found
+that they were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were able to
+do like a much better analysis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a much better analysis of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a much better analysis of this
+data that was much more accurate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that was much more accurate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that was much more accurate and
+grounded in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded in the actual
+context that it was a part of so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that it was a part of so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that it was a part of so that's
+i think one example where if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think one example where if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think one example where if you were to
+just apply like generic tools you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just apply like generic tools you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just apply like generic tools you would
+really fail at this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fail at this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fail at this task
+there are problems pieces that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems pieces that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems pieces that are
+slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+less culturally fraught where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less culturally fraught where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less culturally fraught where there's
+less room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less room for
+stereotypes bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes bias
+pre-existing structural inequalities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existing structural inequalities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existing structural inequalities to
+enter into like if we're training a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into like if we're training a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into like if we're training a
+system to recognize numbers in an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to recognize numbers in an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to recognize numbers in an image
+you know what i mean that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what i mean that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what i mean that is just
+there's less there's less room i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less there's less room i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less there's less room i mean
+obviously there's still going to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's still going to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's still going to always
+be space for interpretation but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be space for interpretation but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be space for interpretation but like
+there's less room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less room
+because like we don't have pre-existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like we don't have pre-existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like we don't have pre-existing
+conceptions of number nine's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptions of number nine's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptions of number nine's
+unworthiness or something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unworthiness or something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unworthiness or something like this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but it's more when we enter into data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's more when we enter into data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's more when we enter into data
+about using human language or that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using human language or that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using human language or that is
+being used for decision making systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used for decision making systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used for decision making systems
+that have real life consequences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have real life consequences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have real life consequences for
+human beings so for training resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings so for training resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings so for training resume
+screeners for example so like systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screeners for example so like systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screeners for example so like systems
+where a large company would do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a large company would do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a large company would do an
+automated system to screen resumes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated system to screen resumes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated system to screen resumes and
+then only put the top ones you know up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only put the top ones you know up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then only put the top ones you know up
+to the the humans or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the humans or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the humans or whatever
+we're baking in a lot of biases in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're baking in a lot of biases in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're baking in a lot of biases in the
+process and that has to do with where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and that has to do with where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and that has to do with where
+the data are coming from it also has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data are coming from it also has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data are coming from it also has to
+do with who are labeling the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with who are labeling the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with who are labeling the data and
+then who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then who are
+developing the the technologies and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the the technologies and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the the technologies and it's
+not because they're evil you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because they're evil you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because they're evil you know like
+it's not because there's bad people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because there's bad people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not because there's bad people at
+all stages of this pipeline it's that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stages of this pipeline it's that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stages of this pipeline it's that we
+haven't we haven't sufficiently kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't we haven't sufficiently kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't we haven't sufficiently kind of
+trained people along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained people along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained people along the way
+there are tools to deal with bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tools to deal with bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tools to deal with bias
+stereotypes structural inequalities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes structural inequalities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes structural inequalities but
+they just they come from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just they come from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just they come from other
+disciplines so how do we bring those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines so how do we bring those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines so how do we bring those
+things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together
+to ultimately develop a more robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ultimately develop a more robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ultimately develop a more robust
+system that works better for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that works better for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that works better for everybody
+but just because the data are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just because the data are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just because the data are not the
+subjective ground truth doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective ground truth doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective ground truth doesn't mean
+like we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we just
+throw up our hands or like forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw up our hands or like forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw up our hands or like forget about
+it we can never do anything it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can never do anything it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can never do anything it just
+means we have to enter with more caution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have to enter with more caution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have to enter with more caution
+and more transparency and reflexivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more transparency and reflexivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more transparency and reflexivity
+around what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around what are
+the boundaries and the applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries and the applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries and the applications of
+the knowledge that we're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge that we're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge that we're producing
+i asked jacob harini and catherine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i asked jacob harini and catherine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i asked jacob harini and catherine what
+they'd like to hear from you our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to hear from you our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to hear from you our
+listeners about how to help students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners about how to help students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners about how to help students
+take a critical approach to computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a critical approach to computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a critical approach to computing
+one question that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question that i have
+that i've been thinking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've been thinking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i've been thinking about is
+what's the right format to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right format to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right format to
+introduce students to these concerns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce students to these concerns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce students to these concerns so
+in this case we did an assignment within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we did an assignment within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we did an assignment within
+a machine learning class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning class
+and i wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wonder
+like how does that compare to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how does that compare to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how does that compare to sort of
+having it be a small portion of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it be a small portion of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it be a small portion of every
+assignment instead of just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment instead of just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment instead of just one
+assignment or how does that compare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or how does that compare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment or how does that compare to
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+a class that's like more primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class that's like more primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class that's like more primarily
+dedicated to social and ethical concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to social and ethical concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to social and ethical concerns
+this is my eternal thing with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my eternal thing with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my eternal thing with these
+classes there's like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes there's like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes there's like how do you
+weave in the critical while still giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weave in the critical while still giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weave in the critical while still giving
+people like empowering people with tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like empowering people with tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like empowering people with tools
+to to ultimately change practices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to ultimately change practices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to ultimately change practices and
+also to change the tools eventually too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to change the tools eventually too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to change the tools eventually too
+because the tools don't in themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the tools don't in themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the tools don't in themselves
+also work perfectly they all have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work perfectly they all have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work perfectly they all have their
+own politics so if people have ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own politics so if people have ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own politics so if people have ideas
+about how do you both build skills but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you both build skills but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you both build skills but
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+have them interrogating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them interrogating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them interrogating
+tools interrogating politics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools interrogating politics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools interrogating politics the
+critical context in which the tools are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical context in which the tools are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical context in which the tools are
+used i would love feedback or ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used i would love feedback or ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used i would love feedback or ideas
+around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have insights to share about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have insights to share about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have insights to share about
+engaging students in thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging students in thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging students in thinking about the
+social and ethical responsibilities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and ethical responsibilities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social and ethical responsibilities in
+computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing
+please get in touch with us at the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please get in touch with us at the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please get in touch with us at the link
+in our show notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our show notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our show notes
+and when you do you'll be joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do you'll be joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do you'll be joining
+catherine harini and jacob in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catherine harini and jacob in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catherine harini and jacob in
+spotlighting just how human the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlighting just how human the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlighting just how human the digital
+world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is
+if you're interested in learning from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in learning from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in learning from
+their open and free teaching materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their open and free teaching materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their open and free teaching materials
+or remixing them in your own teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remixing them in your own teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remixing them in your own teaching
+you can find them on our mit open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find them on our mit open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find them on our mit open
+courseware website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware website
+thank you so much for listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening
+until next time signing off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+cambridge massachusetts i'm your host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge massachusetts i'm your host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge massachusetts i'm your host
+sarah hansen from mit opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah hansen from mit opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarah hansen from mit opencourseware
+chalk radio's producers include myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk radio's producers include myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk radio's producers include myself
+red pachy and dave lachansky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red pachy and dave lachansky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red pachy and dave lachansky
+scriptwriting assistance from aubrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptwriting assistance from aubrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptwriting assistance from aubrey
+callaway show notes for this episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callaway show notes for this episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callaway show notes for this episode
+were written by peter chipman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were written by peter chipman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were written by peter chipman
+the circ resource site on ocw was built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circ resource site on ocw was built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circ resource site on ocw was built
+by kathleen nalazetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by kathleen nalazetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by kathleen nalazetti
+we're funded by mit open learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're funded by mit open learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're funded by mit open learning and
+supporters like you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Mh8vUEStCQ8.txt b/Mh8vUEStCQ8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1133aaac05db9890781a100924a75200b6c3f847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mh8vUEStCQ8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to understand now our observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand now our observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand now our observable
+so we said these are observable so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said these are observable so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said these are observable so can
+we observe them can we have a state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe them can we have a state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe them can we have a state in
+which we say what is the value of LX the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we say what is the value of LX the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we say what is the value of LX the
+value of ly and the value of LZ well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of ly and the value of LZ well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of ly and the value of LZ well a
+little caution is necessary because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little caution is necessary because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little caution is necessary because we
+had state and we have position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had state and we have position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had state and we have position and
+momentum operator and they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator and they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator and they didn't
+commute and we ended up that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and we ended up that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and we ended up that we could
+not tell simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tell simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tell simultaneously
+the position and the momentum of a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position and the momentum of a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position and the momentum of a state
+so for this angular momentum operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this angular momentum operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this angular momentum operators
+they don't commute so a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't commute so a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't commute so a similar
+situation may be happening so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation may be happening so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation may be happening so I want to
+explain for example or ask can we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have simultaneous aeneas eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dainius eigenstates of LX ly and LZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dainius eigenstates of LX ly and LZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dainius eigenstates of LX ly and LZ and
+the answer is no and let's see why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no and let's see why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no and let's see why that
+happens so let's assume we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so let's assume we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so let's assume we can have
+simultaneous eigen States and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous eigen States and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous eigen States and let's
+assume for example at LX on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for example at LX on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for example at LX on that
+eigenstate Phi naught is some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate Phi naught is some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate Phi naught is some number
+lambda X Phi naught and ly on Phi naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X Phi naught and ly on Phi naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X Phi naught and ly on Phi naught
+is equal to lambda Y fine up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the difficulty with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the difficulty with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the difficulty with this is
+essentially well we could even say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially well we could even say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially well we could even say that
+LZ on Phi naught is equal to lambda Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ on Phi naught is equal to lambda Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ on Phi naught is equal to lambda Z
+Phi naught so what is the complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi naught so what is the complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi naught so what is the complication
+the complication are those commetators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complication are those commetators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complication are those commetators
+if you do LX ly on Phi naught you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do LX ly on Phi naught you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do LX ly on Phi naught you're
+supposed to get I h-bar LZ or Phi naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get I h-bar LZ or Phi naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get I h-bar LZ or Phi naught
+and therefore you're supposed to get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you're supposed to get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you're supposed to get I
+h-bar lambda Z times Phi naught because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar lambda Z times Phi naught because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar lambda Z times Phi naught because
+it's supposed to be an eigenstate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be an eigenstate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be an eigenstate but
+how about the left hand side the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the left hand side the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the left hand side the left
+hand side is LX ly on Phi naught minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is LX ly on Phi naught minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is LX ly on Phi naught minus
+ly LX and Phi naught when ly acts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly LX and Phi naught when ly acts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly LX and Phi naught when ly acts it
+produces a lambda Y but then find not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a lambda Y but then find not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a lambda Y but then find not
+and then when L exile to possess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when L exile to possess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when L exile to possess a
+lambda X so this produces lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X so this produces lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X so this produces lambda X
+lambda Y Phi naught minus lambda Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Y Phi naught minus lambda Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Y Phi naught minus lambda Y
+lambda X Phi naught which is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X Phi naught which is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X Phi naught which is the same
+thing so the left hand side is 0 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the left hand side is 0 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the left hand side is 0 0 is
+equal to lambda Z Phi naught so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda Z Phi naught so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda Z Phi naught so you get
+the lambda Z must be 0 if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda Z must be 0 if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda Z must be 0 if you have a
+non-trivial state lambda Z should be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial state lambda Z should be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial state lambda Z should be 0
+by the other commutator z-- this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the other commutator z-- this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the other commutator z-- this
+commutator applied to find out would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator applied to find out would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator applied to find out would be
+0 again because each term produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 again because each term produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 again because each term produces a
+number and the order doesn't matter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the order doesn't matter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the order doesn't matter but
+then we would show that lambda X is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would show that lambda X is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would show that lambda X is 0
+and this will show that lambda y is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will show that lambda y is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will show that lambda y is zero
+so at the end of the day if these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end of the day if these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end of the day if these three
+things hold then all of them are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things hold then all of them are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things hold then all of them are zero
+lambda X equal lambda y equal lambda Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X equal lambda y equal lambda Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X equal lambda y equal lambda Z
+equals zero so you can have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so you can have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so you can have something
+that is killed by all of the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is killed by all of the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is killed by all of the operators
+but you cannot have a non-trivial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you cannot have a non-trivial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you cannot have a non-trivial state
+with non-trivial eigen values of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non-trivial eigen values of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non-trivial eigen values of these
+things so we cannot have we cannot tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we cannot have we cannot tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we cannot have we cannot tell
+what is LX on the state and ly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is LX on the state and ly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is LX on the state and ly on the
+state simultaneously any of those two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state simultaneously any of those two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state simultaneously any of those two is
+too much so if we can't tell that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much so if we can't tell that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much so if we can't tell that what
+can we tell so what is the most we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we tell so what is the most we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we tell so what is the most we can
+tell about the state is our question now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about the state is our question now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about the state is our question now
+we can tell maybe what is its value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tell maybe what is its value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tell maybe what is its value of
+LX but then ly and LZ are undetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX but then ly and LZ are undetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX but then ly and LZ are undetermined
+or we can tell what is LZ and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can tell what is LZ and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can tell what is LZ and then
+election ly are in the path undetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election ly are in the path undetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election ly are in the path undetermined
+uncalculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncalculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncalculated
+impossible in principle to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible in principle to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible in principle to calculate
+them so let's see what we can do and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's see what we can do and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's see what we can do and the
+answer comes from a rather surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer comes from a rather surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer comes from a rather surprising
+thing the the fact that if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the the fact that if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the the fact that if you think
+about what could commute with LX ly LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what could commute with LX ly LZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what could commute with LX ly LZ
+it should be a rotationally invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a rotationally invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a rotationally invariant
+thing because LX ly and LZ do rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because LX ly and LZ do rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because LX ly and LZ do rotations
+so the only thing that could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only thing that could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only thing that could possibly
+commute with with this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute with with this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute with with this thing is
+something that is rotationally invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is rotationally invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is rotationally invariant
+the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that
+could workout is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could workout is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could workout is something that is
+invariant under rotations now we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant under rotations now we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant under rotations now we said
+for example the magnitude of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the magnitude of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the magnitude of of the
+vector R is invariant under rotation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector R is invariant under rotation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector R is invariant under rotation you
+rotate the vector but the magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the vector but the magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the vector but the magnitude is
+invariant so we can try the operator l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so we can try the operator l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so we can try the operator l
+squared which is proportionate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is proportionate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which is proportionate to the
+magnitude squared so we define it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared so we define it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared so we define it to be
+LX LX plus ly ly plus LZ LZ and we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX LX plus ly ly plus LZ LZ and we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX LX plus ly ly plus LZ LZ and we try
+it we try to see if maybe LX commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we try to see if maybe LX commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we try to see if maybe LX commutes
+with l squared remember we had a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with l squared remember we had a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with l squared remember we had a role
+for l squared in this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for l squared in this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for l squared in this differential
+operator that had the Laplace sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that had the Laplace sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that had the Laplace sure the
+angular part of the laplacian was a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part of the laplacian was a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular part of the laplacian was a role
+for l squared so l squared is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for l squared so l squared is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for l squared so l squared is starting
+to come back so let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back so let's see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back so let's see here
+this is LX now I'll write the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is LX now I'll write the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is LX now I'll write the whole
+thing LX LX plus ly ly plus LZ LZ now LX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing LX LX plus ly ly plus LZ LZ now LX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing LX LX plus ly ly plus LZ LZ now LX
+and LX commute so I don't have to bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LX commute so I don't have to bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LX commute so I don't have to bother
+with this thing that's zero but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing that's zero but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing that's zero but the
+other ones don't commute so let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones don't commute so let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones don't commute so let's do the
+distributive law so this would be a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law so this would be a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law so this would be a and
+L X ly ly plus ly LX ly this is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L X ly ly plus ly LX ly this is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L X ly ly plus ly LX ly this is from the
+first plus LX l z LZ plus LZ l x LZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first plus LX l z LZ plus LZ l x LZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first plus LX l z LZ plus LZ l x LZ and
+you know if you don't put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't put these
+operators in the right order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the right order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in the right order you
+don't get the right answer so I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the right answer so I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the right answer so I think I
+did yes it's correct now you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did yes it's correct now you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did yes it's correct now you use the
+commutator and hope for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator and hope for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator and hope for the best
+so LX ly is IH bar LZ ly LX ly is plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LX ly is IH bar LZ ly LX ly is plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LX ly is IH bar LZ ly LX ly is plus I
+h-bar ly LZ so far no signs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar ly LZ so far no signs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar ly LZ so far no signs of
+cancelling these two things are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling these two things are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling these two things are very
+different from each other they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other they don't
+even appear with a minus sign so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even appear with a minus sign so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even appear with a minus sign so this is
+not the commutator but anyway what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the commutator but anyway what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the commutator but anyway what is
+this LX with LZ well you should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this LX with LZ well you should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this LX with LZ well you should always
+think cyclical e LZ with LX is IH bar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think cyclical e LZ with LX is IH bar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think cyclical e LZ with LX is IH bar so
+this would be minus IH bar ly LZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be minus IH bar ly LZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be minus IH bar ly LZ and
+this is again LZ with her legs would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again LZ with her legs would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again LZ with her legs would
+have been IH bar ly so this is minus IH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been IH bar ly so this is minus IH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been IH bar ly so this is minus IH
+bar LZ ly and it better cancel yes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar LZ ly and it better cancel yes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar LZ ly and it better cancel yes this
+term cancels with the first and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term cancels with the first and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term cancels with the first and this
+term cancels with this and you get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term cancels with this and you get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term cancels with this and you get zero
+that's an incredible relief because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an incredible relief because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an incredible relief because now
+you have a second operator that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a second operator that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a second operator that is
+measurable simultaneously you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable simultaneously you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable simultaneously you can get
+eigenstates that our eigenstate of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates that our eigenstate of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates that our eigenstate of one
+of the else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the else
+for example LX and l squared because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example LX and l squared because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example LX and l squared because
+they commute and you won't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they commute and you won't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they commute and you won't have the
+problems you have there in fact it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you have there in fact it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you have there in fact it's a
+general theorem of linear algebra that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theorem of linear algebra that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theorem of linear algebra that
+we'll see a little bit of that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see a little bit of that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see a little bit of that in in
+this course and you see more completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and you see more completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and you see more completely
+in 805 that if you have two hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 805 that if you have two hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 805 that if you have two hermitian
+operators that commute you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that commute you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that commute you can find
+thing is eigenstates of both operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is eigenstates of both operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is eigenstates of both operators
+mean eigenstates that are eigenstates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean eigenstates that are eigenstates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean eigenstates that are eigenstates of
+one an eigenstate of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an eigenstate of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an eigenstate of the second
+simultaneous eigen states are possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous eigen states are possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous eigen states are possible
+so we can find simultaneous eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can find simultaneous eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can find simultaneous eigen states
+of these operators and in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these operators and in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these operators and in fact you can
+find simultaneous eigen states of LX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find simultaneous eigen states of LX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find simultaneous eigen states of LX and
+l squared but given the security of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l squared but given the security of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l squared but given the security of all
+this it also means that ly commutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it also means that ly commutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it also means that ly commutes with
+l squared and that LZ also commutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l squared and that LZ also commutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l squared and that LZ also commutes with
+l squared so you have a choice you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l squared so you have a choice you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l squared so you have a choice you can
+choose LX ly or LZ and l squared and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose LX ly or LZ and l squared and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose LX ly or LZ and l squared and try
+to form simultaneous eigen states from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form simultaneous eigen states from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form simultaneous eigen states from
+all these operators two of them let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these operators two of them let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these operators two of them let's
+study those operators as differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study those operators as differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study those operators as differential
+operators a little bit so x y and z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators a little bit so x y and z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators a little bit so x y and z are
+your spherical coordinates they are R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spherical coordinates they are R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spherical coordinates they are R
+sine theta cos Phi R sine theta sine Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta cos Phi R sine theta sine Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta cos Phi R sine theta sine Phi
+and R cos theta we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R cos theta we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R cos theta we're trying to
+calculate the differential operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the differential operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the differential operators
+associated with angular momentum using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with angular momentum using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with angular momentum using
+spherical coordinates so R is x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates so R is x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates so R is x squared
+plus y squared plus Z spirt theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y squared plus Z spirt theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y squared plus Z spirt theta is
+cosine minus 1 of Z over R and Phi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine minus 1 of Z over R and Phi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine minus 1 of Z over R and Phi is
+tan minus 1 Y over Z and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan minus 1 Y over Z and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan minus 1 Y over Z and there's
+something very nice about one angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very nice about one angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very nice about one angular
+momentum operator in spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator in spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator in spherical
+coordinates there's only one angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates there's only one angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates there's only one angular
+momentum that is very simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that is very simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that is very simple it's
+rotations about Z rotations about Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations about Z rotations about Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations about Z rotations about Z
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+change the angle theta of spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the angle theta of spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the angle theta of spherical
+coordinates just change the angle Phi R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates just change the angle Phi R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates just change the angle Phi R
+doesn't change the other rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the other rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the other rotation
+rotation about X messes up Phi and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about X messes up Phi and theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about X messes up Phi and theta
+and all the others are complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the others are complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the others are complicated so
+maybe we can have some luck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can have some luck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can have some luck and
+understand what is on D D Phi D D Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is on D D Phi D D Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is on D D Phi D D Phi
+operator well the D D Phi operator is d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator well the D D Phi operator is d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator well the D D Phi operator is d
+D Y D Y D Phi plus D D X the X the Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Y D Y D Phi plus D D X the X the Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Y D Y D Phi plus D D X the X the Phi
+rules of chain rule for partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of chain rule for partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of chain rule for partial
+derivatives plus D DZ DZ D Phi but Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives plus D DZ DZ D Phi but Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives plus D DZ DZ D Phi but Z
+doesn't depend on Phi on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on Phi on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on Phi on the other hand
+D Y D Phi is what the Y B Phi this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Y D Phi is what the Y B Phi this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Y D Phi is what the Y B Phi this
+becomes a closed file is X X D dy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a closed file is X X D dy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a closed file is X X D dy and
+the X D Phi is minus y and you say wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X D Phi is minus y and you say wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X D Phi is minus y and you say wow
+XD dy is like X py minus ypx at the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XD dy is like X py minus ypx at the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XD dy is like X py minus ypx at the Z
+component of angular momentum so indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular momentum so indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of angular momentum so indeed
+LZ which is H bar over I x DD y minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ which is H bar over I x DD y minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LZ which is H bar over I x DD y minus y
+d DX h bar over is because of the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d DX h bar over is because of the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d DX h bar over is because of the piece
+XP y minus y PX and this thing is DD Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP y minus y PX and this thing is DD Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP y minus y PX and this thing is DD Phi
+so LZ of this cover is just H bar over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LZ of this cover is just H bar over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LZ of this cover is just H bar over I
+B D Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B D Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B D Phi
+a very nice intuition that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice intuition that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice intuition that tells you
+that the angular momentum in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angular momentum in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angular momentum in the Z
+Direction is associated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction is associated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction is associated with this
+operator so I have left as exercises to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so I have left as exercises to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so I have left as exercises to
+calculate the other operators that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the other operators that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the other operators that are
+more messy and to calculate LX ly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more messy and to calculate LX ly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more messy and to calculate LX ly as
+well in terms of DV Thetas and D defies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in terms of DV Thetas and D defies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in terms of DV Thetas and D defies
+and as you remember angular momentum has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you remember angular momentum has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you remember angular momentum has
+units of h-bar and angles have no unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of h-bar and angles have no unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of h-bar and angles have no unit
+so the units are good and we should find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the units are good and we should find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the units are good and we should find
+that so that calculation is left as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that calculation is left as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that calculation is left as an
+exercise but now you probably could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but now you probably could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but now you probably could
+believe that l squared which is LX LX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that l squared which is LX LX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that l squared which is LX LX
+plus ly ly plus LZ LZ is really minus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ly ly plus LZ LZ is really minus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ly ly plus LZ LZ is really minus H
+squared 1 over sine theta DD theta now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 over sine theta DD theta now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 over sine theta DD theta now
+itself not 1 over sine theta oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself not 1 over sine theta oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself not 1 over sine theta oh yeah
+1 over sine theta DV theta sine theta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over sine theta DV theta sine theta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over sine theta DV theta sine theta V
+V theta plus 1 over sine squared theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V theta plus 1 over sine squared theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V theta plus 1 over sine squared theta D
+second D Phi squared so they claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second D Phi squared so they claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second D Phi squared so they claimed
+that they had relating the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had relating the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had relating the angular
+momentum operator to the laplacian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator to the laplacian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operator to the laplacian is
+true but you know you now see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but you know you now see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but you know you now see the
+beginning of how you calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of how you calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of how you calculate these
+things but it will be a simple and nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it will be a simple and nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it will be a simple and nice
+exercise for you to do it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MjMIzW-ffQA.txt b/MjMIzW-ffQA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c30822004b536ba3442fe1a081303524e9d162b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MjMIzW-ffQA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12504 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I have a two set of handouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I have a two set of handouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I have a two set of handouts
+if you don't get a copy it's all on web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get a copy it's all on web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get a copy it's all on web
+okay and if uh I do this well every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if uh I do this well every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if uh I do this well every time
+uh you should get a hand out and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should get a hand out and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should get a hand out and my
+objective is uh for you to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is uh for you to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is uh for you to focus on
+listening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and
+discussion not to uh take notes uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion not to uh take notes uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion not to uh take notes uh so
+it's all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all your
+handout uh or you go uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+online Okay um it's an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online Okay um it's an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online Okay um it's an experimental
+course uh the first time I'm offering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh the first time I'm offering it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh the first time I'm offering it
+uh so it has a special uh say two uh 997
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it has a special uh say two uh 997
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it has a special uh say two uh 997
+uh Lum UH 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lum UH 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lum UH 60
+units uh I uh if you look at the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh I uh if you look at the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units uh I uh if you look at the hand
+out if you printed it yesterday I Chang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you printed it yesterday I Chang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you printed it yesterday I Chang
+something and one of the Chang is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and one of the Chang is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and one of the Chang is very
+important uh this course will be uh pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh this course will be uh pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh this course will be uh pass
+speld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speld
+basis okay and what does it mean is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis okay and what does it mean is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis okay and what does it mean is if
+you are undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are undergraduate
+student uh for example in course two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh for example in course two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh for example in course two uh
+pass field uh could count for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass field uh could count for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass field uh could count for
+unrestricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted
+electric but it does not count for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric but it does not count for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric but it does not count for
+restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted
+elect and if you are course 2 a it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect and if you are course 2 a it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect and if you are course 2 a it does
+not come for your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come for your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come for your uh
+concentration okay and if you graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration okay and if you graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration okay and if you graduate
+student uh this is a not Edge level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh this is a not Edge level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh this is a not Edge level
+course it's not Edge level course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's not Edge level course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's not Edge level course so
+those are the uh just for your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the uh just for your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the uh just for your uh
+clarification and uh if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification and uh if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification and uh if you look at the
+handout uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout uh the
+syllabus uh what we will have first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus uh what we will have first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus uh what we will have first is
+once a week at this time and also um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a week at this time and also um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a week at this time and also um I
+have office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have office
+hour and I have a one ta uh Daniel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and I have a one ta uh Daniel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and I have a one ta uh Daniel is
+here uh you can contact him if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh you can contact him if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh you can contact him if you have
+questions uh if necessary will ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh if necessary will ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh if necessary will ask
+Daniel also set up office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel also set up office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel also set up office
+hour and uh uh what else I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and uh uh what else I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and uh uh what else I don't have a
+copy in my hand take a look thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy in my hand take a look thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy in my hand take a look thank
+you uh in terms of the requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in terms of the requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in terms of the requirement
+homework uh my uh uh the homework is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh my uh uh the homework is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh my uh uh the homework is
+every week I will assign one reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week I will assign one reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week I will assign one reading and
+you will turn in your report one page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will turn in your report one page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will turn in your report one page
+summary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the
+reading uh uh you can uh summarize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh uh you can uh summarize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh uh you can uh summarize what
+do you understand what you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you understand what you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you understand what you do not
+understand and uh uh that's the um I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and uh uh that's the um I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and uh uh that's the um I do
+not see we given actual Lumber homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see we given actual Lumber homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see we given actual Lumber homeworks
+so it's a reading based uh homework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a reading based uh homework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a reading based uh homework and
+at the end of the uh semester uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the uh semester uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the uh semester uh you
+will write a final uh report project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write a final uh report project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write a final uh report project
+report and the detail of the report uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and the detail of the report uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and the detail of the report uh
+will laun uh in the middle of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will laun uh in the middle of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will laun uh in the middle of the uh
+semester um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay uh if not uh I will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay uh if not uh I will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay uh if not uh I will uh
+start like I said uh all the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start like I said uh all the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start like I said uh all the um uh
+everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+online and uh uh you can draw down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and uh uh you can draw down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and uh uh you can draw down
+whatever notes you want but uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever notes you want but uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever notes you want but uh my
+purpose is not to have you write too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is not to have you write too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is not to have you write too
+much and uh focus on this I do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and uh focus on this I do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and uh focus on this I do not have
+a textbook on this uh so let me uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textbook on this uh so let me uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textbook on this uh so let me uh start
+so this course if you look at the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this course if you look at the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this course if you look at the title
+is a direct solar thermal uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct solar thermal uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct solar thermal uh to
+electrical energy conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical energy conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical energy conversion
+Technologies there are few uh points I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies there are few uh points I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies there are few uh points I
+want to uh emphasize one is uh is is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh emphasize one is uh is is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh emphasize one is uh is is a a
+heat based course solar thermal this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat based course solar thermal this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat based course solar thermal this is
+all focused on the thermal aspect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all focused on the thermal aspect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all focused on the thermal aspect the
+solar energy is uh in this course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy is uh in this course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy is uh in this course is a
+big giant uh heat source and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big giant uh heat source and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big giant uh heat source and uh the
+other aspect important in this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect important in this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect important in this course is
+the direct energy conversion so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct energy conversion so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct energy conversion so the
+focus is on how to convert the heat into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is on how to convert the heat into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is on how to convert the heat into
+electricity directly without the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity directly without the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity directly without the moving
+parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts
+and when I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I see the
+technology uh uh you uh realize that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh uh you uh realize that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh uh you uh realize that we
+move on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on those
+Technologies uh some already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies uh some already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies uh some already
+existing but clearity is not widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing but clearity is not widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing but clearity is not widely
+spread used right the it's not widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread used right the it's not widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread used right the it's not widely
+used so they are still under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so they are still under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so they are still under
+development and uh uh whether we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and uh uh whether we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and uh uh whether we work
+out or not not down the road uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or not not down the road uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or not not down the road uh is not
+pretty sure but say that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure but say that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure but say that's your
+opportunities you're here to do research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities you're here to do research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities you're here to do research
+uh and future development and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and future development and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and future development and maybe you
+will uh push some of this technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh push some of this technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh push some of this technology to
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+world so uh I will uh start with uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so uh I will uh start with uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so uh I will uh start with uh this
+slide to make a case that is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide to make a case that is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide to make a case that is important
+that we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think about
+heat uh you can start either from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat uh you can start either from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat uh you can start either from the
+input side look at how we are using all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input side look at how we are using all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input side look at how we are using all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+energy fossil fuel or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy fossil fuel or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy fossil fuel or even
+nuclear the energy source from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear the energy source from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear the energy source from the
+energy source to convert this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source to convert this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source to convert this energy
+into electricity into mechanical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into electricity into mechanical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into electricity into mechanical energy
+you can see more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see more than
+90% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% is
+VP right the uh uh mostly is a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP right the uh uh mostly is a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP right the uh uh mostly is a thermal
+mechanical means to convert the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical means to convert the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical means to convert the energy
+uh into either mechanical energy uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into either mechanical energy uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into either mechanical energy uh or
+uh um electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um electrical
+energy and the other aspect is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the other aspect is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the other aspect is look
+at the end use how much energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end use how much energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end use how much energy is
+lost right and you count all the uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost right and you count all the uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost right and you count all the uh say
+uh lers there you'll find out that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lers there you'll find out that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lers there you'll find out that more
+than 60 about 60 to 70% of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 60 about 60 to 70% of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 60 about 60 to 70% of the energy
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+wasted so uh what we are looking into is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted so uh what we are looking into is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted so uh what we are looking into is
+whether we can developable alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can developable alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can developable alternative
+ways to either use the input energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to either use the input energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to either use the input energy or
+uh convert some of the wite energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+uh 10% missing you have to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10% missing you have to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10% missing you have to look at the
+sum of this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of this end
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh we're talking about the esources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we're talking about the esources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we're talking about the esources
+so just a few examples if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a few examples if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a few examples if you look at
+the the driving efficiency as amaz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the driving efficiency as amaz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the driving efficiency as amaz is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+20% right and if you want to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% right and if you want to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% right and if you want to remember
+it's easy just say about one3 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy just say about one3 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy just say about one3 of the
+energy goes through the tail pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes through the tail pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes through the tail pipe
+exhaust the Ser rly goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust the Ser rly goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust the Ser rly goes to the
+radiator right those are completed wisd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiator right those are completed wisd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiator right those are completed wisd
+so can we recover some of this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we recover some of this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we recover some of this energy
+and in fact uh uh uh this is challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uh uh uh this is challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact uh uh uh this is challenging
+because it's a mobile you have to Fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a mobile you have to Fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a mobile you have to Fed
+into the compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the compact
+systems and in those cases uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and in those cases uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and in those cases uh uh in
+terms of people are looking at the VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of people are looking at the VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of people are looking at the VAR
+options but say uh Direct the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options but say uh Direct the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options but say uh Direct the mechanical
+way of converting this energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of converting this energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of converting this energy into
+electricity is not very feasible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is not very feasible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is not very feasible so
+there are a lot of companies looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of companies looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of companies looking to
+Thermo Electric for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and
+uh now you look at another way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you look at another way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now you look at another way that we
+use energy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use energy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use energy is the
+buildings and uh give an example in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and uh give an example in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and uh give an example in New
+England in the winter all home furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England in the winter all home furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England in the winter all home furnace
+boilers most of time they are on lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilers most of time they are on lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boilers most of time they are on lot
+very open the arm right and this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very open the arm right and this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very open the arm right and this a
+combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion
+process and I end what you were using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and I end what you were using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and I end what you were using it
+for H shower heat up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for H shower heat up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for H shower heat up the
+room right that's a low quality heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room right that's a low quality heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room right that's a low quality heat
+Source once you quench to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source once you quench to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source once you quench to this
+temperature you you have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you you have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you you have high
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+combustion you quench to low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion you quench to low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion you quench to low temperature
+just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a
+shower and you are generating lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower and you are generating lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shower and you are generating lot of
+entropy and and uh in some regions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and and uh in some regions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and and uh in some regions there
+big uh cold fire power plant or oil fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh cold fire power plant or oil fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh cold fire power plant or oil fire
+power plant right in this cases people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant right in this cases people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant right in this cases people
+take the Steam and Supply the heat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Steam and Supply the heat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Steam and Supply the heat to
+the community that's a electricity heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community that's a electricity heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community that's a electricity heat
+co uh Co generation Coen plant right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co uh Co generation Coen plant right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co uh Co generation Coen plant right but
+we don't do this at home the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do this at home the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do this at home the technology
+is not out there yet people are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not out there yet people are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not out there yet people are still
+people are pushing and in fact there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pushing and in fact there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pushing and in fact there is
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+Honda uh is fine for examp developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honda uh is fine for examp developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honda uh is fine for examp developing
+home stand alone internal combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home stand alone internal combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home stand alone internal combustion
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+system uh but it's not still not taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh but it's not still not taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh but it's not still not taking
+advantage during the compression during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage during the compression during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage during the compression during
+the heat of the hot water process we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of the hot water process we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of the hot water process we are
+really generating lot of introp we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really generating lot of introp we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really generating lot of introp we are
+wasting useful energy when we de develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting useful energy when we de develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting useful energy when we de develop
+uh technologies that can do for home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cenation industrial process right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cenation industrial process right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cenation industrial process right that's
+about another third of the uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another third of the uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another third of the uh energy
+that's used and uh uh there P sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used and uh uh there P sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used and uh uh there P sources of
+different temperature worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature worldwide
+temperature range once I visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature range once I visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature range once I visited
+aluminum smelter plant so that's a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum smelter plant so that's a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum smelter plant so that's a just
+converting aluminum oxide into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting aluminum oxide into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting aluminum oxide into
+aluminum and and the process is a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and and the process is a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and and the process is a high
+temperature electrochemical process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature electrochemical process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature electrochemical process so
+you heat up aluminum oxide to Mel State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat up aluminum oxide to Mel State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat up aluminum oxide to Mel State
+and then you use electrocam way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use electrocam way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use electrocam way to
+extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the
+aluminum and those plants are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and those plants are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and those plants are typically
+build just beside power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build just beside power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build just beside power plants
+electrical power plants the plant that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power plants the plant that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power plants the plant that I
+with is 500 megawatt electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is 500 megawatt electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is 500 megawatt electrical
+input okay that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input okay that's a huge
+power generation uh say power required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power generation uh say power required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power generation uh say power required
+just give an example how much is 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give an example how much is 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give an example how much is 500
+megawatt a typical power plant is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt a typical power plant is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt a typical power plant is about
+the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1
+GW and the word solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GW and the word solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GW and the word solar
+installation Sol phot will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation Sol phot will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation Sol phot will take
+installation installation it's about 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation installation it's about 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation installation it's about 6
+GW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GW
+now so one power plant uh one aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so one power plant uh one aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so one power plant uh one aluminum
+smelter plant takes 500 me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelter plant takes 500 me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelter plant takes 500 me
+and of course there is part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there is part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there is part of this
+aluminum oxide to aluminum energy stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum oxide to aluminum energy stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum oxide to aluminum energy stored
+as chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chemical
+energy but half of this is dumped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but half of this is dumped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but half of this is dumped into
+environment as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+right and there's right now there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's right now there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's right now there's no
+technology to really recoup this into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to really recoup this into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to really recoup this into uh
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you think about this is the waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you think about this is the waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you think about this is the waste
+he right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he right
+Renewables when we think about the fot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables when we think about the fot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables when we think about the fot
+will take uh solar we often think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take uh solar we often think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take uh solar we often think about
+foto Volt take but fundamentally solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foto Volt take but fundamentally solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foto Volt take but fundamentally solar
+is a high temperature P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high temperature P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high temperature P
+Source uh anyone know the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source uh anyone know the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source uh anyone know the equivalent
+temperature of the solar radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the solar radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the solar radiation
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close it's about yeah 6,000 K 580
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it's about yeah 6,000 K 580
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it's about yeah 6,000 K 580
+100 5 800 okay and geothermal those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 5 800 okay and geothermal those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 5 800 okay and geothermal those are
+renewable those are heat sources right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable those are heat sources right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable those are heat sources right
+so uh how we can can we use as a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how we can can we use as a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how we can can we use as a heat
+and in fact if you look at how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you look at how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you look at how people
+what the people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the people are doing
+now uh the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the solar
+utilization the uh biggest installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization the uh biggest installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization the uh biggest installation
+is in sort of water not in P just hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in sort of water not in P just hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in sort of water not in P just hot
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+and uh uh I came from China when I grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh I came from China when I grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh I came from China when I grew
+up there was no hot water so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there was no hot water so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there was no hot water so I don't
+didn't sell them I take a shower no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't sell them I take a shower no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't sell them I take a shower no
+water in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in the
+winter and noway when I go back home we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter and noway when I go back home we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter and noway when I go back home we
+have solar hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solar hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solar hot
+water and uh it was a really fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and uh it was a really fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and uh it was a really fundamental
+lifechanging technology very cheap but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifechanging technology very cheap but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifechanging technology very cheap but
+it's actually Hightech so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually Hightech so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually Hightech so here I'm
+showing uh uh the uh sort of how water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing uh uh the uh sort of how water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing uh uh the uh sort of how water
+system that's videly used in China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's videly used in China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's videly used in China and
+give say aut magnitude it's about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give say aut magnitude it's about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give say aut magnitude it's about 100
+million square meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million square meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million square meter
+installation 100 million square meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation 100 million square meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation 100 million square meter
+and if you take a 100 million square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take a 100 million square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take a 100 million square
+meter you take a solar uh energy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter you take a solar uh energy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter you take a solar uh energy one
+square meter is about 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meter is about 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meter is about 1
+kilowatt and a Thal efficiency they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt and a Thal efficiency they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt and a Thal efficiency they
+collect the heat around 60% so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the heat around 60% so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the heat around 60% so you
+multiply is together how much you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply is together how much you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply is together how much you get
+you get you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get
+about uh 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 60
+G right Thal energy being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G right Thal energy being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G right Thal energy being
+used and uh I said as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and uh I said as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and uh I said as a
+Hightech uh uh this is a a evacuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hightech uh uh this is a a evacuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hightech uh uh this is a a evacuated
+tube vacuum tube okay and so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube vacuum tube okay and so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube vacuum tube okay and so there's a
+inner layer outer layer and in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner layer outer layer and in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner layer outer layer and in between
+is a vacuum to and in the inner layer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vacuum to and in the inner layer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vacuum to and in the inner layer to
+there's a there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a a
+coding a code this coding will absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding a code this coding will absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding a code this coding will absorb
+the solar radiation but the minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar radiation but the minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar radiation but the minimize the
+seral radiation and it's done very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seral radiation and it's done very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seral radiation and it's done very
+cheaply in a typical a tube like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply in a typical a tube like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply in a typical a tube like this
+high is only uh I was the on a factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is only uh I was the on a factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is only uh I was the on a factory
+$1.5 to this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1.5 to this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1.5 to this all
+manufacturer so because of the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer so because of the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer so because of the really
+the low cost it's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low cost it's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low cost it's why
+in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing
+countries and of course you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and of course you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and of course you talk about
+the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical
+generation uh in uh this is a their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh in uh this is a their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh in uh this is a their
+installation in US Creer Junction where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation in US Creer Junction where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation in US Creer Junction where
+the t is from the sand is a forur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t is from the sand is a forur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t is from the sand is a forur
+through those parabolic TOS heop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those parabolic TOS heop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those parabolic TOS heop the
+fluids and these fluids are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids and these fluids are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids and these fluids are used to
+drive steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive steam
+turbines okay and there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines okay and there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines okay and there are also
+uh the C system that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the C system that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the C system that people are
+developing some are used in Spain and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some are used in Spain and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some are used in Spain and I
+think also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also
+Aria where the mirors focus and heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aria where the mirors focus and heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aria where the mirors focus and heat up
+the uh Power here and this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Power here and this goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Power here and this goes to
+higher temperature and the conversion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature and the conversion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature and the conversion is
+via mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via mechanical
+systems and the question of here uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and the question of here uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and the question of here uh in
+this course we're not as I said we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we're not as I said we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we're not as I said we're
+not looking into mechanical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking into mechanical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking into mechanical energy
+conversion we're looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alternatives and uh uh I just want uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives and uh uh I just want uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives and uh uh I just want uh so
+some of those Alternatives we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those Alternatives we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those Alternatives we're going
+to discuss one is a Thermo Electric uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss one is a Thermo Electric uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss one is a Thermo Electric uh
+in fact say Daniel does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact say Daniel does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact say Daniel does that
+work uh if you can turn it on so it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh if you can turn it on so it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh if you can turn it on so it's uh
+uh you will see that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you will see that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you will see that this is a
+conversion that as long as there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion that as long as there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion that as long as there's a
+temperature difference it can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference it can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference it can generate
+uh electricity it's by solid if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electricity it's by solid if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electricity it's by solid if you have
+used thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used thermal
+couples those are essentially thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples those are essentially thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples those are essentially thermal
+couples put in together right thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples put in together right thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples put in together right thermal
+cou of course we normally just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cou of course we normally just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cou of course we normally just want to
+generate electrical signal but uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electrical signal but uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electrical signal but uh uh in
+this case uh uh you can also if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh uh you can also if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh uh you can also if you make
+the efficient you convert it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficient you convert it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficient you convert it into
+electricity uh the second uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh the second uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity uh the second uh so this is
+a here the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here the work
+fluids is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids is
+electron and in this demo what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and in this demo what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and in this demo what we have
+is just a copper here is a heat Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a copper here is a heat Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a copper here is a heat Source
+right copper come down to this side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right copper come down to this side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right copper come down to this side the
+top side is half and there's a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top side is half and there's a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top side is half and there's a this
+thermoelectric device very thin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric device very thin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric device very thin it's
+about 2 mm three few mm sandwiched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 mm three few mm sandwiched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 mm three few mm sandwiched
+between this copper and the the P Lum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this copper and the the P Lum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this copper and the the P Lum
+block and hopefully I don't see it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and hopefully I don't see it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and hopefully I don't see it but
+uh once the temperature difference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once the temperature difference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once the temperature difference uh
+there's tempat difference you'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tempat difference you'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tempat difference you'll start
+say the uh LED is lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the uh LED is lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the uh LED is lighting
+up and so uh that's direct no movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so uh that's direct no movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so uh that's direct no movement
+Parts using electron as working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts using electron as working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts using electron as working
+flu and the second example is thermionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu and the second example is thermionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flu and the second example is thermionic
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion
+uh how many of you knows that in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many of you knows that in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many of you knows that in our
+department there's the micro fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department there's the micro fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department there's the micro fluid
+pastos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pastos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pastos
+la pastos that's on the second building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la pastos that's on the second building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la pastos that's on the second building
+three second floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three second floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three second floor
+hasbl with a professor in the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasbl with a professor in the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasbl with a professor in the mechanical
+engineering department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering department
+1950s and uh he developed this cionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and uh he developed this cionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s and uh he developed this cionic
+engine so you can see it lighted up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so you can see it lighted up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so you can see it lighted up
+right and uh of course you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh of course you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh of course you have to
+maintain this temperature difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this temperature difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this temperature difference so
+if we burn it for a long time the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we burn it for a long time the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we burn it for a long time the other
+side the cooling is is not there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the cooling is is not there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the cooling is is not there the
+temperature difference will be become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference will be become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference will be become
+small your power I I saw it before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small your power I I saw it before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small your power I I saw it before it
+actually fluctuated before but uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fluctuated before but uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fluctuated before but uh this
+is also another important aspect it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also another important aspect it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also another important aspect it's a
+Sero system so you have to put the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sero system so you have to put the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sero system so you have to put the heat
+in take the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in take the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in take the heat
+out and what the converter is small but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what the converter is small but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and what the converter is small but
+your Thal uh auxiliary system may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Thal uh auxiliary system may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Thal uh auxiliary system may be
+very big so you have to do a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so you have to do a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big so you have to do a good
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+design uh but see I was mentioning uh th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh but see I was mentioning uh th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh but see I was mentioning uh th
+energy emission and energy conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy emission and energy conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy emission and energy conversion
+and Professor hos started his PhD on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Professor hos started his PhD on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Professor hos started his PhD on
+thoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoa
+engines and uh uh sping of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines and uh uh sping of thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines and uh uh sping of thermal
+electron you drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you drive
+128 you probably see that compony theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 you probably see that compony theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 you probably see that compony theral
+electron now it's called theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now it's called theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now it's called theral
+feature right and uh uh the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature right and uh uh the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature right and uh uh the original
+purpose was to develop the thermionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose was to develop the thermionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose was to develop the thermionic
+engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine
+in fact you go to read is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you go to read is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you go to read is
+1956 or 58 I forgot in the 6 1950s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 or 58 I forgot in the 6 1950s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 or 58 I forgot in the 6 1950s to
+1960s the efficiency was about 18% from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s the efficiency was about 18% from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s the efficiency was about 18% from
+El but it's very high temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El but it's very high temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El but it's very high temperature so
+there are lot of technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lot of technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lot of technological
+difficulties at the end they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties at the end they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties at the end they didn't
+pursue uh uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue uh uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue uh uh in terms of
+commercialization uh of course photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization uh of course photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization uh of course photo
+will take uh normally we don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take uh normally we don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take uh normally we don't think it
+as a heat engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a heat engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a heat engine
+but it is a heat engine it's limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a heat engine it's limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a heat engine it's limited by
+the second law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law of
+Thermodynamics okay and in fact anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermodynamics okay and in fact anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermodynamics okay and in fact anytime
+we can get close to Second LW you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get close to Second LW you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get close to Second LW you'll be
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+happy and uh but see this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and uh but see this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and uh but see this is of course
+using the photon from the Sun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the photon from the Sun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the photon from the Sun and
+there's another way is using the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way is using the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way is using the photon
+from a teror heat Source right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a teror heat Source right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a teror heat Source right you have
+home furnace and you can use the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home furnace and you can use the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home furnace and you can use the photon
+from there to do put us F take that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there to do put us F take that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there to do put us F take that's
+called the theral F take so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the theral F take so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the theral F take so those are
+all ways some of the direct energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ways some of the direct energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ways some of the direct energy
+conversion now M part here is using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion now M part here is using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion now M part here is using the
+charge as a fluids and we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge as a fluids and we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge as a fluids and we'll be talking
+some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those
+Technologies and the basic principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and the basic principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and the basic principles
+and of course when we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course when we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course when we think about the
+solar the advantage compare potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar the advantage compare potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar the advantage compare potential
+Advantage I say say it's demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage I say say it's demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage I say say it's demonstrated
+fully yet is that in the case of photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully yet is that in the case of photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully yet is that in the case of photo
+vol only the energy above the bank gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vol only the energy above the bank gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vol only the energy above the bank gap
+of semiconductor useful but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semiconductor useful but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semiconductor useful but when you
+think about solar thermal you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about solar thermal you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about solar thermal you can think
+about the full spectrum of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the full spectrum of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the full spectrum of the solar
+energy so that's the uh we we uh this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's the uh we we uh this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's the uh we we uh this uh
+uh year uh we started actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh year uh we started actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh year uh we started actually uh
+Department Energy Center looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department Energy Center looking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department Energy Center looking into
+how we cance this technology uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we cance this technology uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we cance this technology uh what is
+a solar THM photo Volt take so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solar THM photo Volt take so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solar THM photo Volt take so here the
+idea is I take this solar energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I take this solar energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I take this solar energy I
+absorb it direct not directly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb it direct not directly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb it direct not directly on the
+photo voltic cell but absorb it to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo voltic cell but absorb it to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo voltic cell but absorb it to heat
+up this and Reit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this and Reit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this and Reit
+Photon why you do that because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon why you do that because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon why you do that because when you
+Reit the photon if you can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reit the photon if you can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reit the photon if you can do better
+control you can emit Photon right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you can emit Photon right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you can emit Photon right at the
+B gap of theable Tel and Theory says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B gap of theable Tel and Theory says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B gap of theable Tel and Theory says you
+can potenti together a really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can potenti together a really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can potenti together a really high
+efficiency and with a SLE Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and with a SLE Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and with a SLE Junction
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no
+demonstration so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration so that's one of the
+direction we're looking uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we're looking uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we're looking uh in this
+Center and the other direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and the other direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and the other direction is
+looking uh into Thermo elastic just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking uh into Thermo elastic just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking uh into Thermo elastic just like
+what we come here the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we come here the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we come here the temperature
+difference instead of the uh burner here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference instead of the uh burner here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference instead of the uh burner here
+using the S anytime you have temperat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the S anytime you have temperat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the S anytime you have temperat
+difference and again the cas is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and again the cas is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and again the cas is how we
+can make this efficient how we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this efficient how we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this efficient how we can make
+that low cost so when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that low cost so when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that low cost so when you think about
+energy the cost is the main concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the cost is the main concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the cost is the main concern
+right the photovoltaic cost right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the photovoltaic cost right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the photovoltaic cost right now is
+just too high so most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too high so most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too high so most people are
+reluctant to put on to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to put on to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to put on to their
+rooftop so that's the uh uh uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooftop so that's the uh uh uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooftop so that's the uh uh uh the uh
+motivations for this course and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for this course and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for this course and to
+really uh uh understand those technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh uh understand those technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh uh understand those technology
+we have to dive into for some of us then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to dive into for some of us then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to dive into for some of us then
+this for some of us this may be uh UNAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for some of us this may be uh UNAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for some of us this may be uh UNAM
+familiar territory particular I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar territory particular I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar territory particular I think
+for mechanical engineers because uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mechanical engineers because uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mechanical engineers because uh uh
+the uh most of time we are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh most of time we are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh most of time we are familiar with
+heat engines using steam using molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines using steam using molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engines using steam using molecules
+and here we're using we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're using we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're using we're talking about
+heat engine using charge electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engine using charge electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engine using charge electrons and
+solid so we have to cover some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so we have to cover some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so we have to cover some of the
+basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+the background knowledge in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background knowledge in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background knowledge in this area
+and understand the technology understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand the technology understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand the technology understand
+the limitation and uh bring you I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitation and uh bring you I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitation and uh bring you I want
+to bring you to the Forefront of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring you to the Forefront of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring you to the Forefront of
+research what are people doing maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research what are people doing maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research what are people doing maybe you
+have new ideas in doing new things now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have new ideas in doing new things now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have new ideas in doing new things now
+just is make another comment this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is make another comment this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is make another comment this is a
+very different right you can say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different right you can say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different right you can say the
+dying down process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying down process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying down process is
+slow cmore has a potential to do storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow cmore has a potential to do storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow cmore has a potential to do storage
+right with a theral mass you can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with a theral mass you can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with a theral mass you can store
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+energy a photo will take if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a photo will take if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a photo will take if there's no
+light we really don't have any power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we really don't have any power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we really don't have any power
+there so that's one potential advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's one potential advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's one potential advantage
+of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermal okay so now uh I'm going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal okay so now uh I'm going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal okay so now uh I'm going to move
+into uh really the first uh what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh really the first uh what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh really the first uh what I want
+to use here is to uh reveal uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use here is to uh reveal uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use here is to uh reveal uh some
+thermodynamics and the heat trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and the heat trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and the heat trans
+transer and if you have taken thermody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transer and if you have taken thermody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transer and if you have taken thermody
+thermodynamics if you will know some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics if you will know some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics if you will know some of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+material if you are from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you are from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you are from other
+department like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department like
+physics uh you also know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh you also know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh you also know some
+materials uh both group have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh both group have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh both group have some
+material maybe enough materal but uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material maybe enough materal but uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material maybe enough materal but uh my
+advice is just to take it this is I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice is just to take it this is I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice is just to take it this is I say
+this is my starting point for future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my starting point for future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my starting point for future
+discussions uh so when we think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions uh so when we think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions uh so when we think about uh
+uh first law the thermodynam we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first law the thermodynam we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first law the thermodynam we think
+about two laws first law thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two laws first law thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two laws first law thermodynamic
+Second Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law
+thermodynamics right we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics right we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics right we take a
+system and we Define by defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we Define by defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we Define by defining the
+boundaries right so the boundary Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries right so the boundary Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries right so the boundary Define
+our system and across the boundary we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system and across the boundary we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system and across the boundary we
+have P flow we have workflow and typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P flow we have workflow and typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P flow we have workflow and typical
+uh convention is that the uh uh see he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convention is that the uh uh see he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convention is that the uh uh see he
+goes in we take that positive and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in we take that positive and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in we take that positive and what
+goes out we think as a positive that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out we think as a positive that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out we think as a positive that's
+just due to Convention if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to Convention if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to Convention if you get a
+negative sign means your heat goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign means your heat goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign means your heat goes out
+or work goes in and then we have closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or work goes in and then we have closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or work goes in and then we have closed
+system means there's no mass flow across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system means there's no mass flow across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system means there's no mass flow across
+system boundary or open system when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary or open system when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary or open system when
+there's a mass flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mass flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mass flow
+processes in the simplest form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in the simplest form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in the simplest form of
+thermodynamic the first law is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic the first law is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic the first law is just
+theend energy balance right uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theend energy balance right uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theend energy balance right uh on the
+left hand side I have the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side I have the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side I have the energy of the
+system the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the energy
+change and on the right hand side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and on the right hand side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and on the right hand side is the
+heat transfer into the system M World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer into the system M World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer into the system M World
+output simple simple uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output simple simple uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output simple simple uh energy
+balance uh you can write into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance uh you can write into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance uh you can write into
+differential form or you can write into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form or you can write into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form or you can write into
+read form and then you do heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read form and then you do heat transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read form and then you do heat transfer
+you actually use the read form most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually use the read form most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually use the read form most
+often but I say uh some of you may still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but I say uh some of you may still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but I say uh some of you may still
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+important is to recognize on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is to recognize on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is to recognize on the left
+hand side is a state property that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a state property that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a state property that does
+not depend on the process on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on the process on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on the process on the right
+hand side is a process dependent so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a process dependent so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is a process dependent so it's
+actually very amazing you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very amazing you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very amazing you take two
+process dependent quantity you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process dependent quantity you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process dependent quantity you take a
+difference you get a quantity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you get a quantity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you get a quantity that's
+independent of the process looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the process looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the process looks very
+simple but this is a this is truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but this is a this is truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but this is a this is truly
+important aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the energy of the system including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy of the system including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy of the system including
+kinetic energy potential say potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy potential say potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy potential say potential
+energy and internal energy or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and internal energy or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and internal energy or if you
+have other forms of energy like elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other forms of energy like elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other forms of energy like elastic
+magnetic all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those and consider relation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and consider relation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and consider relation that we
+using uh is specific heat for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh is specific heat for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh is specific heat for example
+and here uh uh the specific heat is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here uh uh the specific heat is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here uh uh the specific heat is the
+uh I say the time the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I say the time the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I say the time the temperature
+derivative of the internal energy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the internal energy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the internal energy here
+the internal energy I use small U it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal energy I use small U it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal energy I use small U it
+could be either per unit Mass based or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either per unit Mass based or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either per unit Mass based or
+per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume
+based okay so that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law Second
+Law Second Law we written into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law Second Law we written into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law Second Law we written into a
+equation but it's not it's not equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but it's not it's not equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but it's not it's not equation
+equation it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's a
+inequality and what we have here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and what we have here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and what we have here is the
+entropy change again this is a state uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy change again this is a state uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy change again this is a state uh
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+entropy equals the entropy transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy equals the entropy transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy equals the entropy transferred
+across the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the system
+boundary and plus inop generation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and plus inop generation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and plus inop generation in the
+system again on the right hand side it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system again on the right hand side it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system again on the right hand side it's
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+dependent and on the left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and on the left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and on the left hand side is
+our state properties that's independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes right now I think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes right now I think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes right now I think about the
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+engines the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines the heat
+engine we when we think about engine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine we when we think about engine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine we when we think about engine we
+think about cyclic motion right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cyclic motion right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about cyclic motion right you
+don't want the design engine only go One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the design engine only go One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the design engine only go One
+Direction doesn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction doesn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction doesn't come
+back and uh uh uh so when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and uh uh uh so when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and uh uh uh so when we think about
+CYCC uh uh motion uh during a cycle any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CYCC uh uh motion uh during a cycle any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CYCC uh uh motion uh during a cycle any
+three property right go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three property right go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three property right go back to the
+original it's independent process once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original it's independent process once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original it's independent process once
+it goes back the change is zero so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back the change is zero so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back the change is zero so here
+we just wrote entropy in energy any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just wrote entropy in energy any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just wrote entropy in energy any
+other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other state
+properties so uh if entropy changes zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so uh if entropy changes zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so uh if entropy changes zero
+now what's the maximum efficiency you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the maximum efficiency you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the maximum efficiency you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+get and uh maximum happens when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and uh maximum happens when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and uh maximum happens when there's
+no in tropy generation so if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no in tropy generation so if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no in tropy generation so if there's no
+entropy gener SG is zero and I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy gener SG is zero and I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy gener SG is zero and I look at
+this is my system the heat in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my system the heat in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my system the heat in is
+positive heat out is negative so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive heat out is negative so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive heat out is negative so I have
+my uh second L written into left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh second L written into left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh second L written into left hand
+side is zero entropy generation zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is zero entropy generation zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is zero entropy generation zero
+this entropy transfer across system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entropy transfer across system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entropy transfer across system
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+right and uh this gives me relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh this gives me relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh this gives me relation
+between the Heat in and heit out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Heat in and heit out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Heat in and heit out and
+temperature of the two reservoirs and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the two reservoirs and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the two reservoirs and if
+I use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use this
+relation I go to calculate what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I go to calculate what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation I go to calculate what's in
+this case what the efficiency of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what the efficiency of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what the efficiency of this
+heat engine you can see the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engine you can see the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engine you can see the efficiency
+of course we Define as the work we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we Define as the work we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we Define as the work we get
+versus the price you pay that's the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the price you pay that's the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the price you pay that's the heat
+in okay efficiency here is the work now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay efficiency here is the work now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay efficiency here is the work now
+the work first law tells you the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work first law tells you the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work first law tells you the work
+equals heus he out because the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals heus he out because the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals heus he out because the internal
+energy during cycle change is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy during cycle change is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy during cycle change is zero so
+you can see you got a Col efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you got a Col efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you got a Col efficiency
+right that's the maximum you can get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the maximum you can get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the maximum you can get for
+any heat engines operating between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any heat engines operating between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any heat engines operating between two
+Conant temperature theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reservoir people sometimes look down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir people sometimes look down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir people sometimes look down
+into heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into heat
+Andes it's a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andes it's a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andes it's a heat
+engine meaning it's ther ther it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine meaning it's ther ther it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine meaning it's ther ther it's not
+you can't convert all the heat into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't convert all the heat into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't convert all the heat into
+electricity that's that's correct unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that's that's correct unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that's that's correct unless
+you have zero Kelvin right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have zero Kelvin right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have zero Kelvin right
+but the important is you put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important is you put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important is you put in the
+lamper and they see where we are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamper and they see where we are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamper and they see where we are the
+heat engine is very respectful if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engine is very respectful if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat engine is very respectful if you
+have even just a 200° temperature heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even just a 200° temperature heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even just a 200° temperature heat
+source and if you can get a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and if you can get a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and if you can get a color
+deficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency
+40% right you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% right you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% right you take the
+sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+95% and the more than thermal power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% and the more than thermal power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% and the more than thermal power
+plant about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant about
+40% I said that automobile internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% I said that automobile internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% I said that automobile internal
+combus engines right the driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combus engines right the driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combus engines right the driving
+efficiency less than 20% and the IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency less than 20% and the IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency less than 20% and the IC
+engine efficient is probably around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+25% so heat engine if you can achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% so heat engine if you can achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% so heat engine if you can achieve
+the thetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thetical
+efficiency you you you're doing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you you you're doing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you you you're doing really
+well the problem is there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the problem is there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the problem is there are a lot of
+losses that limits us to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses that limits us to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses that limits us to get to
+practical say the practically get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical say the practically get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical say the practically get too
+close to the col
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the col
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the col
+efficiency right so that's the uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right so that's the uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right so that's the uh what
+you learn in 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn in 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn in 25
+thermodynamics now I want to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics now I want to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics now I want to go to a
+little bit microscopic picture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit microscopic picture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit microscopic picture because
+what's the iny between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the iny between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the iny between
+that and uh uh so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh uh so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh uh so let's look at the
+isolated system isolated means there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated system isolated means there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated system isolated means there's
+no uh heat transfer across system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh heat transfer across system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh heat transfer across system
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+now work trans now work transfer no Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now work trans now work transfer no Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now work trans now work transfer no Mass
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+isol and but I'm going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isol and but I'm going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isol and but I'm going to look at the
+imagine I can I have the Magic Eye I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I can I have the Magic Eye I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I can I have the Magic Eye I can
+looking at the individual molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the individual molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the individual molecules
+electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay and uh there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh there are many different
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+configurations a molec see the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations a molec see the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations a molec see the molecules
+in the system be had a different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system be had a different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system be had a different states
+different position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position
+and each atom could have many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each atom could have many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each atom could have many different
+possible energy states this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energy states this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energy states this is from
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+mechanics right so every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right so every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right so every possible
+configuration possibility you can uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration possibility you can uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration possibility you can uh uh
+you can go back and take a two color two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back and take a two color two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go back and take a two color two
+different color BS and mix them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color BS and mix them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color BS and mix them up
+that's your experiment on this micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your experiment on this micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your experiment on this micro
+picture and every possible configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and every possible configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and every possible configuration
+is a micro state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's suppose we know how to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's suppose we know how to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's suppose we know how to count
+What's the total L of those possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the total L of those possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the total L of those possible
+configuration so the total lber that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so the total lber that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so the total lber that's
+Omega micros those are very big lber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega micros those are very big lber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega micros those are very big lber
+okay now what the basic principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what the basic principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what the basic principle of
+this microscope picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this microscope picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this microscope picture
+says every state is equally possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says every state is equally possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says every state is equally possible
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+rights okay no discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights okay no discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights okay no discrimination
+and uh so the this is the uh equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so the this is the uh equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so the this is the uh equal
+probability principle every micro state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability principle every micro state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability principle every micro state
+is equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equally
+possible and uh it's based on this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and uh it's based on this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and uh it's based on this all
+the statistical description of uh uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical description of uh uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistical description of uh uh say
+this Str thermodynamics is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Str thermodynamics is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Str thermodynamics is based on
+starting from here and uh what B man did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from here and uh what B man did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from here and uh what B man did
+is to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to relate
+this number of micro state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number of micro state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number of micro state to
+inter this is actually in bman Tombstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter this is actually in bman Tombstone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter this is actually in bman Tombstone
+you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to
+V and uh this KB is the B con 1.3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and uh this KB is the B con 1.3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and uh this KB is the B con 1.3 I
+don't remember any there people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember any there people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember any there people in
+physics they use Atomic units I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics they use Atomic units I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics they use Atomic units I always
+remember things in inter say SI unit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember things in inter say SI unit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember things in inter say SI unit so
+that's a difficult large exponent 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a difficult large exponent 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a difficult large exponent 10
+Theus 3 jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's good to keep some lers in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's good to keep some lers in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's good to keep some lers in mind
+okay so that's the uh uh like I said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the uh uh like I said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the uh uh like I said a
+starting point for the microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for the microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for the microscopic
+description and uh here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and uh here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and uh here we're
+considering a isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a isolated
+system and uh now if you think about a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh now if you think about a l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh now if you think about a l
+isolated system A system that can Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated system A system that can Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated system A system that can Ser
+talk exchange energy when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk exchange energy when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk exchange energy when the
+environment and because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and because of that
+each micro state is no longer have equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each micro state is no longer have equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each micro state is no longer have equal
+right in terms of observation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in terms of observation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in terms of observation the
+probability of this system if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this system if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this system if you can
+observe this system in C specific micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this system in C specific micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this system in C specific micro
+state that has certain energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has certain energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has certain energy
+e and in this case it's longer equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and in this case it's longer equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and in this case it's longer equal
+probability and uh we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh we're not going to
+derivation but you can go from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but you can go from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation but you can go from here
+equal probability to construct isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability to construct isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability to construct isolated
+system that made of your system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that made of your system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that made of your system and the
+environment and with all that derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and with all that derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and with all that derivation
+at the end we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we get the
+probability of the system actually in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the system actually in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the system actually in C
+in one micro State this is a one micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one micro State this is a one micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one micro State this is a one micro
+state that has energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that has energy
+e is depending on the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is depending on the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is depending on the temperature of the
+system and energy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and energy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and energy here
+exponent right so you can say higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent right so you can say higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent right so you can say higher
+energy less probable and you if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy less probable and you if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy less probable and you if you do
+coner combustion or a lot of arous SN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coner combustion or a lot of arous SN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coner combustion or a lot of arous SN
+you probably learn in high school right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably learn in high school right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably learn in high school right
+that's this exponent that's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this exponent that's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this exponent that's coming from
+here Forman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statistics and so here is a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and so here is a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and so here is a close
+system what if there is a mass flow po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what if there is a mass flow po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what if there is a mass flow po
+flow across system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow across system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow across system
+boundary and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and in that
+case this is similar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is similar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is similar but
+there's extra temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extra temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extra temp
+potential up here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential up here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential up here in the
+exponent and this is a uh say constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and this is a uh say constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and this is a uh say constant
+temperature but open system and mu here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but open system and mu here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but open system and mu here
+is chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chemical
+potential what is chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential what is chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential what is chemical
+potential think about temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential think about temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential think about temperature
+temperature is driving force for heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is driving force for heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is driving force for heat
+flow chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow chemical
+potential is the driving Force for Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the driving Force for Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the driving Force for Mass
+diffusion mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion mass
+flow okay pressure is the driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow okay pressure is the driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow okay pressure is the driving force
+for mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mechanical
+motion those are all thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion those are all thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion those are all thermodynamic
+intrinsic thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic thermodynamic
+quantities pressure C potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities pressure C potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities pressure C potential
+temperature the other way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the other way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the other way to think about
+the C potential is it's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C potential is it's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C potential is it's the average
+energy led to add par into the system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy led to add par into the system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy led to add par into the system or
+take the par out of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first time potential is energy look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first time potential is energy look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first time potential is energy look
+at this is equivalent here and second uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this is equivalent here and second uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this is equivalent here and second uh
+it's driving force for the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's driving force for the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's driving force for the mass
+transform so if you do uh uh say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so if you do uh uh say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so if you do uh uh say uh
+chemistry you do Mass diffusion or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you do Mass diffusion or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry you do Mass diffusion or you
+do batteries this is a quantity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do batteries this is a quantity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do batteries this is a quantity you
+would be dealing with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be dealing with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be dealing with all the
+time okay so this is a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so this is a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so this is a this is
+microscopic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh now I'm going to apply what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now I'm going to apply what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now I'm going to apply what I just
+wrote down in the previous slide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down in the previous slide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down in the previous slide to
+molecules right I have bxs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right I have bxs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right I have bxs of
+molecules and I equilibrium temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and I equilibrium temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and I equilibrium temperature
+t i take one molecule it has a kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t i take one molecule it has a kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t i take one molecule it has a kinetic
+energy I'm thinking about the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I'm thinking about the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I'm thinking about the simple
+kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the
+molecule right so it's 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right so it's 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right so it's 12
+m² of that the W modle is say velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m² of that the W modle is say velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m² of that the W modle is say velocity
+is the three components VX sare v y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the three components VX sare v y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the three components VX sare v y
+Square VZ Square so that's what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square VZ Square so that's what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square VZ Square so that's what I have
+here and this is the energy remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the energy remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is the energy remember in
+previous slides we say this is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides we say this is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides we say this is now a
+constant temperature molecule in thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature molecule in thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature molecule in thermal
+equilibri at constant temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibri at constant temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibri at constant temperature so
+that's the STA close system I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the STA close system I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the STA close system I'm
+using okay and this is the energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using okay and this is the energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using okay and this is the energy that's
+a kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic
+energy and here is probability right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and here is probability right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and here is probability right
+probability I have a normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I have a normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I have a normalization
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+so I put in the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put in the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put in the probability of this
+molecu having the velocity VX v y v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecu having the velocity VX v y v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecu having the velocity VX v y v
+z and then next step I want to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and then next step I want to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and then next step I want to determine
+a determine that pre factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a determine that pre factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a determine that pre factor
+a right what I do the probability so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right what I do the probability so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right what I do the probability so the
+molecule probability is the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule probability is the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule probability is the velocity is
+from minus infinite to Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinite to Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinite to Plus
+I include every possible chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I include every possible chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I include every possible chance
+right so if I include every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chance that's my normal the way I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that's my normal the way I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that's my normal the way I find
+out this factor a that's all the uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this factor a that's all the uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this factor a that's all the uh say
+velocity from negative infinite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity from negative infinite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity from negative infinite to
+positive infinite and they should sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinite and they should sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinite and they should sum up
+to one they got to have the Velocity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one they got to have the Velocity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one they got to have the Velocity in
+between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this
+and if you do this integration you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do this integration you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do this integration you find
+your factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and this is the F Max real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this is the F Max real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this is the F Max real
+distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for
+Moes it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moes it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moes it should be a
+minus oh thank you yes there is a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oh thank you yes there is a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus oh thank you yes there is a minus
+there's this minus sign here thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this minus sign here thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this minus sign here thank
+you let's see the other one yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let's see the other one yeah yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let's see the other one yeah yes
+please add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and here is the same problem I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here is the same problem I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here is the same problem I just
+cat uh so now if it's a probability once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat uh so now if it's a probability once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat uh so now if it's a probability once
+you have a probability you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a probability you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a probability you can calculate
+your observation right what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your observation right what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your observation right what's the
+average once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average once you have
+probability so I want to find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so I want to find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so I want to find that the
+average energy kinetic translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy kinetic translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy kinetic translational
+energy motion kinetic energy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy motion kinetic energy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy motion kinetic energy of this
+molecule so here is the energy weighed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so here is the energy weighed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so here is the energy weighed
+by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+probability over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability over all
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+velocities right and again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities right and again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities right and again it's
+integration you either can do yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration you either can do yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration you either can do yourself
+if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at
+table and what you find out is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and what you find out is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and what you find out is a very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+result e = 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result e = 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result e = 2 3
+kdt okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kdt okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kdt okay
+for it's three half KBT actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's three half KBT actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's three half KBT actually
+is a very good L to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good L to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good L to remember
+KBT but also it's a fundamental there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT but also it's a fundamental there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KBT but also it's a fundamental there is
+a fundament principle equal partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundament principle equal partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundament principle equal partition
+principle which says if your microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which says if your microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which says if your microscopic
+energy is quadratic so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is quadratic so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is quadratic so if you look at
+this kinetic energy is Quadra is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinetic energy is Quadra is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinetic energy is Quadra is in
+velocity MV squ right so if energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity MV squ right so if energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity MV squ right so if energy is
+quadratic each of this quadratic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic each of this quadratic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic each of this quadratic term
+contribute the average energy half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute the average energy half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute the average energy half
+KB so if you look at this molecule there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB so if you look at this molecule there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB so if you look at this molecule there
+because it has three quadratic terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has three quadratic terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has three quadratic terms so
+each contribute one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each contribute one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each contribute one
+kdt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total so that's the this is the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total so that's the this is the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total so that's the this is the equal
+partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition
+principle and now I would like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and now I would like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and now I would like you to
+get the idea what is KBT this is a uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea what is KBT this is a uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea what is KBT this is a uh uh
+really something that uh if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something that uh if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something that uh if you want to
+have microscopic uh mind you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have microscopic uh mind you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have microscopic uh mind you should
+remember how large is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how large is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how large is
+it KT 1.3 10 23r 300°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C I think I forgot to correct this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I think I forgot to correct this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I think I forgot to correct this again
+I this should be four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this should be four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this should be four five
+4.14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.14
+right uh 4.14 and uh if you take a 4.14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh 4.14 and uh if you take a 4.14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh 4.14 and uh if you take a 4.14
+divided by four that's a big number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by four that's a big number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by four that's a big number to
+hard to remember and people again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to remember and people again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to remember and people again
+different field people use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different field people use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different field people use different
+ways different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways different
+measures and uh one uh uh often used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and uh one uh uh often used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and uh one uh uh often used the
+unit is electron W as energy unit what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is electron W as energy unit what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is electron W as energy unit what
+is the electron W you have a charge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron W you have a charge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron W you have a charge you
+you apply a electric field one volt say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply a electric field one volt say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply a electric field one volt say
+under one volt electric potential how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under one volt electric potential how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under one volt electric potential how
+much energy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy it
+has so one electron Vol is 1.6 temp 19 J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so one electron Vol is 1.6 temp 19 J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so one electron Vol is 1.6 temp 19 J
+so I translate this into a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I translate this into a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I translate this into a room
+temperature 1 KBT is 26 near electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now think about if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now think about if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now think about if this is the
+average energy of the molecule what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy of the molecule what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy of the molecule what's
+how fast they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast they
+moving this is the molecule moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving this is the molecule moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving this is the molecule moving in
+this room you can go to estimate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room you can go to estimate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room you can go to estimate right
+because this energy equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this energy equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this energy equal
+12 M v² so you can go to actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 M v² so you can go to actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 M v² so you can go to actually the
+energ the velocity of the molecule 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energ the velocity of the molecule 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energ the velocity of the molecule 12
+cancel you do the mass I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel you do the mass I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel you do the mass I took the
+oxygen uh as example and know the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen uh as example and know the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen uh as example and know the uh the
+number of oxygen Atomic L is eight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of oxygen Atomic L is eight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of oxygen Atomic L is eight so
+it's 16 Neutron proton and is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 16 Neutron proton and is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 16 Neutron proton and is of the
+proton mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton mass is
+1.67 27 right so lambra is about 200 m/s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.67 27 right so lambra is about 200 m/s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.67 27 right so lambra is about 200 m/s
+depends on whether it's a light molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether it's a light molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on whether it's a light molecule
+heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+molecules so those are the microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so those are the microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so those are the microscopic
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+fixure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixure
+right that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules let's think about the
+electrons Mo there what we say we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons Mo there what we say we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons Mo there what we say we did
+not do anything Quantum side Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do anything Quantum side Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do anything Quantum side Maxwell
+distribution is a classical cical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is a classical cical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is a classical cical
+thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic
+now when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I do
+electrons the quum mechanics sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the quum mechanics sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the quum mechanics sometimes
+is very important so think more quum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important so think more quum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important so think more quum
+picture uh from quum mechanics we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh from quum mechanics we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh from quum mechanics we learn
+you had a physics before basic idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a physics before basic idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a physics before basic idea you
+I'm sure you all heard about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you all heard about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you all heard about energy
+levels of Comm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of Comm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of Comm
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+uh uh this is a some of you may still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this is a some of you may still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this is a some of you may still
+remember if you have a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you have a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you have a quantum
+mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+state it can only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it can only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it can only have one
+electron right powerly Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Principle and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and the uh quantum mechanics actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the uh quantum mechanics actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the uh quantum mechanics actually
+uh here I have I listed uh F Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here I have I listed uh F Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here I have I listed uh F Einstein
+relation that gives the energy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that gives the energy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that gives the energy this
+actually started for Photon so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started for Photon so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started for Photon so next
+slide I have more um energy relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I have more um energy relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I have more um energy relate to
+frequency of the photon and the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the photon and the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the photon and the momentum
+relate to wance of the photon so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to wance of the photon so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to wance of the photon so that's
+the uh uh so-called PL Einstein relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh so-called PL Einstein relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh so-called PL Einstein relation
+and what's see again this is another L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's see again this is another L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's see again this is another L
+if you think about the quum you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the quum you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the quum you always
+see H PL constant at 6.6 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh now I'm going to look at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh now I'm going to look at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh now I'm going to look at one
+quantum mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical
+State and this Quantum mechanic State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this Quantum mechanic State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and this Quantum mechanic State
+can have maximum of one electron right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have maximum of one electron right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have maximum of one electron right
+you could have zero electron you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have zero electron you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have zero electron you have
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+electron and this Quantum state has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this Quantum state has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this Quantum state has
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+e Quantum mechanically allowable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Quantum mechanically allowable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Quantum mechanically allowable energy
+when the electron is there this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron is there this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron is there this state
+has energy when it's EMP no electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has energy when it's EMP no electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has energy when it's EMP no electron
+they actual energy of the system is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actual energy of the system is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actual energy of the system is zero
+right but I only can have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibilities so I have this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so I have this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so I have this two
+possibilities I sum this up I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities I sum this up I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities I sum this up I want to
+find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this
+a the difference between the molecule I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the difference between the molecule I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the difference between the molecule I
+I did before and here for molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did before and here for molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did before and here for molecular
+velocity I see okay from minus infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I see okay from minus infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I see okay from minus infinite
+to pass infity I include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass infity I include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass infity I include
+everything but for the electron here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but for the electron here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but for the electron here I
+only have zero or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have zero or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have zero or one
+ELR so I sum this up to one I will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ELR so I sum this up to one I will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ELR so I sum this up to one I will find
+a I'm not going I leave the the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm not going I leave the the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm not going I leave the the detail
+math so from the prev Rel find a and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math so from the prev Rel find a and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math so from the prev Rel find a and now
+I give you average again I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you average again I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you average again I can give you
+the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average
+energy because uh if I do observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because uh if I do observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because uh if I do observation
+it's zero or it's e and if I do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero or it's e and if I do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero or it's e and if I do a lot of
+observation it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation it's a
+equilibrium temperature T what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium temperature T what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium temperature T what's the
+average average time average energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average average time average energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average average time average energy or
+average L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average L of
+electron right each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right each individual
+observation could be zero one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation could be zero one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation could be zero one but
+there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+average uh possibility right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh possibility right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh possibility right so if I
+look at the average again say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the average again say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the average again say this is a
+n could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n could
+be01 and you sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be01 and you sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be01 and you sum up
+to per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution this is a uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is a uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is a uh the
+you look at that what's the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at that what's the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at that what's the range of
+this F the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+huh 0 to one that's the you can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh 0 to one that's the you can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh 0 to one that's the you can't be
+about one this maximum is one minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one this maximum is one minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one this maximum is one minimum
+zero so it's between zero and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's between zero and one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it's between zero and one and
+then you PL those depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you PL those depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you PL those depends on the
+temperature right and uh it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right and uh it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right and uh it depends on
+whether the energy of this level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the energy of this level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the energy of this level is
+above the chemical potential or below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the chemical potential or below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the chemical potential or below
+the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical
+potential the CH potential is the uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the CH potential is the uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the CH potential is the uh say
+we we said before now it's you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we said before now it's you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we said before now it's you can think
+of this one qualum state that the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one qualum state that the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one qualum state that the open
+system the electron can come in and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the electron can come in and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the electron can come in and goes
+out the chical potential is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the chical potential is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the chical potential is what's the
+average energy you need to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy you need to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average energy you need to take the
+electron in or put the electron take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in or put the electron take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in or put the electron take the
+electron out put the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out put the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out put the electron
+right so depends on whether it's above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so depends on whether it's above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so depends on whether it's above
+or below you can say it's close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below you can say it's close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below you can say it's close to one
+or close to zero very larly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or close to zero very larly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or close to zero very larly distributed
+near the tempal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the tempal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the tempal
+potential and in fact if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and in fact if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and in fact if your
+temperature is zero this will be a shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is zero this will be a shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is zero this will be a shock
+transition at the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition at the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition at the chemical potential
+above is one and here below see above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above is one and here below see above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above is one and here below see above
+zero and below is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and below is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and below is
+one and the temp potential at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the temp potential at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the temp potential at zero
+temperature there's special length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there's special length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature there's special length
+people okay uh oftenly call that fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay uh oftenly call that fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay uh oftenly call that fir
+Lev but uh in lot of different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lev but uh in lot of different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lev but uh in lot of different different
+fields sometimes people just call fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields sometimes people just call fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields sometimes people just call fir
+level for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level for
+any this terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convention okay so that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention okay so that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention okay so that's for
+electron now we're going to Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now we're going to Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now we're going to Le
+to uh we talk about molecule talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we talk about molecule talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh we talk about molecule talk about
+electron next I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron next I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron next I'm going to talk about
+electromagnetic weight the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weight the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weight the photon
+right I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mentioned
+before uh the um FR Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh the um FR Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh the um FR Einstein
+relation uh is really looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh is really looking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh is really looking into
+Photon and later on was generalized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon and later on was generalized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon and later on was generalized for
+any material way and uh so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any material way and uh so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any material way and uh so what we have
+is if uh there is electromagnetic W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if uh there is electromagnetic W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if uh there is electromagnetic W and
+a certain frequency mu what the PL form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain frequency mu what the PL form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain frequency mu what the PL form
+is that the energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the energy of that
+Mo the quantum mechanical State at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo the quantum mechanical State at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo the quantum mechanical State at the
+time there was no quantum mechanics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there was no quantum mechanics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there was no quantum mechanics so
+electromagnetic Mo of specific mod the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic Mo of specific mod the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic Mo of specific mod the
+energy uh has to be quantized and Basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh has to be quantized and Basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh has to be quantized and Basic
+Energy Quant is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Quant is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Quant is H
+new and this Quant later on was called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and this Quant later on was called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and this Quant later on was called a
+f okay and what Einstein came in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f okay and what Einstein came in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f okay and what Einstein came in is
+saying that the quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the quanta
+not only just say have the wave but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only just say have the wave but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only just say have the wave but also
+has a momentum so this is the where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a momentum so this is the where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a momentum so this is the where the
+wave partical Duality came from so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave partical Duality came from so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave partical Duality came from so the
+momentum of the quantum is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the quantum is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the quantum is related to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+wavelength of the wave and again relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the wave and again relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the wave and again relate
+via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+Edge and uh so the uh uh each Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and uh so the uh uh each Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and uh so the uh uh each Quantum
+State the energy can only be a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the energy can only be a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the energy can only be a multiple
+of the H new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the H new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the H new
+normally when we think about the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally when we think about the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally when we think about the way
+Contin mechanic can be any value the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contin mechanic can be any value the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contin mechanic can be any value the the
+Comm difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comm difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comm difference is
+that uh the energy could be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the energy could be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the energy could be only
+multiple so n is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple so n is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple so n is now
+integer and it has one half that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and it has one half that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and it has one half that's also
+called this one half nor is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this one half nor is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this one half nor is not
+important it's called Z Point Energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's called Z Point Energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's called Z Point Energy and
+is really uh if you still record some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really uh if you still record some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really uh if you still record some
+quantum mechanics that's the uh soal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics that's the uh soal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics that's the uh soal
+Heen certain principal requirement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heen certain principal requirement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heen certain principal requirement so
+this is 0 point energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 0 point energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 0 point energy
+uh normally it's not important so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh normally it's not important so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh normally it's not important so I'm
+not going to deil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much so that's a full okay now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so that's a full okay now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so that's a full okay now I'm going
+to it turns out the the uh whole Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it turns out the the uh whole Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it turns out the the uh whole Photon
+you can think this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think this is the
+electromagnetic wave now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave now I'm going to
+talk about different wave that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about different wave that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about different wave that's the
+latest wave the atomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest wave the atomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest wave the atomical
+vibration right the atomical vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration right the atomical vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration right the atomical vibration
+now you can think about started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can think about started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can think about started with
+classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+mechanics if you have mass spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics if you have mass spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics if you have mass spring
+system the fundamental natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the fundamental natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the fundamental natural
+frequency is square root k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is square root k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is square root k
+f right and of course in clal mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f right and of course in clal mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f right and of course in clal mechanics
+we see the energy is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the energy is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the energy is related to the
+amplitude of the wave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the wave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the wave the
+velocity and once you go to Quantum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and once you go to Quantum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and once you go to Quantum it
+turns out this way the energy cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this way the energy cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this way the energy cannot be
+any value same as electromagnetic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value same as electromagnetic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value same as electromagnetic way
+and the energy can only be multiples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy can only be multiples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy can only be multiples
+same you can say multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H and now there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and now there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and now there was
+anog for this qu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anog for this qu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anog for this qu of
+vibration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration that
+anal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal is
+full okay electr magnetic way the Basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full okay electr magnetic way the Basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full okay electr magnetic way the Basic
+Energy Quant is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Quant is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Quant is the
+phon that is atomical vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phon that is atomical vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phon that is atomical vibration
+the energy Basic Energy Quantum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy Basic Energy Quantum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy Basic Energy Quantum is
+full okay so what's this statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full okay so what's this statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full okay so what's this statistically
+obey right at a certain Quantum state if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey right at a certain Quantum state if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey right at a certain Quantum state if
+you think about electron could be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about electron could be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about electron could be zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one maximum is one and here at a mo at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maximum is one and here at a mo at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maximum is one and here at a mo at
+this frequency it could be Z1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency it could be Z1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency it could be Z1 to
+infinite so that's a difference electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so that's a difference electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so that's a difference electron
+0 one and here I could be any L integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one and here I could be any L integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one and here I could be any L integer
+Lage so I need to find the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lage so I need to find the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lage so I need to find the the
+distribution average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution average
+L of phon or fullon if I have equum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of phon or fullon if I have equum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of phon or fullon if I have equum
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh do the
+same right I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right I have the
+probability and uh now if I have n phon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh now if I have n phon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh now if I have n phon
+forong in this micro State the qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forong in this micro State the qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forong in this micro State the qu
+mechanical state that has this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical state that has this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical state that has this specific
+frequency that's the probability I sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's the probability I sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's the probability I sum
+this up from Nal Z to infinite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up from Nal Z to infinite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up from Nal Z to infinite that
+still should give me one right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still should give me one right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still should give me one right you have
+either zero or one or infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or one or infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or one or infinite number
+all the in between somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the in between somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the in between somewhere in between
+so sum up I have one I will determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sum up I have one I will determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sum up I have one I will determine
+a and this a from this a I go to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this a from this a I go to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this a from this a I go to find
+the average once I find the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average once I find the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average once I find the probability
+I find the average Lum right same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find the average Lum right same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find the average Lum right same way as
+I did for electron and this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did for electron and this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did for electron and this average
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+now is the cosine Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the cosine Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the cosine Einstein
+distribution and this for the Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and this for the Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and this for the Einstein
+distribution you if you compare with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you if you compare with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you if you compare with the
+previous fir distribution the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous fir distribution the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous fir distribution the only thing
+change is a plus sign now goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is a plus sign now goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is a plus sign now goes to minus
+sign and because of that is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and because of that is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and because of that is no longer
+between 0 to one between zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 to one between zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 to one between zero to
+infinite right and in fact for Fon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right and in fact for Fon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right and in fact for Fon and
+Photon because the L is not conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon because the L is not conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon because the L is not conserved
+okay it's not like electron is conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not like electron is conserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not like electron is conserve
+L soal potential concept is not called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L soal potential concept is not called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L soal potential concept is not called
+is not good one so that's a zero we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not good one so that's a zero we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not good one so that's a zero we take
+it a zero and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a zero and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a zero and this is the
+distribution of for Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of for Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of for Einstein
+Distributing with reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing with reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing with reason for
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+z uh it's not a conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z uh it's not a conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z uh it's not a conserved
+quantity it's say uh when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's say uh when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's say uh when we talk about
+Mass transfer particle that's a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass transfer particle that's a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass transfer particle that's a fixed
+lber right total lber either going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lber right total lber either going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lber right total lber either going out
+or going but it's a that's a conserved L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going but it's a that's a conserved L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going but it's a that's a conserved L
+here is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not a
+conserv but there actually see later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserv but there actually see later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserv but there actually see later on
+uh when we talk about the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we talk about the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we talk about the solar cell
+you'll find out there's a qu formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find out there's a qu formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find out there's a qu formula
+will get into you here so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get into you here so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get into you here so it's actually
+a very deep uh uh thing there it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very deep uh uh thing there it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very deep uh uh thing there it's a
+this is just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a simple
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's
+about now in this time frame like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now in this time frame like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now in this time frame like I said
+you're probably familiar with classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably familiar with classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably familiar with classical
+thermodynamic you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic you're
+not side like you just take it okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not side like you just take it okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not side like you just take it okay this
+how the result will be using then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the result will be using then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the result will be using then what
+they what get into mind microscopically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what get into mind microscopically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what get into mind microscopically
+we have Bine distribution we have per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Bine distribution we have per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Bine distribution we have per
+distribution for electron we have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for electron we have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for electron we have both
+Einstein distribution for foron phon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein distribution for foron phon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein distribution for foron phon
+that's what you need to know okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you need to know okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you need to know okay and uh
+uh what we need uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we need uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we need uh I'm going to
+summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize
+next uh this is the P transfer before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh this is the P transfer before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh this is the P transfer before
+was theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was theral
+dyamic now uh heat transfer again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamic now uh heat transfer again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamic now uh heat transfer again
+you take 25 26 this is very uh should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take 25 26 this is very uh should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take 25 26 this is very uh should be
+uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very
+familiar if I have uh we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar if I have uh we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar if I have uh we have we have
+three modes of he transfer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three modes of he transfer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three modes of he transfer right
+conduction combustion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction combustion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction combustion and
+radiation and describing the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and describing the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and describing the conduction
+is a for real law of diffusion so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a for real law of diffusion so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a for real law of diffusion so the
+heat transfer rate here I put the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer rate here I put the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transfer rate here I put the rate
+in what it's proportional to the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what it's proportional to the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what it's proportional to the area
+proportion temperature gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion temperature gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion temperature gradient
+and proportionality constant is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proportionality constant is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proportionality constant is the
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+conductivity and that's a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and that's a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and that's a material
+property normally we think it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property normally we think it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property normally we think it as a
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+proper and uh uh the negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper and uh uh the negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper and uh uh the negative sign
+actually take care of the second LW say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take care of the second LW say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take care of the second LW say
+temperature heed will flow from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature heed will flow from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature heed will flow from high
+temperature to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to low
+temperature and you can do that's a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you can do that's a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you can do that's a per
+what you can do flux that's a per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do flux that's a per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do flux that's a per unit
+area based so just long noriz the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area based so just long noriz the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area based so just long noriz the
+area uh or you WR generalize into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh or you WR generalize into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh or you WR generalize into three
+dimension rather than write into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension rather than write into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension rather than write into one
+dimension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and
+contion is when you have fluid flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contion is when you have fluid flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contion is when you have fluid flow in
+the surrounding of say a heated or cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surrounding of say a heated or cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surrounding of say a heated or cold
+surface the heat transfer between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the heat transfer between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the heat transfer between the
+Surface and the fluid is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surface and the fluid is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surface and the fluid is proportional to
+the temperature difference of the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature difference of the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature difference of the wall
+and the fluids this fluids actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fluids this fluids actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fluids this fluids actually
+transition the temperature goes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the temperature goes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition the temperature goes from the
+wall to gradually to the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to gradually to the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to gradually to the center of the
+fluid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid or
+ID right and uh the proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID right and uh the proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID right and uh the proportionality
+constant here is H the uh heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here is H the uh heat transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here is H the uh heat transfer
+coefficient and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and uh
+uh but H is a flow dependent is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but H is a flow dependent is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but H is a flow dependent is not a
+mature prop depends on how flu how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature prop depends on how flu how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature prop depends on how flu how fast
+the flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flu
+flow and depends on the geometry uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and depends on the geometry uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and depends on the geometry uh so
+there this is a big Topic in 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is a big Topic in 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is a big Topic in 25
+2006 and we know there's natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 and we know there's natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 and we know there's natural
+conversion Force conversion this just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion Force conversion this just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion Force conversion this just uh
+uh in terms of the uh terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the uh terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the uh terminology
+there so those are conduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so those are conduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so those are conduction and
+convetion and of course the theral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convetion and of course the theral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convetion and of course the theral of
+transfer is the radiation thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer is the radiation thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer is the radiation thermal
+radiation right seral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation right seral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation right seral
+radiation for black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation for black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation for black
+body one single surface or black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body one single surface or black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body one single surface or black
+object the emission is given by the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the emission is given by the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the emission is given by the step
+band as the proportional to temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band as the proportional to temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band as the proportional to temperature
+for power the proportionality constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power the proportionality constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power the proportionality constant
+is step important my con right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is step important my con right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is step important my con right so this
+is for black object the real object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for black object the real object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for black object the real object is
+not black so we use the imity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not black so we use the imity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not black so we use the imity to
+characterize it and we discuss some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize it and we discuss some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize it and we discuss some more
+down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the
+road now if I have two objects exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road now if I have two objects exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road now if I have two objects exchange
+heat in this case it could be vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat in this case it could be vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat in this case it could be vacuum
+right it's that's the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's that's the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's that's the difference of
+radiation compared to conduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation compared to conduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation compared to conduction and
+convetion which requires a media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convetion which requires a media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convetion which requires a media and
+here the heat transfer is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the heat transfer is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the heat transfer is by
+electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+waves so uh I wrote a simple form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so uh I wrote a simple form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so uh I wrote a simple form of
+reding the left heat transfer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reding the left heat transfer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reding the left heat transfer is the
+compter Force Power and remember here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compter Force Power and remember here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compter Force Power and remember here
+you have to use the kin not degre C look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use the kin not degre C look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use the kin not degre C look
+at the units so in kelvin and uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the units so in kelvin and uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the units so in kelvin and uh if the
+object is not black we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is not black we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is not black we use the
+emissivity and here is the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity and here is the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity and here is the effective
+between two surfaces because the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two surfaces because the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two surfaces because the two
+surface may be different like set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface may be different like set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface may be different like set this
+discuss more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss more than the
+ru so those are three modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ru so those are three modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ru so those are three modes
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+right and uh in this course we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh in this course we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh in this course we'll talk
+more on conduction we'll talk more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on conduction we'll talk more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on conduction we'll talk more on
+radiation you have learned a lot uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you have learned a lot uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you have learned a lot uh some
+of you learn a lot of convertion so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you learn a lot of convertion so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you learn a lot of convertion so that
+that's a probably fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a probably fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a probably fear
+right now let's think a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's think a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's think a little bit more
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+conduction uh if I have a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction uh if I have a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction uh if I have a one
+dimensional no generation inside I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional no generation inside I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional no generation inside I can
+the heat flow is constant so cure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat flow is constant so cure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat flow is constant so cure is
+constant you go back to the fal law you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you go back to the fal law you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you go back to the fal law you
+integrate it you find out the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it you find out the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it you find out the heat
+transfer between the two points from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer between the two points from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer between the two points from
+from this to the other side a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to the other side a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to the other side a steady
+state is proportional to Thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is proportional to Thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is proportional to Thermal
+conductivity temperature uh area inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity temperature uh area inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity temperature uh area inverse
+proportional to the length so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length so if you
+want to do thermal isolation what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do thermal isolation what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do thermal isolation what you do
+use a long object use a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a long object use a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a long object use a small
+cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+right that's thermal isolation lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's thermal isolation lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's thermal isolation lot of
+times when you design a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when you design a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when you design a thermal
+system not only in h getting in you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not only in h getting in you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not only in h getting in you also
+want to isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to isolate
+it and uh the r we can combine all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh the r we can combine all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh the r we can combine all this
+right into uh thermal resistance just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into uh thermal resistance just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into uh thermal resistance just a
+definition because this way it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because this way it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because this way it looks
+very similar to electrical circuit where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to electrical circuit where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to electrical circuit where
+your driving voltage is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your driving voltage is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your driving voltage is now the
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+difference and then your current is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then your current is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then your current is a
+Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat
+current and your resistance so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and your resistance so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and your resistance so you can
+use the same way as you do Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same way as you do Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same way as you do Circle
+analysis if you know the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis if you know the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis if you know the thermal
+resistance this is for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance this is for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance this is for different
+geometries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries
+different and even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and even for
+converstion you can express you go to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converstion you can express you go to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converstion you can express you go to do
+a cal resistance so so you can build uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cal resistance so so you can build uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cal resistance so so you can build uh
+Su resistor LW work to do some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su resistor LW work to do some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su resistor LW work to do some simple
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and another thing that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and another thing that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and another thing that's important
+to keep in mind is order Manu what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind is order Manu what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind is order Manu what are
+the good conductors what are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good conductors what are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good conductors what are good
+insulators right and the best conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators right and the best conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators right and the best conductor
+turns out is dond why that's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is dond why that's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is dond why that's because the
+bumping the Sprint so in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping the Sprint so in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumping the Sprint so in this case is
+the wave atomical wave that carries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave atomical wave that carries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave atomical wave that carries the
+heat so if the bounding between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so if the bounding between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so if the bounding between the
+atoms strong the spring constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms strong the spring constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms strong the spring constant is
+large the velocity is large so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the velocity is large so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the velocity is large so that's
+why diamond is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why diamond is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why diamond is good
+conductor and metals are not that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor and metals are not that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor and metals are not that say
+metals are by electrons and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are by electrons and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals are by electrons and the
+insulators you can say the wood material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators you can say the wood material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators you can say the wood material
+course those po theral conductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course those po theral conductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course those po theral conductors
+because the atomic Arrangement is random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the atomic Arrangement is random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the atomic Arrangement is random
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+Randomness uh make the wave harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness uh make the wave harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness uh make the wave harder to
+propagate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate in the
+material okay so this is a again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay so this is a again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay so this is a again
+macroscopic now I'm going to also give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic now I'm going to also give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic now I'm going to also give
+you the other view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the other view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the other view
+microscop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and
+uh the kic picture so what happens how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the kic picture so what happens how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the kic picture so what happens how
+heat really is conducted let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat really is conducted let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat really is conducted let's think
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+molecules and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and the
+molecules the uh let's say we have a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the uh let's say we have a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the uh let's say we have a box
+and one side is hot the other side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one side is hot the other side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one side is hot the other side is
+cold let's forget about conversion how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold let's forget about conversion how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold let's forget about conversion how
+it goes from one H side we of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from one H side we of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from one H side we of the
+molecule to the PO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to the PO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to the PO
+side it's really on the H side the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's really on the H side the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's really on the H side the air
+molecule right collide with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right collide with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right collide with the
+wall and on the wall is hard means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and on the wall is hard means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and on the wall is hard means the
+velocity is faster so this molecule will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is faster so this molecule will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is faster so this molecule will
+get say faster velocity due to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get say faster velocity due to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get say faster velocity due to that
+energy change between the w and air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change between the w and air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change between the w and air
+molecule now this harder air molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now this harder air molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now this harder air molecule
+will collide with the liant molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collide with the liant molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collide with the liant molecule of
+course they have chance go randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they have chance go randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they have chance go randomly
+every mole is moving a few hundred meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every mole is moving a few hundred meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every mole is moving a few hundred meter
+per second as we talked before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second as we talked before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second as we talked before
+right and they collide with the Coler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they collide with the Coler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they collide with the Coler
+one and they impart some of that excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and they impart some of that excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and they impart some of that excess
+energy to the L labor the Le labor go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the L labor the Le labor go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the L labor the Le labor go
+back and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and the
+forth again they do this Cascade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth again they do this Cascade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth again they do this Cascade the
+energy from the h to the close side a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the h to the close side a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the h to the close side a
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+process and uh typical there is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh typical there is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh typical there is uh the
+distance of this poistion right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of this poistion right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of this poistion right you can
+go to estimate it and then just turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to estimate it and then just turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to estimate it and then just turns
+out this distance between the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this distance between the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this distance between the average
+molec potion is about 100 mic nomer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molec potion is about 100 mic nomer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molec potion is about 100 mic nomer in
+the in this room the air molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this room the air molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this room the air molecule
+distance between Collision is about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between Collision is about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between Collision is about 100
+n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay
+and uh uh so now I give you a a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so now I give you a a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh so now I give you a a few more
+definition right the energy prople let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right the energy prople let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right the energy prople let's
+again take energy Perle as e and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again take energy Perle as e and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again take energy Perle as e and the
+average velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average velocity is
+V and time between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and time between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and time between
+colation is to and distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colation is to and distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colation is to and distance between
+coition is gamma that's a mean free pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coition is gamma that's a mean free pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coition is gamma that's a mean free pass
+so time is the average time between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so time is the average time between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so time is the average time between
+colation is relaxation time and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colation is relaxation time and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colation is relaxation time and this
+distance and the time related by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and the time related by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and the time related by the
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+right so what is the heat transfer when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is the heat transfer when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is the heat transfer when
+I think about Heat going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about Heat going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about Heat going through this
+imaginary surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary surface
+here what's how I calculate it I count I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's how I calculate it I count I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's how I calculate it I count I
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+counting I will say okay only those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting I will say okay only those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting I will say okay only those
+molecules within one mean free pass VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules within one mean free pass VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules within one mean free pass VX
+is velocity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is velocity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is velocity the
+component in the X Direction times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the X Direction times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the X Direction times the
+Collision time right so only those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision time right so only those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision time right so only those
+molecule can go zip through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can go zip through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can go zip through the
+interface without Collision because T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface without Collision because T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface without Collision because T is
+the average time between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average time between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average time between
+Collision so this part of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision so this part of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision so this part of the molecule
+is hotter they go from this side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hotter they go from this side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hotter they go from this side to the
+other side and on this side the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and on this side the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and on this side the molecule
+is cooler again in the VX tab tall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cooler again in the VX tab tall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cooler again in the VX tab tall that
+range they go from this side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range they go from this side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range they go from this side to the
+other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+right and I take the difference I count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I take the difference I count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I take the difference I count
+all the molecules I take the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the molecules I take the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the molecules I take the difference
+that's my heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my heat
+flux so let me write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so let me write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so let me write down the
+MTH that's what I do I say on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTH that's what I do I say on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTH that's what I do I say on the left
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+side this is a per unit volume how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is a per unit volume how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is a per unit volume how many
+n is the uh particle L density I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the uh particle L density I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the uh particle L density I forgot
+uh the first uh the second bullets there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first uh the second bullets there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first uh the second bullets there
+each particle how much energy has and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particle how much energy has and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particle how much energy has and
+this is the velocity in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the velocity in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the velocity in the X direction
+right so I say only in this range from X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I say only in this range from X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I say only in this range from X
+to vxus to in this range you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vxus to in this range you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vxus to in this range you can go
+through on the other side is X Plus vx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on the other side is X Plus vx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on the other side is X Plus vx
+to you can do more detail but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you can do more detail but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you can do more detail but that
+clearly this is very simple argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this is very simple argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this is very simple argument
+right so that gives me local P flux you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that gives me local P flux you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that gives me local P flux you
+go check a unit is a watt per meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go check a unit is a watt per meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go check a unit is a watt per meter
+squar he flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just do the expansion of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the expansion of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the expansion of these two
+terms and uh write into differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and uh write into differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and uh write into differential
+form because this is about 100 NM if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because this is about 100 NM if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form because this is about 100 NM if I
+do meters or centimeter or millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do meters or centimeter or millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do meters or centimeter or millimeters
+that's essentially continum right very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially continum right very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially continum right very
+small Delta so I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Delta so I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Delta so I do the
+derivative and I do T expansion this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and I do T expansion this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and I do T expansion this one
+half is because there's only half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is because there's only half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is because there's only half of
+this go this way half go that way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this go this way half go that way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this go this way half go that way right
+so that's where the cff came from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the cff came from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the cff came from and
+after I do the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do the T
+expansion uh I have e and V and VX VX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh I have e and V and VX VX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh I have e and V and VX VX is
+random velocity I pull out it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random velocity I pull out it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random velocity I pull out it is
+independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+distance it could be depend on this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance it could be depend on this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance it could be depend on this just
+to make assumption approximation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make assumption approximation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make assumption approximation in
+different distance this is VX s VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distance this is VX s VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distance this is VX s VX
+Square Is Random so it's 13 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square Is Random so it's 13 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square Is Random so it's 13 of the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+velocity 13 v s so that's my 1/3 V sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity 13 v s so that's my 1/3 V sare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity 13 v s so that's my 1/3 V sare
+replacing this VX s t is here and the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing this VX s t is here and the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing this VX s t is here and the n
+* e is per uni volume how much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* e is per uni volume how much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* e is per uni volume how much energy
+internal energy the molecule have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy the molecule have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal energy the molecule have
+right so I have this n * e is U and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have this n * e is U and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have this n * e is U and I
+take a CH r d DT DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX okay what do you get you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay what do you get you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay what do you get you get
+for right cuz here here is 13 w squ p c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right cuz here here is 13 w squ p c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right cuz here here is 13 w squ p c
+and that's the thermal conductivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the thermal conductivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the thermal conductivity and
+this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this temperature
+gradient you can do that you can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient you can do that you can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient you can do that you can go back
+and do your fix law and uh new share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do your fix law and uh new share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do your fix law and uh new share
+stress law in fact all the diffusion law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress law in fact all the diffusion law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress law in fact all the diffusion law
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+learn in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps yes you said we could uh move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps yes you said we could uh move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps yes you said we could uh move the
+velocity out of the derivative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity out of the derivative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity out of the derivative because
+it was constant but isn't the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was constant but isn't the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was constant but isn't the velocity
+related to the temperature yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the temperature yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the temperature yeah good
+question uh this is a uh uh later on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh this is a uh uh later on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh this is a uh uh later on we
+discuss the Thal electric effect I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the Thal electric effect I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the Thal electric effect I'll
+come back to this okay here I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this okay here I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this okay here I'm talking
+about molecule and I'm just I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecule and I'm just I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecule and I'm just I just want
+to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the
+F they clearly approximation and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F they clearly approximation and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F they clearly approximation and what
+you're talking is more like a coule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking is more like a coule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking is more like a coule the
+mass and heat transfer and in fact we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and heat transfer and in fact we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and heat transfer and in fact we uh
+if you learn once the heat contr you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn once the heat contr you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you learn once the heat contr you
+know mass and heat contr couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the thermal connectivity is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the thermal connectivity is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the thermal connectivity is one
+specific heat velocity and me fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat velocity and me fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heat velocity and me fre
+CL okay and the specific heat is per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL okay and the specific heat is per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL okay and the specific heat is per
+unit volume if I do Capital C is per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume if I do Capital C is per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume if I do Capital C is per
+unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume
+base and uh typically we do per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and uh typically we do per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and uh typically we do per unit
+mass bity times per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass bity times per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass bity times per unit
+Mass okay so this is a the a very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay so this is a the a very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay so this is a the a very uh
+useful relation to keep in mind simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful relation to keep in mind simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful relation to keep in mind simple
+uh the thermal connectivity depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thermal connectivity depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thermal connectivity depends on
+how many energy stored by the molecu how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many energy stored by the molecu how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many energy stored by the molecu how
+fast they travel and how far they travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they travel and how far they travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they travel and how far they travel
+between so if you want the high th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so if you want the high th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so if you want the high th
+connectivity want the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity want the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity want the power
+Fall want low th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fall want low th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fall want low th
+connectivity you reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity you reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity you reduce
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right and uh for most solid this say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh for most solid this say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh for most solid this say is
+about 10 to the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 to the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 to the six
+power this doesn't vary by Factor five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this doesn't vary by Factor five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this doesn't vary by Factor five
+so when I do on my back of envelop aut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I do on my back of envelop aut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I do on my back of envelop aut
+magnitude estimation I say say is 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude estimation I say say is 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude estimation I say say is 10 to
+the six you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six you go to
+check and uh velocity in solid is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and uh velocity in solid is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and uh velocity in solid is just
+so you can roughly think the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can roughly think the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can roughly think the speed of
+sound few hundred to few thousand met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound few hundred to few thousand met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound few hundred to few thousand met
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+second the me free pass is short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the me free pass is short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the me free pass is short
+right nomers 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nomers 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nomers 100
+Nom so that's the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nom so that's the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nom so that's the range
+order okay so this is a I I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so this is a I I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so this is a I I think most
+of you probably in 2005 haven't seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you probably in 2005 haven't seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you probably in 2005 haven't seen it
+it's a very simple but uh uh the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple but uh uh the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple but uh uh the picture
+is really the diffusion picture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the diffusion picture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the diffusion picture all
+similar let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar let me give
+you I Haven the 12 finished I'm read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I Haven the 12 finished I'm read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I Haven the 12 finished I'm read
+condition I come back to I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I come back to I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I come back to I said that
+step bman law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step bman law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step bman law
+right and what I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what I want to show you
+next is how I can derive stat for from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is how I can derive stat for from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is how I can derive stat for from
+the statistics just I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics just I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics just I just
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm
+considering uh enclosure let me even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering uh enclosure let me even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering uh enclosure let me even
+imagine the enclosure is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the enclosure is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the enclosure is perfectly
+reflecting there are photons and the was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting there are photons and the was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting there are photons and the was
+is like temp so it's a equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like temp so it's a equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like temp so it's a equilibrium
+system I want to see how many the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I want to see how many the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I want to see how many the
+electromagnetic weight inside this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weight inside this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weight inside this box
+how much energy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy they
+have like constant temperature equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like constant temperature equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like constant temperature equ
+thermal equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal equ
+right so uh let's go back to a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh let's go back to a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh let's go back to a little
+bit the basic relations th say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the basic relations th say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the basic relations th say
+electromagnetic weight we know the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weight we know the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weight we know the speed
+of KN is a proportional it's speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KN is a proportional it's speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KN is a proportional it's speed of
+night is wance times frequency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night is wance times frequency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night is wance times frequency right
+that's a uh high school we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a uh high school we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a uh high school we
+learn and uh definition I say angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and uh definition I say angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and uh definition I say angular
+velocity is 2 pi mu we vector magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is 2 pi mu we vector magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is 2 pi mu we vector magnitude
+is 2 pi or Lambda what is we Vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi or Lambda what is we Vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi or Lambda what is we Vector the
+we propagates in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we propagates in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we propagates in certain
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+right and uh so it's a because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh so it's a because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh so it's a because of
+Direction it's a vector 2 pi Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction it's a vector 2 pi Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction it's a vector 2 pi Lambda
+Lambda is a WAV length it's a scalar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is a WAV length it's a scalar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is a WAV length it's a scalar and
+the directionality GES the vector so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directionality GES the vector so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directionality GES the vector so the
+it's KX KY KZ if you do c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's KX KY KZ if you do c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's KX KY KZ if you do c
+coordinate and so I can write the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and so I can write the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and so I can write the C
+equals mu * Lambda in terms of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu * Lambda in terms of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu * Lambda in terms of frequency
+and we Vector is C time Omega equal c k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Vector is C time Omega equal c k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Vector is C time Omega equal c k
+so this relation between V vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this relation between V vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this relation between V vector
+magnitude and the frequency it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and the frequency it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and the frequency it's called
+dispersion and then in the speed of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion and then in the speed of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion and then in the speed of in
+the case of light it's a linear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of light it's a linear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of light it's a linear right
+is 3 10 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 10 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 10 8
+m/s and of course because a vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s and of course because a vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s and of course because a vector so
+it's a square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that's the
+dis and now I want to count when I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis and now I want to count when I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis and now I want to count when I want
+my question is how much energy Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is how much energy Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is how much energy Photon
+has inside this box right I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has inside this box right I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has inside this box right I'm going to
+count how many modes it has remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many modes it has remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count how many modes it has remember
+each mode the B Einstein distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each mode the B Einstein distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each mode the B Einstein distribution
+already tells me each say each mode how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already tells me each say each mode how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already tells me each say each mode how
+much how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how many
+photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+so how many modes so that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many modes so that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many modes so that's basically
+I'm cting right a mode because I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cting right a mode because I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cting right a mode because I'm a
+perfect wall so you can see the mode has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect wall so you can see the mode has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect wall so you can see the mode has
+to be standing W here either this way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be standing W here either this way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be standing W here either this way or
+this way that is boundary it's zero why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way that is boundary it's zero why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way that is boundary it's zero why
+is it zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it zero
+huh why should otherwise it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh why should otherwise it doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh why should otherwise it doesn't get
+a steady state it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady state it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady state it keeps
+propaga okay so this is my wav length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaga okay so this is my wav length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaga okay so this is my wav length
+component in the X Direction KX right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the X Direction KX right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the X Direction KX right is
+corresponding wavelength in X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding wavelength in X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding wavelength in X Direction
+and The the LX is the length here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and The the LX is the length here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and The the LX is the length here right
+so if I just say this must satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I just say this must satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I just say this must satisfy the
+rule then I have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule then I have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule then I have to have
+integer those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer those are the
+possibilities and that translate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and that translate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and that translate in the
+possibility of my K KX is just 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of my K KX is just 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of my K KX is just 2 pi over
+Lambda X so this is n to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda X so this is n to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda X so this is n to 2
+LX okay so each combination of NX NY n z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX okay so each combination of NX NY n z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX okay so each combination of NX NY n z
+each set gives me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each set gives me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each set gives me one
+Mo and uh when I want to find out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo and uh when I want to find out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo and uh when I want to find out how
+many how much energy I just sum up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how much energy I just sum up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how much energy I just sum up all
+those modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those modes
+right so I sum that up and remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I sum that up and remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I sum that up and remember when
+I do molecules I do velocity from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do molecules I do velocity from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do molecules I do velocity from minus
+infinite to plus infinite and here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite to plus infinite and here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite to plus infinite and here when
+I do this I do discrete summation of NX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this I do discrete summation of NX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this I do discrete summation of NX
+n y n z right so I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n y n z right so I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n y n z right so I do this
+summation this is a NX N Y and Z each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation this is a NX N Y and Z each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation this is a NX N Y and Z each
+mode has this is the number of photon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode has this is the number of photon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode has this is the number of photon in
+this every cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every cell
+and this is the energy of a photon is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the energy of a photon is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the energy of a photon is H
+Omega I got a factor of two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I got a factor of two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I got a factor of two because
+electromagnetic wave is transverse wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave is transverse wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave is transverse wave
+and has a two compol two polarizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a two compol two polarizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a two compol two polarizations
+so that factor to come what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that factor to come what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that factor to come what
+com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com
+okay if you don't look at this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you don't look at this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you don't look at this that's
+where my starting point and what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my starting point and what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my starting point and what I want
+to do is rather than do the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is rather than do the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is rather than do the summation
+I'm going to translate it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to translate it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to translate it into
+integration summation is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration summation is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration summation is over
+n so if you look at this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so if you look at this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so if you look at this interval
+between n and K is 2 pi 2 LX so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between n and K is 2 pi 2 LX so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between n and K is 2 pi 2 LX so when I
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+dkx I divide by 2 pi 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dkx I divide by 2 pi 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dkx I divide by 2 pi 2
+LX that's n if this is large L but small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX that's n if this is large L but small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX that's n if this is large L but small
+you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of
+problem so I translate this summation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I translate this summation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I translate this summation in
+NX into this dkx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NX into this dkx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NX into this dkx
+integration I do same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I do same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration I do same for
+KY k z this is I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copying I I wrote the extra step here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying I I wrote the extra step here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying I I wrote the extra step here
+just for the T later purpose because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the T later purpose because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the T later purpose because my
+function is a even function so I extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a even function so I extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a even function so I extend
+to find minus infinite to plus infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find minus infinite to plus infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find minus infinite to plus infinite
+the difference is a factor of two so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is a factor of two so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is a factor of two so I
+don't have this two here anymore because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this two here anymore because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this two here anymore because
+the factor of two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor of two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor of two is
+gone okay that's just for my later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone okay that's just for my later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone okay that's just for my later
+purpose the end result this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose the end result this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose the end result this is just
+equivalent and what it means my I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and what it means my I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and what it means my I can
+rather than standing wave I can say do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than standing wave I can say do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than standing wave I can say do
+two counter propagating one goes left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two counter propagating one goes left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two counter propagating one goes left
+one goes right that's when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes right that's when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes right that's when you do the
+maximal velocity is minus infinite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal velocity is minus infinite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal velocity is minus infinite to
+plus infinite so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinite so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinite so that's
+equivalent okay I think I will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent okay I think I will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent okay I think I will probably
+have to stop here there are two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop here there are two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop here there are two more
+slides you can look at but I'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you can look at but I'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you can look at but I'll discuss
+what's coming is the FL body radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming is the FL body radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming is the FL body radiation
+in each wavelength how much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each wavelength how much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each wavelength how much energy
+carries with simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Mnz-LM2KVa4.txt b/Mnz-LM2KVa4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9d2eeb6dd5b899712fd44c61e5b5135620c533b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mnz-LM2KVa4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to do two really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to do two really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to do two really
+important things that we uh I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that we uh I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that we uh I really
+want to get through uh today and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get through uh today and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get through uh today and the
+first one involves um the final um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one involves um the final um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one involves um the final um
+project for the class so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for the class so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for the class so what I'm going
+to ask you to do um is to take a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to do um is to take a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to do um is to take a minute
+and after I tell you what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after I tell you what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after I tell you what you're going
+to be doing um find a a partner um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing um find a a partner um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing um find a a partner um if
+we're not an even number um you can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not an even number um you can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not an even number um you can do a
+part uh one group of three but I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh one group of three but I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part uh one group of three but I'd
+prefer uh groups of two have tended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer uh groups of two have tended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer uh groups of two have tended to
+work a lot better um that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a lot better um that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a lot better um that you're going
+to be willing to work on a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be willing to work on a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be willing to work on a project
+starting um next week and start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting um next week and start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting um next week and start thinking
+about what you would like to do it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you would like to do it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you would like to do it can
+be anything related to music theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything related to music theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything related to music theory and
+Analysis in the symbolic domain that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis in the symbolic domain that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analysis in the symbolic domain that is
+to say working with notes and scores not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say working with notes and scores not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say working with notes and scores not
+primarily working with audio or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily working with audio or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily working with audio or um
+things like that when you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that when you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that when you want to do
+that uh take uh Aran Go's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh take uh Aran Go's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh take uh Aran Go's amazing
+classes where you can do great projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes where you can do great projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes where you can do great projects
+on audio um and it can be um it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on audio um and it can be um it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on audio um and it can be um it can be a
+research type problem you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research type problem you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research type problem you can try to
+solve a research um problem you can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a research um problem you can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a research um problem you can it
+can be more of a business development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more of a business development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more of a business development
+and Entrepreneurship type problem trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Entrepreneurship type problem trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Entrepreneurship type problem trying
+to um trying to build a product that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um trying to build a product that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um trying to build a product that
+does something interesting with music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something interesting with music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something interesting with music
+theory or it can be a creative project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or it can be a creative project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or it can be a creative project
+uh I've mentioned at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've mentioned at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've mentioned at the beginning of
+the semester but I I'll want to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester but I I'll want to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester but I I'll want to say it
+again uh the only restriction uh besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh the only restriction uh besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh the only restriction uh besides
+primarily symbolically based is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily symbolically based is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily symbolically based is that if
+you are doing a creative project I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are doing a creative project I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are doing a creative project I don't
+want to it to be based on deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to it to be based on deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to it to be based on deep learning
+Ai and the reason for that is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ai and the reason for that is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ai and the reason for that is as a
+safety for y'all um I've allowed it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety for y'all um I've allowed it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety for y'all um I've allowed it in
+the past and it hasn't worked very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and it hasn't worked very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and it hasn't worked very well
+um and we'll get to we will do a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll get to we will do a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll get to we will do a lecture
+on uh AI later on or to a topic on AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh AI later on or to a topic on AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh AI later on or to a topic on AI
+and then I'll be able to explain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll be able to explain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll be able to explain a
+little bit more on U what the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more on U what the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more on U what the constraint
+that tends to make those projects not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to make those projects not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to make those projects not
+work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very
+well so has anybody already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so has anybody already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so has anybody already been
+thinking over the course of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking over the course of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking over the course of the semester
+of something that you're interested I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that you're interested I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that you're interested I'm
+not going to ask you to say it but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to ask you to say it but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to ask you to say it but I'm
+just just curious who's who's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just curious who's who's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just curious who's who's been
+thinking a little bit a little bit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a little bit a little bit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a little bit a little bit a
+little bit okay so some some over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay so some some over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay so some some over here
+um so let's take 10 minutes 5 minutes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's take 10 minutes 5 minutes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's take 10 minutes 5 minutes um
+5 minutes to find somebody that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 minutes to find somebody that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 minutes to find somebody that you'd
+like to work with so let's all stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to work with so let's all stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to work with so let's all stand
+up okay we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay we'll get to
+um we let's let's uh no actually your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we let's let's uh no actually your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we let's let's uh no actually your
+your computers are mostly closed so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computers are mostly closed so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computers are mostly closed so let
+me um just remind us a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um just remind us a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um just remind us a little bit of the
+perative topic for the week and um talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perative topic for the week and um talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perative topic for the week and um talk
+about some of the things yes yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the things yes yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the things yes yes it's
+down thank you just shout when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down thank you just shout when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down thank you just shout when you get
+that H I did remember to turn the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that H I did remember to turn the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that H I did remember to turn the signal
+back on but yep thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on but yep thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on but yep thank you
+so we're going to talk about um some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about um some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk about um some of
+the other um things that we that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other um things that we that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other um things that we that we were
+talking about last class with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about last class with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about last class with
+algorithmic composition so first off who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic composition so first off who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic composition so first off who
+now has been able to access the iliac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has been able to access the iliac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has been able to access the iliac
+suite and recording okay great super so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suite and recording okay great super so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suite and recording okay great super so
+so we're in a better uh position there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're in a better uh position there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're in a better uh position there
+um we talked about um whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked about um whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked about um whether or not the
+iliac Suite was um was sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iliac Suite was um was sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iliac Suite was um was sort of more
+written to create music that sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written to create music that sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written to create music that sounded
+like a human or whether was created to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a human or whether was created to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a human or whether was created to
+do something very new and what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very new and what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something very new and what did we
+come to this is consensus anyone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this is consensus anyone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this is consensus anyone want to
+throw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that
+out or what you towards doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or what you towards doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or what you towards doing something
+new what's that 7030 toward doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new what's that 7030 toward doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new what's that 7030 toward doing
+something new yeah yeah something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new yeah yeah something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new yeah yeah something like
+that some some percentage some mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some some percentage some mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some some percentage some mixture
+of some parts of what they were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some parts of what they were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some parts of what they were trying
+to do really was about hey this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do really was about hey this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do really was about hey this is
+something humans do let's see if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something humans do let's see if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something humans do let's see if a
+computer do can do it and then there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer do can do it and then there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer do can do it and then there was
+the moments um like the one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments um like the one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments um like the one with the
+algorithmic putting of claps and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic putting of claps and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic putting of claps and and uh
+hitting the violins and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the violins and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the violins and stuff like that
+at different points which um was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different points which um was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different points which um was a
+little bit more computery right we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more computery right we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more computery right we also
+talked about Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Markov
+chains um in the last class and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains um in the last class and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains um in the last class and we'll
+get a little bit later on into some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit later on into some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit later on into some of
+the more sophisticated statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more sophisticated statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more sophisticated statistical
+learning that people are doing today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that people are doing today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that people are doing today
+with um with AI learning but a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um with AI learning but a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um with AI learning but a lot of it
+is very very similar it's just um a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very similar it's just um a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very similar it's just um a lot
+faster or a lot big bigger than things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster or a lot big bigger than things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster or a lot big bigger than things
+but but I want to talk about some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I want to talk about some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I want to talk about some things
+um and we'll get to uh get to that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll get to uh get to that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll get to uh get to that later
+pretend I didn't show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend I didn't show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend I didn't show that
+so there's two ways that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two ways that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two ways that we can
+distinguish um algorithmic composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish um algorithmic composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish um algorithmic composition
+one of them is whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is whether it's
+deterministic or if it has a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic or if it has a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic or if it has a random
+chance in it um whether or not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance in it um whether or not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance in it um whether or not every
+time you play the piece or or run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you play the piece or or run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you play the piece or or run the
+piece it will be a different piece or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it will be a different piece or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it will be a different piece or
+it'll be the same um so I want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the same um so I want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the same um so I want to start
+by giving I'm going to uh go pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving I'm going to uh go pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving I'm going to uh go pretty
+egotistically with two pieces that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egotistically with two pieces that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egotistically with two pieces that I've
+written the first one's not even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the first one's not even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the first one's not even really
+a piece but it's kind of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece but it's kind of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece but it's kind of a little
+demonstration it starts with um a demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration it starts with um a demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration it starts with um a demo
+that you might have seen in a science uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have seen in a science uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have seen in a science uh
+class or physics class where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or physics class where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class or physics class where all the
+balls um are moving at different lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls um are moving at different lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls um are moving at different lengths
+but um they do kind of some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um they do kind of some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um they do kind of some interesting
+optical illusion effects at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical illusion effects at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical illusion effects at various
+times ASMR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+God is there supposed to be a music in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is there supposed to be a music in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is there supposed to be a music in
+the backr No No Music yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I thought what what if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I thought what what if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I thought what what if there was
+a musical equivalent of this what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musical equivalent of this what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musical equivalent of this what if we
+could write a computer program that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a computer program that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a computer program that had
+um 12 lines or eight lines or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 12 lines or eight lines or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 12 lines or eight lines or something
+like that that all started in phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that all started in phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that all started in phase and
+then slowly got out of phase and came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slowly got out of phase and came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slowly got out of phase and came
+back together like the pendulum and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together like the pendulum and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together like the pendulum and so
+um this is a little bit what um what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a little bit what um what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a little bit what um what I
+came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay I can't follow my own score um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can't follow my own score um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can't follow my own score um
+properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly
+so what's that like the double dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's that like the double dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's that like the double dotted
+16th rest yeah yeah so sometimes uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th rest yeah yeah so sometimes uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th rest yeah yeah so sometimes uh when
+you when you're making an algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you're making an algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you're making an algorithmic
+composition maybe you want to um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition maybe you want to um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition maybe you want to um you
+know think a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think a little bit about the
+notation or maybe it would better just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation or maybe it would better just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation or maybe it would better just
+to hear it without seeing the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear it without seeing the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear it without seeing the notation
+at all so one of the questions is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so one of the questions is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so one of the questions is what
+is um if the computer is just setting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um if the computer is just setting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um if the computer is just setting it
+up so that each note comes in at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that each note comes in at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that each note comes in at a
+slightly different time from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different time from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different time from the
+previous what what kinds of things does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous what what kinds of things does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous what what kinds of things does
+the composer have for her or his or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composer have for her or his or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composer have for her or his or
+their um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creativity yeah go Jason which notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity yeah go Jason which notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity yeah go Jason which notes
+which pitches show up so pitching which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pitches show up so pitching which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pitches show up so pitching which
+pitches show up good good up um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches show up good good up um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitches show up good good up um that
+could in fact let me um let me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in fact let me um let me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in fact let me um let me do it
+here is with instead of using I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is with instead of using I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is with instead of using I think I
+used eight notes out of the octave here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used eight notes out of the octave here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used eight notes out of the octave here
+is all uh 12 notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all uh 12 notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and that sounds a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sounds a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sounds a little bit more
+familiar a little maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar a little maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar a little maybe a little bit
+closer um why might I not have wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer um why might I not have wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer um why might I not have wanted to
+use this as my main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+piece it has something to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it has something to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece it has something to do with the
+duration of the piece for me that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the piece for me that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of the piece for me that that
+that it ended up being a little bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it ended up being a little bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it ended up being a little bit too
+long so yeah definitely what notes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use okay um we can even go to weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay um we can even go to weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay um we can even go to weird
+things that a human can't usually play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that a human can't usually play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that a human can't usually play
+on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piano so this is 19 tone division of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano so this is 19 tone division of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano so this is 19 tone division of the
+octave let's you use a few more notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave let's you use a few more notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave let's you use a few more notes
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+octave oh oh blanking it stops stops the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave oh oh blanking it stops stops the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave oh oh blanking it stops stops the
+music um good yeah yeah I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um good yeah yeah I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music um good yeah yeah I think it's a
+19 I don't think it would be 24 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 I don't think it would be 24 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 I don't think it would be 24 or
+something yeah um sure it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah um sure it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah um sure it's a little
+degression but it's it's kind of cool if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degression but it's it's kind of cool if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degression but it's it's kind of cool if
+anybody's interested in it a 19 tone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's interested in it a 19 tone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's interested in it a 19 tone uh
+division of the octave has uh has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of the octave has uh has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of the octave has uh has two
+pretty cool properties one is that it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool properties one is that it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool properties one is that it um
+it has major and minor Triads that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has major and minor Triads that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has major and minor Triads that are
+very very close to acoustically or major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to acoustically or major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very close to acoustically or major
+and minor thirds very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minor thirds very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minor thirds very close to
+acoustically um correct while also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustically um correct while also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustically um correct while also
+having perfect force and uh perfect fths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having perfect force and uh perfect fths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having perfect force and uh perfect fths
+are pretty good so that's one reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good so that's one reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good so that's one reason the
+other reason for it is a lot of 19 tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason for it is a lot of 19 tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason for it is a lot of 19 tone
+piano uh a lot of 19 tone music is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano uh a lot of 19 tone music is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano uh a lot of 19 tone music is
+written for Two Piano Duets where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for Two Piano Duets where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for Two Piano Duets where you
+keep um the five yeah that's that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep um the five yeah that's that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep um the five yeah that's that yeah
+the five Black Keys the same between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five Black Keys the same between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five Black Keys the same between
+each of the pianos and then you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the pianos and then you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the pianos and then you um
+retune the the white keys so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retune the the white keys so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retune the the white keys so that you
+have a separate note for um for for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate note for um for for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate note for um for for each
+of the is that right five seven 77 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is that right five seven 77 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is that right five seven 77 14
+and five yeah yeah can't remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five yeah yeah can't remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five yeah yeah can't remember it's
+been a long time since I wrote for 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a long time since I wrote for 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a long time since I wrote for 19
+tone piano they don't like retuning our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone piano they don't like retuning our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone piano they don't like retuning our
+pianos for that very much um but yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pianos for that very much um but yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pianos for that very much um but yeah so
+it makes it a little bit more human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it a little bit more human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it a little bit more human
+there other other choices you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+instruments you could do it how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments you could do it how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments you could do it how long it
+goes how whether it's going to be slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes how whether it's going to be slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes how whether it's going to be slower
+faster so these are some things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so these are some things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so these are some things we can
+do um okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um okay so let's
+um then we'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we'll get into
+non-deterministic um things and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic um things and so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic um things and so let's
+let's code one up first so go a and grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's code one up first so go a and grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's code one up first so go a and grab
+up before I get to um particular pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up before I get to um particular pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up before I get to um particular pieces
+that are like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so let's try some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's try some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's try some of the things that
+we might do and see how aesthetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might do and see how aesthetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might do and see how aesthetically
+interesting it is oops uh where' that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it is oops uh where' that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it is oops uh where' that go
+is that over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay got look move this over as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay got look move this over as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay got look move this over as much as
+I can okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can okay
+good great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good great
+so what's the module you hope I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the module you hope I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the module you hope I've
+unlocked it's not part of Music 21 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocked it's not part of Music 21 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlocked it's not part of Music 21 it's
+part of python in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of python in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of python in order to do
+non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic
+composition random great so let's import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition random great so let's import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition random great so let's import
+random and for now let's just import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and for now let's just import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and for now let's just import
+everything from music 21 is that yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from music 21 is that yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from music 21 is that yep
+that's good you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good you can see that
+good um who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um who has
+who has worked with the random module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has worked with the random module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has worked with the random module
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+not okay there's basically everybody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay there's basically everybody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay there's basically everybody you
+know that random.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that random.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that random.
+random gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random gives
+you between Z between Zer and one yep Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you between Z between Zer and one yep Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you between Z between Zer and one yep Oh
+shoot no that's not the same as as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot no that's not the same as as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot no that's not the same as as I
+might have mistyped I I I have it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have mistyped I I I have it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have mistyped I I I have it here
+and it says it should be02
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says it should be02
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says it should be02
+three okay okay good good good we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay okay good good good we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay okay good good good we all
+know that random so um in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that random so um in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that random so um in a lot of
+language is of course you'll do uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is of course you'll do uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is of course you'll do uh in
+order to get between 0 and 100 say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get between 0 and 100 say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get between 0 and 100 say you
+would just multiply by 100 we did pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just multiply by 100 we did pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just multiply by 100 we did pretty
+well on that played the lottery today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on that played the lottery today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on that played the lottery today um
+you just multiply by 100 python also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just multiply by 100 python also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just multiply by 100 python also has
+this Rand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rand
+int from 1 to 100 and um this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int from 1 to 100 and um this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int from 1 to 100 and um this is one of
+the older modules in Python so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older modules in Python so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older modules in Python so it
+um it has a little bit of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has a little bit of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has a little bit of of uh
+inconsistency with the rest of python in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency with the rest of python in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency with the rest of python in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um well this if I do this three times on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well this if I do this three times on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well this if I do this three times on
+average I should be able to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I should be able to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average I should be able to see the
+inconsistency that it's an um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency that it's an um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency that it's an um it
+includes the final number right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the final number right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the final number right so if
+you do range one to 100 in Python your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do range one to 100 in Python your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do range one to 100 in Python your
+last one will be 99 in most languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one will be 99 in most languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one will be 99 in most languages
+but this one will include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one will include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one will include
+that um really useful this is um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um really useful this is um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um really useful this is um this
+might be all review for somebody is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be all review for somebody is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be all review for somebody is that
+you can um you know do random choice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um you know do random choice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um you know do random choice so
+if you have a list of things or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a list of things or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a list of things or any
+other um algorithm you can randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um algorithm you can randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um algorithm you can randomly
+choose one from that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one from that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one from that and
+um you can do a Wade choice in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do a Wade choice in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do a Wade choice in this
+simply by putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by putting in
+something oops uh I hit the wrong key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oops uh I hit the wrong key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oops uh I hit the wrong key
+putting in something a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times now there there's probably if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now there there's probably if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now there there's probably if
+you're going to do this 10,000 by 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do this 10,000 by 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do this 10,000 by 10,000
+there's other more efficient algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other more efficient algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other more efficient algorithms
+you can do for this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do for this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do for this right
+okay questions on Randomness outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions on Randomness outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions on Randomness outside of
+music by the way there is also there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music by the way there is also there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music by the way there is also there's a
+way that you can set it up so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can set it up so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can set it up so that it's
+random at first but then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random at first but then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random at first but then you can
+reconstruct your Randomness by doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct your Randomness by doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct your Randomness by doing uh
+it's called a deterministic seed which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a deterministic seed which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a deterministic seed which I
+often do when I'm um writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do when I'm um writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do when I'm um writing
+compositions so that if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions so that if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions so that if there's
+something I really really like I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I really really like I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I really really like I can
+reconstruct up until the point I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct up until the point I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct up until the point I didn't
+like it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it um
+okay we're going to so let's write first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to so let's write first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to so let's write first
+off what we call a random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what we call a random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what we call a random walk
+composition so we're just going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so we're just going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so we're just going to start
+by doing something pretty stupid and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing something pretty stupid and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing something pretty stupid and try
+to make it better so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it better so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it better so we're going to
+randomly walk around the scale um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly walk around the scale um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly walk around the scale um we'll
+start let's create um something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start let's create um something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start let's create um something that's
+going to be a useful heler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a useful heler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a useful heler
+function which is uh I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is uh I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is uh I'll call it
+multi-show you you can skip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-show you you can skip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-show you you can skip the
+annotations while you're doing this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotations while you're doing this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotations while you're doing this so
+what this does is just going to take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this does is just going to take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this does is just going to take in
+a stream and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream and show
+it as um as both an image and midi so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as um as both an image and midi so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as um as both an image and midi so if
+we you know Bo we'll just do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know Bo we'll just do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know Bo we'll just do our
+favorite Bo piece just a demo BWB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite Bo piece just a demo BWB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite Bo piece just a demo BWB
+66.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66.6
+multi-show Bo this I find helpful for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-show Bo this I find helpful for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-show Bo this I find helpful for um
+for anytime I'm working with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anytime I'm working with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anytime I'm working with something
+always takes for a lot longer when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always takes for a lot longer when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always takes for a lot longer when I'm
+projecting and the first time but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting and the first time but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting and the first time but you
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the
+score and then below oops that never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and then below oops that never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and then below oops that never
+looks right on the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops yep that's a piece we know okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops yep that's a piece we know okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops yep that's a piece we know okay so
+that's just a useful helpful function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a useful helpful function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a useful helpful function so
+um one of the uh one of the parts of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the uh one of the parts of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the uh one of the parts of of
+the pitch that of pitches that I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitch that of pitches that I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitch that of pitches that I find
+really helpful for not being completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful for not being completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful for not being completely
+random here is this um thing that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random here is this um thing that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random here is this um thing that would
+have been really helpful on that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been really helpful on that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been really helpful on that problem
+set where you um had to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set where you um had to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set where you um had to determine the
+number of lines the generic intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines the generic intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines the generic intervals
+between uh notes if you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh notes if you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh notes if you remember that
+that's something called dionic note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something called dionic note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something called dionic note
+number dionic note number and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number dionic note number and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number dionic note number and this is a
+concept that I couldn't um that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that I couldn't um that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that I couldn't um that I was
+really really surprised I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really surprised I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really surprised I was like
+somebody must have named this and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody must have named this and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody must have named this and it
+didn't didn't seem to have a name before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't didn't seem to have a name before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't didn't seem to have a name before
+it's simply just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has I don't think I went over this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has I don't think I went over this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has I don't think I went over this in
+class right now think so that C4 middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right now think so that C4 middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right now think so that C4 middle
+C is arbitrarily assigned to MIDI number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is arbitrarily assigned to MIDI number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is arbitrarily assigned to MIDI number
+60 um arbitrarily assigned middle C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 um arbitrarily assigned middle C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 um arbitrarily assigned middle C to
+dionic note number that's midi 60 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic note number that's midi 60 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic note number that's midi 60 29
+it's not neither of these are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not neither of these are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not neither of these are completely
+arbitrary there's a reason for them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary there's a reason for them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary there's a reason for them and
+the notion is that all C's CS except Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion is that all C's CS except Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion is that all C's CS except Etc
+have dionic note num 29 so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dionic note num 29 so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dionic note num 29 so C
+sharp and that just tells you um see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and that just tells you um see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and that just tells you um see
+double sharp yep okay so on see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double sharp yep okay so on see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double sharp yep okay so on see
+flat great and so this is helpful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat great and so this is helpful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat great and so this is helpful for
+writing dionic music that you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing dionic music that you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing dionic music that you can just
+manipulate the dionic note number of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the dionic note number of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the dionic note number of a
+note and you don't have to worry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and you don't have to worry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and you don't have to worry um
+making it um sound a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it um sound a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it um sound a little bit better
+or something we should have a pentatonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something we should have a pentatonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something we should have a pentatonic
+note number also because that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note number also because that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note number also because that that's
+makes it even better to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it even better to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it even better to do something
+okay so what I'm going to do is um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm going to do is um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm going to do is um and
+then we can just do n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just do n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just do n.
+pitch. diatonic not Nom plus equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 and move things around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and move things around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and move things around that
+way if you haven't seen it yet one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you haven't seen it yet one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you haven't seen it yet one of
+the um things in music 21 that's not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um things in music 21 that's not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um things in music 21 that's not uh
+so good is that you'll often need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good is that you'll often need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good is that you'll often need to
+copy things so we'll get to that in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy things so we'll get to that in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy things so we'll get to that in just
+a little bit but I'm going to import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit but I'm going to import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit but I'm going to import
+copy and if you've never used this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and if you've never used this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and if you've never used this um
+copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy
+and oops copy is a module copy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copy so I did turn n into a g and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy so I did turn n into a g and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy so I did turn n into a g and so now
+it's a g there's two things um who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a g there's two things um who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a g there's two things um who who
+has never who has used the copy module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never who has used the copy module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never who has used the copy module
+in in Python before no not too many okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Python before no not too many okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Python before no not too many okay
+good so so because cuz for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so because cuz for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so because cuz for the most part
+you might just want to do you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just want to do you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just want to do you know just
+create another note if you wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another note if you wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another note if you wanted to do
+that don't need to type that um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't need to type that um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't need to type that um but you
+can also copy an existing one and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also copy an existing one and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also copy an existing one and what
+you'll use much more is a something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use much more is a something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use much more is a something
+called Deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Deep
+copy and the difference you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and the difference you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and the difference you can see that
+copying the note gives you a a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying the note gives you a a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying the note gives you a a note
+that's G deep copying gives a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's G deep copying gives a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's G deep copying gives a note
+that's G the difference is that um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's G the difference is that um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's G the difference is that um well
+here easier to easier to just show than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here easier to easier to just show than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here easier to easier to just show than
+tell right um n c is no is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell right um n c is no is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell right um n c is no is going to be
+the copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copy of
+N and we'll say DC is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and we'll say DC is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and we'll say DC is the
+Deep my computer just froze there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep my computer just froze there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep my computer just froze there we go
+uh DC is the Deep copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n the difference is so if here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the difference is so if here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the difference is so if here we'll
+just make sure that they're all here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure that they're all here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure that they're all here
+they're all yep three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all yep three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all yep three
+notes difference is if we take n it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes difference is if we take n it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes difference is if we take n it's
+pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch
+dionic note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dionic note
+num and go up four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+that the copy of n also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the copy of n also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the copy of n also
+changes whereas the um the Deep copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes whereas the um the Deep copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes whereas the um the Deep copy
+doesn't change and so what uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change and so what uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change and so what uh some
+people might think of this as um you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might think of this as um you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might think of this as um you you
+you end up working with this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up working with this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up working with this with a
+arrays in a lot of other languages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays in a lot of other languages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays in a lot of other languages and
+stuff that copying an array you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that copying an array you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that copying an array you still
+have references to the internal pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have references to the internal pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have references to the internal pointer
+so anything that is itself an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that is itself an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that is itself an object
+like n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like n.
+pitch and nc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and nc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and nc.
+Pitch will still be the same under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch will still be the same under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pitch will still be the same under a
+shallow or normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copy but with a deep copy they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy but with a deep copy they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy but with a deep copy they're
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+deep copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep copies
+pitch so you'll find when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch so you'll find when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch so you'll find when you're when
+you're manipulating things and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're manipulating things and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're manipulating things and you you
+get to a particular point in the score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a particular point in the score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a particular point in the score
+and now you want to add something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you want to add something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you want to add something else
+that's a manipulation of what came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a manipulation of what came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a manipulation of what came
+before you'll want to make a deep copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you'll want to make a deep copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you'll want to make a deep copy
+of it beforehand does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it beforehand does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it beforehand does that make sense
+cool are we questions yeah what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool are we questions yeah what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool are we questions yeah what did you
+show with the last part so like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show with the last part so like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show with the last part so like the
+pitch is going to be different by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch is going to be different by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch is going to be different by
+definition um oh sure sure I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition um oh sure sure I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition um oh sure sure I think it's
+a little bit hard because this is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit hard because this is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit hard because this is part
+here so when you make a shallow copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when you make a shallow copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when you make a shallow copy and
+you change some and you change some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change some and you change some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change some and you change some
+nested structure within there like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested structure within there like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested structure within there like a
+pitch or a duration it will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch or a duration it will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch or a duration it will not be
+um they're they're all shared so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're they're all shared so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're they're all shared so so what
+you do is sort of think of it as um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is sort of think of it as um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is sort of think of it as um I
+don't know what's what's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's what's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's what's something else
+is not sh so N is a note and N has I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not sh so N is a note and N has I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not sh so N is a note and N has I
+wish I had set this before ID equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I had set this before ID equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish I had set this before ID equals
+note and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and
+pitch equals some sort of a pitch. pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object and Dot uh duration I say dur is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and Dot uh duration I say dur is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and Dot uh duration I say dur is
+some kind of duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object when you do a shallow copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object when you do a shallow copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object when you do a shallow copy
+NC will be NC's ID equals n's ID and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NC will be NC's ID equals n's ID and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NC will be NC's ID equals n's ID and
+NC's pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NC's pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NC's pitch
+equals NC uh n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pitch and so since ID is just a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and so since ID is just a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and so since ID is just a string
+or something like that once it's copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that once it's copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that once it's copied
+over they have no connection to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over they have no connection to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over they have no connection to each
+other but since we've copied the pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but since we've copied the pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but since we've copied the pitch
+over and it's uh it's a complex object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and it's uh it's a complex object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and it's uh it's a complex object
+when you change something on this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change something on this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change something on this when
+this manipulates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manipulates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this manipulates this
+manipulates so with a but with a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulates so with a but with a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulates so with a but with a deep
+copy we you do is dc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy we you do is dc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy we you do is dc.
+pitch oh hold that first let's do a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch oh hold that first let's do a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch oh hold that first let's do a deep
+copy of the pitch and so you keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the pitch and so you keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the pitch and so you keep going
+down and you make sure that nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you make sure that nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you make sure that nothing is
+connected between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected between the
+two that this also slightly misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that this also slightly misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that this also slightly misleading
+right because you like there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you like there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you like there's nothing
+that actually says nc. pitch is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually says nc. pitch is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually says nc. pitch is equal to
+n. pitch in fact like that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. pitch in fact like that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. pitch in fact like that's the whole
+point like if it did that that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point like if it did that that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point like if it did that that would be
+an example of deep copy right no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of deep copy right no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of deep copy right no because
+you're you're referencing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're referencing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're referencing the same
+object in pointer So when you say n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in pointer So when you say n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in pointer So when you say n.
+pitch it's actually thinking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch it's actually thinking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch it's actually thinking in the
+computer oh that is the complex object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer oh that is the complex object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer oh that is the complex object
+being stored at some random memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stored at some random memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stored at some random memory
+location somewhere okay so pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location somewhere okay so pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location somewhere okay so pointing to
+the label so it's still pointing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label so it's still pointing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label so it's still pointing to the
+same label yeah so exactly for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same label yeah so exactly for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same label yeah so exactly for for
+people who know that kind of terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who know that kind of terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who know that kind of terminology
+um it's pointing to the same label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's pointing to the same label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's pointing to the same label
+whereas this one goes to the label and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this one goes to the label and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this one goes to the label and
+copies everything and makes a new new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies everything and makes a new new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies everything and makes a new new
+pointer uhh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer uhh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer uhh
+so th that ends up being pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th that ends up being pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th that ends up being pretty
+important and if anybody wants to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and if anybody wants to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and if anybody wants to make
+their um final project making music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um final project making music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um final project making music 21
+faster you could find places that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster you could find places that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster you could find places that we
+deep copy more than we have to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep copy more than we have to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep copy more than we have to because
+that's s of the slowest thing in that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's s of the slowest thing in that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's s of the slowest thing in that um
+in what what's happening okay too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what what's happening okay too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what what's happening okay too much
+of an aside back to some music great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an aside back to some music great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an aside back to some music great so
+we'll get back to our random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get back to our random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get back to our random walk
+composition once I find where this went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition once I find where this went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition once I find where this went
+yeah here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here we
+go great so we're going to be copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go great so we're going to be copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go great so we're going to be copying
+things uh pretty soon but first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh pretty soon but first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh pretty soon but first let's
+just create we'll create a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create we'll create a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create we'll create a generic
+stream which we rarely do nowadays besid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream which we rarely do nowadays besid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream which we rarely do nowadays besid
+maybe we want to make it a part or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to make it a part or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to make it a part or
+something but generic stream will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but generic stream will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but generic stream will work
+pretty well and let's just say for I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and let's just say for I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and let's just say for I in
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+30 let's just append 30 random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 let's just append 30 random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 let's just append 30 random
+notes or no let's let's do let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes or no let's let's do let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes or no let's let's do let's do this
+no let's start on C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no let's start on C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no let's start on C
+current well just we'll just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current well just we'll just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current well just we'll just call it
+Curr that's current datomic note number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curr that's current datomic note number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curr that's current datomic note number
+um when we're coding fast we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we're coding fast we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we're coding fast we don't need
+my obsession with long variables right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my obsession with long variables right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my obsession with long variables right
+so we'll say note equals note.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll say note equals note.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll say note equals note.
+note and Pitch dionic note num equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and Pitch dionic note num equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and Pitch dionic note num equals
+the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current
+one and that works pretty well um stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that works pretty well um stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that works pretty well um stream
+append sorry thank you that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append sorry thank you that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append sorry thank you that's why I
+shouldn't do that thank you please all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't do that thank you please all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't do that thank you please all
+always just do that I appreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just do that I appreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just do that I appreciate that
+big help um and we'll just say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big help um and we'll just say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big help um and we'll just say we're
+going to choose between going down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose between going down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose between going down a
+step going up a step and so on so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step going up a step and so on so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step going up a step and so on so our
+first note will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first note will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first note will always
+be c c C4 and now let's multi-show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that pretty boring piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty boring piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty boring piece
+but here we go oh this one went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we go oh this one went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we go oh this one went down
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time Etc anybody's more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Etc anybody's more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Etc anybody's more interesting
+anyone's go up and want just hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's go up and want just hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone's go up and want just hit
+play yeah okay so not a great piece uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play yeah okay so not a great piece uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play yeah okay so not a great piece uh
+the easiest thing I could do to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest thing I could do to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest thing I could do to make it
+a little bit better by the way would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better by the way would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better by the way would be
+make my number of notes I attached be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my number of notes I attached be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my number of notes I attached be um
+a what do you call it a multiple of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what do you call it a multiple of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what do you call it a multiple of four
+right but okay so let's let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but okay so let's let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but okay so let's let's move on to
+do some things that are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some things that are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some things that are a little bit
+more interesting um maybe we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting um maybe we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting um maybe we could do
+something like this let's um I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this let's um I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this let's um I'm going
+to copy and paste a lot on this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy and paste a lot on this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to copy and paste a lot on this so we
+can go ahead and just tweak what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and just tweak what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and just tweak what we're
+doing you in fact probably don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you in fact probably don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you in fact probably don't even
+need to copy and paste you can just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to copy and paste you can just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to copy and paste you can just keep
+tweaking the same cell forever so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking the same cell forever so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking the same cell forever so what's
+something we should do to make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we should do to make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we should do to make this a
+little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting Rhythm great so let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Rhythm great so let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Rhythm great so let's um
+have each note and. duration do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have each note and. duration do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have each note and. duration do
+something what do we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think about um something for it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um something for it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um something for it wasn't
+for a duration okay then hold it hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a duration okay then hold it hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a duration okay then hold it hold it
+when we get to let's let's finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to let's let's finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to let's let's finish the
+duration and then then yeah then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration and then then yeah then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration and then then yeah then we'll
+get to the John a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the John a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the John a choice
+variable quarter half and duration great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable quarter half and duration great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable quarter half and duration great
+so Random Choice what's while I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Random Choice what's while I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Random Choice what's while I start
+typing this out what goes after the endu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing this out what goes after the endu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing this out what goes after the endu
+duration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration
+do quarter half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quarter half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quarter half
+E I don't remember What's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I don't remember What's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I don't remember What's this
+called unhelpful it's called the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called unhelpful it's called the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called unhelpful it's called the type
+the type quarter length we'd have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type quarter length we'd have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type quarter length we'd have to say
+we could put it in as one two2 yep one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put it in as one two2 yep one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could put it in as one two2 yep one
+let's see if that makes it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if that makes it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if that makes it a little
+bit nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit nicer
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it's actually already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually already
+nicer usually this doesn't help as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer usually this doesn't help as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer usually this doesn't help as
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+okay next Improvement I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next Improvement I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next Improvement I'm just going to
+keep going on this yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going on this yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going on this yeah you
+can what's that up a third go yep it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can what's that up a third go yep it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can what's that up a third go yep it can
+go up a third or down a third now do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up a third or down a third now do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up a third or down a third now do we
+want to make it a weigh probability at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all so how much more we want it up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so how much more we want it up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so how much more we want it up a
+third is minus two because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is minus two because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is minus two because we're
+thinking um in computer think not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um in computer think not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking um in computer think not in
+music theory think so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unweighed and how do we want away this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighed and how do we want away this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighed and how do we want away this
+to make it feel more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it feel more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it feel more
+musical higher weight on stepwise motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical higher weight on stepwise motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical higher weight on stepwise motion
+higher weight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stepwise 1 negative 1 one one okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise 1 negative 1 one one okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise 1 negative 1 one one okay let's
+try that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he that's our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step not not so good okay so we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step not not so good okay so we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step not not so good okay so we still
+need some things that's that's definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some things that's that's definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some things that's that's definite
+Improvement thank you uh another another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement thank you uh another another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement thank you uh another another
+thing to improve let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to improve let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to improve let's
+keep yeah Jon decrease the weight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep yeah Jon decrease the weight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep yeah Jon decrease the weight on
+staying on the same note decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying on the same note decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying on the same note decrease the
+weight on staying on the same note okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on staying on the same note okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on staying on the same note okay
+so what we can do is the easiest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can do is the easiest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can do is the easiest way
+when you're programming really fast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're programming really fast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're programming really fast in
+front of a class do that is cut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a class do that is cut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a class do that is cut and
+paste don't do this in your actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste don't do this in your actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste don't do this in your actual
+things you turn in but cut and paste and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you turn in but cut and paste and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you turn in but cut and paste and
+just delete the that zero is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good it's already looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's already looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's already looks a little bit
+better I want next let's do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I want next let's do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I want next let's do another
+Improvement on rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement on rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement on rhythm
+yeah it's they have not starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's they have not starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's they have not starting
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+on okay good so we want to try to weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay good so we want to try to weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay good so we want to try to weigh
+it somehow so that we're we have notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somehow so that we're we have notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somehow so that we're we have notes
+that start on the downbeat more talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start on the downbeat more talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start on the downbeat more talk
+with your neighbor on how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your neighbor on how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your neighbor on how you might
+Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement
+that okay let's let's come back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let's let's come back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let's let's come back together
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody okay let's let's jump in while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay let's let's jump in while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody okay let's let's jump in while
+well and we'll try to program it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we'll try to program it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we'll try to program it
+together because we'll do this in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because we'll do this in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because we'll do this in class
+somebody I haven't heard from yet want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody I haven't heard from yet want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody I haven't heard from yet want
+to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a
+suggestion hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spoken try to keep track of an offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken try to keep track of an offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken try to keep track of an offset
+and then based on the offset so have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then based on the offset so have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then based on the offset so have a
+different probability based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different probability based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different probability based on the
+offset What What offsets In currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset What What offsets In currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset What What offsets In currently
+with the default time signature 44 why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the default time signature 44 why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the default time signature 44 why
+do we make that default very hit demonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we make that default very hit demonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we make that default very hit demonic
+but okay um what what offsets represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay um what what offsets represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay um what what offsets represent
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+downbeat anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can zero zero definitely represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can zero zero definitely represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can zero zero definitely represents a
+downbeat what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat what other
+offsets so have we been creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets so have we been creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets so have we been creating
+measures by the way first off let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures by the way first off let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures by the way first off let's look
+at that so we've kind of um taking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that so we've kind of um taking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that so we've kind of um taking uh
+advantage of Music 21 or some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of Music 21 or some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of Music 21 or some something
+creating measures for us so our offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating measures for us so our offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating measures for us so our offsets
+we start with zero and then we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with zero and then we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with zero and then we're just
+appending so so what's our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+downbeat four good good and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat four good good and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat four good good and somebody
+else what's what's our general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what's what's our general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what's what's our general formula
+we're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+downbeat Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat Zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat Zer
+mod yeah then uh we could check if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod yeah then uh we could check if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod yeah then uh we could check if the
+if the um off offset is um mod 4 is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the um off offset is um mod 4 is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the um off offset is um mod 4 is zero
+right so let's so we'll get to before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's so we'll get to before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's so we'll get to before we
+um before we do that so let's say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we do that so let's say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we do that so let's say what's
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+current offset so one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current offset so one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current offset so one of the things we
+can do is we can keep track of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we can keep track of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we can keep track of our
+current offset now we're going to wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current offset now we're going to wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current offset now we're going to wish
+we had um 0.0 now we're going to wish we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had um 0.0 now we're going to wish we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had um 0.0 now we're going to wish we
+had done this as quarter lengths so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done this as quarter lengths so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done this as quarter lengths so I'm
+going to rewrite this as quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite this as quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite this as quarter
+length why because it's easier to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length why because it's easier to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length why because it's easier to add
+quarter lengths than it is types right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one to 0.5 and we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one to 0.5 and we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one to 0.5 and we'll just
+say ql
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ql
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ql
+equals random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Choice okay so what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice okay so what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice okay so what we can do
+is well now I'm just going to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well now I'm just going to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well now I'm just going to make sure
+that I still have a current thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I still have a current thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I still have a current thing and
+Cur offset plus equals ql
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cur offset plus equals ql
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cur offset plus equals ql
+so I haven't done anything to adjust our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't done anything to adjust our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't done anything to adjust our
+probability yet just making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability yet just making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability yet just making sure that
+this works yep it still generate sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works yep it still generate sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works yep it still generate sign so
+how how can we use this to implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can we use this to implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can we use this to implement the
+great suggestion that we want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great suggestion that we want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great suggestion that we want to have
+things that fit on the downbeat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that fit on the downbeat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that fit on the downbeat more
+often um do something else so we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um do something else so we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um do something else so we'll say
+is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on
+downbeat equals uh Cur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat equals uh Cur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat equals uh Cur
+offset per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset per
+zero you got say equals um here we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you got say equals um here we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you got say equals um here we could
+say true this is the easiest way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say true this is the easiest way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say true this is the easiest way if
+current offset Mod 0 equals 0 else false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current offset Mod 0 equals 0 else false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current offset Mod 0 equals 0 else false
+um you can do it you can realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do it you can realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do it you can realize that
+that Boolean expression will be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Boolean expression will be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Boolean expression will be you know
+reduce itself but I like to be explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce itself but I like to be explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce itself but I like to be explicit
+when I'm thinking um so now we know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm thinking um so now we know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm thinking um so now we know if
+something's on the downbeat what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's on the downbeat what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's on the downbeat what do we
+want to how do we want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently do you need to brainstorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torm thanks Adam I want to want to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torm thanks Adam I want to want to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torm thanks Adam I want to want to hear
+from some some more voices um even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some some more voices um even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some some more voices um even
+though you're doing great good Vanessa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh and if it's not on the downbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh and if it's not on the downbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh and if it's not on the downbeat
+it as what it was before you leave it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as what it was before you leave it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as what it was before you leave it as
+what it was before let's try that um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was before let's try that um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was before let's try that um oh
+yeah so we have a last Q so we'll Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have a last Q so we'll Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have a last Q so we'll Define
+ql outside of here uh will be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ql outside of here uh will be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ql outside of here uh will be pretty
+pythonic uh equals what we'll say our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pythonic uh equals what we'll say our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pythonic uh equals what we'll say our
+last one is zero was one we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is zero was one we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is zero was one we're actually
+not going to um because we all will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to um because we all will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to um because we all will
+always start on the downbeat ql will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start on the downbeat ql will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start on the downbeat ql will be
+defined but let's do good programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined but let's do good programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined but let's do good programming
+techniques and Define it outside good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and Define it outside good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and Define it outside good so
+if is on if not is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+downbeat okay let's see if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat okay let's see if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat okay let's see if that
+otherwise we're just going to stay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we're just going to stay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we're just going to stay on
+whatever we were on before let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we were on before let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we were on before let's see
+we'll think it through first will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think it through first will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think it through first will that
+did I get one ql will have a not defied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get one ql will have a not defied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get one ql will have a not defied
+error I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I think
+it oh sorry yep that's why we that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh sorry yep that's why we that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it oh sorry yep that's why we that's why
+I was talking about defining it good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking about defining it good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was talking about defining it good
+good catch though um always don't no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good catch though um always don't no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good catch though um always don't no
+crashed 787s because of not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed 787s because of not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed 787s because of not defined
+errors that's a famous story um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that's a famous story um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that's a famous story um okay so
+let's make um let's make sure that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make um let's make sure that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make um let's make sure that we're
+not going to end up permanently like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to end up permanently like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to end up permanently like uh
+syncopated or something we start on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncopated or something we start on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncopated or something we start on the
+downbeat and then we choose between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat and then we choose between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat and then we choose between
+maybe I should put these in some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should put these in some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should put these in some sort of
+logical order 2 1 0.5 we randomly choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical order 2 1 0.5 we randomly choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical order 2 1 0.5 we randomly choose
+between half note quarter note and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between half note quarter note and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between half note quarter note and
+eighth note and we're on the Down Beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth note and we're on the Down Beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth note and we're on the Down Beat
+and so we're going to stay on that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to stay on that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to stay on that for a
+bit will we always end up back on a down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit will we always end up back on a down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit will we always end up back on a down
+be at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at some
+point we start on a Down Beat we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we start on a Down Beat we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we start on a Down Beat we choose
+2 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+.5 in this particular piece who votes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 in this particular piece who votes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 in this particular piece who votes
+yes who votes we might be permanently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+syncopated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah spend more time reading code than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah spend more time reading code than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah spend more time reading code than
+writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing
+code it looks like we might yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it looks like we might yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it looks like we might yeah because
+like it only switches the quarter length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it only switches the quarter length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it only switches the quarter length
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we're not on the down did I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not on the down did I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not on the down did I do that
+wrong do we want to keep it we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong do we want to keep it we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong do we want to keep it we wanted to
+do I have a misplaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have a misplaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have a misplaced
+knot so that's what we wanted a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot so that's what we wanted a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot so that's what we wanted a little
+bit right if we if we're on the downbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right if we if we're on the downbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right if we if we're on the downbeat
+we can change to a new Rhythm if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can change to a new Rhythm if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can change to a new Rhythm if we're
+not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we
+can't think let's let's run let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think let's let's run let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think let's let's run let's
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yeah so so what's the consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah so so what's the consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah so so what's the consequence
+of this somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y it's the same type of notes uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it's the same type of notes uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y it's the same type of notes uh it's
+the same type of notes every measure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of notes every measure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of notes every measure you
+know what I'm going to change that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm going to change that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm going to change that over
+oh no no we can't determine the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no no we can't determine the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no no we can't determine the length
+of the piece right so we might um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the piece right so we might um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the piece right so we might um so we
+might have that yeah every measure will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have that yeah every measure will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have that yeah every measure will
+always have um the same type of thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have um the same type of thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have um the same type of thing I
+it's kind of nice for a lot of my junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of nice for a lot of my junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of nice for a lot of my junior
+high atude books were like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high atude books were like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high atude books were like this right
+that you only switch rhythms but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you only switch rhythms but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you only switch rhythms but but
+maybe what's what's one way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what's what's one way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what's what's one way that we can
+switch a little bit better more often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch a little bit better more often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch a little bit better more often we
+could just say um I mean we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just say um I mean we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just say um I mean we should
+rename our variables but maybe this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename our variables but maybe this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename our variables but maybe this will
+feel much more unified we'll just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel much more unified we'll just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel much more unified we'll just do it
+on every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every two
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+does okay that's enough that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay that's enough that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay that's enough that's already
+becoming more more unified so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more more unified so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more more unified so what what
+are some things that we could hack into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that we could hack into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that we could hack into
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we're not we're done for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not we're done for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not we're done for a little bit
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um what's some things that we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's some things that we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's some things that we can make
+it sound a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+human Harmony we could add Harmony good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Harmony we could add Harmony good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human Harmony we could add Harmony good
+we could add random or appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could add random or appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could add random or appropriate
+probably more appropriate yeah Jason we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more appropriate yeah Jason we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more appropriate yeah Jason we
+could allow it to occasionally break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could allow it to occasionally break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could allow it to occasionally break
+these rules by well probably by random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules by well probably by random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rules by well probably by random
+chance but so certain random chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance but so certain random chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance but so certain random chance that
+would break the rules yeah uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break the rules yeah uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break the rules yeah uh one of the
+things here I'm not going to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here I'm not going to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here I'm not going to do this but
+I gave a particular random chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a particular random chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a particular random chance that
+um that something might uh go up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that something might uh go up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that something might uh go up an
+octave in another time when I did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave in another time when I did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave in another time when I did this
+and um there was some danger in allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um there was some danger in allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um there was some danger in allowing
+that um this is a particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this is a particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this is a particular problem
+with Muse score that if you overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Muse score that if you overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Muse score that if you overflow
+256 uh it jumps it's uh unsigned which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 uh it jumps it's uh unsigned which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 uh it jumps it's uh unsigned which
+is kind of cool that that the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of cool that that the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of cool that that the world of
+notation wraps around um but yeah but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation wraps around um but yeah but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation wraps around um but yeah but so
+I obviously was what was allowing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I obviously was what was allowing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I obviously was what was allowing this
+one random seven is an octave if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one random seven is an octave if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one random seven is an octave if you're
+adding to it to happen a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to it to happen a little too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to it to happen a little too
+often so that that can be a danger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so that that can be a danger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so that that can be a danger but
+it happens thanks for gra that um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens thanks for gra that um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens thanks for gra that um yeah
+so those are some of the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some of the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some of the other things
+you can do maybe we want it to sound a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do maybe we want it to sound a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do maybe we want it to sound a
+little less now I'm going to start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less now I'm going to start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less now I'm going to start doing
+this I just need to not make it full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I just need to not make it full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I just need to not make it full
+screen you can make it a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen you can make it a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen you can make it a little bit less
+human and make it do these weird micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and make it do these weird micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and make it do these weird micro
+tones or not less human but less um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones or not less human but less um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones or not less human but less um sort
+of traditional right and and where' that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traditional right and and where' that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traditional right and and where' that
+go uh here here we can hear it these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unfortunately so there there are ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so there there are ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so there there are ways
+that you can do something things um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do something things um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do something things um that
+allow you to you know be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to you know be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to you know be more
+experimental if you want or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental if you want or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental if you want or less
+experimental great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental great
+um so we'll keep playing with that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll keep playing with that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll keep playing with that what
+you'll probably um realize one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably um realize one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably um realize one of the
+things we're building up to so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're building up to so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're building up to so you're
+given a problem Set uh problem set 78 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a problem Set uh problem set 78 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a problem Set uh problem set 78 as
+I said it's um not in the 78 time that'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it's um not in the 78 time that'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it's um not in the 78 time that'd
+be too lops side it's in um but what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too lops side it's in um but what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too lops side it's in um but what it
+is is it gives you um some work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it gives you um some work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it gives you um some work with
+scales and with Roman numerals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and with Roman numerals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and with Roman numerals and then
+there's two parts for you to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two parts for you to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two parts for you to do an
+open-ended thing one is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended thing one is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended thing one is we're going to
+be asking you in the first half to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking you in the first half to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking you in the first half to write
+a Roman numeral analyzer just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Roman numeral analyzer just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Roman numeral analyzer just for
+Triads um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triads um in
+major and it's just going to be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and it's just going to be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and it's just going to be for
+Block chords I'll be I'll give you I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Block chords I'll be I'll give you I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Block chords I'll be I'll give you I'll
+give you three notes you tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you three notes you tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you three notes you tell me what
+ran numeral it is uh if you've if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran numeral it is uh if you've if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran numeral it is uh if you've if you're
+a little bit behind uh if you sorry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit behind uh if you sorry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit behind uh if you sorry if
+you if it's been a while since you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's been a while since you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's been a while since you've
+done Roman numeral analysis or you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done Roman numeral analysis or you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done Roman numeral analysis or you feel
+a little bit weak on it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit weak on it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit weak on it you know
+collaborate talk with other people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate talk with other people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate talk with other people on
+that make sure that you're really clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sure that you're really clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sure that you're really clear
+what a diminish Triad and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a diminish Triad and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a diminish Triad and all that
+things is um so grab somebody before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is um so grab somebody before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is um so grab somebody before you
+leave the room and then there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the room and then there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the room and then there's a little
+open-ended thing where I just ask you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended thing where I just ask you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended thing where I just ask you do
+something a little bit more maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more maybe you
+have something that works in minor maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that works in minor maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that works in minor maybe
+you have it do seventh chords maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it do seventh chords maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it do seventh chords maybe you
+work in jazz and popular music and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in jazz and popular music and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in jazz and popular music and you
+think Roman numer rals oh that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Roman numer rals oh that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Roman numer rals oh that's only
+for classical music I'm going to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for classical music I'm going to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for classical music I'm going to have it
+do chord symbols C and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do chord symbols C and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do chord symbols C and things like that
+instead so whatever you want there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so whatever you want there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so whatever you want there'll be
+just a small uh part of it I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small uh part of it I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a small uh part of it I should have
+it open in fact I think I no I only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it open in fact I think I no I only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it open in fact I think I no I only have
+it with all the answers open never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with all the answers open never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with all the answers open never
+mind and then the last part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and then the last part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and then the last part is
+um I want an algorithmic conf opposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want an algorithmic conf opposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want an algorithmic conf opposition
+that you like it could be multi-art it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you like it could be multi-art it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you like it could be multi-art it
+could be single part if it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be single part if it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be single part if it's interesting
+it could be with chords without chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be with chords without chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be with chords without chords
+but just something where you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just something where you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just something where you've done
+some sort of interesting music theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of interesting music theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of interesting music theory
+I'll I'll say that what we've given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll say that what we've given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll say that what we've given here
+is the quential D minus so far try to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quential D minus so far try to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quential D minus so far try to go
+better than n maybe it's a d actually by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than n maybe it's a d actually by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than n maybe it's a d actually by
+this point we're getting to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we're getting to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we're getting to we're
+getting a little bit better don't spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little bit better don't spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little bit better don't spend
+the entire semester on it this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire semester on it this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire semester on it this is not
+meant to be the gigantic project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be the gigantic project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be the gigantic project that
+you take forever on um the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take forever on um the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take forever on um the only
+restriction I'm giving is um that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction I'm giving is um that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction I'm giving is um that I'd
+like it to be about a minute long not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to be about a minute long not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it to be about a minute long not
+two minutes long not 12 minutes long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes long not 12 minutes long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes long not 12 minutes long
+because uh I have to uh if everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I have to uh if everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I have to uh if everybody
+turns in a 10-minute composition then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns in a 10-minute composition then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns in a 10-minute composition then
+I'll be listening to algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be listening to algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be listening to algorithmic
+compositions uh forever um so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions uh forever um so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions uh forever um so if you can
+uh do that that's going to be that main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do that that's going to be that main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do that that's going to be that main
+part um any questions about what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um any questions about what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part um any questions about what we did
+with kind of playing around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of playing around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of playing around with
+algorithmic composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today okay uh then I'm going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay uh then I'm going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay uh then I'm going to be uh
+little egotistical for a second and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little egotistical for a second and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little egotistical for a second and um
+and talk about um what one of my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about um what one of my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about um what one of my first
+uh algorithmic compositions that got per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algorithmic compositions that got per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algorithmic compositions that got per
+that at some point people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some point people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some point people were
+performing um and it's a piece for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing um and it's a piece for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing um and it's a piece for this
+group called The bang Onan Allstars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group called The bang Onan Allstars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group called The bang Onan Allstars
+which uh some of you might recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh some of you might recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh some of you might recognize the
+clarinetist is zorin so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarinetist is zorin so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarinetist is zorin so another
+professor who's here um who does a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor who's here um who does a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor who's here um who does a lot
+of things and um it was based on Markoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and um it was based on Markoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things and um it was based on Markoff
+chains so the notion uh that what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains so the notion uh that what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains so the notion uh that what I
+wanted was some kind of a Melody that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was some kind of a Melody that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted was some kind of a Melody that
+was a little bit boring a little not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit boring a little not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit boring a little not
+boring but but just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring but but just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring but but just sort of
+undistinguished except it had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undistinguished except it had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undistinguished except it had these
+weird bumps in it some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird bumps in it some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird bumps in it some things that
+sounded a little bit weird like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded a little bit weird like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded a little bit weird like this
+opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trone and then some these weird gestures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trone and then some these weird gestures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trone and then some these weird gestures
+Y and so some things that you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so some things that you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so some things that you hear
+enough times you're like okay I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough times you're like okay I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough times you're like okay I know
+that that's what the piece is about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what the piece is about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what the piece is about and
+try to see if in the um this is I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see if in the um this is I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see if in the um this is I can't
+remember when is from 2005 it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when is from 2005 it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when is from 2005 it was a
+little bit it was pre- deep learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it was pre- deep learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it was pre- deep learning and
+things so just probability Theory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so just probability Theory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so just probability Theory um
+whether or not the computer would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the computer would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the computer would the
+Markoff chain would do some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markoff chain would do some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markoff chain would do some interesting
+things with this and then one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with this and then one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with this and then one of the
+things I really wanted was someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I really wanted was someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I really wanted was someplace
+like an old record player that would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an old record player that would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an old record player that would get
+stuck in a in a loop and um need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in a in a loop and um need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in a in a loop and um need to be
+judged out of it so I have a few play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged out of it so I have a few play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged out of it so I have a few play
+where um the same thing happens over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the same thing happens over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um the same thing happens over and
+over and over again if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again if you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again if you're thinking
+about what we were talking about the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we were talking about the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we were talking about the end
+of last class about the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last class about the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last class about the probability of B
+given a the next note or we could say N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a the next note or we could say N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a the next note or we could say N2
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+N1 uh this is what order markof chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 uh this is what order markof chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 uh this is what order markof chain
+are we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we talking about
+here first order right based on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first order right based on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first order right based on one
+previous note I used a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous note I used a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous note I used a bunch of
+different orders in this U piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orders in this U piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orders in this U piece
+depending on how random I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how random I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how random I wanted
+it to be um I wanted that when you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be um I wanted that when you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be um I wanted that when you got
+to that note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that note
+a that the probability given a was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that the probability given a was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that the probability given a was very
+high that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that you
+would do another a so I sort of weighed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do another a so I sort of weighed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do another a so I sort of weighed
+the probability so the probability of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability so the probability of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability so the probability of an
+a given an a was I don't know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given an a was I don't know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given an a was I don't know something
+like 0.9 or something so the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.9 or something so the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.9 or something so the computer
+would get stuck in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get stuck in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get stuck in this particular
+Groove at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groove at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groove at some
+points um and we'll see what I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points um and we'll see what I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points um and we'll see what I would do
+at some points is just keep the melody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some points is just keep the melody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some points is just keep the melody
+um just keep the notes and let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just keep the notes and let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just keep the notes and let the
+rhythms be out but uh if this is treble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythms be out but uh if this is treble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythms be out but uh if this is treble
+cleff that's an opening gesture of b f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleff that's an opening gesture of b f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleff that's an opening gesture of b f
+comes back a lot BF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back a lot BF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back a lot BF and
+there's you'll hear that a lot and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you'll hear that a lot and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you'll hear that a lot and then
+getting stuck in that a Groove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting stuck in that a Groove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting stuck in that a Groove
+again you you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you you'll hear
+that and what I did was back the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what I did was back the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what I did was back the old
+days I just had it generate a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I just had it generate a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I just had it generate a whole
+bunch of Melodies and I kept the ones I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Melodies and I kept the ones I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Melodies and I kept the ones I
+wanted so I wanted to do my computer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so I wanted to do my computer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so I wanted to do my computer um
+type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of
+thing uh one last little thing is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh one last little thing is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh one last little thing is that I
+had this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this sort of
+um progression that begins one beat per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um progression that begins one beat per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um progression that begins one beat per
+second so 60 BPM then moves there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so 60 BPM then moves there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so 60 BPM then moves there was a
+section of 1.5 beats per second two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of 1.5 beats per second two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of 1.5 beats per second two
+three four and then the final note is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and then the final note is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and then the final note is a
+dissonance that vibrates five beats per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonance that vibrates five beats per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissonance that vibrates five beats per
+second so that's kind of the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that's kind of the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that's kind of the little
+Easter egg in the piece and then I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Easter egg in the piece and then I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Easter egg in the piece and then I took
+the 1.5 beats per second and moved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1.5 beats per second and moved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1.5 beats per second and moved it
+because that's what composers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what composers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what composers
+do uh when I when when the piece was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh when I when when the piece was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh when I when when the piece was
+premiered uh they'll never be happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiered uh they'll never be happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiered uh they'll never be happy with
+me at the printing office again um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at the printing office again um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at the printing office again um I
+gave every person in the audience a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave every person in the audience a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave every person in the audience a
+different set of program notes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of program notes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of program notes that
+began by saying the end the opening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began by saying the end the opening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began by saying the end the opening of
+the piece is rather straightforward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece is rather straightforward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece is rather straightforward and
+then I wrote about 10 pages is worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I wrote about 10 pages is worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I wrote about 10 pages is worth of
+program notes and everyone got a markof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program notes and everyone got a markof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program notes and everyone got a markof
+chain of the program notes so it has U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of the program notes so it has U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of the program notes so it has U
+something kind of looks like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of looks like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of looks like something
+then uh it ended with but always with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it ended with but always with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh it ended with but always with a
+hint of order no matter what they had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint of order no matter what they had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint of order no matter what they had so
+um I'm just going to be indulgent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm just going to be indulgent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm just going to be indulgent and
+play a little bit of something I wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a little bit of something I wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a little bit of something I wrote a
+while back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while back
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and here's where I let the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where I let the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's where I let the computer
+start taking over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I think I told the computer to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I told the computer to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I told the computer to multiply
+the intervals by two for more leapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is completely markof chained here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can kind of hear where it's stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of hear where it's stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of hear where it's stuck
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anytime you see a two measure repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you see a two measure repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you see a two measure repeat the
+timing didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to yeah thanks everybody you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah thanks everybody you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah thanks everybody you don't need
+to write that much please don't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that much please don't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that much please don't write
+that much for your algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much for your algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much for your algorithmic
+composition but feel free to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but feel free to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but feel free to have a
+mixture of your own personality and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of your own personality and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of your own personality and your
+own desires and let the computer do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own desires and let the computer do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own desires and let the computer do some
+things that kind of inspires you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MphmZC2o0aM.txt b/MphmZC2o0aM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6c2c4d16c70fed422af92f734590ff004c63281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MphmZC2o0aM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2951 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So last
+time, we started
+
+looking at the system
+of [? spins. ?] So there
+
+was a field S of
+x on the lattice.
+
+And the energy cost was
+proportional to differences
+
+of space on two
+neighboring sites,
+
+which if we go to the continuum,
+became something like gradient
+
+of the vector S. You have to
+integrate this, of course,
+
+over all space.
+
+We gave this a rate of K over 2.
+
+There was some energy costs
+[INAUDIBLE] of this [? form ?]
+
+so that the particular
+configuration
+
+was weighted by this factor.
+
+And to calculate the
+partition function,
+
+we had to integrate over
+all configurations of this
+
+over this field S.
+
+And the constraint that we had
+was that this was a unit vector
+
+so that this was an n component
+field whose magnitude was 1,
+
+OK?
+
+So this is what we
+want to calculate.
+
+Again, whenever we are writing
+an expression such as this,
+
+thinking that we started with
+some average system [INAUDIBLE]
+
+some kind of a coarse graining.
+
+There is a short distance
+[INAUDIBLE] [? replacing ?]
+
+all of these tiers.
+
+Now what we can do is
+imagine that this vector
+
+S in its ground
+state, let's say,
+
+is pointing in some particular
+direction throughout the system
+
+and that fluctuations
+around this ground
+
+state in the
+transverse direction
+
+are characterized by
+some vector of pi that
+
+is n minus 1 dimensional.
+
+And so this partition function
+can be written entirely
+
+[? rather ?] than fluctuations
+of the unit vector S in terms
+
+of the fluctuations of these
+transverse [? coordinates ?]
+
+[INAUDIBLE] pi.
+
+And we saw that the
+appropriate weight
+
+for this n minus 1
+component vector of pi
+
+has within it a factor of
+something like square root of 1
+
+minus pi squared.
+
+There's an overall factor
+of 2, but it doesn't matter.
+
+And essentially, this says that
+because you have a unit vector,
+
+this pi cannot get too big.
+
+You have to pay
+[? a cost ?] here,
+
+certainly not larger than 1.
+
+And then the expression
+for the energy costs
+
+can be written in terms of
+two parts [? where it ?]
+
+is the gradient
+of this vector pi.
+
+But then there's
+also the gradient
+
+in the other direction
+which has magnitude
+
+square root of 1
+minus pi squared.
+
+So we have this
+gradient squared.
+
+And so basically,
+these are two ways
+
+of writing the same thing, OK?
+
+So we looked at this
+and we said that once
+
+we include all of these
+terms, what we have here is
+
+a non-linear [? activity ?]
+that includes,
+
+for example, interactions
+among the various modes.
+
+And one particular
+leading order term
+
+is if we expand this square
+root of 1 minus pi squared,
+
+if it would be something
+like pi square root of pi,
+
+so a particular term in this
+expansion as the from pi
+
+[? grad ?] pi multiplied
+with pi [? grad ?] pi.
+
+[INAUDIBLE], OK?
+
+So a particular way of dealing
+these kinds of theories
+
+is to regard all of these
+things as interactions
+
+and perturbations with respect
+to a Gaussian weight which
+
+we can compute easily.
+
+And then you can either do that
+perturbation straightforwardly
+
+or from the beginning to a
+perturbative [? origin, ?]
+
+which is the route
+that we chose.
+
+And this amount to
+changing the short distance
+
+cut off that we
+have here that is
+
+a to be b times a and
+averaging over all [? nodes ?]
+
+within that distance short
+wavelength between a and ba.
+
+And once we do that, we
+arrive at a new interaction.
+
+So the first step is
+to do a coarse graining
+
+between the range a and ba.
+
+But then steps two
+and three amount
+
+to a rescaling in position space
+so that the cut-off comes back
+
+to ba and the corresponding
+thing in the spin space
+
+so that we start with a
+partition function that
+
+describes unit vectors.
+
+And after this
+transformation, we
+
+end up with a new
+partition function
+
+that also describes
+unit vectors so
+
+that after all of
+these three procedures,
+
+we hope that we are
+back to exactly the form
+
+that we had at the beginning
+with the same cut-off,
+
+with the same unit
+vector constraint,
+
+but potentially with a new
+interaction parameter K
+
+And calculating
+what this new K is
+
+after we've scaled by a factor
+of b, the parts that correspond
+
+to 2 and 3 are
+immediately obvious.
+
+Because whenever I see x, I
+have to replace it wit bx prime.
+
+And so from
+integration, I then get
+
+a factor of b to the d
+from the two gradients,
+
+I would get a factor of minus 2.
+
+So the step that corresponds
+to this is trivial.
+
+The step that corresponds to
+replacing S with zeta S prime
+
+is also trivial.
+
+And it will give
+you zeta squared.
+
+Or do I have yet to
+tell you what is?
+
+We'll do that shortly.
+
+And finally, the first step,
+which was the coarse graining,
+
+we found that what it did
+was that it replaced K
+
+by a strongly-- sorry.
+
+I didn't expect this.
+
+All right-- the factor K, which
+is larger by a certain amount.
+
+And the mathematical
+justification
+
+that I gave for this is we
+look at this expression,
+
+and we see that in
+this expression,
+
+each one of these pi's
+can be a long wavelength
+
+fluctuation or a short
+wavelength fluctuation.
+
+Among the many possibilities
+is when these 2 pi's
+
+that are sitting
+out front correspond
+
+to the short wavelength
+fluctuations.
+
+These correspond to the long
+wavelength fluctuations.
+
+And you can see that
+averaging over these two
+
+will generate an
+interaction that
+
+looks like gradient
+of pi lesser squared.
+
+And that will change the
+coefficient over here
+
+by an amount that is clearly
+proportional to the average
+
+of pi greater squared.
+
+And that we can see
+in Fourier space
+
+is simply 1 over
+Kq squared over KK
+
+squared for modes that
+have wave number K.
+
+So if I, rather than
+write this in real space,
+
+I write it in
+Fourier space, this
+
+is what I would get
+for the average.
+
+And in real space, I have
+to integrate over this K
+
+appropriately [INAUDIBLE] within
+the wave numbers lambda over
+
+[? real ?] [? light. ?] And this
+is clearly something that is
+
+inversely proportional to K. And
+the result of this integration
+
+of 1 over K squared-- we
+simply gave a [? 9 ?],
+
+which was i sub d of b.
+
+Because it depends
+on the dimension.
+
+It depends on
+[? et ?] [? cetera. ?]
+
+AUDIENCE: Sir?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't
+there be an exponential
+
+inside the integral?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why should
+there be an exponential
+
+inside the integral?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I thought we
+were Fourier transforming.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, it is true,
+when we Fourier transform
+
+for each pi, we will have
+a factor of e to the IK.
+
+If we have 2 pi's, I will get
+e to the IK e to the IK prime.
+
+But the averaging
+[INAUDIBLE] set
+
+K and K prime can be
+opposite each other.
+
+So the exponentials disappear.
+
+So always remember the
+integral of any field squared
+
+in real space is the same
+thing as the integral
+
+of that field squared
+in Fourier space.
+
+This is one of
+the first theorems
+
+of Fourier transformation.
+
+OK, so this is a correction
+that goes like [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And last time, to give you a
+kind of visual demonstration
+
+of what this factor is, I
+said that it is similar,
+
+but by no means
+identical to something
+
+like this, which is that a mode
+by itself has very low energy.
+
+But because we have coupling
+among different modes,
+
+here for the Goldstone
+modes of the surface,
+
+but here for the Goldstone
+modes of the spin,
+
+the presence of a certain amount
+of short range fluctuations
+
+will stiffen the modes that you
+have for longer wavelengths.
+
+Now, I'm not saying that these
+two problems are mathematically
+
+identical.
+
+All I'm showing you
+is that the coupling
+
+between the short and
+long wavelength modes
+
+can lead to a stiffening of
+the modes over long distances
+
+because they have to fight
+off the [? rails ?] that
+
+have been established by
+shorter wavelength modes.
+
+You have to try to undo them.
+
+And that's an
+additional cost, OK?
+
+Now, that stiffening over here
+is opposed by a factor of zeta
+
+over here.
+
+Essentially, we
+said that we have
+
+to ensure that what we
+are seeing after the three
+
+steps of RG is a
+description of a [? TOD ?]
+
+that has the same short distance
+cut-off and the same length
+
+so that the two partition
+functions can map on
+
+to each other.
+
+And again, another
+visual demonstration
+
+is that you can decompose
+the spin over here
+
+to a superposition of short
+and long wavelength modes.
+
+And we are averaging over
+these short wavelength modes.
+
+And because of that, we will
+see that the effective length
+
+once that averaging has been
+performed has been reduced.
+
+It has been reduced because I
+will write this as 1 minus pi
+
+squared over 2 to
+the lowest order.
+
+And pi squared has n
+minus 1 components.
+
+So this is n minus 1 over 2.
+
+And then I have
+to integrate over
+
+all of the modes pi
+alpha of K in this range.
+
+So I'm performing exactly
+the same integral as above.
+
+So the reduction is precisely
+the same integral as above, OK?
+
+So the three steps of RG
+performed for this model
+
+to lowest order
+in this inverse K,
+
+our [? temperature-like ?]
+variable is given by this one
+
+[INAUDIBLE] once I substitute
+the value of zeta over there.
+
+So you can see that
+the answer K prime of b
+
+is going to b to
+the b minus 2 zeta
+
+squared-- ah, that's right.
+
+For zeta squared,
+essentially the square
+
+of that, 1 minus
+n minus 1 over K,
+
+the 2 disappears
+once I squared it.
+
+Id of b divided by K-- that
+comes from zeta squared.
+
+And from here I can get
+the plus Id of be over K.
+
+And the whole thing gets
+multiplied by this K.
+
+And there is still terms at
+the order of temperature of 1
+
+over K squared, OK?
+
+And finally, we are going
+to do the same choice
+
+that we were doing for
+our epsilon expansion.
+
+That is, choose a
+rescaling factor that
+
+is just slightly larger than 1.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sir, you're at n
+minus 1 over K times Id over K.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I
+gave this too much.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK, thank You.
+
+And we will write K prime at Kb
+to be K plus delta l dK by dl.
+
+And we note that for
+calculating this Id of b, when
+
+b goes to 1 plus delta
+l, all I need to do
+
+is to evaluate this integrand
+essentially on the shell.
+
+So what I will get is lambda
+to the power of d minus 2.
+
+The surface area of a unit
+sphere divided by 2 pi
+
+to the d, which is the
+combination that we
+
+have been calling K sub d, OK?
+
+So once I do that, I will
+get that the dK by dl, OK?
+
+What do I get?
+
+I will get a d minus
+2 here times K.
+
+And then I will get
+these two factors.
+
+There's n minus 1.
+
+And then there's 1 here.
+
+So that becomes n minus 2.
+
+I have a Idb, which is Kd
+lambda to the d minus 2.
+
+And then the 1 over
+K and K disappear.
+
+And so that's the
+expression that we have.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry, is the Kd
+[? some ?] angle factor again?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so you have
+to do this integration, which
+
+is written as the surface
+area inside an angle,
+
+K to the d minus 1 dK
+divided by 2 pi to the d.
+
+This is the combination that
+we have always called K sub d.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK?
+
+Now, it actually
+makes more sense
+
+since we are making a
+low temperature expansion
+
+to define a T that is
+simply 1 over K. Its
+
+again, dimensionless.
+
+And then clearly
+dT by dl is going
+
+to be minus K squared dK by
+dl minus 1 over K squared.
+
+Minus 1 over K squared becomes
+minus T squared dK by dl.
+
+So I just have to
+multiply the expression
+
+that I have up here
+with minus T squared,
+
+recognizing that TK is 1.
+
+So I end up with the
+[? recursion ?] convention
+
+for T, which is
+minus d minus 2T.
+
+And then it becomes plus n minus
+2 Kd lambda to the d minus 2 T
+
+squared.
+
+And presumably, there
+are high order terms
+
+that we have not
+bothered to calculate.
+
+So this is the
+[INAUDIBLE] we focused on.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's see whether this
+expression makes sense.
+
+So if I'm looking at dimensions
+that are less than 2,
+
+then the linear term
+in the expression
+
+is positive, which means that if
+I'm looking at the temperature
+
+axis and this is 0, and
+I start with a value that
+
+is slightly positive,
+because of this term,
+
+it will be pushed larger
+and larger values.
+
+So you think that
+you have a system
+
+at very low temperatures.
+
+You look at it at larger
+and larger scales,
+
+and you find that it
+becomes effectively
+
+something that has
+higher temperature
+
+and becomes more
+and more disordered.
+
+So basically, this is a
+manifestation of something
+
+that we had said before,
+Mermin-Wagner theorem, which
+
+is no [? long ?] range
+order in d less than 2, OK?
+
+Now, if I go to the other
+limit, d greater than 2,
+
+then something
+interesting happens,
+
+in that the linear
+term is negative.
+
+So if I start with a
+sufficiently small temperature
+
+or a large enough coupling,
+it will get stronger
+
+as we go towards
+an ordered phase,
+
+whereas the quadratic
+term for n greater than 2
+
+has the opposite sign--
+this is n greater than 2--
+
+and pushes me towards disorder,
+which means that there should
+
+be a fixed point that
+separates the two behaviors.
+
+Any temperature lower than this
+will give me an ordered phase.
+
+Any temperature higher
+than this will give me
+
+a disordered phase.
+
+And suddenly, we see that
+we have potentially a way
+
+of figuring out what the phase
+transition is because this T
+
+star is a location that we
+can perturbatively access.
+
+Because we set this
+to 0, and we find
+
+that T star is
+equal to d minus 2
+
+divided by n minus 2 Kd
+lambda to the d minus 2.
+
+So now in order to have
+a theory that makes sense
+
+in the sense of the perturbation
+that we have carried out,
+
+we have to make sure
+that this is small.
+
+So we can do that by assuming
+that this quantity d minus 2
+
+is a small quantity in making
+an expansion in d minus 2, OK?
+
+So in particular,
+T star itself we
+
+expect to be related to
+transition temperature, not
+
+something that is universal.
+
+But exponents are universal.
+
+So what we do is we
+look at d by dl of delta
+
+T. Delta T is,
+let's say, T minus T
+
+star in one direction
+or the other.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+And for that, what
+I need to do it
+
+to linearize this expression.
+
+So I will get a minus
+epsilon from her.
+
+And from here, I will
+get 2 n minus 2 Kd lambda
+
+to the d minus 2 T
+star times delta T.
+
+I just took the derivative,
+evaluated the T star.
+
+And we can see that this
+combination is precisely
+
+the combination that I
+have to solve for T star.
+
+So this really becomes
+another factor of epsilon.
+
+I have minus epsilon
+plus [? 2 ?] epsilon.
+
+So this is epsilon delta
+T. So that tells me
+
+that my thermal
+eigenvalue is epsilon,
+
+a disorder clearly
+independent of n.
+
+Now, we've seen that in
+order to fully characterize
+
+the exponent, including things
+like magnetization, et cetera,
+
+it makes sense to also put
+a magnetic field direction
+
+and figure out how rapidly you
+go along the magnetic field
+
+direction.
+
+So for that, one
+way of doing this
+
+is to go and add to this term,
+which is h integral S of x.
+
+And you can see very easily
+that under these steps
+
+of the transformation,
+essentially the only thing that
+
+happens is that I will
+get h prime at scale
+
+d is h from the integration.
+
+I will get a factor
+of b to the d.
+
+From the replacement
+of s with s prime,
+
+I will get a factor of zeta.
+
+So this combination
+is simply my yh.
+
+And just bringing a
+little bit of manipulation
+
+will tell you that yh
+is d minus the part that
+
+comes from zeta,
+which is n minus 1
+
+over 2 Id of b, which is
+lambda to the d minus 2 Kd.
+
+And then we have T star.
+
+And again, you
+substitute for lambda
+
+to the d minus 2 Kd T star
+on what we have over here.
+
+And you get this to
+be d minus n minus 1
+
+over 2n minus 2 epsilon.
+
+And again, to be consistent
+to order of epsilon,
+
+this d you will have to
+replace with 2 plus epsilon.
+
+And a little bit of
+manipulation will give you
+
+yh, which is 2 minus n minus 3
+divided by 2n minus 2 epsilon.
+
+I did this calculation of the
+two exponents rather rapidly.
+
+The reason for that is they
+are not particularly useful.
+
+That is, whereas
+we saw that coming
+
+from four dimensions the
+epsilon expansion was very
+
+useful to give us
+corrections to the [? mean ?]
+
+field values of 1/2, for
+example, for mu to order of 10%
+
+or so already by setting
+epsilon equals to 1.
+
+If I, for example, put
+here epsilon equal to 1
+
+to [? access ?] 3
+dimensions, I will
+
+conclude that mu, which
+is the inverse of yT
+
+is 1 in 3 dimensions
+independent of n.
+
+And let's say for super
+fluid it is closer to 2/3.
+
+And so essentially, this
+expansion in some sense
+
+is much further away from 3
+dimensions than the 4 minus
+
+epsilon coming
+from 4 dimensions,
+
+although numerically,
+we would have
+
+said epsilon equaled
+1 to both of them.
+
+So nobody really has taken
+much advantage of this 2 plus
+
+epsilon expansion.
+
+So why is it useful?
+
+The reason that this is
+useful is the third case
+
+that I have not
+explained, yet, which
+
+is, what happens if you sit
+exactly in 2 dimensions, OK?
+
+So if we sit exactly
+in 2 dimensions,
+
+this first term disappears.
+
+And you can see
+that the behavioral
+
+is determined by
+the second order
+
+and [? then ?] depends
+on the value of n.
+
+So if I look at n, let's
+say, that is less than 2,
+
+then what I will see is
+that along the temperature
+
+axis, the quadratic
+term-- the linear term
+
+is absent-- the quadratic
+term, let's say, for n
+
+equals 1 is negative.
+
+And you're being
+pushed quadratically
+
+very slowly towards 0.
+
+The one example that
+we know is indeed n
+
+equals 1, the Ising model.
+
+And we know that the Ising
+model in 2 dimensions
+
+has an ordered phase.
+
+It shouldn't really even
+be described by this
+
+because there are
+no Goldstone modes.
+
+But n greater than 2, like
+n equals 3-- the Heisenberg
+
+model, is interesting.
+
+And what we see is that here the
+second order term is positive.
+
+And it is pushing you
+towards high temperatures.
+
+So you can see a
+disordered behavior.
+
+And what this calculation
+tells you that is useful
+
+that you wouldn't
+have known otherwise
+
+is, what is the
+correlation [? length? ?]
+
+Because the recursion relation
+is now dT by dl is, let's say,
+
+n minus 2.
+
+And my d equals to 2.
+
+The lambda to the d
+minus 2, I can ignore.
+
+Kd is 2 pi from the [? solid ?]
+angle divided by 2 pi squared.
+
+So that's 1 over 2 pi
+times T squared, OK?
+
+So that's the recursion relation
+that we are dealing with.
+
+I can divide by
+1 over T squared.
+
+And then this becomes d
+by dl of minus 1 over T
+
+equals n minus 2
+divided by 2 pi.
+
+I can integrate this from, say,
+some initial value minus 1 over
+
+some initial temperature
+to some temperature where
+
+I'm at [? length ?]
+[? scale ?] l.
+
+What I would have on the right
+hand side would be n minus 2
+
+over [? 2yl ?], OK?
+
+So I start very, very close
+to the origin T equals 0.
+
+So I have a very strong
+coupling at the beginning.
+
+So this factor is huge.
+
+T is [? more than ?]
+1 over T is huge.
+
+I have a huge coupling.
+
+And then I rescale to a point
+where the coupling has become
+
+weak, let's say some number
+of order of 1, order of 1
+
+or order of 0.
+
+In any case, it is
+overwhelmingly smaller
+
+than this.
+
+How far did I have to go?
+
+I had to rescale
+by a factor of l
+
+that is related
+to the temperature
+
+that I started with
+by this factor,
+
+except that I forgot
+the minus that I
+
+had in front of the whole thing.
+
+So the resulting l will
+be large and positive.
+
+And the correlation length--
+the length scale at which
+
+we arrived at the
+coupling, which
+
+is of the order of 1 or 0,
+is whatever my initial length
+
+scale was times this factor
+that I have rescaled by,
+
+b, which is e to the l.
+
+And so this is a exponential
+of n minus 1 over 2 pi
+
+times 1 over T. The
+statement is that if you're
+
+having 2 dimensions, a
+system of, let's say,
+
+3 component spins-- and
+that is something that
+
+has a lot of experimental
+realizations--
+
+you find that as you go
+towards low temperature,
+
+the size of domains
+that are ordered
+
+diverges according to
+this nice universal form.
+
+And let's say around
+1995 or so, when
+
+people had these high
+temperature superconductors
+
+which are effectively 2
+dimensional layers of magnets--
+
+they're actually
+antiferromagnets,
+
+but they are still described
+by this [INAUDIBLE] with n
+
+equals 3-- there were
+lots of x-ray studies
+
+of what happens to the ordering
+of these antiferromagnetic
+
+copper oxide layers as you
+go to low temperatures.
+
+And this form was very
+much used and confirmed.
+
+OK, so that's really one thing
+that one can get from this
+
+analysis that has been
+explicitly [? confirmed ?]
+
+[? for ?] experiments.
+
+And finally, there's
+one case in this
+
+that I have not mentioned
+so far, which is n equals 2.
+
+And when I am at n
+equals 2, what I have is
+
+that the first and second
+order terms in this series
+
+are both vanishing.
+
+And I really at this stage don't
+quite know what is happening.
+
+But we can think
+about it a little bit.
+
+And you can see that if you are
+n equals 2, then essentially,
+
+you have a 1 component angle.
+
+And if I write the theory
+in terms of the angle theta,
+
+let's say, between
+neighboring spins,
+
+then the expansions would simply
+be gradient of theta squared.
+
+And there isn't any other
+mode to couple with.
+
+You may worry a little bit
+about gradient of theta
+
+to the 4th and such things.
+
+But a little bit of
+thinking will convince you
+
+that all of those
+terms are irrelevant.
+
+So as far as we can
+show, there is reason
+
+that essentially
+this series for n
+
+equals 2 is 0 at
+all orders, which
+
+means that as far as this
+analysis is concerned,
+
+there is a kind of a
+line of fixed points.
+
+You start with any
+temperature, and you
+
+will stay at that
+temperature, OK?
+
+Still you would say that even if
+you have this gradient of theta
+
+squared type of theory,
+the fluctuations that you
+
+have are solutions
+of 1 over q squared.
+
+And the integral of 1 over
+2 squared in 2 dimensions
+
+is logarithmically divergent.
+
+So the more correct statement
+of the Mermin-Wagner's theorem
+
+is that there should
+be no long range
+
+order in d less
+than or equal to 2.
+
+Because for d equals
+2 also, you have
+
+these logarithmic
+divergence of fluctuations.
+
+So you may have thought that you
+are pointing along, say, the y
+
+direction.
+
+But you average more
+and more, and you
+
+see that the extent of
+the fluctuations in angle
+
+are growing logarithmically.
+
+You say that once that logarithm
+becomes of the order of pi,
+
+I have no idea
+where my angle is.
+
+There should be no
+true long range order.
+
+And I'm not going to try
+to interpret this too much.
+
+I just say that
+Mermin-Wagner's theorem
+
+says that there should
+be no true long range
+
+order in systems that have
+continuous symmetry in 2
+
+dimensions and below, OK?
+
+And that statement is
+correct, except that
+
+around that same time, Stanley
+and Kaplan did low temperature
+
+series analysis-- actually,
+no, I'm incorrect--
+
+did high temperatures
+series of these spin models
+
+in 2 dimensions.
+
+And what they found was,
+OK, let's [? re-plot ?]
+
+susceptibility as a
+function of temperature.
+
+We calculate our best
+estimate of susceptibility
+
+from the high
+temperature series.
+
+And what they do is, let's
+say, they look at the system
+
+that corresponds to n equals 3.
+
+And they see that the
+susceptibility diverges only
+
+when you get in the
+vicinity of 0 temperature,
+
+which is consistent with all
+of these statements that first
+
+of all, this is a [? direct ?]
+correlation [? when it ?] only
+
+diverges at 0 temperature.
+
+And divergence of susceptibility
+has to be coupled through that.
+
+And therefore, really,
+the only exciting thing
+
+is right at 0 temperature,
+there is no region where
+
+this is long range
+order, except that when
+
+they did the analysis
+for n equals 2,
+
+they kept getting
+signature that there
+
+is a phase transition at
+a finite temperature in d
+
+equals 2 for this xy
+model that described
+
+by just an [INAUDIBLE], OK?
+
+So there is lots of numerical
+evidence of phase transition
+
+for n equals 2 in d
+equals [? 2, ?] OK?
+
+So this is another
+one of those puzzles
+
+which [INAUDIBLE]
+if we interpret
+
+the existence of a diverging
+susceptibility in the way
+
+that we are used to,
+let's say the Ising model
+
+and all the models
+that we have discussed
+
+so far, in all cases that
+we have seen, essentially,
+
+the divergence of
+the susceptibility
+
+was an indicator of the onset
+of true long range order
+
+so that on the other side, you
+had something like a magnet.
+
+But that is rigorously
+ruled out by Mermin-Wagner.
+
+So the question is, can
+we have a phase transition
+
+in the absence of
+symmetry breaking?
+
+All right?
+
+And we already saw one example
+of that a couple of lectures
+
+back when we were doing the
+dual of the 3-dimensional Ising
+
+model.
+
+We saw that the 3-dimensional
+Ising model, its dual
+
+had a phase transition but
+was rigorously prevented
+
+from having true
+long range order.
+
+So there, how did we distinguish
+the different phases?
+
+We found some appropriate
+correlation function.
+
+And we showed that that
+correlation function
+
+had different behaviors at
+high and low temperature.
+
+And these two different
+behaviors could not be matched.
+
+And so the phase
+transition was an indicator
+
+of the switch-over in the
+behavior of the correlation
+
+functions.
+
+So here, let's examine
+the correlation functions
+
+of our model.
+
+And the simplest
+correlation that we
+
+can think of for a system that
+is described by unit spins
+
+is to look at the spin at
+some location and the spin
+
+at some far away
+location and ask
+
+how correlated they
+are to each other?
+
+And so basically, there is
+some kind of, let's say,
+
+underlying lattice.
+
+And we pick 2 points
+at 0 and at r.
+
+And we ask, what
+is the dot product
+
+of the spins that we have
+at these 2 locations?
+
+And clearly, this is invariant
+under the [? global ?]
+
+rotation.
+
+What I can do is I can
+pick some kind of axis
+
+and define angles with
+respect to some axis.
+
+Let's say with respect
+to the x direction,
+
+I define an angle theta.
+
+And then clearly, this
+is the expectation value
+
+of cosine of theta
+0 minus theta r.
+
+Now, this quantity
+I can asymptotically
+
+calculate both at
+high temperatures
+
+and low temperatures
+and compare them.
+
+So let's do a high T expansion.
+
+For the high T expansion,
+I sort of go back
+
+to the discrete model and
+say that what I have here
+
+is a system that
+is characterized
+
+by a bunch of angles that I
+have to integrate in theta i.
+
+I have the cosine of
+theta 0 minus theta r.
+
+And I have a weight that wants
+to make near neighbours to be
+
+parallel.
+
+And so I will write it as
+product over nearest neighbors,
+
+p to the K cosine of
+theta i minus theta j.
+
+OK, so the dot
+product of 2 spins
+
+I have written as the
+cosine between [? nearest ?]
+
+neighbors.
+
+And of course, I have to
+then divide by [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Now, if I'm doing the high
+temperature expansion,
+
+that means that this
+coupling constant K
+
+scaled by temperature is known.
+
+And I can expand this as 1 plus
+K cosine of theta i minus theta
+
+j [? plus ?] [? higher ?] orders
+in powers of K of course, OK?
+
+Now, this looks to
+have the same structure
+
+as we had for the Ising model.
+
+In the Ising model, I had
+something like sigma i sigma j.
+
+And if I had a sigma
+by itself and I
+
+summed over the possible
+values, I would get 0.
+
+Here, I have something
+like a cosine of an angle.
+
+And if I integrate, let's say, d
+theta 0 cosine of theta 0 minus
+
+something, just because
+theta 0 can be both positive
+
+as [? it just ?] goes
+over the entire angle,
+
+this will give me 0.
+
+So this cosine I
+better get rid of.
+
+And the way that I
+can do that is let's
+
+say I multiply cosine
+of theta 0 minus theta r
+
+with one of the
+terms that I would
+
+get in the expansion, such
+as, let's say, a factor of K
+
+cosine of theta 0 minus theta 1.
+
+So if I call the
+next one theta 1,
+
+I will have a term
+in the expansion that
+
+is cosine of theta
+0 minus theta 1, OK?
+
+Then this will be non-zero
+because I can certainly
+
+change the origin.
+
+I can write this as integral
+d theta 0 minus theta 1--
+
+I can call phi.
+
+This would be cosine
+of phi from here.
+
+This becomes cosine of theta
+0 minus theta 1 minus phi.
+
+And this I can expand as
+cosine of a 0 minus theta 1
+
+cosine of phi minus sine
+of theta 0 minus theta 1
+
+sine of phi.
+
+Then cosine integrated
+against sine will give me 0.
+
+Cosine integrated against
+cosine will give me 1/2.
+
+So this becomes 1/2 cosine of
+theta 0 minus theta 1 theta r.
+
+What did I-- For theta 0, I
+am writing phi plus theta 1.
+
+So this becomes phi plus
+theta 1 minus theta r.
+
+This becomes cosine of
+theta 1 minus theta r.
+
+This becomes theta
+1 minus theta r.
+
+This becomes theta
+1 minus theta r.
+
+OK, so essentially,
+we had a term
+
+that was like a cosine of theta
+0 minus theta r from here.
+
+Once we integrate
+over this bond,
+
+then I get a factor
+of 1/2, and it
+
+becomes like a connection
+between these two.
+
+And you can see that
+I can keep doing that
+
+and find the path that
+connects from 0 to r.
+
+For each one of the
+bonds along this path,
+
+I pick one of these factors.
+
+And this allows me to
+get a finite value.
+
+And what I find once I do this
+is that through the lowest
+
+order, I have to count the
+shortest number of paths
+
+that I have between
+the two, K. I
+
+will get a factor of K.
+And then from the averaging
+
+over the angles, I will get 1/2.
+
+So it would b K
+over 2 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+By this we indicate the
+shortest path between the 2, OK?
+
+So the point is that
+K is a small number.
+
+If I go further
+and further away,
+
+this is going to be
+exponentially small
+
+in the distance
+between the 2 spaces,
+
+where [? c ?] can be
+expressed in something that
+
+has to do with K.
+So this is actually
+
+quite a general statement.
+
+We've already seen it
+for the Ising model.
+
+We've now seen it
+for the xy model.
+
+Quite generally, for systems
+at high temperatures,
+
+once can show that correlations
+decay exponentially
+
+in separation because
+the information
+
+about the state of one variable
+has to travel all the way
+
+to influence the other one.
+
+And the fidelity by which the
+information is transmitted
+
+is very small at
+high temperatures.
+
+So OK?
+
+So this is something that
+you should have known.
+
+We are getting the answer.
+
+But now what happens if I go
+and look at low temperatures?
+
+So for low temperatures,
+what I need to do
+
+is to evaluate
+something that has
+
+to do with the behavior
+of these angles
+
+when I go to low temperatures.
+
+And when I go to
+low temperatures,
+
+these angles tend to be very
+much aligned to each other.
+
+And these factors of
+cosine I can therefore
+
+start expanding around 1.
+
+So what I end up having to do is
+something like a product over i
+
+theta i cosine of
+theta 0 minus theta r.
+
+I have a product over
+neighbors of factors
+
+such as K over 2 theta
+i minus theta j squared,
+
+[? as ?] I expand the
+Gaussian, expand the cosine.
+
+And in the denominator I would
+have exactly the same thing
+
+without this.
+
+So essentially, we see
+that since the cosine is
+
+the real part of e to the i
+theta 0 minus theta r, what
+
+I need to do is to calculate
+the average of this
+
+assuming the Gaussian weight.
+
+So the theta is Gaussian
+distributed, OK?
+
+Now-- actually, this [INAUDIBLE]
+I can take the outside also.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+I have to calculate
+this expectation value.
+
+And this for any Gaussian
+expectation value of e to the i
+
+some Gaussian
+variable is minus 1/2
+
+the average of whatever
+you have, weight.
+
+And again, in case you forgot
+this, just insert the K here.
+
+You can see that this is
+the characteristic function
+
+of the Gaussian
+distributed variable, which
+
+is this difference.
+
+And the characteristic
+function I
+
+can start expanding in
+terms of the cumulants.
+
+The first cumulant, the
+average is 0 by symmetry.
+
+So the first thing
+that will appear,
+
+which would be at the
+order of K squared,
+
+is going to be the
+variance, which
+
+is what we have over here.
+
+And since it's a Gaussian,
+all higher order terms
+
+in this series [? will. ?]
+Another way to do
+
+is to of course just
+complete the square.
+
+And this is what
+would come out, OK?
+
+So all I need to do is to
+calculate the expectation
+
+value of this quantity
+where the thetas are
+
+Gaussian distributed.
+
+And the best way to do so
+is to go to Fourier space.
+
+So I have integral.
+
+For each one of these factors
+of theta 0 minus theta r,
+
+I will do an integral
+d2 q 2 pi squared.
+
+I have 1 minus e
+to the iq.r, which
+
+is from theta 0 minus theta r.
+
+And then I have a theta tilde q.
+
+I have two of those factors.
+
+I have d2 q prime 2 pi squared.
+
+I have e to the minus iq prime
+dot r theta tilde q prime.
+
+And then this average
+simply becomes this average.
+
+And the different modes are
+independent of each other.
+
+So I will get a 2 pi
+to the d-- actually,
+
+2 here, a delta
+function q plus q prime.
+
+And for each mode,
+I will get a factor
+
+of Kq squared because
+after all, thetas
+
+are very much like the pi's that
+I had written at the beginning,
+
+OK?
+
+So what I will have is that this
+quantity is integral over one
+
+q's.
+
+Putting these two
+factors together,
+
+realizing that q
+prime is minus q
+
+will give me 2 minus 2 cosine
+of q.r divided by Kq squared.
+
+So there is an
+overall scale that
+
+is set by 1 over
+K, by temperature.
+
+And then there's a function
+[? on ?] [? from ?],
+
+which is the Fourier transform
+of {} 1 over q squared, which,
+
+as usual, we call C. We
+anticipate this to be like
+
+a Coulomb potential.
+
+Because if I take
+a Laplacian of C,
+
+you can see that-- forget the
+q-- the [? Laplacian ?] of C
+
+from the cosine, I will get a
+minus q squared cancels that.
+
+I will have [INAUDIBLE]
+d2q 2 pi squared.
+
+Cosine itself will be left.
+
+The 1 over q squared disappears.
+
+This is e to the iqr you plus
+e to the minus iqr over 2.
+
+Each one of them gives
+a delta function.
+
+So this is just
+a delta function.
+
+So C is the potential that
+you have from a unit charge
+
+in 2 dimensions.
+
+And again, you can perform
+the usual Gaussian procedure
+
+to find that the gradient
+of C times 2 pi r
+
+is the net charge that is
+enclosed, which is [? unity ?].
+
+So gradient of C, which
+points in the radial direction
+
+is going to be 1 over 2 pi r.
+
+And your C is going to be
+log of r divided by 2 pi.
+
+So this is 1 over K log
+of r divided by 2 pi.
+
+And I state that when
+essentially the 2 angles are
+
+as close as some short distance
+cut-off, fluctuations vanish.
+
+So that's how I set the
+0 of my integration, OK?
+
+So again, you put
+that over here.
+
+We find that s0.s of r in
+the low temperature limit
+
+is the exponential
+of minus 1/2 of this.
+
+So I have log of r over
+a divided by 4 pi K.
+
+And I will get a over r to
+the power of 1 over 4 pi K.
+
+And I kind of want to check
+that I didn't lose a factor of 2
+
+somewhere, which I seem to have.
+
+Yeah, I lost a factor
+of 2 right here.
+
+This should be 2
+because of this 2,
+
+if I'm using this definition.
+
+So this should be 2.
+
+And this should be 2 pi K. OK.
+
+So what have we established?
+
+We have looked as a
+function of temperature
+
+what the behavior of this
+spin-spin correlation function
+
+is.
+
+We have established that in
+the higher temperature limit,
+
+the behavior is something
+that falls off exponentially
+
+with separation.
+
+We have also established
+that at low temperature,
+
+it falls off as a power
+law in separation, OK?
+
+So these two functional
+behaviors are different.
+
+There is no way that you can
+connect one to the other.
+
+So you pick two spins that
+are sufficiently far apart
+
+and then move the separation
+further and further away.
+
+And the functional form
+of the correlations
+
+is either a power-law
+decay, power-law decay,
+
+or an exponential decay.
+
+And in this form, you know
+you have a high temperature.
+
+In this form, you know you
+have a low temperature.
+
+So potentially, there could be
+a phase transition separating
+
+the distinct behaviors of
+the correlation function.
+
+And that could
+potentially be underlying
+
+what is observed over here, OK?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So where could
+we make the assumption
+
+we're at a low temperature
+in the second expansion?
+
+PROFESSOR: When we expanded
+the cosines, right?
+
+So what I should really do is to
+look at the terms such as this.
+
+But then I said that I'm low
+enough temperature so that I
+
+look at near neighbors, and
+they're almost parallel.
+
+So the cosine of the angle
+difference between them
+
+is the square of
+that small angle.
+
+AUDIENCE: Thank you.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+OK?
+
+So actually, you
+may have said that I
+
+could have done the same
+analysis for small angle
+
+expansions not only
+for n equals 2,
+
+but also for n
+equals 3, et cetera.
+
+That would be correct.
+
+Because I could have made a
+similar Gaussian analysis for n
+
+equals e also.
+
+And then I may have
+concluded the same thing,
+
+except that I cannot conclude
+the same thing because of this
+
+thing that we derived over here.
+
+What this shows is that the
+expansion around 0 temperature
+
+regarded as Gaussian
+is going to break down
+
+because of the
+non-linear coupling
+
+that we have between modes.
+
+So although I may be tempted to
+write something like this for n
+
+equals 3, I know
+why it is wrong.
+
+And I know the
+correlation length
+
+at which this kind
+of behavior will
+
+need to be replaced with
+this type of behavior
+
+because effectively, the
+expansion parameter became
+
+of the order of 1.
+
+But I cannot do that
+for the xy model.
+
+I don't have similar reason.
+
+So then the question
+becomes, well,
+
+how does this expansion then
+eventually break down so
+
+that I will have a phase
+transition to a phase
+
+where the correlations are
+decaying exponentially?
+
+And you may say,
+well, I mean, it's
+
+really something
+to do with having
+
+to go to higher and
+higher ordered terms
+
+in the expansion of the cosine.
+
+And it's going to
+be something which
+
+would be very difficult to
+figure out, except that it
+
+turns out that there is a
+much more elegant solution.
+
+And that was proposed
+by [? Kastelitz ?]
+
+and [? Thales. ?]
+
+And they said that what you
+have left out in the Gaussian
+
+analysis are
+topological defects, OK?
+
+That is, when I did the
+expansion of the cosine
+
+and we replaced the cosine with
+the difference of the angles
+
+squared, that's
+more or less fine,
+
+except that I should also
+realize that cosine maintains
+
+its value if the angle
+difference goes up by 2 pi.
+
+And you say, well,
+neighboring spins are never
+
+going to be 2 pi
+different or pi different
+
+because they're very
+strongly coupled.
+
+Does it make any difference?
+
+Turns out that, OK, for
+the neighboring spins,
+
+it doesn't make a difference.
+
+But what if you go far away?
+
+So let's imagine that this is,
+let's say, our system of spins.
+
+And what I do is I look at a
+configuration such as this.
+
+Essentially, I have
+spins [? radiating ?] out
+
+from a center such as this, OK?
+
+There is, of course,
+a lot of energy costs
+
+I have put over here.
+
+But when I go very
+much further out,
+
+let's say, very far
+away from this plus sign
+
+that I have indicated
+over here, and I
+
+follow what the behavior
+of the spins are,
+
+you see that as I go along
+this circuit, the spins start
+
+by pointing this way,
+they go point this way,
+
+this way, et cetera.
+
+And by the time I carry
+a circuit such as this,
+
+I find that the angle theta
+has also rotated by 2 pi, OK?
+
+Now, this is clearly
+a configuration
+
+that is going to be costly.
+
+We'll calculate its cost.
+
+But the point is that there
+is no continuous deformation
+
+that you can make
+that will map this
+
+into what we were
+expanding around here
+
+with all of the cosines
+being parallel to each other.
+
+So this is a topologically
+distinct contribution
+
+from the Gaussian
+one, the Gaussian term
+
+that we've calculated.
+
+Since the direction of
+the rotation of the spins
+
+is the same as the direction
+of the circuit in this case,
+
+this is called a plus
+topological defect.
+
+There is a corresponding
+minus defect
+
+which is something like this.
+
+OK, and for this, you
+can convince yourself
+
+that as you make a
+circuit such as this
+
+that the direction
+of the arrow actually
+
+goes in the opposite
+direction, OK?
+
+This is called a negative
+sign topological defect.
+
+Now, I said, well,
+let's figure out
+
+what the energy cost of
+one of these things is.
+
+If I'm away from the center
+of one of these defects,
+
+then the change in angle
+is small because the change
+
+in angle if I go all the way
+around a circle of radius
+
+r should come back to be 2 pi.
+
+2 pi is the uncertainty that
+I have from the cosines.
+
+So what I have is
+that the gradient
+
+of theta [? between ?]
+neighboring angles
+
+times 2 pi r, which is
+this radius, is 2 pi.
+
+And this thing,
+here it is plus 1.
+
+Here it is minus 1.
+
+And in general, you can
+imagine possibilities
+
+where this is some integer
+that is like 2 or minus 2
+
+or something else
+that is allowed
+
+by this degeneracy
+of this cosine, OK?
+
+So you can see that
+when you are far away
+
+from the center of
+whatever this defect is,
+
+the gradient of theta has
+magnitude that is n over r, OK?
+
+And as you go
+further and further,
+
+it becomes smaller and smaller.
+
+And the energy cost out here
+you can obtain by essentially
+
+expanding the cosine is going
+to be proportional to the change
+
+in angle squared.
+
+So the cost of the
+defect is an integral
+
+of 2 pi rdr times this quantity
+n over r squared multiplied
+
+by the coefficient of the
+expansion of the cosine,
+
+or K over 2.
+
+And this integration I
+have to go all the way to
+
+ends up of my system.
+
+Let's call it l.
+
+And then I can
+bring it down, not
+
+necessary to the scale
+of the lattice spacing,
+
+but maybe to scale of 5 lattice
+spacing or something like this,
+
+where the approximations that
+I have used of treating this
+
+as a continuum are still valid.
+
+So I will pick some kind of
+a short distance cut-off a.
+
+And then whatever energy is
+at scales that are below a,
+
+I will add to a core energy that
+depends on whatever this a is.
+
+I don't know what that is.
+
+So basically, there
+is some core energy
+
+depending on where I stop this.
+
+And the reason that
+this is more important--
+
+because here I have an
+integral of 1 over r.
+
+And an integral of 1
+over r is something
+
+that is logarithmically
+divergent.
+
+So I will get K. I
+have 2 cancels the 2.
+
+I have pi en squared
+log of l over a, OK?
+
+So you can see that creating
+one of these defects
+
+is hugely expensive.
+
+And energy that as your system
+becomes bigger and bigger
+
+and we're thinking
+about infinite
+
+sized systems is
+logarithmically large.
+
+So you would say these
+things will never
+
+occur because they cost an
+infinite amount of energy.
+
+Well, the thing is that
+entropy is also important.
+
+So if I were to calculate the
+partition function that I would
+
+assign to one of these
+defects, part of it
+
+would be exponential
+of this energy.
+
+So I would have this e to
+the minus this core energy.
+
+I would have this exponential of
+K pi n squared log of l over a.
+
+So that's the [INAUDIBLE]
+weight for this.
+
+But then I realize that
+I can put this anywhere
+
+on the lattice so there is
+an entropy [? gain ?] factor.
+
+And since I have assigned this
+to have some kind of a bulk
+
+to it as some
+characteristic size a,
+
+the number of distinct
+places that I can put it
+
+is over the order
+of l over a squared.
+
+So basically, I take my huge
+lattice and I partition it
+
+into sizes of a's.
+
+And I say I can put it in any
+one of these configurations.
+
+You can see that
+the whole thing is
+
+going to be e to the
+minus this core energy.
+
+And then I have l over
+a to the power of 2
+
+minus pi K n squared, OK?
+
+So the logarithmic energy
+cost is the same form
+
+as the logarithmic entropy
+gain that you have over here.
+
+And this precise balance will
+give you a value of K such
+
+that if K is larger than
+2 over pi n squared,
+
+this is going to be an
+exponentially large cost.
+
+There is a huge
+negative power of l here
+
+that says, no, you don't
+want to create this.
+
+But if K becomes weak such
+that the 2, the entropy factor,
+
+[? wins ?], then you will
+start creating [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So you can see that
+over here, suddenly we
+
+have a mechanism along
+our picture over here,
+
+maybe something like K,
+which is 2 over pi, such
+
+that on one side you
+would say, I will not
+
+have topological defect and
+I can use the Gaussian model.
+
+And on the other side, you
+say that I will spontaneously
+
+create these
+topological defects.
+
+And then the
+Gaussian description
+
+is no longer valid because
+I have to now really take
+
+care of the angular nature
+of these variables, OK?
+
+So this is a nice picture, which
+is only a zeroed order picture.
+
+And to zeroed order,
+it is correct.
+
+But this is not fully correct.
+
+Because even at
+low temperatures,
+
+you can certainly create hairs
+of plus minus defects, OK?
+
+And whereas the
+field for one of them
+
+will fall off at
+large distances,
+
+the gradient of
+theta is 1 over r,
+
+if you superimpose what is
+happening for two of these,
+
+what you will convince
+yourself that if you have
+
+a pair of defects of
+opposite sign at the distance
+
+d that the distortion that they
+generate at large distances
+
+falls off not the as 1 over
+r, which is, if you like,
+
+a monopole field, but
+as d over r squared,
+
+which is a dipole field.
+
+So whenever you
+have a dipole, you
+
+will have to multiply
+by the separation
+
+of the charges in the dipole.
+
+And that is compensated
+by a factor of 1
+
+over r in the denominator.
+
+There is some
+angular dependence,
+
+but we are not so
+interested in that.
+
+Now, if I were to
+integrate this square,
+
+we can see that it
+is something that
+
+is convergent at
+large distances.
+
+And so this is
+going to be finite.
+
+It is not going to diverge as
+the size of the system, which
+
+means that whereas individual
+defects there was no way
+
+that I could create
+in my system,
+
+I can always create
+pairs of these defects.
+
+So the correct picture
+that we should have
+
+is not that at low temperatures
+you don't have defects,
+
+at high temperatures you have
+these defects spontaneously
+
+appearing.
+
+The correct picture is
+that at low temperatures
+
+what you have is lots and lots
+of dipoles that are pretty much
+
+bound to each other.
+
+And when you go to high
+temperatures, what happens
+
+is that you will have these
+pluses and minuses unbound
+
+from each other.
+
+So if you like,
+the transition is
+
+between molecules to a plasma
+as temperature is changed.
+
+Or if you like, it is between
+an insulator and a conductor.
+
+And how to mathematically
+describe this phase transition
+
+in 2 dimensions, which
+we can rigorously,
+
+will be what we will do in
+the next couple of lectures.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N6pc8Axv3Gs.txt b/N6pc8Axv3Gs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d062066c7d820f457de6d6d1bce9dc34a1657d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N6pc8Axv3Gs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay two equations the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two equations the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two equations the question of
+stability for two equations stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability for two equations stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability for two equations stability
+around a critical point okay so uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a critical point okay so uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a critical point okay so uh where
+the idea will be to linearize to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea will be to linearize to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea will be to linearize to look
+very near that critical point that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very near that critical point that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very near that critical point that point
+but now we're in two Dimensions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're in two Dimensions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're in two Dimensions so
+that's a little little more uh to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little little more uh to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little little more uh to to do
+okay so the here's the general picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the here's the general picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the here's the general picture
+and then here's an example so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's an example so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's an example so here
+here's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the general
+setup we have an equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we have an equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we have an equation for the
+changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in
+y but Z is involved and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but Z is involved and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but Z is involved and we have an
+equation for the rate of change of Z but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the rate of change of Z but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the rate of change of Z but
+Y is involved so they're coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is involved so they're coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is involved so they're coupled
+together we have to it's that coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we have to it's that coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we have to it's that coupling
+that's going to be new okay so what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be new okay so what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be new okay so what's a
+critical point critical point is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point critical point is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point critical point is when
+those right hand sides are zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right hand sides are zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right hand sides are zero because
+then y and z are both constant so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then y and z are both constant so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then y and z are both constant so they
+stay at that point whatever wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at that point whatever wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at that point whatever wherever
+they are at this critical point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are at this critical point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are at this critical point this
+steady state they stay steady they stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state they stay steady they stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state they stay steady they stay
+steady they stay at that constant value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady they stay at that constant value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady they stay at that constant value
+so we want that to be zero and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want that to be zero and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want that to be zero and we want
+this to be zero we have two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be zero we have two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be zero we have two equations
+f f equals z and g equals z two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f equals z and g equals z two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f equals z and g equals z two
+equations but we have two unknowns Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but we have two unknowns Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but we have two unknowns Y and
+Z so we expect some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so we expect some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so we expect some
+solutions and each solution has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and each solution has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and each solution has to be
+looked at separately each solution is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at separately each solution is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at separately each solution is a
+critical point it's like uh well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point it's like uh well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point it's like uh well you
+could think of a gulf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of a gulf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of a gulf
+course with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with a
+surface uh going up so critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh going up so critical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh going up so critical points
+will be points where the the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be points where the the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be points where the the maximum
+point maybe or the minimum point point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point maybe or the minimum point point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point maybe or the minimum point point
+or we'll see something called a saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll see something called a saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll see something called a saddle
+point actually let's do the example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point actually let's do the example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point actually let's do the example the
+example is a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is a famous
+One Predator prey it's known as Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Predator prey it's known as Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Predator prey it's known as Predator
+like foxes prey like rabbits so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like foxes prey like rabbits so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like foxes prey like rabbits so the
+foxes eat the rabbits and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes eat the rabbits and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes eat the rabbits and the question
+is what are the steady states where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the steady states where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the steady states where
+where foxes and rabbits con constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where foxes and rabbits con constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where foxes and rabbits con constant
+values could could stay okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values could could stay okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values could could stay okay so here
+this is the equation that for the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation that for the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the equation that for the what
+happens to the prey so if the rabbit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the prey so if the rabbit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the prey so if the rabbit if
+the rabbits are left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbits are left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbits are left
+alone the prey is the rabbits if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone the prey is the rabbits if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone the prey is the rabbits if they're
+left alone they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left alone they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left alone they
+multiply plenty of grass go for it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply plenty of grass go for it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply plenty of grass go for it but
+if there are foxes and Z counts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are foxes and Z counts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are foxes and Z counts the
+number of foxes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of foxes then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of foxes then
+foxes eat shall I say those rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes eat shall I say those rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes eat shall I say those rabbits
+and we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we lose
+rabbit so we see that with a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit so we see that with a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit so we see that with a minus sign
+and the amount of preying that goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amount of preying that goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amount of preying that goes on
+is proportional to the number of foxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the number of foxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the number of foxes
+times the number of rabbits because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of rabbits because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of rabbits because that
+gives the number of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the number of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the number of possible
+meetings okay and what about the foxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings okay and what about the foxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings okay and what about the foxes
+the Predator the Predator increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator the Predator increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator the Predator increases
+so this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is from
+encountering the rabbits that tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering the rabbits that tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering the rabbits that tends to
+make the number of predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the number of predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the number of predators
+increase but if there were no rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but if there were no rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but if there were no rabbits
+the foxes don't eat grass they're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foxes don't eat grass they're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foxes don't eat grass they're out of
+luck and they Decay so I see a minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck and they Decay so I see a minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck and they Decay so I see a minus Z
+there so you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you see the
+pattern yeah so starting from zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern yeah so starting from zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern yeah so starting from zero and
+zero at that point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at that point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at that point the
+well so I have to find critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have to find critical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have to find critical points
+so there's my f and that should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's my f and that should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's my f and that should be zero
+and there's my G and that should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's my G and that should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's my G and that should be zero
+and it turns out there are just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out there are just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out there are just two
+possibilities this is one if if y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities this is one if if y and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities this is one if if y and z
+are both zero then certainly I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both zero then certainly I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both zero then certainly I get
+zeros so that's like starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so that's like starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so that's like starting
+with very small number of foxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very small number of foxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very small number of foxes and
+rabbits or if Y is 1 and zal 1 you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits or if Y is 1 and zal 1 you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits or if Y is 1 and zal 1 you see
+that that would be they would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be they would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be they would be in
+Perfect Balance if Y is one and Z is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfect Balance if Y is one and Z is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfect Balance if Y is one and Z is one
+then that's zero and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's zero and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's zero and that's
+zero so the equation is satisfied we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the equation is satisfied we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the equation is satisfied we can
+stay at y can stay at one and Z can stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at y can stay at one and Z can stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at y can stay at one and Z can stay
+at one it's a steady state and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one it's a steady state and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one it's a steady state and the
+question is is that steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that steady state
+where rabbits are staying their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where rabbits are staying their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where rabbits are staying their
+population staying at one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population staying at one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population staying at one because
+they're eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're eating
+grass good but they're getting eaten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass good but they're getting eaten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass good but they're getting eaten by
+the foxes bad and those two balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foxes bad and those two balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foxes bad and those two balance and
+give a rate of change of zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a rate of change of zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a rate of change of zero and the
+foxes similarly the foxes uh get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes similarly the foxes uh get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes similarly the foxes uh get a
+positive push from eating rabbits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive push from eating rabbits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive push from eating rabbits but
+natural uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uh
+causes uh cut cut them back and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes uh cut cut them back and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes uh cut cut them back and they
+balance at Z at Z equal to one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance at Z at Z equal to one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance at Z at Z equal to one okay so
+what I have to do is linearize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to do is linearize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to do is linearize and
+that's the real point of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the real point of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the real point of the lecture
+that's the real point for linear how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the real point for linear how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the real point for linear how do
+you linearize around two for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you linearize around two for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you linearize around two for two
+functions and how do you linearize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and how do you linearize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and how do you linearize for
+these two functions so let me I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two functions so let me I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two functions so let me I have to
+write the general formula first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the general formula first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the general formula first so
+you'll see it and then I'll apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it and then I'll apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it and then I'll apply it to
+those two functions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two functions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two functions okay
+so here's the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linearize so I'm linearizing so my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize so I'm linearizing so my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize so I'm linearizing so my first
+function is whatever its value is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is whatever its value is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is whatever its value is at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point it's like a tangent line but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's like a tangent line but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's like a tangent line but now
+I've got two derivatives because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two derivatives because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two derivatives because the
+function depends on two variables so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function depends on two variables so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function depends on two variables so I
+have a Yus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Yus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Yus
+capital Y times I have to do partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y times I have to do partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y times I have to do partial
+derivative so that's the slope in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so that's the slope in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so that's the slope in the y
+direction multiplied by the movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction multiplied by the movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction multiplied by the movement and
+then similar term Z minus capital Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similar term Z minus capital Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similar term Z minus capital Z
+times the movement in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the movement in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the movement in the Z
+Direction and I have to because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and I have to because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and I have to because I
+stopped this is the first the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped this is the first the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped this is the first the linear
+part of the function I have to put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the function I have to put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the function I have to put an
+approximate symbol because I've ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate symbol because I've ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate symbol because I've ignored
+higher derivatives and of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher derivatives and of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher derivatives and of course this is
+zero so that's why we have linear in y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's why we have linear in y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's why we have linear in y
+and linear in Z times some numbers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linear in Z times some numbers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linear in Z times some numbers the
+slopes but we have two more slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes but we have two more slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes but we have two more slopes
+because we have another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have another function
+G of Y and Z and that again will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of Y and Z and that again will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of Y and Z and that again will just be
+approxim timately g at the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approxim timately g at the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approxim timately g at the critical
+point which is zero plus y - capital y *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is zero plus y - capital y *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is zero plus y - capital y *
+d g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d g
+Dy plus zus capital Z *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus zus capital Z *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy plus zus capital Z *
+DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG
+DZ so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ so all
+together the linear stuff and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the linear stuff and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the linear stuff and four
+numbers the the the derivatives of f in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the the the derivatives of f in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the the the derivatives of f in
+the Y and Z directions the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y and Z directions the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y and Z directions the derivatives
+of G in the Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G in the Y and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G in the Y and Z
+directions okay now we had an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay now we had an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay now we had an example
+going let me bring that example down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going let me bring that example down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going let me bring that example down
+again there was my f there was my G I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there was my f there was my G I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there was my f there was my G I
+can easily find those partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily find those partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily find those partial
+derivatives let me do it so the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives let me do it so the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives let me do it so the partial
+derivative with respect to Y will be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Y will be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Y will be 1
+minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z
+right Z held constant for that partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Z held constant for that partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Z held constant for that partial
+and the derivative with respect to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative with respect to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the derivative with respect to Z
+will be minus y let me write all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be minus y let me write all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be minus y let me write all those
+things down okay so here's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so I can I create a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I can I create a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I can I create a little
+Matrix DF Dy it's the nice way to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix DF Dy it's the nice way to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix DF Dy it's the nice way to if
+I've got four things 2 by two Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got four things 2 by two Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got four things 2 by two Matrix is
+great DF DZ that number DF DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great DF DZ that number DF DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great DF DZ that number DF DG
+Dy and D d g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and D d g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and D d g
+DZ you could say this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ you could say this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DZ you could say this is the first
+derivative matrix it's the Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative matrix it's the Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative matrix it's the Matrix of
+first derivatives and it's after uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives and it's after uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives and it's after uh it's
+always named after jacobe who studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always named after jacobe who studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always named after jacobe who studied
+these first so it's called the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first so it's called the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first so it's called the Jacobian
+matrix maybe I put his name to give him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix maybe I put his name to give him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix maybe I put his name to give him
+credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jacobe and the Matrix is the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe and the Matrix is the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe and the Matrix is the Jacobian
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's determinant is important it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's determinant is important it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's determinant is important it's a
+very important Matrix important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Matrix important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Matrix important in
+economics we're we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we're we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we're we're doing
+things I'm speaking here about Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm speaking here about Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm speaking here about Predator
+prey little animals running around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey little animals running around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey little animals running around but
+uh serious stuff is the economy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh serious stuff is the economy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh serious stuff is the economy is the
+economy stable if it's running along at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy stable if it's running along at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy stable if it's running along at
+some steady state and we move it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steady state and we move it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steady state and we move it a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit does it return to that steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit does it return to that steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit does it return to that steady state
+or does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does
+it get totally out of hand okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it get totally out of hand okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it get totally out of hand okay so
+there's the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Jacobian
+matrix and what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives remember again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives remember again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives remember again what
+functions there's my function so the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions there's my function so the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions there's my function so the Y
+derivative is 1us z and the Z derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is 1us z and the Z derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is 1us z and the Z derivative
+is minus y the Y derivative is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus y the Y derivative is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus y the Y derivative is z
+right and the Z derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the Z derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the Z derivative is
+yus1 is that all right this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yus1 is that all right this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yus1 is that all right this is what we
+need to know from the functions I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know from the functions I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know from the functions I've
+forgotten the functions in the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten the functions in the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten the functions in the board
+that went up here are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went up here are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went up here are their
+derivatives okay now that's my Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay now that's my Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives okay now that's my Jacobian
+matrix that's my Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's my Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's my Matrix of
+the that Matrix has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four coefficients those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four coefficients those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four coefficients those four
+numbers and and uh and really so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and and uh and really so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and and uh and really so the
+linearization let me call that Matrix I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization let me call that Matrix I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization let me call that Matrix I
+should call it J for Jacobian I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should call it J for Jacobian I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should call it J for Jacobian I will
+call it J for Jacobian okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it J for Jacobian okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it J for Jacobian okay that's the
+Jacobian matrix so then my approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix so then my approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix so then my approximate
+my what's my linearized equation my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my what's my linearized equation my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my what's my linearized equation my
+linearized equation is the the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equation is the the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equation is the the time
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Y and Z so this left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y and Z so this left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y and Z so this left hand side is
+just dydt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dydt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dydt and
+dzdt so I'm I'm using Vector notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dzdt so I'm I'm using Vector notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dzdt so I'm I'm using Vector notations
+putting Y and Z together instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting Y and Z together instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting Y and Z together instead of
+separately no big deal so then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately no big deal so then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately no big deal so then I have
+this Matrix J this 2x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix J this 2x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix J this 2x two
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+times you notice here's a y - capital Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you notice here's a y - capital Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you notice here's a y - capital Y
+and a z minus capital z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the
+linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized
+problem linearized because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem linearized because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem linearized because this is
+constant and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and this is
+linear single y single Z and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear single y single Z and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear single y single Z and we have a
+matrix J okay so I have to find so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix J okay so I have to find so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix J okay so I have to find so now
+I'm my little job is find the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm my little job is find the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm my little job is find the critical
+points I've I've got everything ready I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I've I've got everything ready I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I've I've got everything ready I
+have to find the critical points now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find the critical points now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find the critical points now
+remember the critical points are where f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the critical points are where f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the critical points are where f
+and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g
+zero and let me let me remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and let me let me remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and let me let me remember what
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+are so there's the F there's the G one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so there's the F there's the G one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so there's the F there's the G one
+critical point was that one everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point was that one everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point was that one everything
+is zero another critical point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero another critical point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero another critical point is that
+one again everything's zero so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again everything's zero so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again everything's zero so I have
+two critical points two Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two critical points two Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two critical points two Jacobian
+matrices one at the first point one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices one at the first point one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices one at the first point one at
+the second Point okay so what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Point okay so what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Point okay so what are those
+matrices at at y and z equs zero I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices at at y and z equs zero I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices at at y and z equs zero I have
+the Matrix I'll put it here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix I'll put it here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix I'll put it here and then
+I'll copy it if if Y and Z is zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll copy it if if Y and Z is zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll copy it if if Y and Z is zero I
+have a one and a zero and a zero and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one and a zero and a zero and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one and a zero and a zero and a
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+right I just took Y and Z to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just took Y and Z to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just took Y and Z to be zero
+that was the first critical point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first critical point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first critical point the
+second critical point gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second critical point gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second critical point gives me the
+Jacobian at that second point the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian at that second point the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian at that second point the second
+point was when Z was one so that's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was when Z was one so that's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was when Z was one so that's zero
+now and Y was one so that's Min -1 Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and Y was one so that's Min -1 Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and Y was one so that's Min -1 Z is
+a 1 y - one y is a 1 so that's a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 y - one y is a 1 so that's a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 y - one y is a 1 so that's a zero
+that's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second
+jobia so we're seeing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobia so we're seeing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobia so we're seeing something
+interesting here we're seeing how 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here we're seeing how 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here we're seeing how 2 by
+two matrices will work by really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices will work by really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices will work by really nice
+examples 1 0 minus one what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples 1 0 minus one what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples 1 0 minus one what's that
+telling me that's telling me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that's telling me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me that's telling me that the
+rabbits grow because the rabbits are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits grow because the rabbits are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits grow because the rabbits are the
+first the Y and the fox es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the Y and the fox es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the Y and the fox es
+Decay and that's what's happening when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay and that's what's happening when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay and that's what's happening when
+the two populations are really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two populations are really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two populations are really small
+when the two populations are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small multiplying them together is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small multiplying them together is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small multiplying them together is
+extremely small so when the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely small so when the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely small so when the two
+populations are really small forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are really small forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are really small forget the
+eating there aren't enough people around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating there aren't enough people around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating there aren't enough people around
+enough foxes and rabbits around to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough foxes and rabbits around to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough foxes and rabbits around to to
+make a decent meal so I just have dydt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decent meal so I just have dydt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decent meal so I just have dydt
+why rabbits are growing from eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why rabbits are growing from eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why rabbits are growing from eating
+grass dzdt is minus C foxes are decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass dzdt is minus C foxes are decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass dzdt is minus C foxes are decaying
+from natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from natural
+causes that's so that's a what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes that's so that's a what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes that's so that's a what kind of
+a stationary point will Z 0 be rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary point will Z 0 be rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary point will Z 0 be rabbits
+are growing it's an unstable point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing it's an unstable point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing it's an unstable point we're
+leaving the0 0 rabbits are increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the0 0 rabbits are increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the0 0 rabbits are increasing
+now how about the second point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how about the second point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how about the second point the
+second point was when they were both one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point was when they were both one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point was when they were both one
+when they they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they they're both
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+then uh we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we got
+this as the Jacobian matrix Matrix oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the Jacobian matrix Matrix oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as the Jacobian matrix Matrix oh
+this this is the interesting one can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the interesting one can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the interesting one can I
+just stay with this one to finish so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay with this one to finish so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay with this one to finish so I'm
+interested in the and I'll put this on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the and I'll put this on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the and I'll put this on a
+put these facts on a new board so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these facts on a new board so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these facts on a new board so again
+y Prime D ydt is y - y z z Prime is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Prime D ydt is y - y z z Prime is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y Prime D ydt is y - y z z Prime is y
+Z rabbits are getting eaten minus Z okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z rabbits are getting eaten minus Z okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z rabbits are getting eaten minus Z okay
+and I'm interested in the point Y = 1 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm interested in the point Y = 1 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm interested in the point Y = 1 Z
+=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+1 and my M Matrix of this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and my M Matrix of this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and my M Matrix of this is the
+Jacobian matrix the Jacobian matrix had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix the Jacobian matrix had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian matrix the Jacobian matrix had
+the derivatives which were 1 minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives which were 1 minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives which were 1 minus Z
+minus y the Y derivative of that is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y the Y derivative of that is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y the Y derivative of that is z
+the Z derivative is y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z derivative is y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z derivative is y y
+-1 and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and at this
+point Y and 0 1 so that became 0 Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Y and 0 1 so that became 0 Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Y and 0 1 so that became 0 Min
+-1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 1 and
+zero and what kind of a problem do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what kind of a problem do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what kind of a problem do I
+have here so this my linearized equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so this my linearized equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so this my linearized equation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize
+linearize around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around
+the1 one my equation is y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the1 one my equation is y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the1 one my equation is y Prime
+and Z Prime no Yus One Prime sorry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z Prime no Yus One Prime sorry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z Prime no Yus One Prime sorry it's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+distance the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the critical point wa so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the critical point wa so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the critical point wa so the
+derivative of Yus one is I see here A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Yus one is I see here A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Yus one is I see here A
+minus one I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I see
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+Z minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z minus one
+and here A Plus Yus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one you got to understand this pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you got to understand this pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you got to understand this pair of
+linearized equations if I if I use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equations if I if I use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equations if I if I use some
+other variable this the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variable this the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variable this the derivative of
+the first guy is minus the second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy is minus the second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy is minus the second the
+derivative of the second guy is plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the second guy is plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the second guy is plus the
+first what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what will
+happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and
+if I'm a little bit if if Z Min if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm a little bit if if Z Min if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm a little bit if if Z Min if I
+have extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have extra
+foxes the rabbit population will drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes the rabbit population will drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes the rabbit population will drop
+the rabbit population this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit population this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit population this will be
+negative if I if Z the number of foxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if I if Z the number of foxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if I if Z the number of foxes
+is a little higher than one that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little higher than one that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little higher than one that then
+the rabbit population drops and when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit population drops and when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit population drops and when the
+rabbit population drops Z starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit population drops Z starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit population drops Z starts
+dropping as Z starts dropping below one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping as Z starts dropping below one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping as Z starts dropping below one
+the rabbit population starts increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit population starts increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit population starts increasing
+I get what shall we say sort of exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get what shall we say sort of exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get what shall we say sort of exchange
+of rabbits and foxes oscillation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rabbits and foxes oscillation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rabbits and foxes oscillation between
+rabbits and foxes so around around uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits and foxes so around around uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits and foxes so around around uh so
+this is the right in the center there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the right in the center there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the right in the center there
+that would be the point where Y is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the point where Y is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the point where Y is 1 and
+zal 1 the critical point if I start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zal 1 the critical point if I start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zal 1 the critical point if I start out
+with some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some extra
+rabbits then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits then
+that the number of rabbits will drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of rabbits will drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of rabbits will drop
+because foxes are eating them the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because foxes are eating them the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because foxes are eating them the number
+of foxes will increase I'll go up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of foxes will increase I'll go up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of foxes will increase I'll go up so
+there I have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I have a little bit
+later uh I have foxes now but not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh I have foxes now but not no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh I have foxes now but not no
+rabbits to eat so the foxes start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits to eat so the foxes start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits to eat so the foxes start
+dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping
+and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what
+happens I think yeah the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I think yeah the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I think yeah the the number of
+rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits
+starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increasing this is what happens I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this is what happens I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this is what happens I'll go
+around and around in a circle if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and around in a circle if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and around in a circle if you
+remember the pictures of the paths for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the pictures of the paths for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the pictures of the paths for
+SEC for 2x two equations there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC for 2x two equations there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC for 2x two equations there were
+saddle points that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is yal 0 Z equals 0 was a saddle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yal 0 Z equals 0 was a saddle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yal 0 Z equals 0 was a saddle point
+so no it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saddle and what I'm discovering now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle and what I'm discovering now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle and what I'm discovering now for
+yal 1 is an oscillation between foxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal 1 is an oscillation between foxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal 1 is an oscillation between foxes
+and rabbits so again this I could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rabbits so again this I could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rabbits so again this I could say
+it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center that was a very special picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center that was a very special picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center that was a very special picture
+where it where it didn't spiral out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it where it didn't spiral out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it where it didn't spiral out it
+didn't spiral in the special numbers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't spiral in the special numbers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't spiral in the special numbers the
+igen value in of of that Matrix are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value in of of that Matrix are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value in of of that Matrix are are
+uh uh well better leave Ian values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh well better leave Ian values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh well better leave Ian values for
+the future because they happen to be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future because they happen to be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future because they happen to be I
+and minus I here the it's it's Motion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus I here the it's it's Motion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus I here the it's it's Motion in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+circle it comes from this the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it comes from this the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it comes from this the equation
+here Motion in a circle as in y Prime +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Motion in a circle as in y Prime +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Motion in a circle as in y Prime +
+y = z that that's motion in a circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = z that that's motion in a circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = z that that's motion in a circle and
+that's what we've got so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've got so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've got so this is a
+center now what about do I call a center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center now what about do I call a center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center now what about do I call a center
+stable not quite because the rabbits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable not quite because the rabbits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable not quite because the rabbits and
+foxes don't approach one they stay on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes don't approach one they stay on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foxes don't approach one they stay on a
+circle around one either I've got extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle around one either I've got extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle around one either I've got extra
+rabbits or extra foxes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total uh energy or the total it stays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total uh energy or the total it stays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total uh energy or the total it stays a
+constant on that Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on that Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on that Circle
+and I would call that say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would call that say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would call that say that
+neutrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally
+neutral neutral stability because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral neutral stability because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral neutral stability because it
+doesn't blow up I don't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't blow up I don't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't blow up I don't leave
+the area around I I stay close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area around I I stay close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area around I I stay close to the
+critical point but I don't approach it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point but I don't approach it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point but I don't approach it
+either okay so that's a a case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay so that's a a case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay so that's a a case where we
+could see the way the stability based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the way the stability based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the way the stability based on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+linearization okay one more example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization okay one more example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization okay one more example to
+come in another lecture thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NFFX81o9yRA.txt b/NFFX81o9yRA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a205b872074fca002661176bfaa494f57f5006c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NFFX81o9yRA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+my name is Laurie Bayon I'm a postdoc at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Laurie Bayon I'm a postdoc at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Laurie Bayon I'm a postdoc at
+the University of Rochester and Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Rochester and Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Rochester and Boston
+Children's Hospital working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Children's Hospital working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Children's Hospital working on
+developmental cognitive neuroscience my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental cognitive neuroscience my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental cognitive neuroscience my
+name is Alan and I am studying currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Alan and I am studying currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Alan and I am studying currently
+at Oxford I'm doing my PhD and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Oxford I'm doing my PhD and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Oxford I'm doing my PhD and their
+professor Tim burns and I'm currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Tim burns and I'm currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Tim burns and I'm currently
+working on computational cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on computational cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on computational cognitive
+neuroscience and I are trying to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and I are trying to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience and I are trying to use a
+paper by tomato photo encoders on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by tomato photo encoders on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by tomato photo encoders on a
+specific way to achieve invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way to achieve invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way to achieve invariant
+recognition in computer vision order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in computer vision order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in computer vision order
+like algorithm so we're basically trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like algorithm so we're basically trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like algorithm so we're basically trying
+to implement this in a simpler simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement this in a simpler simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement this in a simpler simpler
+case and then moving on to face book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then moving on to face book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then moving on to face book
+cognition in under rotations the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition in under rotations the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition in under rotations the idea is
+that that most of variants in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that most of variants in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that most of variants in in
+computer vision when a government tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision when a government tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision when a government tries
+to discover what is in the image is held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover what is in the image is held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discover what is in the image is held
+in very few manipulation like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very few manipulation like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very few manipulation like a
+translation which is a shifting image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation which is a shifting image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation which is a shifting image
+across the across the field or rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the across the field or rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the across the field or rotations
+or scaling so important as a cool idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or scaling so important as a cool idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or scaling so important as a cool idea
+of how to create this signature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to create this signature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to create this signature but
+Laurie just told about which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laurie just told about which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laurie just told about which is
+invariant to these things and might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to these things and might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to these things and might
+reduce the sample complexity so but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the sample complexity so but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the sample complexity so but how
+many examples you need to learn for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples you need to learn for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples you need to learn for a
+simple case we just used an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case we just used an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case we just used an existing
+data set of digits for the face data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set of digits for the face data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set of digits for the face data set
+we try to find a suitable data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to find a suitable data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to find a suitable data sets
+online but we ended up just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online but we ended up just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online but we ended up just taking
+videos of people using materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of people using materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of people using materials
+provided by the summer school so taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by the summer school so taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by the summer school so taking
+videos of people which I think their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of people which I think their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos of people which I think their
+heads like this slowly I'm moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads like this slowly I'm moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads like this slowly I'm moving around
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+we have now completely data set of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now completely data set of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now completely data set of the
+heads of people from different angles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads of people from different angles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads of people from different angles we
+want to provide the algorithm with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to provide the algorithm with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to provide the algorithm with a
+hopefully limited number of raw frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully limited number of raw frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully limited number of raw frames
+from P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P
+rotating their heads like this cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating their heads like this cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating their heads like this cuz
+templates so to speak and acting as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates so to speak and acting as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates so to speak and acting as like
+a kernel so to speak to be able than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kernel so to speak to be able than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kernel so to speak to be able than to
+recognize unseen people under various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize unseen people under various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize unseen people under various
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles so that whatever a person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles so that whatever a person is
+showing this profile this profile you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this profile this profile you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this profile this profile you
+would still be able to recognize it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be able to recognize it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be able to recognize it with
+the same level of accuracy that as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level of accuracy that as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level of accuracy that as if
+they were upfront about printing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were upfront about printing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were upfront about printing a
+product please the purpose of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product please the purpose of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product please the purpose of doing this
+project to be like in the long run what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to be like in the long run what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to be like in the long run what
+this I carry as Tony policy of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I carry as Tony policy of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I carry as Tony policy of course
+will be in the long run would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the long run would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the long run would be to
+reduce the number of examples that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of examples that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of examples that an
+algorithm for example deep neural Nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for example deep neural Nets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for example deep neural Nets
+but now the number of examples we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the number of examples we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the number of examples we need
+to see in order to learn their weight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in order to learn their weight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in order to learn their weight in
+order to learn to to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn to to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn to to learn how to
+classify objects or which we classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify objects or which we classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify objects or which we classify
+images over three villages we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images over three villages we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images over three villages we haven't
+started the face part we're only senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the face part we're only senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the face part we're only senator
+the digits point which worked so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digits point which worked so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digits point which worked so yeah
+it's working basically we know it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working basically we know it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working basically we know it will
+also work in there endlessly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work in there endlessly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work in there endlessly more
+complex we approached a project from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex we approached a project from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex we approached a project from
+pretty much very different angles but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much very different angles but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much very different angles but so
+ended up having common interests which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having common interests which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having common interests which I
+guess it's kind of do it more markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's kind of do it more markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's kind of do it more markup
+this culture I don't know has I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this culture I don't know has I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this culture I don't know has I said it
+we're interested in the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the engineering
+problem so to speak so diehard cred we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so to speak so diehard cred we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so to speak so diehard cred we
+achieved this with machines and I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved this with machines and I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved this with machines and I came
+from the I approached the project from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the I approached the project from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the I approached the project from a
+developmental perspective so given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental perspective so given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental perspective so given that
+the current algorithms managed to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current algorithms managed to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current algorithms managed to do a
+varial face recognition based on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varial face recognition based on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varial face recognition based on you
+know every large fairly large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every large fairly large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every large fairly large number of
+exemplars how come that infants can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplars how come that infants can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplars how come that infants can
+achieve this in a few months based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this in a few months based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this in a few months based on
+you know a lot of experience but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of experience but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot of experience but not
+that much mostly looking at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much mostly looking at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much mostly looking at their
+parents caregivers and a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents caregivers and a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents caregivers and a few other
+exemplars but not that not like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplars but not that not like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplars but not that not like three
+thousand people from all possible angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people from all possible angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people from all possible angles
+so this is why I was very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is why I was very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is why I was very interested in
+the story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story and
+trying to implement this manual use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to implement this manual use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to implement this manual use in
+pretty cool so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so far
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NG9hkGQwT3k.txt b/NG9hkGQwT3k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fd54583e4b1408d34ff5b23b824d9e3b9eda2b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NG9hkGQwT3k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi today we embark on a new phase of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we embark on a new phase of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we embark on a new phase of our
+course signified by the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course signified by the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course signified by the beginning of
+block two where in Block one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block two where in Block one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block two where in Block one after
+indicating what mathematical structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating what mathematical structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating what mathematical structure
+was in our quest to get as meaningfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in our quest to get as meaningfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in our quest to get as meaningfully
+as possible into the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible into the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible into the question of
+functions of several variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of several variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of several variables we
+introduced the study of vectors vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the study of vectors vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the study of vectors vectors
+were important in their own right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were important in their own right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were important in their own right so we
+paid some attention to that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid some attention to that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid some attention to that particular
+topic and now we're at the next Plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and now we're at the next Plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and now we're at the next Plateau
+where one introduces the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one introduces the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one introduces the concept of
+functions in other words just like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in other words just like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in other words just like an
+ordinary arithmetic after we get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary arithmetic after we get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary arithmetic after we get through
+with the arithmetic of constants which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the arithmetic of constants which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the arithmetic of constants which
+is what you could basically call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you could basically call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you could basically call
+Elementary School arithmetic you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary School arithmetic you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary School arithmetic you work
+with fixed numbers we then move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fixed numbers we then move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fixed numbers we then move into
+algebra and from algebra we move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and from algebra we move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and from algebra we move into
+calculus sooner or later we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus sooner or later we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus sooner or later we would like
+to study the calculus of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the calculus of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the calculus of vector
+functions and the like and uh why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the like and uh why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the like and uh why not
+sooner which is what brings us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner which is what brings us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner which is what brings us to
+today's lesson we are going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lesson we are going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lesson we are going to talk
+about a rather difficult mouthful I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a rather difficult mouthful I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a rather difficult mouthful I
+guess I call today's lecture Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I call today's lecture Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I call today's lecture Vector
+functions of Scala variables and if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of Scala variables and if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of Scala variables and if that
+sounds like a tongue twister let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a tongue twister let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a tongue twister let me
+point out that what has happened now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that what has happened now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that what has happened now is
+the following when we did part one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following when we did part one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following when we did part one of
+this course when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course when we talked about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course when we talked about
+functions and function machines recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and function machines recall
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and function machines recall
+that both the input and the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both the input and the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both the input and the output of
+our machine were by definition scalers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our machine were by definition scalers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our machine were by definition scalers
+in other words real numbers remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words real numbers remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words real numbers remember we
+talked about functions of a single real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about functions of a single real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about functions of a single real
+variable now we have at our disposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now we have at our disposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now we have at our disposal
+both vectors and scalers consequ quently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both vectors and scalers consequ quently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both vectors and scalers consequ quently
+the input can be either a vector or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input can be either a vector or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input can be either a vector or a
+Scala and the output can be either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala and the output can be either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala and the output can be either a
+vector or a Scala and this gives us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or a Scala and this gives us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or a Scala and this gives us an
+almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost
+endless number of ways of combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless number of ways of combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless number of ways of combining
+these whereby almost endless I mean four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these whereby almost endless I mean four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these whereby almost endless I mean four
+and the reason I say almost endless is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I say almost endless is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I say almost endless is
+this there are only four ways what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are only four ways what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there are only four ways what are
+the four ways well the four ways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four ways well the four ways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four ways well the four ways are
+what imagine that X is a scaler in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what imagine that X is a scaler in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what imagine that X is a scaler in other
+words the input is a scaler then the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the input is a scaler then the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the input is a scaler then the two
+possibilities are what that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are what that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities are what that the output
+is either a SC scaler or a vector on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either a SC scaler or a vector on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either a SC scaler or a vector on the
+other hand the input could have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand the input could have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand the input could have been a
+vector in which case there would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in which case there would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in which case there would have
+been two additional possibilities namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been two additional possibilities namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been two additional possibilities namely
+the output would be either a scalar or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output would be either a scalar or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output would be either a scalar or a
+vector now the reason that I call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector now the reason that I call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector now the reason that I call these
+four possibilities endless or nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four possibilities endless or nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four possibilities endless or nearly
+endless is the fact that by the time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless is the fact that by the time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless is the fact that by the time we
+get through discussing all four possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through discussing all four possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through discussing all four possible
+cases the course will be essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the course will be essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the course will be essentially
+over and to give you some hindsight as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and to give you some hindsight as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and to give you some hindsight as
+to what I mean remember that we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I mean remember that we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I mean remember that we had a
+rather long course that was part one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather long course that was part one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather long course that was part one of
+this course and notice that part one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and notice that part one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and notice that part one of
+this course was concerned only with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course was concerned only with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course was concerned only with that
+one case in four where both the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case in four where both the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case in four where both the input
+and the output happen to be real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output happen to be real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output happen to be real numbers
+scalers and it took us that long to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers and it took us that long to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers and it took us that long to
+develop the subject called what real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the subject called what real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the subject called what real
+functions of a single real variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a single real variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a single real variable
+input a Scala output a Scala now the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a Scala output a Scala now the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a Scala output a Scala now the one
+that we've chosen for our next block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've chosen for our next block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've chosen for our next block
+next combination that we've chosen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next combination that we've chosen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next combination that we've chosen is
+where the input will be a Scala and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the input will be a Scala and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the input will be a Scala and the
+output will be a vector and in phys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will be a vector and in phys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will be a vector and in phys in
+terms of physical examples this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of physical examples this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of physical examples this can be
+made very very meaningful for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made very very meaningful for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made very very meaningful for example
+one very common physical situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very common physical situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very common physical situation is
+that when we study force on an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we study force on an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we study force on an object
+force is obviously a vector but that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is obviously a vector but that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is obviously a vector but that the
+force on an object usually varies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on an object usually varies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on an object usually varies with
+time but time happens to be a Scala in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but time happens to be a Scala in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but time happens to be a Scala in
+other words we might for example write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we might for example write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we might for example write
+that the vector f is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector f is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector f is a function of the
+scal of T and rather than talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal of T and rather than talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal of T and rather than talk
+abstractly let me make up a pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly let me make up a pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly let me make up a pseudo
+physical situation by pseudo physical I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation by pseudo physical I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation by pseudo physical I
+haven't I mean I haven't the vaguest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I mean I haven't the vaguest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I mean I haven't the vaguest
+notion where this formula would come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion where this formula would come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion where this formula would come up
+in real life and I think that after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life and I think that after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life and I think that after you
+saw my performance on the explanation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw my performance on the explanation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw my performance on the explanation of
+work equals force times distance and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals force times distance and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals force times distance and why
+objects don't rise under the influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects don't rise under the influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects don't rise under the influence
+of friction and what have you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friction and what have you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friction and what have you you
+believe me when I tell you I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me when I tell you I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me when I tell you I have no
+feel for these physical things let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for these physical things let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for these physical things let me
+just make but I say that semi jokingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make but I say that semi jokingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make but I say that semi jokingly
+the main reason is that it's irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reason is that it's irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reason is that it's irrelevant
+what the physical application is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the physical application is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the physical application is the
+important point is that each of you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point is that each of you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point is that each of you will
+find physical applications in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find physical applications in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find physical applications in your own
+way all we really need is some generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all we really need is some generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all we really need is some generic
+problem that somehow signifies what all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that somehow signifies what all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that somehow signifies what all
+other problems look like what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems look like what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems look like what I'm
+driving at here is is imagine that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving at here is is imagine that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving at here is is imagine that we
+have a force F which varies with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force F which varies with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force F which varies with time
+written in cartisian coordinates as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in cartisian coordinates as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in cartisian coordinates as
+follows the force is eus T * I plus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the force is eus T * I plus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the force is eus T * I plus J
+notice that t is a scalar as T varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that t is a scalar as T varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that t is a scalar as T varies
+the Scala e to the minus t varies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scala e to the minus t varies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scala e to the minus t varies but
+the Scala e to the minus t varying means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scala e to the minus t varying means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scala e to the minus t varying means
+that the vector e to the minus t i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector e to the minus t i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector e to the minus t i is
+changing is varying in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing is varying in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing is varying in other words
+notice that eus TI + J is a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that eus TI + J is a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that eus TI + J is a variable
+Vector even though T is a scal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector even though T is a scal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector even though T is a scal for
+example when T happens to be zero what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when T happens to be zero what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when T happens to be zero what
+is the force when T is zero this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the force when T is zero this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the force when T is zero this would
+read what the force is e to the minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read what the force is e to the minus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read what the force is e to the minus 0
+I plus J that's the same as saying since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus J that's the same as saying since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus J that's the same as saying since
+e to the minus 0 is 1 the force when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus 0 is 1 the force when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus 0 is 1 the force when the
+time is zero is I plus J which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is zero is I plus J which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is zero is I plus J which is a
+vector you see that Vector changes as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you see that Vector changes as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you see that Vector changes as T
+changes but T happens to be a Scala now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but T happens to be a Scala now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but T happens to be a Scala now
+here's the interesting point or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the interesting point or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the interesting point or an
+interesting point I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point I look at this
+expression and I'm tempted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and I'm tempted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and I'm tempted to say
+something like this I say for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this I say for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this I say for large
+values of t f of T is a approximately J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of t f of T is a approximately J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of t f of T is a approximately J
+now how did I arrive at that well what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how did I arrive at that well what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how did I arrive at that well what I
+said was is I said you know e the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was is I said you know e the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was is I said you know e the minus
+t gets very close to zero as T gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t gets very close to zero as T gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t gets very close to zero as T gets
+large as T gets large therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as T gets large therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as T gets large therefore this
+component tends to zero this component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component tends to zero this component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component tends to zero this component
+stays constantly J or the component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays constantly J or the component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays constantly J or the component is
+one the vector is J so that as T gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the vector is J so that as T gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the vector is J so that as T gets
+large F of T behaves like J and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large F of T behaves like J and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large F of T behaves like J and what I'm
+leading up to is that intuitively I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to is that intuitively I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to is that intuitively I am
+now using the limit concept I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using the limit concept I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using the limit concept I'm saying
+to myself what the limit of f of t as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself what the limit of f of t as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself what the limit of f of t as T
+approaches Infinity Etc is the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches Infinity Etc is the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches Infinity Etc is the limit of
+this sum the limit of the sum is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum the limit of the sum is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum the limit of the sum is the sum
+of the limits and I now take the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limits and I now take the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limits and I now take the limit
+term by term and I sense that this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by term and I sense that this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by term and I sense that this limit
+is zero and that this one is one now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and that this one is one now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and that this one is one now you
+see the whole point is this what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole point is this what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the whole point is this what I would
+like to do is to study Vector calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is to study Vector calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is to study Vector calculus
+meaning in this case what the calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in this case what the calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in this case what the calculus
+are vector functions of a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vector functions of a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vector functions of a scalar
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+a scaler input now here why structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaler input now here why structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaler input now here why structure
+was so important in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so important in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so important in our
+course what I already know how to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I already know how to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I already know how to do is
+study limits in the case where both my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study limits in the case where both my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study limits in the case where both my
+input and my output were scalers what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and my output were scalers what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and my output were scalers what I
+would like to be able to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be able to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be able to do is
+structurally inherit that entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally inherit that entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally inherit that entire system
+because it's a beautiful system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a beautiful system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a beautiful system I
+understand it well I have a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it well I have a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it well I have a whole bunch
+of theorems in that system if I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theorems in that system if I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theorems in that system if I could
+only incorporate that verbatim into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only incorporate that verbatim into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only incorporate that verbatim into
+Vector calculus not Not only would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector calculus not Not only would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector calculus not Not only would I
+have a unifying thread but I can save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unifying thread but I can save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unifying thread but I can save
+weeks of work not having to rederive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks of work not having to rederive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks of work not having to rederive
+theorems for vectors which automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems for vectors which automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems for vectors which automatically
+have to be true because of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be true because of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be true because of their
+structure now that's again a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now that's again a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure now that's again a difficult
+mouthful this is written up voluminously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful this is written up voluminously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful this is written up voluminously
+in our notes it's emphasized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our notes it's emphasized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our notes it's emphasized in the
+exercises but I thought that I would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises but I thought that I would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises but I thought that I would try
+to show you a little bit live what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a little bit live what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a little bit live what this
+thing really means because I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing really means because I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing really means because I think that
+somehow rather you have to hear these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow rather you have to hear these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow rather you have to hear these
+ideas rather than just read them to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas rather than just read them to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas rather than just read them to to
+get the truth feeling what we do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the truth feeling what we do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the truth feeling what we do for
+example is we revisit limits and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is we revisit limits and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is we revisit limits and we
+write down the definition of limit just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the definition of limit just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the definition of limit just
+as it appeared in the scaler case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it appeared in the scaler case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it appeared in the scaler case and
+let's start with an intuitive approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with an intuitive approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with an intuitive approach
+first and later on we'll get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and later on we'll get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and later on we'll get to the
+Epsilon Delta approach we said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Delta approach we said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Delta approach we said that the
+limit of f ofx as X approaches a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of f ofx as X approaches a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of f ofx as X approaches a equals
+l means that f ofx is near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l means that f ofx is near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l means that f ofx is near
+L provided that X is near a and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L provided that X is near a and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L provided that X is near a and I've
+written the word near in quotation marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the word near in quotation marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the word near in quotation marks
+here to emphas empz that we were using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to emphas empz that we were using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to emphas empz that we were using a
+geometrical phrase I guess you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical phrase I guess you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical phrase I guess you can't
+call one word of phrase but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call one word of phrase but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call one word of phrase but a
+geometrical term to emphasize an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical term to emphasize an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical term to emphasize an
+arithmetic concept namely to say that F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic concept namely to say that F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic concept namely to say that F
+ofx was near L where F ofx and L were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx was near L where F ofx and L were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx was near L where F ofx and L were
+numbers meant quite simply that what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers meant quite simply that what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers meant quite simply that what the
+numerical value of f ofx was very nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value of f ofx was very nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical value of f ofx was very nearly
+equal to the numerical value of L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the numerical value of L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the numerical value of L and
+that's the same is saying what that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same is saying what that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same is saying what that the
+absolute value of the difference F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the difference F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the difference F ofx
+minus L was very small I just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L was very small I just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L was very small I just mentioned
+that okay now what we would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now what we would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now what we would like to do
+is invent a definition of limit for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invent a definition of limit for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invent a definition of limit for a
+vector valued function of a scal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector valued function of a scal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector valued function of a scal of
+variable one way of doing this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable one way of doing this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable one way of doing this is of
+course to make up a completely brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to make up a completely brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to make up a completely brand new
+definition that has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that has nothing to do with
+the past but as in every field of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past but as in every field of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past but as in every field of human
+endeavor one likes to plan the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endeavor one likes to plan the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endeavor one likes to plan the future
+and further sortes after one has modeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further sortes after one has modeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further sortes after one has modeled
+the successes of the past so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the successes of the past so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the successes of the past so what we do
+is a very simple device and yet very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple device and yet very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple device and yet very
+very powerful we vectorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful we vectorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful we vectorize the
+definition that has already served us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that has already served us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that has already served us so
+well what I mean by that is I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I mean by that is I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I mean by that is I go back to
+the definition which I've written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition which I've written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition which I've written here
+and put in vectors in appropriate places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in vectors in appropriate places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in vectors in appropriate places
+for example we're dealing with a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we're dealing with a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we're dealing with a vector
+function so F has to have an arrow over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so F has to have an arrow over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so F has to have an arrow over
+it moreover since f ofx is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moreover since f ofx is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moreover since f ofx is a vector
+anything that it approaches as a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that it approaches as a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that it approaches as a limit
+by definition must also be a vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition must also be a vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition must also be a vector so
+that means the L must also also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the L must also also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the L must also also be
+arised all right put an arrow over the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arised all right put an arrow over the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arised all right put an arrow over the L
+on the other hand the X and the a remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the X and the a remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the X and the a remain
+alone left alone because after all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone left alone because after all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone left alone because after all they
+are just scalers remember again X and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just scalers remember again X and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just scalers remember again X and A
+are inputs of our function machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inputs of our function machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inputs of our function machine and
+in the particular investigation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the particular investigation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the particular investigation that
+we're making our input happens to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making our input happens to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making our input happens to be a
+scaler it's only the output that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler it's only the output that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler it's only the output that's a
+vector so let's go back and just as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so let's go back and just as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so let's go back and just as I
+say Arrow wise or vectorize whatever has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Arrow wise or vectorize whatever has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Arrow wise or vectorize whatever has
+to be vectorized here so I now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be vectorized here so I now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be vectorized here so I now have a
+new definition intuitively the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new definition intuitively the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new definition intuitively the limit of
+the vector function f ofx as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector function f ofx as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector function f ofx as X
+approaches a is the vector l means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a is the vector l means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a is the vector l means that
+the vector f ofx is near the vector L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector f ofx is near the vector L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector f ofx is near the vector L
+provided that the Scala X is near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that the Scala X is near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that the Scala X is near the
+Scala a now the point is that the X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala a now the point is that the X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala a now the point is that the X's
+near a doesn't need any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a doesn't need any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a doesn't need any further
+interpretation because a and X are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation because a and X are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation because a and X are still
+scalers the question that comes up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers the question that comes up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers the question that comes up now
+is twofold first of all does it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twofold first of all does it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twofold first of all does it make
+sense to say that f ofx is near L does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to say that f ofx is near L does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to say that f ofx is near L does
+even make sense when you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make sense when you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make sense when you're talking
+about vectors the second thing is if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vectors the second thing is if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vectors the second thing is if it
+does make sense is it the meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make sense is it the meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make sense is it the meaning that
+we want it to have does It capture our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to have does It capture our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to have does It capture our
+intuitive feeling let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive feeling let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive feeling let's take the
+questions in order of appearance first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in order of appearance first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in order of appearance first
+of all what does it mean to say that F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what does it mean to say that F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what does it mean to say that F
+ofx the vector f ofx is near the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx the vector f ofx is near the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx the vector f ofx is near the vector
+l in fact let's generalize that given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l in fact let's generalize that given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l in fact let's generalize that given
+any two vectors A and B what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two vectors A and B what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two vectors A and B what does it
+mean to say that the vector a is near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to say that the vector a is near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to say that the vector a is near
+the vector B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B
+now what my claim is is this let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what my claim is is this let's draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what my claim is is this let's draw
+the vectors A and B as arrows in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors A and B as arrows in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors A and B as arrows in the
+plane here let's assume that they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here let's assume that they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here let's assume that they start
+at a common origin which we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a common origin which we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a common origin which we can always
+assume of course to say that a is nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume of course to say that a is nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume of course to say that a is nearly
+equal to B somehow means what that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B somehow means what that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B somehow means what that the
+vector a should be very nearly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a should be very nearly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a should be very nearly equal to
+the vector B well remember if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B well remember if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B well remember if two
+vectors start at a common point the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors start at a common point the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors start at a common point the only
+way that they can be equal is if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they can be equal is if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they can be equal is if their
+heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+coincide consequently with A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide consequently with A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide consequently with A and B
+starting at a common point to say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a common point to say that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a common point to say that a
+is nearly equal to B should mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nearly equal to B should mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nearly equal to B should mean that
+the distance between the head of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the head of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the head of a and
+the head of B should be small but how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of B should be small but how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of B should be small but how do
+we State the distance between the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we State the distance between the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we State the distance between the head
+of a and the head of B notice that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and the head of B notice that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and the head of B notice that that
+has a very convenient numerical form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very convenient numerical form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very convenient numerical form
+namely the vector that joins A to B can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the vector that joins A to B can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the vector that joins A to B can
+be written as either a minus b or B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as either a minus b or B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as either a minus b or B
+minus a depending on what sense you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a depending on what sense you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a depending on what sense you put
+on this we don't care about the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this we don't care about the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this we don't care about the sense
+all we care about is the magnitude let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about is the magnitude let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we care about is the magnitude let's
+just call this length the magnitude of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call this length the magnitude of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call this length the magnitude of a
+minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B
+and now we're in business namely we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're in business namely we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're in business namely we say
+look it to say that a is near b means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it to say that a is near b means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it to say that a is near b means
+that a is nearly equal to B which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is nearly equal to B which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is nearly equal to B which in
+turn means that the magnitude of a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn means that the magnitude of a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn means that the magnitude of a minus
+B the vector magn the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the vector magn the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the vector magn the magnitude of the
+vector what Vector the vector a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector what Vector the vector a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector what Vector the vector a minus
+the vector B is small and keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B is small and keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B is small and keep in mind
+that I'm now using small as I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm now using small as I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm now using small as I did
+arithmetically because even though A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetically because even though A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetically because even though A and
+B are vectors and so also is a minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are vectors and so also is a minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are vectors and so also is a minus B
+the magnitude of a vector is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a vector is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a vector is a number
+note this very important thing once even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this very important thing once even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this very important thing once even
+when I'm dealing with vectors as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm dealing with vectors as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm dealing with vectors as soon as
+I mention magnitude I'm talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mention magnitude I'm talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mention magnitude I'm talking about a
+number in other words then I now Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in other words then I now Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in other words then I now Define
+a to be near B to mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to be near B to mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to be near B to mean that the
+magnitude of the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the difference between a
+and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+is small and again question two does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and again question two does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and again question two does
+that capture my intuitive feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capture my intuitive feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capture my intuitive feeling and
+the answer is yes it does that I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes it does that I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes it does that I want a
+to be near B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be near B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be near B
+to mean that they coincide nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean that they coincide nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean that they coincide nearly
+coincide and that is the same as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide and that is the same as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide and that is the same as saying
+that the magnitude of a minus B is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the magnitude of a minus B is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the magnitude of a minus B is small
+at any rate having gone through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate having gone through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate having gone through this
+from a fair intuitive point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a fair intuitive point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a fair intuitive point of view
+let's now be revisit limits more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now be revisit limits more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now be revisit limits more
+rigorously and rewrite our limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously and rewrite our limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously and rewrite our limit
+definition in terms of epsilons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in terms of epsilons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in terms of epsilons and
+deltas and by the way I hope this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deltas and by the way I hope this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deltas and by the way I hope this
+doesn't look like anything new to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like anything new to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like anything new to you
+what I'm going to be talking about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to be talking about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to be talking about next
+it's our old definition of limit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our old definition of limit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our old definition of limit that
+was the backbone of the entire part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the backbone of the entire part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the backbone of the entire part one
+of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course
+I not only hope that it looks familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not only hope that it looks familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not only hope that it looks familiar
+to you I hope that you read this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I hope that you read this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I hope that you read this thing
+almost subconsciously as second nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost subconsciously as second nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost subconsciously as second nature
+by now but the statement is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now but the statement is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now but the statement is what the
+limit of f ofx as X approaches a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of f ofx as X approaches a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of f ofx as X approaches a equals
+l means given any Epsilon greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l means given any Epsilon greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l means given any Epsilon greater than
+zero we can find a Delta greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we can find a Delta greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we can find a Delta greater than
+zero such that whenever the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero such that whenever the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero such that whenever the absolute
+value of xus a is less than Delta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of xus a is less than Delta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of xus a is less than Delta but
+greater than Z the implication is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z the implication is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than Z the implication is that
+the absolute value of f ofx minus L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of f ofx minus L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of f ofx minus L is
+less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon
+now if I go back to my structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I go back to my structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I go back to my structural
+properties again it seems to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties again it seems to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties again it seems to me that
+what my first approximation at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my first approximation at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my first approximation at least for
+a rigorous definition to limits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigorous definition to limits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rigorous definition to limits are
+vector functions should be to just as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector functions should be to just as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector functions should be to just as I
+did before read through this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before read through this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before read through this definition
+verbatim don't change a thing but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbatim don't change a thing but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbatim don't change a thing but just
+vectorize what has to be vectorized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize what has to be vectorized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize what has to be vectorized and
+because this definition that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this definition that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this definition that I'm going
+to give is so important I elect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give is so important I elect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give is so important I elect to
+rewrite it and what you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it and what you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it and what you're going to see
+next is nothing more than a carbon copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is nothing more than a carbon copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is nothing more than a carbon copy
+so to speak of this only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak of this only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak of this only with
+appropriate arrows being put in namely I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate arrows being put in namely I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate arrows being put in namely I
+am going to give as my rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am going to give as my rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am going to give as my rigorous
+definition of the limit of f ofx as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the limit of f ofx as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the limit of f ofx as X
+approaches a equals the vector L it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a equals the vector L it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a equals the vector L it's
+going to mean what given Epsilon greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mean what given Epsilon greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mean what given Epsilon greater
+than Z I can find Delta greater than Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Z I can find Delta greater than Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Z I can find Delta greater than Z
+such that whenever the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that whenever the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that whenever the absolute value of
+x - A is less than Delta but greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - A is less than Delta but greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - A is less than Delta but greater
+than zero the implication is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero the implication is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero the implication is that the
+magnitude see I don't say absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude see I don't say absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude see I don't say absolute value
+now because notice I'm not dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because notice I'm not dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because notice I'm not dealing with
+numbers these are vectors but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these are vectors but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these are vectors but the
+magnitude of f ofx minus L must be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of f ofx minus L must be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of f ofx minus L must be less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+Epsilon now you see what I've done I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon now you see what I've done I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon now you see what I've done I've
+obtained the second definition from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained the second definition from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained the second definition from the
+first simply by appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first simply by appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first simply by appropriate
+vectorization what I have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorization what I have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorization what I have to make sure
+of is what that this thing still makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is what that this thing still makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is what that this thing still makes
+sense and notice that it does notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and notice that it does notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and notice that it does notice
+that what this says in plain English is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what this says in plain English is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what this says in plain English is
+what that if x is sufficiently close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that if x is sufficiently close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that if x is sufficiently close to
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a what the difference in the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what the difference in the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what the difference in the magnitude
+of the difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference between these two
+vectors is as small as we wish but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is as small as we wish but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is as small as we wish but we
+call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+magnitude what the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude what the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude what the distance between the
+two vectors this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors this says
+what correlating our formal language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what correlating our formal language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what correlating our formal language
+with our informal language this simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our informal language this simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our informal language this simply
+says what that we can make f ofx as near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what that we can make f ofx as near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what that we can make f ofx as near
+to L as we wish just by picking X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L as we wish just by picking X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L as we wish just by picking X
+sufficiently close to a so now what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently close to a so now what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently close to a so now what that
+tells us is that the new limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that the new limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that the new limit
+definition makes sense just by mimicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition makes sense just by mimicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition makes sense just by mimicking
+the old definition and what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old definition and what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old definition and what do we mean
+by mimicking we mean vectorize the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mimicking we mean vectorize the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mimicking we mean vectorize the old
+definition go through it word for word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition go through it word for word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition go through it word for word
+and put in vectors in appropriate places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in vectors in appropriate places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in vectors in appropriate places
+now let's see what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what this means
+structurally that's the whole key to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally that's the whole key to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally that's the whole key to our
+particular lecture today the structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lecture today the structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lecture today the structural
+value of this for example what were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this for example what were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this for example what were some
+of the building blocks that we based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the building blocks that we based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the building blocks that we based
+calculus of a single variable on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of a single variable on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of a single variable on
+remember derivative was based was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember derivative was based was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember derivative was based was
+defined as a limit and therefore all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a limit and therefore all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a limit and therefore all of
+our properties about derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our properties about derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our properties about derivatives
+followed from limit properties well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed from limit properties well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed from limit properties well
+among the limit properties that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the limit properties that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the limit properties that we had
+for part one where what input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part one where what input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part one where what input and output
+were scalers the limit of a sum was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were scalers the limit of a sum was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were scalers the limit of a sum was
+equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the
+limits and the limit of a product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and the limit of a product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and the limit of a product is
+equal to the product of the limits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the product of the limits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the product of the limits and
+remember in all of our proofs we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in all of our proofs we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in all of our proofs we use
+these particular structural properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular structural properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular structural properties
+you see the next thing we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the next thing we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the next thing we would like to
+know after all these structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know after all these structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know after all these structural
+properties once even though they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties once even though they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties once even though they're
+called theorems essentially they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called theorems essentially they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called theorems essentially they become
+the rules of the game once we've proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of the game once we've proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of the game once we've proven
+them in other words once we've proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in other words once we've proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in other words once we've proved
+using epsilons and Deltas that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using epsilons and Deltas that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using epsilons and Deltas that this
+happens to be true notice that we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be true notice that we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be true notice that we never
+again use the fact that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again use the fact that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again use the fact that these are
+epsilons and Deltas uh that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons and Deltas uh that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons and Deltas uh that we have
+epsilons and Deltas when we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons and Deltas when we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons and Deltas when we use this
+particular result we just write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular result we just write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular result we just write it down
+because once we've proven it we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once we've proven it we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once we've proven it we can
+always use it in other words what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always use it in other words what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always use it in other words what I'm
+really saying is let me vectorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and I'll put a question mark now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll put a question mark now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll put a question mark now
+because you see I don't know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see I don't know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see I don't know if this is
+true for vectors I don't know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for vectors I don't know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for vectors I don't know if the
+limit of a sum is the sum of the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a sum is the sum of the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a sum is the sum of the limits
+when we're dealing with vectors rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're dealing with vectors rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're dealing with vectors rather
+than with scalers but notice what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with scalers but notice what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with scalers but notice what I've
+done I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I have
+structurally plagiarized from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally plagiarized from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally plagiarized from my
+original definition all I did was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original definition all I did was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original definition all I did was I
+vectorized it you see what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorized it you see what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorized it you see what I'm going to
+have to do is to check from my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is to check from my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is to check from my original
+definition whether these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition whether these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition whether these properties
+still hold true I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hold true I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hold true I'm going to talk about
+that in a minute let me just continue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute let me just continue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute let me just continue on
+for a while see similarly over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while see similarly over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while see similarly over here we
+talked about the limit of a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the limit of a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the limit of a product
+equaling the product of the limits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling the product of the limits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling the product of the limits so
+again we'd like to use results like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'd like to use results like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'd like to use results like that
+and somebody says well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody says well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody says well let's
+vectorize I want to show you what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize I want to show you what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize I want to show you what I mean
+by saying that after you vectorize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying that after you vectorize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying that after you vectorize you
+have to be Dar careful that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be Dar careful that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be Dar careful that you don't
+just go around saying look at this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go around saying look at this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go around saying look at this is
+legal I put arrows over everything sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal I put arrows over everything sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal I put arrows over everything sure
+it's legal but you may not have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legal but you may not have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legal but you may not have anything
+that's worth keeping look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth keeping look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth keeping look at this
+expression what are f and g in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression what are f and g in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression what are f and g in this
+case the way I've written it these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the way I've written it these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the way I've written it these
+happen to be vectors see they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be vectors see they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be vectors see they're both
+arised right they're vectors have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arised right they're vectors have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arised right they're vectors have we
+talked about the ordinary product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the ordinary product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the ordinary product of two
+Vector functions and the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector functions and the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector functions and the answer is no
+when we have two Vector functions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have two Vector functions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have two Vector functions we
+must either have a DOT or a cross in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must either have a DOT or a cross in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must either have a DOT or a cross in
+here the dot product or the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the dot product or the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the dot product or the cross
+product and if we're not going to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and if we're not going to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and if we're not going to put a
+dot in here the best we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot in here the best we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot in here the best we can talk about
+is Scala multiplication in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Scala multiplication in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Scala multiplication in other words
+let me before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me before you
+tend to memorize this let me cross that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to memorize this let me cross that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to memorize this let me cross that
+out because this is ambiguous it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because this is ambiguous it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because this is ambiguous it doesn't
+make sense and what I am saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense and what I am saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense and what I am saying is that
+un not unfortunately but if I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un not unfortunately but if I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un not unfortunately but if I want to be
+rigorous about this there happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous about this there happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous about this there happens to be
+three interpretations here namely I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three interpretations here namely I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three interpretations here namely I can
+do what I can think of f ofx as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what I can think of f ofx as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what I can think of f ofx as being a
+scalar and G of X as being a vector or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and G of X as being a vector or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and G of X as being a vector or I
+can think of f ofx and g of X as both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of f ofx and g of X as both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of f ofx and g of X as both
+being Vector functions but in one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Vector functions but in one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Vector functions but in one case
+having a DOT product and in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a DOT product and in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a DOT product and in the other
+case the cross product in other words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the cross product in other words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the cross product in other words to
+vectorize this particular equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize this particular equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize this particular equation I
+guess what I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do is write down these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is write down these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is write down these three
+possibilities namely notice in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities namely notice in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities namely notice in this case
+this is what this is a scalar multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what this is a scalar multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what this is a scalar multiple
+of a vector function granted that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector function granted that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector function granted that the
+Scala multiple is a variable in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple is a variable in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple is a variable in this
+case this still makes sense namely for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this still makes sense namely for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this still makes sense namely for a
+fixed X for a fixed x f of x is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed X for a fixed x f of x is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed X for a fixed x f of x is a
+constant and G of X is a vector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and G of X is a vector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and G of X is a vector a
+constant times a vector is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times a vector is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times a vector is a vector
+for a fixed x f and g here are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fixed x f and g here are fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fixed x f and g here are fixed
+vectors and I can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and I can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and I can talk about the
+dotproduct of two vectors and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of two vectors and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct of two vectors and for a
+fixed X over here f ofx and g of X are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed X over here f ofx and g of X are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed X over here f ofx and g of X are
+again fixed vectors and consequently I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fixed vectors and consequently I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fixed vectors and consequently I
+can talk about their cross product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about their cross product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about their cross product and
+the question is will these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is will these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is will these properties
+still be true when we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be true when we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be true when we're dealing with
+Vector functions the answer happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector functions the answer happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector functions the answer happens to
+be yes but it's not yes automatically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes but it's not yes automatically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes but it's not yes automatically in
+other words what we're going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what we're going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what we're going to do in
+the notes is to mimic to prove these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes is to mimic to prove these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes is to mimic to prove these
+results for vectors what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results for vectors what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results for vectors what we are going to
+do is to mimic every single proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to mimic every single proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to mimic every single proof that
+we gave in the Scala case only replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave in the Scala case only replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave in the Scala case only replacing
+scalers by appropriate vectors whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers by appropriate vectors whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers by appropriate vectors whenever
+this is supposed to happen the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to happen the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is supposed to happen the trouble
+is that certain results which were true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that certain results which were true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that certain results which were true
+for scalers may not automatically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scalers may not automatically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scalers may not automatically be
+true for vectors let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for vectors let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for vectors let me give you an
+example somehow or other to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example somehow or other to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example somehow or other to prove that
+the limit of a sum was equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a sum was equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a sum was equal to the sum
+of the limits we use the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limits we use the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limits we use the property of
+absolute values that said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values that said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values that said that the
+absolute value of a sum was less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a sum was less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a sum was less than or
+equal to the sum of the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum of the absolute values
+okay and we proved that for numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we proved that for numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we proved that for numbers
+suppose I now vectorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this see this is this now means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this see this is this now means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this see this is this now means
+magnitudes right and if a and b are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes right and if a and b are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes right and if a and b are any
+vectors in the plane A and B no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the plane A and B no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the plane A and B no longer
+have to be in the same direction how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in the same direction how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in the same direction how do
+we know that vector addition has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that vector addition has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that vector addition has the
+same magnitude property that SC scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same magnitude property that SC scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same magnitude property that SC scaler
+addition has see can we be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition has see can we be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition has see can we be sure that
+this recipe is true well let's go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recipe is true well let's go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recipe is true well let's go and
+see what this recipe means you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this recipe means you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this recipe means you know this
+by the way this does happen to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this does happen to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this does happen to be true
+in Vector arithmetic and it happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vector arithmetic and it happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vector arithmetic and it happens to
+be known as the triangle inequality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be known as the triangle inequality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be known as the triangle inequality and
+the reason for that is is if I draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is is if I draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is is if I draw a
+triangle calling two of the sides A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle calling two of the sides A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle calling two of the sides A and
+B respectively and the third side C we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B respectively and the third side C we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B respectively and the third side C we
+do know from elementary geometry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know from elementary geometry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know from elementary geometry that
+the sum of the the lengths of two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the the lengths of two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the the lengths of two sides
+of a triangle is greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a triangle is greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a triangle is greater than or equal
+to the length of the third side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the length of the third side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the length of the third side of the
+triangle what I'm driving at now is let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle what I'm driving at now is let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle what I'm driving at now is let
+me just vectorize this and show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just vectorize this and show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just vectorize this and show you
+something that I think is very cute here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I think is very cute here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I think is very cute here
+if I put arrows here this becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put arrows here this becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put arrows here this becomes the
+vector a now this becomes the vector B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a now this becomes the vector B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a now this becomes the vector B
+this becomes the vector C okay but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes the vector C okay but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes the vector C okay but in
+terms of our definition of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of our definition of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of our definition of vector
+addition notice that c goes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition notice that c goes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition notice that c goes from the
+tail of a to the head of B A and B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of a to the head of B A and B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of a to the head of B A and B are
+lined up properly for addition so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up properly for addition so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up properly for addition so this
+is the vector a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vector a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vector a plus
+b now State the triangle inequality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b now State the triangle inequality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b now State the triangle inequality in
+terms of this picture the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this picture the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this picture the triangle
+inequality says what the third side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality says what the third side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality says what the third side of
+the triangle well what length is this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle well what length is this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle well what length is this if
+the vector is a plus b the length is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector is a plus b the length is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector is a plus b the length is the
+magnitude of a plus b must be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a plus b must be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a plus b must be less than
+or equal to the sum of the lengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the sum of the lengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the sum of the lengths of
+the other two sides but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are just this and that verifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just this and that verifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just this and that verifies the
+recipe that we want in other words it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe that we want in other words it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe that we want in other words it's
+going to turn out that every Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn out that every Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn out that every Vector
+property that we need or what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we need or what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we need or what we mean by
+need that happen to be true for scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that happen to be true for scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that happen to be true for scalar
+calculus is going to be sufficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus is going to be sufficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus is going to be sufficient in
+Vector calculus as well for example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector calculus as well for example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector calculus as well for example when
+we proved the product rule for scalers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved the product rule for scalers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved the product rule for scalers
+the not the product rule but the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the product rule but the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the product rule but the limit
+of a product was the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a product was the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a product was the product of the
+limits we use such things as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits we use such things as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits we use such things as the
+absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a
+product was equal to the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product was equal to the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product was equal to the product of the
+absolute values notice for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values notice for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values notice for example in
+terms of case one over here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of case one over here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of case one over here if I
+vectorize B and leave a as a scalar the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize B and leave a as a scalar the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize B and leave a as a scalar the
+magnitude of a * the vector B is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a * the vector B is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a * the vector B is equal
+to the magnitude of a * the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the magnitude of a * the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the magnitude of a * the magnitude of
+B just by the definition of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B just by the definition of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B just by the definition of what we
+meant by a Scala multiple after all a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by a Scala multiple after all a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by a Scala multiple after all a *
+B meant what you just kept the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B meant what you just kept the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B meant what you just kept the direction
+of B constant but multiplied B by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B constant but multiplied B by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B constant but multiplied B by the
+magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of
+a meaning what by a if a was positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meaning what by a if a was positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meaning what by a if a was positive
+minus a if a was negative this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a if a was negative this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a if a was negative this is
+certainly True by the way there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly True by the way there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly True by the way there is a
+very important caution that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important caution that I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important caution that I'd like to
+War you about and this is done in great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War you about and this is done in great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War you about and this is done in great
+detail in the notes it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in the notes it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in the notes it's very important
+to point out that when I vectorize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that when I vectorize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that when I vectorize this
+in terms of a DOT and a cross product it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a DOT and a cross product it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a DOT and a cross product it
+is not true that the magnitude of a b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true that the magnitude of a b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true that the magnitude of a b is
+equal to the magnitude of a Time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the magnitude of a Time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the magnitude of a Time the
+magnitude of B you see what I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of B you see what I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of B you see what I'm really
+saying here is how was a dob defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here is how was a dob defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here is how was a dob defined a
+dob by definition was what it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dob by definition was what it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dob by definition was what it was the
+magnitude of a times the magnitude of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a times the magnitude of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a times the magnitude of B
+time the of the angle between A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the of the angle between A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the of the angle between A and B
+notice that if I take magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if I take magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if I take magnitudes
+here I want to keep this separate so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to keep this separate so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want to keep this separate so you
+can see what I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what I'm talking about
+here look at this Factor here can be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look at this Factor here can be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look at this Factor here can be no
+bigger than one but in general it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one but in general it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one but in general it's
+going to be less than one in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than one in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than one in other words
+notice that the magnitude of a do B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the magnitude of a do B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the magnitude of a do B is
+actually less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less than or equal to the
+magnitude of a * the magnitude of B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a * the magnitude of B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a * the magnitude of B in
+fact it's equ equality holds only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's equ equality holds only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's equ equality holds only if
+this is a 0 degree angle are 180 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 0 degree angle are 180 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 0 degree angle are 180 degree
+angle because only then is the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle because only then is the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle because only then is the magnitude
+of the cosine equal to one similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cosine equal to one similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cosine equal to one similar
+result holds for the cross product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result holds for the cross product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result holds for the cross product the
+interesting point is and I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point is and I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point is and I'm not going
+to take the time to do it here because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the time to do it here because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the time to do it here because I
+want this lecture to be basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this lecture to be basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this lecture to be basically an
+overview but the important point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview but the important point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview but the important point is that
+you don't need equality to prove our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need equality to prove our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need equality to prove our
+limit theorems remember every one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorems remember every one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorems remember every one of our
+limit theorems was a string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorems was a string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorems was a string of
+inequalities and actually and as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities and actually and as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities and actually and as I say
+I'm going to do this in more detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this in more detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this in more detail in
+the notes the only result that we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes the only result that we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes the only result that we needed
+to prove theorem even in the part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove theorem even in the part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove theorem even in the part one
+section of our course was the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of our course was the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of our course was the fact that
+the less than or equal part be valid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less than or equal part be valid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less than or equal part be valid the
+fact that that was equal when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that was equal when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that was equal when we were
+dealing with numbers was like frosting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with numbers was like frosting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with numbers was like frosting
+on the cake we didn't need that stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cake we didn't need that stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cake we didn't need that stronger
+condition the key overview that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the key overview that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the key overview that I want
+you to get from this present discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get from this present discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get from this present discussion
+is that when we vectorize our definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we vectorize our definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we vectorize our definition
+of limit that that new definition having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limit that that new definition having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limit that that new definition having
+the same structure as the old meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same structure as the old meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same structure as the old meaning
+that all the properties of magnitudes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the properties of magnitudes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the properties of magnitudes of
+vectors that we need are carried over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that we need are carried over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that we need are carried over
+from absolute values of numbers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from absolute values of numbers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from absolute values of numbers all
+previous limit terms what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous limit terms what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous limit terms what do I mean by
+all previous limit theorems I mean all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all previous limit theorems I mean all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all previous limit theorems I mean all
+the limit theorems of part one of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit theorems of part one of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit theorems of part one of this
+course are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are still
+valid and with that in mind I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and with that in mind I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid and with that in mind I can now
+proceed to differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to differential
+calculus namely what going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus namely what going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus namely what going to do the
+same thing again I write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again I write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again I write down the
+definition of derivative as it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of derivative as it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of derivative as it was in
+part one of our course and now what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one of our course and now what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one of our course and now what I do
+is I just vectorize everything in sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just vectorize everything in sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I just vectorize everything in sight
+provided it's supposed to be vectorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided it's supposed to be vectorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided it's supposed to be vectorized
+remember X and Delta X are scalers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember X and Delta X are scalers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember X and Delta X are scalers here
+f is the function I just vectorize our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the function I just vectorize our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the function I just vectorize our
+definition the first thing I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the first thing I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the first thing I have to do
+is to check to see whether the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to check to see whether the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to check to see whether the new
+expression makes sense notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression makes sense notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression makes sense notice that the
+numerator of my bracketed expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator of my bracketed expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator of my bracketed expression is
+now a vector the denominator is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a vector the denominator is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a vector the denominator is a scalar
+and a vector divided by a Scala makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vector divided by a Scala makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vector divided by a Scala makes
+perfectly good sense in other words this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good sense in other words this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good sense in other words this
+is can be read as what the Scala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can be read as what the Scala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can be read as what the Scala
+multiple 1 / Delta X time the vector FX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple 1 / Delta X time the vector FX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple 1 / Delta X time the vector FX
+plus Delta xus F ofx so this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta xus F ofx so this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta xus F ofx so this definition
+makes very good sense it captures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes very good sense it captures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes very good sense it captures the
+meaning of average rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of average rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of average rate of change
+because you see it's what it's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see it's what it's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see it's what it's the total
+change in F over the change in x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F over the change in x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F over the change in x equal
+to Delta X so it's an average rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta X so it's an average rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta X so it's an average rate of
+change again that's discussed in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change again that's discussed in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change again that's discussed in more
+detail in the text and in our notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in the text and in our notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in the text and in our notes and
+in the exercises but the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises but the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises but the point is that
+since every derivative property that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since every derivative property that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since every derivative property that we
+had in part one of our course followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in part one of our course followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in part one of our course followed
+from our limit properties the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our limit properties the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our limit properties the fact that
+the limit properties are the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit properties are the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit properties are the same for
+vectors as they are for scalers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as they are for scalers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors as they are for scalers now
+means that all derivative formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that all derivative formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that all derivative formulas are
+still valid in other words the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still valid in other words the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still valid in other words the product
+rule is still going to hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is still going to hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is still going to hold the
+derivative of a sum is still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a sum is still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a sum is still going to be
+the sum of the derivatives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the derivatives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the derivatives the
+derivative of a constant is still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a constant is still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a constant is still going
+to be zero and keep this in mind it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and keep this in mind it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero and keep this in mind it's
+very important I could rederive every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important I could rederive every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important I could rederive every
+single one of these results from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of these results from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of these results from scratch
+as if Scala calculus had never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if Scala calculus had never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if Scala calculus had never been
+invented just by using my basic Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented just by using my basic Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented just by using my basic Epsilon
+Delta definition the beauty of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta definition the beauty of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta definition the beauty of structure
+is is that since the structures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that since the structures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that since the structures are
+alike you see since they are played by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike you see since they are played by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike you see since they are played by
+the same rules of a game the theorems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same rules of a game the theorems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same rules of a game the theorems of
+vector calculus are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector calculus are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector calculus are going to be
+precisely those of scalar calculus and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely those of scalar calculus and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely those of scalar calculus and I
+don't have to take the time to rederive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to take the time to rederive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to take the time to rederive
+them all as I say in the notes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all as I say in the notes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all as I say in the notes I
+rederive a few just so you can get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rederive a few just so you can get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rederive a few just so you can get an
+idea of how this transliteration takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how this transliteration takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how this transliteration takes
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+at any rate let me close today's lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate let me close today's lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate let me close today's lesson
+with an example let's take Motion in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example let's take Motion in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example let's take Motion in a
+plane let's suppose we have a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane let's suppose we have a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane let's suppose we have a particle
+moving along a curve C and the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along a curve C and the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along a curve C and the motion of
+the particle is given in parametric form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle is given in parametric form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle is given in parametric form
+meaning we know both the X and the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning we know both the X and the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning we know both the X and the Y
+coordinates of the particle at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the particle at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the particle at any time
+t as functions of T notice by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t as functions of T notice by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t as functions of T notice by the way
+that what requires two equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what requires two equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what requires two equations in
+scalar form can be written as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar form can be written as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar form can be written as a single
+vector equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation
+namely at time T let's say at time T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely at time T let's say at time T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely at time T let's say at time T the
+particle is over here notice that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is over here notice that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is over here notice that if we
+now let R be the vector from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let R be the vector from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let R be the vector from the origin
+to the position of the particle that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the position of the particle that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the position of the particle that R
+is a vector right because to specify r i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector right because to specify r i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector right because to specify r i
+not only have to give its length I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only have to give its length I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only have to give its length I have
+to give its direction R is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give its direction R is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give its direction R is a vector
+which varies with our Scala T all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which varies with our Scala T all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which varies with our Scala T all right
+so R is a vector function of the Scala T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R is a vector function of the Scala T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so R is a vector function of the Scala T
+now what is the I component of R well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the I component of R well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the I component of R well
+the I component is X so and the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I component is X so and the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I component is X so and the J
+component is y notice that the pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is y notice that the pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is y notice that the pair of
+simultaneous parametric scalar equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous parametric scalar equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous parametric scalar equations
+xal X of t yal y of T can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal X of t yal y of T can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal X of t yal y of T can be written as
+the single vector equation R of T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single vector equation R of T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single vector equation R of T equals
+x of t plus y of T J where X of T and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of t plus y of T J where X of T and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of t plus y of T J where X of T and Y
+of T are scalar functions of the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T are scalar functions of the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T are scalar functions of the scalar
+variable t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t
+okay now the question comes up wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question comes up wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question comes up wouldn't
+it be nice to just take the rdt here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be nice to just take the rdt here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be nice to just take the rdt here I
+mean that's about motivated as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's about motivated as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's about motivated as you can
+get meaning what let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get meaning what let's see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get meaning what let's see what happens
+I know how to differentiate now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to differentiate now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to differentiate now I'm
+going to use the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the fact that the
+derivative of a product of a sum is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a product of a sum is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a product of a sum is a
+sum of the derivatives that I and J are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the derivatives that I and J are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the derivatives that I and J are
+constants and a constant times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and a constant times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and a constant times a
+function to differentiate that you skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to differentiate that you skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to differentiate that you skip
+over the constant and differentiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the constant and differentiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the constant and differentiate the
+function X of T and Y of T are Scala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X of T and Y of T are Scala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X of T and Y of T are Scala
+functions and I already know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I already know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I already know how
+differentiate Scala functions so all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate Scala functions so all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate Scala functions so all I'm
+going to assume now is that X of T and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume now is that X of T and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume now is that X of T and Y
+of T are differentiable Scala functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T are differentiable Scala functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T are differentiable Scala functions
+which means now that instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means now that instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means now that instead of just
+talking about Motion in a plane I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Motion in a plane I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Motion in a plane I'm
+assuming that the motion is smooth at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the motion is smooth at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the motion is smooth at
+any rate I now differentiate term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate I now differentiate term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate I now differentiate term by
+term and look what I get this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and look what I get this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and look what I get this is what
+it's dxdt * I plus dydt * J in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dxdt * I plus dydt * J in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dxdt * I plus dydt * J in other
+words the rdt is this particular vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the rdt is this particular vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the rdt is this particular vector
+and this particular Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this particular Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this particular Vector is
+fascinating why is it fascinating well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating why is it fascinating well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating why is it fascinating well
+for one thing let's compute its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing let's compute its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing let's compute its
+magnitude the magnitude of any Vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the magnitude of any Vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the magnitude of any Vector in
+I and J components is what the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J components is what the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J components is what the square
+root of the sum of the squares of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the sum of the squares of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the sum of the squares of the
+components in this case that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in this case that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in this case that's the
+square root of dxdt plus d^ squ plus Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of dxdt plus d^ squ plus Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of dxdt plus d^ squ plus Dy
+dt^ 2 but remember from part one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt^ 2 but remember from part one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt^ 2 but remember from part one of our
+course this is exactly the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is exactly the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is exactly the magnitude of
+dsdt where s is AR length remember I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsdt where s is AR length remember I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsdt where s is AR length remember I put
+the absolute value sign in here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value sign in here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value sign in here because
+we always take the positive square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always take the positive square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always take the positive square root
+other words we're assuming that AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we're assuming that AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we're assuming that AR
+length is traversed in a given Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is traversed in a given Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is traversed in a given Direction
+at a particular time T but what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular time T but what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular time T but what is the
+STD it's the change in Arc Length with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STD it's the change in Arc Length with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STD it's the change in Arc Length with
+respect to time and that's precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time and that's precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time and that's precisely
+what we mean by speed along the curve on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by speed along the curve on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by speed along the curve on
+the other hand if we look at the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if we look at the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if we look at the slope
+of the rdt it's what it's the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rdt it's what it's the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rdt it's what it's the slope is
+determined by what you take the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by what you take the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by what you take the J
+component which is the ydt divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is the ydt divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is the ydt divided by
+the I component which is the xdt by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I component which is the xdt by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I component which is the xdt by the
+chain rule we know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule we know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule we know that that's
+dydx therefore the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx therefore the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx therefore the vector
+drdt has its magnitude equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drdt has its magnitude equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drdt has its magnitude equal to the
+speed along the curve and its direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed along the curve and its direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed along the curve and its direction
+is tangential to the curve and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tangential to the curve and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tangential to the curve and what
+better motivation than that to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better motivation than that to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better motivation than that to define a
+velocity Vector after all we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector after all we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector after all we've already
+done that in elementary physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in elementary physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that in elementary physics in
+elementary physics what was the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary physics what was the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary physics what was the velocity
+Vector defined to be at a given point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector defined to be at a given point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector defined to be at a given point it
+was the vector whose direction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the vector whose direction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the vector whose direction to the
+curve whose Direction was tangential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve whose Direction was tangential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve whose Direction was tangential to
+the path at that point and whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path at that point and whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path at that point and whose
+magnitude was numerically equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude was numerically equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude was numerically equal to the
+speed along the curve that the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed along the curve that the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed along the curve that the particle
+had at that point and that's precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at that point and that's precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had at that point and that's precisely
+what the rdt has in other words what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rdt has in other words what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rdt has in other words what we
+have done is given a self-contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done is given a self-contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done is given a self-contained
+mathematical derivation as to why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical derivation as to why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical derivation as to why the
+derivative of the position Vector r with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position Vector r with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position Vector r with
+respect to time should physically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time should physically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time should physically be
+called the velocity vector and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the velocity vector and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the velocity vector and then
+again analogously to ordinary physics if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again analogously to ordinary physics if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again analogously to ordinary physics if
+V is the velocity Vector we Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is the velocity Vector we Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is the velocity Vector we Define the
+acceleration vector to be the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector to be the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector to be the derivative
+of the veloc the vector with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the veloc the vector with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the veloc the vector with respect to
+time now I was originally going to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now I was originally going to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now I was originally going to close
+over here but my feeling is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but my feeling is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but my feeling is that this
+seems a little bit abstract to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little bit abstract to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little bit abstract to you so
+maybe we should take a couple of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should take a couple of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should take a couple of more
+minutes and do a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and do a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and do a specific
+problem let's take the particle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let's take the particle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem let's take the particle that
+moves along the path whose parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves along the path whose parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves along the path whose parametric
+equations are y = t Cub + 1 and x = t ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are y = t Cub + 1 and x = t ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are y = t Cub + 1 and x = t ^2
+in other words notice that for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words notice that for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words notice that for a given
+value of t t is a Scala for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of t t is a Scala for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of t t is a Scala for a given
+value of T I can figure out where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of T I can figure out where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of T I can figure out where the
+particle is at any time along the Curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is at any time along the Curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is at any time along the Curve
+for example when the time is two when T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example when the time is two when T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example when the time is two when T
+is 2 X is 4 Y is 9 so at t equal 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 X is 4 Y is 9 so at t equal 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 X is 4 Y is 9 so at t equal 2 the
+particle was at the point 4 comma 9 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle was at the point 4 comma 9 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle was at the point 4 comma 9 Etc
+notice that to understand this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that to understand this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that to understand this problem
+one does not need vectors but if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does not need vectors but if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does not need vectors but if one
+knows vectors one introduces the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows vectors one introduces the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows vectors one introduces the radius
+Vector R what is the radius Vector its I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector R what is the radius Vector its I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector R what is the radius Vector its I
+component is the value of x and its J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the value of x and its J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the value of x and its J
+component is the value of y so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the value of y so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the value of y so the
+radius Vector R is T I + TQ + 1 J Now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector R is T I + TQ + 1 J Now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector R is T I + TQ + 1 J Now by
+these results I can very quickly compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results I can very quickly compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results I can very quickly compute
+both the velocity and the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the velocity and the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the velocity and the acceleration
+of my particle at any time namely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my particle at any time namely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my particle at any time namely to
+find the velocity I just differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the velocity I just differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the velocity I just differentiate
+this with respect to T this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to T this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to T this is going to
+give me what the dtive of t^2 is 2T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me what the dtive of t^2 is 2T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me what the dtive of t^2 is 2T the
+Der of T Cub + 1 is 3 t^2 so my velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Der of T Cub + 1 is 3 t^2 so my velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Der of T Cub + 1 is 3 t^2 so my velocity
+Vector is just 2 TI I + 3T ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is just 2 TI I + 3T ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is just 2 TI I + 3T ^2
+J now to get the acceleration Vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J now to get the acceleration Vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J now to get the acceleration Vector I
+simply have to differentiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have to differentiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have to differentiate the
+velocity Vector with respect to time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector with respect to time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector with respect to time and
+I get what 2 I plus 6tj and I now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get what 2 I plus 6tj and I now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get what 2 I plus 6tj and I now have
+the acceleration the velocity and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration the velocity and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration the velocity and by the
+way the position of my particle at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the position of my particle at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the position of my particle at any
+time T in particular since I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T in particular since I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T in particular since I've already
+computed that the particle is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed that the particle is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed that the particle is at the
+point 4 comma 9 when T is two let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 4 comma 9 when T is two let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 4 comma 9 when T is two let's
+carry through the rest of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry through the rest of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry through the rest of our
+investigation when T is two when T is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation when T is two when T is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation when T is two when T is 2
+notice that in Vector form R is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in Vector form R is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that in Vector form R is equal to
+to 4 I + 99 J V is equal to 4 I + 12 J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 I + 99 J V is equal to 4 I + 12 J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 I + 99 J V is equal to 4 I + 12 J
+and a is equal to 2 I + 6 + 12 J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a is equal to 2 I + 6 + 12 J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a is equal to 2 I + 6 + 12 J
+pictorially and by the way to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially and by the way to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially and by the way to show you
+how to get this all I'm saying here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get this all I'm saying here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get this all I'm saying here is
+that if we come back here recalling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we come back here recalling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we come back here recalling that
+t cubed is T ^2 to the 3 power this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t cubed is T ^2 to the 3 power this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t cubed is T ^2 to the 3 power this
+simply says that Y is equal to x 3 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that Y is equal to x 3 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that Y is equal to x 3 + 1
+so I drew the path in just so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I drew the path in just so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I drew the path in just so you can
+get an idea of what's going on over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an idea of what's going on over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an idea of what's going on over here
+all I'm saying is when somebody says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm saying is when somebody says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm saying is when somebody says
+where is the particle at time tal 2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the particle at time tal 2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the particle at time tal 2 it's
+at the point 4 comma 9 and notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point 4 comma 9 and notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point 4 comma 9 and notice the
+correlation again the point 4 comma 9 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation again the point 4 comma 9 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation again the point 4 comma 9 is
+the point at which the vector 4 I + 9j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which the vector 4 I + 9j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which the vector 4 I + 9j
+terminates because you see that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates because you see that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates because you see that Vector
+originates at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates at 0
+0 I can compute the velocity Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I can compute the velocity Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I can compute the velocity Vector
+namely what the velocity Vector has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what the velocity Vector has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what the velocity Vector has its
+slope equal to 3 12 over 4 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope equal to 3 12 over 4 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope equal to 3 12 over 4 and it's
+magnitude is the < TK of 4^2 + 12 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the < TK of 4^2 + 12 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the < TK of 4^2 + 12 2
+that's the < TK of 160 which is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the < TK of 160 which is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the < TK of 160 which is roughly
+122 I can now draw that velocity Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+122 I can now draw that velocity Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+122 I can now draw that velocity Vector
+the scale in a similar way the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale in a similar way the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale in a similar way the slope of
+the acceleration vector at that point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration vector at that point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration vector at that point is
+12 over 2 which is 6 so the mag so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 over 2 which is 6 so the mag so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 over 2 which is 6 so the mag so the
+slope is six that's a pretty steep line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is six that's a pretty steep line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is six that's a pretty steep line
+here and the magnitude is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the magnitude is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the magnitude is what the
+square root of 4 + 144 theare < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 4 + 144 theare < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 4 + 144 theare < TK of
+148 which I just call approximately 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+148 which I just call approximately 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+148 which I just call approximately 12
+to give you a rough idea I can draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a rough idea I can draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a rough idea I can draw this
+in scale as well in other words in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in scale as well in other words in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in scale as well in other words in just
+one short overview lesson notice that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one short overview lesson notice that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one short overview lesson notice that we
+have introduced what we mean by Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have introduced what we mean by Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have introduced what we mean by Vector
+functions what we mean by limits we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what we mean by limits we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what we mean by limits we've
+inherited the entire structure of part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited the entire structure of part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited the entire structure of part
+one I can now introduce a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can now introduce a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can now introduce a position
+Vector differentiate it with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector differentiate it with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector differentiate it with respect to
+time to find velocity and acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to find velocity and acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to find velocity and acceleration
+and I'm in business being able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm in business being able to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm in business being able to solve
+Vector problems in the plane kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector problems in the plane kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector problems in the plane kinematics
+problems if you will uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if you will uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if you will uh we're going to
+continue on in this vein for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on in this vein for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on in this vein for the
+remainder of this block we have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of this block we have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of this block we have other
+coordinate systems to talk about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems to talk about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems to talk about next
+time I'm going to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm going to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm going to talk about uh
+tangential and normal components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential and normal components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential and normal components of
+vectors and the like but all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the like but all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the like but all the time
+the theory that we're talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that we're talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that we're talking about is
+the same namely we are given Motion in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same namely we are given Motion in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same namely we are given Motion in a
+plane and we can now in terms of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we can now in terms of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we can now in terms of vector
+calculus study that motion very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus study that motion very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus study that motion very very
+effectively at any rate until next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively at any rate until next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively at any rate until next time
+goodbye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funding for the publication of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for the publication of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for the publication of this
+video was provided by the Gabriella and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video was provided by the Gabriella and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video was provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NLDNfnRGWxI.txt b/NLDNfnRGWxI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85ae500d56cd846ef08d61326e02635c157a2a73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NLDNfnRGWxI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so uh uh yesterday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so uh uh yesterday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so uh uh yesterday we
+went through uh quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through uh quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through uh quantum mechanics
+and uh uh discuss the solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh discuss the solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh discuss the solutions of the
+Stringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stringer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stringer
+equation uh we started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh we started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh we started with a
+onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+problem um is a Quantum well two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um is a Quantum well two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um is a Quantum well two
+dimensional problem now we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional problem now we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional problem now we call a
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+wire and uh um then say you can extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and uh um then say you can extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and uh um then say you can extend
+that to 3D uh that's easy and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to 3D uh that's easy and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to 3D uh that's easy and then I
+gave a uh hand waving solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a uh hand waving solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a uh hand waving solution
+for the harmonic oscillator I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the harmonic oscillator I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the harmonic oscillator I give you
+the result but I said I have my way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result but I said I have my way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result but I said I have my way to
+solve it and then uh I don't have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and then uh I don't have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and then uh I don't have a way
+to Sol rigid rotor my way maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sol rigid rotor my way maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sol rigid rotor my way maybe you can
+find it and uh the electronic uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it and uh the electronic uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it and uh the electronic uh will
+give the results right and in fact uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the results right and in fact uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the results right and in fact uh I
+said that you can also do electronic I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that you can also do electronic I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that you can also do electronic I
+know that you can do and find out so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you can do and find out so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you can do and find out so for
+different problems uh the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems uh the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems uh the difference is
+really the potential in the Shing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the potential in the Shing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the potential in the Shing
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+plus boundary condition that gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus boundary condition that gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus boundary condition that gave
+determine why sum of the solution like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine why sum of the solution like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine why sum of the solution like
+Quantum well the energy level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum well the energy level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum well the energy level is
+proportional n Square the honic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional n Square the honic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional n Square the honic
+oscillator is proportional to n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is proportional to n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is proportional to n and the
+electrons in atoms is one/ n Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in atoms is one/ n Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in atoms is one/ n Square
+those are the because the constraint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the because the constraint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the because the constraint of
+different shapes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes of the
+potentials and why we discussed 1D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and why we discussed 1D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and why we discussed 1D and
+2D problems um the important in message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D problems um the important in message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D problems um the important in message
+we get is if it's a one degree Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is if it's a one degree Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is if it's a one degree Freedom
+one dimensional problem uh we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional problem uh we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional problem uh we have one
+quantum number and two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number and two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number and two dimensional
+problem we have two quantum numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have two quantum numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have two quantum numbers and
+three dimensional problem like atoms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional problem like atoms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional problem like atoms we
+have three quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three quantum
+numbers and uh of course later on we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh of course later on we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh of course later on we add
+the spin because that's not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin because that's not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin because that's not something
+you can get from this roording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from this roording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from this roording
+equation and then say uh Quantum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then say uh Quantum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then say uh Quantum state
+is say each set of unique combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say each set of unique combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say each set of unique combinations
+of those quantum numbers give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those quantum numbers give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those quantum numbers give you one
+Quantum State the problem is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State the problem is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State the problem is sometimes
+different Quantum state have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Quantum state have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Quantum state have the same
+energy so when we count we say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so when we count we say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so when we count we say when
+State have same different states have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State have same different states have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State have same different states have
+same energy those states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy those states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy those states are
+degenerated and uh we can count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerated and uh we can count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerated and uh we can count the
+degeneracy of the states and this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy of the states and this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy of the states and this are
+later on important because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on important because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on important because uh
+essentially when we do uh the count L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when we do uh the count L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when we do uh the count L of
+particles like we did in first chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like we did in first chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like we did in first chapter
+first two lectures we need those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two lectures we need those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two lectures we need those
+counting we need to do the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting we need to do the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting we need to do the counting
+correctly so uh degenerate say is later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so uh degenerate say is later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so uh degenerate say is later
+on going to be evolved into uh a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on going to be evolved into uh a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on going to be evolved into uh a density
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+states and uh spin is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and uh spin is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and uh spin is something we
+cannot uh easily uh say say we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot uh easily uh say say we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot uh easily uh say say we cannot
+get from string equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from string equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from string equation
+uh you have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to go to
+relativistic and uh uh but the uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic and uh uh but the uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic and uh uh but the uh for
+electrons it's uh uh half spin positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it's uh uh half spin positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it's uh uh half spin positive
+minus one half and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one half and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one half and those are
+fans and photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans and photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans and photons
+Fons uh molecules the uncharged are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons uh molecules the uncharged are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons uh molecules the uncharged are
+bons and uh uh for fans the uh po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bons and uh uh for fans the uh po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bons and uh uh for fans the uh po
+Exclusion Principle says each Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle says each Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle says each Quantum
+State can have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can have have
+maximum of one particle so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of one particle so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of one particle so if it's a
+firon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firon
+particle each Quantum State can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle each Quantum State can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle each Quantum State can only
+have one uh to the maximum you can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one uh to the maximum you can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one uh to the maximum you can can
+empty right empty or one so that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty right empty or one so that's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty right empty or one so that's easy
+to count and for ban each Quantum State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count and for ban each Quantum State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count and for ban each Quantum State
+can have uh infinite number so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have uh infinite number so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have uh infinite number so this is a
+when you think about uh this uh holog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about uh this uh holog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about uh this uh holog
+oscillator the energy is n * H bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the energy is n * H bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the energy is n * H bar and
+uh uh say h bar mu H bar Omega right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say h bar mu H bar Omega right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh say h bar mu H bar Omega right the
+N could be 0 1 2 3 those those are say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N could be 0 1 2 3 those those are say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N could be 0 1 2 3 those those are say
+uh many uh uh say uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many uh uh say uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many uh uh say uh n
+numbers so this is what we uh talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is what we uh talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is what we uh talked
+about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and
+uh in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in those
+examples the wave function are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the wave function are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the wave function are
+confined right uh when I have a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined right uh when I have a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined right uh when I have a Quantum
+well or quantum wire uh The Weave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or quantum wire uh The Weave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or quantum wire uh The Weave
+function is in the space that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is in the space that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is in the space that I'm
+discussing when I have a atom the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing when I have a atom the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing when I have a atom the wave
+function is limited to surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is limited to surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is limited to surrounding the
+nucle right so uh oscillator that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle right so uh oscillator that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle right so uh oscillator that's the
+local right so this is a uh uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local right so this is a uh uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local right so this is a uh uh what we
+discussed so far and today where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed so far and today where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed so far and today where where
+I'm going is I'm going to put the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going is I'm going to put the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going is I'm going to put the atoms
+together right to have solid to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right to have solid to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right to have solid to have
+crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals
+and how see this putting them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how see this putting them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how see this putting them together
+how they will change the uh uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they will change the uh uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they will change the uh uh energy
+states in what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in what we
+discussed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed so
+uh what are we going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are we going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are we going to discuss
+today is the uh energy levels in solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particularly I'll focus on electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today and hopefully by the uh end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and hopefully by the uh end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and hopefully by the uh end of the
+lecture uh you will appreciate why uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh you will appreciate why uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh you will appreciate why uh we
+have Metals we have semiconductors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Metals we have semiconductors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Metals we have semiconductors we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+insulators right these are all daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators right these are all daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators right these are all daily
+encounters but until you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters but until you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters but until you have this
+Quantum picture you really can't explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum picture you really can't explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum picture you really can't explain
+and so uh we have um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Metals um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconductors and insulators right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors and insulators right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors and insulators right and
+one very useful mathematical theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very useful mathematical theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very useful mathematical theorem
+that I introduced today is the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I introduced today is the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I introduced today is the so-called
+block theorem it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a theorem that applies when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a theorem that applies when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a theorem that applies when the
+potential is periodic so when I deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is periodic so when I deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is periodic so when I deal
+with crystals the atoms arranged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with crystals the atoms arranged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with crystals the atoms arranged in
+periodical fashion and because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical fashion and because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical fashion and because of this
+periodicity I can solve the problem even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity I can solve the problem even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity I can solve the problem even
+though the crystal is ideal crystal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the crystal is ideal crystal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the crystal is ideal crystal is
+infinite periodic rrange of atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite periodic rrange of atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite periodic rrange of atoms and
+because of a periodicity I can fold all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a periodicity I can fold all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a periodicity I can fold all
+the problems into one period and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems into one period and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems into one period and that's
+very beautiful okay and in fact uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful okay and in fact uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful okay and in fact uh the
+block theorem is valid for all waves all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block theorem is valid for all waves all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block theorem is valid for all waves all
+periodical structure uh uh say when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical structure uh uh say when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical structure uh uh say when you
+have way propagated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have way propagated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have way propagated
+inside and uh uh when you deal with heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and uh uh when you deal with heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and uh uh when you deal with heat
+conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction
+equation or when you deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or when you deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or when you deal with a
+transport when there is temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport when there is temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport when there is temperature
+gradient uh this is longer valid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh this is longer valid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh this is longer valid or
+diffusion right and for several years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right and for several years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right and for several years
+I've been trying to say what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been trying to say what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been trying to say what's a
+corresponding theorem in the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding theorem in the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding theorem in the diffusion
+regime and because when I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and because when I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and because when I do a
+composite and uh uh those kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite and uh uh those kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite and uh uh those kind of uh
+problems transer problems um a composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems transer problems um a composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems transer problems um a composite
+has many many different materials I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many many different materials I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many many different materials I
+think about two A and B right my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about two A and B right my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about two A and B right my
+simplest is I take a Unis cell can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest is I take a Unis cell can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest is I take a Unis cell can I
+solve that Unis cell problem and yeah to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that Unis cell problem and yeah to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that Unis cell problem and yeah to
+be representative that I'm dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be representative that I'm dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be representative that I'm dealing with
+the whole structure right so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole structure right so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole structure right so those are
+the things that good question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that good question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that good question to
+ask and uh uh so let's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask and uh uh so let's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask and uh uh so let's uh uh
+start we say we're dealing with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we say we're dealing with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we say we're dealing with uh
+electrons right and uh in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right and uh in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right and uh in the last
+lecture yesterday we deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture yesterday we deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture yesterday we deal with the
+electron when we uh say our model is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron when we uh say our model is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron when we uh say our model is I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+atom and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and uh I
+have electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electron
+right if you recall at the end we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you recall at the end we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you recall at the end we show
+The Wave functions we show in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Wave functions we show in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Wave functions we show in computer
+the different uh Nal one uh say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different uh Nal one uh say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different uh Nal one uh say for
+example the wave function when three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the wave function when three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the wave function when three
+quantum number one 0 0 and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number one 0 0 and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number one 0 0 and of course
+electron spin right that's n = 1 L = 0 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron spin right that's n = 1 L = 0 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron spin right that's n = 1 L = 0 m
+= 0 right those we functions is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0 right those we functions is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0 right those we functions is the
+lowest energy level spherical with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy level spherical with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy level spherical with
+function that CH there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that CH there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that CH there
+okay right and uh uh uh so this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and uh uh uh so this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and uh uh uh so this is of
+course you can have higher other uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can have higher other uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can have higher other uh say
+w functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w functions
+combinations and now my uh question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and now my uh question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and now my uh question is
+what about this is a simple you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this is a simple you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this is a simple you think
+about hydrogen atom what happens to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hydrogen atom what happens to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hydrogen atom what happens to a
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+molecule when I put a two atoms close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule when I put a two atoms close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule when I put a two atoms close
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+in the case of single atom I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of single atom I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of single atom I have this
+Nal 1 energy level and Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 1 energy level and Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 1 energy level and Nal
+2 right in the hydrogen model we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right in the hydrogen model we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right in the hydrogen model we have
+the energy is degenerate is minus 13.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is degenerate is minus 13.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is degenerate is minus 13.6
+electron volts over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts over
+n² right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² right
+136 13.6 electron volts is also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+136 13.6 electron volts is also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+136 13.6 electron volts is also another
+energy unit sometimes people uses R bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy unit sometimes people uses R bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy unit sometimes people uses R bird
+one R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one R
+bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird
+okay and uh uh uh so this is a we of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh uh so this is a we of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh uh so this is a we of
+course we say degenerate because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we say degenerate because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we say degenerate because I have
+three Quantum Lum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Quantum Lum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Quantum Lum uh
+nlm and plus this spin quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlm and plus this spin quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlm and plus this spin quantum number
+right so if I have one hydrogen atom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have one hydrogen atom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have one hydrogen atom I
+say atom the electron is sits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say atom the electron is sits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say atom the electron is sits in the
+lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy
+level and now if I to put a two hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and now if I to put a two hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and now if I to put a two hydrogen
+atoms so I have one hydrogen atom those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so I have one hydrogen atom those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so I have one hydrogen atom those
+are the electron wave function right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the electron wave function right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the electron wave function right if
+you recall a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall a
+spherical right and I have another so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical right and I have another so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical right and I have another so
+this is one hydrogen atom and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one hydrogen atom and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one hydrogen atom and I have
+another hydrogen atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hydrogen atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hydrogen atom and
+electron is spherical wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is spherical wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is spherical wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+now uh when they interact with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh when they interact with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh when they interact with each
+other to form molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to form molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to form molecule
+the electron with function start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron with function start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron with function start
+overlap and the PO Exclusion Principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and the PO Exclusion Principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and the PO Exclusion Principle
+keep clean you can't do that now the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep clean you can't do that now the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep clean you can't do that now the two
+electron right each hydrogen has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right each hydrogen has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right each hydrogen has one
+electron the two electron cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the two electron cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the two electron cannot have
+the same wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same wave
+function because say the PO exclusion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because say the PO exclusion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because say the PO exclusion in
+one Quantum State doesn't take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Quantum State doesn't take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Quantum State doesn't take two
+electrons so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so what
+happens and the they will have to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and the they will have to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and the they will have to modify
+that Quantum State and split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quantum State and split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Quantum State and split
+it and the splitting gives you if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the splitting gives you if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the splitting gives you if you go
+to solve the uh uh C W function you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the uh uh C W function you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the uh uh C W function you'll
+say okay this is the uh atom say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this is the uh atom say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this is the uh atom say
+hydrogen atom in one case this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom in one case this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom in one case this wave
+function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more H1 separated from each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more H1 separated from each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more H1 separated from each other and
+the other case this is this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case this is this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case this is this wave
+function is the probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the probability of finding
+electrons remember right if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons remember right if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons remember right if you do
+complex conjugate and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate and the other
+case you have the W function more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have the W function more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have the W function more
+surrounding right this is a uh Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bonds calent bond in and that's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds calent bond in and that's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds calent bond in and that's uh the
+strongest the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest the lower
+energy this is the anti Bond Sig Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is the anti Bond Sig Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is the anti Bond Sig Sigma
+star higher energy so what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star higher energy so what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star higher energy so what happens is
+this energy single energy for atom now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy single energy for atom now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy single energy for atom now
+because the PO Exclusion Principle when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the PO Exclusion Principle when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the PO Exclusion Principle when
+they have two electrons uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have two electrons uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have two electrons uh for the
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+States they can't do it so they split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they can't do it so they split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States they can't do it so they split
+into two small with a separation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two small with a separation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two small with a separation of the
+two energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energy
+levels right so the state split into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right so the state split into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right so the state split into
+from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two Okay so uh uh the this is a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Okay so uh uh the this is a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Okay so uh uh the this is a higher
+energy level this a lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level this a lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level this a lower energy
+level now with this I can ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level now with this I can ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level now with this I can ask the
+question what if I put the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what if I put the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what if I put the hydrogen atom
+into a chin not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a chin not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a chin not just a
+molecule right and uh if I have n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right and uh if I have n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right and uh if I have n n
+hydrogen atom what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom what's going to
+happen right that capital n not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right that capital n not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right that capital n not that
+this small right if I have capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small right if I have capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small right if I have capital N
+atoms what's going to happen to n CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one right it's split into n energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right it's split into n energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right it's split into n energy
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+right and uh similarly Nal 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh similarly Nal 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh similarly Nal 2 so
+basically if I have you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if I have you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if I have you will
+have energy splitting into each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy splitting into each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy splitting into each of the
+SPL into energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPL into energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPL into energy
+level right and now of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right and now of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right and now of course that
+depends on here is how large is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on here is how large is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on here is how large is this
+spread and these two could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and these two could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and these two could actually
+overlap right this is originally 13.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap right this is originally 13.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap right this is originally 13.6
+Eide by n sare so this is a f e right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eide by n sare so this is a f e right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eide by n sare so this is a f e right if
+this splitting start to overlap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this splitting start to overlap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this splitting start to overlap with
+each other you have almost continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you have almost continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you have almost continuous
+right this those are relative small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this those are relative small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this those are relative small
+level separation between energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level separation between energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level separation between energy
+levels right so this give us the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right so this give us the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right so this give us the uh uh
+precursor to what happens if I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to what happens if I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to what happens if I have uh
+say uh onedimensional Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh onedimensional Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh onedimensional Atomic
+chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+so crystals let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so crystals let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so crystals let's take a
+bigger right so my simplest picture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger right so my simplest picture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger right so my simplest picture is a
+onedimensional Arrangement crystals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional Arrangement crystals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional Arrangement crystals are
+the periodic arrangement of atoms so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic arrangement of atoms so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic arrangement of atoms so I
+have periodical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have periodical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have periodical
+arrangement of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh uh the potential is a periodic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh the potential is a periodic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh the potential is a periodic so
+around each atom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each atom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each atom the
+electron recall the colon potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron recall the colon potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron recall the colon potential is
+negative C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative C over
+R right so here uh in the when a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right so here uh in the when a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right so here uh in the when a close
+to atom the potential is lowest and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to atom the potential is lowest and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to atom the potential is lowest and in
+between is higher potential so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is higher potential so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is higher potential so I have
+periodical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical
+potential field to the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so now we want to find out we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we want to find out we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we want to find out we see
+we already get some idea this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already get some idea this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already get some idea this is what's
+going to happen the energy is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen the energy is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen the energy is going to
+split and we want to find the splited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split and we want to find the splited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split and we want to find the splited
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+levels okay and we're going to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels okay and we're going to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels okay and we're going to solve the
+shorting equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting equation for
+that and in fact there are uh uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in fact there are uh uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in fact there are uh uh really
+this this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this problem
+uh you can look at it from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can look at it from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can look at it from three
+pictures uh let me explain briefly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures uh let me explain briefly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures uh let me explain briefly uh
+the first picture I read said the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first picture I read said the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first picture I read said the atomic
+orbital overlapping so if I draw if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital overlapping so if I draw if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital overlapping so if I draw if I
+simplify this potential right I give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this potential right I give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this potential right I give a
+square rather than what I draw one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square rather than what I draw one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square rather than what I draw one over
+R okay so here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lost so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+periodic that's a uh that's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic that's a uh that's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic that's a uh that's another way
+I model those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I model those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I model those
+potential the real atom is never just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the real atom is never just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the real atom is never just
+this square is like I say this very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square is like I say this very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square is like I say this very much
+depend on uh the energy level depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on uh the energy level depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on uh the energy level depends on
+the uh potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh potential
+shape and uh of course if I do a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and uh of course if I do a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and uh of course if I do a square
+then I have the picture I have quum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have the picture I have quum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have the picture I have quum
+Wells right if it's infinite potential I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells right if it's infinite potential I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells right if it's infinite potential I
+have the standing wave for electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the standing wave for electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the standing wave for electrons
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ws and but say this is normally not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ws and but say this is normally not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ws and but say this is normally not
+infinite right there certain height so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right there certain height so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right there certain height so
+it turns out from wave mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out from wave mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out from wave mechanics
+perspective uh uh say later on when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective uh uh say later on when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective uh uh say later on when we
+do uh chapter five you'll see the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh chapter five you'll see the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh chapter five you'll see the wave
+can tunel from one side to the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tunel from one side to the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tunel from one side to the other so
+they start talking overlapping and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start talking overlapping and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start talking overlapping and then
+Quantum mechan policy explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum mechan policy explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum mechan policy explosion
+principle say you can't overlap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle say you can't overlap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle say you can't overlap the
+quantum state right say so they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum state right say so they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum state right say so they will
+split this this will split into uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this this will split into uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this this will split into uh again
+the ones that we describe here when atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that we describe here when atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that we describe here when atom
+obit those start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obit those start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obit those start the
+overlap and these are the on this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and these are the on this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and these are the on this is the
+one picture I say okay we start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one picture I say okay we start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one picture I say okay we start thinking
+about the quantum well picture right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quantum well picture right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quantum well picture right and
+the other picture is uh I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other picture is uh I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other picture is uh I have three
+electron moving in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh when threee electron moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh when threee electron moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh when threee electron moving
+in space and when it start to see uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space and when it start to see uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space and when it start to see uh so
+those are the electron with higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the electron with higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the electron with higher
+energy they start to see a bumpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they start to see a bumpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they start to see a bumpy
+potential underneath it periodic bumpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential underneath it periodic bumpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential underneath it periodic bumpy
+potential on the lid right and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on the lid right and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on the lid right and in that
+case what happen uh uh if you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what happen uh uh if you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what happen uh uh if you some of
+you may have the experience using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have the experience using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have the experience using the
+interference filter in your lab Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference filter in your lab Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference filter in your lab Optical
+interference filters in your lab right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference filters in your lab right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference filters in your lab right
+so that's a optical wave comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a optical wave comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a optical wave comes in and
+inference peror is typically periodical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference peror is typically periodical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference peror is typically periodical
+uh layer that position with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh layer that position with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh layer that position with different
+refractive index so what happens is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index so what happens is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index so what happens is then
+some of the wave will transmit through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the wave will transmit through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the wave will transmit through
+others reflect back that's why say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others reflect back that's why say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others reflect back that's why say you
+can get lateral lines uh in interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get lateral lines uh in interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get lateral lines uh in interference
+filter so the reflected back ones uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so the reflected back ones uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so the reflected back ones uh are
+the uh one that do not exist so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh one that do not exist so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh one that do not exist so those
+are the ones wave cannot exist so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones wave cannot exist so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones wave cannot exist so this
+is the gap here in the solid okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap here in the solid okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gap here in the solid okay this
+is a what what this leads to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a what what this leads to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a what what this leads to is
+semiconductor with the bank Gap okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor with the bank Gap okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor with the bank Gap okay and
+and so you have this two picture uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have this two picture uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have this two picture uh and
+the third picture is what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third picture is what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third picture is what I'm going to
+actually solve I solve this Shing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve I solve this Shing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve I solve this Shing
+equation and then the solution tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then the solution tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then the solution tells
+us what are the energy level and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what are the energy level and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what are the energy level and all
+this will converge into what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will converge into what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will converge into what we said
+already so uh here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so uh here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so uh here I have
+the uh this is the periodicity T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this is the periodicity T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this is the periodicity T right
+and uh let's say under my picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's say under my picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let's say under my picture here
+I'm going to take a one unit seal one p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a one unit seal one p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a one unit seal one p
+and trying to solve this shingle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to solve this shingle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to solve this shingle
+equation in that perod right I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in that perod right I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in that perod right I can take
+any period so I put my uh coordinate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any period so I put my uh coordinate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any period so I put my uh coordinate uh
+here is my origin of the coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my origin of the coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my origin of the coordinate and
+this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero
+and this is the X Direction and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the X Direction and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the X Direction and here is
+a and here is let's say because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and here is let's say because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and here is let's say because this is
+on the other side is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+okay and from minus B to a that's add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from minus B to a that's add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from minus B to a that's add
+together is my period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is my period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is my period
+T right and I want to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right and I want to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right and I want to solve this
+ordinary equation in this one period but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary equation in this one period but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary equation in this one period but
+I want to represent the whole structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to represent the whole structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to represent the whole structure
+is a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a periodic
+my potential is repeating every from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my potential is repeating every from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my potential is repeating every from
+every minus B to a right so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minus B to a right so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every minus B to a right so here the
+potential is at the bottom let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is at the bottom let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is at the bottom let's say the
+potential is zero here the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is zero here the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is zero here the potential is
+u0 right so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 right so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 right so for a
+electron in one region there's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in one region there's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in one region there's zero
+potential the other region is u z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the other region is u z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the other region is u z
+potential and now I want to see what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and now I want to see what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and now I want to see what are
+the allowable energy levels of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allowable energy levels of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allowable energy levels of this
+electron in such a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in such a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in such a periodic
+potential this my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this my
+question okay so uh I will have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so uh I will have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so uh I will have to write
+down the shortle equation for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the shortle equation for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the shortle equation for each
+region between z a the potential Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region between z a the potential Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region between z a the potential Z and
+bet negative p uh to Z is potential u0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet negative p uh to Z is potential u0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet negative p uh to Z is potential u0
+so I have two different regions one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh minus e+ i =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z right and the other is so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z right and the other is so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z right and the other is so this is
+between for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between for X
+between uh a and zero the other is for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh a and zero the other is for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh a and zero the other is for X
+between uh Z and negative B and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh Z and negative B and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh Z and negative B and in that
+region my shorting equation is 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region my shorting equation is 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region my shorting equation is 2 m
+d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d
+x² plus u0 - e cosine = 0 so I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² plus u0 - e cosine = 0 so I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² plus u0 - e cosine = 0 so I have two
+regions and of course I need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and of course I need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and of course I need the
+boundary conditions and I end what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and I end what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions and I end what I'm
+cures in still what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cures in still what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cures in still what are the
+energies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+uh we solved this type of problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we solved this type of problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we solved this type of problem in the
+last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture
+and uh here uh is say a fin out height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here uh is say a fin out height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here uh is say a fin out height
+before we say potential infinite so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we say potential infinite so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we say potential infinite so in
+that region the wave function is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region the wave function is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region the wave function is zero
+but now uh I have final u0 so uh my w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh I have final u0 so uh my w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh I have final u0 so uh my w
+function is not zero in this region so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not zero in this region so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is not zero in this region so
+I'm going to solve this the first one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to solve this the first one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to solve this the first one uh
+let's write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write the
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yesterday I was using uh small K but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yesterday I was using uh small K but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yesterday I was using uh small K but
+today let me switch to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today let me switch to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today let me switch to capital
+K capital K is K Square wave function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K capital K is K Square wave function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K capital K is K Square wave function so
+this is a for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a for this
+region for between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a okay and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay and K
+square is same notation I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is same notation I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is same notation I want to find
+if I put this together is 2 m e / by H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put this together is 2 m e / by H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put this together is 2 m e / by H
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+Square that's K Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's K Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's K Square
+all right and I'm going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I'm going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I'm going to solve
+this you know this solution already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know this solution already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know this solution already uh
+so in this region 0 a my wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this region 0 a my wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this region 0 a my wave function
+as function of X is a exponential Mass i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as function of X is a exponential Mass i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as function of X is a exponential Mass i
+k capital K X plus b exponential plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k capital K X plus b exponential plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k capital K X plus b exponential plus I
+capital K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so this is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so this is a one
+region that I'm interested in 0 to a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that I'm interested in 0 to a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that I'm interested in 0 to a the
+other region is from minus B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other region is from minus B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other region is from minus B to
+zero right if you look at the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right if you look at the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right if you look at the equation
+there is plus u0 Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is plus u0 Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is plus u0 Min
+e right of course you can write it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e right of course you can write it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e right of course you can write it also
+into negative you can do the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into negative you can do the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into negative you can do the same but
+let me if my delot Q squ equals uh 2 m u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me if my delot Q squ equals uh 2 m u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me if my delot Q squ equals uh 2 m u
+e/ h² so K square is 2 m e h² now e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e/ h² so K square is 2 m e h² now e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e/ h² so K square is 2 m e h² now e is
+negative so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so my
+solution my root then is a plusus q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution my root then is a plusus q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution my root then is a plusus q is
+not a plus minus i k right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a plus minus i k right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a plus minus i k right that's the
+characteristic equation for this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation for this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation for this one and
+then solution then is say exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then solution then is say exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then solution then is say exponential
+minus Q X plus d exponential plus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q X plus d exponential plus Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Q X plus d exponential plus Q
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+right H you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right H you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right H you can write
+into I if you reverse e and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into I if you reverse e and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into I if you reverse e and the
+U your choice doesn't matter at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U your choice doesn't matter at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U your choice doesn't matter at the
+end as long as you're consistent after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end as long as you're consistent after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end as long as you're consistent after
+your math you're fine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your math you're fine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your math you're fine so
+what I want to find out is actually e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to find out is actually e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to find out is actually e
+this is my target what are the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my target what are the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my target what are the energy of
+the electron right it's ion value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron right it's ion value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron right it's ion value
+problem okay so I need to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so I need to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so I need to look at the
+solution and give a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and give a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and give a boundary
+condition to the problem so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to the problem so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition to the problem so that I can
+solve for eventually I want to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for eventually I want to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for eventually I want to solve for
+E right so what are my boundary between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E right so what are my boundary between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E right so what are my boundary between
+mass B to a the inter face here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass B to a the inter face here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass B to a the inter face here between
+the two region x equal Z there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two region x equal Z there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two region x equal Z there's
+boundary right at this location the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary right at this location the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary right at this location the wave
+function itself has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself has to be
+continuous and also I tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and also I tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and also I tell you the
+derivative of w function has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of w function has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of w function has to be
+continuous okay and uh I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay and uh I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay and uh I'm not going to
+demonstrate to prove it but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate to prove it but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate to prove it but say
+basically if you say your particle flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you say your particle flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you say your particle flux
+expression that we had before if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we had before if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we had before if you
+require the particle flux has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the particle flux has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the particle flux has to be
+continuous if your W function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous if your W function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous if your W function is
+continuous your derivative also has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous your derivative also has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous your derivative also has to
+be continue so uh so my either x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continue so uh so my either x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continue so uh so my either x
+s0 what I have is this wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 what I have is this wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 what I have is this wave function is
+continuous right so on the two sides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right so on the two sides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous right so on the two sides the
+wave function is continuous what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is continuous what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is continuous what I have
+I have a + b equals uh C +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D now you say I would require I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D now you say I would require I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D now you say I would require I will
+need four boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need four boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need four boundary
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+right and uh I say first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh I say first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh I say first order
+derivative has to be continuous so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative has to be continuous so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative has to be continuous so what
+I have is uh ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have is uh ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have is uh ik
+K and uh uh Mass A + B that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and uh uh Mass A + B that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and uh uh Mass A + B that's the
+derivative at X to Z equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at X to Z equals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at X to Z equals uh
+Q C + d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are
+the continuity at x x equal to zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuity at x x equal to zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuity at x x equal to zero now
+I have two boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two boundary
+conditions I need two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I need two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I need two more
+right so this is where I mentioned at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is where I mentioned at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is where I mentioned at
+the beginning the block theorem start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning the block theorem start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning the block theorem start
+kicking why uh the problem is if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking why uh the problem is if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking why uh the problem is if I just
+write this two boundary condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this two boundary condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this two boundary condition is
+just a single inter interface it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single inter interface it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single inter interface it does
+has it be nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it be nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it be nothing to do with the
+picity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picity of the
+crystal now uh if you go back to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal now uh if you go back to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal now uh if you go back to the uh
+uh potential The UU potential is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential The UU potential is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential The UU potential is a
+function of X of course in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X of course in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X of course in the problem
+we have here is a step function we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here is a step function we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here is a step function we use a
+square so it's a step function right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so it's a step function right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so it's a step function right in
+general any arbitary function but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general any arbitary function but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general any arbitary function but it's a
+periodic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so
+u x = u x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right that's the
+periodicity so if you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity so if you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity so if you use this
+periodicity and you go to the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity and you go to the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity and you go to the shinger
+equation and you ask what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you ask what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you ask what does this
+periodicity bring you to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity bring you to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity bring you to the solution
+what's the requirement for your solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the requirement for your solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the requirement for your solution
+and the mathematically the block theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mathematically the block theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mathematically the block theorem
+uh block proved that because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh block proved that because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh block proved that because of this
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+periodicity my wave function so due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+periodicity the wave function has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity the wave function has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity the wave function has to be
+uh uh after so wave function x + T later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh after so wave function x + T later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh after so wave function x + T later
+so right so one period later the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so one period later the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so one period later the same
+location is related to the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location is related to the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location is related to the wave function
+fun of X previous Peri same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of X previous Peri same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of X previous Peri same
+location by uh uh I K uh times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location by uh uh I K uh times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location by uh uh I K uh times
+T So this K is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this K is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this K is small
+K and that's the uh block theorem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and that's the uh block theorem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and that's the uh block theorem here
+and in fact I say you can write this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I say you can write this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I say you can write this in
+more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general
+term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and
+uh so here uh so this is a 1D and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here uh so this is a 1D and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here uh so this is a 1D and there
+3D version which we could comment later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D version which we could comment later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D version which we could comment later
+on and this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this small
+K is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector that will discuss more later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that will discuss more later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that will discuss more later
+on that's why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's why I'm
+using capital K for this solution and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capital K for this solution and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using capital K for this solution and to
+distinguish from the small K with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish from the small K with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish from the small K with
+Vector okay so what does this tell us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay so what does this tell us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay so what does this tell us is
+I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use
+periodicity uh now I can look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity uh now I can look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity uh now I can look at this
+point right this point and in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right this point and in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right this point and in the left
+hand side is my solution between 0 to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is my solution between 0 to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is my solution between 0 to a
+on the right hand side is this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side is this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side is this point
+this point is this point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is this point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is this point right
+periodicity and I have solution for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity and I have solution for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity and I have solution for this
+two this region I have solution for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this region I have solution for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this region I have solution for this
+region so I just need to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so I just need to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so I just need to relate
+through this solution through the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this solution through the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this solution through the block
+theorem so at X to a I use the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem X = to a the block theorem say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem X = to a the block theorem say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem X = to a the block theorem say
+the wave function is related and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is related and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is related and also
+corresponding you take a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding you take a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding you take a derivative
+derivative is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is also
+related okay so the uh wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related okay so the uh wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related okay so the uh wave function is
+a the in the in the first Reg 0 to a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the in the in the first Reg 0 to a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the in the in the first Reg 0 to a you
+see we have that solution is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have that solution is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have that solution is a
+exponential Mass I capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass I capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass I capital
+A Ka a plus b exponential positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Ka a plus b exponential positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A Ka a plus b exponential positive
+Ka right and this equal to exponential i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka right and this equal to exponential i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka right and this equal to exponential i
+k small K times T that's the T = A + B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k small K times T that's the T = A + B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k small K times T that's the T = A + B
+and then times the wave function when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times the wave function when X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times the wave function when X
+= to minus B so if I do x = minus B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to minus B so if I do x = minus B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to minus B so if I do x = minus B in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+region - B to zero so when X to B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region - B to zero so when X to B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region - B to zero so when X to B is a
+say exponential q b plus d exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say exponential q b plus d exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say exponential q b plus d exponential
+Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QB right so I got my third equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QB right so I got my third equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QB right so I got my third equation and
+similarly if I take a derivative I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if I take a derivative I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if I take a derivative I got
+my fource equation so uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fource equation so uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fource equation so uh this is the
+wave fun function block theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave fun function block theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave fun function block theorem and
+derivative block theorem again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative block theorem again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative block theorem again so
+derivative is if I take derivative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is if I take derivative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is if I take derivative you
+can say they're equal so I have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say they're equal so I have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say they're equal so I have um
+um uh ik Ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and a exponential Mass a exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a exponential Mass a exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a exponential Mass a exponential
+ik Ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ik Ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ik Ka
+a plus uh B exponential plus k a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus uh B exponential plus k a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus uh B exponential plus k a this is
+capital and equals exponential Min i k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and equals exponential Min i k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and equals exponential Min i k
+t and uh um uh you have a Q in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and uh um uh you have a Q in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and uh um uh you have a Q in the front
+and minus uh C exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus uh C exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus uh C exponential
+QB plus d exponential plus negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QB we're not going to do more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QB we're not going to do more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QB we're not going to do more more
+operation of those four equations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of those four equations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of those four equations the
+point I want to make is if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to make is if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to make is if you look at
+this it's homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's homogeneous
+equation no constant right terms a b c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no constant right terms a b c d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no constant right terms a b c d
+you have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have four
+coefficients and all constant terms if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and all constant terms if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and all constant terms if
+you move to the one side all constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move to the one side all constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move to the one side all constant is
+zero so this is a characteristics of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is a characteristics of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is a characteristics of I
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+equations and you are uh if you if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and you are uh if you if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and you are uh if you if if
+you have homogeneous equation to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have homogeneous equation to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have homogeneous equation to have
+long zero solution AB b c d your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long zero solution AB b c d your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long zero solution AB b c d your
+determinant must be zero for linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant must be zero for linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant must be zero for linear
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+right everybody's following me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody's following me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody's following me the
+determinant of 1 2 3 4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of 1 2 3 4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of 1 2 3 4 is
+zero if you see this is determinant zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you see this is determinant zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you see this is determinant zero
+you look at this capital K is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this capital K is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this capital K is a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+energy right K is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right K is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right K is a function of
+energy e and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e and capital
+Q is a function of energy so capital Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is a function of energy so capital Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is a function of energy so capital Q
+is function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is function
+energy right so given given the a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so given given the a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so given given the a given
+the B we know T and for each K I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B we know T and for each K I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B we know T and for each K I have a
+solution for energy so this is where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for energy so this is where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for energy so this is where my
+math will end up right so because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math will end up right so because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math will end up right so because this
+is a homogeneous equation my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a homogeneous equation my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a homogeneous equation my
+determinant must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant must be
+zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the
+coefficients you put all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you put all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you put all your
+coefficients together and you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients together and you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients together and you will get
+the equation that allow you to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that allow you to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that allow you to determine
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+levels of the electron in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the electron in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the electron in such a
+periodical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+okay so let me do a few steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me do a few steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me do a few steps of
+math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if you do the determinant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you do the determinant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you do the determinant you
+actually will get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will get the
+equation not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation not that
+scary is q s - K Square capital and 2 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary is q s - K Square capital and 2 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary is q s - K Square capital and 2 k
+q and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and s
+function hyperbolic sign QB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hyperbolic sign QB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hyperbolic sign QB and
+sign real sign K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign real sign K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign real sign K
+A and plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and plus
+coent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coent
+QB and cosine capital K A on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QB and cosine capital K A on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QB and cosine capital K A on the right
+hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is
+cosine small K that's a wave Vector a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine small K that's a wave Vector a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine small K that's a wave Vector a
+plus b that's the pure this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b that's the pure this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b that's the pure this the
+T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay
+so this is the if you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the if you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the if you do your
+determinant of this four equation the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this four equation the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this four equation the at
+the end you get this set of equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you get this set of equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you get this set of equation
+this equation here in this equation Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here in this equation Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here in this equation Q
+has energy K has energy and uh small Cas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has energy K has energy and uh small Cas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has energy K has energy and uh small Cas
+so for each K value you can solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each K value you can solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each K value you can solve for
+that energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation okay and this uh still it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and this uh still it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and this uh still it's not
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+graphical mathematically it's still too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical mathematically it's still too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical mathematically it's still too
+complicated so let me let me make a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so let me let me make a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so let me let me make a one
+more simplification for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more simplification for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more simplification for the
+purpose of explaining this solution will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of explaining this solution will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of explaining this solution will
+lead to the bank Gap in the material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the bank Gap in the material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the bank Gap in the material and
+Bank Gap is essential if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank Gap is essential if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank Gap is essential if you think about
+semiconductors all those right so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors all those right so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors all those right so uh uh
+my next step is I let B goes to zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next step is I let B goes to zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next step is I let B goes to zero but
+say I will keep U time B Because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I will keep U time B Because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I will keep U time B Because when
+that b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero this is a very larer or say B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is a very larer or say B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is a very larer or say B is
+very low so this becomes very larrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low so this becomes very larrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low so this becomes very larrow
+right and uh U * the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh U * the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh U * the B
+fin that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin that also
+means uh the potential is going show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh the potential is going show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh the potential is going show up
+very high right but see the with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high right but see the with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high right but see the with this
+uh if I say B goes to Z q * B this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I say B goes to Z q * B this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I say B goes to Z q * B this gets
+to uh just approximate the QB itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh just approximate the QB itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh just approximate the QB itself in
+linearize it so this this by that the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it so this this by that the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it so this this by that the Q
+Q cancel so what I have here I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q cancel so what I have here I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q cancel so what I have here I can write
+this P capital K * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P capital K * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P capital K * a
+s capital K * a and plus cosine capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s capital K * a and plus cosine capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s capital K * a and plus cosine capital
+K * a equals cosine k a because B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K * a equals cosine k a because B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K * a equals cosine k a because B is
+zero so a itself is the periodicity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so a itself is the periodicity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so a itself is the periodicity this
+is V Vector this K has energy and the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V Vector this K has energy and the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V Vector this K has energy and the P
+itself uh uh is a is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh uh is a is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh uh is a is just a
+constant P here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant okay so this one with this uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay so this one with this uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay so this one with this uh I
+can go say graphically what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go say graphically what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go say graphically what this
+solution will look like look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will look like look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will look like look
+like right you can say now the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right you can say now the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right you can say now the left hand
+side is course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is course
+sign the maximum isus one to +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the maximum isus one to +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the maximum isus one to +
+one the right hand side I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the right hand side I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the right hand side I want to find
+the energy K right and this capital K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy K right and this capital K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy K right and this capital K
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+energy capital K is 2 m h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy capital K is 2 m h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy capital K is 2 m h
+Square okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay
+so you can see this is a between minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see this is a between minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see this is a between minus
+one to one and here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one and here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one and here is a
+factor right when K goes to one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor right when K goes to one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor right when K goes to one this
+divide this sin xide by X is one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this sin xide by X is one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this sin xide by X is one so the
+P plus so this could be larger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P plus so this could be larger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P plus so this could be larger than one
+in that case there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case there's no
+solution right there's no K capital K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right there's no K capital K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right there's no K capital K
+would satisfy that so graphically if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would satisfy that so graphically if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would satisfy that so graphically if I
+do my solution what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw here on the is as a function of Ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw here on the is as a function of Ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw here on the is as a function of Ka
+a so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so here I
+have K capital K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K capital K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K capital K
+A and uh cuz uh this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and uh cuz uh this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and uh cuz uh this is a little bit
+difficult solve uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult solve uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult solve uh so
+here is that function on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side on the left hand side is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on the left hand side is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on the left hand side is just
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+uh eventually decrease into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eventually decrease into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eventually decrease into
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay and uh on the uh so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and uh on the uh so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and uh on the uh so this is a
+Ka and on the right hand side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and on the right hand side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and on the right hand side is the
+range is one to plus one so because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is one to plus one so because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is one to plus one so because I
+want to find the one other the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the one other the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the one other the solution
+k for the include energy so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k for the include energy so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k for the include energy so this is the
+range between minus one to + one I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between minus one to + one I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between minus one to + one I'm not
+dra well so this is a positive one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dra well so this is a positive one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dra well so this is a positive one this
+negative one so that means when Ka in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one so that means when Ka in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one so that means when Ka in
+this region I have solution in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region I have solution in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region I have solution in this
+region I have solution in this region I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region I have solution in this region I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region I have solution in this region I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+solution but as Ka becomes laric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but as Ka becomes laric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but as Ka becomes laric
+eventually this is within minus one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this is within minus one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this is within minus one to
+plus one so I have solution everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one so I have solution everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one so I have solution everywhere
+when this Ka becomes very large K means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this Ka becomes very large K means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this Ka becomes very large K means
+again energy so that means when energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again energy so that means when energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again energy so that means when energy
+is very large uh I don't have forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large uh I don't have forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large uh I don't have forbidden
+region but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but in this
+region this is my forbidden I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region this is my forbidden I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region this is my forbidden I don't have
+any energy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy in this
+region right this region I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right this region I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right this region I don't have a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if I reply this because what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I reply this because what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I reply this because what I'm
+saying here is this region for any Ka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here is this region for any Ka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here is this region for any Ka
+cosine this small Ka if you give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine this small Ka if you give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine this small Ka if you give me a
+Valu that cosine small Ka I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valu that cosine small Ka I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valu that cosine small Ka I have a
+corresponding Energy Solution right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding Energy Solution right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding Energy Solution right so I
+can go reply that Ka because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go reply that Ka because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go reply that Ka because this is a
+periodical function so now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical function so now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical function so now this is a
+capit K that gives me energy My Le is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capit K that gives me energy My Le is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capit K that gives me energy My Le is
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+plot this function in small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this function in small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this function in small
+Ka hope you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka hope you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka hope you don't get
+confused okay I'm going to plot what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused okay I'm going to plot what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused okay I'm going to plot what
+this solution look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution look
+like and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and the uh
+solution is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is a
+say because this is a cosine Ka so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because this is a cosine Ka so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because this is a cosine Ka so it's
+a periodic so my solution will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic so my solution will look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic so my solution will look like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and this is the energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this is the energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this is the energy and
+essentially what that energy has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what that energy has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what that energy has is
+derived from K right this Capital Ka is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from K right this Capital Ka is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from K right this Capital Ka is
+in this region that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region that's the
+solution and uh so this is a uh uh if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and uh so this is a uh uh if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and uh so this is a uh uh if in
+this region and in the next Reg I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region and in the next Reg I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region and in the next Reg I don't
+have energy this is forbidden so I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy this is forbidden so I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy this is forbidden so I can't
+for the uh when uh uh in this region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh when uh uh in this region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh when uh uh in this region of
+energy here there's no solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here there's no solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here there's no solution so
+there's a gap here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap here
+right because this is beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this is beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this is beyond the
+one so what I have is Le what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what I have is Le what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what I have is Le what it looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in between is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in between is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in between is a
+gap this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap this is the
+gap that I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap that I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap that I've been
+talking right that's the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking right that's the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking right that's the corresponding
+to this region here I have no solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this region here I have no solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this region here I have no solution
+no allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no allowable
+energy electron cannot have this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electron cannot have this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electron cannot have this energy
+in the when they put in the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the when they put in the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the when they put in the period
+periodic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is my uh uh how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is my uh uh how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is my uh uh how the
+solution will look like and let's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will look like and let's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will look like and let's uh uh
+leave it here and come back to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it here and come back to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it here and come back to look at
+this W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this W
+Vector what is the allowable wave Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector what is the allowable wave Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector what is the allowable wave Vector
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+right so uh for the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh for the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh for the wave
+Vector I have to go back to the uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I have to go back to the uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I have to go back to the uh um
+here this is the block theorem right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the block theorem right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the block theorem right and
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+so I need to decide what is the V vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to decide what is the V vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to decide what is the V vector
+and I know I have n atoms in the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I have n atoms in the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I have n atoms in the crystal
+so between this one and the capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between this one and the capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between this one and the capital N
+the total length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total length of the
+crystal right L the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal right L the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal right L the length of the
+crystal is the n atoms time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is the n atoms time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is the n atoms time the
+periodicity right and this periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity right and this periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity right and this periodicity
+in the limit I'm consider is n * a a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit I'm consider is n * a a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit I'm consider is n * a a is
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+pure right because B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure right because B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure right because B is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay so uh this is where uh there is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh this is where uh there is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh this is where uh there is uh
+a very interesting boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very interesting boundary condition
+artificial sort of artificial boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial sort of artificial boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial sort of artificial boundary
+condition that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that was
+introduced and uh this boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced and uh this boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced and uh this boundary
+condition is this is a one this is a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is this is a one this is a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is this is a one this is a n
+right that's a finite lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a finite lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a finite lens
+Crystal right there is a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal right there is a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal right there is a final
+length and uh uh from common introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and uh uh from common introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and uh uh from common introduce a
+purity boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition okay now I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay now I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay now I'm going to write
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+common and the they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and the they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and the they say
+is because this n capital N is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because this n capital N is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because this n capital N is usually
+very large it really doesn't matter much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large it really doesn't matter much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large it really doesn't matter much
+and one way to do to say a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to do to say a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way to do to say a periodic
+boundary condition is say after this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition is say after this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition is say after this one
+to n the crystal repeat itself so n+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n the crystal repeat itself so n+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n the crystal repeat itself so n+ one
+come back to uh to one okay so what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to uh to one okay so what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to uh to one okay so what it
+say the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the wave
+function of n + 1 equals the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of n + 1 equals the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of n + 1 equals the wave
+function of of one first atom right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of one first atom right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of one first atom right and
+your real space is going from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your real space is going from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your real space is going from one to
+n and this is a called the from common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this is a called the from common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this is a called the from common
+periodical boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical boundary
+condition and what it has tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and what it has tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and what it has tell us
+is uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh when
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so what do we have here is say when x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have here is say when x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have here is say when x
+equals uh n so what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+forign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forign
+um X Plus n a right that's the say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X Plus n a right that's the say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X Plus n a right that's the say
+length of the crystal is equals cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the crystal is equals cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the crystal is equals cosine X
+here okay and with that I will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential ik K time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential ik K time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential ik K time n
+a should equal to one so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a should equal to one so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a should equal to one so this is what
+the uh from common periodic boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh from common periodic boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh from common periodic boundary
+condition gives me and it gives me a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition gives me and it gives me a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition gives me and it gives me a way
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals
+uh 2 pi n a that's the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 pi n a that's the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 pi n a that's the length of the
+Crystal and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and times
+uh small n and this n is plus - one + -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh small n and this n is plus - one + -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh small n and this n is plus - one + -
+2 and plus minus n you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+okay now uh what it means is this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh what it means is this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh what it means is this small
+k w Vector is not a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k w Vector is not a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k w Vector is not a continuous function
+it has if you look at this n when er n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has if you look at this n when er n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has if you look at this n when er n
+equals the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the length of the
+crystal right say n equals capital n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal right say n equals capital n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal right say n equals capital n and
+I have the uh uh K A K * a will repeat 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the uh uh K A K * a will repeat 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the uh uh K A K * a will repeat 2
+pi right K if you look at that small k k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi right K if you look at that small k k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi right K if you look at that small k k
+* a when N I say equals capital N small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a when N I say equals capital N small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* a when N I say equals capital N small
+n equal capital N that's 2 pi right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal capital N that's 2 pi right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal capital N that's 2 pi right so
+here what I have is this is zero this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I have is this is zero this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what I have is this is zero this is
+2 pi and between k a between Z 2 pi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi and between k a between Z 2 pi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi and between k a between Z 2 pi I
+have really end points so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really end points so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really end points so I will
+have the number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the number of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the number of points
+is n points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n points
+here and is the number of atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crystal okay uh I think the other way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal okay uh I think the other way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal okay uh I think the other way I
+want to say this the from common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say this the from common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say this the from common
+periodic boundary condition really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic boundary condition really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic boundary condition really
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+basically I have electrons that extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I have electrons that extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I have electrons that extend
+the wave function it extend between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function it extend between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function it extend between one
+and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N
+right I have a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have a wave
+function in the region of uh say uh 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the region of uh say uh 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the region of uh say uh 0 to
+L in because say this is my beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in because say this is my beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L in because say this is my beginning
+the to L is total length right so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to L is total length right so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to L is total length right so now I
+ask you if if you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you if if you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you if if you know a
+function whatever function between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whatever function between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whatever function between zero
+and L x0 to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L x0 to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L x0 to L
+right and you know you can do a foral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know you can do a foral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know you can do a foral
+series this a dis this is a final lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this a dis this is a final lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this a dis this is a final lens
+function right if you go recall your FAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right if you go recall your FAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right if you go recall your FAL
+uh series if you have function between Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh series if you have function between Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh series if you have function between Z
+to L you write into for series sum what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L you write into for series sum what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L you write into for series sum what
+is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+huh sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+right any function between Z to L you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any function between Z to L you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any function between Z to L you
+can decompose into the series of s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decompose into the series of s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decompose into the series of s and
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+functions okay so let's write that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so let's write that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so let's write that so I
+have in general any function I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in general any function I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in general any function I can
+always write a Z Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always write a Z Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always write a Z Plus
+Sigma uh n = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma uh n = 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma uh n = 1 to
+infinite right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right a
+n cosine 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cosine 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cosine 2
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+uh n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n /
+LX and plus BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and plus BN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX and plus BN
+sin 2 pi n l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin 2 pi n l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin 2 pi n l
+x right that's any function as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right that's any function as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right that's any function as long as
+say I I know this function between Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I know this function between Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I know this function between Z to
+l i can expand it in s and cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i can expand it in s and cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i can expand it in s and cosine
+series you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you
+agree so what does this tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so what does this tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so what does this tell
+me if I write s cosine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I write s cosine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I write s cosine in
+exponential is say uh let's say a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is say uh let's say a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is say uh let's say a n
+complex and uh exponential I 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and uh exponential I 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and uh exponential I 2
+pi uh n l X Plus BN complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi uh n l X Plus BN complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi uh n l X Plus BN complex and
+exponential Mass I 2 pi n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass I 2 pi n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential Mass I 2 pi n
+LX right I can rearrange and write into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX right I can rearrange and write into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX right I can rearrange and write into
+exponential once I write into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential once I write into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential once I write into
+exponential what does this mean is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential what does this mean is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential what does this mean is this
+is the stationary part of this ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stationary part of this ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stationary part of this ring
+equation right you remember there's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right you remember there's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right you remember there's time
+dependent exponential minus I Omega T if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent exponential minus I Omega T if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent exponential minus I Omega T if
+I put a minus Omega T into this multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a minus Omega T into this multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a minus Omega T into this multiply
+together this is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is a wave
+propagating to the positive X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to the positive X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to the positive X Direction
+this is way propagating to the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is way propagating to the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is way propagating to the negative
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+direction right so I'm decomposing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so I'm decomposing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so I'm decomposing this
+wave function into many modes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function into many modes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function into many modes right
+again the modes right 2 pi n l each n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the modes right 2 pi n l each n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the modes right 2 pi n l each n is
+one way one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way one one
+wavelength okay so I'm decomposing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay so I'm decomposing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay so I'm decomposing this
+into uh many modes and uh so what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh many modes and uh so what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh many modes and uh so what I have
+is uh every 2 pi I will have a Capt a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh every 2 pi I will have a Capt a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh every 2 pi I will have a Capt a
+total of Capal M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of Capal M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of Capal M
+Points okay and it's very important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points okay and it's very important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Points okay and it's very important uh
+to understand this counting so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this counting so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this counting so basically
+even though this function I'm drawing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this function I'm drawing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this function I'm drawing is
+continuous and I have many very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and I have many very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and I have many very close
+space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the
+points as wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as wave
+vectors and the total between Z to Pi uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the total between Z to Pi uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the total between Z to Pi uh
+say Ka 1 0 2 pi is Capal in point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States okay so uh this is the U uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so uh this is the U uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay so uh this is the U uh uh
+representation in terms of because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of because of
+periodic so now I have the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so now I have the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic so now I have the option
+because I don't want to draw all this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to draw all this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to draw all this so
+I can take 0 to 2 pi I can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but say even this is not the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but say even this is not the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but say even this is not the user
+way to draw uh the band structure and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to draw uh the band structure and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to draw uh the band structure and in
+fact say people don't like to draw 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact say people don't like to draw 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact say people don't like to draw 0 to
+Pi they like to draw 0 to Pi and the 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi they like to draw 0 to Pi and the 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi they like to draw 0 to Pi and the 0
+to negative pi any 2 pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative pi any 2 pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative pi any 2 pi is
+fine right so I can draw really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine right so I can draw really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine right so I can draw really uh
+between here and here and forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rest and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and that's
+one and even this from okay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and even this from okay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and even this from okay from
+negative pi to positive Pi there again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative pi to positive Pi there again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative pi to positive Pi there again
+there are end points right Z to Pi they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are end points right Z to Pi they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are end points right Z to Pi they
+end points negative pi to Pi they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points negative pi to Pi they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end points negative pi to Pi they're
+also end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point but say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but say it's a
+symmetric right the wave going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right the wave going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right the wave going forward
+positive X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X
+Direction Negative X Direction they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Negative X Direction they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction Negative X Direction they are
+symmetric right that's why my solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right that's why my solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right that's why my solution
+positive K negative K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive K negative K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive K negative K is
+symmetric so because of that I only draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so because of that I only draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so because of that I only draw
+a half so 0 to Pi so that's usually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half so 0 to Pi so that's usually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half so 0 to Pi so that's usually what
+you will say when people plot the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say when people plot the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say when people plot the band
+structure and this uh uh uh say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and this uh uh uh say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and this uh uh uh say what
+they what they say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they say is
+they don't plot k a they will plot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't plot k a they will plot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't plot k a they will plot here
+0 to Pi so it's pi/ a that's K wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to Pi so it's pi/ a that's K wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to Pi so it's pi/ a that's K wave
+vector and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and here is the
+energy and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+solution for whatever potential in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for whatever potential in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for whatever potential in this
+specific P this is the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific P this is the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific P this is the direction of the
+crystal right I see it's a 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal right I see it's a 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal right I see it's a 1D
+Crystal right in real crystal is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal right in real crystal is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal right in real crystal is every
+direction you look you can say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you look you can say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you look you can say okay I'm
+consider the picity in that specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the picity in that specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the picity in that specific
+Direction and that's my V Vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that's my V Vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that's my V Vector that's
+why now it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now it's a
+vector v Vector direction is along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector v Vector direction is along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector v Vector direction is along that
+specific direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific direction of the
+Crystal and then we will We we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and then we will We we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and then we will We we'll
+discuss in the next lecture more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in the next lecture more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in the next lecture more on the
+uh Crystal uh uh see uh geometri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Crystal uh uh see uh geometri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Crystal uh uh see uh geometri
+different geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different geometry of
+Crystal okay remember here because is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal okay remember here because is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal okay remember here because is a
+0 to Pi uh 0 to Pi only so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to Pi uh 0 to Pi only so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to Pi uh 0 to Pi only so there are
+really a half n right n / two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a half n right n / two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a half n right n / two points
+between Z to pi/ A because the another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z to pi/ A because the another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z to pi/ A because the another
+half is Bitten on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is Bitten on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is Bitten on the other
+side right negative side which I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right negative side which I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right negative side which I didn't
+draw okay so what does what's so special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw okay so what does what's so special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw okay so what does what's so special
+out of those those are the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of those those are the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of those those are the electron
+energy level and this is a so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level and this is a so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level and this is a so you have
+this say semicontinuous curve the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say semicontinuous curve the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say semicontinuous curve the curve
+itself you draw continuous but because K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you draw continuous but because K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself you draw continuous but because K
+is discontinuous this n is also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discontinuous this n is also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discontinuous this n is also really
+uh close space but discontinous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh close space but discontinous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh close space but discontinous
+point right what's the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right what's the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right what's the relation between
+what we talked of atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked of atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked of atomic
+orbital at the beginning and roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital at the beginning and roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital at the beginning and roughly
+this band is Nal one right if I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this band is Nal one right if I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this band is Nal one right if I think
+about the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hydrogen
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+-3.6 n² right this B is Nal 1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3.6 n² right this B is Nal 1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3.6 n² right this B is Nal 1 this is
+nals 2 now it's split into many small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nals 2 now it's split into many small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nals 2 now it's split into many small
+levels right and we see at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right and we see at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right and we see at the beginning
+when we discuss hydrogen if I have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discuss hydrogen if I have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discuss hydrogen if I have n
+atoms I have n energy levels now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms I have n energy levels now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms I have n energy levels now I have
+n points between negative pi/ a to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n points between negative pi/ a to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n points between negative pi/ a to plus
+pi/ a so I have n energy level in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ a so I have n energy level in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ a so I have n energy level in each
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+band okay so physically uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay so physically uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay so physically uh it's a
+different picture different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different picture different
+views but uh they are all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views but uh they are all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views but uh they are all the same
+thing now a few more uh discussion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now a few more uh discussion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now a few more uh discussion here
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+point and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and uh
+first we discuss this small k w vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is uh this in a crystal H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is uh this in a crystal H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is uh this in a crystal H bar
+K right remember uh the V particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right remember uh the V particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right remember uh the V particle
+duality is H or Lambda is Right H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality is H or Lambda is Right H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality is H or Lambda is Right H bar
+over K times K and this is called in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K times K and this is called in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K times K and this is called in
+Crystal is called the crystal momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and without going into detail we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without going into detail we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without going into detail we
+can this is the momentum when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is the momentum when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is the momentum when you think
+about doing the energy conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing the energy conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing the energy conservation
+momentum conservation right when two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation right when two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation right when two
+electrons scatter with each other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons scatter with each other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons scatter with each other they
+still have to obey energy conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to obey energy conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to obey energy conservation
+and they still have to obey the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they still have to obey the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they still have to obey the momentum
+conservation and you this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and you this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and you this is the
+momentum that uh uh uh uh will'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that uh uh uh uh will'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that uh uh uh uh will'll be
+using and in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and in uh
+3D K is a vector depends on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D K is a vector depends on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D K is a vector depends on different
+chst logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chst logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chst logical
+directions and uh uh also we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and uh uh also we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and uh uh also we said that
+before this say K and K + Pi / a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this say K and K + Pi / a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this say K and K + Pi / a are
+equivalent that's why we reduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent that's why we reduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent that's why we reduce this
+periodical representation into only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical representation into only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodical representation into only
+between negative pi a to Plus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between negative pi a to Plus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between negative pi a to Plus P
+away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and
+uh uh the uh what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the uh what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the uh what's really
+striking is the gap right from this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking is the gap right from this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking is the gap right from this we
+see there you see this region there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there you see this region there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there you see this region there's no
+energy there's no electron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's no electron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's no electron in the
+crystal can have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal can have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal can have this
+energy and here similarly there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and here similarly there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and here similarly there's no
+electron in a crystal can have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a crystal can have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a crystal can have this
+energy right so we have a energy gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and it turns out that say in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it turns out that say in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it turns out that say in real
+crystals we have many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals we have many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals we have many different
+directions so maybe in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so maybe in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so maybe in One
+Direction is this way maybe in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction is this way maybe in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction is this way maybe in another
+Direction the potential is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the potential is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the potential is different
+right the periodicity this is a pi/ A1 P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the periodicity this is a pi/ A1 P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the periodicity this is a pi/ A1 P
+this in that direction and maybe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in that direction and maybe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in that direction and maybe in the
+other direction is pi/ A2 so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction is pi/ A2 so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction is pi/ A2 so it's not a
+when I draw this I'm I'm drawing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I draw this I'm I'm drawing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I draw this I'm I'm drawing the
+other direction it's not the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction it's not the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction it's not the negative
+I'm just drawing the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just drawing the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just drawing the other direction
+okay and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it might
+be even having possibility of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even having possibility of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even having possibility of this
+way okay and by say in some material it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay and by say in some material it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay and by say in some material it
+turns out that there is a gap no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is a gap no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is a gap no matter
+what in consider all directions there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in consider all directions there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in consider all directions there's
+absolute region where there's no energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute region where there's no energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute region where there's no energy
+and this is the bank gap of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the bank gap of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the bank gap of the
+material okay so uh energy gap and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay so uh energy gap and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay so uh energy gap and the
+extension is 3D is a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension is 3D is a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension is 3D is a bank
+Gap okay now let's do a littleit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap okay now let's do a littleit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap okay now let's do a littleit
+counting and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and to
+say what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what does this
+mean so I take my hydrogen one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so I take my hydrogen one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so I take my hydrogen one
+dimensional hydrogen chain as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional hydrogen chain as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional hydrogen chain as
+example right I put the electron so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right I put the electron so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right I put the electron so if I
+have a hydrogen chain one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogen chain one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogen chain one dimensional
+hydrogen chain that's here right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen chain that's here right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen chain that's here right and I
+have not add spin now I have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not add spin now I have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not add spin now I have to add
+spin right spin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin right spin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin right spin is
+afterthought because my solution doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterthought because my solution doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterthought because my solution doesn't
+include it right so each energy level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it right so each energy level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it right so each energy level in
+fact is S Plus and plus uh minus right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is S Plus and plus uh minus right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is S Plus and plus uh minus right
+X2 minus 12 so there are two Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 minus 12 so there are two Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 minus 12 so there are two Quantum
+State now I put the electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now I put the electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now I put the electron electron
+always anything except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always anything except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always anything except the
+humans right like to go sit in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans right like to go sit in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans right like to go sit in the lower
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+state right and biological system may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and biological system may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and biological system may
+not uh say humans say so I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh say humans say so I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh say humans say so I put the
+electron they go to a lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron they go to a lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron they go to a lower energy
+state right and uh if it's hydrogen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and uh if it's hydrogen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and uh if it's hydrogen so
+there are an electron each hydrogen has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an electron each hydrogen has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an electron each hydrogen has
+one electron right between negative Pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron right between negative Pi /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron right between negative Pi /
+a to plus pi / a I have n points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to plus pi / a I have n points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to plus pi / a I have n points and
+that means I have 2 N because spin I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I have 2 N because spin I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I have 2 N because spin I
+have two n Quantum state so po exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two n Quantum state so po exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two n Quantum state so po exclusion
+say each Quantum state has maximum one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say each Quantum state has maximum one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say each Quantum state has maximum one
+electron and also the minimum energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and also the minimum energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and also the minimum energy
+principle thermodynamics say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle thermodynamics say right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle thermodynamics say right
+haven't bring in the temperature the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't bring in the temperature the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't bring in the temperature the S
+Dynamics say the electron goes to lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics say the electron goes to lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics say the electron goes to lowest
+energy first so what happens is okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy first so what happens is okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy first so what happens is okay now
+I have electron go here go here go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have electron go here go here go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have electron go here go here go here
+and fill in here right because it's half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fill in here right because it's half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fill in here right because it's half
+I have two n State I have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two n State I have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two n State I have n
+electrons right so where electron fa to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right so where electron fa to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right so where electron fa to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+top I I say is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I I say is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I I say is this
+point is the firmy surface firy energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the firmy surface firy energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the firmy surface firy energy
+firy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firy
+level okay so we have firmy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF
+okay and now in this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now in this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now in this simple
+picture electron fa to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture electron fa to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture electron fa to the
+half and now if the temperature is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and now if the temperature is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and now if the temperature is not
+zero electron get a KT energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero electron get a KT energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero electron get a KT energy right
+electron and the KT energy those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the KT energy those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the KT energy those
+electron may be will way below KT they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron may be will way below KT they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron may be will way below KT they
+mod those electron near the spering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod those electron near the spering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod those electron near the spering
+surface they have energy KT and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface they have energy KT and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface they have energy KT and the
+energy separation between this discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy separation between this discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy separation between this discrete
+small levels are small enough so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small levels are small enough so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small levels are small enough so the
+thermal energy can make them move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy can make them move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy can make them move to
+other states right so electron can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other states right so electron can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other states right so electron can
+move in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the
+band so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so those are
+metals right in metal the formul L will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals right in metal the formul L will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals right in metal the formul L will
+force into to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force into to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force into to the
+bands and the metal not every electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and the metal not every electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and the metal not every electron
+will be contributing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conduction huh fir level is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction huh fir level is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction huh fir level is just a
+concept that will say if I F in where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that will say if I F in where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that will say if I F in where is
+topmost you feel in level in the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topmost you feel in level in the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topmost you feel in level in the bucket
+where is that surface there that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that surface there that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that surface there that's where
+they uh uh see those so electron only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh uh see those so electron only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh uh see those so electron only
+electron near the firming level have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron near the firming level have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron near the firming level have a
+KT energy that they can move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT energy that they can move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT energy that they can move around
+electron way below the fir level right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron way below the fir level right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron way below the fir level right
+KT the other states is a field the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT the other states is a field the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT the other states is a field the poly
+Exclusion Principle say no way I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle say no way I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle say no way I don't
+allow you there so the electrons in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you there so the electrons in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you there so the electrons in this
+region they don't contribute so even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region they don't contribute so even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region they don't contribute so even in
+metal you say you're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you say you're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you say you're going to take a
+copper take a lce constant you say per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper take a lce constant you say per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper take a lce constant you say per
+unit volume how many electron but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume how many electron but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit volume how many electron but not
+all those electrons will move will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those electrons will move will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those electrons will move will
+contribute to conduction only the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to conduction only the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to conduction only the ones
+near to the fir surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to
+be no no no I say I take the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no no no I say I take the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no no no I say I take the hydrogen
+example now I'm going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now I'm going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now I'm going to take a
+heum okay now what happens if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heum okay now what happens if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heum okay now what happens if I do
+heum where is it so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heum where is it so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heum where is it so this is going to be
+here canum has two electrons right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here canum has two electrons right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here canum has two electrons right so I
+have two n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two n
+States I will fill to this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I will fill to this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I will fill to this region
+here right what happen and that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right what happen and that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right what happen and that depends
+on the Gap here now KT is 26 M electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Gap here now KT is 26 M electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Gap here now KT is 26 M electron
+volts right 26 M electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts right 26 M electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts right 26 M electron
+volts and if the Gap is a few electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and if the Gap is a few electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts and if the Gap is a few electron
+volts five electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts five electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts five electron
+volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts
+right so they are all filled and the KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they are all filled and the KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they are all filled and the KT
+cannot lift the electron to Here There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot lift the electron to Here There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot lift the electron to Here There
+is a real forbidden region your electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real forbidden region your electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real forbidden region your electron
+cannot have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have that
+energy so now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so now you have a
+gap and this is the uh uh say uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and this is the uh uh say uh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and this is the uh uh say uh in that
+case if the Gap is really large let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the Gap is really large let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the Gap is really large let's
+say five electron volts it's a insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five electron volts it's a insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five electron volts it's a insulator
+it's a dialectric it's a insulator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dialectric it's a insulator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dialectric it's a insulator you
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+glass right the glass is insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass right the glass is insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass right the glass is insulator
+because there is a very large gap energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a very large gap energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a very large gap energy
+gap so photons visible photon is a 05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap so photons visible photon is a 05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap so photons visible photon is a 05
+.5 uh Micron right one elron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 uh Micron right one elron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 uh Micron right one elron is
+1.24 I can't remember which is which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.24 I can't remember which is which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.24 I can't remember which is which one
+electron is 1.24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is 1.24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is 1.24
+Micron or the half well is5 Micron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron or the half well is5 Micron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron or the half well is5 Micron is
+about two some electrons electron WS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two some electrons electron WS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two some electrons electron WS
+okay okay two electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay two electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay two electron
+volts the Gap is much larger so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts the Gap is much larger so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts the Gap is much larger so the
+light will transmit through the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will transmit through the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will transmit through the window
+they can't lock the electron from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't lock the electron from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't lock the electron from here
+to here they don't have enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here they don't have enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here they don't have enough energy
+yes for semiconductors where the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for semiconductors where the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for semiconductors where the levels
+in theid okay the midap okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theid okay the midap okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theid okay the midap okay that's a
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+jumping good good question I'm not so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping good good question I'm not so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping good good question I'm not so I
+I have to go to more talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go to more talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go to more talking about
+semiconductor right so semiconductor Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor right so semiconductor Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor right so semiconductor Gap
+is typically about one to two electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically about one to two electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically about one to two electron
+volts okay and and in that case there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts okay and and in that case there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts okay and and in that case there
+are some of the thermal energy even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the thermal energy even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the thermal energy even
+though it's 26 Mill electrons volts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's 26 Mill electrons volts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's 26 Mill electrons volts I
+have not talked about the BS I I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not talked about the BS I I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not talked about the BS I I mention
+BSB Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BSB Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BSB Factor
+right so there is a distribution of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is a distribution of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is a distribution of that
+energy thermal energy some electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thermal energy some electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy thermal energy some electrons
+have enough thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough thermal
+energy very few they can jump right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy very few they can jump right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy very few they can jump right if
+they have enough energy therm they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have enough energy therm they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have enough energy therm they can
+be locked from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be locked from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be locked from here to
+here so what happens okay I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what happens okay I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what happens okay I'm talking
+about that's a 1D example right here 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's a 1D example right here 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's a 1D example right here 3D
+is the same I have a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same I have a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same I have a gap
+right so some electron can be locked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some electron can be locked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some electron can be locked
+from here to here because if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here because if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here because if they have
+those electron have enough high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electron have enough high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electron have enough high energy
+compared to the Gap so what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the Gap so what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the Gap so what's going to
+leave behind if I have okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave behind if I have okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave behind if I have okay
+uh one more step one two helium right go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one more step one two helium right go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one more step one two helium right go
+to the electr one lithium three electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electr one lithium three electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electr one lithium three electron
+it has to go to the here right the leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go to the here right the leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go to the here right the leg
+band and so the firm level don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and so the firm level don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and so the firm level don't have to
+be lowest to what it's just you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lowest to what it's just you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lowest to what it's just you have to
+feel you look at the periodic table you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you look at the periodic table you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you look at the periodic table you
+feel to the topmost there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel to the topmost there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel to the topmost there are many
+bands okay and uh uh so when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands okay and uh uh so when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands okay and uh uh so when we have
+the uh let's say the I I'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh let's say the I I'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh let's say the I I'll take the
+simple one and turns out sometimes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one and turns out sometimes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one and turns out sometimes this
+is lowest this highest depends on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lowest this highest depends on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lowest this highest depends on this
+is a k this is the where I draw K I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a k this is the where I draw K I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a k this is the where I draw K I'm
+I'm drawing a small region I can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing a small region I can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm drawing a small region I can be
+drawing here or I can be drawing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here or I can be drawing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here or I can be drawing here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh now this is my bank Gap this is eg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh now this is my bank Gap this is eg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh now this is my bank Gap this is eg
+silicon EG what is silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon EG what is silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon EG what is silicon
+EG 1.1 1.12 electron volts what's the g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EG 1.1 1.12 electron volts what's the g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EG 1.1 1.12 electron volts what's the g
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like6
+1.4 okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 okay so uh
+uh now uh the I have some thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now uh the I have some thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now uh the I have some thermal energy
+so what it happens is some electron mer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it happens is some electron mer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it happens is some electron mer
+field normally will be locked from lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field normally will be locked from lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field normally will be locked from lower
+energy to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to higher
+energy right so what Left Behind is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so what Left Behind is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so what Left Behind is some
+empty States so now I have some empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and I have some field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and I have some field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and I have some field
+States this is a conduction band this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this is a conduction band this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this is a conduction band this is
+viance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viance
+band okay conduction band Valance band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay conduction band Valance band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay conduction band Valance band
+Valance band has some some lty states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valance band has some some lty states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valance band has some some lty states
+and electrons now suddenly in this band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons now suddenly in this band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrons now suddenly in this band
+again because energy is so close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because energy is so close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because energy is so close to each
+other those electron can move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other those electron can move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other those electron can move around
+right and this electrons F to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this electrons F to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this electrons F to the top
+now originally if at zero temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now originally if at zero temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now originally if at zero temperature
+they feel here they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel here they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel here they can't
+move right but now at the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right but now at the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move right but now at the some
+temperature room temperature there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature room temperature there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature room temperature there's
+some empty States left behind so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some empty States left behind so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some empty States left behind so this
+electrons now they can move around those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now they can move around those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now they can move around those
+empty States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty States
+most of this electron here sitting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this electron here sitting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this electron here sitting here
+they don't move right so it's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't move right so it's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't move right so it's a one
+stone two birds electron move from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone two birds electron move from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone two birds electron move from here
+to here electron can move here the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here electron can move here the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here electron can move here the empty
+States also make the rest electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States also make the rest electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States also make the rest electron
+happier when your lab is too crowded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier when your lab is too crowded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier when your lab is too crowded
+that's a situation right the guys move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a situation right the guys move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a situation right the guys move
+into bigger room happy and the guys left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bigger room happy and the guys left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bigger room happy and the guys left
+behind also happy that's what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind also happy that's what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind also happy that's what happens to
+our la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our la
+and uh so those empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so those empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so those empty
+States it's better than rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it's better than rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States it's better than rather than
+majority of the electron mve to amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the electron mve to amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the electron mve to amp
+States the opposite is those holes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the opposite is those holes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the opposite is those holes so
+it's a positive charge so so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive charge so so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive charge so so there's no
+hole okay it's just a charge it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole okay it's just a charge it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole okay it's just a charge it's easier
+to describe this empty States as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe this empty States as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe this empty States as a
+holes and this is the electron so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and this is the electron so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and this is the electron so we
+have valence band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah conduction
+band conduction band and Valance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+band and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valance so you can say that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valance so you can say that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valance so you can say that you have to
+really go to Quantum to understand even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go to Quantum to understand even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go to Quantum to understand even
+the basic why there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic why there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic why there is
+insulator why there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator why there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator why there is a
+uh conductor where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conductor where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conductor where there's a
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+okay and uh now uh I thought I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh now uh I thought I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh now uh I thought I'm
+debating whether I should the SL they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating whether I should the SL they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating whether I should the SL they uh
+go to do a day uh weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to do a day uh weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to do a day uh weekly
+exercise going to the website or going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise going to the website or going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise going to the website or going
+to continue but let me just because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue but let me just because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue but let me just because I
+think I need to finish this so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I need to finish this so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I need to finish this so I'm going
+to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip
+that this is is intrinsic semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is is intrinsic semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is is intrinsic semiconductor
+there's always equal number of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always equal number of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always equal number of electron
+holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes
+right because the one electron go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the one electron go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the one electron go up
+leave behind the hole empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave behind the hole empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave behind the hole empty
+State now most of the time you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now most of the time you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now most of the time you don't
+work with just intrinsic you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with just intrinsic you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with just intrinsic you actually
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+dopen right so what you do you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopen right so what you do you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopen right so what you do you put in
+Silicon right if you look at silicon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon right if you look at silicon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon right if you look at silicon is
+has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four
+electrons you put a phosphor so silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you put a phosphor so silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons you put a phosphor so silicon
+say periodic structure right four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say periodic structure right four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say periodic structure right four
+electron they all happy now rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron they all happy now rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron they all happy now rather than
+silicon you put the phosphor here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon you put the phosphor here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon you put the phosphor here here
+it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+five right the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five right the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five right the extra
+electron can detach from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can detach from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can detach from
+phosphor and and become commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor and and become commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor and and become commonly
+shared and so basically the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared and so basically the energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared and so basically the energy level
+of the phosphor is somewhere here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phosphor is somewhere here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phosphor is somewhere here the
+thermal energy is so high is lot enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy is so high is lot enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy is so high is lot enough
+to lift this electron from phosphor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lift this electron from phosphor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lift this electron from phosphor to
+the com B so in that case you put you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the com B so in that case you put you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the com B so in that case you put you
+dope it that's called doping right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope it that's called doping right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope it that's called doping right you
+artifici sure you put the dopen you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifici sure you put the dopen you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifici sure you put the dopen you put
+the phosphor that's n type you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphor that's n type you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphor that's n type you put a
+boron which has three electron what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron which has three electron what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron which has three electron what that
+does so it turns out Boron energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so it turns out Boron energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so it turns out Boron energy level
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+here and then say the electron is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then say the electron is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then say the electron is so
+happy to see a close energy level uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see a close energy level uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to see a close energy level uh say
+once so so so you will four here you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so so so you will four here you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so so so you will four here you say
+KT right so live behind empty state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT right so live behind empty state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT right so live behind empty state so
+you have holes so you dope you B on dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have holes so you dope you B on dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have holes so you dope you B on dope
+you get a say host right P type you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a say host right P type you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a say host right P type you do
+phospher you get n type right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospher you get n type right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospher you get n type right so that's
+the uh uh semiconductor uh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh semiconductor uh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh semiconductor uh that's a
+extrinsic so we have the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic so we have the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic so we have the difference
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extrinsic that's doping and intrinsic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic that's doping and intrinsic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic that's doping and intrinsic is
+a when you don't dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when you don't dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when you don't dope
+it right and intrinsic uh in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and intrinsic uh in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and intrinsic uh in fact
+sometimes it's hard to make when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's hard to make when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's hard to make when you
+purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify
+silicon uh you can't make that pure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh you can't make that pure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh you can't make that pure and
+uh G maside could have semi insulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh G maside could have semi insulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh G maside could have semi insulating
+substrate when you buy it that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate when you buy it that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate when you buy it that's because
+gum Bank Gap is 1.4 is higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gum Bank Gap is 1.4 is higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gum Bank Gap is 1.4 is higher than
+1.1 and uh uh uh so the it's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 and uh uh uh so the it's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 and uh uh uh so the it's there's
+very few electrons uh intrinsically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few electrons uh intrinsically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few electrons uh intrinsically if
+you try to purify even though you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to purify even though you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to purify even though you still
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+perties okay there's another big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perties okay there's another big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perties okay there's another big
+difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here
+when they when I when I have I draw here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when I when I have I draw here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when I when I have I draw here
+between here and here right if the Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here right if the Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here right if the Gap
+is happen in different direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happen in different direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happen in different direction right
+you have to look at different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to look at different direction
+I'm going to talk more of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk more of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk more of this
+directionality if this is not at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality if this is not at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality if this is not at the
+same point this is a momentum K momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point this is a momentum K momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point this is a momentum K momentum
+here electron whole momentum electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here electron whole momentum electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here electron whole momentum electron is
+here it goes there you need a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it goes there you need a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it goes there you need a different
+momentum right there's a change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right there's a change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right there's a change so
+that's a indirect semiconductor synic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a indirect semiconductor synic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a indirect semiconductor synic is
+indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect
+semiconductor and uh uh lot of cases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and uh uh lot of cases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and uh uh lot of cases it
+turns out also the minimum and maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out also the minimum and maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out also the minimum and maximum
+is the same place that's a direct Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same place that's a direct Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same place that's a direct Gap
+semiconductor gum aiz is direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor gum aiz is direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor gum aiz is direct
+Gap so you say it turns out the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap so you say it turns out the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap so you say it turns out the light
+doesn't have much momentum if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have much momentum if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have much momentum if you think
+about them H say h over Lambda Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them H say h over Lambda Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them H say h over Lambda Lambda
+for light is half Micron for Crystal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light is half Micron for Crystal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light is half Micron for Crystal a
+is lce constant is unstr strong right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lce constant is unstr strong right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lce constant is unstr strong right
+so Photon momentum is very small so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Photon momentum is very small so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Photon momentum is very small so but
+see when it's a direct Gap it can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when it's a direct Gap it can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when it's a direct Gap it can easily
+exide because momentum conservation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exide because momentum conservation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exide because momentum conservation is
+easier because vertical transition no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier because vertical transition no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier because vertical transition no
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+needed but in Silicon that's not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but in Silicon that's not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but in Silicon that's not easy
+because it's going from here to here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going from here to here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going from here to here it
+needs that momentum so it's a indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs that momentum so it's a indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs that momentum so it's a indirect
+semiconductor and that's why the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and that's why the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and that's why the light
+source ners or made of gum asite but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source ners or made of gum asite but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source ners or made of gum asite but say
+always people want say can I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always people want say can I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always people want say can I make a
+light source with silicon because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source with silicon because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source with silicon because
+silicon is so good for electronics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is so good for electronics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is so good for electronics it's
+not good for Optics right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good for Optics right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good for Optics right and that's
+also reason why silicon doesn't absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reason why silicon doesn't absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reason why silicon doesn't absorb
+well so when you make a solar cell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so when you make a solar cell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so when you make a solar cell you
+have to make it very thick because say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make it very thick because say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make it very thick because say
+the chance of light when it gets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of light when it gets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of light when it gets into
+the crystal get absorbed is not good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal get absorbed is not good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal get absorbed is not good so
+you make it thicker to increase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chance okay yes how do you decide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance okay yes how do you decide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance okay yes how do you decide which
+one I mean for H for example where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh hydrogen this is my simple one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh hydrogen this is my simple one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh hydrogen this is my simple one
+picture this is a this is here so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is a this is here so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is a this is here so it's a
+metal I don't even call it the valance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal I don't even call it the valance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal I don't even call it the valance
+conduction it's a metal right this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction it's a metal right this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction it's a metal right this is my
+conduction Bond right and helium here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction Bond right and helium here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction Bond right and helium here
+right then then if if I electron go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then then if if I electron go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then then if if I electron go from
+here then this will balance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conduction uh highest occupi yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction uh highest occupi yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction uh highest occupi yeah in
+fact when you do molecule this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when you do molecule this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when you do molecule this is called
+highest occupied molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest occupied molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest occupied molecular
+orbital so when you do so say plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so when you do so say plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so when you do so say plastic
+solar cells there people talk about humo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells there people talk about humo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells there people talk about humo
+and lumo because the wave functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lumo because the wave functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lumo because the wave functions the
+the wave Vector is the the energy is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave Vector is the the energy is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave Vector is the the energy is no
+longer discontinuous it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer discontinuous it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer discontinuous it's sort of
+discrete then your language actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete then your language actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete then your language actually was
+official humu and lumu highest occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official humu and lumu highest occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official humu and lumu highest occupied
+highest unoccupied Lo on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest unoccupied Lo on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest unoccupied Lo on
+alad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alad
+okay I'll make up for this uh slide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll make up for this uh slide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll make up for this uh slide uh
+say looking at journals next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Na4R11fWVJg.txt b/Na4R11fWVJg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac4569e1d7b70c19434465d7fcc6ce263910bf05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Na4R11fWVJg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+Today, we're going to do a fun
+problem called rooks on a
+
+chessboard.
+
+And rooks on a chessboard is a
+problem that's going to test
+
+your ability on counting.
+
+So hopefully by now in class,
+you've learned a few tricks to
+
+approach counting problems.
+
+You've learned about
+permutations, you've learned
+
+about k-permutations, you've
+learned about combinations,
+
+and you've learned
+about partitions.
+
+And historically for students
+that we've taught in the past
+
+and many people, counting
+can be a tricky topic.
+
+So this is just one drill
+problem to help you get those
+
+skills under your belt.
+
+So what does the rooks on a
+chessboard problem ask you?
+
+Well, you're given an 8-by-8
+chessboard, which I've tried
+
+to draw here.
+
+It's not very symmetrical.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+And you're told that you
+have eight rooks.
+
+I'm sure most of you guys
+are familiar with chess.
+
+But if any of you aren't,
+chess is a
+
+sophisticated board game.
+
+And one of the types of pieces
+you have in this game is
+
+called a rook.
+
+And in this particular problem,
+
+there are eight rooks.
+
+And your job is to place all
+eight rooks onto this 8-by-8
+
+chessboard.
+
+Now, you're told in the problem
+statement that all
+
+placements of rooks are
+equally likely.
+
+And you are tasked with finding
+the probability that
+
+you get a safe arrangement.
+
+So that is to say, you place
+your eight rooks on the board.
+
+What is the probability
+that the way you
+
+placed them is safe?
+
+So what do I mean by "safe"?
+
+Well, if you're familiar with
+the way chess works, so if you
+
+place a rook here, it can move
+vertically or it can move
+
+horizontally.
+
+Those are the only two
+legal positions.
+
+So if you place a rook here
+and you have another piece
+
+here, then this is not a safe
+arrangement, because the rook
+
+can move this way
+and kill you.
+
+Similarly, if you have a rook
+here and another piece here,
+
+the rook can move horizontally
+and kill you that way.
+
+So two rooks on this board are
+only safe from each other if
+
+they are neither in the same
+column nor in the same row.
+
+And that's going to be key for
+us to solve this problem.
+
+So let's see-- where
+did my marker go?
+
+I've been talking a lot,
+and I haven't really
+
+been writing anything.
+
+So our job is again, to find the
+probability that you get a
+
+safe arrangement.
+
+So I'm just going to do
+"arrange" for short.
+
+Now, I talked about this
+previously, and you guys have
+
+heard it in lecture.
+
+Hopefully you remember something
+called the discrete
+
+uniform law.
+
+So the discrete uniform law is
+applicable when your sample
+
+space is discrete and all
+outcomes are equally likely.
+
+So let's do a quick
+check here.
+
+What is our sample space
+for this problem?
+
+Well, a logical choice would
+be that the set of all
+
+possible outcomes is the set
+of all possible spatial
+
+arrangements of rooks.
+
+And hopefully it's clear to
+you that that is discrete.
+
+And the problem statement
+furthermore gives us that
+
+they're equally likely.
+
+So the discrete uniform
+law is in fact
+
+applicable in our setting.
+
+So I'm going to go ahead and
+write what this means.
+
+So when your sample space is
+discrete and all outcomes are
+
+equally likely, then you can
+compute the probability of any
+
+event, A, simply by counting
+the number of outcomes in A
+
+and then dividing it by the
+total number of outcomes in
+
+your sample space.
+
+So here we just have to find
+the number of total safe
+
+arrangements and then divide
+it by the total number of
+
+arrangements.
+
+ 
+
+So again, as you've seen in
+other problems, the discrete
+
+uniform law is really nice,
+because you reduce the problem
+
+of computing probabilities to
+the problem of counting.
+
+And so here's where we're
+going to exercise those
+
+counting skills, as I
+promised earlier.
+
+Now, I would like to start
+with computing the
+
+denominator, or the total
+number of arrangements,
+
+because I think it's a slightly
+easier computation.
+
+So we don't care about the
+arrangements being safe.
+
+We just care about
+how many possible
+
+arrangements are there.
+
+Now, again, we have eight rooks,
+and we need to place
+
+all of them.
+
+And we have this 8-by-8 board.
+
+So pretty quickly, you guys
+could probably tell me that
+
+the total number of square
+is 64, because this is
+
+just 8 times 8.
+
+Now, I like to approach
+problems sequentially.
+
+That sort of really helps me
+think clearly about them.
+
+So I want you to imagine a
+sequential process during
+
+which we place each rook
+one at a time.
+
+So pick a rook.
+
+The chessboard is
+currently empty.
+
+So how many squares can you
+place that rook in?
+
+Well, nobody's on the board.
+
+You can place it in 64 spots.
+
+So for the first rook that you
+pick, there are 64 spots.
+
+ 
+
+Now, once you place this rook,
+you need to place the second
+
+rook, because again, we're
+not done until
+
+all eight are placed.
+
+So how many possible
+spots are left.
+
+Well, I claim that there are 63,
+because one rule of chess
+
+is that if you put a piece in
+a particular square, you can
+
+no longer put anything
+else on that square.
+
+You can't put two
+or more things.
+
+So the first rook is occupying
+one spot, so there's only 63
+
+spots left.
+
+So the second rook has 63 spots
+that it could go in.
+
+Similarly, the third
+rook has 62 spots.
+
+Hopefully you see the pattern.
+
+You can continue this down.
+
+And remember, we have to
+place all eight rooks.
+
+So you could do it out
+yourself or just
+
+do the simple math.
+
+You'll figure out that the
+eighth rook only has 57 spots
+
+that it could be in.
+
+ 
+
+So this is a good start.
+
+We've sort of figured out if
+we sequentially place each
+
+rook, how many options
+do we have.
+
+But we haven't combined these
+numbers in any useful way yet.
+
+We haven't counted the number
+of total arrangements.
+
+ 
+
+And this may already be obvious
+to some, but it wasn't
+
+obvious to me when I was first
+learning this material, so I
+
+want to go through
+this slowly.
+
+You have probably heard in
+lecture by now about the
+
+counting principle.
+
+And what the counting principle
+tells you is that
+
+whenever you have a process that
+is done in stages and in
+
+each stage, you have a
+particular number of choices,
+
+to get the total number of
+choices available at the end
+
+of the process, you simply
+multiply the number of choices
+
+at each stage.
+
+ 
+
+This might be clear to you,
+again, simply from the
+
+statement, for some of you.
+
+But for others, it might
+still not be clear.
+
+So let's just take
+a simple example.
+
+Forget about the rook problem
+for a second.
+
+Let's say you're at
+a deli, and you
+
+want to make a sandwich.
+
+And to make a sandwich, you need
+a choice of bread and you
+
+need a choice of meat.
+
+So we have a sandwich-building
+process,
+
+and there's two stages.
+
+First, you have to pick the
+bread, and then you have to
+
+pick the meat.
+
+So let's say for the choice
+of bread, you can
+
+choose wheat or rye.
+
+So again, you can always use
+a little decision tree--
+
+wheat or rye.
+
+And then let's say that
+for the meats,
+
+you have three options.
+
+You have ham, turkey,
+and salami.
+
+So you can have ham,
+turkey, or salami--
+
+ham, turkey, or salami.
+
+How many total possible
+sandwiches can you make?
+
+Well, six.
+
+And I got to that
+by 2 times 3.
+
+And hopefully this makes sense
+for you, because there's two
+
+options in the first stage.
+
+Freeze an option.
+
+Given this choice, there's
+three options
+
+at the second stage.
+
+But you have to also realize
+that for every other option
+
+you have at the first stage, you
+have to add an additional
+
+three options for the
+second stage.
+
+And this is the definition
+of multiplication.
+
+If you add three two times,
+you know that's 3 times 2.
+
+So if you extrapolate this
+example to a larger, more
+
+general picture, you will have
+derived for yourself the
+
+counting principle.
+
+And we're going to use the
+counting principle here to
+
+determine what the total number
+of arrangements are.
+
+So we have a sequential process,
+because we're placing
+
+the first rook and then the
+second rook, et cetera.
+
+So at the first stage,
+we have 64 choices.
+
+At the second stage,
+we have 63 choices.
+
+At the third stage, we have
+62 choices, et cetera.
+
+And so I'm just multiplying
+these numbers together,
+
+because the counting principle
+says I can do this.
+
+So my claim is that this product
+is equal to the total
+
+number of arrangements.
+
+And we could stop here, but I'm
+going to actually write
+
+this in a more useful way.
+
+You guys should have
+been introduced to
+
+the factorial function.
+
+So you can express this
+equivalently as 64 factorial
+
+divided by 56 factorial.
+
+And this is not necessary for
+your problem solution, but
+
+sometimes it's helpful to
+express these types of
+
+products in factorials,
+because you can see
+
+cancellations more easily.
+
+So if it's OK with everybody,
+I'm going to erase this work
+
+to give myself more room.
+
+So we'll just put our answer for
+the denominator up here,
+
+and then we're going to get
+started on the numerator.
+
+So for the numerator, thanks to
+the discrete uniform law,
+
+we only need to count the number
+of safe arrangements.
+
+But this is a little bit more
+tricky, because now, we have
+
+to apply our definition
+of what "safe" means.
+
+But we're going to use the same
+higher-level strategy,
+
+which is realizing that we can
+place rooks sequentially.
+
+So we can think of it as
+a sequential process.
+
+And then if we figure out how
+many choices you have in each
+
+stage that sort of maintain the
+"safeness" of the setup,
+
+then you can use the counting
+principle to multiply all
+
+those numbers together
+and get your answer.
+
+So we have to place
+eight rooks.
+
+Starting the same way we did
+last time, how many spots are
+
+there for the first rook
+that are safe?
+
+Nobody is on the board yet, so
+nobody can harm the first rook
+
+we put down.
+
+So I claim that it's just
+our total of 64.
+
+Now, let's see what happens.
+
+Let's pick a random
+square in here.
+
+Let's say we put our
+first rook here.
+
+Now, I claim a bunch of spots
+get invalidated because of the
+
+rules of chess.
+
+So before, I told you a rook can
+kill anything in the same
+
+column or in the same row.
+
+So you can't put a rook here,
+because they'll kill each
+
+other, and you can't
+put a rook here.
+
+So by extension, you can see
+that everything in the column
+
+and the row that I'm
+highlighting in blue, it's no
+
+longer an option.
+
+You can't place a
+rook in there.
+
+Otherwise, we will
+have violated
+
+our "safety" principle.
+
+So where can our
+second rook go?
+
+Well, our second rook can go in
+any of the blank spots, any
+
+of the spots that are not
+highlighted by blue.
+
+And let's stare at this
+a little bit.
+
+ 
+
+Imagine that you were to take
+scissors to your chessboard
+
+and cut along this line
+and this line and this
+
+line and this line.
+
+So you essentially sawed off
+this cross that we created.
+
+Then you would have four
+free-floating chessboard
+
+pieces-- this one, this one,
+this one, and this one.
+
+So this is a 3-by-4 piece,
+this is 3-by-3, this is
+
+4-by-3, and this is 4-by-4.
+
+Well, because you cut this part
+out, you can now slide
+
+those pieces back together.
+
+And hopefully you can convince
+yourself that that would leave
+
+you with a 7-by-7 chessboard.
+
+And you can see that the
+dimensions match up here.
+
+So essentially, the second rook
+can be placed anywhere in
+
+the remaining 7-by-7
+chessboard.
+
+And of course, there are 49
+spots in a 7-by-7 chessboard.
+
+So you get 49.
+
+So let's do this experiment
+again.
+
+Let me rewrite the reduced
+7-by-7 chessboard.
+
+You're going to have to forgive
+me if the lines are
+
+not perfect--
+
+one, two, three, four, five,
+six, seven; one, two, three,
+
+four, five, six, seven.
+
+Yep, I did that right.
+
+And then we have one, two,
+three, four, five, six, seven.
+
+That's not too bad for
+my first attempt.
+
+So again, how did I get this
+chessboard from this one?
+
+Well, I took scissors and I cut
+off of the blue strips,
+
+and then I just merged the
+remaining four pieces.
+
+So now, I'm placing
+my second rook.
+
+So I know that I can place my
+second rook in any of these
+
+squares, and it'll be
+safe from this rook.
+
+Of course, in reality, you
+wouldn't really cut up your
+
+chessboard.
+
+I'm just using this as a visual
+aid to help you guys
+
+see why there are 49 spots.
+
+Another way you could see 49
+spots is literally just by
+
+counting all the white squares,
+but I think it takes
+
+time to count 49 squares.
+
+And this is a faster
+way of seeing it.
+
+So you can put your second
+rook anywhere here.
+
+Let's actually put in the
+corner, because the corner is
+
+a nice case.
+
+If you put your rook in the
+corner, immediately, all the
+
+spots in here and all the spots
+in here become invalid
+
+for the third rook, because
+otherwise, the rooks can hurt
+
+each other.
+
+So again, you'll see that if you
+take scissors and cut off
+
+the blue part, you will have
+reduced the dimension of the
+
+chessboard again.
+
+And you can see pretty quickly
+that what you're left with is
+
+a 6-by-6 chessboard.
+
+So for the third rook, you get a
+6-by-6 chessboard, which has
+
+36 free spots.
+
+And I'm not going to insult
+your intelligence.
+
+You guys can see the pattern--
+
+64, 49, 36.
+
+These are just perfect
+squares decreasing.
+
+So you know that the fourth
+rook will have 25 spots.
+
+I'm going to come over here
+because I'm out of room.
+
+The fifth rook will
+have 16 spots.
+
+The sixth rook will
+have nine spots.
+
+The seventh rook will
+have four spots.
+
+And the eighth rook will
+just have one spot.
+
+And now, here we're going
+to invoke the
+
+counting principle again.
+
+Remember the thing that I just
+defined to you by talking
+
+about sandwiches.
+
+And we'll see that to get
+the total number of safe
+
+arrangements, we can
+just multiply
+
+these numbers together.
+
+So I'm going to go ahead
+and put that up here.
+
+You get 64 times 49 times
+36 times 25 times 16
+
+times 9 times 4.
+
+And in fact, this
+is our answer.
+
+So we're all done.
+
+So I really like this problem,
+because we don't normally ask
+
+you to think about different
+spatial arrangements.
+
+So it's a nice exercise, because
+it lets you practice
+
+your counting skills in a
+new and creative way.
+
+And in particular, the thing
+that we've been using for a
+
+while now is the discrete
+uniform law.
+
+But now, I also introduced
+the counting principle.
+
+And we used the counting
+principle twice--
+
+once to compute the numerator
+and once to compute the
+
+denominator.
+
+Counting can take a long time
+for you to absorb it.
+
+So if you still don't totally
+buy the counting
+
+principle, that's OK.
+
+I just recommend you do some
+more examples and try to
+
+convince yourself that it's
+really counting the right
+
+number of things.
+
+So counting principle is
+the second takeaway.
+
+And then the other thing that
+is just worth mentioning is,
+
+you guys should get really
+comfortable with these
+
+factorials, because they will
+just show up again and again.
+
+So that's the end of the
+problem, and I'll
+
+see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NuGDkmwEObM.txt b/NuGDkmwEObM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..881537eba114c896167d2022d19c9eec0c4e4dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NuGDkmwEObM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3422 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now
+generally speaking,
+
+a proof is going to have
+seven characteristics
+
+that you want to keep in mind.
+
+Good proofs are correct--
+that's obviously important--
+
+complete-- you've got to
+have all the details there.
+
+All of the key steps
+have to be there.
+
+They should be clear so we can
+understand what's going on.
+
+Brief is good.
+
+You don't want to crush
+somebody with all the details.
+
+You want to get to the
+key points, and be crisp.
+
+It's really nice
+if they're elegant.
+
+Now, that means clever.
+
+It's the mathematician's
+notion of beauty.
+
+Like you go to the art museum,
+and the artists will say,
+
+wow, that's a
+beautiful painting.
+
+In mathematics, you say,
+wow, that's an elegant proof.
+
+It's crisp, clever,
+short, to the point.
+
+And it's really the
+highest compliment
+
+you can get from a
+mathematician, anyway.
+
+And there's a lot of
+judgment that goes into that.
+
+Just like in art--
+there's judgment
+
+over what is great art.
+
+The proof should
+be well organized.
+
+For example, use
+lemmas the same way
+
+you would use
+subroutines in writing
+
+code-- helps to make it clear.
+
+And the proof
+should be in order.
+
+Sometimes you'll see
+proofs where things are
+
+done in a haphazard fashion.
+
+All the pieces are there, but
+they're in the wrong order.
+
+Sometimes-- and they teach
+this in some high schools--
+
+they teach you to
+do proofs backwards.
+
+And the classic thing
+there is, say you're
+
+trying to prove a equals b.
+
+Well, the proof sometimes
+will start with what
+
+you're trying to prove.
+
+And then they'll do
+a bunch of steps.
+
+And then you'll end
+up with 1 equals 1,
+
+and you'll write a
+check, because you went
+
+from a equals b to 1 equals 1.
+
+And that's, of course, true.
+
+Now, that's not a
+good thing to do.
+
+It can be correct if the
+implications go this way.
+
+Because really, you're starting
+with a fact-- 1 equals 1--
+
+and deriving a equals b.
+
+So if, in fact, the
+implications work this way,
+
+then your proof is right.
+
+But most people, especially
+as you get farther along,
+
+think about it going
+from top to bottom.
+
+So don't use this technique,
+because it'll confuse people.
+
+You're liable to make a mistake.
+
+Just start with 1 equals 1
+and work your way from there--
+
+top down for being in order.
+
+Now, good proofs are
+very much like good code.
+
+In fact, one of the reasons we
+care so much about teaching you
+
+how to write a good
+proof in computer science
+
+is so that later on,
+you'll be able to prove
+
+that your programs are doing
+what you expect-- what they're
+
+supposed to do.
+
+Now, there are many famous
+examples where programs did not
+
+do what they were
+supposed to do,
+
+with disastrous consequences.
+
+The Airbus A300 was one of the
+first commercial jets totally
+
+operated by software.
+
+It could take off, fly, and
+land totally by software.
+
+It was a major advance
+in the airline industry.
+
+The only problem
+was, that on one
+
+of the first
+flights of the A300,
+
+the software accidentally
+opened the rear door just
+
+before landing.
+
+And the plane
+crashed as a result.
+
+It was the first plane crash
+in commercial history because
+
+of a software bug.
+
+There's a famous radiation
+device for cancer patients
+
+called the Therac-25.
+
+It's famous because it
+got into a race condition
+
+occasionally, which
+caused the device
+
+to just slam the patient
+with radiation-- so much so,
+
+it killed the patient.
+
+And they had multiple examples
+of this, and of course,
+
+a lot of lawsuits afterwards.
+
+How many of you all
+remember the 2000 election?
+
+A few of you do.
+
+OK, this will probably be the
+last class that remembers that.
+
+But that's where Al Gore was
+going up against George Bush--
+
+very close election-- all
+came down to recounting
+
+the votes in Florida.
+
+But in fact, Al Gore got
+negative 16,000 votes
+
+in one county because
+of a software bug
+
+in the electronic
+voting booths, which
+
+I think they got rid of a
+lot of them in the election
+
+after that.
+
+Because the software was buggy.
+
+So poor Al had enough
+problem which chads
+
+and funny business in Florida.
+
+But getting negative
+16,000 votes certainly
+
+didn't help his chances.
+
+Several years ago, a
+single faulty command
+
+in a computer system used by
+United and American Airlines
+
+grounded the entire fleets
+to both airlines for close
+
+to a day.
+
+Because they
+couldn't do anything.
+
+They're all run by computer, and
+the whole thing was screwed up.
+
+So there's lots more examples.
+
+We run into this issue
+all the time at Akamai.
+
+Akamai is a company started
+by MIT folks-- by myself,
+
+and Danny Lewin, and a dozen
+undergrads in the late 1990s.
+
+And we deliver a
+lot of the content
+
+you get on the web-- Facebook,
+all the search engines.
+
+A lot of the stuff you go
+to comes from our servers.
+
+So we've got to be
+very careful that we
+
+don't have software bugs.
+
+Now, in fact we do.
+
+And we catch them
+every once in awhile.
+
+But if we got a bad
+one, it would bring down
+
+all the sites you go to you.
+
+You wouldn't be able to
+go to those sites anymore.
+
+And everybody would notice.
+
+It would be sort
+of embarrassing.
+
+Now, this really does matter.
+
+And this is going to sound a
+little scary, but someday--
+
+probably 30, 20 years
+from now, somewhere
+
+in there-- it's possible
+that all of us, our lives
+
+may depend on the software
+that some of you write.
+
+In fact, to bring this
+home how scary it is,
+
+look at the person
+sitting next to you.
+
+And imagine that in 25
+years, your life depends on
+
+whether their code
+does what it's
+
+supposed to do-- little scary.
+
+That's why we are
+very motivated to help
+
+you learn how to make
+rock-solid arguments,
+
+so you don't have code that
+fries one of your classmates
+
+someday, or puts him in
+a bad plane situation.
+
+Now unfortunately,
+writing rock-solid proofs
+
+is a very hard thing to do.
+
+Even the world's
+best mathematicians
+
+mess them up on a regular basis.
+
+In fact, it's estimated that one
+third of all published proofs
+
+have bugs, have flaws, that
+render the proof incorrect.
+
+The trouble often arises
+because we get lazy.
+
+We don't write down all the
+details or all the steps.
+
+Because, wow, it's clear.
+
+Let's just move on.
+
+Now, this can be OK.
+
+Not such a good practice,
+but it dramatically
+
+increases the chances
+of making a mistake.
+
+And there's some
+very famous examples
+
+in the math literature
+from the world's
+
+most famous mathematicians.
+
+Gauss-- and we'll
+talk about Gauss
+
+later during the term--
+he's one of the most
+
+famous mathematicians ever.
+
+He wrote his PhD thesis in 1799.
+
+And it's usually referred to
+as the first rigorous proof
+
+of the fundamental
+theorem of algebra.
+
+And that says that
+every polynomial
+
+has a 0 over the complex
+numbers-- something
+
+probably a lot of you
+learned in high school.
+
+You get a polynomial.
+
+You can find roots
+of the polynomial
+
+over the complex numbers.
+
+But his thesis contains
+the following quote,
+
+"If a branch of an algebraic
+curve enters a bounded region,
+
+it must necessarily leave again.
+
+Nobody, to my knowledge,
+has ever doubted this fact."
+
+Warning signs-- buzzers-- should
+be going off in your brain.
+
+"But if anybody desires it,
+then on another occasion,
+
+I intend to give a demonstration
+which will leave no doubt."
+
+So he's using something
+that he believes to be true.
+
+He sort of thinks it's clear,
+that everybody knows it.
+
+But he writes this down.
+
+And when you're
+writing that down,
+
+you know there's a problem.
+
+And in fact, there's
+another Fields medalist--
+
+we talked about Fields medals
+last week-- Stephen Smale
+
+writes that this was an immense
+gap in the proof that was not
+
+filled until 1920-- more
+than 100 years later.
+
+So Gauss never could
+give the proof,
+
+and nobody did for
+over a century more.
+
+Remember the Poincare
+conjecture from last week?
+
+We had Colbert
+talking about that.
+
+In 1900, Poincare claimed
+it was a simple fact.
+
+Four years later, he
+decided it wasn't so simple,
+
+and he demoted his claim to
+the status of a conjecture.
+
+And of course, this became the
+famous Poincare conjecture,
+
+which took another
+century to solve.
+
+So when you think you
+see yourself doing this,
+
+famous mathematicians do it
+too, and it catches them.
+
+So you want to not
+try to do that.
+
+Now, in fact, just to
+really bring home the point,
+
+we've made a top 10
+list of proof techniques
+
+you should not use in 6.042.
+
+So everybody go to
+the handout here.
+
+In fact, there's lot of
+them on the back, too,
+
+but on the front page,
+there's the top 10.
+
+So we're going to
+go through these.
+
+These are the ones
+we've most observed
+
+in 6.042 over the years.
+
+Number 10-- proof by
+throwing in the kitchen sink.
+
+The author writes down every
+theorem known to mankind,
+
+and then adds a few
+more for good measure.
+
+Now, this is good, because
+when you're questioned later--
+
+you're trying to get a
+better score on your exam--
+
+you say, look, the proof
+contains all the key facts.
+
+They're all here.
+
+And so that does help.
+
+You get extra credit if
+all the facts are there.
+
+We are literally seen students
+copy over their crib sheet,
+
+if they got enough time,
+for a problem they're not
+
+knowing how to solve, just to
+get all of the facts in there.
+
+Number nine-- proof by example--
+the author gives the case n
+
+equals 2 and
+suggests it contains
+
+most of the ideas of
+the general proof.
+
+In fact, a student
+before a class
+
+was telling me on one of
+the homework problems,
+
+he talked about it to
+his non-math friends,
+
+and they gave examples,
+not the proof.
+
+Number eight-- proof by
+vigorous hand-waving-- one
+
+of my favorites-- I get
+up here and wave my hands.
+
+And it must be true.
+
+Number seven-- proof by
+cumbersome notation--
+
+here the reader gets
+hopelessly confused,
+
+gives up, and says OK.
+
+In fact, I once
+had a grad student,
+
+and we called him the
+encryptor, because he
+
+could take the simplest proof
+and so encrypt it in notation
+
+and God knows what, you could
+never understand the proof
+
+and figure out if it was
+really right or wrong.
+
+That goes well with number
+six-- proof by exhaustion--
+
+so does throwing in
+the kitchen sink.
+
+Number five--
+proof by omission--
+
+you will see that a lot,
+also by faculty-- "The reader
+
+may easily supply the details.
+
+The other cases are
+analogous-- trivial."
+
+Experts use that all the time.
+
+You can find a lot
+of my papers online.
+
+"The proof is
+trivial"-- very bad.
+
+Every once in a while, it
+turned out not to be so trivial.
+
+Number four-- proof by
+picture-- we've seen those,
+
+saw one on Tuesday.
+
+Number three-- proof by
+vehement assertion-- sort
+
+of like the hand-waving.
+
+The more forceful you
+are in your argument,
+
+the higher you raise your
+voice, the more intimidating
+
+you become, doesn't
+make it more true.
+
+Number two-- proof by appeal
+to intuition-- you say,
+
+"any moron knows that."
+
+Well, you're sort of
+reluctant to now question it.
+
+And then number one-- proof by
+reference to eminent authority.
+
+I saw Fermat on the elevator
+and he said he had a proof.
+
+I don't think so.
+
+Fermat's been dead
+for over 300 years.
+
+And he was not so reliable
+in the first place.
+
+In fact, he has one of
+the most famous assertions
+
+that turned into a conjecture,
+called Fermat's last theorem.
+
+And it was not really a
+theorem by the time he died.
+
+How many people have heard
+of Fermat's last theorem?
+
+Raise your hand.
+
+Yeah, pretty famous.
+
+It's the one theorem he proved
+that actually, he didn't prove.
+
+It says, for all
+n bigger than 2,
+
+there does not exist an x, y,
+and z in the natural numbers
+
+plus the positive natural
+numbers such that x to the n
+
+plus y to the n
+equals z to the n.
+
+Now of course, for
+n equals 2, that's
+
+just the Pythagorean theorem.
+
+You can find three,
+four, and five, when
+
+you square them satisfy that.
+
+But it says this does not
+work for any higher value,
+
+any higher power, than 2.
+
+Now in 1637, Fermat wrote
+in the margin of a block
+
+that he had discovered
+a proof of this result,
+
+but the proof was too
+long to fit in the margin.
+
+And so he wasn't going to
+supply the details there.
+
+And he never did
+supply the details.
+
+And it took 350 years and
+100s and 100s of pages.
+
+A fellow named Andrew
+Wiles-- took him personally
+
+over 10 years.
+
+He more or less locked
+himself in his room
+
+for 10 years, produced
+100s of pages,
+
+and he finally did prove
+Fermat's Last Theorem.
+
+So Fermat was right
+about one thing--
+
+it would not fit in the margin.
+
+At least, there's
+no proof that we
+
+know of that would fit
+in the margin of a book.
+
+Any questions on
+proof technique?
+
+We're going to pound a lot on
+this over the next few weeks.
+
+All right, next
+we're going to look
+
+at a class of puzzles that was
+very popular in the late 1800s.
+
+Now, in these puzzles, you have
+a grid of letters or numbers.
+
+And you've got to slide the
+letters and numbers around
+
+to put them in order.
+
+And so as an example, here's
+the problem on a three
+
+by three grid, or
+an eight puzzle.
+
+You want to find a
+sequence of moves
+
+to go from this configuration.
+
+I'll do a three by three case.
+
+I have a here, b
+here, c, d, e, f.
+
+And I've put g and
+h out of order.
+
+And that square is blank, and
+I can move tiles or letters
+
+into it.
+
+I'm going to start here.
+
+And I eventually want to
+get to the configuration
+
+where the letters are all
+in alphabetical order.
+
+So g and h are in order.
+
+Now, a legal move means
+you slide a letter
+
+into an adjacent blank square.
+
+And you can go in
+a row or a column.
+
+OK, everybody
+understand the game,
+
+what you're supposed to do?
+
+You slide these things.
+
+That could go down.
+
+That could go across.
+
+How many people played
+a game like this before?
+
+Good, a lot of you.
+
+OK, so I need some
+volunteers who
+
+are good at solving
+puzzles that can do this,
+
+have played games like this,
+that are pretty quick at it.
+
+So I've got it here.
+
+Who would like to come down?
+
+There are prizes if
+you can solve this.
+
+What we're going to
+do is solve this.
+
+And see if you can solve
+it in three minutes.
+
+But I need three students
+to come on down and do this.
+
+Who'd like to volunteer?
+
+Who thinks they can handle
+puzzles under pressure?
+
+So you have the g
+and h out of order.
+
+So it's not so hard.
+
+You move the f down there.
+
+I don't know, play
+around like that.
+
+So I need some volunteers.
+
+Who'd like to come
+down and do this?
+
+You can win candy.
+
+I've got candy here.
+
+There's even a prize if you
+don't make it in three minutes.
+
+Who wants some candy?
+
+Nobody?
+
+Is there a prize if
+we don't make it?
+
+What's that?
+
+Is there a prize if
+we don't make it?
+
+There is.
+
+Come on down.
+
+All right, now, who's
+going to help him out?
+
+I need a couple more people
+here just to mess him up,
+
+because by himself--
+there we go-- good.
+
+Anybody else like
+to come on down?
+
+Because if we get
+three, it really
+
+gets hard, because you fight
+over what moves to make.
+
+Now, what I'd like you
+all to do is sort of
+
+scream out
+possibilities for him.
+
+Like he figures it out
+there, you scream out,
+
+that'll really screw him up.
+
+OK, now, you can't pick them up.
+
+You've just got to
+slide them around.
+
+And you can go, and
+we'll go to 2:56,
+
+and see if you can solve it.
+
+If you can solve it,
+you guys get candy.
+
+And if you can figure it out
+out there, let them know.
+
+Slide to the gray area.
+
+No, you can't use the gray area.
+
+All right, you've got
+about two minutes.
+
+They have the g and h in order.
+
+Everything else is pretty
+well screwed up, though.
+
+What do you got?
+
+A, b, c, d, e, f, h g-- no, no,
+no, that's where you started,
+
+guys.
+
+That's not it.
+
+It was close, just one
+was out of order is all.
+
+Just one letter at a time.
+
+There you go.
+
+I think they need help.
+
+We got about a minute ago.
+
+Cannot see anything.
+
+You can't see anything.
+
+Well, I don't know
+if it would help.
+
+You want to show
+them where you are?
+
+This is not looking good.
+
+We're pretty close to
+the end here, guys.
+
+A, b, c, f, e, d,
+g, h-- g, h is good.
+
+F is not so good.
+
+All right, you got
+about 30 seconds.
+
+Whoa, what are you guys doing?
+
+One at a time here.
+
+One at the time.
+
+In fact, I think
+time is up here.
+
+All right, 2:56.
+
+Oh, no, no.
+
+That we don't do.
+
+No diagonal moves--
+no, no, no, no.
+
+All right, well, you
+guys were good sports,
+
+so you do get a prize.
+
+It's not the candy, but I have
+these wonderful plastic Nerd
+
+Pride pocket protectors for you.
+
+There you go, very good sports.
+
+Thank you, well done.
+
+All right.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+Now, I was a little
+cruel to these guys,
+
+for a lot of reasons.
+
+It's impossible?
+
+You think?
+
+[INDISTINCT CHATTER]
+
+Yeah it is impossible.
+
+This is impossible to do.
+
+Let's see if we can
+prove it's impossible.
+
+Because it doesn't seem
+so hard, necessarily.
+
+But let's take
+that as a theorem.
+
+There is no sequence
+of legal moves--
+
+diagonal moves makes this a
+lot easier-- to invert g and h
+
+and also return all the other
+letters to their original order
+
+or position.
+
+Now, to prove this,
+we're going to use
+
+what's called an invariant.
+
+It's a very powerful
+and commonly used
+
+concept in computer science,
+very closely tied to induction,
+
+as we'll see.
+
+In order to show that
+your system can never
+
+reach a particular
+special state,
+
+it is sufficient to show
+there's some property called
+
+the invariant that holds
+at the initial state,
+
+and that is preserved
+by every legal move,
+
+and is not present-- does not
+hold-- in that special state.
+
+The idea is, if you get
+this magic property called
+
+the invariant and it
+holds at the start,
+
+and it holds across
+every step, then
+
+the only states
+you can reach have
+
+to have to have the
+property, be invariant.
+
+And if the special state
+doesn't have that property,
+
+you can't reach it.
+
+All right, so there
+is going to be
+
+some property we're going
+to look for that held
+
+at the beginning here-- and
+the beginning had this set
+
+up-- that holds, is
+preserved, by every move,
+
+every legal move, but does
+not hold in this state.
+
+And therefore, you can never
+reach this state legally.
+
+So they were doomed.
+
+So we've got to figure
+out what that property is.
+
+And that's always the
+trick in analyzing
+
+systems or
+algorithms-- is what's
+
+that key property, the
+invariant property?
+
+So to figure out the
+invariant, we sort of
+
+have to look at what
+happens during a move
+
+in this system-- a transition.
+
+Well, there's two
+kinds of moves.
+
+There's a row move.
+
+And an example of a
+row move is you might
+
+have a, b, c, d, g, e, f, h.
+
+And I'm going to move the g
+its row to the blank square.
+
+So it would become this state.
+
+So g moves rightward
+into the blank,
+
+and the rest stays the same.
+
+Now, when I make a row
+move, did the relative order
+
+of the items change?
+
+No.
+
+Of course, to be
+precise, I better
+
+define what relative order
+means, or the natural order.
+
+So by the natural order, I mean
+this ordering-- 1, 2 3, 4, 5,
+
+6, 7, 8, 9.
+
+So if I look at the order
+here, g moved from 5 to 6,
+
+but didn't change
+order with respect
+
+to any of the other guys.
+
+Let's state that as a lemma.
+
+Because that'll be very useful.
+
+Lemma 1-- a row move
+does not change the order
+
+of the items or the letters.
+
+Proof-- well, it's obvious.
+
+No, you can't let me get
+away with that, right?
+
+Because I'm not to let you get
+away with that on homework.
+
+That's not so good.
+
+So we've got to be a little
+more careful in the proof here.
+
+Otherwise, we just head
+down the path to trouble.
+
+So let's sort of specify,
+what does a row move
+
+mean-- just get a little bit
+of math and specification
+
+around it.
+
+Well, in a row move,
+we move an item--
+
+a letter-- from some
+cell i, whatever
+
+i-- it could be anything 1
+to 9-- into an adjacent cell.
+
+What are the possibilities
+for the adjacent cell?
+
+Plus or minus 1, yeah, into
+cell i minus 1 or i plus 1.
+
+Nothing else moves.
+
+Hence, the order of
+the items is preserved.
+
+Because if you're going
+with i to i plus 1,
+
+everything else is in i minus
+1 or less, i plus 2 or more.
+
+Relative order does not
+change in this case.
+
+And I'll claim that's enough.
+
+You know that I've thought
+about it a little bit.
+
+I've really quantified that i
+goes to i minus 1 or i plus 1.
+
+Nothing else moves.
+
+Therefore, we're done.
+
+Now, I could've added
+some more sentences here,
+
+like I talked about.
+
+But this is probably enough
+in this case, for this guy.
+
+So in fact, if we
+only had row moves,
+
+there's not much that happens.
+
+The order never
+changes with row moves.
+
+So we never get there.
+
+But column moves are
+more interesting.
+
+So as an example of a column
+move, a, b, c, d, f, h, e,
+
+g-- say I move the g up.
+
+Then I would get this one--
+a, b, c, d, f, g-- because g
+
+moved up-- h, e.
+
+So g went to there.
+
+Did the ordering
+change for this move?
+
+Yeah.
+
+How so?
+
+What things changed order?
+
+Which pairs of
+letters changed order?
+
+AUDIENCE: G changed [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: G changed by three--
+moved three in the order.
+
+And what letters did it
+change relative order with?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: The two preceding it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, the
+two preceding it.
+
+g used to be after h and e.
+
+Now it's before h and e.
+
+All right, so it changed
+relative order with two items.
+
+It changed its
+position by three.
+
+It moved up three
+in the ordering.
+
+And so it changed order
+with the two in between.
+
+Let's look at another one.
+
+Because we're really
+doing these examples
+
+to hunt for an
+invariant, is what
+
+we're trying to do
+here-- something
+
+that will let us prove we can
+never get to the desired state.
+
+Let's look at this one.
+
+a, b, c, d, g, h,
+e, f goes to-- I'm
+
+going to move b down this
+time-- a, c, d, b, g, h, e, f.
+
+So b moves down.
+
+The relative order changes.
+
+Which pairs got changed
+in the relative order?
+
+AUDIENCE: b.
+
+PROFESSOR: b changed with--
+
+AUDIENCE: c and [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: c and d.
+
+b used to be before c and
+d. when it moves down here,
+
+it goes after c and d.
+
+Any guess about what
+Lemma Two is going to be?
+
+What happens when we
+make a column move?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Change the order of--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Good,
+so a column move
+
+changes the order of a
+guy with the previous two
+
+or the next two, which means
+the relative order of two pairs
+
+change.
+
+So let's take that as Lemma Two.
+
+When we say don't
+do proof by example,
+
+we don't mean
+don't try examples.
+
+Because by trying
+examples, you find out
+
+what you're trying to prove.
+
+So that's good to do.
+
+A column move changes the
+relative order of precisely two
+
+pairs of items.
+
+So let's prove that.
+
+In a column move, we move
+an item in cell i for some i
+
+to a blank spot in cell what?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: i minus
+3 or i plus 3?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, and just to
+see that, let's draw out
+
+the natural order.
+
+I've got 1 2, 3,
+4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
+
+Column moves could be here--
+1 to 4, and 4 to 1, 2 and 5,
+
+3 and 6, 4 and 7,
+5 and 8, 6 and 9.
+
+All 12 possible column
+moves, this works for.
+
+They're always separated by 3.
+
+And when an item
+moves three positions,
+
+it changes relative order
+with two other items.
+
+And you can even write
+down what they are.
+
+It's i minus 1, i minus
+2, or i plus 1, i plus 2.
+
+Those are the guys it
+changes order with.
+
+All right, we've
+got two lemmas here.
+
+That one's done now.
+
+In a row move, order
+does not change.
+
+In a column move, two pairs
+of letters get flipped.
+
+That's all you can do
+with this puzzle now.
+
+So can anybody
+think of something
+
+we can work with to get an
+invariant here-- something
+
+that won't change?
+
+What we should be focusing on?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You can only switch
+two pairs of items at a time.
+
+So if you don't have an
+even number [INAUDIBLE]
+
+switch [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's good.
+
+So really, to focus
+in on there is,
+
+if you have an even number
+of things out of order
+
+to start, you're going to
+have an even number forever,
+
+because you can only
+change two at a time.
+
+That's a great idea.
+
+Let's really specify that
+now, and define that.
+
+A pair of letters or items,
+call them L1 and L2--
+
+they form an inversion, also
+known as an inverted pair,
+
+if L1 precedes L2
+in the alphabet,
+
+but L1 appears after
+L2 in the puzzle.
+
+All right, so that
+is an inversion.
+
+So for example, let's
+see how many inversions
+
+do we have in this case?
+
+We've got a, b,
+c, f, d, g, e, h.
+
+How many inversions are there
+in that state of the puzzle?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Three.
+
+PROFESSOR: Three, good.
+
+And what are they?
+
+AUDIENCE: d is after f.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, d,
+f is an inversion.
+
+e, f is an inversion.
+
+And what's the last one?
+
+AUDIENCE: e, g.
+
+PROFESSOR: e, g is an inversion.
+
+Yes, so the answer is
+there's three inversions
+
+in this puzzle.
+
+And if I keep doing
+row and column
+
+moves to this, what do
+I know about the parity
+
+of the number of inversions?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Will always be odd--
+that's sort of interesting.
+
+OK, now, how many inverted pairs
+are there in the start state
+
+way back over here?
+
+How many inverted pairs here?
+
+One inversion.
+
+How many inversions here?
+
+Zero.
+
+All right, and can you see where
+we're going to head here now?
+
+If I started with
+one, that's odd.
+
+And every time I do a
+row move or column move,
+
+it's going to stay odd.
+
+And I can never get here.
+
+Is that clear what
+we're trying to do?
+
+So let's keep doing it.
+
+Let's go over here.
+
+All right, so now we'll
+use Lemma One and Lemma Two
+
+create this notion that we only
+change the number of inversions
+
+by an even number.
+
+And Lemma Three-- during a
+move, the number of inversions
+
+can only increase by
+two, decrease by two,
+
+or stay the same.
+
+And this proof is pretty easy.
+
+There's a couple of cases.
+
+In a row move, what happens?
+
+How does the number
+of inversions
+
+change in a row move?
+
+AUDIENCE: Stays the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: Stays the
+same-- no changes--
+
+and that's by Lemma One.
+
+Now, in a column move,
+there's three cases.
+
+But we know two pairs
+change order-- that we know.
+
+That's Lemma Two.
+
+All right, by Lemma
+Two, we know that.
+
+But the three cases are-- let
+me start on the next board.
+
+So Case A is that both
+of the inverted pairs
+
+were in order originally,
+before the column move.
+
+What happens to the number
+of inversions in this case,
+
+as a result of the column move?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Goes up by two.
+
+Case B is that both
+pairs were inverted
+
+before I made the column move.
+
+What happens to the number
+of inversions in that case?
+
+AUDIENCE: Decreases by two.
+
+PROFESSOR: Decreases by
+two-- they were in order,
+
+so they were inverted.
+
+Now when I flop them,
+they become in order.
+
+So inversions drops by two.
+
+And Case C is
+there's one of each.
+
+One of the pairs was inverted.
+
+The other wasn't.
+
+What happens to the number
+of inversions in that case?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, stays the same.
+
+All right, and we're done.
+
+That's what the lemma says-- I
+can go up by two, down by two,
+
+or stay the same.
+
+All right, now a simple
+corollary of this
+
+is that during a move, the
+parity-- i.e. even or odd
+
+of the number of
+inversions stays the same.
+
+It can't change at all.
+
+During a move, the parity--
+and the parity means even, odd.
+
+Sometimes it's called
+0, 1, but the evenness
+
+and the oddness of the number
+of inversions does not change.
+
+AUDIENCE: Instead of two pairs
+you mean one pair, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Where?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] pairs.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oops, I mean
+one pair's inverted,
+
+one pair's not.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I mean two pairs
+change order in a column move.
+
+Let's go back and look at that.
+
+So I'm doing a column move.
+
+For example, g goes up.
+
+g, h changes order.
+
+g, e changes order.
+
+g changes order
+with these two guys,
+
+so there's two pairs
+that got flipped.
+
+So in a column move, two
+pairs reverse their order.
+
+If they were in order,
+they become inverted.
+
+If they were inverted,
+they become in order.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we're saying
+that letters can be
+
+numbers in more than one pair?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, a letter
+can be in-- a letter
+
+is in seven pairs, because
+there's seven other letters.
+
+And in fact, we're looking
+at a space of 8 times 7
+
+divided by 2-- 28
+pairs of letters.
+
+So there could be 28 inversions
+if they're all out of order.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK, well, we're getting there.
+
+We're almost done.
+
+I've got to prove this
+corollary that during a move,
+
+the evenness or oddness of
+the number of inversions
+
+does not change.
+
+And that's because adding or
+subtracting 2 from a number
+
+does not change its parity.
+
+It stays odd or stays even.
+
+So adding or subtracting 2
+does not change the parity.
+
+All right, now we're ready
+to state the invariant.
+
+Anybody tell me what the
+invariant is going to be?
+
+What's the invariant going
+to be in this system?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, the parity
+of the number of inversions
+
+is odd, because it
+starts that way.
+
+It's preserved.
+
+And it won't hold in
+the desired end state
+
+that we're looking at.
+
+So we can state that as follows.
+
+In every state or
+configuration reachable
+
+from the start
+state, which is a,
+
+b, c, d, e, f, h, g--
+which are out of order--
+
+the parity of the number
+of inversions is odd.
+
+And the proof will
+be by induction.
+
+And invariant proofs
+are always by induction.
+
+And the inductive
+hypothesis-- and this
+
+is very typical in
+a proof by using
+
+invariants-- is, so P of n is
+after any sequence of n moves
+
+from the start state-- in
+fact, just the rest of this
+
+is what it is.
+
+All right, so our inductive
+hypothesis is P of n,
+
+after any sequence of n moves--
+so n is the number of moves
+
+you took to get there--
+from the start state,
+
+the parity of the number
+of inversions is odd.
+
+That is the
+inductive hypothesis.
+
+This is the invariant.
+
+And they become
+one and the same.
+
+And the parameter n is the
+number of moves you've taken.
+
+And that's how you set up
+a proof using an invariant.
+
+It always looks just like this.
+
+OK, so we're doing a
+proof by induction.
+
+We've got the
+inductive hypothesis.
+
+What's the next step?
+
+AUDIENCE: Base case.
+
+PROFESSOR: Base case.
+
+And in these circumstances,
+where the proof by invariant,
+
+the base case is always 0.
+
+We haven't made any moves yet.
+
+Now in this case, if
+we haven't made moves,
+
+the number of inversions in
+the start state now is 1.
+
+That means the parity is
+odd, and the hypothesis
+
+is satisfied.
+
+P of 0 is true, because in
+any sequence of zero moves,
+
+after this-- i.e.
+
+in this state-- you've
+got one inversion.
+
+That's odd.
+
+The last step is
+the inductive step.
+
+And here we need to show for
+any n bigger or equal to 0,
+
+we need to show P of n implies
+p of n plus 1 is true--
+
+the standard thing.
+
+So let's look at P n plus 1.
+
+That's talking
+about where we are
+
+after a sequence of n plus
+1 moves in the puzzle,
+
+from the start state.
+
+So let's consider any
+sequence of n plus 1 moves.
+
+And call these
+moves-- label them
+
+by M1 all the way to M n plus 1.
+
+Those are the moves we made.
+
+Now, by the inductive
+hypothesis, because of P n,
+
+we know that after the first n
+moves, the parity is still odd.
+
+That's what P n says.
+
+That's P n.
+
+After any sequence
+of n moves from here,
+
+the parity of the number
+of inversions is odd.
+
+So we could say by the
+inductive hypothesis,
+
+or we could say by P n, we know
+that the parity after moves
+
+M1 out to M n is odd.
+
+Now, by Corollary One-- do
+we still have Corollary One?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE], yeah,
+good, we've got Corollary One.
+
+During any move, the
+parity doesn't change.
+
+That says from after the nth
+move to after the n plus 1st
+
+move-- one extra move--
+doesn't change the parity.
+
+So it's still odd.
+
+So next, by Corollary
+One, we know
+
+that the parity of the
+number of inversions
+
+does not change
+during M n plus 1.
+
+Therefore, this implies that
+the parity after all n plus 1
+
+moves-- these guys-- is odd.
+
+It started odd.
+
+It stayed odd after the first n.
+
+It stayed odd during
+the n plus 1st.
+
+So it's odd.
+
+And that's exactly the
+statement of P n plus 1.
+
+So we've completed
+the induction.
+
+We've shown that P n
+implies P n plus 1.
+
+All right, so now, any
+questions so far on this?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the
+difference between a lemma
+
+and a corollary?
+
+PROFESSOR: Really, there's
+not a lot of difference.
+
+Corollary usually
+is something that's
+
+a simple consequence
+of something else.
+
+And the corollary had
+a pretty short proof.
+
+Usually when you see corollary,
+that's not a 10-page proof
+
+there.
+
+A lemma is something
+that you're going
+
+to use as a tool for
+a bigger thing, often
+
+a theorem or another lemma.
+
+In fact, now we're going to
+get to the theorem, which
+
+is sort of the final thing--
+the thing we're really after.
+
+And that's sort of the big deal.
+
+And now the proof
+will be simple,
+
+because we've done all these
+lemmas and corollaries.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+All right.
+
+In fact, the theorem
+is up here, right?
+
+There is no sequence of legal
+moves to invert g and h.
+
+In other words, the
+students were screwed.
+
+They couldn't do it fairly.
+
+So let's prove the theorem now.
+
+The parity of the
+number of inversions
+
+in the desired state-- i.e.
+
+in order-- the target
+state-- is even.
+
+Nothing's out of order.
+
+There's zero inversions.
+
+By Lemma Four, the desired
+state cannot be reached from
+
+the start state, because
+its parity is odd,
+
+using legal moves.
+
+So we're done.
+
+So the proof of the
+theorem-- by now,
+
+it's short, because we did four
+lemmas, a corollary, and lots
+
+of argument.
+
+Could you have solved the puzzle
+if I allow the blank to be
+
+somewhere else at the end?
+
+Is the puzzle solvable then?
+
+No.
+
+Why not?
+
+Doesn't impact the parity at
+all, so you can't do that.
+
+Again, the idea
+here-- and you'll
+
+get some practice
+in homework-- is
+
+you're looking for a property
+that holds at the beginning,
+
+is preserved by every
+step, but is not
+
+present in the target state.
+
+Now actually, this puzzle
+was enormously popular
+
+in the late 1880s.
+
+In fact there was $1,000
+prize offered for anybody
+
+who could solve
+the larger version.
+
+Back then, it was the 15
+puzzle, which you can still
+
+buy today-- same problem
+on a 4 by 4 grid--
+
+exactly the same problem.
+
+A pair is out of order.
+
+You've got to get them in order.
+
+You can't do it.
+
+Now, the proof
+you can't do it is
+
+a little harder-- same
+idea-- one extra idea
+
+in it-- one extra lemma.
+
+And that's for homework.
+
+So you'll go through and
+see exactly the structure
+
+with one extra little trick it.
+
+But back then, I guess most
+people didn't-- of course,
+
+most people didn't
+realize it wasn't doable.
+
+So they could offer
+this price safely.
+
+$1,000 then is probably worth a
+quarter million dollars today.
+
+Any questions on
+the eight puzzle?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+inductive steps-- when
+
+you said, "by inductive
+hypothesis," [INAUDIBLE] parity
+
+after, shouldn't the
+first term be M0?
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's see.
+
+No, the first move is M1.
+
+The second is M2.
+
+Now, when I talk
+about zero moves,
+
+that means no moves
+are taking place.
+
+I'm still in the start state.
+
+So a move is a transition
+between states.
+
+So you could have state 0.
+
+That's the start state.
+
+State one would be the
+move after move one.
+
+Have I got that right here?
+
+So the inductive step, I need
+to show P0 zero implies P1.
+
+P1 implies P2, and so forth.
+
+And P n is the parity of
+inversions after n moves.
+
+So you could have state s0.
+
+We didn't label the states here,
+but you could have state s0.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So in this problem,
+we assume that everything should
+
+be defined as rows or columns.
+
+How do we know when the
+assumptions are valid?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+a good question.
+
+OK, so really,
+there's two cases.
+
+To be really precise,
+we should have
+
+argued there's only two types of
+moves, a row move and a column
+
+move.
+
+And in fact, if you look at what
+can move into a blank square,
+
+there's four guys that
+can do it-- the guy above,
+
+the guy to the right, the guy
+to the left, and the guy below.
+
+Two of those are row
+moves, two are columns.
+
+So that's right-- to really
+pin down the details,
+
+we should have checked those
+are the only two possible moves.
+
+And if there was a third kind of
+move that I hadn't considered,
+
+this proof would be bogus.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+Now, I think
+probably, you see why
+
+the invariants are important.
+
+But say that someday,
+you're building software
+
+to run a nuclear reactor.
+
+Now, there's a certain
+state you'd really
+
+like to avoid-- meltdown.
+
+And you'd like to
+be able to prove
+
+that, in any sequence of moves
+that happen in your reactor
+
+program, you never reach
+the meltdown state.
+
+Well you'd use
+invariants to do that.
+
+Or if you're building
+software for an airplane,
+
+you'd like to never
+reach the crash state.
+
+Or if you're building
+a radiation device,
+
+you never want to get in the
+state that fries the patient.
+
+So this is an important notion.
+
+So for the rest
+of the day, we're
+
+going to talk about a
+different kind of induction
+
+called strong induction.
+
+It's very similar to
+ordinary induction,
+
+but it's a little easier to use
+when solving certain problems.
+
+Now like regular
+induction, strong induction
+
+can be expressed with an axiom.
+
+So let me show you the
+strong induction axiom.
+
+You have a predicate,
+P n, like before.
+
+If P0 is true-- your base
+case-- and for all n,
+
+it's not P n implies P
+n plus 1, it's P0 and P1
+
+and dot, dot, dot, and P n
+are all true, then P n plus 1.
+
+If this is true for all n,
+then P n is true for all n.
+
+Now, the only difference
+between strong induction
+
+and ordinary induction that
+we did last time is this part.
+
+In ordinary induction,
+you're showing
+
+that P n implies P n plus 1.
+
+In strong induction, you're
+showing that all these facts
+
+put together imply P n plus 1.
+
+Now, to show
+implication, remember,
+
+you get to assume that
+all these things are true.
+
+So you know how in
+ordinary induction, we say,
+
+"assume P n is true and you're
+going to prove P n plus 1?"
+
+In strong induction, you get
+to say, "assume P n is true,
+
+P n minus 1 is true, dot,
+dot, dot, P1 is true,
+
+and P0 is true.
+
+You get to assume a lot more.
+
+So it's a stronger
+proof technique,
+
+because it allows you to do
+more-- or so you would think.
+
+Now in fact, any proof you
+can do with strong induction,
+
+you can do with
+ordinary induction.
+
+It just might be harder.
+
+So you can't prove
+any more with it,
+
+but it makes your
+proofs much easier.
+
+And we're going to do
+an example in a minute
+
+where the proof is
+much easier by getting
+
+to assume all of these
+things are true in order
+
+to prove P n plus 1.
+
+Are there any questions
+about the difference here
+
+with strong induction-- that
+now you get to assume all these
+
+are true as part of
+the inductive step?
+
+All right.
+
+Our first example of
+a strong induction
+
+is going to be a simple game.
+
+We've got a stack of
+eight blocks here.
+
+Now, in this game,
+what you're going to do
+
+is divide the stack
+into two sub-stacks.
+
+So I just took eight, and
+split it into three and five.
+
+For that move, you get
+15 points-- 3 times 5.
+
+Let's write that down.
+
+OK, so this is called
+the Unstacking Game.
+
+And in the first move, we
+went 8 split to 5 and 3.
+
+And that's worth 15 points.
+
+Now in the next move, I'm going
+to split the stack of five
+
+into four and one.
+
+And for that, you get
+4 points-- 4 times 1.
+
+And I keep on going until I
+have a stacks of height one.
+
+And the last move, I'll be
+splitting a two into two ones.
+
+That'll give me one point.
+
+Then I add up all the points,
+and that's your score.
+
+And the goal is to get
+the most number of points
+
+when you add up
+the entire score.
+
+Now, just so this game is
+clear, we're going to play it.
+
+And I'm going to
+raise the stakes here.
+
+What we're going to
+do is we're going
+
+to have a competition
+between three members
+
+of the class and the TAs.
+
+Now, if the class team
+wins-- they get more points--
+
+we're going to give
+everybody in the class candy.
+
+And I've got lots of candy here.
+
+If the TAs beat you,
+they get the candy.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if it's a tie?
+
+PROFESSOR: We'll
+figure that out.
+
+We'll come to that later.
+
+But you want to win this thing.
+
+So I need some
+volunteers from the class
+
+who think they can do well.
+
+Yeah, come on down.
+
+You two guys come on down.
+
+All right, TAs come on up.
+
+Now, I want you
+to make some noise
+
+if you think your three class
+reps here can beat the TAs.
+
+[CHEERS AND APPLAUSE]
+
+All right, how many
+people-- make some noise you
+
+think the TAs are going to win.
+
+AUDIENCE: Ooh.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ooh, that's nasty.
+
+It must've been a rough
+recitation last week
+
+on Wednesday.
+
+All right, so let's see.
+
+I think we're going to
+let the class go first.
+
+This is your stack.
+
+Now think about what move
+you want to make first,
+
+because that matters.
+
+And you guys can give them
+some advice if you want,
+
+as to the move they
+should make first.
+
+And I'm going to
+keep score over here.
+
+Oh, OK, they went
+for the maximum move.
+
+That's good.
+
+They realized 4 times
+4 is 16-- very good.
+
+So let's write that up here.
+
+You're Off to a good start.
+
+In fact, that's the
+maximum number of points
+
+for the first move,
+I think-- good job.
+
+All right, so here's
+the class here.
+
+And here are the TAs.
+
+And the class went 8 into
+4 by 4, and they got 16.
+
+Now, the TAs are working
+hard here, as you can see.
+
+And they've got a move.
+
+That's a pretty pathetic
+first move for the TAs.
+
+Looking good for the
+candy for you guys.
+
+They got 7 points for the TAs.
+
+Class, what would you like
+to do for your next move?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You can't start
+over now-- too late for that.
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATION]
+
+A lot of people
+counting on you guys.
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATION]
+
+Oh, no, no, one at a time.
+
+No, just one.
+
+One stack gets
+split-- either one.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: There you go.
+
+Oh, well, what do you do now?
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATION]
+
+AUDIENCE: Their strategy's
+obviously better than ours.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, but we've
+figured it out already.
+
+AUDIENCE: We're going to lose.
+
+PROFESSOR: The TAs are
+convinced they're going to lose.
+
+Three and one, OK,
+good, interesting.
+
+So we have three and one.
+
+That gives you 3 points.
+
+All right, TAs, we need a move.
+
+All right, so they've gone
+six and one-- 6 points.
+
+Class, you think
+you're dead already?
+
+So you've gotten three
+and one now, again, for 3.
+
+So you're up to 22.
+
+You're way ahead-- 22 to 13.
+
+All right, TAs.
+
+They look a little
+disorganized to me.
+
+What do you think?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Another one--
+you can tell where they're
+
+headed here-- five and one.
+
+They have 5 points.
+
+They're up to 18.
+
+They're 4 behind you.
+
+All right, class.
+
+All right, you got 2 points.
+
+TAs-- you really think they
+know how to do this best?
+
+I don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, big
+change in strategy there.
+
+All that thinking, and
+that's what we got.
+
+OK, 4 points.
+
+Class.
+
+All right, they
+pick up 2 more here.
+
+The three just got split into
+two and one for 2 points.
+
+How are you doing?
+
+You've got 19, 22, 24, up to 26.
+
+13, 18, 22-- you're
+still doing good.
+
+TAs are behind.
+
+Let's see what they've
+got up their sleeves here.
+
+All right, they definitely
+have a strategy going here.
+
+That's 3 points.
+
+Ooh, there's not much
+option left for you guys.
+
+Yeah.
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATION]
+
+AUDIENCE: Choose the right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Air blocks.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no,
+no, that'll be a 0.
+
+All right, that gave
+you a point-- two
+
+went to one and one-- 1 point.
+
+Not a lot of choice for
+you guys either, I guess.
+
+There's only one way
+to split that stack.
+
+All right, 2 points,
+and your final move
+
+for the class and all the candy.
+
+You get 1 more point.
+
+Let's see what your total is.
+
+You've got 22, 24, 26, 27, 28.
+
+And the TAs are going to get
+one last move for the TAs.
+
+All right, and you
+got 2, 1, 1, 2.
+
+That's interesting.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-- 7 times 8
+over 2-- no, that's not right.
+
+Did I do that right?
+
+Oh, 28-- we got a tie.
+
+Oh, geez.
+
+I tell you what--
+I'll give you guys
+
+one more chance to start over.
+
+You've seen that.
+
+You've got to beat them.
+
+You tied them.
+
+You've got to beat them.
+
+One more chance here.
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATION]
+
+You got to beat them, though.
+
+You got 28.
+
+You already tied them.
+
+They came from
+behind and tied you.
+
+You've got to beat them.
+
+You got off to a good start,
+but then they caught up.
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATION]
+
+Now, your class reps had an
+interesting thought here.
+
+They ask, is it possible
+that any strategy gives 28?
+
+Hmm.
+
+I wouldn't do that
+to you, would I?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Yeah, probably.
+
+Any ideas?
+
+Can you beat 28?
+
+They're already
+eating the candy.
+
+In fact, you can't beat 28.
+
+And you can't do
+worse than 28, either.
+
+Because every strategy gives 28.
+
+So I guess we're going to
+have to throw it to the class
+
+to vote who should
+get the candy.
+
+So if you think your reps
+really should win this
+
+and you should get the
+candy, make some noise.
+
+[CHEERS AND APPLAUSE]
+
+If you think your TAs should
+get the candy make some noise.
+
+[CHEERS AND APPLAUSE]
+
+All right, so you get the candy.
+
+Here, help pass
+out the candy here.
+
+We've got plenty of
+bags and baskets.
+
+Take it all up on both
+sides, and pass it out.
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATION]
+
+OK, is everybody getting
+some candy up there?
+
+We should have
+enough for everybody,
+
+unless somebody got really
+hungry down here in front.
+
+OK, so while you're
+doing that, let's
+
+try to prove this theorem.
+
+So the theorem is that all
+strategies for the n-block game
+
+produce the same score.
+
+It wasn't a coincidence for 8.
+
+And the score, we'll call it
+S of n for the n-block game.
+
+So for example, we're trying
+to show that S of 8 was 28.
+
+So what strategy
+do you think we're
+
+going to use for the proof?
+
+AUDIENCE: Strong induction.
+
+PROFESSOR: Strong
+induction-- so you
+
+want to write that down--
+proof by strong induction.
+
+What's the next step in a
+proof by any kind of induction?
+
+AUDIENCE: Base case.
+
+PROFESSOR: Base case-- not yet.
+
+AUDIENCE: The predicate.
+
+PROFESSOR: The predicate--
+what's the predicate here?
+
+All right, so for the
+inductive hypothesis,
+
+the predicate-- any guesses as
+to what P of n is going to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: n should
+be 2n minus 1 by 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+that's part of it,
+
+but we're going to use this
+as a predicate to start with.
+
+You've gone a step ahead there.
+
+So I'm going to start with
+this as being a predicate,
+
+because I'm trying to
+show they're all the same.
+
+And I haven't figured out
+what the scores going to be.
+
+But I think you're already
+on a good track here for what
+
+the score is going to be.
+
+Now we do the base case.
+
+So we take n equals
+1-- the one-block game.
+
+S of 1 is 0.
+
+We never took a move.
+
+We never got a score.
+
+There was only one block.
+
+We ended before we started.
+
+So that's OK.
+
+And now we have
+the inductive step.
+
+And here we get to assume P1,
+P2, all the way up to P n,
+
+to prove P n plus 1.
+
+And so now we look
+at n plus 1 blocks,
+
+because that's we're starting.
+
+So we have n plus 1,
+and we split it somehow.
+
+And it could be any split.
+
+We might have K on one
+side, then n plus 1 minus K
+
+on the other side for
+any K between 1 and n.
+
+And let's figure out our
+score for that scenario.
+
+Well, we get the
+product of these numbers
+
+for the first step.
+
+We get K times n plus 1
+minus K for the first step.
+
+And then as we recurse,
+and we split up
+
+that block of K blocks,
+how many points do we
+
+get for splitting
+that all the way down?
+
+AUDIENCE: P of K.
+
+PROFESSOR: P of K, because
+that's the induction.
+
+We assume that as part of
+the induction hypothesis.
+
+And how many points do
+we get for splitting
+
+this stack all the way down?
+
+Yeah, P of n plus 1 minus K.
+
+And you see why
+strong induction's
+
+coming in handy here?
+
+For the TA's strategy,
+K would be 1.
+
+We know P of 1 is 0.
+
+And you would just need
+ordinary induction.
+
+This would be P of n.
+
+But for a general strategy,
+it could be any split.
+
+So we need to have all
+these assumed here.
+
+It makes it much easier
+when using strong induction.
+
+All right, so this
+is our total score
+
+for the game for
+n plus 1 blocks.
+
+And we're trying to show
+it just depends on n,
+
+and that it doesn't depend
+on K. Does that depend on K?
+
+Looks like it to me, right?
+
+I got K in every single term.
+
+So I'm not there.
+
+I'm stuck.
+
+You see why I'm stuck?
+
+Because I'd like to be able
+to say that the score I get
+
+for the n plus one
+block game-- this
+
+is S n plus 1-- is the same
+for any sequence of moves.
+
+It doesn't even depend on
+K. But I can't do that.
+
+What do you do when you're
+stuck with an induction proof?
+
+What's one of the tricks?
+
+AUDIENCE: Make it stronger.
+
+PROFESSOR: Make
+it stronger, which
+
+means I get a stronger
+induction hypothesis.
+
+Now, somebody gave me
+one up there before.
+
+How could I strengthen my
+induction hypothesis here?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Give the
+formula for S n-- that
+
+would make it stronger.
+
+I tell you what it is.
+
+What's a good guess
+for the formula here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Factorial.
+
+PROFESSOR: Factorial-- Well,
+is S of 8 equal 8 factorial?
+
+No, not so good.
+
+[SIDE CONVERSATION]
+
+AUDIENCE: n equals
+n minus 1 over 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+that's a better guess--
+
+equals n times n minus 1 over 2.
+
+And in fact, what's
+8 times 7 over 2?
+
+It's 28.
+
+It works here.
+
+Let's check another one.
+
+What's S of 2?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: 1-- well, 2
+times 1 over 2-- it works.
+
+What's S of 3?
+
+2 the first move, then 1 more.
+
+3-- 3 times 2 over
+2 is 3-- looks good.
+
+So now I've got a stronger
+induction hypothesis.
+
+Not only is it
+always the same, it
+
+is that number is your score.
+
+Let's see if that works.
+
+Let's plug that in now.
+
+So base case--
+let's check it out--
+
+is 1 times 1 minus
+1 over 2 equal to 0.
+
+Yes.
+
+Let's plug it in here now.
+
+P of K would be now
+K, K minus 1 over 2.
+
+This would be n plus 1 minus K,
+n minus K over 2 plus this one
+
+here.
+
+All right, I've got to add
+all these things up, and see
+
+if it equals that
+expression for n plus 1.
+
+Let's do that.
+
+All right, I get 2 K n
+plus 2 K minus 2 K squared.
+
+I'm putting all this over 2--
+one giant mess over 2 here--
+
+plus K squared minus
+K plus n squared.
+
+Well, let's write it just as
+n plus 1 times n, minus K n,
+
+minus K, minus K n, all over 2.
+
+And now let's cancel.
+
+Two K n's here cancel K n, K n.
+
+2K cancels K and K. 2K
+squared minus 2 K squared
+
+cancels K squared.
+
+And I forgot, plus K
+squared from here and here.
+
+So I'm left with n
+plus 1 times n over 2.
+
+That is S n plus 1.
+
+And the K disappears.
+
+We've established, now, the
+stronger induction hypothesis.
+
+So not only did we prove
+that every set of unstackings
+
+gives you the same score.
+
+We proved the score is, for
+n blocks, n times n minus 1
+
+over 2.
+
+That's was pretty good
+for strong induction.
+
+It lets you do some
+pretty powerful things.
+
+OK, very good,
+that's it for today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PwrmTuwSX0Y.txt b/PwrmTuwSX0Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5985c12f133adafecac388eb7f3612203f79d0b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PwrmTuwSX0Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12786 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+today we're going to um begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to um begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to um begin
+by going over the calvin cycle which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going over the calvin cycle which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going over the calvin cycle which i
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+i went um quite quickly on just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went um quite quickly on just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went um quite quickly on just to
+introduce it at the end of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it at the end of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it at the end of the last
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+and so we'll spend a little time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll spend a little time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll spend a little time there
+first and then we'll move on to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we'll move on to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we'll move on to discuss
+the main topic of today which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topic of today which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topic of today which is the
+pentose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate
+pathway but before we get there i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but before we get there i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but before we get there i just
+want to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remind you
+about the calvin cycle which you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the calvin cycle which you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the calvin cycle which you'll
+recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall
+happened in three phases so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in three phases so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in three phases so there was
+the fixation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixation
+reduction and regeneration phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and regeneration phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and regeneration phases
+and so remember fixation um was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember fixation um was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so remember fixation um was a
+special reaction that occurs only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special reaction that occurs only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special reaction that occurs only in
+photosynthetic organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms
+catalyzed by rubisco ribulose 1-5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by rubisco ribulose 1-5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by rubisco ribulose 1-5
+bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate
+carboxylase oxygenase where a ribulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase oxygenase where a ribulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase oxygenase where a ribulose
+one five bisphosphate molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five bisphosphate molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five bisphosphate molecule
+combines with co2 and then is split to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with co2 and then is split to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with co2 and then is split to
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+two three phosphoglycerates this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three phosphoglycerates this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three phosphoglycerates this was the
+reaction that calvin described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that calvin described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that calvin described
+as the dark reaction that now bears the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the dark reaction that now bears the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the dark reaction that now bears the
+name of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of this
+as the as the calvin cycle once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as the calvin cycle once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as the calvin cycle once you get
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+two three phosphoglycerates you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three phosphoglycerates you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three phosphoglycerates you can then
+enter them into gluconeogenesis this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter them into gluconeogenesis this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter them into gluconeogenesis this of
+course happens in the stroma of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course happens in the stroma of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course happens in the stroma of the
+chloroplast and eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroplast and eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroplast and eukaryotic
+photosynthetic organisms and is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms and is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms and is exactly
+the reactions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactions for the
+reduction phase that we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction phase that we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction phase that we learned about
+for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis when
+we described it at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described it at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described it at the beginning of the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+and so that 3pg is turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that 3pg is turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that 3pg is turned into
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates and
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+of course that has to go backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that has to go backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that has to go backwards
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+um the phosphoglycerate kinase as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the phosphoglycerate kinase as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the phosphoglycerate kinase as well
+as the three phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the three phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the three phosphoglycerate
+step that are glyceraldehyde three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that are glyceraldehyde three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that are glyceraldehyde three
+phosphate dehydrogenase step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate dehydrogenase step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate dehydrogenase step
+that we learned about um when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned about um when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned about um when we
+discussed glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+and so therefore costs atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore costs atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore costs atp
+as well as uh need a source of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as uh need a source of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as uh need a source of electrons
+to go through glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+and that those come from nadph when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those come from nadph when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those come from nadph when this
+is occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring
+in photosynthetic organisms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in photosynthetic organisms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in photosynthetic organisms and the
+chloroplast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroplast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroplast
+once you get these trioses of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get these trioses of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get these trioses of course you
+can continue with gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue with gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue with gluconeogenesis
+combine them at the aldolase step to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them at the aldolase step to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them at the aldolase step to
+make fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+that can be take the phosphate off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be take the phosphate off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be take the phosphate off by
+fppas to give you fructose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fppas to give you fructose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fppas to give you fructose 6-phosphate
+that can then be isomerized to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can then be isomerized to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can then be isomerized to glucose
+6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+which of course could be further remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course could be further remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course could be further remove
+the phosphate and go to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate and go to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphate and go to glucose
+or be turned into glucose one phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or be turned into glucose one phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or be turned into glucose one phosphate
+or whatever else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever else
+to build starch or another storage sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build starch or another storage sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build starch or another storage sugar
+for the plant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the plant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the plant um
+combine glucose and a fructose say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine glucose and a fructose say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine glucose and a fructose say to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+um make sucrose table sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make sucrose table sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make sucrose table sugar
+and so those reduction steps we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those reduction steps we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those reduction steps we didn't
+spend a lot of time on because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on because it's
+really gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gluconeogenesis
+with the use of nadph rather than nadh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the use of nadph rather than nadh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the use of nadph rather than nadh
+as we described it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we described it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we described it
+um when we described gluconeogenesis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we described gluconeogenesis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we described gluconeogenesis um
+back at the early part of the course now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the early part of the course now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the early part of the course now
+once you run this part of the cycle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you run this part of the cycle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you run this part of the cycle that
+of course gives you glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course gives you glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course gives you glucose
+but of course in order to net run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course in order to net run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course in order to net run this
+as a cycle much like we saw for the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cycle much like we saw for the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cycle much like we saw for the tca
+cycle that if this is going to run as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that if this is going to run as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that if this is going to run as a
+cycle you need a source of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you need a source of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you need a source of carbon
+acceptors for the next co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors for the next co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors for the next co2
+anaplerosis that we described in the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis that we described in the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis that we described in the tca
+cycle remember we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle remember we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle remember we needed
+a source of oxaloacetate that could net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source of oxaloacetate that could net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source of oxaloacetate that could net
+accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept
+the next acetyl coa to continue running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next acetyl coa to continue running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next acetyl coa to continue running
+the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle
+same thing happens here you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing happens here you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing happens here you need a
+source of ribulose one five disphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of ribulose one five disphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of ribulose one five disphosphate
+so rubisco has something to add co2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rubisco has something to add co2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rubisco has something to add co2 to
+and so anaplerosis of this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anaplerosis of this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so anaplerosis of this cycle
+involves regeneration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves regeneration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves regeneration of
+ribulose one five bisphosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphate and
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+confusing set of reactions that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing set of reactions that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing set of reactions that i
+introduced last time that we'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced last time that we'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced last time that we'll spend
+much more time talking about today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more time talking about today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more time talking about today and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+effectively this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively this comes from
+both six and three carbon units so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both six and three carbon units so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both six and three carbon units so
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+and fructose 6-phosphate with a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fructose 6-phosphate with a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fructose 6-phosphate with a series
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of two and three carbon swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two and three carbon swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two and three carbon swaps
+that ultimately generate these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately generate these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately generate these three
+pentoses xylose 5-phosphate ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses xylose 5-phosphate ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses xylose 5-phosphate ribose
+5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate
+and another xylose 5-phosphate once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another xylose 5-phosphate once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another xylose 5-phosphate once you
+have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those
+xylose 5-phosphate you can see differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5-phosphate you can see differs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5-phosphate you can see differs
+from ribulose 1-5-bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ribulose 1-5-bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ribulose 1-5-bisphosphate
+by the stereochemistry at the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the stereochemistry at the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the stereochemistry at the three
+position and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so
+an epimerase reaction can fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an epimerase reaction can fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an epimerase reaction can fix that
+we talked about those earlier and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about those earlier and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about those earlier and then
+of course you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you need to
+phosphorylate the one position on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the one position on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the one position on the
+sugar to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar to give you
+ribulose one five bisphosphate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphate that's
+how you deal with the two xylose five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you deal with the two xylose five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you deal with the two xylose five
+phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates
+and ribose five phosphate of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ribose five phosphate of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ribose five phosphate of course you
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+change it from the aldos to the ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it from the aldos to the ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it from the aldos to the ketose
+so that's an isomerase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an isomerase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an isomerase reaction
+plus a uh phosphorylation to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a uh phosphorylation to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a uh phosphorylation to give you
+uh ribulose one five bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ribulose one five bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ribulose one five bisphosphate
+now if you run this entire cycle if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you run this entire cycle if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you run this entire cycle if
+you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+net generate a hexose glucose or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net generate a hexose glucose or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net generate a hexose glucose or some
+other hexose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hexose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hexose to
+for the plant to store um as a storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the plant to store um as a storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the plant to store um as a storage
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+of course if it's coming from co2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if it's coming from co2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if it's coming from co2 you
+need to run the cycle six times to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to run the cycle six times to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to run the cycle six times to take
+six co2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six co2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six co2s
+and that generate one hexose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that generate one hexose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that generate one hexose
+um that can be stored for later and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can be stored for later and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can be stored for later and so
+i just want to start by showing you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to start by showing you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to start by showing you that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+accounting can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we start here at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we start here at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we start here at the top
+with six ribulose one five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six ribulose one five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six ribulose one five
+phosphates and add six co2 molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates and add six co2 molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates and add six co2 molecules
+you're going to net generate 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to net generate 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to net generate 12
+3-phosphoglycerates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those 12 3-phosphoglycerates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 12 3-phosphoglycerates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 12 3-phosphoglycerates
+can be turned into of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be turned into of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be turned into of course
+12 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate so that's
+going to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost
+12 any 12 atps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 any 12 atps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 any 12 atps
+and 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12
+nadphs from the light reactions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadphs from the light reactions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadphs from the light reactions in
+photosynthesis and so now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and so now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis and so now you have
+12 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates i'm going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+divide them up in the following way if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide them up in the following way if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide them up in the following way if i
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+two of those and place them over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those and place them over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those and place them over here
+then take the remaining 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the remaining 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the remaining 10
+use five of those here and turn five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use five of those here and turn five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use five of those here and turn five
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+into dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+so that gives me five plus five plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives me five plus five plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives me five plus five plus two
+equals twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals twelve
+total of these five glyceraldehyde three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of these five glyceraldehyde three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of these five glyceraldehyde three
+phosphates and five dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates and five dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates and five dihydroxyacetone
+phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates
+i can run them through the aldolase step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can run them through the aldolase step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can run them through the aldolase step
+to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate
+five fructose one six bisphosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five fructose one six bisphosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five fructose one six bisphosphates
+turn those 5 fructose 1 6 bisphosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn those 5 fructose 1 6 bisphosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn those 5 fructose 1 6 bisphosphates
+into 5 fructose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 5 fructose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 5 fructose 6
+phosphates and of course i need one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates and of course i need one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates and of course i need one of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+to ultimately generate a glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ultimately generate a glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ultimately generate a glucose
+6-phosphate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate or
+whatever hexose then i'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever hexose then i'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever hexose then i'm going to have
+as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my
+net product if i do that that leaves me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net product if i do that that leaves me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net product if i do that that leaves me
+four left over and so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four left over and so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four left over and so i'm going to
+allocate them such that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate them such that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate them such that i have
+two here and two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here and two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here and two here
+all right so the two i have here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the two i have here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the two i have here can be
+combined with the remaining two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the remaining two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the remaining two
+glyceraldehyde three phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde three phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde three phosphates
+to generate two xylose five phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate two xylose five phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate two xylose five phosphates
+and two erythros four phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two erythros four phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two erythros four phosphates
+a five carbon sugar and a four carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five carbon sugar and a four carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five carbon sugar and a four carbon
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+this five carbon sugar this xylose five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this five carbon sugar this xylose five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this five carbon sugar this xylose five
+phosphate i can then use a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate i can then use a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate i can then use a primary
+and atp so that's two atps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and atp so that's two atps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and atp so that's two atps
+running back through and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running back through and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running back through and that's going to
+net give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net give me
+two ribulose one five bisphosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ribulose one five bisphosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ribulose one five bisphosphates
+which i'll draw up there later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll draw up there later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll draw up there later
+coming back down here i have this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back down here i have this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back down here i have this two
+erythros4 phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erythros4 phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erythros4 phosphates
+and two fructose six phosphates if i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two fructose six phosphates if i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two fructose six phosphates if i do
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+three so this was a two carbon swap so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this was a two carbon swap so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this was a two carbon swap so i
+took the two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the two carbons
+um for this step to generate the xylose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this step to generate the xylose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this step to generate the xylose
+five phosphate and erythrose4 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five phosphate and erythrose4 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five phosphate and erythrose4 phosphate
+i took two carbons from fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took two carbons from fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took two carbons from fructose
+6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+added them to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added them to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added them to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+that's why i got the 5-carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i got the 5-carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i got the 5-carbon
+xylose 5-phosphate and that left me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5-phosphate and that left me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5-phosphate and that left me
+with a 4-carbon erythrose4-phosphate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 4-carbon erythrose4-phosphate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 4-carbon erythrose4-phosphate so
+all the carbons add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the carbons add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the carbons add up
+now i take this four carbon erythrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i take this four carbon erythrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i take this four carbon erythrose
+four phosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four phosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four phosphate and
+uh the two remaining fructose six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the two remaining fructose six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the two remaining fructose six
+phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates
+and if i move three carbons from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i move three carbons from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i move three carbons from here
+to there what i end up getting is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there what i end up getting is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there what i end up getting is a
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+carbon cetaheptulose seven phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon cetaheptulose seven phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon cetaheptulose seven phosphate
+and a three carbon glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a three carbon glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a three carbon glyceraldehyde
+three phosphate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two in two out now i'm going to move two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in two out now i'm going to move two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in two out now i'm going to move two
+carbons again two carbons from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons again two carbons from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons again two carbons from the
+cedaw7 phosphate to the glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cedaw7 phosphate to the glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cedaw7 phosphate to the glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate
+um and that's going to give me 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's going to give me 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's going to give me 2
+7 minus 2 is 5. 3 plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 minus 2 is 5. 3 plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 minus 2 is 5. 3 plus 2
+is 5. so two five carbon sugars two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5. so two five carbon sugars two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5. so two five carbon sugars two
+ribose five phosphates and two xylose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose five phosphates and two xylose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose five phosphates and two xylose
+five phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five phosphates
+xylose five phosphates through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose five phosphates through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose five phosphates through the
+epimerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerase
+costing me two atp ribose biphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costing me two atp ribose biphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costing me two atp ribose biphosphate
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+isomerase costing me two atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase costing me two atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase costing me two atp
+and what i net generate is two ribulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i net generate is two ribulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i net generate is two ribulose
+five phosphates here two ribose five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five phosphates here two ribose five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five phosphates here two ribose five
+phosphates there two rabulos five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates there two rabulos five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates there two rabulos five
+phosphates there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates there
+two plus two plus two equals six and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus two plus two equals six and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus two plus two equals six and so
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+by running this cycle six times six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by running this cycle six times six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by running this cycle six times six
+ribulose one five bisphosphates in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphates in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphates in six
+co2 in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 in two
+or sorry six ribulose one five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry six ribulose one five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry six ribulose one five
+bisphosphates out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphates out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphates out
+and one hexose out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one hexose out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one hexose out
+so all the accounting adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i know there's a lot of moving pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know there's a lot of moving pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know there's a lot of moving pieces
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+it's confusing but we'll see as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's confusing but we'll see as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's confusing but we'll see as we go
+through today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through today
+why it works this way however before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it works this way however before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it works this way however before we
+get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there
+i just want to stress what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to stress what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to stress what um
+what we've actually accomplished here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've actually accomplished here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've actually accomplished here
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+basically we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we started with
+six co2 molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six co2 molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six co2 molecules
+and we added to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we added to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we added to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nad phs and so those 12 nadphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad phs and so those 12 nadphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nad phs and so those 12 nadphs
+came there through the atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came there through the atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came there through the atp
+sorry through the 3-phosphoglycerate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry through the 3-phosphoglycerate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry through the 3-phosphoglycerate to
+generate the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+so running through the gap dh reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so running through the gap dh reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so running through the gap dh reaction
+using nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nadph
+and so we had to do that 12 times plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we had to do that 12 times plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we had to do that 12 times plus
+a total of 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total of 18
+atp molecules and so 12 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp molecules and so 12 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp molecules and so 12 of them
+up there through the phosphoglycerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there through the phosphoglycerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there through the phosphoglycerate
+kinase step cost me 1280 please plus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase step cost me 1280 please plus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase step cost me 1280 please plus i
+needed an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed an additional
+six atps to regenerate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six atps to regenerate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six atps to regenerate the
+ribulose one five bisphosphates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphates to
+re-phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-phosphorylate
+the six pentoses that i generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six pentoses that i generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six pentoses that i generated
+um through the regeneration phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through the regeneration phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through the regeneration phase of the
+calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calvin cycle
+and so that's 12 plus two plus two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's 12 plus two plus two plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's 12 plus two plus two plus
+2 or 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or 12
+plus 6 equals 18. um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 6 equals 18. um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 6 equals 18. um and
+what i net generate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i net generate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i net generate is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose molecule from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose molecule from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose molecule from my
+six co2 and of course to do this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six co2 and of course to do this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six co2 and of course to do this i
+needed a lot of energy input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a lot of energy input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a lot of energy input
+that comes from the 12 nadphs and the 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the 12 nadphs and the 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the 12 nadphs and the 18
+atps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atps
+which of course are the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course are the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course are the products
+of the light reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photosynthesis
+okay and so you'll recall that if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you'll recall that if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you'll recall that if we go
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+to our chloroplast right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our chloroplast right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our chloroplast right
+the light reactions are happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light reactions are happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light reactions are happening here
+at the thylakoid membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the chloroplast and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chloroplast and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chloroplast and that's where
+we're generating our atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're generating our atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're generating our atp
+and our nad ph from the light reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our nad ph from the light reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our nad ph from the light reactions
+and then here in the stroma of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here in the stroma of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here in the stroma of the
+chloroplast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroplast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloroplast
+is where we're doing the dark reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we're doing the dark reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we're doing the dark reactions
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+perfectly position where the atp and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly position where the atp and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly position where the atp and the
+nadph from the light reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph from the light reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph from the light reactions
+are there to fuel the dark reactions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to fuel the dark reactions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there to fuel the dark reactions the
+calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calvin cycle
+and net have this turn co2 and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and net have this turn co2 and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and net have this turn co2 and generate
+a pentose glucose fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pentose glucose fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pentose glucose fructose
+combine them to make a sucrose or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them to make a sucrose or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine them to make a sucrose or a
+bunch of glucose that we can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of glucose that we can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of glucose that we can build
+as alpha 1-4 polymers to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as alpha 1-4 polymers to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as alpha 1-4 polymers to make
+starch depending on the organism and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch depending on the organism and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch depending on the organism and how
+it chooses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses to
+um to store its its sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to store its its sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to store its its sugars
+okay so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the
+calvin cycle but what i want to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calvin cycle but what i want to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calvin cycle but what i want to do now
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+look a bit more closely on why it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a bit more closely on why it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a bit more closely on why it works
+this way that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way that is
+why nature chose this confusing system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why nature chose this confusing system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why nature chose this confusing system
+with two and three carbon swaps wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two and three carbon swaps wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two and three carbon swaps wouldn't
+it just have been easier to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just have been easier to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just have been easier to just
+i don't know take luke take co2s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know take luke take co2s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know take luke take co2s and
+build a glucose molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a glucose molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a glucose molecule
+together well of course the reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well of course the reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together well of course the reason it
+does this has to do with the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this has to do with the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this has to do with the chemistry
+of how the reactions happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the reactions happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the reactions happen
+and if we look more closely at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look more closely at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look more closely at
+the various steps and these these swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various steps and these these swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various steps and these these swaps
+that take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take place
+in the regeneration phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the regeneration phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the regeneration phase
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically what we see is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we see is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we see is in
+every single situation so it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single situation so it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single situation so it's basically
+this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction
+this reaction and this reaction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction and this reaction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction and this reaction which
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+swap part of the regeneration phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap part of the regeneration phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap part of the regeneration phase
+you see that in every case we're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in every case we're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in every case we're moving
+two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons
+um and so here two carbons were moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so here two carbons were moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so here two carbons were moved
+from fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fructose
+six phosphate to glyceraldehyde three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six phosphate to glyceraldehyde three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six phosphate to glyceraldehyde three
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+so six minus two equals four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six minus two equals four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six minus two equals four
+three plus two equals five that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plus two equals five that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plus two equals five that's how we
+get erythros4 phosphate and xylose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get erythros4 phosphate and xylose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get erythros4 phosphate and xylose
+5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate
+here we started with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we started with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we started with our
+fructose-6-phosphate and our erythros-4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-6-phosphate and our erythros-4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-6-phosphate and our erythros-4
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+moved three carbons from here to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved three carbons from here to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved three carbons from here to there
+so six minus three three equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six minus three three equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six minus three three equals
+three four plus three equals seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four plus three equals seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four plus three equals seven
+okay so that's a three carbon swap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a three carbon swap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a three carbon swap and
+then here again is another two carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here again is another two carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here again is another two carbon
+swab so three carbon glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swab so three carbon glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swab so three carbon glyceraldehyde
+three phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phosphate
+seven carbon cetoheptulo seven phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven carbon cetoheptulo seven phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven carbon cetoheptulo seven phosphate
+move two carbons from here to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two carbons from here to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two carbons from here to there
+seven minus two is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven minus two is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven minus two is five
+three plus two is five and that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plus two is five and that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plus two is five and that's how we
+get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um
+those two pentoses now if we look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two pentoses now if we look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two pentoses now if we look more
+closely at this what you'll see in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at this what you'll see in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at this what you'll see in every
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+the swap involves a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swap involves a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swap involves a a
+ketose and an aldose so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose and an aldose so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose and an aldose so here we have
+fructose 6-phosphate it's a ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate it's a ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate it's a ketose
+here we have glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+it's an aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an aldose
+and what we end up with is a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we end up with is a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we end up with is a the
+aldos getting longer by two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldos getting longer by two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldos getting longer by two carbons
+to become a ketose and the ketos getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a ketose and the ketos getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a ketose and the ketos getting
+shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+by two carbons to become an aldos same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two carbons to become an aldos same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two carbons to become an aldos same
+thing happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens here
+here we have a ketose and an we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a ketose and an we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a ketose and an we do the
+swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap
+we have the aldos getting longer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the aldos getting longer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the aldos getting longer by
+three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons
+to become a ketose and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a ketose and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a ketose and the
+ketos becoming shorter by two carbons i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos becoming shorter by two carbons i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos becoming shorter by two carbons i
+sorry three carbons in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry three carbons in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry three carbons in this case
+to become an aldos and lastly same swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become an aldos and lastly same swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become an aldos and lastly same swap
+we showed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed before
+here we have an aldose i'm sorry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have an aldose i'm sorry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have an aldose i'm sorry a
+ketose and an aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose and an aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose and an aldose
+the ketos gets shorter by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketos gets shorter by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketos gets shorter by
+two carbons to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons to become
+aldose and the aldos gets longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose and the aldos gets longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose and the aldos gets longer
+by two carbons to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose
+so i recognize that it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i recognize that it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i recognize that it's very hard to
+follow that when i'm saying aldos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that when i'm saying aldos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that when i'm saying aldos and
+ketos over and over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos over and over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos over and over and over again
+but effectively in every single case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but effectively in every single case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but effectively in every single case
+what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing
+is we're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're moving
+two carbons or three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons or three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons or three carbons
+and we're moving them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're moving them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're moving them from
+a ketose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketose to
+an aldos okay and so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aldos okay and so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aldos okay and so that means that
+our product when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our product when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our product when we do that
+is we end up getting a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we end up getting a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we end up getting a longer
+ketos okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos okay so
+our former aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus two or plus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two or plus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two or plus three
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+becomes a longer ketose and then we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a longer ketose and then we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a longer ketose and then we end
+up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting
+a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the former ketos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the former ketos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the former ketos
+minus two or minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbons okay so if you go and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons okay so if you go and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons okay so if you go and look at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you will see in every single case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see in every single case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see in every single case where
+we're doing those two and three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing those two and three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing those two and three carbon
+swaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps
+we're effectively following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're effectively following that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're effectively following that
+rule so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so these
+reactions which i've abbreviated up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions which i've abbreviated up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions which i've abbreviated up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+are catalyzed by enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are catalyzed by enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are catalyzed by enzymes
+called tk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called tk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called tk
+which stands for trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for trans
+ketolace or ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketolace or ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketolace or ta
+which stands for trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for trans
+aldolase okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase okay
+tk transketolase ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk transketolase ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk transketolase ta
+transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase
+i want to point out that these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point out that these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point out that these are the
+enzymes that catalyze the transketolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that catalyze the transketolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that catalyze the transketolase
+is going to catalyze the two carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to catalyze the two carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to catalyze the two carbon
+swaps and the transalva lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps and the transalva lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps and the transalva lace
+is going to catalyze the three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to catalyze the three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to catalyze the three carbon
+swaps okay and so twice we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps okay and so twice we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps okay and so twice we use
+trans-keto lace once we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace once we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace once we use
+transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase
+transketolace move the two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolace move the two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolace move the two carbons
+from the um ketos to the aldos giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the um ketos to the aldos giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the um ketos to the aldos giving
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+a longer ketose and a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer ketose and a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longer ketose and a shorter
+aldose and transaldelase also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose and transaldelase also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose and transaldelase also
+catalyzed this case a three carbon swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed this case a three carbon swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed this case a three carbon swap
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+giving you a longer ketose and a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a longer ketose and a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a longer ketose and a shorter
+aldose following the exact same rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose following the exact same rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose following the exact same rules
+now these enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these enzymes
+is why it works this way and i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why it works this way and i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why it works this way and i want to
+point out that the enzyme names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that the enzyme names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that the enzyme names
+are absolutely not helpful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absolutely not helpful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absolutely not helpful for
+remembering what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what they do
+both enzymes use a keto stoner and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both enzymes use a keto stoner and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both enzymes use a keto stoner and an
+aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldos
+acceptor both generate products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor both generate products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor both generate products
+where the former aldos becomes longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the former aldos becomes longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the former aldos becomes longer
+as a ketose and the former ketos becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a ketose and the former ketos becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a ketose and the former ketos becomes
+shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+as an aldos all right so don't rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aldos all right so don't rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aldos all right so don't rely
+on the enzyme names to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the enzyme names to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the enzyme names to remember
+what they do you'll see partially why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do you'll see partially why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do you'll see partially why
+they're named what they are as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're named what they are as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're named what they are as we go
+through the mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanisms
+but for now just remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now just remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now just remember that
+transketolase two carbons transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase two carbons transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase two carbons transaldolase
+three carbons okay different numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons okay different numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons okay different numbers of
+carbons moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons moved
+but always give you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always give you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but always give you um
+follow the exact same rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the exact same rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the exact same rules
+i know this is confusing and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know this is confusing and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know this is confusing and so it's
+probably better to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better to go through
+exactly what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what is going on
+using a couple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a couple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a couple examples
+all right so let's start off here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start off here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start off here with
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here is a ketose this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is a ketose this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is a ketose this is of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+fructose 6-phosphate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate okay
+and so fructose-6-phosphate is a ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so fructose-6-phosphate is a ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so fructose-6-phosphate is a ketose
+we use this step here as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this step here as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this step here as an example
+fructose-6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-6-phosphate
+and glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphate okay so here we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate okay so here we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate okay so here we start with
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we also use with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we also use with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we also use with it
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this one here is
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which of
+course in aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in aldos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in aldos
+okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we
+subject this to a trans-keto lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject this to a trans-keto lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject this to a trans-keto lace
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+which remember is moving two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is moving two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is moving two carbons
+all right we're going to take the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to take the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to take the two
+carbons from the ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons from the ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons from the ketose
+and move them to the aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move them to the aldos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move them to the aldos
+all right so if we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we do that
+what we end up with is if we take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we end up with is if we take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we end up with is if we take two
+carbons from here we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons from here we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons from here we end up with a
+shorter aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up with a
+longer ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so trans-keto lace reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so trans-keto lace reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so trans-keto lace reaction
+ketos donor of two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos donor of two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos donor of two carbons
+give them to analdos acceptor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them to analdos acceptor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them to analdos acceptor of two
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+that gives me an aldose that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me an aldose that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me an aldose that's
+shorter minus two carbons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter minus two carbons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter minus two carbons so
+the bottom four carbons from fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom four carbons from fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom four carbons from fructose
+6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+now become erythros4-phosphate analdos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now become erythros4-phosphate analdos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now become erythros4-phosphate analdos
+and here we have our aldos accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have our aldos accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have our aldos accepts
+the two carbons and so now we generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two carbons and so now we generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two carbons and so now we generate a
+ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose
+that is longer by two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is longer by two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is longer by two carbons
+and that gives me this uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me this uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me this uh um
+this longer ketose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this longer ketose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this longer ketose so
+um in this case xylose 5-phosphate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case xylose 5-phosphate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case xylose 5-phosphate okay
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+the exact trans-ketolace reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact trans-ketolace reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact trans-ketolace reaction that
+is right there this first part fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there this first part fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there this first part fructose
+6-phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+give me an erythrose4 phosphate and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an erythrose4 phosphate and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an erythrose4 phosphate and a
+xylose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose
+5-phosphate okay so two carbons move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate okay so two carbons move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate okay so two carbons move
+from a ketose to an aldose gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a ketose to an aldose gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a ketose to an aldose gives me a
+shorter aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter aldose
+and a longer ketose all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if we do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we do exactly
+the same thing but this time rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but this time rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing but this time rather than
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+a trans-keto-lace reaction do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trans-keto-lace reaction do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trans-keto-lace reaction do a
+transaldolase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase reaction
+so now i'm going to move three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to move three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to move three carbons
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+same thing keto stoner aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing keto stoner aldos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing keto stoner aldos
+acceptor all right so now i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor all right so now i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor all right so now i'm going to
+end up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up if
+i donate three carbons from that ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i donate three carbons from that ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i donate three carbons from that ketose
+what i end up with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three carbons remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons remaining
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if i start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i start with this
+three carbon as an acceptor move three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon as an acceptor move three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon as an acceptor move three
+carbons over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons over
+now i end up with a longer ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so instead do a transalva lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so instead do a transalva lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so instead do a transalva lace
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+take three carbons from the ketos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take three carbons from the ketos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take three carbons from the ketos
+transfer them to the aldos that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer them to the aldos that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer them to the aldos that means
+the ketose now gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketose now gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketose now gets
+shorter by three carbons and becomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter by three carbons and becomes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter by three carbons and becomes an
+aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose
+and the former aldos gets longer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the former aldos gets longer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the former aldos gets longer by
+three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons
+and becomes a ketose and so if i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes a ketose and so if i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes a ketose and so if i use
+these two things as substrate fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things as substrate fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things as substrate fructose
+6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate
+what do i generate i generate another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i generate i generate another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i generate i generate another
+glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphate and a fructose-6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and a fructose-6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and a fructose-6-phosphate
+where all i do is scramble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all i do is scramble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all i do is scramble
+which carbons are where and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which carbons are where and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which carbons are where and so this
+obviously is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is not
+a reaction i showed for how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction i showed for how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction i showed for how you do
+anaplerosis of the calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis of the calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaplerosis of the calvin cycle
+but clearly can happen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but clearly can happen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but clearly can happen these
+transketolase and transaldolase enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase and transaldolase enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase and transaldolase enzymes
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+highly reversible and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reversible and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reversible and so this is
+of course is happening scrambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is happening scrambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is happening scrambling
+carbons around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons around
+but there's no net generation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no net generation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no net generation or
+consumption of anything because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of anything because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of anything because
+of course we're just moving carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're just moving carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we're just moving carbons
+between a ketosis and aldos generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a ketosis and aldos generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a ketosis and aldos generating
+the same ketos and the same aldos using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ketos and the same aldos using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ketos and the same aldos using
+these particular substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular substrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular substrates
+but if we look at how it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we look at how it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we look at how it worked
+where we showed it here fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we showed it here fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we showed it here fructose
+6-phosphate erythrose4 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate erythrose4 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate erythrose4 phosphate
+we end up moving those three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up moving those three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up moving those three carbons
+onto erythrose4-phosphate that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto erythrose4-phosphate that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto erythrose4-phosphate that gives us
+acetohepro7-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetohepro7-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetohepro7-phosphate
+and leaves us with a shorter aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaves us with a shorter aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaves us with a shorter aldose
+glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphate okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate okay and so
+i color-coded the carbons here to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i color-coded the carbons here to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i color-coded the carbons here to show
+how transketolase and transaldolase work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how transketolase and transaldolase work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how transketolase and transaldolase work
+and if you go back over here through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back over here through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back over here through the
+calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calvin cycle
+you will note that every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will note that every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will note that every single
+one of the reactions where i drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reactions where i drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reactions where i drew
+transketolase and transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase and transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase and transaldolase
+follows those exact rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows those exact rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows those exact rules
+okay so why does it work this way well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why does it work this way well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why does it work this way well
+it works this way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works this way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works this way because
+of how transketolase and transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how transketolase and transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how transketolase and transaldolase
+work as enzymes and so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as enzymes and so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as enzymes and so as
+i said at the beginning to the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said at the beginning to the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said at the beginning to the of the
+course and have now alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and have now alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and have now alluded to
+several times is that biochemistry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times is that biochemistry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times is that biochemistry is
+just nature repurposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nature repurposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nature repurposing
+the same chemistries the same reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chemistries the same reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same chemistries the same reactions
+with slight variations over and over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slight variations over and over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slight variations over and over and
+over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again
+to build that complexity and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build that complexity and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build that complexity and i think
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+very evident here okay so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very evident here okay so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very evident here okay so a lot of
+complexity in what we described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in what we described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in what we described
+but it's really just using two enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really just using two enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really just using two enzymes
+transketolase and transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase and transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase and transaldolase
+and transketolase and transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transketolase and transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transketolase and transaldolase
+basically use variations on chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use variations on chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use variations on chemistry
+that we've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already seen
+to catalyze these reactions which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catalyze these reactions which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catalyze these reactions which is
+almost certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly
+why it evolved this way because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it evolved this way because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it evolved this way because you
+already have a reaction that catalyzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a reaction that catalyzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a reaction that catalyzes
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+you tweak it and now you can get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tweak it and now you can get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tweak it and now you can get these
+swaps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps and
+nature figures out away to have it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature figures out away to have it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature figures out away to have it work
+all right and so what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so what are those
+reactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so
+transketolase which remember catalyzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase which remember catalyzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase which remember catalyzes
+the two carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two carbon
+movement okay that's two carbons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement okay that's two carbons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement okay that's two carbons that
+are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving
+it uses tpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses tpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses tpp
+plus so that's remember thiamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so that's remember thiamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus so that's remember thiamine
+pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate
+we saw it before it was involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it before it was involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it before it was involved in
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+decarboxylation reactions of alpha-keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation reactions of alpha-keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation reactions of alpha-keto
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+okay we saw it in the pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we saw it in the pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we saw it in the pyruvate
+dehydrogenase reaction to turn pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction to turn pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase reaction to turn pyruvate
+into acetyl-coa we saw it in ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetyl-coa we saw it in ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acetyl-coa we saw it in ethanol
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+to turn pyruvate into acetaldehyde and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn pyruvate into acetaldehyde and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn pyruvate into acetaldehyde and
+we saw it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it in
+the tca cycle to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tca cycle to turn
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-ketoglutarate
+into into succinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into succinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into succinate
+and in all those cases we decarboxylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in all those cases we decarboxylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in all those cases we decarboxylated
+that is broke a carbon-carbon bond of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is broke a carbon-carbon bond of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is broke a carbon-carbon bond of an
+alpha um keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha um keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha um keto acid
+and that used tpp plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that used tpp plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that used tpp plus
+and basically what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what happens in the
+trans-keto-lace reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto-lace reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto-lace reaction
+is tpp plus is also used to break a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tpp plus is also used to break a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tpp plus is also used to break a
+carbon-carbon bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond
+but this time rather than releasing co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time rather than releasing co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time rather than releasing co2
+it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically
+moving the two carbon unit over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the two carbon unit over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the two carbon unit over to
+another molecule as i'll show in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another molecule as i'll show in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another molecule as i'll show in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+transaldolase which remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase which remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase which remember
+moves three carbons does not use tpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves three carbons does not use tpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves three carbons does not use tpp
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+instead it uses an aldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it uses an aldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it uses an aldolase
+like mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to move the three carbons and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the three carbons and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the three carbons and so
+aldolase you remember if you think way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase you remember if you think way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase you remember if you think way
+back to when we described glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to when we described glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to when we described glycolysis
+aldolase broke the carbon-carbon bond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase broke the carbon-carbon bond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase broke the carbon-carbon bond to
+take you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you from
+fructose 1 6-bisphosphate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6-bisphosphate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6-bisphosphate to
+glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+and so that was done with an active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was done with an active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was done with an active site
+lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine
+and transaldolase basically repurposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transaldolase basically repurposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transaldolase basically repurposed
+that reaction also has an active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction also has an active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction also has an active site
+lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine
+breaks a carbon-carbon bond but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks a carbon-carbon bond but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks a carbon-carbon bond but this
+time to transfer the three-carbon unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to transfer the three-carbon unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to transfer the three-carbon unit
+from a keto stoner to an aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a keto stoner to an aldos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a keto stoner to an aldos
+acceptor and when we go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor and when we go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor and when we go through the
+mechanism you'll see it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism you'll see it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism you'll see it will be
+very reminiscent of if you look back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reminiscent of if you look back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reminiscent of if you look back in
+your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes
+how aldolase worked in glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how aldolase worked in glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how aldolase worked in glycolysis
+all right so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start with
+the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism
+of trans-keto lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trans-keto lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trans-keto lace
+okay so trans-keto lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so trans-keto lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so trans-keto lace
+uses thymine pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so remember this here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember this here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember this here is the
+active part of thiamine pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active part of thiamine pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active part of thiamine pyrophosphate
+the stabilized carbanion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's here just draw a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's here just draw a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's here just draw a generic
+ketose donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this intermediate
+is very similar to what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to what we saw
+for um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we did decarboxylation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did decarboxylation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did decarboxylation of the
+alpha-keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha-keto acid
+basically this same mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this same mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this same mechanism
+would occur but rather than release co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would occur but rather than release co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would occur but rather than release co2
+what gets released here instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets released here instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets released here instead
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+shorter aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter aldose
+with two carbons that are lost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two carbons that are lost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two carbons that are lost and
+remain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain here
+on the active site of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the enzyme on thymine pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this molecule here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this molecule here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this molecule here then
+needs to be transferred to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we have our aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that then will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that then will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that then will
+regenerate tpp plus and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate tpp plus and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate tpp plus and of course
+what we're left with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our former aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our former aldos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our former aldos
+which now becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now becomes a
+ketose that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose that's
+two carbons longer and so keto stoner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons longer and so keto stoner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons longer and so keto stoner
+tpp plus breaks off the two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpp plus breaks off the two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpp plus breaks off the two carbons
+releases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases the
+that ketos two carbon shorter as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ketos two carbon shorter as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ketos two carbon shorter as an
+aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose
+those two carbons are then transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two carbons are then transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two carbons are then transferred
+to an aldose acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an aldose acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an aldose acceptor
+and it becomes two carbons longer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes two carbons longer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes two carbons longer and
+becomes a ketose and so the net result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a ketose and so the net result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a ketose and so the net result
+is is that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that we take
+two carbons from the ketose donor give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons from the ketose donor give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons from the ketose donor give
+them to the aldose acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the aldose acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the aldose acceptor
+the ketos gets shorter by two carbons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketos gets shorter by two carbons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketos gets shorter by two carbons to
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+a shorter aldose and the former aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter aldose and the former aldos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter aldose and the former aldos
+acceptor gets longer by two carbons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor gets longer by two carbons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor gets longer by two carbons to
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+a ketose and this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketose and this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ketose and this is basically
+repurposing very similar chemistry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing very similar chemistry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing very similar chemistry to
+what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw
+for the decarboxylation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the decarboxylation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the decarboxylation of
+alpha ketoacids okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoacids okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ketoacids okay
+all right so that's how trans-ketolace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's how trans-ketolace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's how trans-ketolace
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+this is how trans aldolase works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how trans aldolase works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how trans aldolase works
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this works to move of course three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works to move of course three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works to move of course three
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+and so this is going to work much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is going to work much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is going to work much more
+like what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we saw
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the aldolase reaction in glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's here
+use our this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our this here
+is our generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ketos donor so this is gonna be a donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos donor so this is gonna be a donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos donor so this is gonna be a donor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so active site lysine and transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically
+this should look very familiar to you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should look very familiar to you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should look very familiar to you as
+the mechanism for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism for how
+aldolase worked to break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase worked to break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase worked to break the
+carbon-carbon bond to divide fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond to divide fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon-carbon bond to divide fructose
+1 6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone
+phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate
+except in this case what we're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in this case what we're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in this case what we're left with
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+taking this ketos donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this ketos donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this ketos donor
+and it releases on aldos that's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it releases on aldos that's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it releases on aldos that's three
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+shorter while retaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound to the enzyme the three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the enzyme the three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the enzyme the three carbons
+from the keto stoner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like we saw for the aldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+now when we saw the aldolase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we saw the aldolase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we saw the aldolase reaction
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+of course we just um took this off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we just um took this off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we just um took this off the
+molecule and that's how we ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and that's how we ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and that's how we ended up with
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate from the
+bottom and dihydroxyacetone phosphate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and dihydroxyacetone phosphate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and dihydroxyacetone phosphate on
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+the difference here is is now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference here is is now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference here is is now we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+use this as a way to um combine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this as a way to um combine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this as a way to um combine it
+move this three carbon unit rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this three carbon unit rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this three carbon unit rather than
+just releasing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just releasing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just releasing it
+transfer it over to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer it over to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer it over to an
+aldos acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once we re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we re
+uh take the three carbon unit add it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the three carbon unit add it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the three carbon unit add it to
+the aldose acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldose acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldose acceptor
+you'll see that then you release this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that then you release this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that then you release this
+now aldose three carbons longer as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now aldose three carbons longer as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now aldose three carbons longer as a
+ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose
+again very similar mechanism if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very similar mechanism if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very similar mechanism if you look
+back on your notes to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on your notes to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on your notes to how
+aldolase worked in glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase worked in glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldolase worked in glycolysis
+and so the net effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the net effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the net effect of the
+transaldolase reaction is is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase reaction is is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase reaction is is that we
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+three carbons from a ketose donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons from a ketose donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons from a ketose donor
+we end up releasing three of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up releasing three of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up releasing three of the
+the analdos that's three carbon shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analdos that's three carbon shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analdos that's three carbon shorter
+take those three carbons transfer them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those three carbons transfer them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those three carbons transfer them
+to an aldose acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an aldose acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an aldose acceptor
+and now generate a ketose that is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now generate a ketose that is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now generate a ketose that is three
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+longer and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and so this
+ultimately moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately moves
+two carbon units in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbon units in the case of
+trans-keto lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace
+three carbon units in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon units in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon units in the case of
+transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase
+it evolved this way because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolved this way because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolved this way because it's
+repurposing existing chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing existing chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing existing chemistry
+to allow these two and three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow these two and three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow these two and three carbon
+swaps that ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps that ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps that ultimately
+gives you the flexibility to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the flexibility to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the flexibility to build
+a cycle like the calvin cycle where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle like the calvin cycle where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle like the calvin cycle where one
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+interconvert three carbon sugars and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert three carbon sugars and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconvert three carbon sugars and six
+carbon sugars with five carbon sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sugars with five carbon sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sugars with five carbon sugars
+and ultimately make that cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately make that cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately make that cycle
+work and so on the calvin cycle this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so on the calvin cycle this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so on the calvin cycle this is
+useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because
+we can start with a five carbon ribulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start with a five carbon ribulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start with a five carbon ribulose
+one five bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five bisphosphate
+and net generate a hexose as a storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and net generate a hexose as a storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and net generate a hexose as a storage
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+while regenerating our five carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while regenerating our five carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while regenerating our five carbon
+ribulose one five bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose one five bisphosphate
+but it has an additional benefit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has an additional benefit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has an additional benefit and
+that this is also a way to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is also a way to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is also a way to generate
+five carbon sugars and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars and so you can see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ribose 5-phosphate is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate is one of the
+intermediates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates
+in the calvin cycle and of course ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the calvin cycle and of course ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the calvin cycle and of course ribose
+is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a useful
+sugar to generate nucleoside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar to generate nucleoside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar to generate nucleoside so
+all the time you spent talking about rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you spent talking about rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you spent talking about rna
+and dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dna
+um with professor yaffi you saw lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with professor yaffi you saw lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with professor yaffi you saw lots of
+five carbon sugars lots of pentoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars lots of pentoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars lots of pentoses
+as the ribose in those backbones and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ribose in those backbones and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ribose in those backbones and so
+it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just
+you know now not just nucleosides it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now not just nucleosides it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now not just nucleosides it's
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+part of lots of cofactors nad fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of lots of cofactors nad fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of lots of cofactors nad fad
+coenzyme a all of those cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a all of those cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a all of those cofactors
+ended up having um nucleosides in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having um nucleosides in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having um nucleosides in them
+right and so lots of ribose needed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so lots of ribose needed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so lots of ribose needed by
+the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell
+in order to make nucleosides and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make nucleosides and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make nucleosides and this is
+a way to for at least photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to for at least photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to for at least photosynthetic
+organisms the calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the calvin cycle
+a way for them to make ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for them to make ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for them to make ribose
+to generate all those nucleosides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate all those nucleosides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate all those nucleosides
+now that's great if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's great if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's great if you're a
+photosynthetic organism because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organism because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organism because you can
+run the calvin cycle and do it in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the calvin cycle and do it in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the calvin cycle and do it in a way
+that you can store carbon for the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can store carbon for the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can store carbon for the night
+uh as a some hexose that you can burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a some hexose that you can burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a some hexose that you can burn
+later when you don't have light to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when you don't have light to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when you don't have light to carry
+out the light reactions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the light reactions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the light reactions of
+photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis
+or if you want to grow you can use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you want to grow you can use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you want to grow you can use it to
+make nucleosides and replicate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nucleosides and replicate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nucleosides and replicate your
+genome or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome or make
+rna or make ribosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna or make ribosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna or make ribosomes
+and in fact the calvin cycle generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the calvin cycle generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the calvin cycle generating
+ribose is a way to get those you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose is a way to get those you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose is a way to get those you'll see
+when we get to this in a few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to this in a few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to this in a few lectures
+that ribose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ribose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ribose 5-phosphate
+is the starting point to generate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the starting point to generate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the starting point to generate um
+both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
+however this reactions the calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this reactions the calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this reactions the calvin cycle
+is unique to photosynthetic organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique to photosynthetic organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique to photosynthetic organisms
+but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course
+animals including us or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals including us or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals including us or all
+non-photosynthetic organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-photosynthetic organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-photosynthetic organisms
+also need to make ribose and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to make ribose and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to make ribose and we also
+need a way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a way to make
+nadph and we need a source of nadph for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph and we need a source of nadph for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph and we need a source of nadph for
+the same reason plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason plants
+needed it and that is we need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed it and that is we need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed it and that is we need something
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+have an nadph nadp ratio that's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an nadph nadp ratio that's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an nadph nadp ratio that's useful
+to keep our glutathione reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep our glutathione reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep our glutathione reduced
+that allows us to keep our cells in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to keep our cells in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to keep our cells in a
+reducing state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing state
+battle reactive oxygen species help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle reactive oxygen species help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle reactive oxygen species help with
+reductive biosynthesis we all know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive biosynthesis we all know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive biosynthesis we all know that
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+eat too much food we can all store those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat too much food we can all store those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat too much food we can all store those
+excess calories as fat fat is reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess calories as fat fat is reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess calories as fat fat is reduced
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+making the reduced carbon and the fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the reduced carbon and the fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the reduced carbon and the fatty
+acids is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids is going to
+require a source of electrons all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a source of electrons all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a source of electrons all
+organisms that source of electrons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that source of electrons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that source of electrons is
+going to be nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be nadph
+which makes sense because an nadph nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense because an nadph nadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense because an nadph nadp
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+that's more reduced can favor reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more reduced can favor reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more reduced can favor reduction
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+and in our next lecture we will see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our next lecture we will see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our next lecture we will see how
+that's used to actually store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used to actually store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used to actually store
+carbon as fat when there's excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon as fat when there's excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon as fat when there's excess
+nadph around now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph around now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph around now
+that makes a lot of sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a lot of sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a lot of sense but
+obviously as non-photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously as non-photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously as non-photosynthetic
+organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms
+we as well as all non-photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as well as all non-photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as well as all non-photosynthetic
+organisms can't rely on photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can't rely on photosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms can't rely on photosynthesis
+in the calvin cycle and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the calvin cycle and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the calvin cycle and so we need
+another pathway that allows us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pathway that allows us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pathway that allows us to do
+uh both nadph production as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both nadph production as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both nadph production as well as a
+ribose production and that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose production and that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose production and that's where we
+get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to
+the pentose phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and so the pentose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so the pentose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so the pentose phosphate
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+the ppp also sometimes referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ppp also sometimes referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ppp also sometimes referred to
+as the pentose phosphate shunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a major pathway that all organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major pathway that all organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major pathway that all organisms
+photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic
+can use to generate nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to generate nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to generate nadph
+which is useful for cells as a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is useful for cells as a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is useful for cells as a source of
+reducing power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing power
+as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as
+ribose which is going to be necessary if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose which is going to be necessary if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose which is going to be necessary if
+we're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build
+um nucleosides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nucleosides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nucleosides and
+cofactors that contain nucleosides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors that contain nucleosides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors that contain nucleosides
+all right now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now how
+one runs the pentose phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one runs the pentose phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one runs the pentose phosphate pathway
+to get these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get these two
+products is conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is conceptually
+akin to the calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akin to the calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akin to the calvin cycle
+but it's a calvin cycle in reverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a calvin cycle in reverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a calvin cycle in reverse and
+so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at
+what really happens in the calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really happens in the calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really happens in the calvin cycle
+all right we start with a five carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we start with a five carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we start with a five carbon
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+we add co2 we reduce it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add co2 we reduce it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add co2 we reduce it with
+nadph and atp and we end up generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph and atp and we end up generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph and atp and we end up generating
+a six carbon sugar and so the pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six carbon sugar and so the pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six carbon sugar and so the pentose
+phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+is we're going to start with a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to start with a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to start with a six
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+sugar we're gonna oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate co2
+and a 5 carbon sugar and if we oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 5 carbon sugar and if we oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 5 carbon sugar and if we oxidize
+we're going to end up those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up those electrons
+have to go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go somewhere
+and so we can net generate put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can net generate put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can net generate put those
+electrons and net generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and net generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and net generate
+nadph the calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph the calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph the calvin cycle
+is of course doing reduction remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course doing reduction remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course doing reduction remember
+reduced carbon is energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced carbon is energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced carbon is energy storage
+oxidizing carbon is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing carbon is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing carbon is energy
+release and so the calvin cycle we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and so the calvin cycle we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and so the calvin cycle we had
+to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put
+energy in that energy of course came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in that energy of course came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in that energy of course came
+from photosynthesis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from photosynthesis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from photosynthesis that's
+the magic of us harvesting energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic of us harvesting energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic of us harvesting energy from
+the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun
+in order to do biology and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do biology and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do biology and so the
+light products the nadph and atp came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light products the nadph and atp came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light products the nadph and atp came
+from photosynthesis in order to net run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from photosynthesis in order to net run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from photosynthesis in order to net run
+the calvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin
+cycle but just like we saw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle but just like we saw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle but just like we saw with
+glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
+if one direction of a pathway requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one direction of a pathway requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one direction of a pathway requires
+energy input well the other direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input well the other direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input well the other direction is
+going to be favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be favorable
+and so if we oxidize a six carbon sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we oxidize a six carbon sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we oxidize a six carbon sugar
+to make a five carbon sugar in co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a five carbon sugar in co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a five carbon sugar in co2
+that intuitively hopefully by now should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuitively hopefully by now should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuitively hopefully by now should
+be favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be favorable
+and so we can use that energy release to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can use that energy release to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can use that energy release to
+charge up an nad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge up an nad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge up an nad
+ph to nadp ratio that now gives the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph to nadp ratio that now gives the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph to nadp ratio that now gives the cell
+a source of reducing power okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source of reducing power okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source of reducing power okay so
+energetically makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetically makes sense
+now this pentose phosphate pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this pentose phosphate pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this pentose phosphate pathway is
+also sometimes called a shunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes called a shunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes called a shunt
+because really the way this works is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really the way this works is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really the way this works is as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+branch of glycolysis a shunt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of glycolysis a shunt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of glycolysis a shunt of
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+if you will because it's an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will because it's an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will because it's an alternative
+way to run glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to run glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to run glycolysis
+and get nadph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so 6-phosphate remember for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so 6-phosphate remember for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so 6-phosphate remember for
+glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis
+we can isomerize to give us fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can isomerize to give us fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can isomerize to give us fructose
+6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+and then ultimately in glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately in glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately in glycolysis
+can generate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+down to pyruvate which can go to the tca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to pyruvate which can go to the tca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to pyruvate which can go to the tca
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+et cetera et cetera et cetera okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera et cetera et cetera okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+et cetera et cetera et cetera okay
+of course glucose is a six carbon sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course glucose is a six carbon sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course glucose is a six carbon sugar
+fructose is a six carbon sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose is a six carbon sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose is a six carbon sugar
+glyceraldehyde three phosphate is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde three phosphate is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde three phosphate is a
+three carbon sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon sugar
+aldos ketose aldose okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldos ketose aldose okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldos ketose aldose okay
+so if we take our glucose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take our glucose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take our glucose 6-phosphate
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+send it into the pentose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it into the pentose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it into the pentose phosphate
+pathway the pentose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the pentose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the pentose phosphate
+shunt and rather than oxidize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt and rather than oxidize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt and rather than oxidize the
+glucose as we did in glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose as we did in glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose as we did in glycolysis
+we oxidize it to release co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we oxidize it to release co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we oxidize it to release co2
+and generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate a
+five carbon sugar like a ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugar like a ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugar like a ribose
+biphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biphosphate
+okay now we have a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have a way to get
+five carbon sugars pentoses by oxidizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars pentoses by oxidizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugars pentoses by oxidizing
+glucose six phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose six phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose six phosphate
+all right those electrons have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right those electrons have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right those electrons have to go
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+and so that ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that ends up being
+a way to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nad ph okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once we get those five carbon sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get those five carbon sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get those five carbon sugars
+that's great if we want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great if we want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great if we want to build
+nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides
+but it turns out we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run a bunch of transketolase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a bunch of transketolase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a bunch of transketolase and
+transall the lace reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transall the lace reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transall the lace reactions
+and interconvert five carbon sugars with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interconvert five carbon sugars with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interconvert five carbon sugars with
+six carbon sugars and three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six carbon sugars and three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six carbon sugars and three carbon
+sugars just as we did in the calvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars just as we did in the calvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars just as we did in the calvin
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+and if we run it this way you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we run it this way you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we run it this way you can see
+that i can now make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can now make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can now make this
+effectively an alternative version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively an alternative version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively an alternative version of
+glycolysis a shunt if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis a shunt if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis a shunt if you will
+start with glucose 6-phosphate rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with glucose 6-phosphate rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with glucose 6-phosphate rather
+than going the traditional way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than going the traditional way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than going the traditional way
+first go to make five carbon sugars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first go to make five carbon sugars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first go to make five carbon sugars and
+then bring those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bring those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bring those
+carbons back into glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons back into glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons back into glycolysis
+that i can then further oxidize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can then further oxidize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can then further oxidize to
+pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate
+and oxidizing the tca cycle etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxidizing the tca cycle etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxidizing the tca cycle etc
+and so all of this so glycolysis happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of this so glycolysis happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of this so glycolysis happens
+in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cytosol
+the pentose phosphate pathway happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentose phosphate pathway happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentose phosphate pathway happens in
+the cytosol and really this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol and really this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytosol and really this can be
+thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+as two separate phases and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two separate phases and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two separate phases and so this
+glucose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a pentose like ribose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pentose like ribose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pentose like ribose 5-phosphate
+plus co2 that is referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus co2 that is referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus co2 that is referred to
+as the oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the oxidative
+pentose phosphate pathway okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the oxidative pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the oxidative pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the oxidative pentose
+phosphate pathway because it's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway because it's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway because it's using
+oxidation of glucose carbon to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of glucose carbon to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of glucose carbon to generate
+ribose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphate
+and nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right or this swaps here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right or this swaps here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right or this swaps here
+between five carbon sugars and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between five carbon sugars and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between five carbon sugars and six
+carbon sugars and three carbon sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sugars and three carbon sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sugars and three carbon sugars
+very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar
+to what we saw in the calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we saw in the calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we saw in the calvin cycle
+which is really interconverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really interconverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really interconverting
+six carbon and three carbon sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six carbon and three carbon sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six carbon and three carbon sugars
+with five carbon sugars so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five carbon sugars so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five carbon sugars so that is
+referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+as the non-oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the non-oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the non-oxidative
+pentose phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it makes sense all those trans keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes sense all those trans keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes sense all those trans keto
+lace and transaldo lace reactions that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lace and transaldo lace reactions that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lace and transaldo lace reactions that i
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+discussed with you in great detail no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed with you in great detail no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed with you in great detail no
+electron movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron movement
+no oxidation reduction non-oxidative ppp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oxidation reduction non-oxidative ppp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oxidation reduction non-oxidative ppp
+similar to the calvin cycle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the calvin cycle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the calvin cycle it's
+interconverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconverting
+pentoses with trioses and hexoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses with trioses and hexoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses with trioses and hexoses
+okay so this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this should be
+very clear now that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear now that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear now that this
+is actually a really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a really useful
+things for cells because having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for cells because having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for cells because having this
+pentose phosphate pathway work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway work
+in these two different ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two different ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two different ways the
+oxidative and the non-oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative and the non-oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative and the non-oxidative
+give cells a lot of flexibility to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give cells a lot of flexibility to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give cells a lot of flexibility to make
+pentoses when they need ribose to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses when they need ribose to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses when they need ribose to make
+nucleosides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleosides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleosides
+as well as nadph when they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as nadph when they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as nadph when they need
+nadph to deal with say oxidative stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph to deal with say oxidative stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph to deal with say oxidative stress
+right suppose you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose you take
+a drug causes oxidative stress in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug causes oxidative stress in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug causes oxidative stress in your
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+pentose phosphate pathway can increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway can increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway can increase
+as a way to make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to make more
+nadph okay so if the cell needs nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph okay so if the cell needs nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph okay so if the cell needs nadph
+because there's oxidative stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's oxidative stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's oxidative stress
+it can run the oxidative pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can run the oxidative pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can run the oxidative pentose
+phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+if it also needs to make ribose great it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it also needs to make ribose great it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it also needs to make ribose great it
+has a short source of pentoses to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a short source of pentoses to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a short source of pentoses to make
+ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose
+however if it just needs nadph and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if it just needs nadph and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if it just needs nadph and not
+ribose it can then take those ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose it can then take those ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose it can then take those ribose
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+re-enter them into glycolysis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-enter them into glycolysis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-enter them into glycolysis so
+running this shunt allows you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this shunt allows you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this shunt allows you to get
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+as well as atp while oxidizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as atp while oxidizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as atp while oxidizing
+glucose carbon however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose carbon however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose carbon however
+if you need ribose and you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need ribose and you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need ribose and you don't need
+nadph well forget the oxidative ppp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph well forget the oxidative ppp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph well forget the oxidative ppp
+just take sugars from glycolysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take sugars from glycolysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take sugars from glycolysis and
+shunt them over by the non-oxidative ppp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt them over by the non-oxidative ppp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt them over by the non-oxidative ppp
+to make ribose and so you can run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make ribose and so you can run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make ribose and so you can run this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+if you need nadph and you can run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need nadph and you can run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need nadph and you can run this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+if you just need ribose all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just need ribose all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just need ribose all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is great because it gives cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great because it gives cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great because it gives cells
+a lot of of of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of of of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of of of uh of
+of a flexibility and so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a flexibility and so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a flexibility and so these two
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+really can be worked together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can be worked together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can be worked together
+or they can work separately depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can work separately depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they can work separately depending on
+what the cell needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cell needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cell needs
+and can really be tuned in a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can really be tuned in a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can really be tuned in a way to
+allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow
+the cell to get um both ribose and nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to get um both ribose and nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to get um both ribose and nadph
+and match it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and match it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and match it
+as demands and so in a lot of ways it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as demands and so in a lot of ways it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as demands and so in a lot of ways it's
+probably better to think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better to think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably better to think of them
+as two separate pathways a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two separate pathways a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two separate pathways a so-called
+oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative
+ppp which is really glucose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppp which is really glucose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppp which is really glucose 6-phosphate
+plus 2 nadp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 nadp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 nadp
+plus generating 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pentose
+plus co2 all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus co2 all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus co2 all right and
+a non-oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ppp which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppp which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppp which is really
+interconverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three pentoses with two hexoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pentoses with two hexoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pentoses with two hexoses
+and one triose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one triose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one triose
+okay so three times five is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so three times five is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so three times five is
+15 carbons two times six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 carbons two times six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 carbons two times six
+is 12 carbons plus 3 carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12 carbons plus 3 carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 12 carbons plus 3 carbons
+15 carbons all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 carbons all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 carbons all right
+this reaction oxidative ppp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction oxidative ppp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction oxidative ppp
+is only going to be favorable in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only going to be favorable in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only going to be favorable in one
+direction you would need a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you would need a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you would need a separate
+pathway if you're going to run it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway if you're going to run it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway if you're going to run it the
+opposite direction that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction that doesn't
+happen in in organisms so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in in organisms so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in in organisms so that's
+under physiological conditions a one-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under physiological conditions a one-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under physiological conditions a one-way
+pathway you can only go one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway you can only go one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway you can only go one direction
+through the oxidative ppp in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxidative ppp in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxidative ppp in cells
+whereas a non-oxidative ppp is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a non-oxidative ppp is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a non-oxidative ppp is just this
+inner conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner conversion of
+trioses and hexoses with pentoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trioses and hexoses with pentoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trioses and hexoses with pentoses
+this is very reversible just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very reversible just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very reversible just like
+the calvin cycle would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin cycle would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin cycle would be very
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+and so while they can work together as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so while they can work together as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so while they can work together as i
+described it's really useful to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it's really useful to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it's really useful to think of
+them as separate pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as separate pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as separate pathways
+and so let's go through each of them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's go through each of them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's go through each of them um
+separately so you can see how they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's start first with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start first here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start first here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start first here with the
+oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative
+pentose phosphate pathway and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here would be alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here would be alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here would be alpha
+glucose 6-phosphate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate okay
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so first step of the oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first step of the oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first step of the oxidative
+pentose phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway
+is we're going to oxidize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to oxidize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to oxidize the
+one carbon of glucose that's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon of glucose that's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon of glucose that's of course
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+have two electrons so if we oxidize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electrons so if we oxidize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two electrons so if we oxidize that
+carbon something else has to be reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon something else has to be reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon something else has to be reduced
+that hydride ion those two electrons can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hydride ion those two electrons can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hydride ion those two electrons can
+go to nadp plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to nadp plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to nadp plus
+to make nadph reaction that we've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make nadph reaction that we've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make nadph reaction that we've now
+seen a million times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a million times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a million times
+that oxidizes the alcohol at carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxidizes the alcohol at carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxidizes the alcohol at carbon one
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the um to the ketone and that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um to the ketone and that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um to the ketone and that gives us
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+lactone very similar to what we saw as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone very similar to what we saw as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone very similar to what we saw as
+the first step in the epimerase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step in the epimerase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step in the epimerase reaction
+when we described that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we described that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we described that
+to give us this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us this molecule
+6-phosphogluconolactone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphogluconolactone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphogluconolactone
+all right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now so
+in essence what this did remember is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence what this did remember is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence what this did remember is it
+oxidized remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized remember this
+one carbon was the aldehyde of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon was the aldehyde of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon was the aldehyde of glucose
+this now becomes on this lactone it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now becomes on this lactone it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now becomes on this lactone it's
+actually an acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an acid
+and that becomes evident if we break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes evident if we break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes evident if we break
+open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+this ring here with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that gives a cis molecule 6-phospho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that gives a cis molecule 6-phospho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that gives a cis molecule 6-phospho
+glucanate oh i forgot to mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucanate oh i forgot to mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucanate oh i forgot to mention this
+first reaction here is catalyzed by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction here is catalyzed by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction here is catalyzed by this
+enzyme g6pd glucose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme g6pd glucose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme g6pd glucose 6-phosphate
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+makes sense oxidation reduction reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense oxidation reduction reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense oxidation reduction reaction
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase just
+as an aside for those of you interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aside for those of you interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aside for those of you interested
+in medical school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in medical school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in medical school
+turns out glucose 6-phosphate deficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out glucose 6-phosphate deficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out glucose 6-phosphate deficiency
+in humans is actually a quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans is actually a quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans is actually a quite
+common genetic disorder very common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common genetic disorder very common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common genetic disorder very common in
+mediterranean regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediterranean regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediterranean regions
+because it is thought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is thought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is thought to
+have evolved because it confers some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved because it confers some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved because it confers some
+resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to
+malaria and so having less g6pd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria and so having less g6pd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria and so having less g6pd
+means you deal less well with oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you deal less well with oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you deal less well with oxidative
+stress and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and as a result
+some foods and drugs can cause increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some foods and drugs can cause increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some foods and drugs can cause increased
+symptoms in those patients but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms in those patients but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms in those patients but also
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+that means that the cells are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the cells are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the cells are less
+the cells are more resistant to malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are more resistant to malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are more resistant to malaria
+infection because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection because the
+malaria ends up killing the cell before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria ends up killing the cell before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria ends up killing the cell before
+it can establish an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can establish an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can establish an
+infection because it causes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection because it causes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection because it causes some
+oxidative stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative stress
+okay back to the pathway so if we open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back to the pathway so if we open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay back to the pathway so if we open
+up this lactone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this lactone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this lactone
+what we have here is this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here is this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here is this molecule
+6-phosphogluconate it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphogluconate it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphogluconate it's basically
+glucose where the aldehyde is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose where the aldehyde is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose where the aldehyde is now
+been oxidized to the acid that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been oxidized to the acid that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been oxidized to the acid that's how we
+generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated
+nadph the next step is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph the next step is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph the next step is we're going to
+oxidize carbon 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize carbon 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize carbon 3
+okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we
+oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the alcohol on carbon 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those electrons have to go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put them on the nad plus that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the nad plus that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on the nad plus that gives us
+nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph
+this is catalyzed by six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is catalyzed by six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is catalyzed by six
+phospho gluconate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho gluconate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospho gluconate
+dehydrogenase okay generates an nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase okay generates an nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase okay generates an nadph
+and what ends up being generated is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at this intermediate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this intermediate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this intermediate this
+is a beta um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a beta um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a beta um
+keto acid all right so here's our acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid all right so here's our acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid all right so here's our acid
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+alpha beta to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta to the
+the ketone so a beta keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone so a beta keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketone so a beta keto acid
+remember decarboxylation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember decarboxylation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember decarboxylation of
+beta-ketoacids is favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same trick that we saw before in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick that we saw before in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick that we saw before in the
+tca cycle and other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle and other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tca cycle and other places
+and so remember that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this enol and why it's so favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enol and why it's so favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enol and why it's so favorable
+is because the enol prefers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rearrange to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange to the
+keto form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and when we arrange the keto form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this of course is the pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course is the pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course is the pentose
+ribulose 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose 5 phosphate
+okay and so ribulose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so ribulose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so ribulose 5-phosphate
+of course we saw in the calvin cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we saw in the calvin cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we saw in the calvin cycle so
+we started with phosphorylation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with phosphorylation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with phosphorylation at the
+one position ribulose 1 5-bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position ribulose 1 5-bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position ribulose 1 5-bisphosphate
+so ribulose 5-phosphate can be produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ribulose 5-phosphate can be produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ribulose 5-phosphate can be produced
+by the oxidative pentose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the oxidative pentose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the oxidative pentose phosphate
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+glucose 6-phosphate first oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate first oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate first oxidize
+the 1-carbon by g6pd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1-carbon by g6pd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1-carbon by g6pd
+that generates six phosphogluconate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates six phosphogluconate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates six phosphogluconate
+oxidized the three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized the three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized the three carbon
+that allows favorable beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows favorable beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows favorable beta
+decarboxylation to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarboxylation to generate
+another nadph and ribulose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nadph and ribulose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nadph and ribulose 5-phosphate
+once you have that ribulose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have that ribulose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have that ribulose 5-phosphate
+we can of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can of course
+use an isomerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and with an isomerase we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribose biphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose biphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose biphosphate
+which is now available to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now available to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now available to be
+sent to do nucleic acid synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to do nucleic acid synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to do nucleic acid synthesis
+or we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on epimerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on epimerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on epimerase
+and if we use an epimerase we can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use an epimerase we can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use an epimerase we can change
+the stereochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this three position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that gives me xylose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me xylose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me xylose 5-phosphate
+which was the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the uh
+keto stoner and acceptor for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto stoner and acceptor for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto stoner and acceptor for the
+transketolase transalvalace reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase transalvalace reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase transalvalace reactions
+that were so useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were so useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were so useful
+for entering the non-oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entering the non-oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entering the non-oxidative
+pentose phosphate pathway or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway or
+basically some version of the calvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some version of the calvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some version of the calvin
+cycle and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and so
+we can get ribose 5-phosphate xylose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get ribose 5-phosphate xylose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get ribose 5-phosphate xylose
+5-phosphate ribulose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate ribulose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate ribulose 5-phosphate
+all as products of the oxidative pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all as products of the oxidative pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all as products of the oxidative pentose
+phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+which will allow us to either generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will allow us to either generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will allow us to either generate
+ribose as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose as a way to
+make nucleosides or have carbon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nucleosides or have carbon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nucleosides or have carbon in the
+right form that i can now run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right form that i can now run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right form that i can now run the
+oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and
+have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it
+re-enter glycolysis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-enter glycolysis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-enter glycolysis okay
+great so that's the oxidative pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so that's the oxidative pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so that's the oxidative pentose
+phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+now let's discuss the non-oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's discuss the non-oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's discuss the non-oxidative
+pentose phosphate pathway which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway which
+just like the calvin cycle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the calvin cycle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the calvin cycle is
+interconversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconversion
+of three carbon and six carbon sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three carbon and six carbon sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three carbon and six carbon sugars
+with five carbon sugars basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five carbon sugars basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five carbon sugars basically it's
+the calvin cycle same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin cycle same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calvin cycle same idea
+transketolase transaldo lace obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase transaldo lace obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase transaldo lace obviously
+it evolved from the calvin cycle because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolved from the calvin cycle because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evolved from the calvin cycle because
+photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis
+had to be first so let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be first so let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be first so let me first
+put it in context how it works and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in context how it works and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in context how it works and then
+we can draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw it
+in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here is glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i run the oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i run the oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i run the oxidative
+pentose phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can generate two nadphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as a
+ribulose 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose 5 phosphate
+that ribulose 5-phosphate can be turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ribulose 5-phosphate can be turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ribulose 5-phosphate can be turned
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ribose 5-phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphates
+and xylose 5-phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and xylose 5-phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and xylose 5-phosphates
+okay aldos and ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay aldos and ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay aldos and ketose
+acceptors i can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors i can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors i can then
+use these five carbon sugars if i do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these five carbon sugars if i do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these five carbon sugars if i do a
+trans-keto lace reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace reaction
+i'll get a three carbon aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get a three carbon aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get a three carbon aldose
+and a seven carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a seven carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a seven carbon
+ketose okay remember trans-keto-lice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose okay remember trans-keto-lice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose okay remember trans-keto-lice
+moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves
+two uh carbons from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh carbons from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh carbons from the
+ketose to an aldose giving you a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose to an aldose giving you a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose to an aldose giving you a shorter
+aldose and a longer ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose and a longer ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose and a longer ketose
+all right now if i run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a transaldo lace reaction i'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transaldo lace reaction i'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transaldo lace reaction i'll move
+three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons
+that gives me a six carbon ketose and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me a six carbon ketose and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me a six carbon ketose and a
+four carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four carbon
+aldose if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run another trans-keto lace reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run another trans-keto lace reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run another trans-keto lace reaction
+with this four carbon sugar with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this four carbon sugar with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this four carbon sugar with this
+five carbon sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon sugar
+i will then generate a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will then generate a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will then generate a another
+six carbon ketose and a three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six carbon ketose and a three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six carbon ketose and a three carbon
+aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldose
+these six carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are fructose six phosphate and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fructose six phosphate and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fructose six phosphate and this
+3-carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-carbon
+aldosis glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldosis glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldosis glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and i
+can re-enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can re-enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can re-enter
+glycolysis the stoichiometry works up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis the stoichiometry works up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis the stoichiometry works up
+if i do this 3 times so 3 times 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do this 3 times so 3 times 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do this 3 times so 3 times 5
+equals 15 carbons all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 15 carbons all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 15 carbons all right
+so 3 ribulose 5-phosphates from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 3 ribulose 5-phosphates from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 3 ribulose 5-phosphates from the
+oxidative ppp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative ppp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative ppp
+if i turn them into one ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i turn them into one ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i turn them into one ribose
+5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate
+and 2-xylose phosphate i can allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2-xylose phosphate i can allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2-xylose phosphate i can allocate
+one here and one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and one here
+these two can come together to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two can come together to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two can come together to give me
+one fructose-6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fructose-6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fructose-6-phosphate
+and one erythrose4-phosphate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one erythrose4-phosphate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one erythrose4-phosphate that
+erythrose4-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erythrose4-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erythrose4-phosphate
+can use the other xylose 5-phosphate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the other xylose 5-phosphate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the other xylose 5-phosphate to
+give me another fructose-6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me another fructose-6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me another fructose-6-phosphate
+and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate such
+that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have
+2 hexoses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hexoses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hexoses and
+1-triose coming from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-triose coming from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-triose coming from my
+three pentoses and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pentoses and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pentoses and so
+total here again of 15 carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total here again of 15 carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total here again of 15 carbons
+okay and so like the calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so like the calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so like the calvin cycle
+these trans-ketolase and trans-elderlace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trans-ketolase and trans-elderlace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trans-ketolase and trans-elderlace
+reactions are all reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are all reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are all reversible
+and so if i don't want to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i don't want to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i don't want to run the
+oxidative pentose phosphate pathway i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative pentose phosphate pathway i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative pentose phosphate pathway i
+can start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with
+fructose 6-phosphates and glyceraldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphates and glyceraldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphates and glyceraldehyde
+3-phosphates from glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphates from glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphates from glycolysis
+and run it this direction to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run it this direction to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and run it this direction to generate
+riboses in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboses in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboses in order to make
+make nucleosides all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nucleosides all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nucleosides all right
+just to be explicit about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be explicit about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be explicit about this
+hopefully this all makes sense after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this all makes sense after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this all makes sense after the
+long discussion we had of the calvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long discussion we had of the calvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long discussion we had of the calvin
+cycle and how these reactions work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and how these reactions work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and how these reactions work and
+you could work this out yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could work this out yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could work this out yourself
+but i'll close today by just showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll close today by just showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll close today by just showing
+this and how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how it works
+i'll actually show it in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll actually show it in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll actually show it in the opposite
+direction i described it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction i described it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction i described it here
+moving from products of the oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from products of the oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from products of the oxidative
+ppp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppp
+running through the non-oxidative ppp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through the non-oxidative ppp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through the non-oxidative ppp to
+re-enter glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-enter glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-enter glycolysis
+but i'm going to now draw it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to now draw it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to now draw it for you
+starting with products of glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with products of glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with products of glycolysis
+running the non-oxidative ppp in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the non-oxidative ppp in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the non-oxidative ppp in the
+other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction
+to generate pentoses just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate pentoses just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate pentoses just because
+you know this is so reversible but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is so reversible but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is so reversible but also
+point out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out to you
+how this whole thing can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this whole thing can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this whole thing can work
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from
+glycolysis that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aldose acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a fructose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a fructose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a fructose 6-phosphate
+from glycolysis that can be a keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glycolysis that can be a keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from glycolysis that can be a keto
+stoner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoner
+and so if i run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keto lace reaction so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto lace reaction so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto lace reaction so remember
+trans-keto lace transfer two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace transfer two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace transfer two carbons
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the ketose to the aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketose to the aldos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ketose to the aldos
+what am i left with well i'm left with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i left with well i'm left with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i left with well i'm left with a
+shorter aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is erythros for phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is erythros for phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is erythros for phosphate
+and i'm left with a longer ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a pentose xylose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pentose xylose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pentose xylose 5-phosphate
+okay now i have my erythros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i have my erythros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i have my erythros
+4-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and my fructose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i now carry out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i now carry out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i now carry out a
+transaldolase reaction so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase reaction so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase reaction so i'm going to
+move three carbons now for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move three carbons now for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move three carbons now for my
+ketostoner fructose 6-phosphate to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketostoner fructose 6-phosphate to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketostoner fructose 6-phosphate to my
+aldos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldos
+acceptor and so what do i end up with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor and so what do i end up with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor and so what do i end up with so
+i end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this becomes three carbon shorter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes three carbon shorter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes three carbon shorter so
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
+move the three carbons from the ketos to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the three carbons from the ketos to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the three carbons from the ketos to
+the aldos acceptor now i end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldos acceptor now i end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldos acceptor now i end up with a
+longer ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now i have the seven carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i have the seven carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i have the seven carbon
+acetoheptulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoheptulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetoheptulose
+seven phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i now again run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i now again run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i now again run a
+trans-keto lace reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-keto lace reaction so
+two carbons here um transferred from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons here um transferred from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons here um transferred from the
+ketose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketose
+to the aldos what i end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the aldos what i end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the aldos what i end up with
+now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five carbon xylose five phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon xylose five phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon xylose five phosphate
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so aldos becomes a longer ketose by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so aldos becomes a longer ketose by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so aldos becomes a longer ketose by two
+carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ketos becomes a shorter aldose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos becomes a shorter aldose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketos becomes a shorter aldose
+by two carbons which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a ribose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ribose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ribose 5-phosphate
+i can now have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can now have 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can now have 2
+xylose 5-phosphates and a ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5-phosphates and a ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5-phosphates and a ribose
+5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate
+i can take my xylose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take my xylose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take my xylose
+5-phosphates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphates and
+carry out an epimerase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out an epimerase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out an epimerase reaction
+if i carry out an epimerase reaction i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i carry out an epimerase reaction i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i carry out an epimerase reaction i
+of course get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change the stereochemistry at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the stereochemistry at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the stereochemistry at the
+three position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribulose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or i can carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an isomerase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take my ribose biphosphate to ribulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my ribose biphosphate to ribulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my ribose biphosphate to ribulose
+5-phosphate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate and so
+if you note that i started this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you note that i started this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you note that i started this time
+with products of glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with products of glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with products of glycolysis
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate fructose
+6-phosphate did a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate did a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate did a series of
+trans-ketolase and transalva lace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-ketolase and transalva lace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans-ketolase and transalva lace
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ultimately to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately to generate
+three so two fructose six phosphates one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so two fructose six phosphates one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so two fructose six phosphates one
+glyceraldehyde three phosphate so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde three phosphate so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glyceraldehyde three phosphate so that's
+six plus six plus three equals fifteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six plus six plus three equals fifteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six plus six plus three equals fifteen
+carbons i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons i get
+five three sorry three pentoses out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five three sorry three pentoses out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five three sorry three pentoses out
+xylose 5-phosphate a ribose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5-phosphate a ribose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5-phosphate a ribose 5-phosphate
+and axial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and axial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and axial
+5-phosphate which i can then use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate which i can then use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate which i can then use a
+pembrase or isomerase reactions to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pembrase or isomerase reactions to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pembrase or isomerase reactions to give
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ribulose 5-phosphate which of course all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose 5-phosphate which of course all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose 5-phosphate which of course all
+could be shuttled into ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be shuttled into ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be shuttled into ribose
+5-phosphate giving me the flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate giving me the flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate giving me the flexibility
+to start with products of glycolysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with products of glycolysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with products of glycolysis and
+net generate ribose 5-phosphate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net generate ribose 5-phosphate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net generate ribose 5-phosphate for
+nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside
+synthesis if i run the oxidative pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis if i run the oxidative pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis if i run the oxidative pentose
+phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway
+i end up with ribulose 5-phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i end up with ribulose 5-phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i end up with ribulose 5-phosphates
+i can take those ribulose 5-phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take those ribulose 5-phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take those ribulose 5-phosphates
+turn them into xylose 5-phosphates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn them into xylose 5-phosphates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn them into xylose 5-phosphates and
+ribose 5-phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribose 5-phosphates
+run the same series of trans-ketolace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the same series of trans-ketolace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the same series of trans-ketolace
+and transalise reactions in reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transalise reactions in reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transalise reactions in reverse
+and get glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates and
+fructose-6-phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-6-phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-6-phosphates
+either direction 15 carbons in 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direction 15 carbons in 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direction 15 carbons in 15
+carbons out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons out
+can start with products of the oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with products of the oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with products of the oxidative
+ppp and put them back in glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppp and put them back in glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppp and put them back in glycolysis
+or start with products of glycolysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or start with products of glycolysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or start with products of glycolysis and
+generate pentoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate pentoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate pentoses
+such as ribose biphosphate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as ribose biphosphate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as ribose biphosphate for
+nucleoside synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside synthesis
+giving cells a lot of flexibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving cells a lot of flexibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving cells a lot of flexibility to
+take carbohydrates from glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take carbohydrates from glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take carbohydrates from glycolysis
+and make pentoses for nucleosides as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make pentoses for nucleosides as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make pentoses for nucleosides as
+well as have a way to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as have a way to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as have a way to generate
+nadph i know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph i know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph i know there's a lot of
+carbons moving around and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons moving around and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons moving around and a lot of
+swapping but hopefully after today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping but hopefully after today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping but hopefully after today
+how it works and why it works this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works and why it works this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works and why it works this way
+is a little bit clearer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit clearer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit clearer than
+if you just sit down and try to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just sit down and try to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just sit down and try to memorize
+these really confusing pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really confusing pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really confusing pathways
+okay next time we'll talk about how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next time we'll talk about how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next time we'll talk about how one
+uses nadph as a source of reducing power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses nadph as a source of reducing power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses nadph as a source of reducing power
+in all organisms in order to synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all organisms in order to synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all organisms in order to synthesize
+fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Qf7qXw7sHk4.txt b/Qf7qXw7sHk4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e83c643850092b70faa7da9b7778de6d4f1db4ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Qf7qXw7sHk4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+I strongly believe in OpenCourseWare’s mission
+to make education available globally to everyone
+
+of all backgrounds.
+
+I feel like I can pinpoint to many points
+in my life, different people that I met that
+
+helped me along the way.
+
+Or different resources that helped me along
+the way.
+
+OpenCourseWare is certainly one of those things.
+
+I mean it’s hard to say where I would be
+without it.
+
+It was definitely a crucial ingredient that
+I needed in order to find myself here.
+
+My story is just one tiny story among the
+millions of people that have been able to
+
+access OCW.
+
+Being a beneficiary of such resources, and
+free of charge, it compels me to do my part
+
+to give back what I have freely received.
+
+And I’m sure there are a lot of other people
+that feel the same way.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RR6DHXgT_5E.txt b/RR6DHXgT_5E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0674d372ff08ed09a0ed9f8b0ae9431cbdaa078e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RR6DHXgT_5E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go ahead and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started okay so uh today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay so uh today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay so uh today we
+have one topic to finish up very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one topic to finish up very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one topic to finish up very briefly
+from last time so if you remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time so if you remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time so if you remember when
+we finish off last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finish off last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finish off last
+time we were talking about the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we were talking about the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we were talking about the example
+of a uh multi-threaded web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh multi-threaded web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh multi-threaded web
+server um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server um
+so the example that we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example that we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example that we were talking
+about and this is an example that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this is an example that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this is an example that we're
+going to use throughout the I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use throughout the I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use throughout the I'm going to
+use throughout the lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use throughout the lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use throughout the lecture today
+consisted of a web server um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of a web server um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of a web server um with
+a is going to this this example consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to this this example consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to this this example consists
+of a web server with three uh main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a web server with three uh main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a web server with three uh main
+modules or main components so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules or main components so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules or main components so it
+consists of a this the three modules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a this the three modules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a this the three modules are
+a networking module uh a web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+module which is in charge of generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module which is in charge of generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module which is in charge of generating
+uh for example HTML Pages um and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example HTML Pages um and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example HTML Pages um and then a
+disk module which is in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk module which is in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk module which is in charge of
+reading data off of disk okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading data off of disk okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading data off of disk okay so this
+thing is going to be communicating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be communicating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be communicating with
+the dis which I've drawn as a cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dis which I've drawn as a cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dis which I've drawn as a cylinder
+here um so what happens is that client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so what happens is that client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um so what happens is that client
+requests come in to this web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests come in to this web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests come in to this web server
+they're uh come into the network module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh come into the network module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh come into the network module
+the network module uh forwards those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network module uh forwards those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network module uh forwards those
+requests on the web server the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests on the web server the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests on the web server the web
+server is in charge of generating say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is in charge of generating say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is in charge of generating say
+the HTML page that corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HTML page that corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HTML page that corresponds to the
+request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request
+and in order to do that it may need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do that it may need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do that it may need to
+read some data off of the disk so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some data off of the disk so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some data off of the disk so it
+forwards this request onto the disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards this request onto the disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards this request onto the disk
+module which goes and actually gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module which goes and actually gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module which goes and actually gets the
+page from the disk and then at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page from the disk and then at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page from the disk and then at some
+point later the disk Returns the page to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point later the disk Returns the page to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point later the disk Returns the page to
+the web server the web server Returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server the web server Returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server the web server Returns
+the page to the network module and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page to the network module and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page to the network module and then
+the network module uh sends the sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network module uh sends the sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network module uh sends the sends
+the answer back over the network to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer back over the network to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer back over the network to the
+user so uh this is a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user so uh this is a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user so uh this is a very simple example
+of a web server it should be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a web server it should be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a web server it should be sort of
+familiar to you since you've uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you since you've uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you since you've uh just
+spent a while studying the flash web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a while studying the flash web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a while studying the flash web
+server so you can see that this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so you can see that this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so you can see that this is sort
+of a simplified description of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simplified description of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simplified description of what a
+web server does um so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server does um so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server does um so if you think about
+what's what how you would actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what how you would actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what how you would actually go
+about designing a web server like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about designing a web server like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about designing a web server like this
+of course it's not the case that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's not the case that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's not the case that there's
+only one request that is moving between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one request that is moving between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one request that is moving between
+these modeles at any one point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modeles at any one point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modeles at any one point in time
+so in fact uh there may be multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact uh there may be multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact uh there may be multiple
+client requests that come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client requests that come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client requests that come into the
+network module and the network module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network module and the network module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network module and the network module
+may want to have multiple outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to have multiple outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to have multiple outstanding
+pages that it's asking the web server to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages that it's asking the web server to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages that it's asking the web server to
+generate and the web server it's s might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and the web server it's s might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and the web server it's s might
+be requesting multiple items from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be requesting multiple items from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be requesting multiple items from the
+disk okay and so in turn that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk okay and so in turn that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk okay and so in turn that means that
+at any point in time there could be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point in time there could be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any point in time there could be uh
+sort of multiple results there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiple results there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiple results there could be
+you know results coming streaming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know results coming streaming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know results coming streaming back
+in from the disk which are going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the disk which are going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the disk which are going into
+the web server uh which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server uh which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server uh which is sort of
+chewing on results and producing pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing on results and producing pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing on results and producing pages
+to the network module um and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the network module um and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the network module um and so it's
+possible for there to be sort of cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for there to be sort of cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for there to be sort of cues
+that are building up between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are building up between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are building up between these
+modules both on the send and receive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules both on the send and receive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules both on the send and receive so
+I'm going to draw a q I'll draw a q just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a q I'll draw a q just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a q I'll draw a q just
+sort of as a box with these vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as a box with these vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as a box with these vertical
+arrows through it so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows through it so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows through it so there's some
+buffering that's happening between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering that's happening between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering that's happening between the
+sort of incoming requests and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of incoming requests and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of incoming requests and the
+outgoing requests on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modules okay and this buffering is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules okay and this buffering is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules okay and this buffering is a
+good thing and we'll we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and we'll we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and we'll we're going to talk
+more about this throughout the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this throughout the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this throughout the lecture
+today because what it allows us to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because what it allows us to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because what it allows us to do is
+it allows us to decouple the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows us to decouple the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows us to decouple the operations
+of these different modules so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different modules so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different modules so for
+example the disk module can be reading a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the disk module can be reading a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the disk module can be reading a
+page from disk while the HTML page while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page from disk while the HTML page while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page from disk while the HTML page while
+the HTML server is for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HTML server is for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HTML server is for example
+simultaneously generating an HTML page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously generating an HTML page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously generating an HTML page
+that wants to return to the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wants to return to the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wants to return to the client
+um but in this architecture you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in this architecture you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in this architecture you can see
+that uh for example when the HTML when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for example when the HTML when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh for example when the HTML when
+the web server wants to produce a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server wants to produce a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server wants to produce a result
+it can only produce a result when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only produce a result when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only produce a result when the
+disk pages that it needs are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk pages that it needs are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk pages that it needs are actually
+available so the web server is dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so the web server is dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so the web server is dependent
+on some result from the dis from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some result from the dis from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some result from the dis from the
+disk module uh being available so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk module uh being available so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk module uh being available so if we
+were to look at just this web server the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to look at just this web server the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to look at just this web server the
+H I'm going to I call this the HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I'm going to I call this the HTML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I'm going to I call this the HTML
+thread here and the dis thread so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread here and the dis thread so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread here and the dis thread so these
+are these uh two threads that are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these uh two threads that are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these uh two threads that are on the
+uh right the the right side of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right the the right side of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right the the right side of the of
+this diagram that I've drawn here um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram that I've drawn here um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram that I've drawn here um if
+you were to look at the code that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to look at the code that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to look at the code that was
+running in these things and we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in these things and we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in these things and we saw this
+last time the code would might might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the code would might might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the code would might might
+look like something like this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like something like this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like something like this so the
+HTML thread is just going to sit in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTML thread is just going to sit in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTML thread is just going to sit in a
+loop continually trying to DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop continually trying to DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop continually trying to DQ
+information from this queue that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from this queue that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from this queue that is
+shared between it and the dis thread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between it and the dis thread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between it and the dis thread and
+then the disc thread is going to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the disc thread is going to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the disc thread is going to be in a
+loop where it continually reads blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop where it continually reads blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop where it continually reads blocks
+off the dis and then uh enues them onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the dis and then uh enues them onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the dis and then uh enues them onto
+this que so this design at first seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this que so this design at first seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this que so this design at first seems
+like it might be fine but then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it might be fine but then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it might be fine but then if you
+start thinking about what's going really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about what's going really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about what's going really
+really going on here there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on here there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on here there could be a
+problem so suppose for for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so suppose for for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so suppose for for example that
+the Q is of a finite length it only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q is of a finite length it only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q is of a finite length it only has
+a certain number of elements in it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number of elements in it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number of elements in it now
+when we keep calling in Q over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we keep calling in Q over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we keep calling in Q over and over
+and over again um it's possible that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again um it's possible that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again um it's possible that if
+the HTML thread isn't consuming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HTML thread isn't consuming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HTML thread isn't consuming these
+pages off the queue fast enough that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages off the queue fast enough that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages off the queue fast enough that the
+queue could fill up and it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue could fill up and it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue could fill up and it could
+overflow right so that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow right so that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow right so that might be a
+problem that we would want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we would want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we would want to sort of
+make a condition that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a condition that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a condition that we would
+explicitly check for in the code and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly check for in the code and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly check for in the code and so
+we could do that by adding a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do that by adding a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do that by adding a set of
+conditions like this so um what we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions like this so um what we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions like this so um what we what
+you see here is that uh I i' I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is that uh I i' I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is that uh I i' I've just
+augmented the code with these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented the code with these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented the code with these two
+additional variables used and free where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional variables used and free where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional variables used and free where
+used indicates the number of blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used indicates the number of blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used indicates the number of blocks that
+are in the queue that are currently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the queue that are currently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the queue that are currently in
+use and free indicates the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and free indicates the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and free indicates the number of
+blocks that are in the code that are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are in the code that are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are in the code that are uh
+the number of blocks that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of blocks that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of blocks that are in the
+queue that are currently free so uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue that are currently free so uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue that are currently free so uh what
+this Loop does is the the dis thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop does is the the dis thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop does is the the dis thread
+says it only wants to inue something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it only wants to inue something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it only wants to inue something
+onto the queue um when there is are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the queue um when there is are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the queue um when there is are some
+free blocks so it has a while loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free blocks so it has a while loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free blocks so it has a while loop that
+just Loops forever and ever and ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Loops forever and ever and ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Loops forever and ever and ever
+while they're uh waiting when there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they're uh waiting when there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while they're uh waiting when there are
+no free blocks okay and similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no free blocks okay and similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no free blocks okay and similarly the
+HTML thread is just going to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTML thread is just going to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTML thread is just going to wait
+forever uh when there are no used blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever uh when there are no used blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever uh when there are no used blocks
+okay and then when some when the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then when some when the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then when some when the when
+the disc thread in cues a block onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc thread in cues a block onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc thread in cues a block onto the
+que it's going to decrement the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que it's going to decrement the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que it's going to decrement the free
+count because it's reduced the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count because it's reduced the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count because it's reduced the number of
+things that are in the in the que and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are in the in the que and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are in the in the que and
+it's going to increment the used count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to increment the used count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to increment the used count
+because now there's one additional thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now there's one additional thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now there's one additional thing
+that's available in the que okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available in the que okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available in the que okay so this
+is a simple way in which now we've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple way in which now we've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple way in which now we've made
+it so these things wait for each they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so these things wait for each they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so these things wait for each they're
+waiting for each other they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for each other they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for each other they're
+coordinating with each other by use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with each other by use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with each other by use of
+these uh two shared variables used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh two shared variables used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh two shared variables used in
+free okay so these two threads share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay so these two threads share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free okay so these two threads share
+this the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the these
+variables um so that's fine but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um so that's fine but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um so that's fine but if you
+think about this from a scheduling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this from a scheduling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this from a scheduling point
+of view uh there still is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view uh there still is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view uh there still is a little bit
+of a problem with this approach so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem with this approach so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem with this approach so uh in
+particular what's going on here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what's going on here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what's going on here is that
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+um what's going on here is that the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on here is that the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's going on here is that the free
+uh that when one of these threads enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that when one of these threads enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that when one of these threads enters
+into one of these while Loops it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these while Loops it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these while Loops it's just
+going to sit there checking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sit there checking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sit there checking this
+condition over and over and over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition over and over and over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition over and over and over and
+over again right so the the thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again right so the the thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again right so the the thread
+scheder scheduled that thread it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheder scheduled that thread it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheder scheduled that thread it's going
+to repeatedly check this condition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeatedly check this condition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeatedly check this condition and
+that's uh maybe not so desirable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh maybe not so desirable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh maybe not so desirable so
+suppose for example that the HTML thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for example that the HTML thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for example that the HTML thread
+enters into this Loop and starts looping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into this Loop and starts looping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into this Loop and starts looping
+because there's no data available um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no data available um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no data available um now
+what really we would like to have happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really we would like to have happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really we would like to have happen
+is for the disc thread to be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the disc thread to be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the disc thread to be allowed to
+get a chance to run so maybe it's can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to run so maybe it's can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a chance to run so maybe it's can
+produce some data so that the HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some data so that the HTML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some data so that the HTML
+thread can then go ahead and operate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread can then go ahead and operate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread can then go ahead and operate but
+um with this while loop there uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with this while loop there uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with this while loop there uh we we
+we can't quite do that we just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't quite do that we just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't quite do that we just sort of
+waste the CPU during the time we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste the CPU during the time we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste the CPU during the time we're in
+this while loop so instead what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this while loop so instead what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this while loop so instead what we're
+going to do is introduce a set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is introduce a set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is introduce a set of uh
+what we call sequence coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators so in order just in in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so in order just in in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so in order just in in order
+to introduce this we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce this we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce this we're going to add
+something a new kind of data type that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a new kind of data type that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a new kind of data type that
+we call an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call an event
+count and an event count is just you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and an event count is just you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and an event count is just you can
+just think of it as an integer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as an integer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as an integer that
+indicates the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the number of
+times that something has occurred it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that something has occurred it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that something has occurred it's
+just some some sort of running counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some some sort of running counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some some sort of running counter
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and we're going to introduce two new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're going to introduce two new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're going to introduce two new
+routines so we call these these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines so we call these these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines so we call these these two
+routines are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines are called
+weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notify okay so weight takes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notify okay so weight takes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notify okay so weight takes two
+arguments uh it takes one of these event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments uh it takes one of these event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments uh it takes one of these event
+count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables uh and it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh and it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh and it takes a
+value okay so what weight says is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so what weight says is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so what weight says is uh
+check this value uh check the VAR the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this value uh check the VAR the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this value uh check the VAR the
+value of this event count thing and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this event count thing and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this event count thing and see
+um whether when we check it it's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether when we check it it's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether when we check it it's uh the
+value of this event count is uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this event count is uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this event count is uh less
+than or equal to Value so um if event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Value so um if event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Value so um if event
+count is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count is less than or equal to
+Value then it waits okay and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value then it waits okay and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value then it waits okay and what it
+means for it to wait is that it the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for it to wait is that it the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for it to wait is that it the it
+tells the thread scheduler that it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the thread scheduler that it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the thread scheduler that it no
+longer wants to be scheduled um until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer wants to be scheduled um until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer wants to be scheduled um until
+somebody later calls this notify routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody later calls this notify routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody later calls this notify routine
+on this same event count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this same event count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this same event count
+variable okay so wait says wait if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so wait says wait if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay so wait says wait if this
+condition is true and then notify says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is true and then notify says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is true and then notify says
+wake up everybody who's waiting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable so we can use these routines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we can use these routines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we can use these routines in
+the following way in this code and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following way in this code and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following way in this code and it's
+really very straightforward we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very straightforward we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very straightforward we simply
+change uh our iteration through uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh our iteration through uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh our iteration through uh our
+our our while Loops into these weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our while Loops into these weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our while Loops into these weight
+statements so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so what we're going to do is
+we're going to have the HTML thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the HTML thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the HTML thread
+weight until uh the value of used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight until uh the value of used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight until uh the value of used
+becomes uh greater than zero and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh greater than zero and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh greater than zero and we're
+going to have our dis thread weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our dis thread weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our dis thread weight
+until the value of free becomes greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the value of free becomes greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the value of free becomes greater
+than zero and then the only thing other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and then the only thing other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and then the only thing other
+thing that we have to add to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we have to add to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we have to add to this is
+simply a call to notify so uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a call to notify so uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a call to notify so uh what
+notify does is it indicates to the HT it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notify does is it indicates to the HT it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notify does is it indicates to the HT it
+indicates to any uh other thread that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates to any uh other thread that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates to any uh other thread that is
+waiting on a particular variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting on a particular variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting on a particular variable that
+that thread can run so uh the HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thread can run so uh the HTML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thread can run so uh the HTML
+thread will notify free which will indic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread will notify free which will indic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread will notify free which will indic
+which will tell the dis thread that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will tell the dis thread that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will tell the dis thread that it
+can now begin running if it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now begin running if it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now begin running if it had been
+waiting on the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free Okay so this emulates the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free Okay so this emulates the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free Okay so this emulates the behavior
+of the while loop that we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the while loop that we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the while loop that we had before
+except that what it the the thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that what it the the thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that what it the the thread
+scheduler rather than sitting in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler rather than sitting in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduler rather than sitting in an
+infinite while loop simply doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite while loop simply doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite while loop simply doesn't
+schedule the HTML thread or the disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule the HTML thread or the disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule the HTML thread or the disc
+thread while it's waiting in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread while it's waiting in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread while it's waiting in one of
+these weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weight
+statements okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements okay so
+uh what we're going to talk about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to talk about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to talk about for
+the rest of the lecture today um is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the lecture today um is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the lecture today um is is
+related to this and I think you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this and I think you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this and I think you'll see
+why as we get as we get through the talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why as we get as we get through the talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why as we get as we get through the talk
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the topic for today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance so uh performance is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so uh performance is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so uh performance is really
+what we've talked what I what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've talked what I what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've talked what I what we've
+looked at so far in this class are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at so far in this class are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at so far in this class are these
+various ways of structuring complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways of structuring complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways of structuring complex
+programs how to break them up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs how to break them up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs how to break them up into
+several modules uh the client server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several modules uh the client server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several modules uh the client server
+Paradigm how threads threads work how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm how threads threads work how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm how threads threads work how a
+thread scheduler Works um all these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread scheduler Works um all these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread scheduler Works um all these sort
+of big topics about how you design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big topics about how you design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big topics about how you design a
+system but we haven't said anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but we haven't said anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but we haven't said anything
+about how you take a system design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you take a system design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you take a system design and
+sort of in an ordered regular systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in an ordered regular systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in an ordered regular systematic
+way think about making that system run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way think about making that system run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way think about making that system run
+efficiently so that's uh what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so that's uh what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so that's uh what we're
+going to try and get at today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and get at today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and get at today we're
+going to look at a set of techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a set of techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a set of techniques
+that we can use to make a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to make a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to make a computer
+system more efficient um and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system more efficient um and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system more efficient um and so these
+techniques there there are really three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques there there are really three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques there there are really three
+techniques that we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we're going to look at
+today the first one is a technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the first one is a technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the first one is a technique
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+concurrency and concurrency is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency and concurrency is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency and concurrency is really
+about um allowing the system to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um allowing the system to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um allowing the system to perform
+multiple op operations simultaneously so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple op operations simultaneously so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple op operations simultaneously so
+for example in our uh our sample web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in our uh our sample web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in our uh our sample web
+server it may be the case that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server it may be the case that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server it may be the case that we have
+uh the this disk that we can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the this disk that we can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the this disk that we can sort of
+read pages from at the same time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read pages from at the same time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read pages from at the same time that
+for example the CPU generates uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the CPU generates uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the CPU generates uh some
+web pages that it's going to Output to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web pages that it's going to Output to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web pages that it's going to Output to
+the client okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client okay so that's what
+concurrency is about we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency is about we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency is about we're also going to
+look at a technique called caching which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a technique called caching which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a technique called caching which
+you guys should have all seen before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys should have all seen before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys should have all seen before uh
+caching is really just about saving off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching is really just about saving off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching is really just about saving off
+some previous work some previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some previous work some previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some previous work some previous
+computation that we've already done or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that we've already done or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that we've already done or a
+previous dis page that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous dis page that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous dis page that we've already
+read in we want to save it off so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in we want to save it off so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in we want to save it off so that
+we can reuse it again in a later time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reuse it again in a later time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reuse it again in a later time
+and then finally we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we're going to look at
+uh something called scheduling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something called scheduling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something called scheduling so
+scheduling is about um when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling is about um when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling is about um when we have
+multiple requests to process we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple requests to process we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple requests to process we might be
+able to order those requests in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to order those requests in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to order those requests in a
+certain way or group the the requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way or group the the requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way or group the the requests
+together in a certain way so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a certain way so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a certain way so that we can
+make the system more efficient so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the system more efficient so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the system more efficient so um
+it's really about sort of choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about sort of choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about sort of choosing the
+order in which we do things in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which we do things in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which we do things in order to
+make the system run more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the system run more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the system run more
+efficiently and these we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and these we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and these we're going to
+throughout the course of this I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course of this I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course of this I'm going
+to use this example of this web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this example of this web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this example of this web server
+that we've been talking about to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been talking about to sort of
+motivate each of the uh applications or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate each of the uh applications or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate each of the uh applications or
+each each of these uh performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each of these uh performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each of these uh performance
+techniques that we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we're going to talk
+about so in order to talk about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so in order to talk about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so in order to talk about sort of
+what in order to get to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in order to get to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in order to get to the point where
+we can understand how these performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can understand how these performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can understand how these performance
+techniques work we need to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques work we need to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques work we need to talk a little
+bit about what we mean by performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what we mean by performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what we mean by performance
+how do we measure the performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we measure the performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we measure the performance of the
+system and how do we understand where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and how do we understand where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and how do we understand where
+the bottlenecks and performance in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottlenecks and performance in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottlenecks and performance in a
+system might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system might
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one thing we might want to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we might want to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we might want to the first
+thing we need to do is to define a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we need to do is to define a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we need to do is to define a set
+of performance metrics um these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance metrics um these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance metrics um these are just
+a set of sort of uh terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of sort of uh terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of sort of uh terms and
+definitions that we can use so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that we can use so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that we can use so we can
+talk about what the performance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what the performance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what the performance of a
+system is so the first metric we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is so the first metric we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is so the first metric we might
+be interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in is
+uh the capacity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the capacity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the capacity of a
+system um and capacity is simply some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and capacity is simply some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and capacity is simply some uh
+measure of the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the amount of
+resource in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource in a
+system okay so this sounds kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so this sounds kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so this sounds kind of
+abstract but what we mean by a resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but what we mean by a resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but what we mean by a resource
+is some sort of thing that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sort of thing that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sort of thing that we can
+compute with it's a dis or a CPU or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute with it's a dis or a CPU or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute with it's a dis or a CPU or a
+network so we might for example talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so we might for example talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so we might for example talk
+about the um you know number of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um you know number of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the um you know number of the the
+size the capacity uh of a dis might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the capacity uh of a dis might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the capacity uh of a dis might be
+the size in megabyte in gigabytes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size in megabyte in gigabytes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size in megabyte in gigabytes you
+know or the capacity of a processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or the capacity of a processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or the capacity of a processor
+might be the number of instructions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the number of instructions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the number of instructions it
+can execute per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second okay so once we have capacity now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so once we have capacity now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so once we have capacity now
+we can start talking about uh how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start talking about uh how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start talking about uh how much
+of the system we're actually using so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system we're actually using so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system we're actually using so we
+can talk about the utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so utilization is simply the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so utilization is simply the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so utilization is simply the percentage
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacity we're using so we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity we're using so we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity we're using so we might have
+used up 80% of the dis blocks on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up 80% of the dis blocks on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up 80% of the dis blocks on our
+computer um so now there are two sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer um so now there are two sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer um so now there are two sort of
+properties or two metrics that we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties or two metrics that we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties or two metrics that we sort
+of are very commonly used in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are very commonly used in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are very commonly used in computer
+systems in order to classify uh the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in order to classify uh the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in order to classify uh the or
+sort of talk about what the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about what the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about what the performance
+of the system is so the first metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system is so the first metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system is so the first metric is
+late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+laty okay so latency um is simply uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laty okay so latency um is simply uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laty okay so latency um is simply uh the
+time for a request to complete so req is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+request okay um and we can also talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request okay um and we can also talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request okay um and we can also talk
+about uh sort of the the inverse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh sort of the the inverse of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh sort of the the inverse of this
+what seems like what it first will seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems like what it first will seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seems like what it first will seem
+like the inverse of this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the inverse of this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the inverse of this which is
+throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's simply the number of requests per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply the number of requests per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply the number of requests per
+second that we can process so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that we can process so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that we can process so when you
+think about latency and through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about latency and through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about latency and through
+throughput when you first see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput when you first see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput when you first see this
+definition it's tempting to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's tempting to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's tempting to say that
+think that simply uh throughput is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that simply uh throughput is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that simply uh throughput is the
+inverse of latency right if it takes 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of latency right if it takes 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of latency right if it takes 10
+milliseconds for a request to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for a request to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for a request to complete
+well then I must be able to complete 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then I must be able to complete 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then I must be able to complete 100
+requests per second right um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests per second right um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests per second right um and that's
+true in the simple case where I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the simple case where I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the simple case where I have a
+um in in the very simplest in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in the very simplest in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in the very simplest in the very
+simple example where I have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example where I have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example where I have a single
+module for example that can process one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module for example that can process one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module for example that can process one
+request at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time um so a single computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so a single computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so a single computational
+resource for example that's only running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource for example that's only running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource for example that's only running
+you know that that can only do one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that can only do one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that can only do one thing
+at a time um if this thing has some set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time um if this thing has some set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time um if this thing has some set
+of some infinite set of inputs in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some infinite set of inputs in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some infinite set of inputs in it and
+it takes 10 milliseconds to process each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes 10 milliseconds to process each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes 10 milliseconds to process each
+input um we'll see say 100 uh results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input um we'll see say 100 uh results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input um we'll see say 100 uh results
+per second coming out okay so uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second coming out okay so uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second coming out okay so uh if you
+can do something takes 10 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something takes 10 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something takes 10 milliseconds
+to do you can do 100 of them per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you can do 100 of them per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you can do 100 of them per second
+um so we get say the throughput of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we get say the throughput of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we get say the throughput of this
+system is 100 per second and the latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is 100 per second and the latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is 100 per second and the latency
+is 10 milliseconds what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 milliseconds what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 milliseconds what we're going to
+see throughout this talk is that um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see throughout this talk is that um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see throughout this talk is that um in
+fact this this strict relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this this strict relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this this strict relationship
+between latency and throughput doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between latency and throughput doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between latency and throughput doesn't
+hold I mean you guys probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold I mean you guys probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold I mean you guys probably have
+already seen the notion of pipelining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen the notion of pipelining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen the notion of pipelining
+before in six4 and you'll understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in six4 and you'll understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in six4 and you'll understand
+that pipelining is a way in which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pipelining is a way in which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pipelining is a way in which we can
+improve the throughput of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the throughput of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the throughput of the system
+without necessarily changing the latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without necessarily changing the latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without necessarily changing the latency
+and we'll talk about that more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that more carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that more carefully
+as the as this talk goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as this talk goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as this talk goes
+on okay so um given these metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so um given these metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so um given these metric
+now what we need to do is think a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we need to do is think a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we need to do is think a little
+bit about you know okay so suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about you know okay so suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about you know okay so suppose I
+have some system and suppose I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some system and suppose I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some system and suppose I have some
+sort of set of goals for that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set of goals for that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set of goals for that system
+like I want the system to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want the system to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want the system to be able to
+process a certain number of requests per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process a certain number of requests per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process a certain number of requests per
+second or I want the latency of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or I want the latency of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or I want the latency of this
+system to be under some amount um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be under some amount um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be under some amount um so
+then the question is so you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is so you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is so you know you're
+given this computer system and you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this computer system and you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this computer system and you sit
+down you want to measure it um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you want to measure it um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you want to measure it um and you
+sort of so you're going to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of so you're going to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of so you're going to measure the
+system and what are you going to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and what are you going to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and what are you going to expect
+what what do you expect to find so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you expect to find so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you expect to find so um
+in the design of computer systems it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design of computer systems it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the design of computer systems it
+turns out that uh there are some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that uh there are some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that uh there are some sort of
+well-known performance pitfalls or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known performance pitfalls or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known performance pitfalls or
+so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+performance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottlenecks and the goal of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlenecks and the goal of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlenecks and the goal of sort of
+doing performance analysis of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing performance analysis of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing performance analysis of a system
+is to look at the system and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the system and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the system and figure out
+where the bottlenecks are so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bottlenecks are so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bottlenecks are so um this
+typically in the design of a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the design of a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the design of a big
+computer system what we're worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer system what we're worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer system what we're worried about
+is which of the you know little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which of the you know little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which of the you know little
+individual modules within the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual modules within the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual modules within the system is
+most responsible for slowing down my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most responsible for slowing down my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most responsible for slowing down my
+computer and what should I do in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and what should I do in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and what should I do in order
+to sort of and then once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of and then once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of and then once you've
+identified that module think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified that module think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified that module think about how
+to make that particular module that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that particular module that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that particular module that's
+slow run faster so that's really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow run faster so that's really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow run faster so that's really what
+finding performance bottlenecks is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding performance bottlenecks is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding performance bottlenecks is about
+um and there's a classic bottleneck uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a classic bottleneck uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's a classic bottleneck uh
+that occurs in computer systems um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs in computer systems um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs in computer systems um that
+you guys all need to know about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys all need to know about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys all need to know about this is
+the so-called IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottleneck okay so what the io
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck okay so what the io
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck okay so what the io
+bottleneck says um is really uh fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck says um is really uh fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck says um is really uh fairly
+straightforward if you think about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward if you think about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward if you think about your
+a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer
+system um it has a hierarchy of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um it has a hierarchy of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um it has a hierarchy of memory
+devices in it okay and these memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in it okay and these memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in it okay and these memory
+devices start uh or storage devices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices start uh or storage devices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices start uh or storage devices so
+these storage devices first start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these storage devices first start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these storage devices first start with
+the CPU right so the CPU has some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CPU right so the CPU has some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CPU right so the CPU has some set of
+registers on it and a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers on it and a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers on it and a small number of
+them say for example 32 um and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them say for example 32 um and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them say for example 32 um and you can
+access those registers very very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access those registers very very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access those registers very very fast
+say once per uh instruction on the once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say once per uh instruction on the once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say once per uh instruction on the once
+per cycle on the computer so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cycle on the computer so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cycle on the computer so for example
+uh we so if your CPU is one gigahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we so if your CPU is one gigahertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we so if your CPU is one gigahertz
+you may be able to access uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be able to access uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be able to access uh one of
+these registers in 30 in in one nond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these registers in 30 in in one nond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these registers in 30 in in one nond
+okay um and so what we're talking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and so what we're talking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and so what we're talking so
+typically at the at the tallest level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically at the at the tallest level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically at the at the tallest level of
+this pyramid we have a small storage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pyramid we have a small storage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pyramid we have a small storage uh
+that is fast okay as we go down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fast okay as we go down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fast okay as we go down this
+pyramid adding new layers looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid adding new layers looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid adding new layers looking at
+this uh the storage hierarchy we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the storage hierarchy we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the storage hierarchy we're
+going to see that things get bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that things get bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that things get bigger and
+slower so just below the CPU we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so just below the CPU we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so just below the CPU we may have
+some processor cache okay and this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some processor cache okay and this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some processor cache okay and this might
+be for example 512 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example 512 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example 512 12
+kilobytes uh and it might take 20 NS to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes uh and it might take 20 NS to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes uh and it might take 20 NS to
+access a single uh say uh block of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access a single uh say uh block of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access a single uh say uh block of this
+memory okay and then we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay and then we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay and then we're going to have
+the ram the main memory of the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ram the main memory of the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ram the main memory of the device
+which on a modern machine might be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which on a modern machine might be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which on a modern machine might be 1
+Gigabyte and it might take 100 nond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gigabyte and it might take 100 nond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gigabyte and it might take 100 nond to
+access okay and then below that you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access okay and then below that you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access okay and then below that you take
+a big step down or big step up in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big step down or big step up in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big step down or big step up in size
+and big step down in performance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big step down in performance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big step down in performance you
+typically have a disc so a disc might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have a disc so a disc might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have a disc so a disc might be
+as big as 100 gigabytes right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as 100 gigabytes right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as 100 gigabytes right but the
+performance is very slow so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is very slow so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is very slow so it's a
+mechanical thing that has to spin and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical thing that has to spin and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical thing that has to spin and it
+only spins so fast um so a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only spins so fast um so a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only spins so fast um so a typical
+access time for a block of the disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access time for a block of the disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access time for a block of the disc
+might be as high as 10 milliseconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be as high as 10 milliseconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be as high as 10 milliseconds or
+even higher and then sometimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher and then sometimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher and then sometimes people
+will talk about in this hierarchy uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about in this hierarchy uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about in this hierarchy uh the
+network is actually a level below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is actually a level below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is actually a level below that
+so if something isn't available on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something isn't available on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something isn't available on the
+local dis for example on our web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local dis for example on our web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local dis for example on our web server
+we might actually have to go out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might actually have to go out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might actually have to go out into
+the network and fetch it and if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network and fetch it and if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network and fetch it and if this
+network is the internet right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is the internet right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is the internet right the
+internet has a huge amount of data I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet has a huge amount of data I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet has a huge amount of data I
+mean who knows how much it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean who knows how much it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean who knows how much it is it's
+certainly orders terabytes um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly orders terabytes um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly orders terabytes um and it
+could take a long time to get a page off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a long time to get a page off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a long time to get a page off
+the internet so it might take you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet so it might take you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet so it might take you might
+have it take 100 milliseconds to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it take 100 milliseconds to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it take 100 milliseconds to reach
+some remote site on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some remote site on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some remote site on the
+internet okay so uh the point about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet okay so uh the point about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet okay so uh the point about this
+IO bottleneck is that this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO bottleneck is that this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO bottleneck is that this is going to
+be a very common the the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very common the the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very common the the sort of the
+disparity in the performance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity in the performance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity in the performance of these
+different levels of the system is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of the system is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of the system is going
+to be a very common source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very common source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very common source of
+performance problems in our computers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance problems in our computers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance problems in our computers so
+in particular uh you know if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh you know if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular uh you know if you look at
+the sort of the access time here is 1 NC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the access time here is 1 NC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the access time here is 1 NC
+the access time down here is 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access time down here is 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access time down here is 100
+milliseconds this is a 10 to eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds this is a 10 to eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds this is a 10 to eth
+difference right which is equal to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right which is equal to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right which is equal to 100
+million times difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times difference in the
+performance of the fastest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the fastest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the fastest to the
+slowest thing here so if the CPU has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest thing here so if the CPU has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest thing here so if the CPU has to
+wait for something to come over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for something to come over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for something to come over the
+network you're going to be waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you're going to be waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you're going to be waiting
+you're waiting for a very long time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're waiting for a very long time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're waiting for a very long time in
+terms of the amount of time the CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the amount of time the CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the amount of time the CPU
+takes to say read a single word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to say read a single word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to say read a single word of
+memory so um what this so when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so um what this so when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so um what this so when we look
+at the performance of a computer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the performance of a computer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the performance of a computer system
+we're going to see that often these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that often these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that often these sort
+of this IO bottleneck is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this IO bottleneck is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this IO bottleneck is the problem
+with that system so if we look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that system so if we look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that system so if we look for
+example at our web server um with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at our web server um with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at our web server um with its
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages
+um where this stage is the one that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where this stage is the one that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where this stage is the one that goes
+to disk this is the HTML stage which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disk this is the HTML stage which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disk this is the HTML stage which
+maybe can just be computed in memory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can just be computed in memory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can just be computed in memory uh
+and this is the uh Network stage know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the uh Network stage know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the uh Network stage know we
+might be talking about 10 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be talking about 10 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be talking about 10 milliseconds
+latency for the disk stage we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency for the disk stage we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency for the disk stage we might be
+talking about just one millisecond for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about just one millisecond for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about just one millisecond for
+the HTML page because all it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HTML page because all it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the HTML page because all it has to do
+is you know do some computation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know do some computation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know do some computation in
+memory and we might be talking about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and we might be talking about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and we might be talking about 100
+milliseconds for the network stage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for the network stage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for the network stage to
+run because it has to send some data out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run because it has to send some data out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run because it has to send some data out
+to some remote site so if you in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some remote site so if you in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some remote site so if you in order
+to process a single request have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process a single request have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process a single request have to go
+through each of these steps in sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of these steps in sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of these steps in sequence
+then the total performance of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the total performance of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the total performance of the system
+is going to be uh the time to process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh the time to process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be uh the time to process a
+single request is going to be say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single request is going to be say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single request is going to be say for
+example 111 milliseconds the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 111 milliseconds the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 111 milliseconds the sum of
+these three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three things
+okay um and so if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and so if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and so if you look at this
+system and you say okay so where should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you say okay so where should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you say okay so where should
+what's the performance bottleneck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the performance bottleneck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the performance bottleneck in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+system so the prond r is clearly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the prond r is clearly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the prond r is clearly this
+network stage because it takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network stage because it takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network stage because it takes the
+longest to run um and so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest to run um and so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest to run um and so if we want to
+if we want to answer the question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to answer the question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to answer the question about
+where we should be optimizing the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we should be optimizing the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we should be optimizing the system
+one place we might think to optimize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place we might think to optimize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place we might think to optimize uh
+is within this network stage and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within this network stage and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within this network stage and we'll
+see later uh an example of a simple kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later uh an example of a simple kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later uh an example of a simple kind
+of optimization that we can apply based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimization that we can apply based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimization that we can apply based
+on this notion of concurrency to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this notion of concurrency to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this notion of concurrency to improve
+the performance of the networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the networking
+stage so uh this so as I just said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so uh this so as I just said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so uh this so as I just said the
+the notion of concurrency is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of concurrency is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of concurrency is going to be
+the way that we're going to be get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we're going to be get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we're going to be get get
+at um sort of eliminating these IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um sort of eliminating these IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um sort of eliminating these IO
+bottlenecks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and the idea is going to be that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the idea is going to be that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the idea is going to be that we
+want to overlap uh the use of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to overlap uh the use of some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to overlap uh the use of some other
+resource during the time that we are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource during the time that we are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource during the time that we are uh
+waiting for one of these slow iio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for one of these slow iio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for one of these slow iio
+devices to complete um and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices to complete um and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices to complete um and we're going
+to look at two types of concurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at two types of concurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at two types of concurrency
+we're going to look at concurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at concurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at concurrency
+between modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and within a module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we may have modules that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we may have modules that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we may have modules that are
+composed for example our networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed for example our networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed for example our networking
+module uh may be composed of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module uh may be composed of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module uh may be composed of multiple
+threads Each of which can be accessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads Each of which can be accessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads Each of which can be accessing
+the network so that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network so that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network so that's an example of
+concurrency within a module um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency within a module um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency within a module um and we
+may we're going to look at the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may we're going to look at the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may we're going to look at the case of
+between module concurrency where for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between module concurrency where for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between module concurrency where for
+example the HTML module can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the HTML module can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the HTML module can be
+processing can be generating an HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing can be generating an HTML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing can be generating an HTML
+page while the dis module is reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page while the dis module is reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page while the dis module is reading
+another reading in request for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reading in request for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reading in request for for
+another client at the same time okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another client at the same time okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another client at the same time okay um
+and so the idea behind concurrency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea behind concurrency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea behind concurrency is
+really going to be uh that by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be uh that by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be uh that by using
+concurrency we can uh hide the latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency we can uh hide the latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency we can uh hide the latency
+of one of these slow I/O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stages okay so um the first kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages okay so um the first kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages okay so um the first kind of
+concurrency we're going to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency we're going to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency we're going to talk about is
+concurrency between modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency between modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency between modules
+um and the primary Technique we use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the primary Technique we use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the primary Technique we use for
+doing this is pipelining so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is pipelining so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is pipelining so the idea
+with pipelining is as follows suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pipelining is as follows suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pipelining is as follows suppose we
+have our web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our web server
+again and this time let's draw it as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this time let's draw it as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this time let's draw it as I
+drew it at first with the Q with cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it at first with the Q with cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it at first with the Q with cues
+between each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each of the
+modules okay um so we have these we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules okay um so we have these we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules okay um so we have these we have
+our web server which has our three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our web server which has our three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our web server which has our three
+stages um and suppose that what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages um and suppose that what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages um and suppose that what we're
+doing is we have some set of uh requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we have some set of uh requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we have some set of uh requests
+sort of an infinite cue of requests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an infinite cue of requests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an infinite cue of requests that
+is uh sort of queed up at the disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh sort of queed up at the disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh sort of queed up at the disc
+thread and the disc thread is producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread and the disc thread is producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread and the disc thread is producing
+these things and we're sending them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and we're sending them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and we're sending them
+through we want to look at how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we want to look at how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we want to look at how many
+requests sort of how many uh Pages come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests sort of how many uh Pages come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests sort of how many uh Pages come
+out here per second and what the latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here per second and what the latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here per second and what the latency
+of each page is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each page is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each page is so
+um if we have some list of requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have some list of requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have some list of requests
+suppose these requests are numbered uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose these requests are numbered uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose these requests are numbered uh
+R1 through RN okay so the uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 through RN okay so the uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 through RN okay so the uh what's
+going to happen is that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the first
+request is going to be ready is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request is going to be ready is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request is going to be ready is going to
+be start being processed by the dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be start being processed by the dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be start being processed by the dis
+server right so it's going to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server right so it's going to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server right so it's going to produce
+our it's going to start processing R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our it's going to start processing R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our it's going to start processing R1
+now in a pipelining system what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a pipelining system what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a pipelining system what we're
+going to want to do is to have each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do is to have each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to do is to have each one
+of these threads uh sort of working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these threads uh sort of working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these threads uh sort of working on a
+different request each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different request each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different request each one of these
+modules working on a different request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules working on a different request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules working on a different request
+uh at each point in time and because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at each point in time and because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at each point in time and because the
+disk is this independent resource from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk is this independent resource from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk is this independent resource from
+the CPU is an independent resource from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CPU is an independent resource from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CPU is an independent resource from
+the network um this is going to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network um this is going to be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network um this is going to be okay
+these three modules aren't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three modules aren't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three modules aren't actually
+going to contend with each other too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contend with each other too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contend with each other too
+much so what's going to happen is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so what's going to happen is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so what's going to happen is this
+guy's going to start processing R1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's going to start processing R1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's going to start processing R1 right
+um and then after 10 milliseconds he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then after 10 milliseconds he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then after 10 milliseconds he's
+going to uh pass R1 up to here and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh pass R1 up to here and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh pass R1 up to here and start
+working on R2 okay and now uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on R2 okay and now uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on R2 okay and now uh 1
+millisecond after that this guy is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond after that this guy is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond after that this guy is going
+to finish R1 and send it to here um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish R1 and send it to here um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish R1 and send it to here um and
+then 9 milliseconds after that R2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 9 milliseconds after that R2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 9 milliseconds after that R2 is
+going to come up here and this guy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up here and this guy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up here and this guy can
+start processing R3 okay so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start processing R3 okay so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start processing R3 okay so does
+everybody sort of see where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sort of see where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sort of see where those
+numbers are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+okay uh good so um now what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh good so um now what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh good so um now what we're going
+to do is uh what we if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is uh what we if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is uh what we if we look at the
+sort of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at
+time starting with this equal to Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time starting with this equal to Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time starting with this equal to Time
+Zero um in terms of the requests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero um in terms of the requests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero um in terms of the requests that
+come in and out of this last network uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and out of this last network uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and out of this last network uh
+thread um we can sort of get a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread um we can sort of get a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread um we can sort of get a sense of
+how fast this thing is processing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast this thing is processing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast this thing is processing so the
+first R1 is uh going to enter enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first R1 is uh going to enter enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first R1 is uh going to enter enters
+into the system at at uh after 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system at at uh after 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system at at uh after 11
+milliseconds right so it takes one 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right so it takes one 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right so it takes one 10
+milliseconds to get through here and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds to get through here and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds to get through here and 1
+millisecond to get through here uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond to get through here uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond to get through here uh and
+it starts processing R1 at this time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts processing R1 at this time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts processing R1 at this time so
+I'm going to write plus R1 to suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write plus R1 to suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write plus R1 to suggest
+that we start processing it here um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we start processing it here um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we start processing it here um the
+next time that this module can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time that this module can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time that this module can do
+anything is 100 milliseconds after uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is 100 milliseconds after uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is 100 milliseconds after uh it
+first started processing um the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started processing um the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first started processing um the the next
+time this module does anything is 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this module does anything is 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this module does anything is 100
+milliseconds after it started processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after it started processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after it started processing
+R1 so at time 111 milliseconds it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 so at time 111 milliseconds it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 so at time 111 milliseconds it can
+output R1 or it's done processing R1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output R1 or it's done processing R1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output R1 or it's done processing R1 and
+then um of course by that time R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um of course by that time R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um of course by that time R2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+R3 some set of requests have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 some set of requests have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 some set of requests have already
+queed up um in this Q waiting for it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queed up um in this Q waiting for it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queed up um in this Q waiting for it so
+it can immediately begin processing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can immediately begin processing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can immediately begin processing um
+R2 at this time okay so then clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 at this time okay so then clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 at this time okay so then clearly
+what's going to happen is after uh 211
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is after uh 211
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is after uh 211
+milliseconds it's going to Output R2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds it's going to Output R2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds it's going to Output R2 uh
+R2 and it's going to begin processing R3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and it's going to begin processing R3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and it's going to begin processing R3
+okay um so there should be a plus there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so there should be a plus there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so there should be a plus there
+and a plus there so um and similarly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a plus there so um and similarly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a plus there so um and similarly at
+311 we're going to move move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311 we're going to move move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311 we're going to move move on to the
+next one so if you look now at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one so if you look now at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one so if you look now at this
+system we've done something pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we've done something pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we've done something pretty
+interesting which is that it still took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is that it still took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is that it still took
+us 100 is still uh the sort of time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 100 is still uh the sort of time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 100 is still uh the sort of time for
+this request to travel through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this request to travel through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this request to travel through this
+whole thing was 110 milliseconds but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing was 110 milliseconds but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing was 110 milliseconds but if
+you look at the intro arrival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the intro arrival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the intro arrival time
+between uh each of these successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh each of these successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh each of these successive
+outputs of R1 they're only 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of R1 they're only 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs of R1 they're only 100
+milliseconds right so we're only waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right so we're only waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right so we're only waiting
+as long as it takes R1 to Pro to take R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it takes R1 to Pro to take R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it takes R1 to Pro to take R1
+to process a result in order to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process a result in order to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process a result in order to produce
+these results in order to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results in order to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results in order to produce
+answers so by pipelining the system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so by pipelining the system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so by pipelining the system in
+this way and having uh the the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and having uh the the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and having uh the the web
+server thread and the disk thread do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server thread and the disk thread do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server thread and the disk thread do
+their processing on later requests while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their processing on later requests while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their processing on later requests while
+R1 is processing its request um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 is processing its request um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 is processing its request um we can
+increase the throughput of the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the throughput of the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the throughput of the system so
+in this case we get a arrival every 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we get a arrival every 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we get a arrival every 100
+milliseconds so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds so the
+throughput is now uh equal to uh one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is now uh equal to uh one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is now uh equal to uh one one
+uh result every 100 milliseconds or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh result every 100 milliseconds or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh result every 100 milliseconds or 10
+results per second okay so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results per second okay so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results per second okay so even though
+the latency is still is still 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latency is still is still 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latency is still is still 111
+milliseconds uh the throughput is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds uh the throughput is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds uh the throughput is no
+longer one over the latency because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer one over the latency because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer one over the latency because
+we've separated this them in this way by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've separated this them in this way by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've separated this them in this way by
+pipelining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining
+them okay so that was good that's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so that was good that's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so that was good that's nice
+we improved the performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we improved the performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we improved the performance of the
+system a little bit but we didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a little bit but we didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a little bit but we didn't really
+improve it very much right it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it very much right it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it very much right it's just uh
+you know we've increased the throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've increased the throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've increased the throughput
+of this thing a little bit but um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing a little bit but um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing a little bit but um we
+haven't really addressed what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really addressed what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really addressed what we
+identified earlier as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified earlier as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified earlier as being the
+bottleneck which is the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck which is the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck which is the fact that this
+R1 stage is taking 100 milliseconds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 stage is taking 100 milliseconds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 stage is taking 100 milliseconds to
+process um and in general when we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um and in general when we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um and in general when we have a
+pipeline system like this um we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline system like this um we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline system like this um we can say
+that the the throughput of the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the throughput of the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the throughput of the system is
+uh bottlenecked by the slowest stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bottlenecked by the slowest stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bottlenecked by the slowest stage of
+the system so anytime you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so anytime you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so anytime you have a
+pipeline um the throughput of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline um the throughput of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline um the throughput of the system
+is going to be the throughput of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the throughput of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the throughput of the of
+the slowest stage so in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slowest stage so in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slowest stage so in this case the
+throughput is uh you know is 10 results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is uh you know is 10 results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is uh you know is 10 results
+per second and that's the the throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and that's the the throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and that's the the throughput
+of the whole system so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole system so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole system so if we want to
+improve the throughput uh any more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the throughput uh any more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the throughput uh any more than
+this what we're going to have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we're going to have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we're going to have to do is
+to somehow improve the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow improve the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow improve the performance of
+this module here um and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module here um and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module here um and the way that
+we're going to do that is also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that is also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do that is also by
+exploting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concurrency but this is going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency but this is going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency but this is going to be uh
+this within a module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concurrency so if you think about how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency so if you think about how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency so if you think about how a
+web server Works um or how how a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server Works um or how how a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server Works um or how how a network
+works typically when we're sending these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works typically when we're sending these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works typically when we're sending these
+requests to a to a client uh each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to a to a client uh each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to a to a client uh each of the
+requests it's not that the it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests it's not that the it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests it's not that the it's it's not
+that we're using up all of the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using up all of the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using up all of the available
+bandwidth of the network when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of the network when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth of the network when we're
+sending these requests to the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending these requests to the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending these requests to the client
+right you may be able to send 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you may be able to send 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you may be able to send 100
+megabytes per second um out over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes per second um out over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes per second um out over your
+network or you know if you're connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or you know if you're connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or you know if you're connected
+to a machine here you may be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a machine here you may be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a machine here you may be able to
+send you know 10 me megabytes a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you know 10 me megabytes a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you know 10 me megabytes a second
+you know across the country to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know across the country to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know across the country to some
+other university um the issue is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other university um the issue is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other university um the issue is that it
+takes a relatively long time for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a relatively long time for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a relatively long time for that
+request to propagate especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request to propagate especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request to propagate especially when
+that request is propagating out over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that request is propagating out over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that request is propagating out over the
+Internet so uh the latency can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet so uh the latency can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet so uh the latency can be quite
+high but you may not be using all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but you may not be using all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but you may not be using all of the
+bandwidth when you're say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth when you're say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth when you're say for example
+sending an H HML page so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending an H HML page so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending an H HML page so in particular
+um it is the case that uh multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is the case that uh multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is the case that uh multiple
+applications can be sort multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications can be sort multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications can be sort multiple
+threads can be simultaneously sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads can be simultaneously sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads can be simultaneously sending
+data out over the network um and if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out over the network um and if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out over the network um and if that
+doesn't make sense to you right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense to you right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense to you right now
+we're going to spend the whole next four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend the whole next four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend the whole next four
+lectures talking about Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures talking about Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures talking about Network
+performance and it should make sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and it should make sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and it should make sense for
+you so to you so just take my word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so to you so just take my word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so to you so just take my word for
+it that uh one of the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that uh one of the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that uh one of the properties of the
+network is so that the latency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is so that the latency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is so that the latency of the
+network um may be relatively High uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um may be relatively High uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um may be relatively High uh but
+in this case we're not actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're not actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're not actually going to
+be using all the the bandwidth that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using all the the bandwidth that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using all the the bandwidth that's
+available to us so that suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us so that suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us so that suggests that
+there's an idle resource it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an idle resource it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an idle resource it means that
+we're we sort of have some Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we sort of have some Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we sort of have some Network
+bandwidth that we could be using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth that we could be using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth that we could be using that
+we're not using so we'd like to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not using so we'd like to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not using so we'd like to take
+advantage of that in the design of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that in the design of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of that in the design of our
+system so we can do this in a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so we can do this in a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so we can do this in a relatively
+simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way
+um which is simply to say uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is simply to say uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is simply to say uh let's
+within our networking module rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our networking module rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our networking module rather than
+only having one thread sending out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having one thread sending out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having one thread sending out
+requests at one time let's have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests at one time let's have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests at one time let's have multiple
+threads let's for example have say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads let's for example have say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads let's for example have say we
+have uh 10 threads so we have uh thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh 10 threads so we have uh thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh 10 threads so we have uh thread
+one thread two thread 10 okay um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thread two thread 10 okay um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thread two thread 10 okay um we're
+going to allow these all to be using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow these all to be using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow these all to be using the
+network at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network at
+once uh and they're all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh and they're all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh and they're all going to be
+talking to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to the same
+que that's connected to the same HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que that's connected to the same HTML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que that's connected to the same HTML
+module that's connected to the same dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module that's connected to the same dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module that's connected to the same dis
+module there's a q between these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay um so now when we think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so now when we think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so now when we think about uh
+the performance of this now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of this now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of this now let's see
+what happens when we start running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we start running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we start running
+requests through this Pipeline and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests through this Pipeline and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests through this Pipeline and let's
+see sort of uh how how frequently we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of uh how how frequently we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of uh how how frequently we get
+requests coming out at the other end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests coming out at the other end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests coming out at the other end so
+um we draw our timeline again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we draw our timeline again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we draw our timeline again you can
+see that you know R1 is going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know R1 is going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know R1 is going to come in
+here at after and then after 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at after and then after 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at after and then after 10
+milliseconds it's going to move to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds it's going to move to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds it's going to move to here
+and then after 11 milliseconds it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after 11 milliseconds it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after 11 milliseconds it'll
+arrive here we'll start processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive here we'll start processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive here we'll start processing
+request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request
+one now the second request R2 is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the second request R2 is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the second request R2 is going
+to be here and we're going to have 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here and we're going to have 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here and we're going to have 9
+milliseconds of processing left to do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds of processing left to do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds of processing left to do on
+it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh
+be after R1 it get gets sent onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be after R1 it get gets sent onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be after R1 it get gets sent onto the
+next thread so um R2 is going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thread so um R2 is going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thread so um R2 is going to be in
+here for 9 milliseconds it'll be in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for 9 milliseconds it'll be in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for 9 milliseconds it'll be in here
+for 1 millisecond so 10 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1 millisecond so 10 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1 millisecond so 10 milliseconds
+after R1 arrives here R2 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after R1 arrives here R2 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after R1 arrives here R2 is going to
+arrive here so what we have is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive here so what we have is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive here so what we have is we have
+at 11 milliseconds we have R1 now 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 11 milliseconds we have R1 now 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 11 milliseconds we have R1 now 10
+milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+later we have R2 okay so now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we have R2 okay so now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we have R2 okay so now you can see
+that suddenly this module this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suddenly this module this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suddenly this module this system is
+able to process multiple requests it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to process multiple requests it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to process multiple requests it's
+sort of has multiple requests that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has multiple requests that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has multiple requests that it's
+processing at the same time and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing at the same time and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing at the same time and so you
+know 10 milliseconds after that uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 milliseconds after that uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 milliseconds after that uh our
+three is going to start being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is going to start being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is going to start being
+processed and then so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed and then so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed and then so what that means is
+at time you know after some passage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time you know after some passage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time you know after some passage of
+time we're going to have r10 in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to have r10 in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to have r10 in here and
+that's going to go in after 101
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to go in after 101
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to go in after 101
+milliseconds right so we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right so we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right so we're going to get
+r10 okay and now we're ready to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10 okay and now we're ready to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10 okay and now we're ready to start
+processing now we've sort of pushed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing now we've sort of pushed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing now we've sort of pushed all
+these through and now suppose we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these through and now suppose we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these through and now suppose we start
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+R11 okay so R11 is going to flow through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R11 okay so R11 is going to flow through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R11 okay so R11 is going to flow through
+this Pipeline and then it it's at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pipeline and then it it's at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pipeline and then it it's at at
+time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh
+111 R11 is going to be ready to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 R11 is going to be ready to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111 R11 is going to be ready to be
+processed um but notice that at time 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed um but notice that at time 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed um but notice that at time 111
+we are finished processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are finished processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are finished processing
+R1 right so uh at this time we can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 right so uh at this time we can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 right so uh at this time we can add
+R11 to the system and we can output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R11 to the system and we can output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R11 to the system and we can output
+R1 okay so now every 10 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 okay so now every 10 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 okay so now every 10 milliseconds
+after this another result is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this another result is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this another result is going to
+arrive and we're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive and we're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive and we're going to be able to
+output the next one okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the next one okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the next one okay and this is
+just going to continue so now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to continue so now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to continue so now you see
+what we' managed to do is we've reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we' managed to do is we've reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we' managed to do is we've reduced
+we made this system so that every 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made this system so that every 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made this system so that every 10
+milliseconds after this sort of startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after this sort of startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after this sort of startup
+time of 111 milliseconds after every 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of 111 milliseconds after every 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of 111 milliseconds after every 10
+milliseconds we're producing a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds we're producing a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds we're producing a result
+right so we're going to get actually 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to get actually 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to get actually 100
+uh per second is this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per second is this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per second is this is going to be the
+throughput of this system now okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput of this system now okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput of this system now okay so
+that seems that was that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems that was that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems that was that was kind of
+neat how did we do that what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat how did we do that what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat how did we do that what have we
+what have we done here well effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we done here well effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we done here well effectively
+what we've done is we've made it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is we've made it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is we've made it so that
+uh this module here can process sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this module here can process sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this module here can process sort of
+10 times as many requests as it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times as many requests as it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times as many requests as it could
+before and so um it's just simply going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and so um it's just simply going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and so um it's just simply going
+this module itself now has 10 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module itself now has 10 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module itself now has 10 times the
+throughput that it had before um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput that it had before um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput that it had before um and we
+said before that the bottleneck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before that the bottleneck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before that the bottleneck the
+bottleneck and the system uh is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck and the system uh is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck and the system uh is you know
+the the slowest through the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the slowest through the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the slowest through the the
+throughput of a system is the throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput of a system is the throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput of a system is the throughput
+of the SL throw slowest stage so uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SL throw slowest stage so uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SL throw slowest stage so uh what
+we managed to do is decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we managed to do is decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we managed to do is decrease the
+throughput of this slowest stage and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput of this slowest stage and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput of this slowest stage and so
+now the system is running 10 times as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the system is running 10 times as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the system is running 10 times as
+fast notice now that uh the dis thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast notice now that uh the dis thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast notice now that uh the dis thread
+and the network thread are both take 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the network thread are both take 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the network thread are both take 10
+milliseconds to sort of the throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds to sort of the throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds to sort of the throughput
+of each of them is is uh 100 per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of them is is uh 100 per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of them is is uh 100 per second
+um and so that's uh now we have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's uh now we have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's uh now we have sort of
+two stages that have been equalized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stages that have been equalized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stages that have been equalized in
+their late in in their throughput and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their late in in their throughput and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their late in in their throughput and so
+if we wanted to further increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to further increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to further increase the
+performance of the system we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the system we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the system we would have
+to increase the performance of both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the performance of both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the performance of both of
+these stages not just one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stages not just one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stages not just one of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay so um that was that was a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um that was that was a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um that was that was a nice
+result right it seems uh like we' done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result right it seems uh like we' done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result right it seems uh like we' done
+something sort of uh We've shown that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sort of uh We've shown that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sort of uh We've shown that we
+can use this notion of concurrency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this notion of concurrency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this notion of concurrency to
+increase the performance of a system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the performance of a system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the performance of a system um
+but we've introduced a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've introduced a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've introduced a little bit of a
+problem so in particular the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in particular the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in particular the problem
+we've introduced uh is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've introduced uh is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've introduced uh is as
+follows so remember we said we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so remember we said we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so remember we said we had this
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+threads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh one through say for example 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one through say for example 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one through say for example 10
+that are processing uh that all sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are processing uh that all sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are processing uh that all sharing
+this Q data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Q data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Q data
+structure uh that is uh connected up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh that is uh connected up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh that is uh connected up to
+our uh HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh HTML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh HTML
+thread right um so the problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread right um so the problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread right um so the problem with this
+is that uh what we've done is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh what we've done is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh what we've done is to
+introduce what's called a race condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce what's called a race condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce what's called a race condition
+uh on this q and I'll show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this q and I'll show you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this q and I'll show you what I
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so if we look at our code snippet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if we look at our code snippet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if we look at our code snippet
+up here for example for what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here for example for what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here for example for what's happening
+uh in our HTML thread we see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in our HTML thread we see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in our HTML thread we see that uh
+what it does is it calls DQ right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it calls DQ right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it calls DQ right so the
+problem that we can have is that we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we can have is that we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we can have is that we may
+have multiple of these modules that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple of these modules that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple of these modules that are
+simultaneously executing at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously executing at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously executing at the same
+time and they may simultaneously both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they may simultaneously both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they may simultaneously both
+call DQ right so depending on how DQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call DQ right so depending on how DQ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call DQ right so depending on how DQ is
+implemented we can get some weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented we can get some weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented we can get some weird
+results so let me give you a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so let me give you a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so let me give you a sort of
+very simple possible implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple possible implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple possible implementation of
+DQ suppose that what DQ does is it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ suppose that what DQ does is it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ suppose that what DQ does is it uh
+reads so let's uh given given this Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads so let's uh given given this Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads so let's uh given given this Q
+here let's say uh the Q is managed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say uh the Q is managed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say uh the Q is managed by
+there's two variables that keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two variables that keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two variables that keep track of
+the current state of this Q there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of this Q there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of this Q there's a
+variable called first which points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called first which points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called first which points to
+the head of the Q um and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of the Q um and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of the Q um and there's a
+variable called last which points to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called last which points to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called last which points to the
+it first points the first used element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first points the first used element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first points the first used element
+in this q and last points to the last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this q and last points to the last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this q and last points to the last uh
+used element so the members the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used element so the members the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used element so the members the elements
+that are in use in the que at any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in use in the que at any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in use in the que at any one
+time are between first and last okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time are between first and last okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time are between first and last okay um
+and what's going to happen is when we DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going to happen is when we DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going to happen is when we DQ
+we're going to decrement we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to decrement we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to decrement we're going to
+sort of move first over one right um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move first over one right um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move first over one right um so
+we're going to free we're going to when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to free we're going to when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to free we're going to when
+we DQ something we'll free up this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we DQ something we'll free up this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we DQ something we'll free up this cell
+um and when we inq uh we'll move last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and when we inq uh we'll move last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and when we inq uh we'll move last
+down one okay so this is a and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one okay so this is a and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one okay so this is a and then when
+last reaches the end we're going to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last reaches the end we're going to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last reaches the end we're going to wrap
+it around so this is a fairly standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around so this is a fairly standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it around so this is a fairly standard
+implementation of a q it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a q it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a q it's called a
+circular buffer um and if first is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular buffer um and if first is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular buffer um and if first is equal
+to last then uh the we know that the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last then uh the we know that the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last then uh the we know that the Q
+is full so uh that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full so uh that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full so uh that's that's the
+condition that we can check so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we can check so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we can check so we're not
+going to go into too many details about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into too many details about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into too many details about
+how this thing is actually implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this thing is actually implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this thing is actually implemented
+but let's look got a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's look got a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's look got a very simple example
+of how uh in of how DQ might work so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how uh in of how DQ might work so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how uh in of how DQ might work so um
+remember we have these two shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we have these two shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we have these two shared
+variables first and last that are shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables first and last that are shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables first and last that are shared
+between these say all these threads that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these say all these threads that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these say all these threads that
+are accessing this thing uh and what DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accessing this thing uh and what DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accessing this thing uh and what DQ
+might do is to say it's going to read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do is to say it's going to read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do is to say it's going to read a
+block from uh rate a page from this Q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block from uh rate a page from this Q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block from uh rate a page from this Q so
+read the next HTML page to Output um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next HTML page to Output um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next HTML page to Output um and
+it's going to read that into a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to read that into a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to read that into a local
+variable called page um let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called page um let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable called page um let's call this
+Q buff buuf and let's just we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q buff buuf and let's just we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q buff buuf and let's just we'll use
+array notation for accessing it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array notation for accessing it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array notation for accessing it so it's
+going to read buff sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read buff sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to read buff sub
+first okay and then uh it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay and then uh it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay and then uh it's going to
+increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first uh first gets first plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh first gets first plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh first gets first plus
+one and then it's going to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page okay that seems like a standard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay that seems like a standard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay that seems like a standard a
+straightforward implementation of of DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward implementation of of DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward implementation of of DQ
+uh and so we have one thread that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we have one thread that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we have one thread that's
+doing this now suppose we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this now suppose we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this now suppose we have another
+thread that's doing exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread that's doing exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread that's doing exactly the same
+time same thing at the same time so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time same thing at the same time so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time same thing at the same time so it
+runs exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs exactly the same
+code and remember that there these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and remember that there these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and remember that there these two
+threads are sharing the variables uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads are sharing the variables uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads are sharing the variables uh
+buff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first okay so if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay so if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay so if you think about this
+and you think about how these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about how these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about how these two things
+running in two two threads at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in two two threads at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in two two threads at the same
+time uh there's sort of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh there's sort of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh there's sort of an interesting
+uh condition an interesting problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh condition an interesting problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh condition an interesting problem that
+can arise so um one thing that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can arise so um one thing that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can arise so um one thing that might
+happen when we're running these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when we're running these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when we're running these two
+things at the same time is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the same time is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at the same time is that the
+thread scheduler might first start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread scheduler might first start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread scheduler might first start
+running thread one and it might run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running thread one and it might run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running thread one and it might run the
+first instruction of thread one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instruction of thread one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instruction of thread one and then
+it might run this second instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might run this second instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might run this second instruction
+then it might run this return thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might run this return thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might run this return thing and
+then it might come over here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might come over here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might come over here and it
+might run uh start running T2 so it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might run uh start running T2 so it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might run uh start running T2 so it then
+might you know uh it it might then stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you know uh it it might then stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you know uh it it might then stop
+running T1 and start running T2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running T1 and start running T2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running T1 and start running T2 and
+execute his three instructions so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute his three instructions so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute his three instructions so if the
+thread scheduler does this um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread scheduler does this um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread scheduler does this um there's
+nothing wrong it's not a problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong it's not a problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong it's not a problem right
+the threed scheduler has uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threed scheduler has uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threed scheduler has uh you know
+each of these things read read its value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these things read read its value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these things read read its value
+from the Q incremented it T1 read one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Q incremented it T1 read one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Q incremented it T1 read one
+thing from the from the Q and then T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from the from the Q and then T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing from the from the Q and then T2
+read the next thing from the Q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next thing from the Q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next thing from the Q so
+clearly some of the time this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly some of the time this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly some of the time this is going
+to work fine so let's make a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work fine so let's make a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work fine so let's make a list of
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+outcomes sometimes we'll be okay first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes sometimes we'll be okay first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes sometimes we'll be okay first
+possible outcome was okay but let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcome was okay but let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcome was okay but let's look
+at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different
+situation suppose that what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation suppose that what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation suppose that what happens is
+that um the first thing T1 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the first thing T1 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the first thing T1 the first
+thing that thread scheder does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that thread scheder does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that thread scheder does is
+schedule T1 and T1 executes this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule T1 and T1 executes this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule T1 and T1 executes this first
+instruction and then just after that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and then just after that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and then just after that the
+thread scheduler decides to preempt T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread scheduler decides to preempt T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread scheduler decides to preempt T1
+and allow T2 to start running so it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow T2 to start running so it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow T2 to start running so it in
+particular allows T T2 to execute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular allows T T2 to execute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular allows T T2 to execute this
+DQ instruction uh to its end and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ instruction uh to its end and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ instruction uh to its end and then it
+comes over here and it runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes over here and it runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes over here and it runs
+T1 okay so uh what What's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 okay so uh what What's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 okay so uh what What's the problem
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right okay so um they've both read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right okay so um they've both read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right okay so um they've both read
+in the same page variable so now both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same page variable so now both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same page variable so now both of
+these threads have dced the same page um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these threads have dced the same page um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these threads have dced the same page um
+and so they so the value of first was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they so the value of first was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they so the value of first was it
+was initially pointing for T1 it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was initially pointing for T1 it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was initially pointing for T1 it was
+pointing here um and then we switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing here um and then we switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing here um and then we switched
+and it was still pointing here right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was still pointing here right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was still pointing here right and
+now so both these guys have read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so both these guys have read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so both these guys have read the
+same page and now they're both at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page and now they're both at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same page and now they're both at some
+point going to increment first so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point going to increment first so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point going to increment first so you're
+going to increment it once then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increment it once then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increment it once then you're
+increment it again so this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment it again so this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment it again so this second
+element here in the queue has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here in the queue has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here in the queue has been
+skipped okay so this is a problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped okay so this is a problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped okay so this is a problem we
+don't want this to happen because uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want this to happen because uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want this to happen because uh the
+system is not outputting all the pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not outputting all the pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not outputting all the pages
+that it was supposed to Output so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was supposed to Output so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was supposed to Output so uh
+what can we do to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so the way that we fix this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the way that we fix this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the way that we fix this is by
+introducing something we call isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing something we call isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing something we call isolation
+Primitives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the basic idea is that we want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic idea is that we want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic idea is that we want to uh
+introduce an operation that will make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce an operation that will make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce an operation that will make it
+so that anytime that the page variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that anytime that the page variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that anytime that the page variable
+gets uh gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets uh gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets uh gets
+read the anytime a page gets read out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the anytime a page gets read out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the anytime a page gets read out of
+the queue that we also at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue that we also at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue that we also at the same time
+increment first without any other sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment first without any other sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment first without any other sort
+of threads accesses to this queue being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threads accesses to this queue being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of threads accesses to this queue being
+interleaved with our accesses to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved with our accesses to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved with our accesses to this
+que or our DQ's from the que um so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que or our DQ's from the que um so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+que or our DQ's from the que um so uh in
+sort of technical terms what we say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of technical terms what we say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of technical terms what we say is
+we want uh these two things P the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want uh these two things P the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want uh these two things P the the
+the uh reading of page and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh reading of page and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh reading of page and the
+incrementing of first to be socalled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing of first to be socalled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing of first to be socalled
+Atomic okay and the way that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic okay and the way that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic okay and the way that we're going
+to make these things Atomic is uh by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these things Atomic is uh by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these things Atomic is uh by uh
+isolating them from each other uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating them from each other uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating them from each other uh by
+isolating these two threads from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating these two threads from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating these two threads from each
+other when they're executing the inq and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when they're executing the inq and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when they're executing the inq and
+DQ things so uh these two terms we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ things so uh these two terms we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ things so uh these two terms we're
+going to come back to uh in in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to uh in in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to uh in in a few
+weeks in a few months in in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks in a few months in in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks in a few months in in the class
+towards the end of the class um but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the class um but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the class um but all
+you need to understand here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to understand here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to understand here is that
+there is this race condition and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this race condition and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this race condition and we want
+some way to prevent it and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to prevent it and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to prevent it and the way that
+we're going to prevent it is by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prevent it is by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prevent it is by using
+these isolation routines um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these isolation routines um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these isolation routines um also
+sometimes called locks so the idea is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called locks so the idea is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called locks so the idea is as
+uh and in this case the isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this case the isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in this case the isolation
+schemes are going to be called locks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes are going to be called locks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes are going to be called locks so
+the idea is that a lock is simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that a lock is simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that a lock is simply a
+variable um which can be in one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um which can be in one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um which can be in one of two
+states can either be set or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states can either be set or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states can either be set or
+unset um and we have two operations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unset um and we have two operations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unset um and we have two operations that
+we can apply on a lock we can acquire it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can apply on a lock we can acquire it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can apply on a lock we can acquire it
+and we can release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay and acquire and release have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and acquire and release have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and acquire and release have the
+following Behavior what acquire says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following Behavior what acquire says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following Behavior what acquire says is
+um set check the state of the lock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set check the state of the lock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set check the state of the lock and
+if the lock is unset then change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the lock is unset then change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the lock is unset then change the
+state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to
+set but if the lock is set then wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but if the lock is set then wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but if the lock is set then wait
+until the lock becomes unset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the lock becomes unset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the lock becomes unset
+okay what it release says is it simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what it release says is it simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what it release says is it simply
+says change the state of the lock from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says change the state of the lock from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says change the state of the lock from
+unset to set or from set to unset excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unset to set or from set to unset excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unset to set or from set to unset excuse
+me um so uh let's see how we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um so uh let's see how we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um so uh let's see how we can use
+these two routines in our code so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two routines in our code so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two routines in our code so let's
+go back to our example of inq and DQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to our example of inq and DQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to our example of inq and DQ
+let's introduce a lock variable we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce a lock variable we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce a lock variable we'll
+call it TL For Thread lock um and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it TL For Thread lock um and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it TL For Thread lock um and what
+we're going to do is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is simply
+around these two operations to uh access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these two operations to uh access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these two operations to uh access
+the Q we're going to uh to to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q we're going to uh to to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q we're going to uh to to modify
+this page in first ver to read the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page in first ver to read the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page in first ver to read the page
+and modify first we're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modify first we're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modify first we're going to put
+acquire and a release okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so we have acq on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we have acq on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we have acq on this
+threadlock and we have release on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threadlock and we have release on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threadlock and we have release on this
+thread loock um okay so let's look so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread loock um okay so let's look so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread loock um okay so let's look so
+this this seems fine it looks like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this seems fine it looks like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this seems fine it looks like we've
+done this but it's sort of positing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this but it's sort of positing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this but it's sort of positing the
+existence of this uh acquire thre this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of this uh acquire thre this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of this uh acquire thre this
+acquire procedure that just sort of does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire procedure that just sort of does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire procedure that just sort of does
+the right thing and if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and if you think about
+this for a minute it seems like we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a minute it seems like we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a minute it seems like we could
+have the same race condition problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same race condition problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same race condition problem in
+the acquire module as well right or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acquire module as well right or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acquire module as well right or the
+acquire function as well what if two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire function as well what if two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire function as well what if two two
+but guys both try and acquire the lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but guys both try and acquire the lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but guys both try and acquire the lock
+at the same time how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time how are we going to
+avoid this problem um and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this problem um and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this problem um and there's a
+couple of ways that are sort of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways that are sort of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways that are sort of well
+understood for avoiding this problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood for avoiding this problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood for avoiding this problem uh
+in practice and they talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice and they talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice and they talked about in the
+book I'm just going to introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I'm just going to introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I'm just going to introduce the
+simplest of them now which is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest of them now which is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest of them now which is that we're
+going to add a special instruction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add a special instruction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add a special instruction to
+the microprocessor that allows us to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microprocessor that allows us to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microprocessor that allows us to uh
+do this acquire efficiently and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this acquire efficiently and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this acquire efficiently and it turns
+out that most micro most modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that most micro most modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that most micro most modern
+microprocessors have an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessors have an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microprocessors have an equivalent
+instruction so we're going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so we're going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so we're going to call this
+instruction uh RSL um for read and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lock okay so the idea with RSL is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock okay so the idea with RSL is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock okay so the idea with RSL is as
+follows um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows um
+we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh
+can basically the implementation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically the implementation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically the implementation of the
+acquire uh module is going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire uh module is going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire uh module is going to be like
+this we're going to set we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to set we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to set we're going to
+acquire is going to um what it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire is going to um what it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire is going to um what it's going
+to do remember we want to wait until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do remember we want to wait until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do remember we want to wait until we
+want to Loop while we we if if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Loop while we we if if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Loop while we we if if we don't
+have the lock we want to Loop until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lock we want to Loop until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lock we want to Loop until
+we've had the lock so the implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the lock so the implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the lock so the implementation
+of choir may look as follows we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choir may look as follows we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choir may look as follows we'll have
+a local variable called held we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local variable called held we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local variable called held we'll
+initially set it to false and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially set it to false and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially set it to false and then we'll
+in a while loop while we don't hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while loop while we don't hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while loop while we don't hold the
+lock um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock um
+we're going to use this RSL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instruction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction okay
+um so what this says is held equals RSL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what this says is held equals RSL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what this says is held equals RSL
+of TL okay so what the RSL instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TL okay so what the RSL instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TL okay so what the RSL instruction
+does is it looks at the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it looks at the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it looks at the state of the
+lock and if the lock is unset then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock and if the lock is unset then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock and if the lock is unset then it
+sets it um and if the lock is set then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it um and if the lock is set then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it um and if the lock is set then
+it returns it sets it and it returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it returns it sets it and it returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it returns it sets it and it returns
+true um and if the lock is set then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um and if the lock is set then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um and if the lock is set then it
+returns false okay so it's this has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns false okay so it's this has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns false okay so it's this has this
+property that it can both read and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it can both read and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it can both read and set
+the lock within a single instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lock within a single instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lock within a single instruction
+right and that is a way that we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that is a way that we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that is a way that we're now
+able so we're going to use this uh read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able so we're going to use this uh read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able so we're going to use this uh read
+and set lock sort of primitive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set lock sort of primitive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set lock sort of primitive this
+basic thing as a way to build up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic thing as a way to build up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic thing as a way to build up this
+sort of uh more complicated acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh more complicated acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh more complicated acquire
+function which we can then use to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which we can then use to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which we can then use to build
+up these locks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these locks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these locks
+okay so this is this so so anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this so so anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this so so anytime
+you're designing a multi-threaded system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing a multi-threaded system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing a multi-threaded system
+in this way or a system with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way or a system with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way or a system with lots of
+concurrency you should be worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency you should be worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrency you should be worrying about
+whether you have race conditions um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have race conditions um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have race conditions um and
+if you have raise conditions you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have raise conditions you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have raise conditions you need to
+think about uh how to use locks in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh how to use locks in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh how to use locks in order
+to prevent those raise conditions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent those raise conditions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent those raise conditions all
+right um so there are a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so there are a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so there are a couple of other
+topics uh related to Performance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh related to Performance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh related to Performance that
+appear in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the text
+um and one of those topics is caching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one of those topics is caching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one of those topics is caching
+and I just want to spend one very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to spend one very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to spend one very brief
+minute on caching so you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute on caching so you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute on caching so you guys have
+already seen caching uh presumably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen caching uh presumably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen caching uh presumably in
+the context of 64 with processor caches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of 64 with processor caches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of 64 with processor caches
+um and what we would want to do so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we would want to do so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we would want to do so so
+you might want to sit down and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to sit down and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to sit down and think
+through as an example of how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as an example of how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as an example of how you would
+use a cache in order to per improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a cache in order to per improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a cache in order to per improve the
+performance um of our web server so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance um of our web server so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance um of our web server so one
+thing that you might do uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might do uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might do uh in order to
+improve the ovance of the web server is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the ovance of the web server is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the ovance of the web server is
+to put a cache between the disk uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a cache between the disk uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a cache between the disk uh and
+the uh is is to put a cache between in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh is is to put a cache between in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh is is to put a cache between in
+the disk thread uh that reduces the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk thread uh that reduces the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk thread uh that reduces the uh
+that you use instead of going to disk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use instead of going to disk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use instead of going to disk in
+order to sort of reduce the latency of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to sort of reduce the latency of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to sort of reduce the latency of a
+disk access um and all at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk access um and all at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk access um and all at the beginning
+of class next time take you through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class next time take you through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class next time take you through a
+very simple example of how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple example of how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple example of how we can
+actually use the dis thread in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the dis thread in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use the dis thread in order to
+do that um but you guys should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um but you guys should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um but you guys should think
+about this a little bit on your own so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit on your own so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit on your own so
+um barring that little digression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um barring that little digression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um barring that little digression that
+we'll have next time this takes us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have next time this takes us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have next time this takes us to
+the end of our discussion of uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of our discussion of uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of our discussion of uh sort of
+modularity abstraction and performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity abstraction and performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity abstraction and performance
+um and what we're going to start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we're going to start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what we're going to start talking
+about next time is networking and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next time is networking and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next time is networking and how
+networks work but I want you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks work but I want you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks work but I want you guys to
+make sure that you keep in mind all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you keep in mind all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you keep in mind all
+these topics that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics that we've talked about
+because these are going to be the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are going to be the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are going to be the sort
+of fundamental tools that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundamental tools that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fundamental tools that we're going to
+use throughout the class in the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use throughout the class in the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use throughout the class in the design
+of computer system so because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer system so because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer system so because we
+finished this module doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished this module doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished this module doesn't mean that
+it's sort of okay to stop thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of okay to stop thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of okay to stop thinking about
+this stuff you need to keep all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff you need to keep all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff you need to keep all of this
+in mind at the same time so uh we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind at the same time so uh we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind at the same time so uh we'll see
+you on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RikovZJdUmg.txt b/RikovZJdUmg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..031887bb51d971857d75752eaa9b4f51ebe7a0ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RikovZJdUmg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2843 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So here's the box score from
+the celebration on Monday.
+
+Class average improved
+considerably.
+
+A number of people moved
+from the sad face
+
+to the smiley face.
+
+I would still tell anybody who
+is down over here that the
+
+final exam is coming, and if you
+perform well on the final
+
+exam, we'll take a look
+at the overall
+
+performance of the semester.
+
+So get in and talk to us, if
+you want to, to see what we
+
+can do to help you
+succeed here.
+
+But it takes a little bit of
+effort on your part as well.
+
+I think that's all
+I want to say.
+
+There will be a weekly test, a
+weekly minor celebration on
+
+Tuesday, as normal.
+
+So today we're going to start
+the last of two units.
+
+We have two units left before
+the end of the semester.
+
+And this one is biochemistry.
+
+And it's one of these
+integrative topics that's
+
+going to bring together a lot
+of the material that we've
+
+looked at in the past.
+
+And biochemistry overview, it's
+the chemistry of living
+
+organisms. And the first thing
+to point out is that
+
+biochemistry is governed by the
+same laws that apply to
+
+inanimate matter.
+
+And apropos of that, I'd like
+to read something that was
+
+written by the Nobel Prize
+winner, Richard Feynman.
+
+"If in some cataclysm, all of
+scientific knowledge were to
+
+be destroyed, and only one
+sentence passed on to the next
+
+generations of creatures, what
+statement would contain the
+
+most information in
+the fewest words?
+
+I believe that it is the atomic
+hypothesis, or the
+
+atomic factor, whatever you
+wish to call it, that all
+
+things are made of atoms. Little
+particles that move
+
+around in perpetual motion,
+attracting each other when
+
+they are a little distance
+apart, but repelling upon
+
+being squeezed into
+one another."
+
+So that's the first thing
+to point out.
+
+That it's the same chemistry
+that we've been
+
+learning up until now.
+
+And in fact, I think I've got a
+a slide that captures the--
+
+there's the Feynman quote,
+the last part of it.
+
+Second thing is, by way of
+introduction, you see a boom
+
+around us today in biotech.
+
+And what is the biotech?
+
+It's the molecular biology, it's
+the commercialization of
+
+molecular biology.
+
+Biology, when I was your age,
+was classification, taxonomy,
+
+naming things and figuring out
+what bin they fit into.
+
+Today it's not that.
+
+It's molecular biology.
+
+Well, what's the molecular
+science?
+
+Molecular science is chemistry,
+and it's solid
+
+state chemistry.
+
+Biology is solid state
+chemistry.
+
+We are solid state devices made
+of soft matter with an
+
+endoskeleton that's ceramic,
+and so on.
+
+But we are solid
+state devices.
+
+So this is solid state chemistry
+and material
+
+science, and that's why we
+talk about it in 3.091.
+
+And why now?
+
+Why is the biochem revolution
+only now?
+
+Well, it has to do
+with complexity.
+
+You can think about complexity
+from the standpoint of
+
+materials, and in fact, lay
+out the ages of man.
+
+The Stone Age.
+
+The Stone Age precedes
+the Bronze Age.
+
+Why?
+
+Because stone is found
+in nature naturally.
+
+To use stone requires only to
+cut it and change its shape.
+
+But you make bronze, you have
+to engage in chemical
+
+processing.
+
+There's a chemical conversion
+that requires a higher level
+
+of societal sophistication.
+
+And then iron follows bronze.
+
+Why?
+
+Because iron melts at a higher
+temperature, so you have to
+
+have a higher level of
+technology in order to make
+
+the furnaces and to conduct
+the reduction reaction to
+
+extract iron.
+
+And then comes polymers.
+
+Polymers, the birth of
+synthetics, come when?
+
+First polymers were around,
+what, 1829, when the
+
+pharmacist was playing
+with the styrene.
+
+And then it explodes in
+the 20th century.
+
+And then mid-century
+we get silicon.
+
+And silicon is even more
+sophisticated, because we had
+
+to understand quantum mechanics
+to even understand
+
+that we needed silicon.
+
+We could convert beach sand into
+silicon back in 1500, but
+
+who knew what to do with
+silicon in 1500?
+
+And then finally comes the end
+of the 20th century, and now
+
+we're dealing with this stuff.
+
+So that sort of puts things
+in perspective.
+
+So what we're going to do today
+is start the treatment
+
+of biomolecules.
+
+And the first thing I want to
+say, is we're going to be
+
+talking about macromolecules
+but not polymers.
+
+So all polymers are
+macromolecules, but all
+
+macromolecules are
+not polymers.
+
+What's the difference?
+
+In polymers, we have a common
+repeat unit, whereas in the
+
+life sciences, Mother
+Nature is a polymer
+
+engineer gone wild.
+
+She takes different functional
+groups and puts them at every
+
+stage along the way, as opposed
+to polyethylene, where
+
+it is the same functional
+group at every stop.
+
+So it is exploded polymer
+chemistry,
+
+macromolecular chemistry.
+
+So there's four classifications
+of
+
+biomolecules.
+
+The proteins, carbohydrates,
+lipids, nucleic acids.
+
+And we're going to look
+at three of the four.
+
+We'll start today
+with proteins.
+
+We will study lipids and nucleic
+acids, but in the time
+
+allowed, we're going
+to lose the sugars.
+
+So you'll take 7.012 or
+something to satisfy the
+
+Institute biology requirement,
+you'll go much
+
+more deeply into it.
+
+But I think you're going to
+have very good preparation
+
+after three lectures here, and
+you'll be able to put together
+
+a lot of the material that
+we've looked at prior.
+
+So the first thing we're going
+to look at is proteins.
+
+Proteins are macromolecules,
+and they're formed by
+
+polymerization of monomers
+known as amino acids.
+
+So before we can talk about
+proteins, we're going to first
+
+look at amino acids.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+And amino acids are substances
+that have the following
+
+skeletal structure.
+
+I'm going to start a
+new board for this.
+
+So this is the basic skeletal
+structure of the amino acid.
+
+It's got a central carbon,
+sp3 hybridized with
+
+four struts on it.
+
+Down in the lower left corner,
+we have the amino group, which
+
+is nitrogen and two hydrogens.
+
+So there's one, two, three bonds
+off the nitrogen, and I
+
+want to emphasize but it's still
+got this unpaired set of
+
+electrons, which we know makes
+this thing a Bronsted base.
+
+And it's going to have a site
+here for proton attachment.
+
+And that's a big feature
+here in amino acids.
+
+So this is the amino group.
+
+And it acts as a
+Bronsted base.
+
+So it's a proton attachment
+site.
+
+Second strut is hydrogen
+in every amino acid.
+
+The third site, over here, is
+the carboxylic acid end, and
+
+that's carbon with a double
+bond, and one, two, three,
+
+four, all right?
+
+Every carbon needs four
+struts, and the
+
+fourth one has the OH.
+
+And this is the H that
+can fall off.
+
+So this is the proton
+donor here.
+
+This is carboxylic acid end.
+
+So this is three of the four
+ends of the carbon bonds are
+
+fixed in all amino acids.
+
+And then the fourth one is
+free to be specified.
+
+This is all R.
+
+R is a placeholder.
+
+It stands for the substituent.
+
+This is the substituent.
+
+And this is nature's choice.
+
+So you can put anything here.
+
+There are hundreds
+of amino acids.
+
+There are only 20
+seen in protein.
+
+But anything that goes up here,
+with this structure, is
+
+an amino acid.
+
+I don't care.
+
+You could put a cyanide up
+here, for all I care.
+
+It'll still qualify as a amino
+acid if these other three
+
+sites are filled in the
+following matter.
+
+So 20 seen in amino acids.
+
+20 of those in amino acids.
+
+And now I want to look at the
+substituents and break those
+
+into categories.
+
+So there's four categories
+of substituents.
+
+In other words, the 20 here
+can be broken into four
+
+categories.
+
+Four categories of R.
+
+And we can group those by their
+chemical properties.
+
+The first group, I took this
+from one of the other texts.
+
+Yeah, this is from one
+of the other texts.
+
+So there's the 20 amino acids.
+
+So I'm now highlighting some of
+the ones that are nonpolar.
+
+So what do you see there?
+
+The nonpolar ones,
+you see for R.
+
+The R group is above here.
+
+so?
+
+This is just plain hydrogen,
+which is nonpolar There's a
+
+methyl group, CH3, so
+that's alanine.
+
+Here's a methylene with two
+methyls, so this is alanine,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+So the different groups
+hang off that R
+
+position at the top.
+
+So these are nonpolar, and this
+also is characterized by
+
+being hydrophobic.
+
+So that end becomes hydrophobic
+when we use
+
+nonpolar group.
+
+The second option is to have
+polar substituents.
+
+And some of them even have
+hydrogen bonding capability.
+
+That's the second category.
+
+And of course those are going
+to be hydrophilic.
+
+The third group is charged.
+
+The third group actually has a
+charge end, which becomes a
+
+negative ion in aqueous
+solution.
+
+And these are going to be
+strongly hydrophilic.
+
+And also--
+
+[BREAK IN VIDEO]
+
+PROFESSOR: Number nine, number
+nine, number nine.
+
+Can you hear?
+
+Yes?
+
+Yeah, that's good.
+
+Hydrophilic and acidic.
+
+The acoustics here today are
+very different, huh?
+
+We're missing a few bodies.
+
+We need to put the crash test
+dummies in here, and then
+
+we'll have the same
+acoustic sound.
+
+All right.
+
+And then the fourth category
+gives you a cation, R plus, in
+
+aqueous solution, which
+then, strongly
+
+hydrophilic and basic.
+
+So we'll go through.
+
+Now, our bodies can synthesize
+only 10 of the 20 amino acids,
+
+and then the other 10 we
+have to get from diets.
+
+So when you look at some of
+these fad diets, you might
+
+want to check and make sure
+you're getting all of the
+
+proper nutrients.
+
+Now another of the structural
+features of amino acids that's
+
+important is chirality.
+
+Chirality is a feature
+of amino acids.
+
+And what is chirality?
+
+I'll show you by
+way of example.
+
+Chirality talks about
+handedness.
+
+Comes from the Greek
+word for glove.
+
+So let me show you molecules
+that have the chirality that
+
+distinguishes them.
+
+So I'm going to give an
+example with alanine.
+
+With alanine, the R-substituent
+group is equal
+
+to the methyl, CH3.
+
+So I'm going to put CH3 up here
+for the substituent, and
+
+then the other three stations
+are as we know them to be.
+
+So there's the amino group,
+there's the hydrogen, and
+
+here's the carboxylic acid.
+
+And note, look at the compact
+notation here.
+
+We write COOH.
+
+This O is not bonded to
+the O next to it.
+
+Both O's are bonded to
+the carbon, but this
+
+is compressed notation.
+
+COOH, and then this.
+
+So this is alanine, and I could
+just as easily write the
+
+molecule in the following
+manner.
+
+I would still satisfy the
+requirement that I have an
+
+amino group, a hydrogen group,
+a carboxylic acid group.
+
+Actually, if I want to get
+really fancy in chemistry, I
+
+could write it this way.
+
+COOH, and everybody knows H
+can't bond to two species.
+
+In fact, it's the carbon here.
+
+But it's OK.
+
+It's compressed and in the
+methyl group up here.
+
+And what you notice is that the
+molecule on the left is
+
+distinguishable from the
+molecule on the right.
+
+These are not the same molecule,
+even though the same
+
+substituents are here, and the
+other features are preserved.
+
+This cannot be superimposed.
+
+So you could distinguish
+these two.
+
+If I just threw them on the
+floor, you'd be able to pick
+
+them up and say, one has
+the amino group in this
+
+orientation, and if I put the
+other one, with the methyl
+
+above and the hydrogen below, I
+will have the amino group on
+
+the other side.
+
+And these things also are
+optically active.
+
+And through their optical
+activity, we
+
+give them their names.
+
+And so let's take a look here.
+
+All right.
+
+This is just a little bit
+more of the amino acids.
+
+And actually, one of our former
+3.091 TAs, Andrew
+
+Magyar, who just defended
+his PhD thesis.
+
+I was on his committee, and he
+did a splendid job, and used
+
+his 3.091 principles to get
+through his advanced biology.
+
+This is a list which is going
+to be part of the PDF that
+
+I'll post. But there are 20
+amino acids, and as you know,
+
+there are 26 letters in the
+alphabet we use in English.
+
+And so if you want to write them
+in compressed form, you
+
+just use one of these letters.
+
+There's the three-letter
+notation as
+
+well, so ALA is alanine.
+
+And in the past, I used to have
+contests in 3.091 to ask
+
+students to give me the
+airports, if these were
+
+three-letter airport codes.
+
+You see, it always comes around
+Thanksgiving, and
+
+people are busy heading to--
+
+and it turns out that 19 of
+the 20 amino acids have
+
+airport codes that correspond to
+the amino acid three-letter
+
+abbreviations, with the
+exception of glutamine, GLN.
+
+There's no airport that
+has GLN as its thing.
+
+That's a piece of trivia that
+will get you the last wedge in
+
+Trivial Pursuit.
+
+And then this is the one-letter
+abbreviation.
+
+So Andrew has put them
+in this form.
+
+So there again, I have the
+basic, the acidic, the
+
+aliphatic are the ones
+that are nonpolar.
+
+And this is another
+way to look at it.
+
+And here's the base structure,
+and here's the whole thing in
+
+monochrome.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's part of the thing.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's what I'm
+talking about.
+
+The mirror plane.
+
+So this box can be mirrored
+as shown.
+
+But as soon as you put a
+distinguishing mark in the
+
+lower right-hand corner here,
+the box on the left is not
+
+superimposable to the
+box on the right.
+
+They are distinguishable.
+
+And so these things will
+have different chemical
+
+reactivities, not melting point
+boiling point, but how
+
+they react with other
+molecules.
+
+So here's the chirologics.
+
+Your gloves are chiral.
+
+If you try to put your
+right-handed glove on your
+
+left hand, it's a poor
+fit, whereas the
+
+flask here is achiral.
+
+And now here are some molecules,
+just to show you
+
+how this translates
+into chemistry.
+
+So this molecule is chiral, this
+molecule is not chiral.
+
+And it has to do with the number
+of positions that are
+
+distinguishable.
+
+And how does this fit into the
+grand scheme of things?
+
+It's sort of a form of
+stereoisomerism, isn't it?
+
+Remember, we looked at the
+geometric isomers.
+
+Here's an example.
+
+This is dichloroethylene.
+
+We looked at butene.
+
+But here we've got cis-isomer,
+here we've got the
+
+trans-isomer, where the
+chlorines are on opposite
+
+sides of the double bond here.
+
+They're on the same side of
+the double bond here.
+
+These are types of
+optical isomers.
+
+These are the mirror images,
+the same functional groups,
+
+but in this case, in one
+orientation, the plus
+
+enantiomer, here's the
+minus enantiomer.
+
+They're called enantiomers
+because it comes from the
+
+Greek word for mirror.
+
+So we're using the Greek word
+for glove and the Greek word
+
+for mirror.
+
+Now we'll talk about the optical
+activity, and then
+
+we'll take a few notes.
+
+So what's the optical
+activity?
+
+It turns out that if you put
+these in aqueous solution,
+
+they will cause the
+polarization
+
+vector of light to rotate.
+
+So here's a cartoon that shows
+a light source with
+
+unpolarized light, and then
+the light goes through a
+
+polarizer, which then
+forces only
+
+vertically polarized light.
+
+In other words, the electric
+factor is in the vertical
+
+orientation.
+
+And so now this electric
+vector enters this tube
+
+containing an aqueous solution
+of something
+
+that has optical activity.
+
+And the degree of rotation is
+proportional, obviously, to
+
+the concentration of the chiral
+species, and also the
+
+path length.
+
+So if you have a dilute solution
+on a long path, or a
+
+concentrated solution on a short
+path, it's the number of
+
+collisions.
+
+And ultimately, you have a
+degree of rotation, et cetera.
+
+And so based on how the electric
+vector changes is how
+
+we got the names for the various
+enantiomers, because
+
+we've got to name
+them somehow.
+
+Otherwise we can't distinguish
+one from the other.
+
+So it turns out that the way
+I've drawn this one, with the
+
+amino group in the lower right,
+and the carboxylic acid
+
+group in the lower left, causes
+the electric vector to
+
+rotate clockwise.
+
+So I'm going to write h nu, just
+so that you know, or if
+
+you want to put the electric
+vector or something.
+
+It rotates page to the right,
+and so the Latin word for
+
+right is dexter.
+
+So this is called
+dextrorotatory.
+
+This is the dextrorotatory
+enantiomer.
+
+So now you've got really nice
+terminology to use at the
+
+table over the Thanksgiving
+turkey, all right?
+
+So this is the D-form, D-circle,
+or, as every
+
+right-handed person knows when
+speaking to a left-handed
+
+person, this is the positive
+direction, OK?
+
+And now this one causes
+an anti-clockwise, or
+
+counterclockwise rotation
+of light in an
+
+aqueous solution of this.
+
+And rather than use sinister,
+which is the Latin word for
+
+left, and it has all these
+negative connotations, they
+
+went to the Slavic, and
+shows levorotatory.
+
+So this is levorotatory, L-form,
+or minus N, with
+
+apologies to the left-handed
+people in the audience.
+
+That's what it's called.
+
+OK.
+
+So these are called enantiomers,
+and hence, you
+
+understand the choice
+of Man in the Mirror
+
+for the opening music.
+
+So 19 of the 20 amino
+acids are chiral.
+
+The only one that's non-chiral,
+the only
+
+non-chiral amino acid,
+is glycine.
+
+Glycine has hydrogen
+as a substituent.
+
+So now you have hydrogens above
+and below, an amino acid
+
+here, and carboxylic
+acid here.
+
+And this one is achiral.
+
+This is achiral.
+
+So the other 19 so that's 95%
+of the amino acids, are
+
+chiral, and they exhibit this
+interesting behavior.
+
+Now the other interesting
+piece is that only the
+
+L-enantiomer--
+
+by and large, there a few
+exceptions that you can find.
+
+There's some research
+on this, trying to
+
+find, always the exception.
+
+But by and large, only the
+L-enantiomer of amino acids
+
+are found in proteins.
+
+So there's no preference in
+nature for synthesizing one
+
+over the other, but somehow,
+somewhere, a long time ago,
+
+there was a preference given
+to the L-enantiomer.
+
+And so all of us have the
+L-enantiomer present in the
+
+proteins in our bodies.
+
+So I'm going to say only, but
+you know that there's always
+
+going to be some
+exception here.
+
+But by and large, only the
+L-enantiomer of amino acids
+
+found in proteins.
+
+And you're going to see the
+protein synthesis in a moment,
+
+and try to figure out
+why that happened.
+
+By the way, carbohydrates,
+which we're not
+
+going to talk about--
+
+carbohydrates are
+chiral as well.
+
+And in sugars, only the
+D-enantiomer of amino acids
+
+found in sugars.
+
+And you'll see later, this is
+all important in terms of a
+
+lock and key mechanism.
+
+And there are some L-sugars.
+
+L-sugars you know as
+invert sugars.
+
+And our bodies don't recognize
+invert sugars.
+
+Our body apparatus requires
+that there be D-sugars.
+
+There's some science fiction
+novella I read many years ago
+
+about this group of people
+that's marooned on the
+
+proverbial desert island, and
+it's lush with vegetation, and
+
+they're eating all of these
+fruits and vegetables and
+
+wasting away.
+
+And at the end of the novel, it
+comes to be known that this
+
+island, because it was isolated,
+somehow, back in
+
+time, the plant life there had
+the opposite enantiomer, and
+
+so their biological apparatus
+didn't recognize anything.
+
+They were eating all this stuff,
+and it was just going
+
+right through them with
+no nutrient value.
+
+So if you're ever
+marooned, check!
+
+Find out which enantiomer
+you're eating!
+
+Otherwise you're wasting
+your time.
+
+Honey has the L-sugar, because
+bees have a different
+
+biological apparatus.
+
+Now, when we synthesize these
+things chemically, we can get
+
+both enantiomers coming out of
+the synthetic apparatus unless
+
+we take pains not to.
+
+And so when both enantiomers
+are present, we call that
+
+specimen, that's term racemic.
+
+So you have both the
+dextrorotatory and
+
+levorotatory present.
+
+Now, normally we take the five
+minutes at the end to talk
+
+about chemistry in the world
+around us, but this is, you
+
+know, day before Thanksgiving
+holiday, and we've got a
+
+natural entry point here.
+
+I want to talk about what the
+consequence here is for human
+
+health that drives directly
+from chirality.
+
+About 40 years ago, there was
+a drug developed in Europe
+
+called thalidomide.
+
+And it was developed by a German
+firm called Chemie
+
+Gruenenthal.
+
+If I can just spell it.
+
+And it was developed as
+an anticonvulsant.
+
+And it was a sedative, and it
+had fantastic properties.
+
+Namely, that it was something
+that you could use in
+
+treatment of people who are
+very depressive, but they
+
+couldn't kill themselves
+with this.
+
+If you tried to overdose with
+thalidomide, you would simply
+
+go into a sleep, and then
+you could be rescued
+
+Well, that was its original
+intention.
+
+Just by accident, it was
+discovered by various people
+
+who were using it that it was
+a very fine palliative for
+
+morning sickness.
+
+And so women started using it
+in the first trimester of
+
+their pregnancies in order to
+calm their morning sickness.
+
+And so there were calls for the
+importation of this drug
+
+to the United States.
+
+And the FDA said no.
+
+And of course there was an
+outcry from women's groups
+
+that said, oh, the FDA is just
+a bunch of men that are
+
+insensitive to women's
+health issues.
+
+Let's speed this stuff up,
+let's get it over here.
+
+They're using it in Europe.
+
+What are we doing?
+
+It turns out that this was
+during the time of President
+
+John Kennedy, and he had
+appointed the first woman
+
+director of the FDA.
+
+And she said, it hasn't been
+tested thoroughly.
+
+We're not importing it
+to the United States.
+
+People got on airplanes,
+they used post
+
+office, what have you.
+
+They brought it into the United
+States, and it was used
+
+widely in the United States,
+And then subsequently was
+
+discovered that this is a
+teratogen, which causes severe
+
+mutation of the DNA,
+and children
+
+being born minus limbs.
+
+There were grotesque
+deformities.
+
+And so the position of
+the FDA was right.
+
+So you say, well, but didn't
+they test this stuff?
+
+And they did.
+
+Well, didn't they test
+it on animal models?
+
+And they did.
+
+Turns out the animal models
+that they used lacked a
+
+certain enzyme that's present
+in our bodies, that converts
+
+thalidomide downstream into
+something that's a teratogen.
+
+It's a really, really
+sad story.
+
+It turns out now, knowing what
+we know, only one of the
+
+enantiomers of thalidomide
+causes birth defects.
+
+Not both.
+
+So racemic thalidomide was
+loaded with both palliative
+
+and toxic components.
+
+And so this is a powerful
+lesson of getting the--
+
+avoiding the toxic enantiomer.
+
+And also, there may be
+people here who are
+
+opposed to animal testing.
+
+And I understand
+your concerns.
+
+But we're far from being able
+to sit with the Shroedinger
+
+equation and a supercomputer
+and predict the metabolic
+
+activity of these drugs.
+
+And so this is the dilemma
+for people.
+
+Do you want to test it or not?
+
+Do you want to get
+these things--?
+
+It's actually coming back now,
+in the treatment of HIV-AIDS.
+
+It's being used as part of
+a cocktail with other
+
+medications.
+
+But now we know not to give the
+racemic form, but only to
+
+give a particular enantiomer.
+
+Another one that is a chiral
+molecule is Ritalin, which is
+
+used, among other things, for
+the treatment of ADHD.
+
+And there are some negative
+side effects
+
+of the use of Ritalin.
+
+And again, it's being discovered
+that it's only one
+
+of the enantiomers that has
+the negative side effects.
+
+And so the whole question of
+chiral molecules is a very,
+
+very hot topic in chemical
+research.
+
+And so, how do you how direct
+the synthesis to get to one
+
+enantiomer and not the other?
+
+Catalysis.
+
+Again, which is something that
+is very important and not very
+
+well understood.
+
+Highly empirical, still.
+
+So all of those lessons
+that we've
+
+learned are very important.
+
+I think there's a cartoon here
+that actually shows--
+
+all right, so here's
+the example.
+
+This is a molecule
+that's chiral,
+
+and it's very primitive.
+
+You've got a square and
+a triangle and a
+
+circle and so on.
+
+And you see, both of these
+have the same chemical
+
+properties.
+
+But when you're looking at this
+in terms of biological
+
+activity in the human body, you
+can think about a lot of
+
+these interactions
+as lock and key.
+
+Now, there aren't these
+little holes here.
+
+It's not putting a square peg
+in a round hole versus what
+
+are they really trying
+to model here?
+
+They're trying to model the
+types of secondary reactions.
+
+So for example, there could be
+a polar center here, and this
+
+could be charged negatively,
+and this could be charged
+
+positively, and so they will
+be attracted coulombically.
+
+Maybe this has a polar end,
+and this has a dipole, and
+
+they'll be attracted.
+
+Maybe this is nonpolar, and this
+is nonpolar, so they all
+
+fit, whereas if you turn it
+around, you've got something
+
+that's positively charged
+here, and this thing's a
+
+dipole, there's no adhesion.
+
+So that's where this
+lock-and-key
+
+idea comes into play.
+
+And so what we're going to do
+later on is to figure out how
+
+to match things up in terms of
+dipole-dipole interactions,
+
+coulombic interactions,
+and so forth.
+
+OK.
+
+So what are the properties
+now?
+
+Let's look at the properties
+of these things as just
+
+straight chemicals.
+
+So we had amino acid, I had the
+solid neutral form of the
+
+amino acid.
+
+What are its properties?
+
+Not the protein.
+
+Properties of the amino acid.
+
+OK.
+
+So first of all, they are solids
+at room temperature.
+
+And why would we do that?
+
+Well, because look.
+
+You've got hydrogen bonding
+capability here, and that
+
+hydrogen bonding capability
+allows it to form bonds great
+
+enough to overcome
+thermal energy.
+
+Molecules like this, do you
+think they form crystalline
+
+solids or amorphous solids?
+
+They're small enough that--
+
+this one looks a lot like
+methane, doesn't it?
+
+Looks like methane with a
+couple of extra things.
+
+But from a distance,
+it's a sphere.
+
+maybe A little bit oblate,
+but it's a sphere.
+
+So these things form crystalline
+solids as opposed
+
+to amorphous solids.
+
+Their optical properties,
+I've already shown you.
+
+They're colorless.
+
+They're not good absorbers.
+
+Where's the covalent bonds
+with tight electrons?
+
+So there's no reason to have
+excitation and color.
+
+And then, they're moderately
+soluble in water.
+
+And that water chemistry
+is what we're
+
+going to turn to next.
+
+So now I want to look at how
+they behave in water.
+
+And where I'm going with this
+is to show you the first
+
+stages of how we
+animate matter.
+
+Because I talk about
+inanimate matter.
+
+We are animate matter.
+
+Where does the animation
+come from?
+
+What's the chemical origin
+of our animation?
+
+How is it that I can do this?
+
+See, you're looking
+at changes in the
+
+conformation of a polymer.
+
+That's all you're doing.
+
+You're saying, well, how--
+
+he's moving fast. What's
+the Debye frequency?
+
+It's 10 trillion
+times a second.
+
+10 trillion times a second the
+atoms vibrate in my body, and
+
+the speed at which I'm rotating
+my hand, compared to
+
+10 trillion times a second,
+very slow, right?
+
+Which actually explains why we
+talk at the speed we do.
+
+And why is it that a human
+being can only run--
+
+or not only run, but runs at the
+speed that he or she does?
+
+It has to do with
+the chemistry.
+
+With the Debye frequency, and
+what the skeleton can do--
+
+I mean, why aren't human
+beings 40 feet tall?
+
+I mean, stand back here
+and-- all right--
+
+we're going to create
+this universe.
+
+Why are we this tall, and
+not 40 feet tall?
+
+Because make a skeleton 40 feet
+tall would be chemically
+
+very difficult.
+
+It's all chemistry.
+
+The rest, as we know,
+is stamp collecting.
+
+OK, so now let's look at
+the properties of the
+
+amino acids and water.
+
+So I'm going to write them again
+in a different form.
+
+So here I'm going
+to put the H2N.
+
+Here's the amino acid N.
+
+Here's the central carbon.
+
+And I'm going to put the
+hydrogen, instead of writing
+
+it down here, this
+is the carbon
+
+with its little hydrogen.
+
+This is the carboxylic
+acid N, and then the
+
+substituent group is above.
+
+So this is again the thing.
+
+By the way, there are two
+carbons here, agreed?
+
+And the central carbon is also
+known as the alpha-carbon.
+
+This is the alpha-carbon.
+
+That's the beta-carbon, I bet.
+
+All right.
+
+So now what I'm going to do is,
+I'm going to dissolve this
+
+in water at neutral pH.
+
+And what happens?
+
+What happens is that once this
+thing solvates, the proton
+
+falls off the carboxylic end and
+comes over and attaches to
+
+that electron pair at
+the amino acid end.
+
+And we end up with this,
+at neutral pH.
+
+H3NCHCOO, and the substituent
+is a spectator here.
+
+Well, I lost a proton, so this
+is locally negative.
+
+And I gained a proton with
+its charge over here.
+
+So this is locally positive.
+
+I conserve charge.
+
+This is not neutral and this is
+not neutral, but it has a
+
+negative end and a positive end,
+and it's not a dipole.
+
+I mean, this is negative
+ion-like and
+
+this is positive ion-like.
+
+So let's say, net neutral
+locally positive and negative.
+
+And just as we've fallen in
+love with some German
+
+terminology for words like
+bremsstrahlung, we have a
+
+German word for this one.
+
+This is like a twin ion, or it's
+like a hermaphrodite dual
+
+gender, so this is called
+zwitterion.
+
+It's got both genders,
+if you like.
+
+It's positive and negative.
+
+OK.
+
+So there's zwitterion.
+
+And this is the way
+that we start to
+
+introduce the dynamic behaviors.
+
+So now I'm going to show
+you how to make
+
+something come to life.
+
+So what we're going to do, is
+we're going to show how this
+
+zwitterion can respond to
+changes in its environment.
+
+And we're going to invoke in
+order to do is to say that to
+
+impart animation, we invoke the
+le Chatelier principle.
+
+It's sort of like Newton's
+third law for chemistry.
+
+You know Newton's third law.
+
+Every action, there's
+a reaction.
+
+So le Chatelier was a French
+engineer, but his name is
+
+associated with an important
+chemical principle.
+
+And it basically says that if
+you disturb a chemical system,
+
+the chemical system will respond
+in such a way as to
+
+minimize the disturbance.
+
+So the example I'm going to give
+is, I'm going to start
+
+with a neutral pH, and I'm
+going to change the pH.
+
+And then the zwitterion is going
+to respond to minimize
+
+the disturbance.
+
+In other words, if I drop the
+pH, zwitterion is going to try
+
+to raise the pH back to
+what it was before.
+
+And in doing so, I think you're
+going to start to see
+
+how we can get animation.
+
+So it's sort of like that
+a chemical disturbance--
+
+this is the le Chatelier
+principle.
+
+Chemical disturbance
+is mitigated
+
+by a chemical response.
+
+So here's the example that
+we're going to use.
+
+We're going to say, let's
+take something and
+
+radically change the pH.
+
+So let's drop the pH.
+
+So drop a pH means, the
+proton concentration
+
+is going to go up.
+
+So how would zwitterion respond
+if it wants to reduce
+
+the proton concentration?
+
+Well, it's going to try to
+gobble up the protons.
+
+Well, how's it going
+to do that?
+
+Well, we know that there's
+a proton attachment site.
+
+Look, there's a proton
+attachment site at the
+
+carboxylic acid end.
+
+How do we know?
+
+Because it used to have
+a proton there.
+
+So it's going to go and vacuum
+up protons to try to bring the
+
+pH back to what it was before.
+
+So let's look at
+that reaction.
+
+So here's H3NCHCOO minus plus.
+
+So this is neutral zwitterion.
+
+And what it's going to do in
+response to the increase in
+
+proton concentration is try
+to gobble these up.
+
+And the following
+is the result.
+
+That proton is now going to
+attach here, and cap that
+
+negative end.
+
+So now we've got a proton on
+this end, and we've added a
+
+proton at the other end.
+
+So what's happened to the
+neutrality of zwitterion?
+
+It's lost!
+
+Now zwitterion is net positive,
+but we've started
+
+gobbling up protons.
+
+So this reaction is called
+protonation.
+
+And the reverse reaction
+is deprotonation.
+
+And this is messy, all these
+darn characters.
+
+So I'm going to write the
+neutral zwitterion as just HA.
+
+There's the proton here,
+and the rest of this
+
+stuff is just details.
+
+So that's A.
+
+So HA plus H plus gives me this
+thing here, which is HAH
+
+plus there.
+
+Isn't that cleaner?
+
+That's a lot easier to read.
+
+And we can write an equilibrium
+
+constant for that reaction.
+
+I'm going to call
+this reaction 1.
+
+In reaction 1, I can write K1.
+
+And it's written, the convention
+is that you always
+
+write the reaction
+constant for the
+
+deprotonation reaction.
+
+So I'm going to write the
+reaction constant for this
+
+reaction from right to left.
+
+So that's going to be this.
+
+H plus over HA divided by
+concentration of HA H plus.
+
+And then we're going to bring
+Sorensen to the party, and
+
+take logarithms, and make
+it nice and clean.
+
+As we know, when Sorensen
+enters the room, he
+
+straightens things out.
+
+And so this will then become PK,
+and if I take the log base
+
+10 of this, I'm going to end up
+with minus log base 10 of
+
+H, which then will be PH.
+
+And then this flips over with
+the minus sign, and becomes
+
+log base 10 of the ratio of
+protonated zwitterion over
+
+deprotonated zwitterion.
+
+And this is known as the
+
+Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
+
+And what does it answer?
+
+It answers the question, you
+tell me what the pH of the
+
+system is, and I'll tell you
+what the ratio of protonated
+
+to deprotonated is, because
+the PK is the
+
+function of the R group.
+
+So different R groups have
+different PKAs, and they'll
+
+respond differently.
+
+Some are very aggressive, and
+some are not so aggressive.
+
+And look at what happens.
+
+At one end, when we have neutral
+pH, we have all of the
+
+zwitterions sitting here.
+
+And as we go to higher and
+higher pH, more and more of
+
+the neutral zwitterion converts
+to the protonated
+
+zwitterion.
+
+And in the extreme, when I've
+got very, very high proton
+
+concentration, I will protonate
+all the zwitterion.
+
+I'll protonate it out
+of existence.
+
+And the only amino acid that
+exists is fully protonated.
+
+So I've got a sliding scale from
+100% deprotonated to a
+
+100% protonated.
+
+Well, somewhere along
+this scale is 50-50.
+
+And what happens when I've got
+equal amounts of protonated to
+
+deprotonated?
+
+That means the concentration
+of protonated equals the
+
+concentration of deprotonated.
+
+I have the log of 1, which is
+0, and that's the pH at PK1.
+
+So now you see physically
+what PK1 means.
+
+It's the pH at which you're
+halfway in between, which
+
+makes sense.
+
+If I wanted to characterize
+something, it has values
+
+between 0 and 100, I'd give you
+the value at 50, and you
+
+know, it varies around 50.
+
+Either 50 plus 50,
+50 minus 50.
+
+So that's what the PK is.
+
+Good.
+
+Now let's do the same thing
+for the opposite side.
+
+Let's, instead of a sudden drop
+in pH, let's look at a
+
+sudden rise in pH.
+
+Now you see, just to
+finish the point.
+
+Look at what happens here.
+
+What I'm trying to show you is
+that this change in pH caused
+
+this molecule to change.
+
+you I mean, this could
+be in your stomach.
+
+And now you drink some coffee,
+or you drink some cola, and
+
+the pH goes way, way down,
+because you've drunk something
+
+that's acidic.
+
+Well, there are functional
+groups in the lining of your
+
+stomach that are going to
+now start protonating.
+
+And when they protonate, they're
+going to change.
+
+This could have been bonding
+to something, right?
+
+COO minus could've been bonding
+to some other molecule
+
+that's locally plus.
+
+When the proton comes
+in here and caps it,
+
+that bond is broken!
+
+And that's the beginning
+of animation.
+
+So that when I drink something,
+and all of a
+
+sudden, my stomach
+goes into action.
+
+Well, we're going to have
+to process this stuff.
+
+Have to turn on some
+switches here.
+
+It's not my brain
+that's doing it!
+
+It's not that the brain gets
+all these sensor signals.
+
+We couldn't function that way.
+
+We're functioning just by these
+things acting right
+
+there at the site.
+
+This is the origin
+of animation.
+
+I'm telling you that this
+is the secret of life.
+
+I can't tell you the
+meaning of life.
+
+You have to go somewhere else
+to answer that question.
+
+But I can tell you where
+life comes from.
+
+There it is.
+
+So now, sudden rise in pH, this
+means that the proton
+
+concentration goes way down.
+
+See, zwitterion is like one of
+these friends you might have.
+
+Do you have any friends
+that are, what do
+
+you call them, rescuers?
+
+You know, if they see anything
+wrong, they're the ones that
+
+get involved?
+
+They've got to help
+everything?
+
+In the extreme, they're
+quite meddlesome.
+
+Well, this is what zwitterion
+is like.
+
+See, zwitterion sees a sudden
+drop in pH and goes, I'm
+
+zwitterion!
+
+I can help!
+
+I know what to do, because
+I'm zwitterion!
+
+I fix things!
+
+And I'm conflict-averse,
+I don't like this!
+
+OK.
+
+Imagine you are zwitterion.
+
+So here's zwitterion, sitting
+there, minding its own
+
+business
+
+[BREAK IN AUDIO]
+
+PROFESSOR: --for a minute.
+
+Why?
+
+Because it's in a neutral
+pH solution.
+
+Minding its own business.
+
+That's a chemical joke.
+
+All right.
+
+So there's zwitterion,
+just sitting there,
+
+minding his own business.
+
+And all of a sudden, the pH
+rises, and the proton
+
+concentration drops.
+
+So now we've got an abundance
+of hydroxyls.
+
+We're in an aqueous solution.
+
+So the zwitterion looks around
+and says, I've got to fix
+
+this, but there's no hydroxyl
+attachment site!
+
+So the zwitterion can't gobble
+up the hydroxyls.
+
+So what's the zwitterion
+do instead?
+
+Instead, it starts
+shedding protons.
+
+Because if it sheds protons,
+then what can happen is, if it
+
+forms this plus proton, then
+the proton can react with
+
+hydroxyl to form water, and then
+shoot the pH back to near
+
+neutrality.
+
+So let's dump the proton here,
+and we'll just end up with H2
+
+and CHCOO minus with
+the R group.
+
+So this is deprotonation in
+order to address the sudden
+
+rise in pH.
+
+And now we can write a K2.
+
+Let's call this reaction 2,
+and with K2, since it's a
+
+deprotonation reaction right
+away, we can just go ahead and
+
+write, this is going
+to be H plus.
+
+And what's left?
+
+This is just a denuded,
+deprotonated zwitterion, just
+
+the A minus, all over
+neutral zwitterion.
+
+And it looks like this.
+
+And we can invoke Sorensen and
+get PK2 equals pH plus log
+
+base 10 of the neutral
+zwitterion over the
+
+deprotonated zwitterion.
+
+And there you go.
+
+And then, of course, that
+50-50 concentration of
+
+deprotonation, the pH gives
+you the value of PK2.
+
+And now, at one end,
+I get deprotonated.
+
+The other end, I get
+fully protonated,
+
+right in the middle.
+
+I get the 100% zwitterion.
+
+I said at neutral pH, but
+that doesn't mean 7.
+
+It means the pH at which this
+particular species is stable.
+
+And that's different from
+7, and it's somewhere in
+
+between, isn't it?
+
+Because if I go to very
+acidic solutions, I
+
+will start to protonate.
+
+If I go to alkaline solutions,
+I'll deprotonate.
+
+So somewhere in between.
+
+And that somewhere in
+between is called
+
+the isoelectric point.
+
+The isoelectric point
+is the place at
+
+which we get the neutral.
+
+So that's HAmax.
+
+The concentration of this is
+maximal at the isoelectric
+
+point, and that's called P sub
+I, and that's given by PK1
+
+plus PK2, divided by 2.
+
+And that's it.
+
+You don't have to run it.
+
+We're done.
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is the simple story.
+
+It gets more complicated if, for
+example, the R group can
+
+protonate or deprotonate.
+
+So now we got two or
+three-ring circus.
+
+It gets more interesting.
+
+But this is the start, and
+there's some homework problems
+
+that will help you
+muddle through.
+
+OK.
+
+So I think this is a good place
+to switch into the final
+
+five minutes.
+
+So here's the titration curve.
+
+I'll show that at the beginning
+of the next lecture.
+
+OK.
+
+So now let's talk
+about kinetics.
+
+And the extreme in kinetics,
+I said, is an explosion.
+
+And we're coming upon December
+6, which is the anniversary of
+
+the largest explosion in the
+history of the world before
+
+the nuclear age.
+
+And it occurred in 1917, and
+Halifax Harbor, Canada, at
+
+that time was a British colony,
+and therefore Canada's
+
+foreign policy was dictated
+by Britain, which was
+
+involved in a war.
+
+And there was a French supply
+ship and a relief ship, and
+
+they collided in
+Halifax Harbor.
+
+This is what the French
+supply ship had on it.
+
+Notice 20,000 tons of TNT.
+
+At 8:45 AM, the Mont-Blanc
+is hit by the Imo.
+
+But the TNT was not ignited,
+and instead we ended with
+
+sparks and a fire.
+
+By the way, this is TNT.
+
+If you look, this is toluene.
+
+Toluene is methylbenzene.
+
+It's just the methyl group.
+
+And this is trinitrotoluene.
+
+And if you go to Wikipedia,
+Wikipedia gives this formula,
+
+which is wrong.
+
+The methyl group is
+missing here.
+
+Just a word to the wise.
+
+Be careful when you use
+that tool, I put
+
+in quotation marks.
+
+Because it's worth about as much
+as you pay for it, which
+
+is why we teach you to use
+the bibliographic things.
+
+OK, so there it is,
+right here.
+
+I didn't make this up.
+
+Look at this.
+
+Completely wrong.
+
+Anyway, so what happens?
+
+"The crew of the Mont-Blanc,
+aware of their cargo,
+
+immediately took the lifeboats,
+screaming warnings
+
+that no one heeded.
+
+They rode for Dartmouth"--
+
+this is across the channel
+from Halifax--
+
+"leaving the now furiously
+burning ship to drift towards
+
+Halifax, propelled in that
+direction by the Imo's impact.
+
+The Mont-Blanc drifted by a
+Halifax Pier, brushing it and
+
+setting it ablaze.
+
+Members of the Halifax
+Department responded quickly,
+
+and were positioning their
+engine up to the nearest
+
+hydrant when the Mont-Blanc
+disintegrated in a blinding
+
+white flash, creating the
+biggest man-made explosion
+
+before the nuclear age."
+It was 9:05 a.m.
+
+on a Thursday morning.
+
+"Over 1,900 people were
+killed immediately.
+
+Within a year, the figure
+climbed to well over 2,000.
+
+Around 9,000 were injured,
+many permanently.
+
+325 acres, almost all of North
+End Halifax was destroyed.
+
+Much of what was not immediately
+leveled burned to
+
+the ground, aided by what are
+stockpiles of coal in cellars.
+
+As for the Mont-Blanc, all
+3,000 tons of her were
+
+shattered into little
+pieces that were
+
+blasted far and wide.
+
+The barrel of one of her cannons
+landed three and a
+
+half miles away.
+
+Part of her anchor shank,
+weighing half a ton, flew two
+
+miles in the opposite
+direction.
+
+Windows shattered 50 miles away,
+and the shock wave was
+
+felt even in Sydney, on Cape
+Breton Island, 270 miles to
+
+the northeast.
+
+"There was about 20 minutes
+between the
+
+collision and the explosion.
+
+It was enough time for
+spectators, including many
+
+children, to run to the
+waterfront to watch the ship
+
+burning, thus coming
+into close range."
+
+I mean, they were little kids,
+and it's a fire, and the fire
+
+engines are coming!
+
+It's fun!
+
+It's more interesting than
+going to school, right?
+
+"It was enough time for others
+to gather at windows.
+
+Office workers came to the
+windows, and with the
+
+explosion, the glass shattered
+and blinded them.
+
+"Not surprisingly, the hospitals
+weren't able to cope
+
+with so many wounded.
+
+There was also a desperate
+need for housing, and the
+
+misery was compounded"--
+
+are you ready for this?--
+
+"by the blizzard that struck
+the city the following day,
+
+dumping 16 inches of snow
+over the ruins.
+
+"With astounding speed, relief
+efforts were set in motion.
+
+Money poured in from as far away
+as China and New Zealand,
+
+Canadian Government gave--"
+blah, blah, blah.
+
+"But most Haligonians"--
+
+which is what you call a
+denizen of Halifax--
+
+"most Haligonians remember the
+generosity of the state of
+
+Massachusetts, which donated
+$750,000 of money and goods,
+
+and gave unstintingly in
+volunteer assistance through
+
+the Massachusetts Halifax
+Relief Committee."
+
+People from the hospital
+district here got on trains,
+
+and went up there to assist,
+especially from Mass Eye and
+
+Ear, to assist the people
+that had been blinded.
+
+"Starting in 1971, to this day,
+Halifax sends an annual
+
+Christmas tree to the city
+of Boston in gratitude."
+
+And there are specifications on
+what the tree should look
+
+like, and how big it should be,
+and so on, and they bring
+
+it over to Boston Commons.
+
+So if, in the days that come,
+when you get back from
+
+Thanksgiving, if you happen to
+be across the river and you
+
+see something that's about 45
+feet high and it looks like it
+
+came from Canada, this
+is what it is.
+
+And it's all about the
+Halifax explosion.
+
+OK.
+
+There you go.
+
+All right.
+
+Well, have a nice weekend.
+
+We'll see you on Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RjcU0OydPcE.txt b/RjcU0OydPcE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3172afb049a97a3d47d8196e3def90192cfbbc56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RjcU0OydPcE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2141 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the
+subject here is about
+
+if you want to
+understand interactions
+
+between neutral objects.
+
+So let's start in
+a very basic way
+
+by saying we have an atome
+A, we have an atom B,
+
+they are separated
+by a distance R,
+
+and we want to know what
+is the force between them.
+
+In a semiclassical
+picture, we would
+
+say that everything
+is-- the force which
+
+is responsible for that
+must be the Coulomb force.
+
+So the atom A and B
+consists of charges,
+
+so we should find
+the charge density
+
+in our system A, the
+charge density of B,
+
+we take the coulomb energy and
+we integrate over the volume.
+
+And this is how in e and
+m, in the most general way,
+
+you would to write down
+the electrostatic energy
+
+of a system.
+
+You take all
+charges, each charge
+
+has a coulomb potential with
+the other charge [INAUDIBLE]
+
+indicate over everything.
+
+But for objects
+which are localized
+
+and we can do
+multiple expansion,
+
+our objects are
+neutral, neutral atom.
+
+So therefore there
+is no coulomb term,
+
+and the next term is the dipole.
+
+So therefore, starting
+with classical physics,
+
+we would find that the
+interaction of those charge
+
+density distributions one
+for atom A, one for atom B,
+
+should actually interact with
+this Hamiltonian h prime.
+
+OK, but now, if you
+look at it classically,
+
+we find that classically,
+the expectation
+
+value for the dipole operator
+of each atom is zero.
+
+But you will also
+find-- if you said,
+
+well, OK, that's what I
+expect, because an atom
+
+is in isotopic space.
+
+How can it have a dipole moment?
+
+But maybe, what could
+happen is, if there
+
+is a fluctuation of
+a dipole moment here
+
+and a fluctuation there and the
+fluctuations are correlated,
+
+then the two systems may
+repel or attract each other.
+
+So therefore, when we are
+talking about fluctuations,
+
+we are talking about expectation
+values for d squared.
+
+But also in classical
+physics, this is exactly zero.
+
+So what classical
+physics tells us,
+
+it says, in
+classical physics, it
+
+costs more energy to create
+a dipole moment, or even
+
+a fluctuating dipole
+moment, than one gets back
+
+from the dipole interaction.
+
+So the system will
+never spontaneously form
+
+some form of dipole moment.
+
+And in classical physics,
+two neutral atoms
+
+will have no attraction at all.
+
+So it costs more energy.
+
+So now, we have to
+do quantum mechanics.
+
+And every so often, I have to
+go through a classical argument
+
+to make you wonder about the
+quantum mechanical result.
+
+Because the quantum mechanical
+result, you're used to it.
+
+You've heard about the
+van der Waals interaction.
+
+But now you know
+that there is really
+
+something quantum at work.
+
+In quantum mechanics,
+the expectation value
+
+of the square of the dipole
+operator is not zero.
+
+I mean, you can see that if
+you have an electron, which
+
+is in an harmonic
+oscillator, and if it
+
+is at the bottom of
+the oscillator-- well,
+
+the dipole moment--
+what I want you to say
+
+is the dipole moment
+for a charged system
+
+is related to-- between
+electron and proton--
+
+to the displacement operator, R.
+
+And even if you have an
+equilibrium position--
+
+like in an harmonic oscillator,
+where R is equal to zero,
+
+R squared-- the expectation
+value-- is not zero,
+
+because whatever your
+stable equilibrium is,
+
+you will have zero point
+fluctuations around it.
+
+And so therefore, now
+in quantum physics,
+
+it's not that we have to provide
+energy to create a d squared.
+
+We have it.
+
+We have it by necessity, because
+of non-commuting operators,
+
+because of the nature
+of the quantum physics.
+
+So now, the fact that we have
+fluctuating dipole moments
+
+already, that means if now
+with the fluctuating dipole
+
+moments between the two
+atoms are synchronized,
+
+this will then lead to a
+non-vanishing average force
+
+between the atoms.
+
+So that's the idea.
+
+But the good thing
+is, you don't even
+
+have to know about it-- about
+fluctuations and all that.
+
+You just take-- and
+this is your homework--
+
+you just take the
+operator H prime.
+
+And look what happens when
+you have an atom in the ground
+
+and excited state
+and what happens
+
+when you have both atoms
+in the ground state.
+
+In the first case, you
+get the leading result
+
+in first order
+perturbation theory.
+
+For two ground state atoms,
+you have to go to second order.
+
+In first order, the
+potential is 1 over R cubed.
+
+And you will calculate
+the C3 coefficient.
+
+In second order, you get
+a van der Waals potential,
+
+which is 1 over R to the sixth.
+
+And it's fairly
+straightforward to calculate
+
+the C6 coefficient.
+
+Any questions?
+
+So let me reemphasize, the
+beauty of this perturbation
+
+result that it's so simple.
+
+But the downside
+is, you don't really
+
+understand what you're doing.
+
+I mean, you are solving
+the Schrodinger equation.
+
+You are finding an
+expectation value.
+
+But the nature of
+the effect-- how
+
+it is related to fluctuation,
+what is really behind it--
+
+is sometimes obscured.
+
+So let me give you one
+interpretation, which I really
+
+like.
+
+And I learned that
+actually from Dan Kleppner.
+
+When he taught the atomic
+physics course at MIT
+
+20 years ago, that
+was one element of it.
+
+And I told you at the
+beginning that I'm actually
+
+proud that our atomic
+physics course is really
+
+kind of-- has hopefully
+kept-- the best of the decade
+
+long tradition of teachers
+like Norman Ramsey, Dan
+
+Kleppner, and Dave Pritchard.
+
+So this is now really
+due to Dan Kleppner.
+
+And I will later
+today actually post
+
+Dan Kleppner's original lecture
+notes about this effect.
+
+So we want to understand
+the van der Waals
+
+force in a completely
+different system.
+
+And I think that helps.
+
+We have two LC circuits.
+
+There's L, C, C, L.
+
+And what happens is, the
+two capacitors are closed.
+
+So there is this stray field
+of one capacitor reaching
+
+the other capacitor.
+
+So I won't go through
+the detailed math here,
+
+because it's not necessary.
+
+But what we have
+here is, we have
+
+two coupled systems--
+two coupled capacitors.
+
+And the only thing
+I want to use is
+
+that the stray
+field of a capacitor
+
+has a diopolic characteristic.
+
+And it decays with
+1 over R cubed.
+
+So what we have right
+now is, each LC circuit,
+
+when it's isolated, has
+a resonant frequency
+
+of omega naught.
+
+But now, when we have two
+pendulums-- two oscillators--
+
+which are coupled,
+we get two modes,
+
+which are omega plus and minus.
+
+And if we simply
+solve for two modes,
+
+and they have some
+coupling, well, we
+
+get an upshift and
+downshift by the coupling.
+
+But if you look more carefully
+at the solution for two
+
+coupled modes, it has
+also a quadratic effect,
+
+which is sometimes
+neglected, but it's there.
+
+So this is, in
+general, what you will
+
+find, if you couple two modes.
+
+Now in quantum
+mechanics, when we
+
+ask for the oscillator
+in the ground state,
+
+we can find the
+zero point energy.
+
+And so the energy
+in the ground state
+
+is 1/2 the zero point
+energy in the mode plus,
+
+in the mode minus.
+
+The first order coupling term,
+the 1 over R cubed cancels out.
+
+But what remains
+is a contribution,
+
+which is 1 over R to the sixth.
+
+So we need quantum physics.
+
+Because in classical
+physics, the ground state
+
+of the LC circuit
+is nothing happens.
+
+No charge, no
+current, no nothing.
+
+I mean, this is a
+classical ground state,
+
+and you would not
+get any effect.
+
+So realize that this van
+der Waals potential requires
+
+quantum mechanics, and it
+is due to the zero point
+
+energy of the
+atomic oscillators.
+
+Just hold the
+thought, when we talk
+
+about atoms in the
+electromagnetic field,
+
+we have two oscillators.
+
+We have an harmonic
+oscillator, which
+
+is a fluctuating dipole moment
+on each side of the atom.
+
+But we have many, many harmonic
+oscillators in between,
+
+which is the
+electromagnetic field.
+
+And during the course
+of this lecture,
+
+I will refer to
+both the zero point
+
+energy of the atomic
+oscillator and the zero point
+
+energy of the oscillator, which
+is the electromagnetic field.
+
+And to give you the
+result at the end,
+
+I will sort of explain
+different effects
+
+by the zero point oscillation
+of the atoms, other effects
+
+by the zero point oscillation
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+But at the end of this
+section, which is probably
+
+after spring break on
+Monday, I will actually
+
+tell you that you
+have to be careful.
+
+If you have quantum
+physics, you have
+
+to use a consistent description.
+
+And you always need that
+both the field and the atoms
+
+are quantized and give
+zero point fluctuations.
+
+And when I'm telling you
+now that the van der Waals
+
+potential is due
+only to zero point
+
+fluctuations of the
+atomic oscillator,
+
+there may be another way
+of getting the same result
+
+by looking at the zero
+point fluctuations
+
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+So I just want you
+to take what I'm
+
+saying to you-- I'm not
+saying to you anything wrong.
+
+But it may not be the
+only way of expressing it.
+
+And I want you just to
+pay attention to it.
+
+But certain effects
+can be simply described
+
+by just simply looking at
+the atomic oscillators.
+
+Why do we need the quantized
+electromagnetic field
+
+when all we want to do
+is have a stray field
+
+coupling two capacitors.
+
+So we want to always
+learn about the simplest
+
+way to understanding an effect.
+
+But then in the end, there
+are maybe certain subtleties.
+
+OK.
+
+But let's keep it simple.
+
+So it's a zero point energy
+of the two oscillators.
+
+And maybe let me emphasize
+this by translating
+
+this description-- what we
+learned from the capacitors.
+
+Let me give you the Coulomb
+description of the atom.
+
+So an atom really never have in
+free space a spontaneous dipole
+
+moment.
+
+But because of zero
+point oscillation,
+
+it will have a dipole
+moment squared.
+
+So what happens now is,
+let's say at some moment,
+
+we have a fluctuation.
+
+One atom happens to
+have a fluctuation
+
+of the dipole moment.
+
+This creates an electric field
+at the position of the atom, b.
+
+So this is a fluctuating field.
+
+The fluctuating
+field, because there's
+
+a finite polarizability,
+induces now
+
+a dipole moment of the atom, db.
+
+I will later introduced
+polarizabilities.
+
+But here, it's just
+proportional to Eb.
+
+So that's proportional
+to da over R cubed.
+
+So now, we have no longer
+randomly fluctuating
+
+dipole moments with da db,
+which are out of phase.
+
+Positive and minus cancels out.
+
+We have a dipole
+moment, da, which
+
+creates-- through
+polarizability--
+
+an aligned dipole moment, db.
+
+And for those, we have now
+the dipole-dipole interaction,
+
+which is db da over R cubed.
+
+And when db changes
+sign, da changes signs.
+
+So the product of them
+will always stay the same.
+
+And now, we find that
+we have an interaction.
+
+If you look, db
+was 1 over R cubed.
+
+And if you multiply
+that with the R
+
+cubed of the
+dipole-dipole interaction,
+
+we obtain, in a
+very different way,
+
+the van der Waals potential,
+which is 1 over R to the sixth.
+
+So therefore, what
+we can take away
+
+from that is that the 1 over
+R to the sixth potential
+
+is caused by the zero
+point fluctuations
+
+of the atomic dipole moments.
+
+OK.
+
+So now you have already
+three different ways
+
+to look at the van
+der Waals potential.
+
+One is just doing
+perturbation theory
+
+and not understanding anything.
+
+The second one is
+the ground state
+
+of two coupled oscillators,
+a la two capacitors.
+
+And finally, the fact that
+spontaneous fluctuations create
+
+stimulated fluctuations,
+and then there
+
+is a quadratic term,
+which doesn't vanish.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, let's now consider that
+the electromagnetic field--
+
+that there is an
+electromagnetic field.
+
+Until now, we have not
+really used the fact
+
+that we have an electromagnetic
+field with photons.
+
+And the electromagnetic
+fields, each mode,
+
+is an harmonic oscillator.
+
+And each mode of the
+electromagnetic field
+
+has zero point
+fluctuation of itself.
+
+So let us now discuss what
+can the vacuum fluctuations
+
+of the electromagnetic
+field do for us.
+
+Well, if we have fluctuations--
+momentary fluctuations--
+
+of the electric
+field of the vacuum,
+
+the fluctuation at position,
+a, and position, b,
+
+will induce now dipole
+moments of the atoms, a and b,
+
+by multiplying with the
+atomic polarizability.
+
+And if you assume-- I'll say
+a little bit more about it--
+
+that we're talking about
+the long wavelengths
+
+fluctuation of the
+electric field.
+
+Then the two dipole
+moments, which
+
+are induced by those
+vacuum fluctuations,
+
+are actually in phase.
+
+So the key word is now that
+the vacuum fluctuations
+
+create correlated
+dipole moments.
+
+So the dipole moments are
+no longer independently
+
+fluctuating by themselves.
+
+So if you write down now the
+dipole-dipole interaction,
+
+we will find a result which
+is proportional to the product
+
+of the two polarizabilities.
+
+The dipole interaction has an
+intrinsic spatial dependence,
+
+which is 1 over R cubed.
+
+But now, the important
+term is that we
+
+have to calculate
+the correlation
+
+function of the electric
+field at position,
+
+a, and position, b.
+
+And these are the
+vacuum fluctuations.
+
+I'm not doing the
+calculation, because it
+
+would be somewhat messy.
+
+I really post on the web a
+fairly easy-to-read paper
+
+by Larry Spruch
+in Physics Today.
+
+And he gives you a
+little bit more details.
+
+But you have already the
+physics in this equation.
+
+What you should use
+now is, you have
+
+to use the density of modes.
+
+And for each mode, the zero
+point energy, 1/2 h-bar omega.
+
+And then, what you get is,
+you get an interaction,
+
+which is 1 over
+R to the seventh.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you're
+accounting here
+
+only the dipole moment,
+which are [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So they're coming
+from the fluctuation
+
+of long wavelengths in your EM.
+
+And once they [INAUDIBLE]
+those but they
+
+are EM field
+fluctuation from vacuum.
+
+So what are the effect
+of those shorter waves?
+
+Are they just higher
+energies, or just--
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent question.
+
+Actually, I need
+that-- in 10 minutes--
+
+I need exactly the
+answer to your question.
+
+So let me give you
+the answer right now.
+
+If you look at this
+expression, there
+
+are two things which
+come into place.
+
+One is we have now two atoms
+separated by a distance, R,
+
+which is ra minus rb .
+
+If you take, now, high frequency
+modes, which are very short
+
+wavelengths, and you
+integrate and sum over
+
+all of them, it's pretty
+clear that you will get
+
+plus and minus, which will
+completely average out.
+
+So it seems very clear that
+the modes with wavelengths,
+
+lambda, shorter-- definitely
+much shorter-- than R average
+
+out.
+
+So therefore, the bulk
+of the contribution
+
+will actually come from
+the modes with wavelengths
+
+smaller than R.
+
+But now, there is
+something else.
+
+The density of states for
+the electromagnetic field
+
+dramatically increases
+with frequency, omega.
+
+So we have many more modes
+at short wavelengths.
+
+So therefore, the
+argument says, well,
+
+the long wavelength
+modes, up to wavelengths,
+
+R, are the dominant ones.
+
+They don't average out.
+
+But because the density
+of modes increases,
+
+the shorter the
+wavelength is, by
+
+far the dominant
+contribution, will
+
+come from the modes, which
+are centered around lambda
+
+equals R.
+
+So the density of
+modes implies now
+
+that those modes will dominate.
+
+So that's the answer.
+
+But ultimately, you have to put
+everything into an equation,
+
+have an integral,
+solve the integral,
+
+do some approximation.
+
+And you will exactly see
+from the density of modes
+
+that the very long
+wavelengths don't contribute.
+
+And you will also see that
+because of rapid averaging of E
+
+to the ikr phase factors,
+the high frequency modes
+
+will not contribute.
+
+OK.
+
+So we have now two
+different power laws.
+
+One is 1 over R to the sixth.
+
+And one is 1 over
+R to the seventh.
+
+So let's explain that now.
+
+So we obtain the 1 over R
+sixth by using the uncertainty
+
+principle for atoms.
+
+And here, we have used the
+uncertainty principle, the zero
+
+point fluctuations for
+electromagnetic waves.
+
+When we derive the 1
+over R sixth potential,
+
+we actually used simply the
+electrostatic instantaneous
+
+Coulomb field dipole field.
+
+And this is only valid for
+short range when-- you know,
+
+I said we have a fluctuation
+and the fluctuation
+
+created another one,
+which was in phase.
+
+But if one fluctuation
+has to send out
+
+an electromagnetic wave,
+the second fluctuation
+
+may not be in.
+
+When propagation
+effects come into play,
+
+there's a time lag between
+the two oscillators
+
+and may actually
+be out of phase.
+
+So we really assumed
+in the derivation,
+
+without ever saying
+it explicitly,
+
+that there are no
+propagation effects.
+
+And this is called the
+short range potential.
+
+Whereas, for the second
+argument that we said,
+
+we have two distant atoms,
+which get synchronized
+
+by being driven by fluctuations
+of the electromagnetic wave
+
+at wavelengths,
+lambda equals R. This
+
+is what happens at long range.
+
+So this is a famous result,
+that we have a van der Waals
+
+force, which is the
+instantaneous force.
+
+And when propagation
+effects come into play,
+
+this goes by the name
+Casimir-Polder potential.
+
+The moment when propagation
+effects come into play--
+
+when radiation plays a role--
+we get a different power law.
+
+So again, I'm just
+playing with ideas.
+
+I'm taking a train
+of thought, atoms
+
+fluctuate; another train of
+thought, electromagnetic fields
+
+propagate; and just see,
+what are the ramifications?
+
+What are the consequences?
+
+So now, I want to
+eventually give you
+
+a treatment, which has
+both aspects in one.
+
+And this is our
+diagrammatic treatment.
+
+First, before I do
+with that, do you
+
+have any idea what
+distinguishes the short range
+
+from the long range potential?
+
+So you have two atoms.
+
+You pull them apart.
+
+And what distance do we have the
+1 over R to the sixth physics?
+
+At what distance do
+you have the 1 over R
+
+to the seventh physics?
+
+AUDIENCE: When
+[INAUDIBLE] transitions?
+
+PROFESSOR: When the
+distance is the wavelengths
+
+of the atomic transition.
+
+That's the only
+thing which matters.
+
+You don't get it
+immediately from here.
+
+Because-- I mean, I used
+an instantaneous potential,
+
+which didn't have any scale.
+
+And here, I said we
+have vacuum fluctuations
+
+of all wavelengths.
+
+So here, I had a
+picture, which clearly
+
+works at long separation.
+
+And propagation
+effects are built in,
+
+because it's a vacuum
+fluctuation, which
+
+sort of act at
+position, a and b.
+
+And the wavelengths--
+their propagation--
+
+is part of the formulation.
+
+But yes, Bohr's
+conjecture that it
+
+is the wavelengths of the
+atom-- the wavelengths
+
+of the resonant
+radiation-- is correct.
+
+But I want to show
+you now how we
+
+can obtain this
+result in a, I think,
+
+really elegant and
+beautiful way by looking
+
+at the diagrams we
+have just learned.
+
+OK.
+
+What did we just have?
+
+Time to do that, yes.
+
+Any questions here?
+
+The reason why I want to
+show it diagrammatically
+
+is actually two fold.
+
+One is, it's really
+beautiful how it comes out.
+
+But the second thing is, when I
+introduced the Feynman diagrams
+
+and all of these formulation
+in terms of propagators,
+
+I gave you a wonderful picture.
+
+But in the end, I reduced
+it to first and second order
+
+perturbation theory.
+
+So I want to show you at
+least one nontrivial example
+
+where you would not
+get the result easily
+
+without this formalism.
+
+So enjoy one nontrivial
+application of diagrams.
+
+So if you follow the systematic
+way, how we have set up
+
+our formulation of
+quantum electrodynamic
+
+with a photon field-- the
+quantized photon field--
+
+then the two neutral atoms have
+no direct Coulomb interaction.
+
+I just want to point that out.
+
+Because a few
+minutes ago, when I
+
+said a classical system is just
+Coulomb field-- each charge
+
+element has a Coulomb potential
+with the other charge element--
+
+this was just the
+opposite approach.
+
+But in our QED formulation,
+we have sold our soul.
+
+We have said we only
+really got the near field,
+
+the longitudinal field,
+as belonging to the atoms.
+
+Everything which
+happens at longer range
+
+is included in our
+atom-photon Hamiltonian.
+
+So therefore, there is no
+direct Coulomb interaction
+
+for the longitudinal field.
+
+Everything, everything now, has
+to come from the interaction--
+
+the perturbation operator-- for
+the quantized radiation field.
+
+And therefore, we
+must get it out.
+
+We have one atom;
+it's d1 at d prime.
+
+I think that's how it's-- I'm
+using now the nomenclature,
+
+which is used in atom-photon
+interaction, pages 121 to 126.
+
+And so, there is one atom
+at the unprimed location,
+
+one atom at the time
+primed location.
+
+And everything has
+to come out now
+
+of the formulation of the
+quantized radiation field.
+
+And we have discussed
+that lengths
+
+at the transverse electric
+field become operators,
+
+a plus a dagger-- the symbol
+for the dipole operators
+
+are acting on the atoms.
+
+We've done all that.
+
+So then the only thing
+which happens is--
+
+and this is described
+by a and a dagger--
+
+is the exchange of photons.
+
+So the only way how those two
+neutral objects can interact
+
+is through the radiation field.
+
+And through the
+radiation field means
+
+they have to emit photons.
+
+So I want to show you now
+that the van der Waals
+
+interaction can be thought of
+as one atom emitting a photon.
+
+But this virtual
+photon is absorbed
+
+by the other atom
+and vice versa.
+
+And you may have
+heard quite often--
+
+but I'm not sure if you've
+seen it explicitly--
+
+that a lot of
+interactions in physics
+
+are actually mediated by the
+exchange of virtual particles.
+
+The famous example is
+that the nuclear force
+
+comes from a virtual
+exchange of pions.
+
+But then, people say,
+the Coulomb force
+
+comes from a virtual
+exchange of photons.
+
+But usually, we
+don't really show you
+
+how this virtual
+exchange of photons work.
+
+So in that sense,
+I'm proud that I
+
+can show you, at least
+the basic outline, how
+
+virtual exchange of photons
+between two neutral atoms
+
+leads to the van
+der Waals potential.
+
+So that's our agenda.
+
+OK.
+
+Now the fact that this takes
+six pages in the book--
+
+and the book is not
+solving all equations--
+
+means if you really want
+to do it quantitatively,
+
+it has a certain complexity.
+
+But what I've done is, I've sort
+of distilled out the grand idea
+
+and which also shows
+you what happens
+
+when you go from short
+range to long range.
+
+And this is what I
+want to present you.
+
+And therefore, I take
+[? Benji's ?] question
+
+and will not discuss
+all the modes
+
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+I will immediately use the fact
+that the dominant contribution
+
+comes from modes.
+
+And since we don't
+have real photons,
+
+we don't have energy to create
+real photons when everything
+
+is in the current state.
+
+We call them virtual photons.
+
+Virtual photons are photons
+which are immediate.
+
+But a short time later, because
+of Heisenberg uncertainty,
+
+have to disappear.
+
+So the dominant contribution
+comes from virtual photons
+
+at the wavelengths, which is
+D, the distance between atoms.
+
+So the frequency, which
+will play an important role,
+
+is simply the frequency
+of those virtual photons.
+
+And I gave you already the
+reason-- the density of states
+
+which favor higher frequencies.
+
+But higher frequencies
+cancel, because of the E
+
+to the ikr terms.
+
+So we only focus on those.
+
+The second thing I
+need is that when
+
+we do perturbation theory, the
+energy shift in perturbation
+
+theory-- well, if
+you do second order,
+
+you go from the initial state
+to an intermediate state.
+
+And then, you go from the
+intermediate state, one,
+
+to the final state.
+
+And what you have
+to do is, you have
+
+to divide by the
+energy denominator.
+
+If you do higher and higher
+order perturbation theory,
+
+in our diagrammatic
+presentation,
+
+that means we have propagators
+at intermediate energies.
+
+And I told you that
+the time an atom can
+
+spend in an intermediate state
+is 1 over the energy defect.
+
+And if you integrate the
+E to the i energy defect
+
+factor over time,
+you get something
+
+which is proportional
+to 1 over delta E.
+
+So therefore, if you
+perform the time integration
+
+of the perturbation
+analysis, you
+
+find by integrating over the
+short time particles spend
+
+in the intermediate
+state, you actually
+
+generate those
+energy denominators.
+
+That's actually the relationship
+between the time propagation
+
+I showed you earlier.
+
+And when you integrate
+over the time,
+
+you get for this intermediate
+state, a contribution,
+
+which is 1 over
+the energy defect
+
+over the intermediate state.
+
+So therefore, if you go now
+to higher order perturbation
+
+theory, we simply have a
+product of matrix elements
+
+in the numerator.
+
+And in the denominator, we have
+a product of energy defects.
+
+You are using that all the time
+for second order perturbation
+
+theory, but the structure
+is that you can just
+
+sort of daisy chain
+the expression.
+
+And you get higher order
+perturbation theory.
+
+So therefore, all we will have
+to understand to figure out
+
+what happens when virtual
+photons are exchanged,
+
+I will just show you
+two relevant diagrams.
+
+And we just look-- we
+stare at the diagrams--
+
+and figure out what
+are these denominators?
+
+What are those energy defects?
+
+And we will find that
+there's a difference
+
+at long range and short range.
+
+So that's the agenda.
+
+So we will need two energies.
+
+One energy is the energy
+of the virtual photon,
+
+which is exchanged.
+
+And the second
+energy, or frequency,
+
+is the resonant
+frequency of the atom.
+
+So let's look at two
+relevant diagrams.
+
+So one is atom,
+a; one is atom, b.
+
+We are interested
+in interactions
+
+between atoms in
+the ground state.
+
+And after a
+sufficiently long time,
+
+both atoms have to be
+back in the ground state.
+
+Let me just get this organized,
+one, two, three, four.
+
+And the result is obtained
+in fourth order perturbation
+
+theory.
+
+It has to be fourth
+order, because we
+
+need photon exchange.
+
+To emit a photon here, absorb
+it here, is second order.
+
+But then, one atom is
+in the excited state
+
+and this can't be.
+
+So a second photon is
+required to undo the effect.
+
+So we need exchange
+of photon pairs.
+
+Each exchange means
+absorption and emission.
+
+That means two vertices.
+
+And photon pairs
+means another two.
+
+So we need fourth order
+perturbation theory.
+
+OK.
+
+But it's much, much
+easier than you think.
+
+So we have a ground state atom.
+
+And now the action starts.
+
+This is the first vertex.
+
+It emits a photon.
+
+The photon is absorbed
+by the other atom, which
+
+puts the atom into
+the excited state.
+
+This atom is also in the
+excited state, of course.
+
+And then, we know the atom
+cannot stay in the excited
+
+state for a long time.
+
+It can now emit a second
+photon, which brings it back
+
+to the ground state.
+
+And the second photon
+is absorbed by atom, b,
+
+and puts the atom back
+into the ground state.
+
+So this is one relevant diagram.
+
+And let me analyze it
+in the energy defects.
+
+Here, in the first
+intermediate step,
+
+the energy defect is--
+well, we have ground-ground.
+
+This is sort our reference.
+
+But now, we have put one
+atom into the excited state.
+
+That causes energy,
+omega naught.
+
+And we have created
+one photon, omega.
+
+Here in that time step,
+there are no photons,
+
+but there are two excited atoms.
+
+And in the third time step,
+we have still one atom
+
+in the excited state
+and one photon.
+
+Now, this is one relevant class.
+
+I mean, you can now use
+permutations at atom, b,
+
+excites photons first and such.
+
+But the structure of
+many of these diagrams
+
+will be the same that we have
+those three energy defects.
+
+But now, we have
+another possibility.
+
+And this is, one
+atom emits a photon,
+
+but it feels it doesn't
+want to be excited,
+
+because the excitation
+energy is so precious.
+
+It wants to immediately
+return to the ground state.
+
+So we could have a situation
+that the atom fires
+
+a second photon before the
+first photon is absorbed.
+
+So the diagram-- the relevant
+diagram-- is now this.
+
+So the atom started
+in the ground state,
+
+is in the excited state,
+but as soon as possible,
+
+goes back to the ground state.
+
+And the other atom starts
+out in ground state,
+
+is in the excited state, and
+is back in the ground state.
+
+So what we have here is, we have
+again three intermediate steps.
+
+In the first step, of course,
+we have an excited atom
+
+and a photon.
+
+And we have the same here.
+
+But now the difference is,
+that in the intermediate step,
+
+our energy defect is not
+two atomic excitations,
+
+it is two photonic excitations.
+
+And now we want to
+compare those two diagrams
+
+for short and for long range.
+
+And it becomes clear
+that short range
+
+is where the frequency
+of the photon--
+
+its wavelength is lambda.
+
+Short range means
+high frequency.
+
+The frequency of
+the photon is larger
+
+than the atomic
+excitation energy.
+
+Or that means, the
+distance is smaller
+
+than the resonant
+wavelength of the photon.
+
+Whereas, long range is
+that the atomic excitation
+
+is more precious than
+the photonic excitation.
+
+OK.
+
+So I need three more minutes.
+
+So it just fits
+into the class time.
+
+So we are here in
+the limit that omega
+
+is larger than omega naught.
+
+So that means, if we take now
+the product of the three energy
+
+denominators, omega
+dominates over omega naught.
+
+So we'll have this structure
+omega, omega naught, omega.
+
+Omega, omega naught, omega.
+
+Whereas, at long range,
+omega naught dominates.
+
+We have omega naught,
+omega naught, omega naught.
+
+So the structure of the
+product of energy denominators
+
+is 1 over omega naught.
+
+If you look on the
+right hand side,
+
+we have replaced-- in
+the intermediate part
+
+in the propagator-- the
+energy defect by omega naught
+
+by omega.
+
+So therefore, in this case,
+we have 1 over omega cubed
+
+and 1 over omega
+naught squared, omega.
+
+So we know that when we
+sum up over diagrams,
+
+we have to sum up over
+all possibly diagrams.
+
+And the ones which dominate
+at short range are those ones
+
+and at long range
+are the other ones.
+
+So in other words,
+at short range,
+
+one photon is exchanged
+and disappears.
+
+And then, the next photon comes.
+
+But at long range,
+we have an exchange
+
+that one atom sends out two
+photons almost simultaneously.
+
+And the other atom absorbs them.
+
+Because it sends them out
+almost simultaneously.
+
+Because here, we are talking
+about long wavelength photons,
+
+and photons are cheaper.
+
+Rather send out two photons
+before you spend too much time
+
+in the excited state.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's wrap it up.
+
+Since omega is proportional
+to 1 over the wavelengths,
+
+which was-- and I said the
+photons we are concentrating,
+
+is the photons which have a
+wavelength of the distance, D .
+
+So what we are realizing
+now is that, if you just
+
+compare those diagrams
+at long range,
+
+we go from 1 over omega
+squared to 1 over omega.
+
+So at long range-- omega is--
+we have an additional factor
+
+of omega, which is 1 over D.
+
+And so now, if you
+assume-- I can't show you
+
+that without solving
+the real problem--
+
+but if you assume
+that at short range,
+
+we have 1 over R to the sixth--
+van der Waals potential--
+
+then at least, I've proven
+to you that at long range,
+
+you get one more
+power in the distance.
+
+And this is a transition from an
+instantaneous potential, where
+
+propagation effects
+do not matter,
+
+to what is called
+retarded potential.
+
+So that's all I
+wanted to show you
+
+about interactions
+between two neutral atoms.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+Timor?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does it matter the
+direction of both the photons
+
+that we drew?
+
+For example, can
+atom, a, emit to b, b
+
+absorbs, and b emits
+to a, rather than--
+
+PROFESSOR: In
+practice, it matters.
+
+When you solve it, you have
+to sum over all possibilities.
+
+Remember, quantum mechanics
+in the system does everything.
+
+It doesn't care whether
+it's allowed or not.
+
+It tries everything out, whether
+it violates energy or not.
+
+And you have to sum
+over everything.
+
+But if you then analyze
+all the possible diagrams,
+
+you will actually figure out
+that they can-- no matter
+
+what you do, what permutation
+of photons and atoms you
+
+have-- the fourth order
+diagrams will be such
+
+that they are
+always distinguished
+
+by in this intermediate
+zone, whether you have
+
+two atomic excitations
+or photonic excitations.
+
+And so what I do for you
+were the two diagrams,
+
+which are representative for a
+whole class of diagrams here.
+
+But absolutely,
+yes, you are right.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's all about
+neutral atoms.
+
+I know you have spring break
+next week-- MIT spring break.
+
+Maybe that's good news
+for the Harvard people,
+
+who-- when is
+Harvard's spring break?
+
+AUDIENCE: We just finished.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So you have-- at
+least for this class,
+
+you have a second spring break.
+
+So we are not yet finished
+with van der Waals and passing
+
+interactions, but we
+finished the neutral atoms.
+
+And on Monday
+after spring break,
+
+we talk about interactions
+between metal plate
+
+and atoms in two metal plates.
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,7818 @@
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+ align:start position:0%
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+quick quick recap of what we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick quick recap of what we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick quick recap of what we did last
+time so last time we introduced um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so last time we introduced um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so last time we introduced um this
+idea of decomposition and abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of decomposition and abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of decomposition and abstraction
+and we started putting that into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started putting that into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started putting that into our
+programs these were sort of high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs these were sort of high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs these were sort of high level
+Concepts and we achieved them using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts and we achieved them using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts and we achieved them using
+these concrete things called functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concrete things called functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concrete things called functions
+in our programs and functions allowed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our programs and functions allowed us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our programs and functions allowed us
+to create code that was coherent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create code that was coherent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create code that was coherent that
+was that had some structure to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that had some structure to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that had some structure to it and
+was reusable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reusable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reusable
+okay and from now on in problem sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from now on in problem sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from now on in problem sets and
+in lectures I'm going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lectures I'm going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lectures I'm going to be using
+functions a lot so make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions a lot so make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions a lot so make sure that you
+understand how they work uh and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they work uh and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they work uh and all of
+those details so today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details so today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details so today we're going to
+introduce two new data types and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce two new data types and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce two new data types and they're
+called compound data types because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called compound data types because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called compound data types because
+they're actually data types that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually data types that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually data types that are
+made up of other data types particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of other data types particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of other data types particularly
+ins floats booleans and strings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins floats booleans and strings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins floats booleans and strings and
+actually not just these but other data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not just these but other data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not just these but other data
+types as well so that's why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types as well so that's why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types as well so that's why they're
+called compound data types so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called compound data types so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called compound data types so we're
+going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look
+at a new data type called a tupal and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a new data type called a tupal and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a new data type called a tupal and a
+new dat data type called a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new dat data type called a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new dat data type called a list
+and then we're going to talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about these
+ideas that come about with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that come about with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that come about with uh
+specifically with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically with
+lists all right so let's go right into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists all right so let's go right into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists all right so let's go right into
+tupal okay so if you recall strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal okay so if you recall strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal okay so if you recall strings
+strings were sequences of characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings were sequences of characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings were sequences of characters
+okay tupal are going to be similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay tupal are going to be similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay tupal are going to be similar to
+strings in that they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings in that they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings in that they're going to be
+sequences of something except that tupal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of something except that tupal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of something except that tupal
+aren't just sequences of characters they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't just sequences of characters they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't just sequences of characters they
+can be sequences of of anything they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sequences of of anything they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sequences of of anything they're
+a collection of data where that data can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of data where that data can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of data where that data can
+be of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of any
+type okay so the so a tupal can contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay so the so a tupal can contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay so the so a tupal can contain
+elements that are integers floats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are integers floats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are integers floats
+strings and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and so
+on tupal are immutable and if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tupal are immutable and if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tupal are immutable and if you recall
+we talked about this word a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this word a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this word a little bit
+uh when we talked about strings so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we talked about strings so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we talked about strings so that
+means once you create a tupal object you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means once you create a tupal object you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means once you create a tupal object you
+can't modify it so just like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't modify it so just like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't modify it so just like when you
+created a string object you weren't able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a string object you weren't able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a string object you weren't able
+you were not a allowed to modify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were not a allowed to modify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were not a allowed to modify it
+so the way we create tuples are with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we create tuples are with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we create tuples are with
+these open and close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these open and close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these open and close
+parentheses you this shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses you this shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses you this shouldn't be
+confused with a function because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with a function because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with a function because there's
+nothing there's no there's no this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's no there's no this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's no there's no this isn't
+a function call it's just how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function call it's just how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function call it's just how you
+represent a tupal for a function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a tupal for a function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a tupal for a function call
+you'd have something right before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have something right before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have something right before the
+parenthesis okay this is just how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis okay this is just how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis okay this is just how we
+chose to represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to represent a
+tupal and just a plain open and closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal and just a plain open and closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal and just a plain open and closed
+parentheses represents an empty tupal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses represents an empty tupal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses represents an empty tupal so
+it's of length zero there's nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of length zero there's nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of length zero there's nothing in
+it whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whoops
+you can create a tupal that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create a tupal that contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create a tupal that contains
+some elements by separating each element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some elements by separating each element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some elements by separating each element
+with a comma so in this case this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a comma so in this case this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a comma so in this case this is a
+tuple that can be accessed with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple that can be accessed with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple that can be accessed with a
+variable T that contains three elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T that contains three elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T that contains three elements
+the first is an integer the second in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is an integer the second in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is an integer the second in a
+is a string and the third is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a string and the third is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a string and the third is another
+integer much like strings we can index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer much like strings we can index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer much like strings we can index
+into tupal to find out values at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into tupal to find out values at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into tupal to find out values at uh
+particular indices so you read this as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular indices so you read this as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular indices so you read this as T
+at position Z so the Tuple represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at position Z so the Tuple represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at position Z so the Tuple represented
+by uh variable T at position Z will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh variable T at position Z will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh variable T at position Z will
+evaluate to two because again we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to two because again we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to two because again we start
+counting from zero in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting from zero in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting from zero in computer science
+so that brings us gives us the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us gives us the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us gives us the first
+element just like strings we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element just like strings we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element just like strings we can
+concatenate TS together that just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate TS together that just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate TS together that just means
+add them together so if we add these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together so if we add these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together so if we add these two
+tupal together we just get back one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal together we just get back one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal together we just get back one
+larger Tuple that's just those two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Tuple that's just those two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Tuple that's just those two uh
+the elements of all of those tupal just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of all of those tupal just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of all of those tupal just
+put together in one larger tupal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together in one larger tupal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together in one larger tupal
+again much like strings we can slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again much like strings we can slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again much like strings we can slice
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+tupes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupes so
+T slice from index one until index two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T slice from index one until index two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T slice from index one until index two
+remember we go until this stop minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we go until this stop minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we go until this stop minus one
+so this only gives us one element inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this only gives us one element inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this only gives us one element inside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+tupal and this is not a mistake this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal and this is not a mistake this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal and this is not a mistake this
+extra comma here actually represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra comma here actually represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra comma here actually represents a
+tupal object okay if I didn't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal object okay if I didn't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal object okay if I didn't have this
+comma here then this would just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma here then this would just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma here then this would just be a
+string the parentheses would just would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string the parentheses would just would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string the parentheses would just would
+wouldn't really make any difference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't really make any difference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't really make any difference but
+the comma here makes it clear to python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comma here makes it clear to python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comma here makes it clear to python
+that this is a tupal with only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a tupal with only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a tupal with only one
+element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in
+it we can slice even further to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can slice even further to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can slice even further to get a
+tupal with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal with two
+elements and we can do the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and we can do the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and we can do the usual
+operations like get the length of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations like get the length of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations like get the length of a
+tupal which says how many elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal which says how many elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal which says how many elements are
+in my Tuple and Len of this T would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my Tuple and Len of this T would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my Tuple and Len of this T would
+evaluate to three because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to three because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate to three because there are
+three elements inside the tall each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements inside the tall each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements inside the tall each
+element again separated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element again separated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element again separated by the
+comma and just like strings if we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma and just like strings if we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma and just like strings if we try to
+change a value inside the Tuple in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a value inside the Tuple in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a value inside the Tuple in this
+case I wanted to try to change the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I wanted to try to change the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I wanted to try to change the value
+of of the um the second the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the um the second the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the um the second the second
+element to four python doesn't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to four python doesn't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to four python doesn't allow
+that because tupal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immutable okay so why would we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable okay so why would we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable okay so why would we want to
+use tups tups are actually useful in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use tups tups are actually useful in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use tups tups are actually useful in a
+couple of different uh scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different uh scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different uh scenarios
+so recall a few lectures ago we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall a few lectures ago we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall a few lectures ago we looked
+at this code where we tried to swap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this code where we tried to swap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this code where we tried to swap the
+values of variables X and Y and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of variables X and Y and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of variables X and Y and this
+first code actually didn't work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first code actually didn't work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first code actually didn't work because
+you're overwriting the value for x right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're overwriting the value for x right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're overwriting the value for x right
+so instead what we ended up doing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead what we ended up doing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead what we ended up doing was
+creating this temporary variable where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this temporary variable where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this temporary variable where
+we stored the value of x and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stored the value of x and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stored the value of x and then we
+overwrote it and then we used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwrote it and then we used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwrote it and then we used the
+temporary variable Well turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary variable Well turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary variable Well turns out this
+thre liner code right here can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thre liner code right here can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thre liner code right here can actually
+be written in one line using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written in one line using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written in one line using
+tupal so you say x comma Y is equal to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal so you say x comma Y is equal to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal so you say x comma Y is equal to Y
+comma X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma X
+and python goes in and says what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and python goes in and says what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and python goes in and says what's the
+value of y and assigns it to X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y and assigns it to X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y and assigns it to X and then
+what's the value of x and assigns it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of x and assigns it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the value of x and assigns it to
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay extending on that we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay extending on that we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay extending on that we can actually
+use tuples to return more than one value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use tuples to return more than one value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use tuples to return more than one value
+from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a
+function so functions you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so functions you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so functions you're only
+allowed to return one object okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to return one object okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to return one object okay so
+you're not allowed to return more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to return more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to return more than
+one object however if we use an a tuple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one object however if we use an a tuple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one object however if we use an a tuple
+object and if that's the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and if that's the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and if that's the thing that we
+return we can actually get around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return we can actually get around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return we can actually get around this
+sort of rule by putting in as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rule by putting in as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of rule by putting in as many
+values as we want inside the tupo object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as we want inside the tupo object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as we want inside the tupo object
+and then we can return as many values as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can return as many values as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can return as many values as
+we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd
+like so in this specific example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so in this specific example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so in this specific example I'm
+trying to calculate the quotient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate the quotient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate the quotient and
+remainder when we divide X by y so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder when we divide X by y so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder when we divide X by y so this
+is a function definition here and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function definition here and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function definition here and down
+here I'm calling the function with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm calling the function with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm calling the function with four
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+five so when I make the function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so when I make the function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so when I make the function call
+oops four gets assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops four gets assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops four gets assigned
+to X and five gets assigned to Y right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X and five gets assigned to Y right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X and five gets assigned to Y right
+so then Q is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then Q is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then Q is going to
+be the integer division when X is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the integer division when X is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the integer division when X is is
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+Y and this double slash just means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and this double slash just means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and this double slash just means it's
+it's like casting their result to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like casting their result to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like casting their result to an
+integer it says divide it keep the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it says divide it keep the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it says divide it keep the whole
+number part and just delete everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number part and just delete everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number part and just delete everything
+else U be uh beyond the decimal point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else U be uh beyond the decimal point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else U be uh beyond the decimal point so
+when you divide four by five this Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you divide four by five this Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you divide four by five this Q is
+actually going to be zero it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be zero it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be zero it's zero
+point something and I don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point something and I don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point something and I don't care about
+the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+something and then the remainder is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then the remainder is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then the remainder is just
+using the percent operator so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the percent operator so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the percent operator so when I
+divide four by five the the remainder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide four by five the the remainder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide four by five the the remainder is
+going to be four and notice that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be four and notice that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be four and notice that I'm
+going to be returning q and R which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be returning q and R which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be returning q and R which are
+these two values that I calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two values that I calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two values that I calculated
+inside my function and I'm returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside my function and I'm returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside my function and I'm returning
+them in the context of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the context of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the context of this
+Tuple right so I'm only returning one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple right so I'm only returning one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple right so I'm only returning one
+object which is a tuple it just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which is a tuple it just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which is a tuple it just so
+happens that I'm populating that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that I'm populating that object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that I'm populating that object
+with a few a few different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few a few different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few a few different values
+okay so when I return When the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I return When the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when I return When the function
+returns here this is going to say 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns here this is going to say 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns here this is going to say 0
+comma 4 that's the twole it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 4 that's the twole it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 4 that's the twole it's going to
+return right Q is going to be zero and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right Q is going to be zero and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right Q is going to be zero and R
+is going to be four so then this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be four so then this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be four so then this line
+here quote REM equals 04 is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here quote REM equals 04 is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here quote REM equals 04 is basically
+this little it's sort of like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little it's sort of like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little it's sort of like what we
+did up here so it assigns quote to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did up here so it assigns quote to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did up here so it assigns quote to four
+quot sorry quote to zero and REM to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quot sorry quote to zero and REM to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quot sorry quote to zero and REM to
+four okay so we can use tles this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so we can use tles this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so we can use tles this is
+very useful we can use them to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful we can use them to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful we can use them to return
+more than one value from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one value from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one value from a
+function so tup are great might seem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so tup are great might seem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so tup are great might seem a
+little bit confusing at first but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing at first but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing at first but
+they're actually pretty useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually pretty useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually pretty useful because
+they hold collections of data so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hold collections of data so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hold collections of data so here I
+wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a
+function which I can apply to any set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which I can apply to any set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which I can apply to any set of
+data okay and I'll explain what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay and I'll explain what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay and I'll explain what this
+function does and then we can apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does and then we can apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does and then we can apply it
+to some data and you can see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some data and you can see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some data and you can see that you
+can extract some very basic information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extract some very basic information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extract some very basic information
+from whatever set of data that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever set of data that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever set of data that you
+happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to
+collect so here's a function called get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect so here's a function called get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect so here's a function called get
+data and it does all of this stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and it does all of this stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and it does all of this stuff in
+here and in the actual code associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in the actual code associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in the actual code associated
+with the lecture I actually said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lecture I actually said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lecture I actually said what
+the condition on a tuple was so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition on a tuple was so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition on a tuple was so it has
+to be a tuple of a certain um that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a tuple of a certain um that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a tuple of a certain um that that
+looks a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a certain
+way and this is the way that it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this is the way that it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this is the way that it has to
+look so it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so it's one
+Tuple the outer Square the outer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple the outer Square the outer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple the outer Square the outer uh
+parentheses out here represent the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses out here represent the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses out here represent the fact
+that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a
+tupal and the elements of this tupal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal and the elements of this tupal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal and the elements of this tupal are
+actually other tupal right so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually other tupal right so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually other tupal right so the first
+element's a tupal object the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element's a tupal object the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element's a tupal object the second
+element is a tupal object and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is a tupal object and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is a tupal object and third
+one's a tuple object and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a tuple object and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a tuple object and so
+on and each one of these inner tle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and each one of these inner tle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and each one of these inner tle
+objects are actually going to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are actually going to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are actually going to contain
+two elements the first being an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements the first being an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements the first being an integer
+and the second being a string okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second being a string okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second being a string okay so
+that's sort of the precondition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the precondition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the precondition that
+this function assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function assumes
+on a tuple before it can before it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a tuple before it can before it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a tuple before it can before it it it
+actually it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it can
+work all right so given a tupal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all right so given a tupal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work all right so given a tupal that
+looks like that what's the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that what's the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that what's the function
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do it's first creating two empty tupal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's first creating two empty tupal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's first creating two empty tupal
+one is called nums and one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called nums and one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called nums and one is called
+words and then there's a for Loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and then there's a for Loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and then there's a for Loop and
+notice here the for Loop is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here the for Loop is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here the for Loop is going to
+iterate over every element inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over every element inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over every element inside the
+tupal remember in strings when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal remember in strings when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal remember in strings when we were
+able to use for Loops that iterated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use for Loops that iterated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use for Loops that iterated over
+the characters directly as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters directly as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters directly as opposed to
+over the indices where we're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the indices where we're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the indices where we're doing the
+same sort of thing here instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of thing here instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of thing here instead of
+iterating over the indices we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over the indices we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over the indices we're going
+to iterate over the tupal object at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate over the tupal object at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate over the tupal object at each
+position okay so first time through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay so first time through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay so first time through the
+loop T here is going to be this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop T here is going to be this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop T here is going to be this first
+Tuple the second time through the loop T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple the second time through the loop T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple the second time through the loop T
+is going to be this Tuple and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be this Tuple and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be this Tuple and the third
+time it's going to be this exact twole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to be this exact twole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to be this exact twole
+object okay so each time through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so each time through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so each time through the
+loop what I'm doing is I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop what I'm doing is I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop what I'm doing is I'm going to have
+this nums tupal that I'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nums tupal that I'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nums tupal that I'm going to keep
+adding to and each time I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to and each time I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to and each time I'm going to
+create a new object and reassign it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new object and reassign it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new object and reassign it to
+this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable
+nums and each time through the loop I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nums and each time through the loop I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nums and each time through the loop I'm
+looking at what the previous value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what the previous value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what the previous value of
+nums was so what was my previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nums was so what was my previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nums was so what was my previous
+tupal and I'm going to add it with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal and I'm going to add it with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal and I'm going to add it with this
+Singleton tupal so it's a tupal of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singleton tupal so it's a tupal of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singleton tupal so it's a tupal of one
+character or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element this element being T at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element this element being T at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element this element being T at position
+zero so you have to sort wrap your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you have to sort wrap your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you have to sort wrap your mind
+wrap wrap your mind around how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap wrap your mind around how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap wrap your mind around how this is
+working so if T is going to be this tle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so if T is going to be this tle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so if T is going to be this tle
+element right here then T at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element right here then T at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element right here then T at position
+zero is going to be this blue bar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is going to be this blue bar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is going to be this blue bar here
+so it represents the integer portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it represents the integer portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it represents the integer portion of
+the Tuple okay so as we're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tuple okay so as we're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tuple okay so as we're going through
+the loop this nums is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop this nums is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop this nums is going to get
+populated with all of the integers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated with all of the integers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated with all of the integers from
+every one of my Tuple inside Tuple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objects so that's basically what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so that's basically what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so that's basically what this
+line here is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the same time I'm also populating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time I'm also populating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time I'm also populating
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+words tupal and the word stupo is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words tupal and the word stupo is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words tupal and the word stupo is a
+little bit different because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different because I'm not
+adding every single one of these string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding every single one of these string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding every single one of these string
+objects so T position one being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so T position one being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so T position one being the
+string part of the inner tupal I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string part of the inner tupal I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string part of the inner tupal I'm
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+adding the string part only if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the string part only if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the string part only if it's not
+already in my words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in my words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in my words
+list okay so here I'm essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so here I'm essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so here I'm essentially
+grabbing all of the unique strings from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing all of the unique strings from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing all of the unique strings from
+my list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these last sort of three lines three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these last sort of three lines three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these last sort of three lines three
+four lines here just do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lines here just do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lines here just do a little bit of
+arithmetic on it saying okay now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on it saying okay now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic on it saying okay now I have
+my all of the numbers here what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my all of the numbers here what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my all of the numbers here what's the
+minimum out of all of these and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum out of all of these and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum out of all of these and then
+what's the maximum out of all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the maximum out of all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the maximum out of all of these
+and then this unique words variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this unique words variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this unique words variable
+tells me how many unique words do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how many unique words do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how many unique words do I have
+in my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my original
+tubal so this feels sort of generic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubal so this feels sort of generic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubal so this feels sort of generic so
+let's let's let's run it on some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's run it on some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's run it on some data
+so here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I have
+it I tested it on some test data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I tested it on some test data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I tested it on some test data and
+then I got some actual data okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I got some actual data okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I got some actual data okay and
+this actual data that I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actual data that I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actual data that I wanted to
+analyze was Taylor Swift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze was Taylor Swift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze was Taylor Swift
+data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and
+representing the integer portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the integer portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the integer portion of the
+tupal representing a year and the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal representing a year and the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal representing a year and the string
+portion of the tupal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the tupal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the tupal
+representing the um the person who she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the um the person who she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the um the person who she
+wrote a song about that year okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a song about that year okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a song about that year okay
+so some real world data that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some real world data that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some real world data that we're
+working with here um very important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with here um very important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with here um very important that
+we know this this information okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this this information okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this this information okay so
+with this data I can run it I can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this data I can run it I can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this data I can run it I can plug
+it into my this function that I wrote up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into my this function that I wrote up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into my this function that I wrote up
+here and I'm going to actually comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to actually comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to actually comment
+this out so it doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cluttered and if I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it this is the part where I'm calling my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is the part where I'm calling my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is the part where I'm calling my
+function I'm calling it with this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'm calling it with this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'm calling it with this data
+here t-swift being this Tuple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here t-swift being this Tuple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here t-swift being this Tuple of
+tupes and what I get back is up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupes and what I get back is up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupes and what I get back is up here
+line 38 is the return from the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line 38 is the return from the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line 38 is the return from the function
+being a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a large
+Tuple and that large tupal I'm then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple and that large tupal I'm then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple and that large tupal I'm then
+assigning it to my own Tuple in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning it to my own Tuple in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning it to my own Tuple in my
+program and then I'm just writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then I'm just writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and then I'm just writing out
+printing out some statement here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing out some statement here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing out some statement here okay so
+I'm getting the minimum year the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting the minimum year the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting the minimum year the maximum
+year and then the number of people so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and then the number of people so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and then the number of people so I
+can show you that it works if I replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you that it works if I replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you that it works if I replace
+one of these names with another one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these names with another one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these names with another one that
+I already have in here so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already have in here so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already have in here so instead of
+writing a song about five people she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a song about five people she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a song about five people she
+would have wrote a song about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have wrote a song about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have wrote a song about four
+people yay it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's
+tupes and remember or recall keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupes and remember or recall keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupes and remember or recall keep in
+mind tupes were immutable now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind tupes were immutable now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind tupes were immutable now we're
+going to look at a very very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a very very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a very very similar
+data structure to tupes called list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to tupes called list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure to tupes called list
+except that instead of lists being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that instead of lists being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that instead of lists being
+immutable lists are going to be mutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable lists are going to be mutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable lists are going to be mutable
+object objects okay so much like lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object objects okay so much like lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object objects okay so much like lists
+they're going to contain elements of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to contain elements of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to contain elements of any
+type or objects of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or objects of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or objects of any
+type you denote them with you denote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you denote them with you denote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type you denote them with you denote a
+list with square brackets instead of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list with square brackets instead of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list with square brackets instead of uh
+parentheses and the difference being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and the difference being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and the difference being
+that they're going to be mutable objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be mutable objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be mutable objects
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immutable so cre creating an empty list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable so cre creating an empty list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable so cre creating an empty list
+you just do open close square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do open close square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do open close square brackets
+you can have a list of elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a list of elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a list of elements of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+types even oops even a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types even oops even a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types even oops even a list
+of of lists so one of the elements being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of lists so one of the elements being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of lists so one of the elements being
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list as usual you can apply length on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list as usual you can apply length on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list as usual you can apply length on a
+list and that tells you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and that tells you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and that tells you how many
+elements are in it this is going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in it this is going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in it this is going to tell
+you how many elements are in your list l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how many elements are in your list l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how many elements are in your list l
+so it's not going to look any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not going to look any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not going to look any further
+than that right so it's going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that right so it's going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that right so it's going to say
+this is an integer this is a string this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integer this is a string this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integer this is a string this
+is an integer this is a list it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer this is a list it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer this is a list it's not
+going to say how many elements are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say how many elements are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say how many elements are in
+this list okay it's just going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list okay it's just going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list okay it's just going to look
+at the outer sort of the shell of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the outer sort of the shell of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the outer sort of the shell of of the
+shell of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of
+elements indexing and slicing works the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements indexing and slicing works the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements indexing and slicing works the
+same way so L at position zero gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way so L at position zero gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way so L at position zero gives you
+the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value
+two you can index into a list and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you can index into a list and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you can index into a list and then
+do something with the value that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something with the value that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something with the value that you get
+back so L at position two says that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so L at position two says that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so L at position two says that's
+this value there and add one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value there and add one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value there and add one to
+it l at position three that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it l at position three that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it l at position three that's going to
+be this list here notice it evaluates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this list here notice it evaluates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this list here notice it evaluates to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list you're not allowed to index outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you're not allowed to index outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you're not allowed to index outside
+of the length of the list so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the length of the list so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the length of the list so that's
+going to give you an error because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an error because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an error because we
+only have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements and you can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and you can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and you can also have
+expressions for your index so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for your index so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for your index so this
+python just replaces I with two here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python just replaces I with two here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python just replaces I with two here and
+say what's and says what's L at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's and says what's L at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's and says what's L at position
+one and it grabs that from in there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it grabs that from in there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it grabs that from in there okay
+so very very similar to to the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very very similar to to the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very very similar to to the kinds of
+operations we've seen on strings and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we've seen on strings and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we've seen on strings and and
+tupal okay the one difference and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal okay the one difference and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupal okay the one difference and that's
+what we're going to focus on for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to focus on for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to focus on for the
+rest of this class is that lists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this class is that lists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this class is that lists are
+mutable mutable objects okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable mutable objects okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable mutable objects okay so what
+does that mean internally internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean internally internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean internally internally
+that means let's say we have a list L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means let's say we have a list L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means let's say we have a list L
+and we assign it uh sorry let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assign it uh sorry let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assign it uh sorry let's say we
+have a variable L that's going to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variable L that's going to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variable L that's going to point
+to a list with three elements two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a list with three elements two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a list with three elements two one
+and three okay they're all each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three okay they're all each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three okay they're all each each
+element is an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is an integer
+when we were dealing with with tupal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were dealing with with tupal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were dealing with with tupal or
+with strings if we reassigned if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strings if we reassigned if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strings if we reassigned if we
+tried to do this line right here we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do this line right here we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to do this line right here we had
+an error but this is actually allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error but this is actually allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error but this is actually allowed
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+lists so when you execute that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so when you execute that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists so when you execute that line
+Python's going to look at that middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python's going to look at that middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python's going to look at that middle
+element and it's going to change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and it's going to change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and it's going to change its
+value from a one to a five and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from a one to a five and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from a one to a five and that's
+just due to the mutability nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list okay so not notice that this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so not notice that this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so not notice that this list
+variable this this variable L which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this this variable L which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this this variable L which
+originally pointed to this list points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally pointed to this list points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally pointed to this list points
+to the exact same list we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the exact same list we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the exact same list we haven't
+created a new object in memory we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a new object in memory we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a new object in memory we're
+just modifying the same object in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just modifying the same object in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just modifying the same object in memory
+okay and you're going to see why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you're going to see why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you're going to see why this is
+important as we look at a few side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as we look at a few side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as we look at a few side
+effects that can happen when when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that can happen when when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that can happen when when you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so I've said this a couple times before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've said this a couple times before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've said this a couple times before
+but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+um it'll make your life a lot easier if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll make your life a lot easier if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll make your life a lot easier if
+you try to think of of when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to think of of when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to think of of when you when you
+want to iterate through a list if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to iterate through a list if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to iterate through a list if you
+try to think about iterating through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to think about iterating through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to think about iterating through the
+through the elements directly it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the elements directly it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the elements directly it's a lot
+more pythonic I've used that word before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pythonic I've used that word before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pythonic I've used that word before
+so this is sort of a common pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of a common pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of a common pattern that
+you're going to see where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see where you're
+iterating over the list elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over the list elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over the list elements
+directly right we've done it over tupal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly right we've done it over tupal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly right we've done it over tupal
+we've done it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it over
+strings so these are identical codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so these are identical codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings so these are identical codes
+they do the exact same thing except on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the exact same thing except on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the exact same thing except on
+the left you're going from you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you're going from you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you're going from you're going
+through 0 1 two three and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 0 1 two three and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 0 1 two three and so
+on and then you're indexing into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then you're indexing into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then you're indexing into each
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+these uh each one of these uh numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh each one of these uh numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh each one of these uh numbers to
+get the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the element
+value whereas on the right this this L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value whereas on the right this this L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value whereas on the right this this L
+uh loop variable I is going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh loop variable I is going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh loop variable I is going to have the
+element value itself okay so this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element value itself okay so this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element value itself okay so this code
+on the right is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cleaner okay so now let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner okay so now let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner okay so now let's look at some
+operations that we can do on lists okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that we can do on lists okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that we can do on lists okay
+so there's a lot more operations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot more operations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot more operations that we
+can do on lists because of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do on lists because of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do on lists because of their
+mutability aspect than we can do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutability aspect than we can do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutability aspect than we can do on
+tupes or strings for example okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupes or strings for example okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupes or strings for example okay so
+here's a few of them and they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a few of them and they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a few of them and they're going
+to take advantage of of this mutability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage of of this mutability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage of of this mutability
+uh concept so we can add elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concept so we can add elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concept so we can add elements
+directly to the end of the list using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the end of the list using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the end of the list using
+this funky looking notation l. append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funky looking notation l. append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this funky looking notation l. append
+and then the element we we want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the element we we want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the element we we want to add
+to the end okay and this operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end okay and this operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end okay and this operation
+mutates the list so if I have L is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates the list so if I have L is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates the list so if I have L is equal
+to 213 and I append the element five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 213 and I append the element five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 213 and I append the element five to
+the end then L the same L is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end then L the same L is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end then L the same L is going to
+point to the same object except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the same object except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the same object except it's
+going to have an extra number at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five okay but now what's this dot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay but now what's this dot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay but now what's this dot right
+we haven't really seen this before okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really seen this before okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really seen this before okay
+and it's going to become apparent what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to become apparent what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to become apparent what
+it means in a few lectures from now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means in a few lectures from now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means in a few lectures from now but
+for the moment you can think of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment you can think of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment you can think of this of
+this dot as an operation it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dot as an operation it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dot as an operation it's it's like
+applying a function except that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a function except that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying a function except that the
+function that you're applying can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you're applying can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you're applying can only
+work on certain types of objects okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on certain types of objects okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on certain types of objects okay so
+in this case a pend for example is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a pend for example is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a pend for example is the
+function we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're trying
+to apply and we want to apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply and we want to apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply and we want to apply it to
+whatever is before the dot which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is before the dot which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is before the dot which is the
+object okay and a Pen's only been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay and a Pen's only been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay and a Pen's only been
+defined to work with a list object for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to work with a list object for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to work with a list object for
+example which which is why we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which which is why we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which which is why we're using
+the dot in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot in this
+case we wouldn't be able to use a pend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we wouldn't be able to use a pend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we wouldn't be able to use a pend
+on an integer for example because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an integer for example because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an integer for example because it
+that sort of function is not defined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of function is not defined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of function is not defined on
+an integer so for now you'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer so for now you'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer so for now you'll sort of
+have to remember or or or uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember or or or uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember or or or uh remember
+which which are functions that work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which are functions that work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which are functions that work with
+a DOT and which are functions like Len
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT and which are functions like Len
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT and which are functions like Len
+that aren't with a dot but in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't with a dot but in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't with a dot but in a couple
+lectures I promise it'll be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I promise it'll be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I promise it'll be a lot
+clearer okay so for now just think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer okay so for now just think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer okay so for now just think of it
+as whatever is before the dot is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as whatever is before the dot is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as whatever is before the dot is the
+object you're applying a function to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you're applying a function to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you're applying a function to and
+whatever is after the dot is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is after the dot is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is after the dot is the
+function you're applying on the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're applying on the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're applying on the object
+okay okay so we can add things to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we can add things to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we can add things to the
+end of our list we can also combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of our list we can also combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of our list we can also combine
+lists together using the plus operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists together using the plus operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists together using the plus operator
+okay the plus operator does not mutate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the plus operator does not mutate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the plus operator does not mutate
+the list okay instead it gives you a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list okay instead it gives you a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list okay instead it gives you a new
+list that's the sum of those two lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that's the sum of those two lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that's the sum of those two lists
+combined so in this case if L1 is 213
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined so in this case if L1 is 213
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined so in this case if L1 is 213
+and L2 is 456 when we add those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2 is 456 when we add those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L2 is 456 when we add those two
+lists together that's going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists together that's going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists together that's going to give us
+an entirely new list leaving L1 and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entirely new list leaving L1 and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entirely new list leaving L1 and L2
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same and that's why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and that's why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and that's why we have
+to um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um we have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh assign the result of the addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assign the result of the addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assign the result of the addition to
+a new list otherwise the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lost if you want to mutate a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost if you want to mutate a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost if you want to mutate a list
+directly and make it longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and make it longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and make it longer
+by the elements within another list then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the elements within another list then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the elements within another list then
+you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this
+extend um function or extend method okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend um function or extend method okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend um function or extend method okay
+and this is going to mutate L1 directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to mutate L1 directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to mutate L1 directly
+so if L1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if L1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if L1 was
+213 if you extend it by the list 06 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+213 if you extend it by the list 06 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+213 if you extend it by the list 06 it's
+just going to tack on 06 to L1 directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to tack on 06 to L1 directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to tack on 06 to L1 directly
+so notice L1 has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice L1 has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice L1 has been
+mutated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so that's adding add things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's adding add things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that's adding add things to
+lists we can also delete things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists we can also delete things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists we can also delete things from
+lists right we don't just want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists right we don't just want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists right we don't just want to keep
+adding to our lists because then they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to our lists because then they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to our lists because then they'd
+become very very big so let's see how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very very big so let's see how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very very big so let's see how we
+can delete some some items from our list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can delete some some items from our list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can delete some some items from our list
+there's a few ways first one being you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few ways first one being you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few ways first one being you
+can use this Dell function and this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this Dell function and this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this Dell function and this says
+delete from the list L the element at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete from the list L the element at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete from the list L the element at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+index okay so you give it the index 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index okay so you give it the index 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index okay so you give it the index 0 1
+two or whatever you want to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or whatever you want to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or whatever you want to whatever
+index you want to delete the element at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index you want to delete the element at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index you want to delete the element at
+if you just want to delete the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just want to delete the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just want to delete the element
+at the end of the list that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the list that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the list that's the
+farthest right you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest right you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest right you do
+L.P if you want to remove a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L.P if you want to remove a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L.P if you want to remove a specific
+element so you know there's somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so you know there's somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so you know there's somewhere in
+your list there's you know there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list there's you know there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list there's you know there's the
+number five and you want to delete it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five and you want to delete it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five and you want to delete it
+from the list then you say l. remove and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the list then you say l. remove and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the list then you say l. remove and
+you say what element you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say what element you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say what element you want to
+remove and that only removes the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove and that only removes the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove and that only removes the very
+first occurrence of it so if there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first occurrence of it so if there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first occurrence of it so if there's two
+fives in your list then it's only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives in your list then it's only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives in your list then it's only going
+to remove the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the very first
+one okay so let's take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so let's take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so let's take a look at this
+sort of sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sequence of
+um sequence of commands so we have first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sequence of commands so we have first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sequence of commands so we have first
+L is equal to this this long list here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is equal to this this long list here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is equal to this this long list here
+okay and I want to mention that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to mention that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to mention that all of
+these operations are going to mutate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations are going to mutate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations are going to mutate our
+list which is why I wrote this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list which is why I wrote this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list which is why I wrote this uh
+comment here that says assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here that says assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here that says assume that
+you're doing these in order okay so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing these in order okay so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing these in order okay so as
+you're doing these in order you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing these in order you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing these in order you're going
+to be mutating your list and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be mutating your list and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be mutating your list and if you're
+mutating your list you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutating your list you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutating your list you have to remember
+that you're working with this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're working with this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're working with this new
+mutated list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated list
+okay so the first thing we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first thing we're doing is
+we're removing two from our list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're removing two from our list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're removing two from our list
+so when you remove two this says look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you remove two this says look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you remove two this says look
+for an element with the value two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an element with the value two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an element with the value two and
+take it away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it away from the
+list so that's the very first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so that's the very first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so that's the very first one
+here so the list we're left with is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the list we're left with is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the list we're left with is just
+everything after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything after
+it then I want to remove three from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then I want to remove three from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then I want to remove three from the
+list and notice there's two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and notice there's two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and notice there's two of them
+there's this three here and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this three here and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this three here and there's this
+three here so we're going to remove only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here so we're going to remove only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here so we're going to remove only
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+one okay which is this one here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay which is this one here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay which is this one here so the
+list we're left with is 1 6370
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to
+delete from the list L the element at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete from the list L the element at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete from the list L the element at
+position one so starting counting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one so starting counting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position one so starting counting from
+zero the element at position one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the element at position one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the element at position one is this
+one here so we've removed that and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so we've removed that and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so we've removed that and we're
+left with 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with 1
+370 and then when we do l. pop that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+370 and then when we do l. pop that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+370 and then when we do l. pop that's
+going to delete the element furthest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to delete the element furthest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to delete the element furthest to
+the right so at the end of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so at the end of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so at the end of the list
+which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so then we're left with only 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so then we're left with only 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so then we're left with only 1
+three and seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and seven
+okay and l. poop is often useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and l. poop is often useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and l. poop is often useful because
+it tells you the return value from l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you the return value from l.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you the return value from l.
+poop is going to be the value that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poop is going to be the value that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poop is going to be the value that it
+removed so in this case it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so in this case it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so in this case it's going to
+return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero I want to mention though that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I want to mention though that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I want to mention though that some
+of the so so these functions all mutate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the so so these functions all mutate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the so so these functions all mutate
+the list you have to be careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list you have to be careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list you have to be careful with
+return values so these are all you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return values so these are all you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return values so these are all you can
+all you can think of all of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can think of all of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can think of all of these as
+functions right that operate on a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right that operate on a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right that operate on a list
+EX ex that what these functions do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EX ex that what these functions do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EX ex that what these functions do is
+they take in the list and they modify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take in the list and they modify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take in the list and they modify it
+okay but as functions they obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but as functions they obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but as functions they obviously
+return something back to whoever called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return something back to whoever called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return something back to whoever called
+them right and often times they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right and often times they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right and often times they're going
+to return the value none okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return the value none okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return the value none okay so for
+example if you are going to do l. remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you are going to do l. remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you are going to do l. remove
+two and you print that out that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you print that out that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you print that out that might
+print out none for you okay so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out none for you okay so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out none for you okay so you can't
+just assign the value of this to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assign the value of this to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assign the value of this to a
+variable and expect it to be the mutated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and expect it to be the mutated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and expect it to be the mutated
+list right the list that the list got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right the list that the list got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right the list that the list got
+mutated the list that got mutated is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated the list that got mutated is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated the list that got mutated is the
+list that was passed into here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that was passed into here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that was passed into here okay
+we're going to look at one example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at one example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at one example in a
+few slides that's going to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides that's going to show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides that's going to show this
+okay another thing that we can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing that we can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing that we can do and
+this is often useful when you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often useful when you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often useful when you're working
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+data is to convert lists to Strings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is to convert lists to Strings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is to convert lists to Strings and
+then strings to lists okay sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then strings to lists okay sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then strings to lists okay sometimes it
+might be useful to work with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful to work with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful to work with with
+strings as opposed to a list and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings as opposed to a list and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings as opposed to a list and vice
+versa okay so this first line here list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so this first line here list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so this first line here list
+s takes in a string and casts it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s takes in a string and casts it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s takes in a string and casts it to a
+list so much like we cast a float to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so much like we cast a float to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so much like we cast a float to an
+integer for example you're just casting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer for example you're just casting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer for example you're just casting
+a string to a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string to a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string to a list
+here and when you do that at this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when you do that at this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when you do that at this line
+so if this is your s here when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is your s here when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is your s here when you do
+list s this is going to give you a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list s this is going to give you a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list s this is going to give you a list
+looks like this where every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this where every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this where every single
+character and S is going to be its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and S is going to be its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and S is going to be its own
+element so that means every character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so that means every character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so that means every character is
+going to be a string and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a string and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a string and it's going to
+be separated by a comma so including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spaces okay sometimes you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces okay sometimes you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces okay sometimes you don't want
+each character in the list to be at own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each character in the list to be at own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each character in the list to be at own
+element sometimes you want for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element sometimes you want for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element sometimes you want for example
+if you're given a sentence you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're given a sentence you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're given a sentence you might
+want to have everything in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have everything in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have everything in between
+spaces being its own element so that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces being its own element so that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces being its own element so that'll
+give you every word in the sentence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you every word in the sentence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you every word in the sentence for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+okay in that case you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in that case you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in that case you're going to use
+split in this case I've split over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in this case I've split over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in this case I've split over the
+less than sign but again if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than sign but again if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than sign but again if you're doing
+the uh the sentence example you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the sentence example you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the sentence example you might
+want to split on a space so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to split on a space so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to split on a space so this is
+going to take everything in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take everything in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take everything in between the
+sign that you're interested in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that you're interested in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that you're interested in in this
+case the less than sign and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the less than sign and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the less than sign and it's going
+to set it as a separate element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set it as a separate element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set it as a separate element in the
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's how you convert strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how you convert strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how you convert strings
+uh strings to list and sometimes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strings to list and sometimes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strings to list and sometimes you're
+given a a list and you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a a list and you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a a list and you might want to
+convert it to a string so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a string so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a string so that's where
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+join uh method or function is useful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join uh method or function is useful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join uh method or function is useful so
+this is an empty string so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an empty string so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an empty string so it's just
+open close quote right away no space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open close quote right away no space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open close quote right away no space so
+this just joins every every one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just joins every every one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just joins every every one of the
+elements in the list together so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the list together so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the list together so it
+return the string ABC and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the string ABC and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the string ABC and then you can
+join on any character that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join on any character that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join on any character that you would
+want so in this case you can join on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so in this case you can join on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so in this case you can join on the
+underscore okay so it'll put whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore okay so it'll put whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore okay so it'll put whatever
+characters in here in between every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in here in between every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in here in between every one
+of the elements in your list okay pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements in your list okay pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements in your list okay pretty
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+functions okay couple other operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay couple other operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay couple other operations
+we can do on lists and these are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do on lists and these are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do on lists and these are also
+pretty useful is to sort lists and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful is to sort lists and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful is to sort lists and to
+reverse lists and many many others uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse lists and many many others uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse lists and many many others uh in
+the python uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the python uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the python uh
+documentation so sort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation so sort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation so sort and
+sorted both sort lists but one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted both sort lists but one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted both sort lists but one of them
+mutates the list and the other one does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates the list and the other one does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates the list and the other one does
+not and sometimes it's useful to use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and sometimes it's useful to use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and sometimes it's useful to use one
+and sometimes it's useful to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's useful to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's useful to use the
+other okay so if I have this list L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so if I have this list L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so if I have this list L is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorted you can think of it as give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted you can think of it as give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted you can think of it as give me
+the sorted version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorted version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorted version of
+L gives you back the sorted version of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L gives you back the sorted version of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L gives you back the sorted version of L
+so it returns a new list that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it returns a new list that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it returns a new list that's the
+sorted version of the input list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted version of the input list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted version of the input list and
+does not mutate l so it keeps L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mutate l so it keeps L the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mutate l so it keeps L the
+exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so this will be replaced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this will be replaced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this will be replaced by the
+sorted version of the list which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted version of the list which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted version of the list which you can
+assign to a variable and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to a variable and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign to a variable and then do
+whatever you want with it like L2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want with it like L2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want with it like L2 is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+sorted L for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted L for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted L for example
+okay and it keeps L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it keeps L the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it keeps L the
+same on the other hand if you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same on the other hand if you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same on the other hand if you just want
+to mutate l and you don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mutate l and you don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mutate l and you don't care about
+getting another copy that's sorted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting another copy that's sorted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting another copy that's sorted you
+just do l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do l.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do l.
+sort and that's going to automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and that's going to automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and that's going to automatically
+sort L for you and L now contain l l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort L for you and L now contain l l is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort L for you and L now contain l l is
+now the sorted uh the sorted version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sorted uh the sorted version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sorted uh the sorted version of
+L similarly reverse is going to take L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L similarly reverse is going to take L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L similarly reverse is going to take L
+and reverse all the character all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reverse all the character all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reverse all the character all the
+elements in it so the last one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in it so the last one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in it so the last one is the
+first one the second last one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one the second last one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one the second last one is the
+second one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and so
+on so lists are mutable we've said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so lists are mutable we've said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so lists are mutable we've said that
+so many times this like but what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many times this like but what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many times this like but what exactly
+does that mean what implications does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean what implications does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean what implications does
+that um does that have okay once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um does that have okay once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um does that have okay once again
+this next part of the lecture python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next part of the lecture python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next part of the lecture python
+tutor um just type you know paste all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor um just type you know paste all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor um just type you know paste all
+the code in and go step by step to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code in and go step by step to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code in and go step by step to see
+exactly what's um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's um what's
+happening so lists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutable as you have variable variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable as you have variable variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable as you have variable variable
+names so for example L is equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names so for example L is equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names so for example L is equal to some
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+that L is going to be pointing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L is going to be pointing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L is going to be pointing to the
+list in memory okay and since it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in memory okay and since it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in memory okay and since it's a
+mutable object this list you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable object this list you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable object this list you can have
+more than one variable that points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one variable that points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one variable that points to
+the exact same object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same object in
+memory okay and if you have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay and if you have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay and if you have more than
+one variable that points to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable that points to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable that points to the same
+object in memory if that object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in memory if that object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in memory if that object in
+memory is changed then when you access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is changed then when you access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is changed then when you access
+it through any one of these variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through any one of these variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through any one of these variables
+they're all going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to give you the
+changed um the changed object value okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed um the changed object value okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed um the changed object value okay
+so the key phrase to keep in mind when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key phrase to keep in mind when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key phrase to keep in mind when
+you're dealing with lists is what side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with lists is what side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with lists is what side
+effects could happen right if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects could happen right if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects could happen right if you're
+mutating a list if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutating a list if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutating a list if you're doing
+operations on lists what what side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on lists what what side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on lists what what side
+effects you know what variables might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you know what variables might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects you know what variables might be
+affected by by this change okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by by this change okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by by this change okay let's
+come back down to earth for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down to earth for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down to earth for a second
+okay this will wake a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this will wake a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this will wake a lot of people
+up okay so let's do an analogy with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so let's do an analogy with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so let's do an analogy with um
+with people okay let's say we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people okay let's say we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people okay let's say we have a
+person a person this case Justin Bieber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a person this case Justin Bieber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a person this case Justin Bieber
+is going to be an object right I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be an object right I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be an object right I'm an
+object right I'm like the number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right I'm like the number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right I'm like the number three
+Bieber's an object he's like number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bieber's an object he's like number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bieber's an object he's like number five
+right we're different objects we're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're different objects we're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're different objects we're both
+of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+okay let's say a a person has different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say a a person has different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say a a person has different
+attributes right let's say we can let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes right let's say we can let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes right let's say we can let's
+say he gets two attributes to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say he gets two attributes to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say he gets two attributes to begin with
+he's a singer and he's rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I can refer to this person object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can refer to this person object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can refer to this person object
+by many different names right his full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by many different names right his full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by many different names right his full
+name his stage name all of the fan girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name his stage name all of the fan girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name his stage name all of the fan girls
+call him by these names um people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him by these names um people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him by these names um people who
+dislike him call him by other names that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike him call him by other names that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike him call him by other names that
+I didn't put up here okay but he's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't put up here okay but he's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't put up here okay but he's known
+by any by all these different names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any by all these different names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any by all these different names
+they're all aliases or nicknames that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all aliases or nicknames that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all aliases or nicknames that
+point to this same person object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this same person object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this same person object
+right okay so originally let's say I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so originally let's say I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so originally let's say I say
+Justin Bieber is a singer and Rich those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justin Bieber is a singer and Rich those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justin Bieber is a singer and Rich those
+are the two attributes I've originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two attributes I've originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two attributes I've originally
+assigned to him and then let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to him and then let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to him and then let's say I
+want to assign a different attribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to assign a different attribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to assign a different attribute to
+him and say Justin Bieber is singer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and say Justin Bieber is singer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and say Justin Bieber is singer a
+rich and a troublemaker I'm being kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich and a troublemaker I'm being kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich and a troublemaker I'm being kind
+here okay okay so if I say Justin Bieber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay okay so if I say Justin Bieber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay okay so if I say Justin Bieber
+is these three has these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these three has these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these three has these three
+attributes so it's the same person I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so it's the same person I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so it's the same person I'm
+referring to then all of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to then all of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to then all of his
+nicknames right are going to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicknames right are going to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicknames right are going to refer to
+this exact same person so all of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact same person so all of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact same person so all of his
+nicknames are going to or aliases will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicknames are going to or aliases will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicknames are going to or aliases will
+refer to the same person object right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the same person object right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the same person object right
+with these changed attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these changed attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these changed attributes
+okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make
+sense okay so that sort of idea arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so that sort of idea arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so that sort of idea arises
+in lists so list is like a person object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lists so list is like a person object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lists so list is like a person object
+whose value you whose attributes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value you whose attributes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value you whose attributes can
+change for example and as they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for example and as they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for example and as they change
+all of the different aliases for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the different aliases for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the different aliases for this
+object will point to this changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object will point to this changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object will point to this changed
+object okay so let's see a few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so let's see a few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay so let's see a few examples
+I apologize if this is a little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize if this is a little a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize if this is a little a little
+small but this I basically copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but this I basically copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but this I basically copy and
+pasted from the python tutor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasted from the python tutor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasted from the python tutor which is
+just in the in uh from the code from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the in uh from the code from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the in uh from the code from
+today's lecture okay so I have this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture okay so I have this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture okay so I have this uh
+these lines of code here the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines of code here the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines of code here the first
+couple of lines really just show what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lines really just show what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lines really just show what
+happens when you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you're dealing with
+non-mutable objects so with non-mutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mutable objects so with non-mutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mutable objects so with non-mutable
+objects you have two separate objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you have two separate objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you have two separate objects
+that get their own values and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get their own values and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get their own values and that's it
+end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of
+story with lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story with lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story with lists
+however it there's something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it there's something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it there's something different
+that happens so I have warm is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens so I have warm is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens so I have warm is a
+variable and it's going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and it's going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and it's going to be equal to
+this list so warm is going to point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list so warm is going to point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list so warm is going to point to
+this list here red yellow orange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list here red yellow orange it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list here red yellow orange it
+contains three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains three
+elements hot is equal to warm means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements hot is equal to warm means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements hot is equal to warm means I'm
+creating an alias for this list and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an alias for this list and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an alias for this list and I'm
+and the aliens is Alias is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aliens is Alias is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the aliens is Alias is going to be
+with this variable hot so notice warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this variable hot so notice warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this variable hot so notice warm
+and hot point to the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hot point to the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hot point to the exact same
+object so on line eight when I append a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so on line eight when I append a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so on line eight when I append a
+when I append this string pink to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I append this string pink to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I append this string pink to my
+object since both of these two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object since both of these two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object since both of these two variables
+point to the exact same object if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the exact same object if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the exact same object if I'm
+trying to access this object through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to access this object through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to access this object through
+either variable they're going both going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either variable they're going both going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either variable they're going both going
+to print out the same thing okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print out the same thing okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print out the same thing okay and
+that's the side effect that's the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the side effect that's the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the side effect that's the side
+effect of of lists being lists being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of of lists being lists being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of of lists being lists being
+mutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutable
+okay if you want to create an entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want to create an entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want to create an entirely
+new copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new copy of the
+list then you can clone it which sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list then you can clone it which sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list then you can clone it which sounds
+really cool but really it's just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool but really it's just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool but really it's just making
+a copy of the list and you clone it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of the list and you clone it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of the list and you clone it
+using this little notation here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this little notation here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this little notation here which is
+open close square brackets with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open close square brackets with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open close square brackets with a
+colon and we've sort of seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon and we've sort of seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon and we've sort of seen this
+notation here and this tells python this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here and this tells python this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here and this tells python this
+is zero sorry this is zero and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero sorry this is zero and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero sorry this is zero and this is
+length uh cool I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh cool I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh cool I
+guess but it basically says take every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but it basically says take every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but it basically says take every
+element create a new list with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element create a new list with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element create a new list with those
+exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+elements um and assign it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um and assign it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um and assign it to the
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+chill so here if I originally have cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill so here if I originally have cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill so here if I originally have cool
+as equal to blue green gray right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equal to blue green gray right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equal to blue green gray right here
+when I clone it on line two with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I clone it on line two with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I clone it on line two with that
+with that funky notation I'm creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that funky notation I'm creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that funky notation I'm creating a
+new copy of it and then on the next line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new copy of it and then on the next line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new copy of it and then on the next line
+when I'm appending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm appending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm appending
+another element to the to the copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another element to the to the copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another element to the to the copy
+notice I'm just altering the copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm just altering the copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm just altering the copy the
+original stayed the same because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original stayed the same because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original stayed the same because I've
+cloned it okay so if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloned it okay so if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloned it okay so if you don't want to
+have this the side effect side effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this the side effect side effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this the side effect side effect
+issue then you should clone your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue then you should clone your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue then you should clone your
+your uh your variable your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh your variable your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh your variable your
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+okay so let's see a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see a slightly more
+complicated example example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated example example
+where you're going to see the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to see the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to see the difference
+between sort and sorted in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort and sorted in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort and sorted in the context
+of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh
+mutability and and side effects issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutability and and side effects issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutability and and side effects issue
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so once again let's create this warm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again let's create this warm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again let's create this warm is
+equal to red yellow orange so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to red yellow orange so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to red yellow orange so that's
+what warm is going to point to this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what warm is going to point to this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what warm is going to point to this list
+and then sorted warm is equal to warm do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sorted warm is equal to warm do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sorted warm is equal to warm do
+sort so do sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so do sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so do sort
+mutates so as soon as I do that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates so as soon as I do that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates so as soon as I do that that
+list warm is now the sorted version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list warm is now the sorted version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list warm is now the sorted version of
+it and notice that I've assigned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and notice that I've assigned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and notice that I've assigned the
+return of this to sorted warm and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of this to sorted warm and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of this to sorted warm and the
+return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is
+none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none
+because l. sort or do do sort mutated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because l. sort or do do sort mutated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because l. sort or do do sort mutated
+the list right it didn't return turn a m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list right it didn't return turn a m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list right it didn't return turn a m
+a sorted version of the list it mutated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorted version of the list it mutated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorted version of the list it mutated
+the list itself okay so when I print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list itself okay so when I print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list itself okay so when I print
+warm and I print sorted warm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm and I print sorted warm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm and I print sorted warm I'm
+printing the mutated version and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing the mutated version and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing the mutated version and then
+this none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this none
+here sorted on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorted on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sorted on the other
+hand returns it doesn't sorted does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand returns it doesn't sorted does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand returns it doesn't sorted does not
+sort the list that uh that's given to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the list that uh that's given to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the list that uh that's given to it
+and instead it returns a sorted version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead it returns a sorted version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead it returns a sorted version
+of the list so in this case if cool is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the list so in this case if cool is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the list so in this case if cool is
+equal to these three col gray green blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to these three col gray green blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to these three col gray green blue
+if I do sorted cool it's going to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do sorted cool it's going to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do sorted cool it's going to return
+the sorted version of that list which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorted version of that list which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorted version of that list which is
+blue green gray and it's assigned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue green gray and it's assigned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue green gray and it's assigned to the
+variable sorted cool so when I print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable sorted cool so when I print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable sorted cool so when I print
+them it's going to show me the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's going to show me the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's going to show me the two
+separate lists one being the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate lists one being the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate lists one being the original
+unsorted one and one being the sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+version last one's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version last one's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version last one's a little bit more
+complicated but it shows that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it shows that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it shows that even
+though you you have nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you you have nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you you have nested
+um even though you can have nested lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even though you can have nested lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even though you can have nested lists
+you still you're not you you you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still you're not you you you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still you're not you you you're not
+you don't escape this idea of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't escape this idea of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't escape this idea of of
+um uh side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh side
+effects so first I'm going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so first I'm going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so first I'm going to create
+warm is equal to these two colors yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm is equal to these two colors yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm is equal to these two colors yellow
+orange so warm is points to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange so warm is points to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange so warm is points to these two
+colors hot is equal to this one list a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors hot is equal to this one list a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors hot is equal to this one list a
+list with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list with one
+element bright colors is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element bright colors is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element bright colors is going to be a
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+and the element inside the list is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the element inside the list is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the element inside the list is a
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+itself so since it's a listed so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so since it's a listed so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so since it's a listed so this is
+your list and the element inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list and the element inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list and the element inside here
+which is a list itself is actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a list itself is actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a list itself is actually just
+pointing to whatever warm is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to whatever warm is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to whatever warm is that
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then I do then I append hot to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I do then I append hot to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I do then I append hot to my
+bright colors so the next element here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright colors so the next element here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright colors so the next element here
+is going to be another list which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be another list which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be another list which means
+it's just pointing to this other list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pointing to this other list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pointing to this other list
+here it's not creating a copy of it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not creating a copy of it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not creating a copy of it okay
+so each one of these elements here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each one of these elements here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each one of these elements here is
+actually just pointing to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just pointing to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just pointing to these two
+lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists
+here so if I modified either one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if I modified either one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if I modified either one of
+these then bright colors would also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these then bright colors would also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these then bright colors would also be
+modified so let's say I add pink here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified so let's say I add pink here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified so let's say I add pink here to
+my hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hot
+list we have red and pink then notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we have red and pink then notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we have red and pink then notice
+that bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bright
+colors the first element points to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors the first element points to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors the first element points to this
+list and the second element points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and the second element points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and the second element points to
+this list which I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list which I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list which I've just
+modified last thing is I'll let you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified last thing is I'll let you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified last thing is I'll let you try
+this as an exercise in Python tutor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an exercise in Python tutor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an exercise in Python tutor but
+the idea here being you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here being you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here being you should be
+careful as you're writing a for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful as you're writing a for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful as you're writing a for Loop
+that iterates over a list that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iterates over a list that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iterates over a list that you're
+modifying inside the list in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying inside the list in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying inside the list in this case
+I'm trying to go through the list L1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to go through the list L1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to go through the list L1 and
+if I find an item that's in L1 and L2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I find an item that's in L1 and L2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I find an item that's in L1 and L2 I
+want to delete it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to delete it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to delete it from
+L1 so one and two are also in L2 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 so one and two are also in L2 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 so one and two are also in L2 so I
+want to delete them from L1 and be left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to delete them from L1 and be left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to delete them from L1 and be left
+with 34 however the code on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 34 however the code on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 34 however the code on the left
+here doesn't actually do what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't actually do what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here doesn't actually do what I think
+it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because here I'm I'm modifying a list as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here I'm I'm modifying a list as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here I'm I'm modifying a list as
+I'm iterating over it and behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm iterating over it and behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm iterating over it and behind the
+scenes python keeps this this keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes python keeps this this keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes python keeps this this keeps
+track of the index and doesn't update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the index and doesn't update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the index and doesn't update
+the index as it's as you're changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index as it's as you're changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index as it's as you're changing the
+list so it figures out the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so it figures out the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so it figures out the length of the
+list to begin with and how many indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list to begin with and how many indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list to begin with and how many indices
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+has and doesn't update it as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and doesn't update it as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and doesn't update it as you're
+removing items from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing items from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing items from the
+list so the solution to that is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so the solution to that is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so the solution to that is to make
+a copy of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of the list
+first iterate over the copy which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first iterate over the copy which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first iterate over the copy which will
+remain intact and modify the list that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain intact and modify the list that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain intact and modify the list that
+you want to modify inside the loop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to modify inside the loop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to modify inside the loop so
+please run both of these in the python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please run both of these in the python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please run both of these in the python
+tutor and you'll see that what ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor and you'll see that what ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor and you'll see that what ends up
+happening is on the left you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is on the left you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is on the left you're going to
+skip over one element okay so you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over one element okay so you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip over one element okay so you so
+your code so that's that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code so that's that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code so that's that's going to be
+the wrong code all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S8DQZjE4V8U.txt b/S8DQZjE4V8U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd805a7d8dfc411ec3391645864e1166a6acfbb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S8DQZjE4V8U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,992 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone
+in this video we're going to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we're going to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we're going to explore
+briefly the concept of a vector subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the concept of a vector subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the concept of a vector subspace
+this is the problem that we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the problem that we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the problem that we're gonna do
+we're given these four different subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given these four different subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given these four different subsets
+of of r3 and we are asked to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of r3 and we are asked to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of r3 and we are asked to figure out
+which of these is in fact a subspace so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these is in fact a subspace so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these is in fact a subspace so
+I'll give you a few moments to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a few moments to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a few moments to try to do
+this on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your own
+and then please come back to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then please come back to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then please come back to see whether
+you are right so hi again okay so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right so hi again okay so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right so hi again okay so before
+we start let's briefly recall what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start let's briefly recall what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start let's briefly recall what a
+vector subspace is well vector subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector subspace is well vector subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector subspace is well vector subspace
+of course it's a subset in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's a subset in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's a subset in this case a
+subset of r3 but it behaves like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of r3 but it behaves like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of r3 but it behaves like a
+vector space itself meaning that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space itself meaning that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space itself meaning that if we
+take linear combination of elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear combination of elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear combination of elements in
+this subset what we get is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset what we get is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset what we get is still
+something in that subset subset okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in that subset subset okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in that subset subset okay
+and in class professor Strang showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in class professor Strang showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in class professor Strang showed you
+a few specific examples of subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few specific examples of subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few specific examples of subspaces
+which are related to matrices one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are related to matrices one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are related to matrices one of
+them was the null space of a matrix all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was the null space of a matrix all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was the null space of a matrix all
+the vectors that the matrix sends to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors that the matrix sends to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors that the matrix sends to 0
+and the column space of a matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the column space of a matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the column space of a matrix which
+is the span of the column matrix ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the span of the column matrix ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the span of the column matrix ok so
+let's see if we can apply what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can apply what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can apply what we've
+learned in lecture 2 to our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in lecture 2 to our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in lecture 2 to our problem
+number one we are given a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one we are given a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one we are given a linear
+equation relation between B 1 B 2 and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation relation between B 1 B 2 and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation relation between B 1 B 2 and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it we have something linear we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it we have something linear we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it we have something linear we you
+know this is a philosophy that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a philosophy that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a philosophy that you'll
+learn in this class we can always write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in this class we can always write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in this class we can always write
+this as a matrix equation so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a matrix equation so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a matrix equation so in
+particular B 1 plus B 2 minus B 3 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular B 1 plus B 2 minus B 3 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular B 1 plus B 2 minus B 3 equals
+0 we can just write it as the matrix 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 we can just write it as the matrix 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 we can just write it as the matrix 1 1
+negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1
+I'm competing 1 B 2 3 3 4 2 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm competing 1 B 2 3 3 4 2 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm competing 1 B 2 3 3 4 2 0 so
+therefore B 1 B 2 and B 3 precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore B 1 B 2 and B 3 precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore B 1 B 2 and B 3 precisely
+describe the null space of 1 1 negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the null space of 1 1 negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the null space of 1 1 negative
+1 and thus what we are given in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and thus what we are given in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and thus what we are given in the
+first question is a subspace what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is a subspace what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is a subspace what about
+the second one again we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one again we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one again we're given a
+relation between B 1 B 2 B 3 but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between B 1 B 2 B 3 but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between B 1 B 2 B 3 but it's
+not linear B 3 is the product of B 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear B 3 is the product of B 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear B 3 is the product of B 1 and
+B 2 so right CEO your guts tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 2 so right CEO your guts tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 2 so right CEO your guts tell you that
+this shouldn't be a vector space and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shouldn't be a vector space and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shouldn't be a vector space and we
+need to but we need to prove why okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to but we need to prove why okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to but we need to prove why okay
+well see that the vector 1 1 1 is inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well see that the vector 1 1 1 is inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well see that the vector 1 1 1 is inside
+this subset because the third entry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset because the third entry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subset because the third entry is
+the product one is the product 1 if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product one is the product 1 if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product one is the product 1 if this
+subset who are assessed face itself then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset who are assessed face itself then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset who are assessed face itself then
+we would have 2 2 & 2 in it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have 2 2 & 2 in it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have 2 2 & 2 in it as well
+right because any multiple of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because any multiple of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because any multiple of a vector
+in the subspace is inside the subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subspace is inside the subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subspace is inside the subspace
+but is to to to describe by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is to to to describe by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is to to to describe by this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+oh no because the third entry 2 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no because the third entry 2 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no because the third entry 2 is not
+equal to 2 times 2 right so the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 times 2 right so the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 times 2 right so the example
+yeah in in number number 2 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in in number number 2 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in in number number 2 is not
+subspace okay let's try 3 and first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace okay let's try 3 and first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace okay let's try 3 and first so
+we are given so the subset in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are given so the subset in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are given so the subset in in
+question 3 is given as the linear span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 3 is given as the linear span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 3 is given as the linear span
+of these two vectors 1 0 negative 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two vectors 1 0 negative 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two vectors 1 0 negative 1 and
+1 0 1 plus the vector 1 0 0 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 1 plus the vector 1 0 0 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 1 plus the vector 1 0 0 okay so
+let's think about this geometrically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this geometrically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this geometrically we
+know that the linear span of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the linear span of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the linear span of two
+linearly independent vectors and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent vectors and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent vectors and these
+are obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously
+independent is a plane in r3 so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent is a plane in r3 so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent is a plane in r3 so we have
+the plane and we add a vector to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and we add a vector to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and we add a vector to the
+points of this on this plane so what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of this on this plane so what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of this on this plane so what if
+the vector were lying on the plane well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector were lying on the plane well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector were lying on the plane well
+we're not going to change the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to change the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to change the plane
+right we're still going to remain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're still going to remain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're still going to remain in the
+plane what I'm hinting at is the fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane what I'm hinting at is the fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane what I'm hinting at is the fault
+with the following thing that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the following thing that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the following thing that in fact
+one zero zero is a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero zero is a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero zero is a linear combination of
+1 0 negative 1 and 1 0 1 and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 negative 1 and 1 0 1 and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 negative 1 and 1 0 1 and it's it's
+fairly obvious to see which linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly obvious to see which linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly obvious to see which linear
+combination of these two vectors this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these two vectors this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these two vectors this it
+is it's 1/2 1 0 negative 1 X 1/2 1 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's 1/2 1 0 negative 1 X 1/2 1 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's 1/2 1 0 negative 1 X 1/2 1 0 1
+so we can write the whole relation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the whole relation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the whole relation here
+in the following way v1 v2 v3 is 1 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way v1 v2 v3 is 1 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way v1 v2 v3 is 1 0 is
+0 which we can write is this plus 1 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 which we can write is this plus 1 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 which we can write is this plus 1 0 1
+1 and C 2 1 0 1 and let me continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and C 2 1 0 1 and let me continue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and C 2 1 0 1 and let me continue this
+here so b1 b2 and b3 it's precisely c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so b1 b2 and b3 it's precisely c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so b1 b2 and b3 it's precisely c1
+plus 1/2 0 1 negative 1 c2 plus 1/2 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/2 0 1 negative 1 c2 plus 1/2 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/2 0 1 negative 1 c2 plus 1/2 0 1
+so indeed the the points b1 b2 and b3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed the the points b1 b2 and b3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed the the points b1 b2 and b3
+are they are described by the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are described by the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are described by the linear
+span 1 0 negative 1 and 1 0 1 so it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span 1 0 negative 1 and 1 0 1 so it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span 1 0 negative 1 and 1 0 1 so it is a
+vector subspace itself and finally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector subspace itself and finally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector subspace itself and finally in
+order to yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to yeah
+let's let's look at number 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a similar situation I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a similar situation I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a similar situation I mean
+it's almost the same situation we again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost the same situation we again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost the same situation we again
+have the linear span of precisely same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the linear span of precisely same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the linear span of precisely same
+vectors in question three but this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in question three but this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in question three but this time
+we add the vector 0 1 0 2 now 0 1 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add the vector 0 1 0 2 now 0 1 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add the vector 0 1 0 2 now 0 1 0 is
+not in the span of these two vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the span of these two vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the span of these two vectors so
+the argument that we just showed for 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument that we just showed for 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument that we just showed for 3
+doesn't work but what we can what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work but what we can what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work but what we can what what
+we know about vector subspace is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about vector subspace is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about vector subspace is the
+following thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing
+it don't follows almost trivially from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't follows almost trivially from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't follows almost trivially from
+the axioms that 0 needs to be inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axioms that 0 needs to be inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axioms that 0 needs to be inside the
+subset in order for it to be a subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset in order for it to be a subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset in order for it to be a subspace
+it's a necessary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a necessary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a necessary condition
+okay well this zero is zero inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this zero is zero inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this zero is zero inside the
+subset meaning can we find coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset meaning can we find coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset meaning can we find coefficients
+C 1 and C 2 plus 0 0 2 equal the 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 and C 2 plus 0 0 2 equal the 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 1 and C 2 plus 0 0 2 equal the 0
+vector and the answer is no and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the answer is no and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the answer is no and why is
+this we can is a very easy way to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can is a very easy way to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can is a very easy way to see it
+well any we just look at yeah we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well any we just look at yeah we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well any we just look at yeah we just
+look at the second entry of the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the second entry of the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the second entry of the vectors
+and we see that any multiple so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that any multiple so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that any multiple so the
+linear span of these two vectors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear span of these two vectors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear span of these two vectors will
+have as its second entry 0 and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as its second entry 0 and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as its second entry 0 and when we
+added to 1 we can never get a 0 entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to 1 we can never get a 0 entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to 1 we can never get a 0 entry
+here so the subset in 4 is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the subset in 4 is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the subset in 4 is not a
+subspace so yeah I hope this was useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace so yeah I hope this was useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace so yeah I hope this was useful
+in and just getting an intuition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and just getting an intuition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and just getting an intuition which
+subsets of our three are subspaces see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of our three are subspaces see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of our three are subspaces see
+you guys later
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S9_Oe51XkVY.txt b/S9_Oe51XkVY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..141f1bed18431211c208d3afdb361410c3b624b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S9_Oe51XkVY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we're looking at polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at polar coordinates
+one of the important issues is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the important issues is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the important issues is to
+understand the unit vectors let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the unit vectors let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the unit vectors let's
+describe our coordinate system again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our coordinate system again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our coordinate system again we
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+point where there's an object and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where there's an object and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where there's an object and at
+this point we have a pair of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we have a pair of unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we have a pair of unit
+vectors R hat and Theta hat now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors R hat and Theta hat now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors R hat and Theta hat now those
+unit vectors will change depending where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors will change depending where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors will change depending where
+you are in space we now want to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in space we now want to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in space we now want to address
+the question how do I compare polar cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question how do I compare polar cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question how do I compare polar cord
+and cartisian coordinates in cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cartisian coordinates in cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cartisian coordinates in cartisian
+coordinates at this point here we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates at this point here we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates at this point here we would
+have let's say we choose a cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say we choose a cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say we choose a cartisian
+plus X and plus y then we would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X and plus y then we would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus X and plus y then we would have a
+unit Vector I hat and J hat and how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector I hat and J hat and how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector I hat and J hat and how are
+these vectors related remember our angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors related remember our angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors related remember our angle
+Theta so we have the angle Theta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so we have the angle Theta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so we have the angle Theta here
+and the angle Theta there and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle Theta there and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle Theta there and now I
+would like to apply simple Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to apply simple Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to apply simple Vector
+decomposition to R hat and Theta hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition to R hat and Theta hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition to R hat and Theta hat and
+express each of these unit vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express each of these unit vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express each of these unit vectors in
+terms of the unit vectors I hat and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the unit vectors I hat and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the unit vectors I hat and J
+hat let's begin with R hat as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat let's begin with R hat as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat let's begin with R hat as you can
+see in the diagram R hat has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the diagram R hat has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the diagram R hat has a
+horizontal component and a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal component and a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal component and a vertical
+component so what we have is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so what we have is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so what we have is our
+hat it's a unit Vector so its length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat it's a unit Vector so its length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat it's a unit Vector so its length is
+one its horizontal component is adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one its horizontal component is adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one its horizontal component is adjacent
+to the angle so that's cosine of theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle so that's cosine of theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle so that's cosine of theta I
+hat plus s of theta jat the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus s of theta jat the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus s of theta jat the vertical
+component is opposite the angle angle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is opposite the angle angle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is opposite the angle angle in
+a similar fashion Theta hat well Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar fashion Theta hat well Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar fashion Theta hat well Theta
+hat has a component in the negative IAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat has a component in the negative IAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat has a component in the negative IAT
+Direction which is opposite the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction which is opposite the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction which is opposite the angle
+and it has a component in the positive J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a component in the positive J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a component in the positive J
+hat Direction which is adjacent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Direction which is adjacent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Direction which is adjacent to the
+angle so we have minus sin Theta J I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had plus cosine Theta J hat and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had plus cosine Theta J hat and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had plus cosine Theta J hat and that's
+how we can decompose our unit vectors R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can decompose our unit vectors R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can decompose our unit vectors R
+hat Theta in terms of cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Theta in terms of cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Theta in terms of cartisian
+coordinates now why is this significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates now why is this significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates now why is this significant
+because if we're describing the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're describing the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're describing the motion
+of an object for instance an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object for instance an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object for instance an object
+that's going around a circle then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going around a circle then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going around a circle then our
+polar coordinate Theta is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate Theta is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate Theta is a function of
+time and so these unit vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so these unit vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so these unit vectors are
+actually changing in direction we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing in direction we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changing in direction we saw
+that before over here R hat and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before over here R hat and Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before over here R hat and Theta
+Hat Point in different directions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat Point in different directions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hat Point in different directions so
+what we actually have as functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually have as functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually have as functions of
+time is R hat of T equals cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is R hat of T equals cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is R hat of T equals cosine Theta
+of t i hat now the unit vectors don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t i hat now the unit vectors don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t i hat now the unit vectors don't
+change in cartisian coordinates at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in cartisian coordinates at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in cartisian coordinates at every
+single point you have the same cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point you have the same cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point you have the same cartisian
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+vectors and so these Vector this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and so these Vector this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and so these Vector this Vector
+is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependent now the significance of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent now the significance of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent now the significance of that
+is our first important Vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our first important Vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our first important Vector in
+kinematics is the position Vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics is the position Vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics is the position Vector the
+position Vector is a vector that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector is a vector that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector is a vector that goes
+from the origin to where the object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin to where the object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin to where the object is
+we'll call that R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call that R of
+T So this position Vector R of T can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this position Vector R of T can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this position Vector R of T can be
+expressed as a length R and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a length R and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a length R and its
+direction is in the r hat Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is in the r hat Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is in the r hat Direction
+which is a function of time so we have R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of time so we have R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of time so we have R
+cosine Theta of T IAT plus r sin Thea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta of T IAT plus r sin Thea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta of T IAT plus r sin Thea of
+T J hat now we can now Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T J hat now we can now Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T J hat now we can now Define the
+velocity of this object where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this object where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this object where the
+velocity is the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is the derivative of the
+position Vector when you differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector when you differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector when you differentiate
+remember R is a constant so we get R now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember R is a constant so we get R now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember R is a constant so we get R now
+what is the derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the derivative with respect to
+time of cosine Theta T because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of cosine Theta T because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of cosine Theta T because the
+argument of theta is a function of T we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of theta is a function of T we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of theta is a function of T we
+need to use the chain rule so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use the chain rule so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use the chain rule so the
+derivative is is minus sin Theta of t d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is is minus sin Theta of t d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is is minus sin Theta of t d
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+DT I and the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT I and the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT I and the derivative of the
+S is cosine Theta of t d Theta DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is cosine Theta of t d Theta DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is cosine Theta of t d Theta DT
+J now notice that I can pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J now notice that I can pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J now notice that I can pull out the
+common term dtheta DT so I have r d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common term dtheta DT so I have r d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common term dtheta DT so I have r d
+Theta DT and I have minus sin Theta t i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta DT and I have minus sin Theta t i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta DT and I have minus sin Theta t i
+Plus cosine Theta of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus cosine Theta of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus cosine Theta of T
+jat and if you'll notice this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jat and if you'll notice this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jat and if you'll notice this is exactly
+the unit Vector Theta so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Vector Theta so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Vector Theta so we can write
+our velocity Vector for this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our velocity Vector for this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our velocity Vector for this object
+that's moving in a circle as r d Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving in a circle as r d Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving in a circle as r d Theta
+DT Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Theta
+hat when we write a vector like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat when we write a vector like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat when we write a vector like this
+it's pointing tangentially the Theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing tangentially the Theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing tangentially the Theta hat
+Direction and this part is the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so often we can use a notation V Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often we can use a notation V Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often we can use a notation V Theta
+Theta hat where V Theta is the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta hat where V Theta is the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta hat where V Theta is the component
+r d Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r d Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r d Theta
+DT now this component can be positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT now this component can be positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT now this component can be positive or
+negative or zero for example if D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or zero for example if D Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or zero for example if D Theta
+DT is positive what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is positive what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is positive what does that mean that
+means that our angle Theta is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that our angle Theta is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that our angle Theta is increasing
+so the object is moving the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the object is moving the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the object is moving the way I
+indicate with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate with my
+finger if D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger if D Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger if D Theta
+DT is zero then the angle is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is zero then the angle is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is zero then the angle is not
+changing so the object is at rest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so the object is at rest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so the object is at rest and
+finally if D Theta DT is negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if D Theta DT is negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if D Theta DT is negative then
+the angle Theta is decreasing and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle Theta is decreasing and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle Theta is decreasing and so the
+object is moving in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving in this
+direction so this is our velocity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so this is our velocity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so this is our velocity for
+circular motion in expressed in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion in expressed in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion in expressed in polar
+coordinates
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SODYb6YPPLk.txt b/SODYb6YPPLk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28589e3e3557ecae57175b174b7b4fe733b07a34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SODYb6YPPLk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so um the way the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so um the way the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so um the way the this
+day is going to be um set up is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day is going to be um set up is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day is going to be um set up is we've
+got one hour to go um philli me and Drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one hour to go um philli me and Drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one hour to go um philli me and Drew
+we'll go to each team and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to each team and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to each team and we're going to
+going to talk with each team about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk with each team about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk with each team about your
+vision statement your updated vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision statement your updated vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision statement your updated vision
+statement if um you should have one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement if um you should have one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement if um you should have one by
+now um your product backlog you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um your product backlog you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um your product backlog you just
+turned in and your Sprint task list you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in and your Sprint task list you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned in and your Sprint task list you
+just turned in um the main thing we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turned in um the main thing we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turned in um the main thing we want
+to talk about is just some more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is just some more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is just some more detailed
+um discussion um based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um discussion um based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um discussion um based on the
+presentations you gave as well so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations you gave as well so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations you gave as well so what
+are you doing over the next week and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing over the next week and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing over the next week and a
+half what do we think the biggest issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half what do we think the biggest issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half what do we think the biggest issues
+are um what are your plans for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um what are your plans for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um what are your plans for for
+Thanksgiving and not working during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving and not working during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving and not working during
+Thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving
+um hopefully and we'll go in that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully and we'll go in that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully and we'll go in that order
+so Heatwave hello wave snap Cera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Heatwave hello wave snap Cera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Heatwave hello wave snap Cera and
+awesome CA um it should only take about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome CA um it should only take about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome CA um it should only take about
+5 to 10 minutes per team unless you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 10 minutes per team unless you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 10 minutes per team unless you have
+more questions um and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions um and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions um and then after that
+you are free to depart or work in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are free to depart or work in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are free to depart or work in class
+we've got the room till 4 as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the room till 4 as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the room till 4 as well um
+before we do that Philip had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that Philip had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that Philip had some
+generalized feedback you so um after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized feedback you so um after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized feedback you so um after
+looking through all of the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through all of the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through all of the uh the the
+the state of the the the projects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the the the projects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the the the projects in
+terms of the deliverables that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the deliverables that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the deliverables that you
+handed us when we look through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed us when we look through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed us when we look through the
+product backlogs we notice something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlogs we notice something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlogs we notice something
+fairly consistent among all of the teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly consistent among all of the teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly consistent among all of the teams
+and that was uh you know how you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was uh you know how you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was uh you know how you have
+these columns right you have your serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these columns right you have your serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these columns right you have your serial
+number your item number of your task the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number your item number of your task the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number your item number of your task the
+description of the task usually who it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the task usually who it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the task usually who it's
+assigned to and then you know a priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to and then you know a priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to and then you know a priority
+list well first of all everybody sent us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list well first of all everybody sent us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list well first of all everybody sent us
+this list sorted by uh serial number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list sorted by uh serial number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list sorted by uh serial number
+rather than my priority list that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than my priority list that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than my priority list that's not
+so bad uh because we can always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad uh because we can always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bad uh because we can always just
+Resort it ourselves the problem was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resort it ourselves the problem was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resort it ourselves the problem was that
+the priorities were something like task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priorities were something like task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priorities were something like task
+task one was Priority One task two was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task one was Priority One task two was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task one was Priority One task two was
+Priority One task three was Priority One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priority One task three was Priority One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priority One task three was Priority One
+task four was Priority One task five is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task four was Priority One task five is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task four was Priority One task five is
+priority two and then it goes 22222 3 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority two and then it goes 22222 3 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority two and then it goes 22222 3 3
+3 3 three um and that um if if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 3 three um and that um if if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 3 three um and that um if if you get
+granular enough that might be fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular enough that might be fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular enough that might be fine but
+I'm a little bit worried that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a little bit worried that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a little bit worried that's not
+quite granular enough when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite granular enough when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite granular enough when it comes to
+your priority levels everybody seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your priority levels everybody seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your priority levels everybody seems to
+have about three to four lels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about three to four lels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about three to four lels of
+priority and you get these huge SWAT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and you get these huge SWAT of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and you get these huge SWAT of
+tasks that all have the same priority so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that all have the same priority so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that all have the same priority so
+you don't actually know which one's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually know which one's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually know which one's more
+important now you might be thinking well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important now you might be thinking well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important now you might be thinking well
+they're all assigned to different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all assigned to different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all assigned to different people
+so you know for everybody who uh who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know for everybody who uh who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know for everybody who uh who has
+a set of tasks they have a priority One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of tasks they have a priority One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of tasks they have a priority One
+task and they know what they're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and they know what they're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and they know what they're supposed
+to be doing right away and that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing right away and that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing right away and that's true
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+individual the problem is that if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual the problem is that if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual the problem is that if you've
+got I just got to bring this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I just got to bring this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I just got to bring this up
+okay if if you've got okay so say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if you've got okay so say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if if you've got okay so say this
+what the oh here we go say this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the oh here we go say this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the oh here we go say this is your
+this is your product backlog and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your product backlog and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your product backlog and you've
+got a chunk of Priority One tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a chunk of Priority One tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a chunk of Priority One tasks
+priority two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority two
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority two
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks priority three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks priority three
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and you know each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and you know each one of these
+tasks have been assigned to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks have been assigned to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks have been assigned to you know
+some individual person maybe you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some individual person maybe you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some individual person maybe you've got
+something like all your priority one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like all your priority one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like all your priority one uh
+uh uh stuff done all right all that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh stuff done all right all that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh stuff done all right all that is
+clear all the most important things got
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+ align:start position:0%
+clear all the most important things got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all the most important things got
+done you fine so now you're somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you fine so now you're somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you fine so now you're somewhere
+dealing with all your priority two tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with all your priority two tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with all your priority two tasks
+and some people some of them are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people some of them are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people some of them are done
+some of them are not done hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are not done hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are not done hopefully
+you're finishing off a priority two task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finishing off a priority two task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're finishing off a priority two task
+before you get to your priority your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get to your priority your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get to your priority your
+priority three tasks and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority three tasks and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority three tasks and you know so
+this is person a this is person B this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is person a this is person B this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is person a this is person B this
+is person C and person C's done their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is person C and person C's done their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is person C and person C's done their
+job you know person B is done their job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job you know person B is done their job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job you know person B is done their job
+and person a is still working on it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and person a is still working on it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and person a is still working on it how
+complete is your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is your game
+actually your game's only as complete as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your game's only as complete as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your game's only as complete as
+a as it's not is it's only as complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as it's not is it's only as complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as it's not is it's only as complete
+as person a is capable of finishing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as person a is capable of finishing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as person a is capable of finishing that
+task so if you've got like a giant list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task so if you've got like a giant list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task so if you've got like a giant list
+of priorities if I were to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of priorities if I were to take this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of priorities if I were to take this
+list of priority one priority two
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+ align:start position:0%
+list of priority one priority two
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of priority one priority two
+priority three and forc sat you down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority three and forc sat you down and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority three and forc sat you down and
+went through the arduous process of
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+ align:start position:0%
+went through the arduous process of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the arduous process of
+actually giving each individual task a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually giving each individual task a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually giving each individual task a
+separate priority number so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate priority number so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate priority number so that you
+could actually sort it and rank it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually sort it and rank it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually sort it and rank it I'm
+not going to do that because I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that because I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that because I know it
+takes a heck of a long time but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a heck of a long time but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a heck of a long time but if I
+were to do that what you'll find most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do that what you'll find most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do that what you'll find most
+likely is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is
+that you've got got a bunch of tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got got a bunch of tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got got a bunch of tasks
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+done you have an undone task a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you have an undone task a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you have an undone task a bunch of
+tasks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that are
+done an undone task and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done an undone task and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done an undone task and then you know
+some stuff done and a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff done and a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff done and a whole bunch of
+undone tasks and the game's only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undone tasks and the game's only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undone tasks and the game's only this
+done you are not here you are not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you are not here you are not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you are not here you are not here
+you are here that's and you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are here that's and you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are here that's and you need to be
+able to see that as a team you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see that as a team you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see that as a team you need to
+be able to actually see how what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to actually see how what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to actually see how what is the
+highest most important thing that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest most important thing that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest most important thing that still
+not completed right now at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completed right now at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not completed right now at the level of
+granularity that we're looking at all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity that we're looking at all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity that we're looking at all of
+your product backlogs all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product backlogs all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product backlogs all of your
+product backlogs don't quite have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlogs don't quite have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlogs don't quite have that
+level of granularity but it is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of granularity but it is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of granularity but it is possible
+that in your head you actually have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your head you actually have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your head you actually have that
+level of granularity that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of granularity that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of granularity that you actually
+know in your team what that highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in your team what that highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in your team what that highest
+level undone task is even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level undone task is even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level undone task is even though they
+all have the same priority they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same priority they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same priority they all
+priority two tasks or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority two tasks or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority two tasks or something like
+that so uh something that will be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh something that will be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh something that will be useful
+when Before you depart uh class today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Before you depart uh class today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Before you depart uh class today uh
+is to actually figure out of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually figure out of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually figure out of all of the
+things that are the highest priority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are the highest priority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are the highest priority and
+undone right now what is really the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undone right now what is really the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undone right now what is really the most
+important thing um and who's responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing um and who's responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing um and who's responsible
+for that right you know uh in fact all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that right you know uh in fact all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that right you know uh in fact all
+of your highest priority tasks uh should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your highest priority tasks uh should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your highest priority tasks uh should
+all be assigned to somebody and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be assigned to somebody and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be assigned to somebody and you
+should have a good sense of what order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a good sense of what order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a good sense of what order
+of priority they are because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of priority they are because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of priority they are because not
+everybody who's been assigned a task is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who's been assigned a task is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who's been assigned a task is
+actually going to be able to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be able to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be able to complete
+the task before the next time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task before the next time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task before the next time you
+you meet and the next time when you meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you meet and the next time when you meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you meet and the next time when you meet
+when you actually check in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually check in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually check in and you
+discover some tests are done and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover some tests are done and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover some tests are done and some
+tests haven't been done you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests haven't been done you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests haven't been done you need to know
+how much progress your team actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much progress your team actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much progress your team actually
+made towards completion of the game uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made towards completion of the game uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made towards completion of the game uh
+otherwise you may say oh we got five out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you may say oh we got five out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you may say oh we got five out
+of our six tasks only that one task that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our six tasks only that one task that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our six tasks only that one task that
+didn't get that didn't get done turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get that didn't get done turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get that didn't get done turns
+out to be the most important thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the most important thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the most important thing which
+means you have you actually haven't made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have you actually haven't made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have you actually haven't made
+enough progress on on on your game at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough progress on on on your game at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough progress on on on your game at
+all and you need to know that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you need to know that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you need to know that so that
+you can actually start to cut features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually start to cut features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually start to cut features
+scope down do all the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope down do all the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope down do all the things that we
+talked about regarding sort of of Crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about regarding sort of of Crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about regarding sort of of Crisis
+crisis control for your team so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis control for your team so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis control for your team so we'll
+talk a little bit more with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more with each
+individual team about that but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual team about that but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual team about that but that's a
+conversation that you should be having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that you should be having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that you should be having
+within your your own team of what of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your your own team of what of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your your own team of what of all
+your highest priority tasks which one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your highest priority tasks which one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your highest priority tasks which one's
+actually the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the highest
+priority okay all right so take a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority okay all right so take a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority okay all right so take a minute
+just to to meet up with your team and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to meet up with your team and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to meet up with your team and
+we're going to go to Heatwave in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go to Heatwave in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go to Heatwave in one
+minute also um make sure you've got a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute also um make sure you've got a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute also um make sure you've got a a
+playable version of your game because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playable version of your game because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playable version of your game because
+Dre would like to see it he was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dre would like to see it he was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dre would like to see it he was not
+available um for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentations yeah mainly I wanted Drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations yeah mainly I wanted Drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations yeah mainly I wanted Drew
+to play since he he's played it during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play since he he's played it during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play since he he's played it during
+the play test and there might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play test and there might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play test and there might have been
+some stuff that Chang excellent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff that Chang excellent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff that Chang excellent that
+person's on fire I like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already oh my God dying around you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already oh my God dying around you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already oh my God dying around you ask
+me questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me questions
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+seriously you're dying and I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously you're dying and I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously you're dying and I'm talking
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so just want to be clear cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just want to be clear cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just want to be clear cat
+catching on fire is painting equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching on fire is painting equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching on fire is painting equivalent
+yeah yeah okay all right metaphor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay all right metaphor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay all right metaphor it's
+meant to invoke an emotional response it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to invoke an emotional response it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to invoke an emotional response it
+does that oh my God they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that oh my God they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that oh my God they're
+alling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alling
+hello go inside no okay something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello go inside no okay something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello go inside no okay something you
+should know is the dialogue Sy done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know is the dialogue Sy done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know is the dialogue Sy done the
+back end's working but we actually hav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end's working but we actually hav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end's working but we actually hav
+the content in yet um the dialogue will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content in yet um the dialogue will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content in yet um the dialogue will
+be much more educational and and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more educational and and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more educational and and have
+choices which it currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't well you you eventually will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't well you you eventually will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't well you you eventually will
+will it's currently the invad style you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it's currently the invad style you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it's currently the invad style you
+to D condition yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D condition yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D condition yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ume I've got the old um uh vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ume I've got the old um uh vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ume I've got the old um uh vision
+statement did you make a new version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement did you make a new version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement did you make a new version of
+it and is it on Stellar right now no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and is it on Stellar right now no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and is it on Stellar right now no it
+is not I realize if we needed it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not I realize if we needed it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not I realize if we needed it for
+today because it wasn't on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because it wasn't on the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because it wasn't on the homework
+SS oh yeah yeah that's okay then um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS oh yeah yeah that's okay then um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS oh yeah yeah that's okay then um just
+um I'll I'll redo it today okay cool um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll I'll redo it today okay cool um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll I'll redo it today okay cool um
+yeah that's I should terms of the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's I should terms of the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's I should terms of the task
+breakdown is actually pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown is actually pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown is actually pretty much the
+same and the overall Vision I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and the overall Vision I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and the overall Vision I haven't
+looked at in a while but I think most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in a while but I think most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in a while but I think most of
+our goals are the same yeah yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goals are the same yeah yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goals are the same yeah yeah it
+actually looked pretty so it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked pretty so it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked pretty so it's it's like
+vaguely when you're reading through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely when you're reading through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely when you're reading through the
+old 30 seconds of play game play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old 30 seconds of play game play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old 30 seconds of play game play it
+feels like this game a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like this game a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like this game a lot of these
+elements are in there we Haven any major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in there we Haven any major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are in there we Haven any major
+design changes in ter of that so between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design changes in ter of that so between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design changes in ter of that so between
+um Monday and today has anything new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Monday and today has anything new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Monday and today has anything new
+gone on the the The Cutting The Chopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone on the the The Cutting The Chopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone on the the The Cutting The Chopping
+Block is any are any other features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Block is any are any other features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Block is any are any other features
+getting cut Monday is when I the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting cut Monday is when I the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting cut Monday is when I the product
+backlog was Y no um we cut secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog was Y no um we cut secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog was Y no um we cut secondary
+scenes and everything else seemed doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes and everything else seemed doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes and everything else seemed doable
+because a lot of it the only the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of it the only the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of it the only the only
+other thing that could possibly be cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that could possibly be cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that could possibly be cut
+is items breaking over time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is items breaking over time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is items breaking over time um
+everything else is actually in progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is actually in progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is actually in progress
+and just being improved upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just being improved upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just being improved upon
+okay so they might not break it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they might not break it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they might not break it might be
+that once you've installed an umbrella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you've installed an umbrella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you've installed an umbrella
+it lasts forever kind of thing or water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lasts forever kind of thing or water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lasts forever kind of thing or water
+fun or whatever we choose but everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun or whatever we choose but everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun or whatever we choose but everything
+else is in progress and I really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is in progress and I really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is in progress and I really think
+we're on track to so you said a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on track to so you said a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on track to so you said a lot of
+the content you have to get in is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content you have to get in is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content you have to get in is the
+dialogue and you're also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and you're also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and you're also going to be
+doing some new artwork for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some new artwork for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some new artwork for the
+characters is Julia the only person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters is Julia the only person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters is Julia the only person
+doing artwork on that she's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing artwork on that she's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing artwork on that she's the only
+person doing is she also doing dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doing is she also doing dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doing is she also doing dialogue
+no stuff was for my UAP kind okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no stuff was for my UAP kind okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no stuff was for my UAP kind okay well
+no but I mean is the so is the are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but I mean is the so is the are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but I mean is the so is the are you
+are you still coding the dialogue system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you still coding the dialogue system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you still coding the dialogue system
+for this game um not so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this game um not so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this game um not so you're saying
+it's bug okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bug okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bug okay
+we're we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we know
+that that's just that was like the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just that was like the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just that was like the big
+the big red flag when Philip and I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big red flag when Philip and I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big red flag when Philip and I were
+talking is that one person doing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking is that one person doing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking is that one person doing two
+important things no no the dialogue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things no no the dialogue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things no no the dialogue is
+split between two oh yeah no not the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split between two oh yeah no not the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split between two oh yeah no not the not
+the creation of the dialogue that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of the dialogue that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of the dialogue that's not
+the thing we're concerned about it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're concerned about it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're concerned about it's the
+creation of the art with that with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the art with that with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the art with that with one
+person and that person also being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and that person also being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and that person also being the
+person in charge of your the back end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in charge of your the back end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in charge of your the back end
+for your dialog I it was a lot work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your dialog I it was a lot work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your dialog I it was a lot work but
+again it's like I was counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's like I was counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's like I was counting the
+dialog from my U instead so it's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the artwork is my like contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the artwork is my like contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the artwork is my like contribution
+for this Pro for class okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Pro for class okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Pro for class okay all right so
+if you if you have enough time during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you have enough time during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you have enough time during
+the day that if that breaks and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that if that breaks and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day that if that breaks and you're
+doing both okay all right we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing both okay all right we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing both okay all right we'll see how
+that goes sck figures it'll be okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes sck figures it'll be okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes sck figures it'll be okay yeah
+oh yeah and from our from our point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah and from our from our point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah and from our from our point of
+view it's fine these people these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it's fine these people these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it's fine these people these people
+are fine well the issue with that is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine well the issue with that is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine well the issue with that is one
+of the main learning things about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main learning things about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main learning things about this
+game is choosing who you're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is choosing who you're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is choosing who you're going to try
+and help and these people do not convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help and these people do not convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help and these people do not convey
+at all absolutely their characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all absolutely their characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all absolutely their characteristics
+which is why we're redoing theart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we're redoing theart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we're redoing theart and
+art and art is one way of doing it U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and art is one way of doing it U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and art is one way of doing it U
+floating dialogue floating boxes another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating dialogue floating boxes another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating dialogue floating boxes another
+way of doing itting boxes are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing itting boxes are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing itting boxes are they
+they're broken or deleted them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're broken or deleted them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're broken or deleted them because
+they we we they were just hard to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we we they were just hard to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we we they were just hard to read
+and like we didn't have them moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like we didn't have them moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like we didn't have them moving with
+the character so like they would stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character so like they would stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character so like they would stay in
+play we could have made them move but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play we could have made them move but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play we could have made them move but we
+just decided it was better to redo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decided it was better to redo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decided it was better to redo the
+art than try and make the little caption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art than try and make the little caption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art than try and make the little caption
+you guys don't think I need to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys don't think I need to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys don't think I need to do the
+art do the art well okay I mean like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art do the art well okay I mean like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art do the art well okay I mean like the
+art is awesome but it's also a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art is awesome but it's also a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art is awesome but it's also a huge
+bottleneck like like like if if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck like like like if if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck like like like if if if you
+fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall
+sick and then a lot of the Reliance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and then a lot of the Reliance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and then a lot of the Reliance on
+your art to be able to convey that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your art to be able to convey that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your art to be able to convey that very
+bit important that that important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit important that that important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit important that that important
+information uh falls through and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh falls through and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh falls through and the
+project fails if you don't fall sick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project fails if you don't fall sick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project fails if you don't fall sick and
+you get all your stuff done your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all your stuff done your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all your stuff done your game
+just looks better and it's awesome yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks better and it's awesome yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks better and it's awesome yeah
+so means we have holders so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so means we have holders so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so means we have holders so like
+we can just use what we've got out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just use what we've got out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just use what we've got out but
+I'm just thinking about you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just thinking about you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just thinking about you know like
+tinting the Sprite or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinting the Sprite or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinting the Sprite or something like
+that you know like just through software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know like just through software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know like just through software
+or something what what else can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something what what else can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something what what else can you do
+that's a little bit like as a backup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit like as a backup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit like as a backup
+heat waves you can um one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat waves you can um one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat waves you can um one thing that
+happens when you get sick is you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you get sick is you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you get sick is you turn
+red so we could tint them red over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red so we could tint them red over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red so we could tint them red over time
+and like have people starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like have people starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like have people starting at
+different levels of red but I think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of red but I think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of red but I think and
+that's actually something we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually something we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually something we might be
+looking into separately because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into separately because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into separately because uh
+something Pablo talked to us about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Pablo talked to us about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Pablo talked to us about was
+wanting to convey that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to convey that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to convey that people are
+getting sicker over time and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sicker over time and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sicker over time and then maybe
+once you see okay somebody's turning red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you see okay somebody's turning red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you see okay somebody's turning red
+or has an exclamation point or some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or has an exclamation point or some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or has an exclamation point or some way
+of conveying that um let's show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conveying that um let's show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conveying that um let's show the
+person that they're sick I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that they're sick I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that they're sick I mean the
+users should need to know but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users should need to know but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users should need to know but that's
+something we're doing is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're doing is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're doing is like a
+secondary thing because we want to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary thing because we want to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary thing because we want to focus
+primarily on making the game better as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily on making the game better as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily on making the game better as a
+whole okay that's cool all right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole okay that's cool all right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole okay that's cool all right yeah
+like and all the things we're saying are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and all the things we're saying are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and all the things we're saying are
+not at all do this it's more it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all do this it's more it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all do this it's more it's more
+think about this we're flagging our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this we're flagging our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this we're flagging our
+concerns rather than telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please all
+right the other thing we had was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other thing we had was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other thing we had was about
+um tutorial and ramping up right uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tutorial and ramping up right uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tutorial and ramping up right uh well
+actually more like ramping up so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more like ramping up so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more like ramping up so right
+now the game is frantic right it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the game is frantic right it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the game is frantic right it feels
+like you have to be everywhere all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to be everywhere all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to be everywhere all at
+all places and that's great for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all places and that's great for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all places and that's great for like
+somebody who knows how to play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who knows how to play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who knows how to play the game
+and not so great for someone who's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not so great for someone who's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not so great for someone who's just
+learning how to play the game so um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to play the game so um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to play the game so um you
+already have this concept of days I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have this concept of days I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have this concept of days I
+don't know if difficulty is ramping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if difficulty is ramping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if difficulty is ramping up
+over days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over days
+actually Curr now not we were planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Curr now not we were planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Curr now not we were planning
+on just like changing the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just like changing the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just like changing the number of
+people that come up every day yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that come up every day yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that come up every day yeah so so
+maybe I mean just stting with L people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I mean just stting with L people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I mean just stting with L people
+yeah just starting with less people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just starting with less people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just starting with less people or
+reducing the rate in which people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the rate in which people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the rate in which people like
+fall over or something like that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall over or something like that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall over or something like that just
+like how do you ease people into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do you ease people into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do you ease people into this
+situation because that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because that depends on
+temperature right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right now
+theer the first couple days we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theer the first couple days we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theer the first couple days we can
+definitely do that yeah you just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do that yeah you just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do that yeah you just make
+you know think about how you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think about how you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think about how you're going to
+rent people in that's definitely better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent people in that's definitely better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent people in that's definitely better
+than going to the expository tutorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than going to the expository tutorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than going to the expository tutorial
+route you know of the I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route you know of the I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route you know of the I'm just going to
+tell you everything that you need know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you everything that you need know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you everything that you need know I
+hope you remember it when you play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you remember it when you play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you remember it when you play the
+game um these people into the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um these people into the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um these people into the experience
+yeah in fact if it's just the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in fact if it's just the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in fact if it's just the case that
+you you have your high risk person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have your high risk person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have your high risk person and
+you've got if you got your your really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got if you got your your really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got if you got your your really
+coolart I can tell how that might to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolart I can tell how that might to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolart I can tell how that might to
+reality and don't need to tell me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and don't need to tell me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and don't need to tell me that
+they're at risk if they're the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at risk if they're the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at risk if they're the ones that
+keep dying like flies I'll be like oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep dying like flies I'll be like oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep dying like flies I'll be like oh my
+gosh that's that's kind of a visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh that's that's kind of a visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh that's that's kind of a visceral
+way to learn to learn that lesson um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to learn to learn that lesson um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to learn to learn that lesson um is
+the game when you guys play the game do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game when you guys play the game do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game when you guys play the game do
+you feel that you are winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel that you are winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel that you are winning
+it no no all right so if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no no all right so if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no no all right so if you don't have
+it really high in your backlog you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really high in your backlog you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really high in your backlog you
+probably should put it there you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should put it there you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should put it there you need to
+do the gameplay balancing first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the gameplay balancing first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the gameplay balancing first first
+thing because you need to play test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because you need to play test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because you need to play test
+that even if you guys are you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you guys are you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you guys are you can use
+yourselves as play testers to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves as play testers to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves as play testers to some
+extent for difficulty but keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent for difficulty but keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent for difficulty but keep in mind
+that if you think the game is hard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you think the game is hard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you think the game is hard the
+game is impossible the game is easy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is impossible the game is easy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is impossible the game is easy the
+game is hard well I think the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is hard well I think the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is hard well I think the game is
+impossible right now um which has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible right now um which has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible right now um which has to do
+I think we have like a bug where too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have like a bug where too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have like a bug where too
+many people show up uh which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people show up uh which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people show up uh which I think is
+something you noticed also just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you noticed also just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you noticed also just like
+they're all on fire all at once I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all on fire all at once I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all on fire all at once I think
+we're definitely we only intend to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're definitely we only intend to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're definitely we only intend to start
+with like four or five people and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like four or five people and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like four or five people and the
+fact that there's like 20 there is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's like 20 there is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's like 20 there is like
+an accident we're fixing that sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident we're fixing that sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident we're fixing that sure you
+could easily have it you know they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily have it you know they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily have it you know they could
+arrive over the course of level whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive over the course of level whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive over the course of level whatever
+if that's but but yeah I would say make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's but but yeah I would say make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's but but yeah I would say make
+sure that that gameplay piece is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that gameplay piece is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that gameplay piece is really
+high definitely game balancing um have y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high definitely game balancing um have y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high definitely game balancing um have y
+all played Diner Dash at all is it free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all played Diner Dash at all is it free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all played Diner Dash at all is it free
+online yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online yeah
+yeah you should be able to find at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you should be able to find at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you should be able to find at least
+a video of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video of it
+uhpp RPP they're basically time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhpp RPP they're basically time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhpp RPP they're basically time
+management games very similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management games very similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management games very similar to this
+one you can um take a look at those just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can um take a look at those just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can um take a look at those just
+to see how they ramp up difficulty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how they ramp up difficulty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how they ramp up difficulty and
+how easy it is when you first start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how easy it is when you first start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how easy it is when you first start
+compared to after about 5 minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to after about 5 minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to after about 5 minutes of
+play and try to think of that it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and try to think of that it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and try to think of that it might
+be as a baseline I had a question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as a baseline I had a question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as a baseline I had a question so
+somewhere it says that we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it says that we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it says that we should have
+explicit end conditions for our game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit end conditions for our game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit end conditions for our game
+that's a explicit end condition you died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a explicit end condition you died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a explicit end condition you died
+loss loss is a end condition yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss loss is a end condition yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss loss is a end condition yeah you
+can well you don't technically ever lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can well you don't technically ever lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can well you don't technically ever lose
+you just lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just lose
+people well so there should be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well so there should be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people well so there should be some
+point where I know that okay I can stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I know that okay I can stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I know that okay I can stop
+trying right now I can try playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying right now I can try playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying right now I can try playing the
+game again um we try to keep it vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game again um we try to keep it vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game again um we try to keep it vague
+because every game is a diff is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every game is a diff is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every game is a diff is going to
+do it differently if it's a you you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it differently if it's a you you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it differently if it's a you you had
+the heat wave lasted four days and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat wave lasted four days and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat wave lasted four days and you
+ended those four days of heat wave or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended those four days of heat wave or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended those four days of heat wave or
+whatever and that heat wave is over then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and that heat wave is over then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and that heat wave is over then
+then you're done we were just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're done we were just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're done we were just going to
+do by people something yeah that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by people something yeah that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by people something yeah that that's
+fine too whatever you need whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine too whatever you need whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine too whatever you need whatever is
+best for the project you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best for the project you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best for the project you could actually
+do both right it's like if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both right it's like if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both right it's like if you if you
+keep this town going for 20 days without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this town going for 20 days without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this town going for 20 days without
+losing X number of people you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing X number of people you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing X number of people you win
+otherwise you lose that's an aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you lose that's an aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you lose that's an aesthetic
+choice I think game is that all games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice I think game is that all games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice I think game is that all games
+have a win condition but classic games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a win condition but classic games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a win condition but classic games
+didn't they had a lose condition only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't they had a lose condition only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't they had a lose condition only
+yeah you could be like a Tetris kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could be like a Tetris kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could be like a Tetris kind of
+thing where you just how long can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you just how long can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you just how long can you
+last but summer doesn't last forever if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last but summer doesn't last forever if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last but summer doesn't last forever if
+somebody goes for like you know 200 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody goes for like you know 200 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody goes for like you know 200 days
+it's probably not a heatwave anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not a heatwave anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not a heatwave anymore
+funny after 90 days you're like summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny after 90 days you're like summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny after 90 days you're like summer
+is over no one's trying a heat wve wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over no one's trying a heat wve wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over no one's trying a heat wve wait
+for the sequel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sequel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sequel
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+winter that's true some parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter that's true some parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter that's true some parts of the
+world actually is Heatwave all year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world actually is Heatwave all year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world actually is Heatwave all year
+round like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round like
+Singapore um cool any other stuff no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore um cool any other stuff no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore um cool any other stuff no
+that's it last thing for me then is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it last thing for me then is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it last thing for me then is um
+product backlog item 20 menu menu user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlog item 20 menu menu user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product backlog item 20 menu menu user
+interface side menu what is that yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface side menu what is that yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface side menu what is that yeah so
+that's not actually well explained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually well explained that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually well explained that
+has to do with ins Sol items which here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with ins Sol items which here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with ins Sol items which here
+but like water station all right cool we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like water station all right cool we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like water station all right cool we
+just we just weren't sure what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we just weren't sure what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we just weren't sure what what you
+were talking about there that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about there that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about there that's enough
+no no the these documents are for you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the these documents are for you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the these documents are for you as
+long as you understand what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you understand what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you understand what's going on
+that's why Philip was saying yes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why Philip was saying yes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why Philip was saying yes we
+didn't understand there's probably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand there's probably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't understand there's probably some
+things in your head that you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your head that you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your head that you understand
+but also in case you didn't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in case you didn't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in case you didn't see that
+then you wanted to go over that yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wanted to go over that yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wanted to go over that yeah all
+right so watch was it red on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so watch was it red on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so watch was it red on there
+because it's high priority no red means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's high priority no red means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's high priority no red means
+it was cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was cut
+yeah awesome no and we like that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah awesome no and we like that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah awesome no and we like that like
+cutting the features and leaving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the features and leaving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the features and leaving them
+there is fine sometimes as a morale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is fine sometimes as a morale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is fine sometimes as a morale
+removing them is also good and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing them is also good and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing them is also good and have a
+party when you do that um but as but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party when you do that um but as but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party when you do that um but as but as
+memory they're they're good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory they're they're good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory they're they're good for
+institutional memory to know hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional memory to know hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional memory to know hey we
+thought about this we cut it later on oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this we cut it later on oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this we cut it later on oh
+assuming you had another couple weeks we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you had another couple weeks we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you had another couple weeks we
+can go back to it almost every project I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back to it almost every project I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back to it almost every project I
+work on I now have a do not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on I now have a do not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on I now have a do not do
+list like this is the thing I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like this is the thing I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like this is the thing I thought
+about I really want to do it and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I really want to do it and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I really want to do it and I'm
+going to write down here so I know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down here so I know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down here so I know I'm
+not going to ever do it so later when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to ever do it so later when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to ever do it so later when I
+think about what about that oh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what about that oh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what about that oh right
+going do it never do that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going do it never do that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going do it never do that because I
+don't have time and so it's really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time and so it's really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time and so it's really I
+think it's even if you don't keep those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's even if you don't keep those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's even if you don't keep those
+on your main to-do list it's it's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your main to-do list it's it's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your main to-do list it's it's cool
+have there for a little bit just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there for a little bit just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there for a little bit just so you
+remember all right we cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all right we cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all right we cut
+that okay thank you and and actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay thank you and and actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay thank you and and actually the
+so the vision statement isn't due until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vision statement isn't due until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vision statement isn't due until
+December 10th okay it's just we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 10th okay it's just we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 10th okay it's just we wanted
+to to give you the chance to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to give you the chance to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to give you the chance to make an
+update now if you could but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update now if you could but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update now if you could but this
+discussion is fulfilling that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is fulfilling that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is fulfilling that so that's
+good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right
+thanks have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks have a great
+holiday all right Drew when you're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday all right Drew when you're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday all right Drew when you're ready
+go ahead and play yes oh excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and play yes oh excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and play yes oh excellent
+there's still some instructions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still some instructions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still some instructions which
+are missing from within the game okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are missing from within the game okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are missing from within the game okay so
+um I'll just explain those now so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll just explain those now so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll just explain those now so the
+goal of the game is to build up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of the game is to build up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of the game is to build up your
+Victory progress to 100% and the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victory progress to 100% and the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victory progress to 100% and the way you
+do that is by setting your toys to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is by setting your toys to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is by setting your toys to build
+or together mhm yeah and you do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or together mhm yeah and you do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or together mhm yeah and you do that by
+clicking so the story is like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking so the story is like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking so the story is like you
+brought your toys to the beach and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought your toys to the beach and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought your toys to the beach and they
+have these sand castles but then um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these sand castles but then um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these sand castles but then um the
+waves like if they cover the sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves like if they cover the sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves like if they cover the sand
+castles the toys will then take damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castles the toys will then take damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castles the toys will then take damage
+um and they can only they can only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they can only they can only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they can only they can only get
+hit by the waves twice they take damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit by the waves twice they take damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit by the waves twice they take damage
+if they start underwater or end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they start underwater or end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they start underwater or end
+underwater and so um in order to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater and so um in order to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater and so um in order to prevent
+your toys from getting uh swept under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toys from getting uh swept under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toys from getting uh swept under
+the waves you can move them by clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves you can move them by clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves you can move them by clicking
+and dragging them to castles okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dragging them to castles okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dragging them to castles okay and
+then they will move one castle at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will move one castle at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will move one castle at a time
+so this gu will move here here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gu will move here here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gu will move here here it's
+pretty much the same as during the play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same as during the play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same as during the play
+test then last that's oh okay okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test then last that's oh okay okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test then last that's oh okay okay and
+then the last things you can do are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last things you can do are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last things you can do are you
+can hover over this to see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hover over this to see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hover over this to see what the
+predictions are and you can H over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions are and you can H over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions are and you can H over the
+castles oh PR are no longer perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castles oh PR are no longer perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castles oh PR are no longer perfect
+excellent I like that I like that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent I like that I like that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent I like that I like that change
+all right cool I'm going to say again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool I'm going to say again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool I'm going to say again
+this toy is immune to water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this toy is immune to water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this toy is immune to water
+damage he does not being Swept Away ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage he does not being Swept Away ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage he does not being Swept Away ah
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+okay so while he's playing um did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so while he's playing um did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so while he's playing um did you
+update your did you have a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update your did you have a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update your did you have a discussion
+about cutting features on me after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cutting features on me after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cutting features on me after
+Monday um as a team yeah did you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday um as a team yeah did you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday um as a team yeah did you cut
+anything um we cut like we cut like kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um we cut like we cut like kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um we cut like we cut like kind
+of any sort of big changes where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any sort of big changes where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any sort of big changes where we
+would like give people special abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like give people special abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like give people special abilities
+or like give any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like give any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like give any sort of
+uh uh give any sort of uh like long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh give any sort of uh like long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh give any sort of uh like long
+tutorial kind of like that okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial kind of like that okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial kind of like that okay so you
+cut cut things you didn't he had started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut cut things you didn't he had started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut cut things you didn't he had started
+yet basically okay anything that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet basically okay anything that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet basically okay anything that if you
+had to cut today like that's fine could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to cut today like that's fine could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to cut today like that's fine could
+you cut anything right now or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cut anything right now or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cut anything right now or do
+everything have to go in the way you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything have to go in the way you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything have to go in the way you've
+thought about the game um so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the game um so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about the game um so what we
+mainly have left is like UI changes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly have left is like UI changes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly have left is like UI changes like
+make this a cloud so it fits into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a cloud so it fits into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a cloud so it fits into the
+theme of our game or like add like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of our game or like add like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of our game or like add like
+arrows to show like where where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows to show like where where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows to show like where where they're
+going to go and how they're going yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go and how they're going yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go and how they're going yeah
+okay and so a lot of that would be uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so a lot of that would be uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so a lot of that would be uh um
+yeah a lot of that is uh necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot of that is uh necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot of that is uh necessary to
+make sure that our game is stand alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that our game is stand alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that our game is stand alone
+but uh I guess like worst case scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I guess like worst case scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I guess like worst case scenario
+we make that a blob text which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make that a blob text which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make that a blob text which would be
+like absolute worst do you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like absolute worst do you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like absolute worst do you already have
+the feature to do bla text um yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature to do bla text um yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature to do bla text um yeah that
+would be it's already in there or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it's already in there or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it's already in there or that
+would be our menu screen okay uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be our menu screen okay uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be our menu screen okay uh which
+we didn't show you but cool okay um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't show you but cool okay um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't show you but cool okay um for
+your vision statement so it's um I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vision statement so it's um I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vision statement so it's um I said
+if you have a new one today we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a new one today we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a new one today we'd like to
+see it if you don't have a new one today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it if you don't have a new one today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it if you don't have a new one today
+make sure you update your vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you update your vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you update your vision
+statement before you turn in the game on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement before you turn in the game on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement before you turn in the game on
+the December 10th okay yeah we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the December 10th okay yeah we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the December 10th okay yeah we do have
+an updated vision statement now oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an updated vision statement now oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an updated vision statement now oh you
+do cool cool then I'll review it um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cool cool then I'll review it um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cool cool then I'll review it um the
+main so I submit it to Stellar though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main so I submit it to Stellar though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main so I submit it to Stellar though
+yeah submit it to Stellar submit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah submit it to Stellar submit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah submit it to Stellar submit it
+under the December 10th one okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the December 10th one okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the December 10th one okay and
+then on December 10th if anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on December 10th if anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on December 10th if anything else
+changes resubmit it on the December 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes resubmit it on the December 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes resubmit it on the December 10th
+one that's the one we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the one we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the one we're going to use
+and judge the game by um the main thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and judge the game by um the main thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and judge the game by um the main thing
+I saw on the one you have now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw on the one you have now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw on the one you have now is that
+just the 30 seconds of game play is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the 30 seconds of game play is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the 30 seconds of game play is
+really really vague so if you changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really vague so if you changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really vague so if you changed
+that for this new one then you then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this new one then you then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this new one then you then you
+did good okay yeah we made it a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did good okay yeah we made it a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did good okay yeah we made it a lot more
+concrete now that we have a more that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete now that we have a more that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete now that we have a more that's
+exactly right um so the biggest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right um so the biggest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right um so the biggest thing
+that Philip and I saw U was about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Philip and I saw U was about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Philip and I saw U was about your
+um based about the representational art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based about the representational art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based about the representational art
+the the quality spent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quality spent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quality spent on the
+representational art compared to normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational art compared to normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational art compared to normal
+Fe other other feedback yeah so so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe other other feedback yeah so so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe other other feedback yeah so so right
+now it is the the graphics that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is the the graphics that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is the the graphics that you have
+in the game look really cute and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game look really cute and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game look really cute and you
+know they're attractive they're luring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're attractive they're luring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're attractive they're luring
+people want and then your UI isn't up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want and then your UI isn't up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want and then your UI isn't up to
+the to the right you have this issue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the right you have this issue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the right you have this issue and
+this happens in a lot of games where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens in a lot of games where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens in a lot of games where the
+quality of one asset of one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of one asset of one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of one asset of one kind of
+asset is showing how far back the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset is showing how far back the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset is showing how far back the rest
+of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+assets um and um this obviously means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets um and um this obviously means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets um and um this obviously means
+that you might be inclined to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might be inclined to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might be inclined to make sure
+that the rest of the stuff looks as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rest of the stuff looks as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rest of the stuff looks as good
+as as what you've got you know things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as what you've got you know things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as what you've got you know things
+like the B gra for instance is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the B gra for instance is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the B gra for instance is probably
+the most important part of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important part of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important part of the entire
+game is the but it is also looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is the but it is also looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is the but it is also looks like
+the least visually polished that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least visually polished that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least visually polished that you've
+got on screen um um and also things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got on screen um um and also things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got on screen um um and also things like
+when you want to instruct your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to instruct your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to instruct your
+characters to move around for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters to move around for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters to move around for instance
+uh you know like you said right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know like you said right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know like you said right now you
+have to explain it but I expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explain it but I expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explain it but I expect to see
+some sort of visual feedback UI feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of visual feedback UI feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of visual feedback UI feedback
+when I have say instructed someone to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have say instructed someone to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have say instructed someone to do
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else and the danger right now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and the danger right now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and the danger right now is that
+your the rest is that your characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the rest is that your characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the rest is that your characters
+and your T castles and your clouds have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your T castles and your clouds have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your T castles and your clouds have
+set the standard of visual quality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the standard of visual quality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the standard of visual quality that
+the rest of your stuff now needs to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your stuff now needs to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your stuff now needs to meet
+yeah which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which
+is pretty tall I mean you clearly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty tall I mean you clearly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty tall I mean you clearly have
+the skills to do it the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skills to do it the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skills to do it the question is
+whether you have the time to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have the time to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have the time to do it and
+that's what I'm worried about because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm worried about because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm worried about because
+you don't just want people I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just want people I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just want people I mean you
+you want people to look at the your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want people to look at the your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want people to look at the your
+characters when they're trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters when they're trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters when they're trying to think
+about whether they're going to play your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether they're going to play your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether they're going to play your
+game when they're playing your game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game when they're playing your game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game when they're playing your game you
+want them looking at that Barra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them looking at that Barra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them looking at that Barra and
+where they're going right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're going right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're going right
+andity so when it comes when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andity so when it comes when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andity so when it comes when it comes to
+a feature like okay here's an Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feature like okay here's an Arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feature like okay here's an Arrow
+showing going from one place to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing going from one place to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing going from one place to another
+do you already have code in place to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you already have code in place to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you already have code in place to do
+that but just you don't have the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but just you don't have the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but just you don't have the art
+asset do you have the art asset but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset do you have the art asset but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset do you have the art asset but not
+the code or do you not have any of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code or do you not have any of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code or do you not have any of it I
+think that was like our actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was like our actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was like our actually like
+highest priority feature to implement by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest priority feature to implement by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest priority feature to implement by
+like the end of Thanksgiving weekend so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the end of Thanksgiving weekend so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the end of Thanksgiving weekend so
+that would be like our number one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be like our number one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be like our number one but
+you're starting from zero and going okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting from zero and going okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting from zero and going okay
+cool don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool don't they
+have they have arrows showing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they have arrows showing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they have arrows showing that they
+are moving but not where they're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving but not where they're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving but not where they're moving
+to and do you have to click twice on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and do you have to click twice on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and do you have to click twice on a
+character is that correct um no no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is that correct um no no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is that correct um no no okay
+it's just to click and hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just to click and hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just to click and hold
+but yeah yeah it's a little difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah yeah it's a little difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah yeah it's a little difficult
+the cancel is is I mean the cancel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancel is is I mean the cancel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancel is is I mean the cancel is
+intu a computer programmer but no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intu a computer programmer but no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intu a computer programmer but no one
+else is there sound uh imp okay and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is there sound uh imp okay and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is there sound uh imp okay and how
+far are you sound is it a potential like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far are you sound is it a potential like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far are you sound is it a potential like
+background music but we were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music but we were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music but we were trying to
+like figure out which one we you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like figure out which one we you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like figure out which one we you want to
+put in well what about sound for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in well what about sound for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in well what about sound for I
+clicked the thing and sound for sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked the thing and sound for sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked the thing and sound for sound
+but we haven't put it in okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't put it in okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't put it in okay all right
+right um my recommendation on that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um my recommendation on that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um my recommendation on that stuff
+is don't worry about picking the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't worry about picking the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't worry about picking the right
+background music Put in stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music Put in stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music Put in stupid
+background music and then you will hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music and then you will hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music and then you will hear
+it and then you'll be motivated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you'll be motivated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you'll be motivated to
+change it but most importantly you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it but most importantly you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it but most importantly you'll
+have proven that your code can support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proven that your code can support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proven that your code can support
+background music and click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music and click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music and click
+simultaneously etc etc right which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously etc etc right which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously etc etc right which it
+can not hard but but just be safe right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can not hard but but just be safe right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can not hard but but just be safe right
+put in placeholder sounds put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in placeholder sounds put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in placeholder sounds put in
+placeholder art for whatever um if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder art for whatever um if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder art for whatever um if it is
+in fact the case that you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the case that you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the case that you end up with
+your you with your your cool cute toys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you with your your cool cute toys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your you with your your cool cute toys
+being more visually exciting than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more visually exciting than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more visually exciting than your
+UI there's another way another cheat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI there's another way another cheat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI there's another way another cheat you
+can do which is to say lower the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do which is to say lower the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do which is to say lower the quality
+of your characters if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your characters if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your characters if you don't have
+time to improve the quality of your UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to improve the quality of your UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to improve the quality of your UI
+just just just pixelize them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just just pixelize them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just just pixelize them um
+obviously improving the quality of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously improving the quality of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously improving the quality of your
+UI is better but again these are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI is better but again these are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI is better but again these are what
+you can you can cope with that but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can cope with that but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can cope with that but yeah
+you do want people to focus on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want people to focus on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want people to focus on the right
+things from a usability standpoint we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from a usability standpoint we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from a usability standpoint we're
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+more we're going to be looking stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we're going to be looking stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we're going to be looking stronger
+at I click a thing it gives me the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I click a thing it gives me the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I click a thing it gives me the sound
+like um an audio Fe feedback that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um an audio Fe feedback that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um an audio Fe feedback that I
+clicked a thing more than there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked a thing more than there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked a thing more than there's
+background music going on um sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music going on um sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music going on um sure that
+background music is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background music is an important
+aesthetic um um element that we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic um um element that we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic um um element that we're also
+going to look at but when when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at but when when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at but when when when
+we're ranking our priorities usability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ranking our priorities usability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ranking our priorities usability
+is higher than aesthetic yeah another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than aesthetic yeah another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than aesthetic yeah another
+thing is right now for usability um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is right now for usability um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is right now for usability um
+there is no hint so we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no hint so we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no hint so we're talking about
+so far about hints that where is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far about hints that where is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far about hints that where is this
+guy going the guy is moving or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy going the guy is moving or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy going the guy is moving or not
+moving whatever but currently there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving whatever but currently there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving whatever but currently there's no
+clue that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue that he's
+clickable except for the instructions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickable except for the instructions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickable except for the instructions so
+you want him to react in some way like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want him to react in some way like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want him to react in some way like
+the easy easy way is to make them bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy easy way is to make them bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy easy way is to make them bigger
+right just scale them right so do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just scale them right so do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just scale them right so do them
+scale up or something when they're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up or something when they're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up or something when they're when
+your mouse is over them or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mouse is over them or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mouse is over them or something
+just give us some some really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give us some some really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give us some some really simple
+clue um doesn't have to be complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue um doesn't have to be complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue um doesn't have to be complicated
+codewise but you definitely need that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codewise but you definitely need that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codewise but you definitely need that c
+clue also the part where this guy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue also the part where this guy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue also the part where this guy if
+he's this Castle is perfectly safe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's this Castle is perfectly safe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's this Castle is perfectly safe it's
+never in danger um is um I saw in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never in danger um is um I saw in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never in danger um is um I saw in your
+backlog we got to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog we got to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog we got to figure out how to
+solve that problem I would make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that problem I would make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that problem I would make that
+pretty high priority actually higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high priority actually higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high priority actually higher
+priority than than any polishing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority than than any polishing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority than than any polishing you're
+doing because your game currently has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because your game currently has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because your game currently has a
+pretty easy strategy of leave a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy strategy of leave a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy strategy of leave a guy
+there and click for 100 turns they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and click for 100 turns they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and click for 100 turns they have
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+sure you may never win but you also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you may never win but you also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you may never win but you also it's
+easy to never lose certainly but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to never lose certainly but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to never lose certainly but maybe
+that's not interesting actually no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not interesting actually no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not interesting actually no this
+guy by himself doing nothing but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy by himself doing nothing but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy by himself doing nothing but but
+building can win the game in 100 turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building can win the game in 100 turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building can win the game in 100 turns
+right so our proposed solution to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so our proposed solution to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so our proposed solution to that
+is after you lose two guys or one guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after you lose two guys or one guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after you lose two guys or one guy
+you okay cool that's not very diff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay cool that's not very diff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay cool that's not very diff the
+impl we have sure all right cool um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impl we have sure all right cool um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impl we have sure all right cool um but
+I would try to make that sooner CU your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would try to make that sooner CU your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would try to make that sooner CU your
+game is not make sure anything that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is not make sure anything that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is not make sure anything that your
+game is not done like I feel like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is not done like I feel like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is not done like I feel like that
+is not done right if the game if with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not done right if the game if with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not done right if the game if with
+that flaw um and as you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flaw um and as you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flaw um and as you actually
+mentioned in your backlog that this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in your backlog that this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in your backlog that this may
+add new tasks and bugs cuz it will right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add new tasks and bugs cuz it will right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add new tasks and bugs cuz it will right
+um so make sure that that's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so make sure that that's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so make sure that that's relatively
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+priority um I would say that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority um I would say that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority um I would say that then you
+have to test all of that on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to test all of that on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to test all of that on people
+because you you know you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you know you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you know you're going to
+have a different kind of bar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different kind of bar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different kind of bar right
+that's that's what I'm getting from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what I'm getting from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what I'm getting from what
+you're describing you're going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing you're going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing you're going to you
+know maybe rearrange the way how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe rearrange the way how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe rearrange the way how your
+fonts and your and your progress bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts and your and your progress bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonts and your and your progress bars
+and stuff here and all that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff here and all that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff here and all that's going to
+be understood differently by by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood differently by by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood differently by by by
+people who've never seen your game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who've never seen your game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who've never seen your game and
+you need to get that information for Tak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get that information for Tak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get that information for Tak
+time yeah oddly one thing that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah oddly one thing that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yeah oddly one thing that that the
+in some sense the poor bar graph tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the poor bar graph tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the poor bar graph tells
+me is that right now I know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is that right now I know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is that right now I know this is a
+bar graph it's probably giving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar graph it's probably giving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar graph it's probably giving me
+information so I should to figure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so I should to figure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so I should to figure what
+that information is as soon as you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is as soon as you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is as soon as you turn
+this into something that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into something that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into something that looks like a
+cloud or something I might stop knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud or something I might stop knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud or something I might stop knowing
+that it's information oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's information oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's information oh that's
+interesting right so right now I see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right so right now I see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right so right now I see it
+I think to myself what does it do that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think to myself what does it do that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think to myself what does it do that's
+something you can really quick paper ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can really quick paper ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can really quick paper ver
+type and get in front of people who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and get in front of people who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and get in front of people who've
+never seen this before in fact you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen this before in fact you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen this before in fact you could
+take a screenshot of this if you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a screenshot of this if you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a screenshot of this if you need to
+stick into Photoshop put your thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick into Photoshop put your thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick into Photoshop put your thing on
+there what does this mean random person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what does this mean random person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what does this mean random person
+on the street I've never met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street I've never met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street I've never met
+before M that you might over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before M that you might over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before M that you might over
+Thanksgiving for example um so but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving for example um so but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving for example um so but but
+yeah you don't need to put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you don't need to put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you don't need to put it in the
+game to test it so yeah there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to test it so yeah there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to test it so yeah there's a lot of
+different ways you can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can get that
+barograph to look like it's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barograph to look like it's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barograph to look like it's part of the
+scene while making it look like a bcra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene while making it look like a bcra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene while making it look like a bcra
+it doesn't necessarily need to be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily need to be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily need to be made
+out of clouds it could be in a cloud it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of clouds it could be in a cloud it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of clouds it could be in a cloud it
+could be projected while on a cloud out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be projected while on a cloud out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be projected while on a cloud out
+it could be um yeah yeah all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be um yeah yeah all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be um yeah yeah all right
+moving on first things first um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on first things first um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on first things first um on
+Monday I mentioned um look at a try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I mentioned um look at a try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday I mentioned um look at a try to
+do an updated vision statement again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an updated vision statement again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an updated vision statement again
+it's due December 10th if you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's due December 10th if you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's due December 10th if you have one
+now and it's in Stellar now awesome um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's in Stellar now awesome um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and it's in Stellar now awesome um
+yeah we did not submit it okay we have't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we did not submit it okay we have't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we did not submit it okay we have't
+submitted it but we did just rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted it but we did just rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted it but we did just rewrite it
+okay cool then submit that to Stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool then submit that to Stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool then submit that to Stellar
+under the December 10th um final final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the December 10th um final final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the December 10th um final final
+one and then resubmit it again res again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then resubmit it again res again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then resubmit it again res again
+changes sure okay the big thing what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes sure okay the big thing what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes sure okay the big thing what do
+you want risks to have like by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want risks to have like by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want risks to have like by the end
+their risks are kind of meaningless by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their risks are kind of meaningless by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their risks are kind of meaningless by
+December 10th risks are too late yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 10th risks are too late yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 10th risks are too late yeah
+but yeah so just keep the risks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so just keep the risks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so just keep the risks you
+originally had um okay if we updated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally had um okay if we updated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally had um okay if we updated the
+risks right now because like pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks right now because like pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks right now because like pretty much
+every risk we had before didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every risk we had before didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every risk we had before didn't make
+sense that's perfect the thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that's perfect the thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that's perfect the thing I'm
+really looking at is 30 seconds of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at is 30 seconds of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at is 30 seconds of G
+play completely changed cool cuz that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play completely changed cool cuz that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play completely changed cool cuz that's
+the thing we're judging your game on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're judging your game on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're judging your game on if
+your game is not does not look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is not does not look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is not does not look like the
+30 second gam playay it's a huge red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 second gam playay it's a huge red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 second gam playay it's a huge red
+flag for us yes uh actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag for us yes uh actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag for us yes uh actually they
+probably are still risks on December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are still risks on December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are still risks on December
+10th that it would't be implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th that it would't be implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th that it would't be implementation
+risks it wouldn't be like can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks it wouldn't be like can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks it wouldn't be like can we
+Implement something it'll be more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement something it'll be more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement something it'll be more of the
+what happens when real people try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when real people try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when real people try to use
+this thing yeah right so you can I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing yeah right so you can I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing yeah right so you can I think
+that risk is December 8th Poss yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk is December 8th Poss yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk is December 8th Poss yeah
+so well I mean cuz we're testing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I mean cuz we're testing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well I mean cuz we're testing with
+100 players yeah yeah but it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 players yeah yeah but it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 players yeah yeah but it might be
+what what happens when the next players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens when the next players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens when the next players
+come along sure sure what happens long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along sure sure what happens long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along sure sure what happens long
+yeah there's like real There's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's like real There's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's like real There's real
+deployment sure um for your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment sure um for your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment sure um for your product
+backlog and task list are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog and task list are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog and task list are these
+prioritized when you look at them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritized when you look at them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritized when you look at them um
+like you're using a right yeah do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're using a right yeah do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're using a right yeah do you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+priority we did not do a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority we did not do a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority we did not do a good
+job small medium large on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job small medium large on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job small medium large on some
+tasks size that's size that's size but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks size that's size that's size but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks size that's size that's size but
+you don't necessarily have so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily have so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily have so I think
+they they should be theoretically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they should be theoretically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they should be theoretically they
+should be ordered by priority okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be ordered by priority okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be ordered by priority okay yeah
+that would because it looks because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would because it looks because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would because it looks because it
+doesn't look like they're ordered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like they're ordered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like they're ordered by
+name something else I don't know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name something else I don't know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name something else I don't know we
+couldn't tell how you how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell how you how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell how you how you're
+organizing it so hopefully you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing it so hopefully you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing it so hopefully you are
+thinking about that as you were moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that as you were moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that as you were moving
+closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer
+and have to choose I'm going to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to choose I'm going to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to choose I'm going to work on
+this right now make yeah I think now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now make yeah I think now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right now make yeah I think now
+that will be more important how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be more important how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be more important how are you
+are you doing work over the weekend over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing work over the weekend over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing work over the weekend over
+the break I probably will do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break I probably will do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break I probably will do a little
+bit but mostly other wayse go yeah no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but mostly other wayse go yeah no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but mostly other wayse go yeah no we
+we proba you don't like don't plan on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proba you don't like don't plan on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proba you don't like don't plan on on
+having that's bonus work right but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that's bonus work right but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that's bonus work right but if
+you are working individually elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are working individually elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are working individually elsewhere
+and you're not able to talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not able to talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not able to talk to each
+other how do you know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other how do you know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other how do you know what you're
+working on that's the that's the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that's the that's the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that's the that's the big
+thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+one of the uh the big things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the uh the big things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the uh the big things that we're
+noticing on your uh list of things a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing on your uh list of things a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing on your uh list of things a lot
+of them are mostly server and game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are mostly server and game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are mostly server and game
+system based uh probably also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system based uh probably also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system based uh probably also because
+you've been getting a lot of feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been getting a lot of feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been getting a lot of feedback
+from Pablo and people who've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Pablo and people who've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Pablo and people who've been
+running this game in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this game in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this game in front of the
+audience you're not getting a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience you're not getting a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience you're not getting a whole lot
+of feedback from the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of feedback from the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of feedback from the people who are
+actually playing it on the yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually playing it on the yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually playing it on the yes that's
+true so um the thing I'm really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so um the thing I'm really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so um the thing I'm really really
+worried about is that the client side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about is that the client side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about is that the client side
+user interface doesn't look like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface doesn't look like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface doesn't look like it's
+actually changed all that much I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changed all that much I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changed all that much I'm sure
+the technology has but the actual user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology has but the actual user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology has but the actual user
+experience so uh I am worried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so uh I am worried that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so uh I am worried that
+uh that you're not actually getting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you're not actually getting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you're not actually getting in
+useful usability information and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful usability information and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful usability information and then
+iterating client experience y um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating client experience y um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating client experience y um and so
+you mentioned in the presentation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned in the presentation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned in the presentation you
+were dropping phaser are you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dropping phaser are you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dropping phaser are you in the
+process of dropping have you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of dropping have you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of dropping have you started
+done with that so you're no longer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with that so you're no longer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with that so you're no longer in
+phaser you've got something else it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser you've got something else it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser you've got something else it's
+buggy but you got it's a little bugy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buggy but you got it's a little bugy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buggy but you got it's a little bugy but
+it's almost as good as we had before cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as good as we had before cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as good as we had before cuz
+we were going to ask do you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to ask do you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to ask do you really need
+to drop phaser so you're already done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop phaser so you're already done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop phaser so you're already done so
+why about asking yeah um what else oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why about asking yeah um what else oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why about asking yeah um what else oh
+and you know give some give some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know give some give some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know give some give some time
+looking at your scoring mechanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your scoring mechanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your scoring mechanism and
+you kind of handwaved through it during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of handwaved through it during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of handwaved through it during
+the presentation as we've got here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation as we've got here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation as we've got here's a
+couple different ways we can do scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different ways we can do scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different ways we can do scoring
+are you are you thinking about scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you are you thinking about scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you are you thinking about scoring
+as a team or are you relying on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a team or are you relying on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a team or are you relying on the
+client to come up with that with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client to come up with that with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client to come up with that with that um
+so I'm actually not sure why our scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm actually not sure why our scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm actually not sure why our scoring
+works the way it does because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the way it does because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the way it does because it's
+harder to implement and very doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to implement and very doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to implement and very doesn't
+make sense um like there's a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense um like there's a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense um like there's a specific
+function that makes sure that you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that makes sure that you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that makes sure that you only
+get one point and you might as well get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one point and you might as well get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one point and you might as well get
+more than one point um I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one point um I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one point um I think that's
+just something that has been low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that has been low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something that has been low
+priority and hasn't been fixed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and hasn't been fixed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and hasn't been fixed um
+especially because nobody actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because nobody actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because nobody actually
+understands how they're getting points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands how they're getting points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands how they're getting points
+and they only ask at the end of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they only ask at the end of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they only ask at the end of the game
+wait a minute how did I get points yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute how did I get points yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute how did I get points yeah
+yeah um you might I mean two ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um you might I mean two ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um you might I mean two ways that
+you can resolve that is you play test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can resolve that is you play test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can resolve that is you play test it
+and then you ask people how they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you ask people how they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you ask people how they think
+that they should be getting points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should be getting points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should be getting points and
+the other way is you just ask you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way is you just ask you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way is you just ask you know
+and let him make the decision for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let him make the decision for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let him make the decision for you
+third way if you're with family members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third way if you're with family members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third way if you're with family members
+you can play the regular the analog game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play the regular the analog game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play the regular the analog game
+come up with a scoring mechanism just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a scoring mechanism just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a scoring mechanism just do
+it you don't need to be programming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't need to be programming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you don't need to be programming to
+do it you can probably do it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you can probably do it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it you can probably do it really
+quickly my my guess is that a cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly my my guess is that a cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly my my guess is that a cumulative
+scoring system will give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring system will give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring system will give you more
+differentiation between players whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation between players whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation between players whereas
+uh the one point for every you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one point for every you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one point for every you know for
+everybody kind kind of situation a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody kind kind of situation a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody kind kind of situation a lot
+of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get uh are these um looks like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh are these um looks like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh are these um looks like you have
+actually three backlogs is that true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three backlogs is that true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three backlogs is that true
+this is backlog and these are task lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is backlog and these are task lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is backlog and these are task lists
+oh I see I see I see I see I see same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see I see I see I see I see same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see I see I see I see I see same
+system but yeah okay so does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but yeah okay so does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but yeah okay so does that mean
+it's repeated I've got this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's repeated I've got this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's repeated I've got this is the
+backlog and these are task lists of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog and these are task lists of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog and these are task lists of the
+same thing I know there was I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I know there was I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I know there was I think
+repated in both places do you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repated in both places do you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repated in both places do you have one
+list so you should have somewhere one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so you should have somewhere one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so you should have somewhere one
+list that lists everything you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that lists everything you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that lists everything you need to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+prioritized so that way one of you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritized so that way one of you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritized so that way one of you don't
+have something exactly like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something exactly like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something exactly like that the
+reason why you want that is so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you want that is so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you want that is so if I'm
+working on the back end and I've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the back end and I've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the back end and I've gotten
+to all my priority 2 stuff done I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all my priority 2 stuff done I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all my priority 2 stuff done I'm
+working priority 3 stuff but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working priority 3 stuff but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working priority 3 stuff but on the
+front end there's only Priority One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end there's only Priority One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end there's only Priority One
+there's a whole bunch of priority One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole bunch of priority One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole bunch of priority One
+bugs I need to switch to the front end I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs I need to switch to the front end I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs I need to switch to the front end I
+see okay so far I don't think anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so far I don't think anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so far I don't think anybody
+has only Shalom has switched like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only Shalom has switched like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only Shalom has switched like now
+part of that there's a learning curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that there's a learning curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that there's a learning curve
+problem for doing that but if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for doing that but if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for doing that but if you get
+that far out of whack you really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far out of whack you really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far out of whack you really need to
+be be ready or be aware of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be ready or be aware of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be ready or be aware of the fact that
+that that might happen I see yeah um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might happen I see yeah um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might happen I see yeah um so
+it also doesn't know good to implement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also doesn't know good to implement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also doesn't know good to implement a
+feature on the back end that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature on the back end that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature on the back end that's not
+implemented on the front end and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented on the front end and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented on the front end and vice
+versa really from for some features the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa really from for some features the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa really from for some features the
+features that pair at least right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that pair at least right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that pair at least right so
+there got to be really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there got to be really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there got to be really close
+communication and and one way to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and and one way to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and and one way to handle
+that is to have a unified list bugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to have a unified list bugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to have a unified list bugs and
+features intermingled sometimes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features intermingled sometimes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features intermingled sometimes right
+what's the most important thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most important thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most important thing to do
+next and I would be a little bit worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and I would be a little bit worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and I would be a little bit worried
+if this is your entire organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is your entire organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is your entire organization
+system um um about stuff falling through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um um about stuff falling through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um um about stuff falling through
+the cracks pretty easily especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cracks pretty easily especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cracks pretty easily especially
+since you're dividing your team up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you're dividing your team up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you're dividing your team up into
+subgroups to sort of handle frontend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups to sort of handle frontend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgroups to sort of handle frontend
+backend problems it means that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend problems it means that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend problems it means that there's a
+it's not a communication barrier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a communication barrier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a communication barrier but
+there's no Highway of communication like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Highway of communication like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Highway of communication like
+you know since you are separated out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since you are separated out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since you are separated out you
+will tend to forget to inform the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tend to forget to inform the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tend to forget to inform the other
+side of what's going on um so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of what's going on um so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of what's going on um so and the
+one list also helps with that um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one list also helps with that um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one list also helps with that um and
+also let see did I see here you're are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also let see did I see here you're are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also let see did I see here you're are
+you adding word lists is that make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adding word lists is that make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adding word lists is that make that
+up now I just saw cloud words they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now I just saw cloud words they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now I just saw cloud words they have
+word CL on the back end now yeah not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word CL on the back end now yeah not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word CL on the back end now yeah not for
+players I see back that's been that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players I see back that's been that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players I see back that's been that's
+been around got so the back I see I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around got so the back I see I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around got so the back I see I see
+I see okay so then um for so are you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see okay so then um for so are you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see okay so then um for so are you for
+example not bothering to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example not bothering to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example not bothering to have the
+feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+for collusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for collusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for collusion or
+cheating no okay yeah I think um yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating no okay yeah I think um yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating no okay yeah I think um yeah we
+have no anti-cheating all right cool you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no anti-cheating all right cool you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no anti-cheating all right cool you
+probably should mention that explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should mention that explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should mention that explicitly
+somewhere I'm not sure where that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I'm not sure where that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I'm not sure where that goes
+though yeah an anti-as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though yeah an anti-as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though yeah an anti-as
+and to the client for example you'd want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the client for example you'd want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the client for example you'd want
+to make sure the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the client
+knows this is the thing we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows this is the thing we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows this is the thing we're not doing
+and you probably don't care because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you probably don't care because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you probably don't care because of
+your use case but we should mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your use case but we should mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your use case but we should mention it
+in case you go no wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you go no wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you go no wait a
+minute um your final presentation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute um your final presentation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute um your final presentation is a
+great place for that as a here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great place for that as a here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great place for that as a here's
+something we thought about and didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we thought about and didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we thought about and didn't do
+because of that's yeah although if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that's yeah although if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that's yeah although if you
+if you do have any any any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do have any any any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do have any any any any
+conversation with the client mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with the client mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with the client mention
+that because if you if they they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because if you if they they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because if you if they they're like
+that's crazy you want to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's crazy you want to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's crazy you want to know that
+before the final presentation yeah not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the final presentation yeah not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the final presentation yeah not
+that you might you might not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might you might not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might you might not be able to
+do anything about it with the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything about it with the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything about it with the time
+you've got but it'd be good to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got but it'd be good to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got but it'd be good to be aware
+if May there is an easy solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if May there is an easy solution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if May there is an easy solution the
+client can come up with or whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client can come up with or whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client can come up with or whatever that
+you haven't that because maybe full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't that because maybe full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't that because maybe full
+cheating stopping is not necessary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating stopping is not necessary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating stopping is not necessary but
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+minor things are I mean I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor things are I mean I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor things are I mean I think that the
+way they run it if you cheated it' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they run it if you cheated it' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they run it if you cheated it' be
+obvious first of all right like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious first of all right like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious first of all right like they're
+going to show the so like okay yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show the so like okay yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show the so like okay yeah what
+you who put cat and dog in here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who put cat and dog in here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who put cat and dog in here that's
+ridiculous okay sure okay cool that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous okay sure okay cool that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous okay sure okay cool that that
+may well be enough right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may well be enough right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may well be enough right there
+all right and also they want us to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and also they want us to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and also they want us to focus
+on pretty serious players right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pretty serious players right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pretty serious players right so so
+who aren't going to be cheting going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who aren't going to be cheting going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who aren't going to be cheting going all
+right cool that's a nice advantage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cool that's a nice advantage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cool that's a nice advantage and
+that's a thing to include in your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a thing to include in your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a thing to include in your in
+your target if you mention your target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your target if you mention your target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your target if you mention your target
+audience is in fact people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is in fact people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is in fact people who are
+who've already drunk the Kool-Aid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've already drunk the Kool-Aid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've already drunk the Kool-Aid
+they're already on your team right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already on your team right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already on your team right
+they're they're they're not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're not trying to
+it's not whack people on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not whack people on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not whack people on the internet
+who are going to do whatever they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to do whatever they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to do whatever they want
+that's that's an important players it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's an important players it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's an important players it's
+notal players sure that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notal players sure that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notal players sure that's that's an
+important thing to mention in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to mention in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to mention in your
+vision statement actually if if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision statement actually if if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision statement actually if if it's not
+in there already that I I haven't I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there already that I I haven't I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there already that I I haven't I'm
+I'm behind on that but yeah but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm behind on that but yeah but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm behind on that but yeah but one
+other thing is given that your game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is given that your game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is given that your game is
+designed to work both on phone and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to work both on phone and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to work both on phone and on
+laptop uh oh on PC you do want to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop uh oh on PC you do want to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop uh oh on PC you do want to set up
+multiple test sessions so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple test sessions so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple test sessions so that you can
+test your user interface on both CS um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your user interface on both CS um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your user interface on both CS um
+maybe you're testing them simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're testing them simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're testing them simultaneously
+but then you have to make sure that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have to make sure that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have to make sure that when
+you're getting your usability feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting your usability feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting your usability feedback
+you are getting some usil the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are getting some usil the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are getting some usil the phone
+users or something because it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users or something because it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users or something because it's very
+different uh different so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh different so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh different so I think that's
+sort of a weird feature where as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a weird feature where as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a weird feature where as far as
+the class is concerned I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is concerned I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is concerned I don't think we
+care about the mobile interface okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the mobile interface okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the mobile interface okay all
+right like that's not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that's not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that's not something that
+we're promising oh good good was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're promising oh good good was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're promising oh good good was that
+wasn't clear on the priority um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear on the priority um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear on the priority um on the
+other hand it seems easy enough and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand it seems easy enough and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand it seems easy enough and the
+client really wants it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client really wants it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client really wants it
+okay you might want to do the will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might want to do the will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might want to do the will get
+we we we guarantee that the PC site will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we guarantee that the PC site will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we guarantee that the PC site will
+work and if you want do to do the mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and if you want do to do the mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and if you want do to do the mobile
+site maybe pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site maybe pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site maybe pay
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+us here's Z .9 B you get 1.0 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us here's Z .9 B you get 1.0 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us here's Z .9 B you get 1.0 with
+Theos I mean seriously this is real work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theos I mean seriously this is real work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theos I mean seriously this is real work
+that you're doing for that that real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing for that that real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing for that that real
+people get paid to do you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get paid to do you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get paid to do you know and and
+for the sake of this class we want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of this class we want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of this class we want you
+to turn in a polished product and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn in a polished product and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn in a polished product and we
+never ask you to Target Two platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ask you to Target Two platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ask you to Target Two platforms
+the client does obviously but then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client does obviously but then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client does obviously but then it's
+also reasonable to tell the client first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reasonable to tell the client first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reasonable to tell the client first
+priority be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority be the
+class yeah he's I think he's very he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yeah he's I think he's very he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yeah he's I think he's very he's
+been very good about mentioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very good about mentioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very good about mentioning that
+every time he wants us to do well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time he wants us to do well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time he wants us to do well in the
+class not sure sure make well and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class not sure sure make well and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class not sure sure make well and that's
+another place where your prioritization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where your prioritization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where your prioritization
+can help a lot right you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help a lot right you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help a lot right you want to make
+sure that that the web interface on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that the web interface on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that the web interface on a
+thing with a keyboard is the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a keyboard is the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a keyboard is the one that's
+highest priority and if you have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest priority and if you have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest priority and if you have time
+then you make the mobile one work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make the mobile one work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make the mobile one work I
+you're going to already have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to already have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to already have a problem
+with your poor mobile people in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your poor mobile people in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your poor mobile people in their
+phones are typing really slowly compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones are typing really slowly compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones are typing really slowly compared
+to people on the computers yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people on the computers yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people on the computers yeah this is
+something we talked about fairness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we talked about fairness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we talked about fairness that
+sort of not dropped it's very hard to oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not dropped it's very hard to oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not dropped it's very hard to oh
+yeah you can't compensate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can't compensate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can't compensate for the
+fairness but it's a thing to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness but it's a thing to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness but it's a thing to be aware of
+obviously yeah all right yeah so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously yeah all right yeah so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously yeah all right yeah so I have
+a question about deployment how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about deployment how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question about deployment how long
+after the course will the game have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the course will the game have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the course will the game have to
+be up um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be up um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be up um at
+least the through January through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the through January through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the through January through
+through through the whole of January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the whole of January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the whole of January
+yeah through the whole January possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah through the whole January possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah through the whole January possible
+if you can't do that let us know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't do that let us know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't do that let us know and
+come up we'll come up with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up we'll come up with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up we'll come up with a different
+solution grading is really is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution grading is really is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution grading is really is really
+soon like we're going to do grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon like we're going to do grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon like we're going to do grading
+grading before then well before if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading before then well before if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading before then well before if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a um if you have a a way to deploy it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um if you have a a way to deploy it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um if you have a a way to deploy it to
+a different platform different server if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different platform different server if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different platform different server if
+that's what that is what is necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that is what is necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that is what is necessary
+then we we'll think about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we'll think about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we'll think about that but
+that's the other thing to we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other thing to we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other thing to we're going to
+have a conversation with with Pablo at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conversation with with Pablo at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conversation with with Pablo at
+the end at the end of the class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end at the end of the class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end at the end of the class to
+figure out ocw like to figure out also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out ocw like to figure out also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out ocw like to figure out also
+want to actually right not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually right not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually right not that
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+hard so ours is a little bit more tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so ours is a little bit more tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so ours is a little bit more tricky
+yours is more tricky find a solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours is more tricky find a solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours is more tricky find a solution for
+that yeah um if you if we can talk this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah um if you if we can talk this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah um if you if we can talk this
+is something we can talk about after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we can talk about after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we can talk about after
+class is something we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is something we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is something we can talk about
+during class that after January 1st it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during class that after January 1st it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during class that after January 1st it's
+not going to be part of the grade cu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be part of the grade cu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be part of the grade cu the
+already done by December 15th yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done by December 15th yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done by December 15th yeah but
+but for ocw captur you'd like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for ocw captur you'd like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for ocw captur you'd like to have
+something there what does it run on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there what does it run on now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there what does it run on now
+it's a node server a node server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a node server a node server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a node server a node server
+actually it's two node servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's two node servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's two node servers
+unfortunately one for the back end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately one for the back end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately one for the back end and
+then actually the front end is HTML now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually the front end is HTML now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually the front end is HTML now
+so maybe we can talk to to Red Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we can talk to to Red Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we can talk to to Red Cross
+question about finding money to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about finding money to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about finding money to pay for
+the servers basically yeah and and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the servers basically yeah and and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the servers basically yeah and and maybe
+even money for one of us student workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even money for one of us student workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even money for one of us student workers
+and been help so that's something to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and been help so that's something to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and been help so that's something to put
+in the revision statement too is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the revision statement too is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the revision statement too is like a
+or as a release note or something some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as a release note or something some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as a release note or something some
+the same place the caveats go for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place the caveats go for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place the caveats go for the
+risk section yeah actually risk is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk section yeah actually risk is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk section yeah actually risk is a
+good place that's close we've got for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place that's close we've got for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place that's close we've got for
+that risks cheating risks server goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risks cheating risks server goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risks cheating risks server goes
+down all right we take it to much your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all right we take it to much your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all right we take it to much your
+time thank you have a good holiday very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thank you have a good holiday very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thank you have a good holiday very
+much so looking at your project the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so looking at your project the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so looking at your project the
+biggest thing we found was can you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest thing we found was can you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest thing we found was can you cut
+one of your mini games is that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your mini games is that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your mini games is that even
+possible so yeah we already C game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so yeah we already C game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so yeah we already C game so
+how long you're at three so you cut one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long you're at three so you cut one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long you're at three so you cut one
+down to three yeah do you need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to three yeah do you need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to three yeah do you need three
+does three is like three the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does three is like three the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does three is like three the magic
+number that just says everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that just says everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that just says everything's
+wrapped up together or if one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped up together or if one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped up together or if one of those
+fell away and you polished two is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell away and you polished two is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell away and you polished two is that
+good enough I think two would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough I think two would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough I think two would like
+significantly change how like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly change how like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly change how like the the
+game fundamentals or just like in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game fundamentals or just like in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game fundamentals or just like in terms
+like it's like kind of a puzzle so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like kind of a puzzle so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like kind of a puzzle so it's
+like if you only had two Clues versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you only had two Clues versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you only had two Clues versus
+three CL it you said like more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three CL it you said like more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three CL it you said like more of a
+puzzle element also the fact that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle element also the fact that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle element also the fact that each
+game covers like we cut down one game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game covers like we cut down one game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game covers like we cut down one game
+that sort and combined it so to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort and combined it so to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort and combined it so to minimize
+to still try to cover everything we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still try to cover everything we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to still try to cover everything we want
+to teach yeah we'd have to find ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach yeah we'd have to find ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach yeah we'd have to find ways to
+teach the what was in the Min game we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach the what was in the Min game we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach the what was in the Min game we
+got in other like dialog or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in other like dialog or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in other like dialog or
+something sure so cutting a mini game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sure so cutting a mini game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sure so cutting a mini game
+would in fact mean a lot of work yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in fact mean a lot of work yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would in fact mean a lot of work yeah
+great that's that's a perfect excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's that's a perfect excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's that's a perfect excellent
+answer um otherwise we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um otherwise we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um otherwise we're looking
+through your product backlog um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your product backlog um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your product backlog um your
+prioritization look looked really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritization look looked really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritization look looked really good
+to me and Philip um um so I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and Philip um um so I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and Philip um um so I think you're
+and do you feel like you're you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you feel like you're you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you feel like you're you're in
+control of the information that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the information that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the information that you have
+right now of where you are in your on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now of where you are in your on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now of where you are in your on
+your team where you are on your I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team where you are on your I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team where you are on your I think
+our team like since the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our team like since the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our team like since the way we
+structured it it's like everything has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured it it's like everything has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured it it's like everything has
+to like come together but like coming it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like come together but like coming it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like come together but like coming it
+together will not take as long as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together will not take as long as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together will not take as long as like
+it would originally cuz like we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would originally cuz like we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would originally cuz like we kind of
+all divided up tasks like everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all divided up tasks like everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all divided up tasks like everyone's
+working on the same kind of tasks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the same kind of tasks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the same kind of tasks like
+for the same thing but like we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same thing but like we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same thing but like we just have
+to put it all together that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it all together that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it all together that makes sense
+yeah so it's very modular like since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's very modular like since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's very modular like since we
+have three mini games and have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three mini games and have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three mini games and have like
+someone who work on a main scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who work on a main scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who work on a main scene and
+then we have scene so like you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have scene so like you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have scene so like you just have
+to like pieces together okay cool can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like pieces together okay cool can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like pieces together okay cool can
+you pull up the vision statement really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull up the vision statement really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull up the vision statement really
+quick so um on Monday I mentioned talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick so um on Monday I mentioned talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick so um on Monday I mentioned talk
+about the vision statement change it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vision statement change it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vision statement change it if
+you need to on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to on
+yours um it looked pretty good um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours um it looked pretty good um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours um it looked pretty good um I
+really like I really like the narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like I really like the narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like I really like the narrative
+aspect of the 30 seconds of gameplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the 30 seconds of gameplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the 30 seconds of gameplay
+does your game still feel like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your game still feel like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your game still feel like there's a
+narrative to to it though like is it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative to to it though like is it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative to to it though like is it as
+strong in that game so I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong in that game so I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong in that game so I think um
+it's probably not as strong as it wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not as strong as it wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not as strong as it wanted
+to be right now but that's only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be right now but that's only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be right now but that's only because
+the dialogue hasn't been written I me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue hasn't been written I me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue hasn't been written I me
+been drafted yeah we're like we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been drafted yeah we're like we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been drafted yeah we're like we're going
+to like revising okay cool um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like revising okay cool um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like revising okay cool um it's not
+due till December 10th for reels so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due till December 10th for reels so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due till December 10th for reels so um
+we just that was an exercise just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just that was an exercise just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just that was an exercise just to
+make sure that you do it now rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you do it now rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you do it now rather than
+waiting to the last minute um so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to the last minute um so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to the last minute um so when
+you when you once you have a finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you once you have a finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you once you have a finished
+version in um turn it in on Stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version in um turn it in on Stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version in um turn it in on Stellar
+under the December 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the December 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the December 10th
+deadline um and then and you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline um and then and you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline um and then and you know really
+make sure that the the 30 seconds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the the 30 seconds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the the 30 seconds of
+game play are are more representative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game play are are more representative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game play are are more representative of
+what the game really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the game really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the game really
+is um are you having problems with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um are you having problems with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um are you having problems with the
+title are you having problems with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title are you having problems with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title are you having problems with the
+title I would say so yeah is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title I would say so yeah is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title I would say so yeah is the problem
+too many ideas or too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many ideas or too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many ideas or too
+few okay that's actually the easier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few okay that's actually the easier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few okay that's actually the easier one
+to deal with I think because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with I think because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with I think because when you
+resolve it no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mad um what are your like what are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad um what are your like what are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad um what are your like what are your
+strategies for that we haven't we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for that we haven't we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for that we haven't we've
+been ignoring it you've been ignoring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been ignoring it you've been ignoring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been ignoring it you've been ignoring it
+okay that's that's actually a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's actually a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's actually a that's a
+Fine Place to be cuz relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fine Place to be cuz relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fine Place to be cuz relatively easy to
+brainstorm it but if you tried that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorm it but if you tried that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorm it but if you tried that and
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+work cuz yeah a title does even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work cuz yeah a title does even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work cuz yeah a title does even if it
+happens last minute it's another art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens last minute it's another art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens last minute it's another art
+asset to create another thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset to create another thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset to create another thing to
+integrate um we've been thinking like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate um we've been thinking like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate um we've been thinking like as
+we we'll just get a name for the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'll just get a name for the village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'll just get a name for the village
+and it would be like saving V vage name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be like saving V vage name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be like saving V vage name
+beautiful sure yeah that sounds easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful sure yeah that sounds easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful sure yeah that sounds easy
+that's fine um is there a have you been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine um is there a have you been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine um is there a have you been
+brainstorming like water themes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming like water themes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming like water themes like
+water names water names uh maybe a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water names water names uh maybe a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water names water names uh maybe a g
+like the G and word for water we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the G and word for water we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the G and word for water we look
+through like Ghana stuff but like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like Ghana stuff but like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like Ghana stuff but like like
+Ghana city names and then like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana city names and then like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana city names and then like we
+haven't actually like looked through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually like looked through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually like looked through
+like specifically like we should we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like specifically like we should we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like specifically like we should we have
+to work okay all right f is that on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work okay all right f is that on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work okay all right f is that on your
+back clog it is all right SC like at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back clog it is all right SC like at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back clog it is all right SC like at the
+very very bottom yeah yeah all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very bottom yeah yeah all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very bottom yeah yeah all right
+cool find a name that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool find a name that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool find a name that isn't
+offensive yeah that's important how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive yeah that's important how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offensive yeah that's important how is
+epid going along since we l talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epid going along since we l talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epid going along since we l talk to you
+about the the um research research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the um research research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the um research research and
+stuff are you done with that are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff are you done with that are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff are you done with that are you
+still in proc progress of that well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in proc progress of that well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in proc progress of that well we
+got together and did like a mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got together and did like a mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got together and did like a mega
+research like find all the things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research like find all the things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research like find all the things and
+get inspiration from it for mainly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inspiration from it for mainly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get inspiration from it for mainly for
+the artists so that we can get like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artists so that we can get like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artists so that we can get like a
+cohesive theme together and I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive theme together and I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesive theme together and I I think
+that also helps inform the decision um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also helps inform the decision um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also helps inform the decision um
+the design behind um water filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design behind um water filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design behind um water filtration
+game for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for
+example so yeah I mean I think still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so yeah I mean I think still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so yeah I mean I think still
+like if we if the artists ever need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we if the artists ever need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we if the artists ever need to
+make something new we still like look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something new we still like look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something new we still like look up
+and see if we can find reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can find reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if we can find reference
+yeah okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay that's
+good um so I don't think that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so I don't think that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um so I don't think that I have
+played this game cuz mini games sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played this game cuz mini games sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played this game cuz mini games sounds
+like a new thing to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a new thing to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a new thing to me
+um saving animal Village me quick five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um saving animal Village me quick five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um saving animal Village me quick five
+second playthrough I hit that I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second playthrough I hit that I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second playthrough I hit that I'm sure
+mini game one yes Dro Dro purify water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini game one yes Dro Dro purify water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini game one yes Dro Dro purify water
+conversation goes here I will purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation goes here I will purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation goes here I will purify
+yay this is the mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game the done button should be a next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the done button should be a next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the done button should be a next
+button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+oh excellent oh excellent and now I play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh excellent oh excellent and now I play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh excellent oh excellent and now I play
+the game where I'm doing some actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game where I'm doing some actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game where I'm doing some actual
+sorting and this is an actual game okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting and this is an actual game okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting and this is an actual game okay
+cool I'm going to assume that I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I'm going to assume that I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I'm going to assume that I do
+something like this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this all right
+cool main thing I so when I am putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool main thing I so when I am putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool main thing I so when I am putting
+on my um um feasibility hat and I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my um um feasibility hat and I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my um um feasibility hat and I hear
+the word mini game I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word mini game I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word mini game I always
+think but it seems like you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but it seems like you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but it seems like you actually
+have a mini game good job a mini game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mini game good job a mini game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mini game good job a mini game
+many games tend there just be games many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many games tend there just be games many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many games tend there just be games many
+many many games many GES y yes many G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many games many GES y yes many G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many games many GES y yes many G
+games is not what you want what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games is not what you want what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games is not what you want what you
+actually want is mini games um oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want is mini games um oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want is mini games um oh my
+gosh this is house all right you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh this is house all right you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh this is house all right you've got
+a lot of you got a lot of features here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you got a lot of features here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you got a lot of features here
+yeah um and that is cool a mini game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um and that is cool a mini game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um and that is cool a mini game or
+is this okay game all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this okay game all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this okay game all
+right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+right all right I see here okay cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right I see here okay cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right I see here okay cool and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so how much more do you think is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much more do you think is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much more do you think is going
+into these mini games so we just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these mini games so we just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these mini games so we just um
+for two of them I haven't actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two of them I haven't actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two of them I haven't actually had
+an update on the symptoms one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an update on the symptoms one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an update on the symptoms one but
+symptoms one should probably just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms one should probably just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms one should probably just be
+dialogue and pictures it got it um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and pictures it got it um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and pictures it got it um the
+water filtration should be instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water filtration should be instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water filtration should be instruction
+page or interactive tutorial beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page or interactive tutorial beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page or interactive tutorial beginning
+so you just don't like dive into it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just don't like dive into it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just don't like dive into it's
+like what's happening um and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's happening um and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's happening um and and I think
+just clearer instructions for the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just clearer instructions for the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just clearer instructions for the water
+plac I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plac I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plac I see
+okay the main thing that we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the main thing that we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the main thing that we have to do
+right now is just the end game making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is just the end game making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is just the end game making
+sure that um you can once you finish all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that um you can once you finish all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that um you can once you finish all
+the mini games you have the clues you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mini games you have the clues you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mini games you have the clues you
+need to take the May and you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take the May and you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take the May and you can have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right I win yay all right cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right I win yay all right cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right I win yay all right cool
+all right so you have three mini games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you have three mini games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you have three mini games
+and they're like doing stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like doing stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're like doing stuff that's
+good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the symptom do you have any so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symptom do you have any so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the symptom do you have any so it
+seems like for the most part these mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like for the most part these mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like for the most part these mini
+games are relatively simple the code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are relatively simple the code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are relatively simple the code is
+actually not there's not much it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not there's not much it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not there's not much it's a
+you're reing click the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reing click the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reing click the right thing
+you're using assets like that um do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using assets like that um do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using assets like that um do you
+have any any unknown sort of tech wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any any unknown sort of tech wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any any unknown sort of tech wise
+at this point you sort of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point you sort of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point you sort of know
+everything or there we're not sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything or there we're not sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything or there we're not sure how
+that works any anything that left um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works any anything that left um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works any anything that left um I
+don't know how I think something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how I think something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how I think something that
+has been buggy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been buggy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been buggy
+consistently maybe it's changed now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently maybe it's changed now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently maybe it's changed now I'm
+not updated on it is the conversation UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not updated on it is the conversation UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not updated on it is the conversation UI
+yeah yeah this we we going to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this we we going to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this we we going to do it's
+basically we need to iron out a few bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we need to iron out a few bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we need to iron out a few bugs
+with the conversation UI it and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the conversation UI it and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the conversation UI it and make it
+more uh make the visual aspect of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh make the visual aspect of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh make the visual aspect of it
+more appropriate with the theme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate with the theme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate with the theme that
+we're going with with our assets um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going with with our assets um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going with with our assets um but
+other than that codewise there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that codewise there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that codewise there's just a
+couple bugs that won't be hard to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple bugs that won't be hard to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple bugs that won't be hard to okay
+all right cool um so if you know you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool um so if you know you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool um so if you know you do
+a glass sure you already have but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass sure you already have but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass sure you already have but but
+but make sure that you're that anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but make sure that you're that anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but make sure that you're that anything
+that has any question marks at all with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has any question marks at all with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has any question marks at all with
+it is higher priority not maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is higher priority not maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is higher priority not maybe maybe
+not even finishing it right like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even finishing it right like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even finishing it right like if
+maybe if it's the case that you go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if it's the case that you go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if it's the case that you go the
+task and you're like okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and you're like okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and you're like okay now the
+question marks are gone and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question marks are gone and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question marks are gone and I'm
+comfortable moving it down in priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable moving it down in priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable moving it down in priority
+feel free to do that but make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to do that but make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to do that but make sure that
+those question marks are done sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those question marks are done sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those question marks are done sooner
+than later because anytime a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than later because anytime a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than later because anytime a question
+mark it might become five question marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark it might become five question marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark it might become five question marks
+and then you're in trouble so just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're in trouble so just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're in trouble so just make
+sure you look at it seriously as a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you look at it seriously as a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you look at it seriously as a high
+priority item is when is sound going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority item is when is sound going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority item is when is sound going in
+so we have sound piles mhm in a folder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sound piles mhm in a folder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have sound piles mhm in a folder
+but yeah probably go we we ended up they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah probably go we we ended up they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah probably go we we ended up they
+were taking a long time to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking a long time to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking a long time to push
+according to Rachel they were taking one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Rachel they were taking one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Rachel they were taking one
+time of push to our test server okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of push to our test server okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of push to our test server okay so
+we just removed the assets and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just removed the assets and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just removed the assets and just
+pushed it without the sound we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed it without the sound we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed it without the sound we do have
+some sound all right all right cool um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sound all right all right cool um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sound all right all right cool um
+generally speaking of sound much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking of sound much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking of sound much like
+art um if the file is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um if the file is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um if the file is the
+problem use a stupid file right um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem use a stupid file right um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem use a stupid file right um it's
+at this stage of development it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage of development it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage of development it's more
+important that it make sound than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it make sound than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it make sound than it
+make the right sound um and so cuz again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the right sound um and so cuz again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the right sound um and so cuz again
+you might discover that oh turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might discover that oh turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might discover that oh turns out
+playing that sound is harder than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that sound is harder than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that sound is harder than we
+thought because we can't use an OG file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought because we can't use an OG file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought because we can't use an OG file
+this the kind of thing you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the kind of thing you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the kind of thing you want to know
+but all right cool great thank you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right cool great thank you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right cool great thank you have
+a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+holiday um I think I've only played the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday um I think I've only played the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday um I think I've only played the
+paper version no you played the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper version no you played the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper version no you played the computer
+version no I did way back when way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version no I did way back when way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version no I did way back when way back
+when yes I did you are so right not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when yes I did you are so right not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when yes I did you are so right not we
+have a new version that we're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new version that we're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new version that we're building
+up it's still very broken okay new so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's still very broken okay new so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's still very broken okay new so
+nothing more playable than that correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more playable than that correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more playable than that correct
+okay unfortunately ad we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unfortunately ad we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unfortunately ad we kind of
+rehauled the the system of the game like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehauled the the system of the game like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehauled the the system of the game like
+game play focus is a lot different we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game play focus is a lot different we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game play focus is a lot different we
+cut out a lot of stuff and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut out a lot of stuff and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut out a lot of stuff and we're
+focusing more on washing your hands is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing more on washing your hands is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing more on washing your hands is
+great and cola travels through water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and cola travels through water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and cola travels through water so
+is that based on feedback from Monday or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that based on feedback from Monday or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that based on feedback from Monday or
+previous yeah that's correct you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous yeah that's correct you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous yeah that's correct you got
+some very good feedback good um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very good feedback good um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very good feedback good um it was
+interesting so one of the crucial things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so one of the crucial things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so one of the crucial things
+we were wondering about is we we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were wondering about is we we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were wondering about is we we were
+like sort of Designing our game have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of Designing our game have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of Designing our game have a
+huge variety of options but we recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge variety of options but we recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge variety of options but we recently
+switched to this new thing that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to this new thing that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to this new thing that he
+really like a lot which um is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a lot which um is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a lot which um is that
+basically we roll out Mechanics for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we roll out Mechanics for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we roll out Mechanics for my
+ones who start with one Village in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who start with one Village in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who start with one Village in like
+two or three off maybe only two and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three off maybe only two and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three off maybe only two and um
+it actually just is the case that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually just is the case that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually just is the case that one of
+them is better than the other right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is better than the other right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is better than the other right
+because it's if it's the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's if it's the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's if it's the point of the
+game is to teach you something it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to teach you something it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to teach you something it's okay
+if just washing your hands is op and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if just washing your hands is op and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if just washing your hands is op and
+something else it's like not so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it's like not so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it's like not so great
+right um and then it actually slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and then it actually slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and then it actually slowly
+becomes more and more of a game where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more and more of a game where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more and more of a game where we
+roll out another Village right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out another Village right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out another Village right now you
+have to trade off balancing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trade off balancing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trade off balancing your
+resources okay but then another Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources okay but then another Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources okay but then another Village
+appears it's Upstream of both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears it's Upstream of both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears it's Upstream of both of them
+and suddenly the tradeoffs become not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly the tradeoffs become not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly the tradeoffs become not so
+clear where before it was just one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear where before it was just one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear where before it was just one thing
+is more price effective than another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more price effective than another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more price effective than another
+suddenly you actually have to care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly you actually have to care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly you actually have to care about
+how infected they are because boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how infected they are because boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how infected they are because boiling
+your water will reduce the extent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your water will reduce the extent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your water will reduce the extent to
+which you're infected by Upstream water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're infected by Upstream water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're infected by Upstream water
+and you know and he really liked that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and he really liked that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and he really liked that as
+a as a so that that sounds awesome yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a so that that sounds awesome yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a so that that sounds awesome yeah
+how does that get affected by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that get affected by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that get affected by that
+change based on the UI you saw is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change based on the UI you saw is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change based on the UI you saw is it the
+same is it using the same it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is it using the same it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same is it using the same it's going to
+end up being the the same sort of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being the the same sort of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being the the same sort of system
+it's only that the popup screen now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only that the popup screen now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only that the popup screen now
+eliminates a bunch of options because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates a bunch of options because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates a bunch of options because
+there are so these are you removed a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so these are you removed a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so these are you removed a ton
+of options you aren't creating new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options you aren't creating new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options you aren't creating new
+options that's what I'm hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that's what I'm hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that's what I'm hearing
+basically we we basically gutted a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we we basically gutted a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we we basically gutted a a
+bunch of the options that seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the options that seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the options that seemed
+redundant and apparently weren't helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant and apparently weren't helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant and apparently weren't helpful
+to people on a local scale and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people on a local scale and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people on a local scale and then we
+changed those options so that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed those options so that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed those options so that they're
+more distinct so well before it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more distinct so well before it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more distinct so well before it was just
+like higher magnitude to price ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher magnitude to price ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like higher magnitude to price ratio of
+effect now it's like some only really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect now it's like some only really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect now it's like some only really
+touch infection rate some things just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch infection rate some things just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch infection rate some things just
+cure people and don't touch infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure people and don't touch infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure people and don't touch infection
+rate and now you got things that AFF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and now you got things that AFF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and now you got things that AFF
+have that Upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that Upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that Upstream
+Downstream okay affecting it yeah cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream okay affecting it yeah cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream okay affecting it yeah cool
+so that's the other crucial thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the other crucial thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the other crucial thing we
+were struggling with before is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were struggling with before is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were struggling with before is how to
+make legitimate actually meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make legitimate actually meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make legitimate actually meaningful
+gameplay choices when if you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay choices when if you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay choices when if you just have a
+bunch of options there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of options there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of options there's going to be
+some like static build just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like static build just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like static build just like the
+correct one right but so we need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one right but so we need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one right but so we need to make
+it so that it was more situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that it was more situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that it was more situation
+dependent and um Jenny had a great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and um Jenny had a great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and um Jenny had a great idea
+which was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to
+uh have be highly affected by like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have be highly affected by like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have be highly affected by like have
+basically we have a thing that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have a thing that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have a thing that's the
+best for reducing infection rate local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best for reducing infection rate local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best for reducing infection rate local
+and then a thing that's the best for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a thing that's the best for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a thing that's the best for
+reducing scent to which you spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing scent to which you spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing scent to which you spread
+infection Downstream and a thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection Downstream and a thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection Downstream and a thing that's
+the best at protecting you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best at protecting you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best at protecting you from
+infection up and um and then suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection up and um and then suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection up and um and then suddenly
+you know that can be made incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that can be made incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that can be made incredibly
+clear to the player right we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to the player right we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to the player right we're not
+hiding what the best build is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding what the best build is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding what the best build is you're
+playing rock paper scissors yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing rock paper scissors yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing rock paper scissors yeah what
+sounds like okay awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like okay awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like okay awesome
+all right so and but so sounds like UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and but so sounds like UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and but so sounds like UI
+wise obviously this is a huge huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise obviously this is a huge huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise obviously this is a huge huge
+Improvement just removing the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement just removing the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement just removing the options
+etc etc um but when you start having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc um but when you start having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc um but when you start having a
+little bit of did you already have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of did you already have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of did you already have the
+cross talk in your game code between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross talk in your game code between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross talk in your game code between
+Villages going on yes we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages going on yes we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages going on yes we had that
+previously all right so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously all right so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously all right so again this is
+still mostly this really is cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mostly this really is cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mostly this really is cutting
+you're actually mostly cutting rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually mostly cutting rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually mostly cutting rather
+than adding it sounds like all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than adding it sounds like all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than adding it sounds like all right
+cool you are still adding the new UI um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you are still adding the new UI um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool you are still adding the new UI um
+which I I I imagine we're going to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I I I imagine we're going to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I I I imagine we're going to we
+would see if we're looking your back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see if we're looking your back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see if we're looking your back
+look now or soon a lot of that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now or soon a lot of that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now or soon a lot of that would
+would be in the backlog so I think right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the backlog so I think right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the backlog so I think right
+now you've got some very can you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got some very can you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got some very can you go to
+the actually go to the test list I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually go to the test list I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually go to the test list I think
+this might have been the vague one oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might have been the vague one oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might have been the vague one oh
+yeah this from yeah that's like wied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this from yeah that's like wied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this from yeah that's like wied
+tomorrow but this needs to be submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow but this needs to be submitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow but this needs to be submitted
+today so you get like this really vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you get like this really vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you get like this really vague
+description yeah we figured that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description yeah we figured that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description yeah we figured that no
+that's it'll be it'll probably be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it'll be it'll probably be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it'll be it'll probably be in the
+pr T of five I'll outline the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pr T of five I'll outline the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pr T of five I'll outline the stuff that
+I don't care what's in this I use what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care what's in this I use what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care what's in this I use what's
+in this to know what you're doing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this to know what you're doing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this to know what you're doing so I
+knew exactly what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew exactly what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew exactly what was going
+that's okay that's good um and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay that's good um and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay that's good um and if you
+didn't turn me into anything that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't turn me into anything that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't turn me into anything that's like
+okay you're really on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're really on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're really on
+fire all right cool so um Phil Phil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire all right cool so um Phil Phil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire all right cool so um Phil Phil and
+I were talking about the UI that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were talking about the UI that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were talking about the UI that you
+were doing you had mentioned when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing you had mentioned when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing you had mentioned when you
+were in the presentation civilization um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the presentation civilization um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the presentation civilization um
+but Phil and I also um Philip actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Phil and I also um Philip actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Phil and I also um Philip actually
+remembered this um if you go to mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered this um if you go to mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered this um if you go to mall
+industria it's a um Pablo Pini is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industria it's a um Pablo Pini is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industria it's a um Pablo Pini is a
+serious game designer um he might hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious game designer um he might hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious game designer um he might hate
+the term serious but he made a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term serious but he made a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term serious but he made a game
+called like I think it was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called like I think it was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called like I think it was called the
+McDonald's game I don't know um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's game I don't know um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's game I don't know um I think
+it's called the MC McDonald's game again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the MC McDonald's game again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the MC McDonald's game again
+this is Philip's idea um that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Philip's idea um that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Philip's idea um that has
+basically there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's a lot of different
+screens going on in that game but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens going on in that game but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens going on in that game but if you
+were to make your game it might be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to make your game it might be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to make your game it might be I
+know ex if if your game had as much UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ex if if your game had as much UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ex if if your game had as much UI
+as one of those working screens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of those working screens then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of those working screens then
+then you'd be golden so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd be golden so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd be golden so that's kind of
+like a bar to set yourself towards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bar to set yourself towards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bar to set yourself towards that
+I think you could probably match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you could probably match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you could probably match
+especially now that we cut a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially now that we cut a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially now that we cut a bunch of
+the stuff yeah yeah um but you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff yeah yeah um but you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff yeah yeah um but you can look
+look at that as yet another way of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that as yet another way of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that as yet another way of like
+seeing how they're how they're pce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how they're how they're pce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how they're how they're pce
+putting together all these UI elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together all these UI elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together all these UI elements
+they're doing all these systemic changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing all these systemic changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing all these systemic changes
+in this very simple interface so take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very simple interface so take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very simple interface so take a
+look at that um otherwise can you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that um otherwise can you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that um otherwise can you go to
+the vision statement yep so vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision statement yep so vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision statement yep so vision
+statement um on Monday I asked for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement um on Monday I asked for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement um on Monday I asked for you
+to um revise it yep I haven't revised I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um revise it yep I haven't revised I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um revise it yep I haven't revised I
+haven't submitted it yet it's right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't submitted it yet it's right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't submitted it yet it's right here
+on my computer great submit it under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my computer great submit it under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my computer great submit it under the
+December 10th deadline okay and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 10th deadline okay and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December 10th deadline okay and then if
+you have an a new version afterwards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an a new version afterwards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an a new version afterwards to
+submit it there um and again the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit it there um and again the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit it there um and again the big
+thing that I was really looking for or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I was really looking for or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I was really looking for or
+is that 30 seconds of game play actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 30 seconds of game play actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 30 seconds of game play actually
+reflecting what the game really is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting what the game really is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting what the game really is okay
+to read it real quick this is what I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read it real quick this is what I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read it real quick this is what I I
+have now for the 30 seconds of gam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now for the 30 seconds of gam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now for the 30 seconds of gam
+playay if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better that sounds like well kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that sounds like well kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that sounds like well kind of
+that looks to me like an overview of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks to me like an overview of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks to me like an overview of a
+lot of gameplay more than the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of gameplay more than the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of gameplay more than the thing is
+it was hard to cut it into 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hard to cut it into 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hard to cut it into 30 seconds
+cuz if you don't know the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if you don't know the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if you don't know the beginning of
+the game then like doing 30 seconds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game then like doing 30 seconds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game then like doing 30 seconds in
+the middle doesn't make sense and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle doesn't make sense and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle doesn't make sense and doing
+30 seconds in the beginning doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds in the beginning doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds in the beginning doesn't make
+sense either so that's why I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense either so that's why I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense either so that's why I kind of
+like I might question that so let's pret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I might question that so let's pret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I might question that so let's pret
+if you take what is it that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take what is it that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take what is it that you are
+doing in 30 seconds in the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in 30 seconds in the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in 30 seconds in the game is
+you're probably looking at one Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably looking at one Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably looking at one Village
+and saying what's the right intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying what's the right intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying what's the right intervention
+for me to do right now can you describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to do right now can you describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to do right now can you describe
+that experience in a way that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience in a way that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience in a way that's that
+that at all like I need to wait I decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all like I need to wait I decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at all like I need to wait I decide
+that because there's nobody Downstream I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because there's nobody Downstream I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because there's nobody Downstream I
+don't need to worry about this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to worry about this thing so
+I'm going to just direct every to boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just direct every to boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just direct every to boil
+their water like okay describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their water like okay describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their water like okay describe the
+thought process that that might be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought process that that might be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought process that that might be more
+like the major gameplay concept or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the major gameplay concept or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the major gameplay concept or the
+vision like that's what you're doing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision like that's what you're doing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision like that's what you're doing for
+the whole game absolutely you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole game absolutely you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole game absolutely you're doing
+all that stuff but but the third in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff but but the third in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff but but the third in the
+gameplay is is really about what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay is is really about what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay is is really about what does a
+game feel like in the moment and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game feel like in the moment and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game feel like in the moment and it's a
+planning game so it's hard to do 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning game so it's hard to do 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning game so it's hard to do 30
+seconds of gameplay that's meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of gameplay that's meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of gameplay that's meaningful
+but so if rock paper scissors is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so if rock paper scissors is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so if rock paper scissors is a way
+to to synthesize that or I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to synthesize that or I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to synthesize that or I'm making
+Choice a versus Choice B now yeah cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice a versus Choice B now yeah cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice a versus Choice B now yeah cuz
+your game is about weighing choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is about weighing choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is about weighing choices
+making a good one so it's okay 30 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a good one so it's okay 30 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a good one so it's okay 30 30
+seconds of gameplay should be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of gameplay should be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of gameplay should be about
+making a choice right okay um so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a choice right okay um so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a choice right okay um so um if
+what you have that runs now is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have that runs now is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have that runs now is very
+similar to what I saw a while ago at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what I saw a while ago at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what I saw a while ago at
+this point um is this backlog up to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point um is this backlog up to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point um is this backlog up to date
+out of curiosity so not really it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of curiosity so not really it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of curiosity so not really it still
+needs to be fixed a lot of the stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be fixed a lot of the stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be fixed a lot of the stuff is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+in okay it's difficult so tasks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay it's difficult so tasks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay it's difficult so tasks have
+been split up and like I'm somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been split up and like I'm somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been split up and like I'm somewhat
+removed from the coding so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the coding so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the coding so don't
+actually know what's being done for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what's being done for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what's being done for me
+it's hard to edit it I'm exactly sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to edit it I'm exactly sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to edit it I'm exactly sure so
+I would claim that not over the holiday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would claim that not over the holiday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would claim that not over the holiday
+but you know priority on Monday would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know priority on Monday would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know priority on Monday would be
+to make sure it is up to date so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure it is up to date so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure it is up to date so you
+guys know what's going on cuz for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys know what's going on cuz for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys know what's going on cuz for me
+looking at it hearing that I can't play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it hearing that I can't play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it hearing that I can't play
+a newer version of the one I played a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a newer version of the one I played a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a newer version of the one I played a
+while back and seeing this backlog I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while back and seeing this backlog I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while back and seeing this backlog I
+think uhoh so it maybe you're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uhoh so it maybe you're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uhoh so it maybe you're much
+better off than that but I think your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off than that but I think your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off than that but I think your
+your highest priority task on say Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your highest priority task on say Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your highest priority task on say Monday
+is find out if you're in trouble or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find out if you're in trouble or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find out if you're in trouble or not
+yeah and if the answer is we know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and if the answer is we know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and if the answer is we know we're
+in trouble then okay you still need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble then okay you still need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble then okay you still need to
+do it so you know what trouble you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so you know what trouble you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so you know what trouble you're in
+and how could to adapt okay I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could to adapt okay I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could to adapt okay I don't have
+much information but I'm a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information but I'm a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information but I'm a little bit
+nervous right now but I suspect you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous right now but I suspect you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous right now but I suspect you're
+better off than it looks on that page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off than it looks on that page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off than it looks on that page
+yeah do you have a 1 2 3 four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you have a 1 2 3 four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do you have a 1 2 3 four five
+person coding team would you say one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person coding team would you say one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person coding team would you say one of
+like one person on that team FS lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one person on that team FS lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one person on that team FS lead
+like do you have a lead coder uh Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you have a lead coder uh Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you have a lead coder uh Harry
+probably the back end I think he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the back end I think he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the back end I think he does
+cuz he mostly DS it him and Derek do out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz he mostly DS it him and Derek do out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz he mostly DS it him and Derek do out
+the tasks so I assume they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tasks so I assume they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tasks so I assume they know that
+they're the leads yeah that could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the leads yeah that could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the leads yeah that could just
+be you meeting with them to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you meeting with them to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you meeting with them to make it
+easier rather than full eight person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier rather than full eight person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier rather than full eight person you
+might not need the entire eight person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not need the entire eight person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not need the entire eight person
+team for that um but again also there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team for that um but again also there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team for that um but again also there's
+a difference between the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference between the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference between the person who
+knows what the coders are doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what the coders are doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what the coders are doing and
+person who's doing the most code those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's doing the most code those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's doing the most code those
+are two different fact things and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different fact things and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different fact things and so you
+know you want to figure out who's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to figure out who's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to figure out who's really
+is who's really wearing what hat there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is who's really wearing what hat there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is who's really wearing what hat there
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we kept you longer thank you yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept you longer thank you yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept you longer thank you yes um
+thank you for your patience and yeah do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for your patience and yeah do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for your patience and yeah do
+you have any specific sort of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any specific sort of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any specific sort of questions
+worries that we can try to talk about or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries that we can try to talk about or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries that we can try to talk about or
+just get me out of here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get me out of here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get me out of here it's
+Thanksgiving I don't know I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving I don't know I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving I don't know I think the
+big unknown for us right now is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big unknown for us right now is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big unknown for us right now is the new
+UI right if we have the mechanics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI right if we have the mechanics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI right if we have the mechanics that
+we want you know we really' been playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you know we really' been playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you know we really' been playing
+with the numbers for a while for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the numbers for a while for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the numbers for a while for what
+infection rates and what efficacies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection rates and what efficacies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection rates and what efficacies of
+treatments and what prices a beatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and what prices a beatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments and what prices a beatable
+game that's also not trivial all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's also not trivial all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's also not trivial all right
+cool so we have that the big questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so we have that the big questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so we have that the big questions
+the UI right like the old version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UI right like the old version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UI right like the old version of the
+UI has all sorts of problems where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI has all sorts of problems where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI has all sorts of problems where like
+it'll you know it it'll constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll you know it it'll constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll you know it it'll constantly
+orphan UI elements and it'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphan UI elements and it'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphan UI elements and it'll sort of
+accumulate on the screen got it got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate on the screen got it got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate on the screen got it got it
+so it's it's buggy among other it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's buggy among other it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's buggy among other it's
+buggy but the so I'm much more worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buggy but the so I'm much more worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buggy but the so I'm much more worried
+about having a bu UI so one thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having a bu UI so one thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having a bu UI so one thing I'm
+thinking about is if we suddenly find we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is if we suddenly find we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is if we suddenly find we
+don't have anything working and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything working and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have anything working and at some
+point you know what sort of bare bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know what sort of bare bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know what sort of bare bones
+UI would work right like for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI would work right like for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI would work right like for example you
+could conceive and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could conceive and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could conceive and this is something
+we're sort of unclear on right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of unclear on right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of unclear on right you
+conceive of a UI that works entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive of a UI that works entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive of a UI that works entirely
+that would be very very simple and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very very simple and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very very simple and take
+like you know half an hour to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know half an hour to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know half an hour to write
+where absolutely every single action in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where absolutely every single action in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where absolutely every single action in
+the game is like a keyboard thing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is like a keyboard thing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is like a keyboard thing like
+the four Villages are mapped to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four Villages are mapped to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four Villages are mapped to the
+columns Q through Z w3x and like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns Q through Z w3x and like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns Q through Z w3x and like that
+grid of 12 buttons does every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of 12 buttons does every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of 12 buttons does every single
+action right reduced to that right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action right reduced to that right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action right reduced to that right it
+would take a half hour to write sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a half hour to write sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a half hour to write sure
+having to explain that though oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to explain that though oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to explain that though oh yeah
+yeah no so you can't ship with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no so you can't ship with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no so you can't ship with
+that but it might be worth doing if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it might be worth doing if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it might be worth doing if it
+really takes half an hour so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really takes half an hour so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really takes half an hour so you can
+test your game as it exists sure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your game as it exists sure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your game as it exists sure but
+there's also question internally there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also question internally there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also question internally there's
+also question whether we we're s unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also question whether we we're s unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also question whether we we're s unclear
+if we have to maybe other people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have to maybe other people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have to maybe other people aren't
+but I remember at one point hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I remember at one point hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I remember at one point hearing
+something about like tablets were what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about like tablets were what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about like tablets were what
+we maybe we don't no no you don't no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maybe we don't no no you don't no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maybe we don't no no you don't no you
+you've got a single platform it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a single platform it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a single platform it's what
+you've been developing on it's this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been developing on it's this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been developing on it's this it's
+that that's what you've developing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what you've developing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what you've developing on
+whatever at this point I would say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever at this point I would say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever at this point I would say yeah
+whatever's we we want actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's we we want actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's we we want actually want to
+grade it on a computer rather than a TBL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade it on a computer rather than a TBL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade it on a computer rather than a TBL
+exactly right totally totally no tablet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right totally totally no tablet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right totally totally no tablet
+was if it was a challenge if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if it was a challenge if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if it was a challenge if you wanted
+to take the client was like so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the client was like so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the client was like so what's
+the I totally misunderstood that oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I totally misunderstood that oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I totally misunderstood that oh no
+so the the after class life of this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the after class life of this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the after class life of this game
+and the other color game is they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other color game is they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other color game is they are
+being presented to um UNICEF as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being presented to um UNICEF as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being presented to um UNICEF as a
+possible funer for games of that nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible funer for games of that nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible funer for games of that nature
+so it's like you want to make like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like you want to make like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like you want to make like
+UNICEF wants to to make games about kala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNICEF wants to to make games about kala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNICEF wants to to make games about kala
+for Ghana and we are saying here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ghana and we are saying here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ghana and we are saying here are
+what those games might look like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those games might look like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those games might look like here
+are prototype for these are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are prototype for these are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are prototype for these are not the
+games you were going to Shi to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you were going to Shi to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you were going to Shi to you but
+if they were going to be the games so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were going to be the games so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were going to be the games so
+like when we're presting one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when we're presting one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when we're presting one of these
+games we'll be saying right now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games we'll be saying right now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games we'll be saying right now now
+imagine this is a tablet Style game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is a tablet Style game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is a tablet Style game
+right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right
+right and the other thing is like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the other thing is like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the other thing is like if you
+are after if you are graduating and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are after if you are graduating and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are after if you are graduating and you
+wanted to work on this project and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work on this project and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work on this project and and
+Red Cross Red Cross had funding for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Cross Red Cross had funding for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red Cross Red Cross had funding for that
+project they might hire students who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they might hire students who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they might hire students who
+work on these games to to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on these games to to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on these games to to make that
+project it's very much a talk in January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's very much a talk in January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's very much a talk in January
+kind of thing right yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing right yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing right yeah yeah so
+generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+speaking if the so if that takes a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking if the so if that takes a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking if the so if that takes a big
+worry of the UI off your shoulders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry of the UI off your shoulders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry of the UI off your shoulders
+awesome but regardless if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome but regardless if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome but regardless if you have an
+unknown like that like as the new UI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown like that like as the new UI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown like that like as the new UI is
+that a big question mark I make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a big question mark I make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a big question mark I make sure you
+schedule it prioritize it higher sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule it prioritize it higher sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule it prioritize it higher sounds
+you have your gameplay under control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your gameplay under control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your gameplay under control
+which is awesome but you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is awesome but you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is awesome but you want to make
+sure that whatever unknowns you have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that whatever unknowns you have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that whatever unknowns you have are
+scheduled sooner so that if they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled sooner so that if they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled sooner so that if they go
+horribly AR you have time to adapt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly AR you have time to adapt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly AR you have time to adapt to
+that problem and my last one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and my last one is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and my last one is going to
+be you've already cut a lot can you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you've already cut a lot can you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you've already cut a lot can you cut
+more like when you meet on Monday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like when you meet on Monday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like when you meet on Monday and
+you say and you say are you are you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say and you say are you are you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say and you say are you are you in
+trouble like right you you proved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble like right you you proved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble like right you you proved you
+can cut a bunch of stuff you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cut a bunch of stuff you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cut a bunch of stuff you could
+probably cut a little bit more out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cut a little bit more out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cut a little bit more out of it
+too um assuming it's the kind of cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too um assuming it's the kind of cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too um assuming it's the kind of cutting
+that doesn't create new work right but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't create new work right but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't create new work right but I
+would start with that where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start with that where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start with that where where the
+heck are we if you don't if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck are we if you don't if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck are we if you don't if you don't
+know probably all eight of you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably all eight of you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably all eight of you don't
+know where you are so it's worth getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you are so it's worth getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you are so it's worth getting
+all eight of you to know where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are I see I the subsets I see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I see I the subsets I see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I see I the subsets I see like
+result in it not being even I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in it not being even I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in it not being even I didn't
+even realize that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even realize that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even realize that I
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+forgot I and that's that's why the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot I and that's that's why the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot I and that's that's why the last
+project is is so tough actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is is so tough actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is is so tough actually it
+doesn't it doesn't fit the school year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it doesn't fit the school year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it doesn't fit the school year
+very well yeah unfortunately it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well yeah unfortunately it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well yeah unfortunately it's a
+shorter term than we'd like to have but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter term than we'd like to have but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter term than we'd like to have but
+yeah eight people's a lot to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah eight people's a lot to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah eight people's a lot to keep
+organized even with full time only seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized even with full time only seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized even with full time only seven
+don't worry there's no e person okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SYAxbtz_Z-E.txt b/SYAxbtz_Z-E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9bc339e43984dd88d67c65f4ceb3542698c2ed25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SYAxbtz_Z-E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me go ahead and get started um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go ahead and get started um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go ahead and get started um
+so today's topic uh called uh Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's topic uh called uh Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's topic uh called uh Strategic
+investment so if you remember uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so if you remember uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so if you remember uh where
+we were last week is we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were last week is we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were last week is we were talking
+about uh you the effect of entry on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you the effect of entry on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you the effect of entry on
+markets and I sort of made this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and I sort of made this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and I sort of made this big
+pitch that in some sense entry is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch that in some sense entry is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch that in some sense entry is just
+critically important and if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important and if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critically important and if you think
+about what are firm's actual profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are firm's actual profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are firm's actual profits
+firm's actual profits are just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's actual profits are just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's actual profits are just a
+rounding error and so it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding error and so it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding error and so it's really the
+sort of you know amount of Market power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know amount of Market power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know amount of Market power
+you have relative to amount number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have relative to amount number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have relative to amount number of
+firms in the market that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms in the market that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms in the market that's going to
+determine profits you know this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine profits you know this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine profits you know this means
+that sort of uh you know if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of uh you know if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of uh you know if you could
+affect entry if you could affect entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect entry if you could affect entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect entry if you could affect entry
+it could have a dramatic effect on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have a dramatic effect on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have a dramatic effect on how
+firms are doing and you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are doing and you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are doing and you know I think
+that uh in that previous lecture it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in that previous lecture it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in that previous lecture it was
+always just that entry there was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just that entry there was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just that entry there was just
+fixed cost firms came in paid the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cost firms came in paid the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cost firms came in paid the same
+paid some exogenous fixed cost and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid some exogenous fixed cost and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid some exogenous fixed cost and then
+there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+competition uh there's a very very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh there's a very very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh there's a very very large
+literature in economics about what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature in economics about what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature in economics about what can
+firms do to change the market structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms do to change the market structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms do to change the market structure
+uh and that can either be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that can either be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that can either be actually
+changing the market structure to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the market structure to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the market structure to try to
+affect entry or just changing the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect entry or just changing the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect entry or just changing the market
+structure to try to affect what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to try to affect what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to try to affect what the
+competitive game looks like if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive game looks like if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive game looks like if you can't
+stop other firms from entering um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop other firms from entering um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop other firms from entering um so you
+know and if you look at Troll's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and if you look at Troll's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and if you look at Troll's book
+like you know the the chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the the chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the the chapter on
+strategic entry deterrence is by far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic entry deterrence is by far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic entry deterrence is by far the
+largest chapter and you know it's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest chapter and you know it's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest chapter and you know it's many
+more things written in the 35 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things written in the 35 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things written in the 35 years
+since then so um anyway many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then so um anyway many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then so um anyway many of these
+models are the sort of classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are the sort of classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are the sort of classic
+three-stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-stage
+game in the first stage firm one chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in the first stage firm one chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in the first stage firm one chooses
+some investment K1 it pays some sunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some investment K1 it pays some sunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some investment K1 it pays some sunk
+cost C of K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost C of K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost C of K1
+and when we think of in when I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we think of in when I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we think of in when I use the
+word investment I mean investment very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word investment I mean investment very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word investment I mean investment very
+broadly the important things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly the important things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly the important things about the
+investment is that it has sunk some sunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is that it has sunk some sunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is that it has sunk some sunk
+cost of making it and it's credible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of making it and it's credible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of making it and it's credible that
+you're not going to be able to undo it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to undo it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to undo it
+um so for instance you know building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for instance you know building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for instance you know building
+capacity if you sort of build a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity if you sort of build a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity if you sort of build a new
+Factory you built the new Factory you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory you built the new Factory you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory you built the new Factory you're
+not going to unbuild the factory and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to unbuild the factory and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to unbuild the factory and so
+if you build a new Factory that lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build a new Factory that lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build a new Factory that lets you
+produce a lower cost you've then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a lower cost you've then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a lower cost you've then
+committed yourself to being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed yourself to being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed yourself to being able to
+produce at lower cost in the future um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at lower cost in the future um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at lower cost in the future um
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+advertise you you know you spend money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise you you know you spend money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise you you know you spend money
+advertising you've changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising you've changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising you've changed the
+consumer's uh willingness to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer's uh willingness to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer's uh willingness to pay for
+your good and willingness to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your good and willingness to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your good and willingness to pay for
+other Goods in the market you can't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Goods in the market you can't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Goods in the market you can't like
+unadvertised get the money back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unadvertised get the money back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unadvertised get the money back and then
+say okay now the adver now the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now the adver now the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay now the adver now the other
+firm's done something I'll un advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's done something I'll un advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's done something I'll un advertise
+get my money back and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my money back and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my money back and with the
+preferences go back to where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences go back to where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences go back to where they were
+so anything that has that feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that has that feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that has that feature that
+you know you you sort of make some make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you sort of make some make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you sort of make some make
+some uh initial Choice that's got it h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh initial Choice that's got it h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh initial Choice that's got it h
+incurs a cost and it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurs a cost and it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incurs a cost and it's hard to
+undo uh that's an investment so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo uh that's an investment so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo uh that's an investment so for
+instance like you know like designing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance like you know like designing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance like you know like designing an
+iPhone with a uh lightning charger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone with a uh lightning charger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone with a uh lightning charger
+instead of a USBC charger or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a USBC charger or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a USBC charger or something
+like that you know you can't undesign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know you can't undesign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know you can't undesign
+the iPhone you could sort of design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPhone you could sort of design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPhone you could sort of design a
+new iPhone that costs you more money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new iPhone that costs you more money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new iPhone that costs you more money but
+you've got the old ones out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the old ones out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the old ones out there that
+have that that particular port in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that that particular port in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that that particular port in
+them okay um firm two observes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay um firm two observes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay um firm two observes the
+investment level and then decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment level and then decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment level and then decides
+whether to enter if it enters there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to enter if it enters there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to enter if it enters there's a
+cost of e I'm going to do this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of e I'm going to do this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of e I'm going to do this in the
+Monopoly going to duopoly case obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly going to duopoly case obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly going to duopoly case obviously
+you could do all this with two firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do all this with two firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do all this with two firms
+three firms going to end plus one firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three firms going to end plus one firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three firms going to end plus one firms
+and then if firm two stays out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if firm two stays out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if firm two stays out of the
+market firm one becomes a monopolist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market firm one becomes a monopolist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market firm one becomes a monopolist uh
+it chooses some action A1 like a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses some action A1 like a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it chooses some action A1 like a price
+or a quantity and then gets a profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a quantity and then gets a profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a quantity and then gets a profit
+that depends on the investment and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the investment and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on the investment and on
+the action and if firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action and if firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action and if firm two
+enters they simultaneously choose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters they simultaneously choose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters they simultaneously choose these
+actions and they earn profits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and they earn profits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and they earn profits that
+depend on the investment and on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the investment and on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the investment and on both
+actions and I'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and I'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions and I'm going to assume that
+this game that follows in second stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game that follows in second stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game that follows in second stage
+has well- behaved profit functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has well- behaved profit functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has well- behaved profit functions and
+it has a unique Nash equilibrium where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a unique Nash equilibrium where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a unique Nash equilibrium where
+the Nash equilibrium depends on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium depends on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium depends on uh
+K1 you know so for in and and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 you know so for in and and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 you know so for in and and you'll
+typically sort of um you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically sort of um you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically sort of um you know these
+actions are both like you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions are both like you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions are both like you know if the
+action is an investment that firm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is an investment that firm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is an investment that firm one
+takes in reducing its costs the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in reducing its costs the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in reducing its costs the prices
+that they set are you know firm one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they set are you know firm one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they set are you know firm one's
+action obviously reflects its costs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action obviously reflects its costs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action obviously reflects its costs but
+then firm two's action is also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then firm two's action is also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then firm two's action is also going to
+reflect firm one's costs because firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect firm one's costs because firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect firm one's costs because firm
+two knows that firm one's action uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two knows that firm one's action uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two knows that firm one's action uh it
+you know investment is going to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know investment is going to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know investment is going to reduce
+its cost leading to it change its price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cost leading to it change its price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cost leading to it change its price
+there can also be Direct effects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can also be Direct effects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can also be Direct effects of the
+investment on both firms so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment on both firms so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment on both firms so in the
+advertising case the advertising could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising case the advertising could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising case the advertising could
+be changing the demand for firm 2's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing the demand for firm 2's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing the demand for firm 2's
+product or the valuation of firm two's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or the valuation of firm two's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or the valuation of firm two's
+product as well as the valuation of firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product as well as the valuation of firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product as well as the valuation of firm
+one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+product okay uh so in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay uh so in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay uh so in the early
+literature on this um uh Joe Bane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on this um uh Joe Bane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on this um uh Joe Bane
+described three different situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described three different situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described three different situations
+that you could see in an industry um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could see in an industry um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could see in an industry um the
+first one he described as blockaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one he described as blockaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one he described as blockaded
+entry in the blockaded entry case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the blockaded entry case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry in the blockaded entry case uh
+firm 2's entry costs are efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2's entry costs are efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2's entry costs are efficiently
+high that firm two is never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that firm two is never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high that firm two is never going to
+enter if firm one just ignores it uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter if firm one just ignores it uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter if firm one just ignores it uh so
+in the blockaded entry case firm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockaded entry case firm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockaded entry case firm one
+just is essentially this is the Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is essentially this is the Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is essentially this is the Monopoly
+model you just go on you choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you just go on you choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you just go on you choose the
+optimal investment and then you earn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal investment and then you earn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal investment and then you earn the
+profits you get with the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits you get with the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits you get with the optimal
+investment and firm 2 is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and firm 2 is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and firm 2 is basically
+irrelevant um second case he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant um second case he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant um second case he talks about
+is the deterred entry case so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deterred entry case so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deterred entry case so suppose
+entry costs are a little bit lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry costs are a little bit lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry costs are a little bit lower than
+in the blockaded entry case so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockaded entry case so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockaded entry case so that if
+firm one ignores firm two firm two will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one ignores firm two firm two will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one ignores firm two firm two will
+enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter
+um but then he argues that there going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then he argues that there going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then he argues that there going
+to be some cases where the firm can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some cases where the firm can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some cases where the firm can uh
+uh actively deter entry where the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actively deter entry where the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actively deter entry where the firm
+can distort its investment in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distort its investment in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distort its investment in some way
+that reduces firm two's profits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces firm two's profits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces firm two's profits that
+firm two will no longer want to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two will no longer want to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two will no longer want to enter
+and firm one remains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firm one remains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firm one remains a
+monopolist and then the third case he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist and then the third case he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist and then the third case he
+called accommodated entry you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called accommodated entry you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called accommodated entry you know
+deterring entry is either impossible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterring entry is either impossible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterring entry is either impossible or
+it's just so costly you wouldn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so costly you wouldn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so costly you wouldn't want to
+do it so the monopolis chooses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so the monopolis chooses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so the monopolis chooses this
+investment not to keep firm two out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment not to keep firm two out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment not to keep firm two out but
+to change the nature of competition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the nature of competition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the nature of competition in
+some way that's going to earn at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way that's going to earn at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way that's going to earn at higher
+postentry profits and so you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postentry profits and so you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postentry profits and so you know we're
+going to focus on two main questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on two main questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on two main questions
+here you know will firms choose to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know will firms choose to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know will firms choose to you
+know essentially we're going to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know essentially we're going to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know essentially we're going to ignore
+the blockaded entry case except as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockaded entry case except as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockaded entry case except as a
+Counterpoint uh and then ask you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterpoint uh and then ask you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counterpoint uh and then ask you know
+are when the firms want to deter entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when the firms want to deter entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when the firms want to deter entry
+versus try to accommodate entry and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus try to accommodate entry and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus try to accommodate entry and how
+do you use the investment K to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you use the investment K to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you use the investment K to do
+that and obviously the answer turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and obviously the answer turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and obviously the answer turns out
+to depend on how you use your investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on how you use your investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on how you use your investment
+depends on what type of investment it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what type of investment it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what type of investment it is
+and what type of game it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what type of game it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what type of game it is and
+fudenberg and terroll have this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fudenberg and terroll have this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fudenberg and terroll have this paper
+from 1984 that goes over a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1984 that goes over a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1984 that goes over a simple
+classification of types of games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of types of games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of types of games and
+types of Investments so I will do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of Investments so I will do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of Investments so I will do that
+before I discuss some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I discuss some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I discuss some
+applications okay so on the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications okay so on the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications okay so on the you know
+paper discusses two types of games I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper discusses two types of games I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper discusses two types of games I
+think I've known this earlier mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've known this earlier mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've known this earlier mentioned
+these terms earlier we say that a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms earlier we say that a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms earlier we say that a game
+has strategic complement if the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has strategic complement if the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has strategic complement if the best
+response correspondences are upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response correspondences are upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response correspondences are upward
+sloping and it has strategic substitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping and it has strategic substitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping and it has strategic substitutes
+actually if they're curves and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if they're curves and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if they're curves and if
+they're downward sloping so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're downward sloping so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're downward sloping so if you
+remember the hotelling model you graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the hotelling model you graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the hotelling model you graph
+the best responses it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best responses it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best responses it looks like this
+the Coro model you graph the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Coro model you graph the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Coro model you graph the best
+responses they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses they look like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um why was that you know this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why was that you know this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why was that you know this is a
+simple theorem uh you know you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple theorem uh you know you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple theorem uh you know you could do
+this more generally using increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more generally using increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more generally using increasing
+differences terminology but you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences terminology but you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences terminology but you know a
+game is generally going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is generally going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is generally going to have
+strategic complement if the second cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic complement if the second cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic complement if the second cross
+partial you know second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial you know second derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial you know second derivative of
+profit with respect to Ai and AJ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit with respect to Ai and AJ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit with respect to Ai and AJ is
+positive and strategic substitutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and strategic substitutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and strategic substitutes of
+the second partial of of profits with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial of of profits with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partial of of profits with
+respect to Ai and AJ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Ai and AJ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Ai and AJ is
+negative and as I said you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and as I said you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and as I said you know we
+usually think of price competition as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of price competition as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of price competition as
+being the complement case and quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the complement case and quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the complement case and quantity
+competition as being the substitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition as being the substitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition as being the substitutes
+case um but I would note here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um but I would note here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um but I would note here that the
+you know strategic complement in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know strategic complement in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know strategic complement in price
+competition is only there has has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is only there has has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is only there has has been
+there in our previous all our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in our previous all our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in our previous all our previous
+analyses because I've always been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses because I've always been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses because I've always been using
+linear demand curves that are separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear demand curves that are separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear demand curves that are separable
+you I'm using demand curves that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm using demand curves that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm using demand curves that look
+like you know D of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know D of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know D of P
+PJ is you know2 plus PJ minus pi over 2T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ is you know2 plus PJ minus pi over 2T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ is you know2 plus PJ minus pi over 2T
+or something like that where there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that where there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that where there's no
+interaction between pi and PJ okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between pi and PJ okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between pi and PJ okay
+because if you look at the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the sort of
+profit function in a price competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit function in a price competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit function in a price competition
+game you take the I first differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you take the I first differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you take the I first differentiate
+with respect to Pi and I get Pi minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Pi and I get Pi minus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Pi and I get Pi minus C
+DD DPI plus d of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD DPI plus d of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DD DPI plus d of Pi
+and then I differentiate this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I differentiate this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I differentiate this with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+PJ um and then I get this doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ um and then I get this doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ um and then I get this doesn't depend
+on PJ so I get P minus C second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on PJ so I get P minus C second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on PJ so I get P minus C second
+derivative of Demand with respect to Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Demand with respect to Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Demand with respect to Pi
+and PJ plus DD dpj and we're used to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PJ plus DD dpj and we're used to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PJ plus DD dpj and we're used to you
+know this term firm J increases its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this term firm J increases its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this term firm J increases its
+price firm I's demand goes up this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price firm I's demand goes up this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price firm I's demand goes up this is
+the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive
+term but then there is this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but then there is this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but then there is this second
+term Pi Pi minus c times this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Pi Pi minus c times this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term Pi Pi minus c times this second
+derivative of di with respect to Pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of di with respect to Pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of di with respect to Pi and
+P J so for instance you know if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was if I had a interaction in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if I had a interaction in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if I had a interaction in this
+demand curve then these this term would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve then these this term would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve then these this term would
+be negative this term would be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative this term would be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative this term would be negative
+multiplied by this it's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this it's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this it's no longer
+obvious you have strategic complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious you have strategic complements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious you have strategic complements
+so normally we think of price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally we think of price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally we think of price
+competition as complements and de and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition as complements and de and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition as complements and de and
+quantity competion substitutes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competion substitutes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competion substitutes but
+that's not always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh second thing we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh second thing we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh second thing we're going to have
+to do in this model is classify types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in this model is classify types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in this model is classify types of
+Investments and the way the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments and the way the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments and the way the investment
+classification is going to work is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is going to work is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is going to work is we're
+going to classify Investments based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to classify Investments based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to classify Investments based on
+their effect on the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their effect on the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their effect on the potential
+entrant uh so in this model I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrant uh so in this model I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrant uh so in this model I'm going to
+Define this reduced form profit function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this reduced form profit function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this reduced form profit function
+to be the profit that firm I gets when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the profit that firm I gets when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the profit that firm I gets when
+firm one has chosen K1 and then we play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one has chosen K1 and then we play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one has chosen K1 and then we play
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+equilibrium uh action following K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh action following K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh action following K1
+and so a simple definition investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a simple definition investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a simple definition investment
+makes firm one tough essentially if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes firm one tough essentially if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes firm one tough essentially if it
+hurts firm two if this reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts firm two if this reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts firm two if this reduced form
+profit function is decreasing in K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit function is decreasing in K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit function is decreasing in K
+investment makes firm one soft if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes firm one soft if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes firm one soft if that
+reduced form profit is increasing in k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form profit is increasing in k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced form profit is increasing in k
+um and you know sometimes it's obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know sometimes it's obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know sometimes it's obvious
+which this is going to be so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this is going to be so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this is going to be so for
+instance if this is an investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if this is an investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if this is an investment in
+cost reduction your intuition tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction your intuition tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction your intuition tells you
+a firm one has lower costs that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firm one has lower costs that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firm one has lower costs that's going
+to be bad for firm 2 in equilibrium when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bad for firm 2 in equilibrium when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bad for firm 2 in equilibrium when
+the prices shake out and so we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices shake out and so we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices shake out and so we will have
+uh D2 dk1 less than zero so cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D2 dk1 less than zero so cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D2 dk1 less than zero so cost
+reduction is an investment that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is an investment that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is an investment that makes
+you tough um if like the investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tough um if like the investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tough um if like the investment is
+lobbying to lower the tax rates in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobbying to lower the tax rates in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobbying to lower the tax rates in an
+industry um you know if it's just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry um you know if it's just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry um you know if it's just like a
+profits tax a tax a percentage tax on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits tax a tax a percentage tax on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits tax a tax a percentage tax on
+profits it won't affect any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits it won't affect any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits it won't affect any of the
+behavior so if you Lobby to get taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so if you Lobby to get taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so if you Lobby to get taxes
+reduced a reduction taxes isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced a reduction taxes isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced a reduction taxes isn't going to
+change any of the actions and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change any of the actions and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change any of the actions and it's going
+to end up being good for both firms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up being good for both firms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up being good for both firms so
+lobbying to lower tax rates uh would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobbying to lower tax rates uh would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobbying to lower tax rates uh would be
+an investment that makes you that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment that makes you that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment that makes you that makes
+you soft um when it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you soft um when it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you soft um when it's not
+obvious uh it can help to sort of write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh it can help to sort of write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh it can help to sort of write
+down all what this profit function looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all what this profit function looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all what this profit function looks
+like so if I think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if I think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if I think about you know
+differentiating so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have Pi 2 star of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Pi 2 star of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Pi 2 star of
+K1 is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 is um
+profit that firm two gets when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit that firm two gets when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit that firm two gets when
+the uh investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh investment is
+k1 and we have A1 star of K1 A2 star of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K1 okay if I differentiate this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 okay if I differentiate this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 okay if I differentiate this with
+respect to K1 I'm going to get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K1 I'm going to get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K1 I'm going to get three
+terms first I get the derivative here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms first I get the derivative here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms first I get the derivative here so
+I get the partial of Pi 2 with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the partial of Pi 2 with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the partial of Pi 2 with respect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+K1 second I get this effect fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 second I get this effect fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 second I get this effect fact that
+when I change K1 A1 changes and that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I change K1 A1 changes and that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I change K1 A1 changes and that a
+change in A1 affects Pi 2 and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in A1 affects Pi 2 and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in A1 affects Pi 2 and so that's
+partial pi2 with respect to A1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pi2 with respect to A1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pi2 with respect to A1 times
+partial A1 star with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial A1 star with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial A1 star with respect to
+K1 and then there's also you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and then there's also you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and then there's also you would think
+there would be a third term when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a third term when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a third term when I
+change K1 it affects this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change K1 it affects this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change K1 it affects this and that
+affects profits but you know the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects profits but you know the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects profits but you know the third
+term would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term would
+be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+partial Pi 2 with respect to A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Pi 2 with respect to A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Pi 2 with respect to A2
+evaluated at A2 star of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at A2 star of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at A2 star of
+K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1
+times uh derivative of a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh derivative of a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh derivative of a two
+star uh with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star uh with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star uh with respect to
+K1 evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 evaluated at
+K1 and if you think about this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and if you think about this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and if you think about this term here
+uh that's zero when you evaluate D Pi 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's zero when you evaluate D Pi 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's zero when you evaluate D Pi 2
+D2 at A2 star of K1 A2 star of K1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 at A2 star of K1 A2 star of K1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 at A2 star of K1 A2 star of K1 was
+chosen where the first order condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen where the first order condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen where the first order condition
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+so there's no effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no effect
+from K1 changes fir you know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from K1 changes fir you know there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from K1 changes fir you know there's no
+third effect from K1 leads firm two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third effect from K1 leads firm two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third effect from K1 leads firm two to
+change A2 and that has that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change A2 and that has that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change A2 and that has that has an
+effect on profits the marginal effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on profits the marginal effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on profits the marginal effect of
+changing A2 is on profits is zero um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing A2 is on profits is zero um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing A2 is on profits is zero um so
+we really so this term is zero and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really so this term is zero and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really so this term is zero and we
+just have two effects we have What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have two effects we have What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have two effects we have What's
+called the direct effect you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the direct effect you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the direct effect you know where
+K1 directly affects firm 2's profits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 directly affects firm 2's profits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 directly affects firm 2's profits and
+you know for the investment like uh cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for the investment like uh cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for the investment like uh cost
+reduction uh this term is zero you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh this term is zero you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh this term is zero you know
+firm One's cost reduction has no direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm One's cost reduction has no direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm One's cost reduction has no direct
+effect on firm two's profits and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on firm two's profits and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on firm two's profits and in the
+cost reduction case the it comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction case the it comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction case the it comes in
+through this term that when I invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this term that when I invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this term that when I invest
+more in cost reduction I lower firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in cost reduction I lower firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in cost reduction I lower firm
+One's price so this is negative when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One's price so this is negative when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One's price so this is negative when I
+lower my price um DP 2 da1 is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower my price um DP 2 da1 is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower my price um DP 2 da1 is positive
+firm two benefits When firm one sets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two benefits When firm one sets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two benefits When firm one sets a
+higher price so the cost reduction has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price so the cost reduction has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price so the cost reduction has a
+negative strategic effect it it causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative strategic effect it it causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative strategic effect it it causes
+firm one to do something that's bad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one to do something that's bad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one to do something that's bad for
+firm two which has cut its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two which has cut its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two which has cut its
+price uh in the lobbying to lower tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh in the lobbying to lower tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh in the lobbying to lower tax
+rates there I was describing a something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates there I was describing a something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates there I was describing a something
+that has a direct effect if I Lobby to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a direct effect if I Lobby to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a direct effect if I Lobby to
+lower tax rates and I get tax rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower tax rates and I get tax rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower tax rates and I get tax rates
+lowered holding actions fixed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered holding actions fixed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered holding actions fixed that
+raises firm to's profits and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises firm to's profits and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises firm to's profits and then if
+it's just a tax on profits it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a tax on profits it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a tax on profits it doesn't
+affect uh equilibrium prices so da1 dk1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect uh equilibrium prices so da1 dk1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect uh equilibrium prices so da1 dk1
+is zero and there's no strategic effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so I have some examples on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have some examples on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have some examples on the other
+side you know you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you know you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you know you can think
+about you know so for instance suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know so for instance suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know so for instance suppose
+we had a competition on a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a competition on a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a competition on a line
+game and firm one has the option to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and firm one has the option to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and firm one has the option to sort
+of extend the line and move even further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extend the line and move even further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extend the line and move even further
+away out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away out in this
+direction what would that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what would that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what would that do
+um you know there they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there they're going to be
+and let's have it in the hoteling game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's have it in the hoteling game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's have it in the hoteling game
+so firm one used to be here and firm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so firm one used to be here and firm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so firm one used to be here and firm one
+has a chance to just move further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a chance to just move further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a chance to just move further away
+off the end of the beach um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the end of the beach um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the end of the beach um
+so moving further away the direct effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving further away the direct effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving further away the direct effect
+is positive if we hold the prices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive if we hold the prices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive if we hold the prices as
+fixed and firm one moves farther away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and firm one moves farther away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and firm one moves farther away
+the midpoint of the line moves from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midpoint of the line moves from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midpoint of the line moves from here
+to here so firm two is going to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here so firm two is going to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here so firm two is going to get more
+customers and then the Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and then the Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and then the Strategic
+effect um again deep profit of firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um again deep profit of firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um again deep profit of firm two
+with respect to price of firm one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to price of firm one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to price of firm one is
+positive firm two likes one to set high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive firm two likes one to set high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive firm two likes one to set high
+prices and the further firm one moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and the further firm one moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and the further firm one moves
+away the higher will firm One's price be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the higher will firm One's price be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the higher will firm One's price be
+therefore this is positive this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is positive this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is positive this is
+positive so the direct effect in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the direct effect in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the direct effect in that
+model is positive the Strategic effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is positive the Strategic effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is positive the Strategic effect
+is positive moving away from firm to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive moving away from firm to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive moving away from firm to is
+an investment to makes Fromm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soft and other things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and other things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and other things you know
+Investments can be neither so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments can be neither so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments can be neither so if you
+think about an advertising campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an advertising campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an advertising campaign
+suppose you run an advertising campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you run an advertising campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you run an advertising campaign
+that will convince some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will convince some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will convince some number of
+customers to never leave your firm or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers to never leave your firm or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers to never leave your firm or to
+have a tremendous loyalty of your firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tremendous loyalty of your firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tremendous loyalty of your firm
+and not want to switch um the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not want to switch um the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not want to switch um the direct
+effect on your rival is negative when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on your rival is negative when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on your rival is negative when
+those customers become captive they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those customers become captive they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those customers become captive they're
+not going to consider the Rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to consider the Rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to consider the Rival
+therefore the Rival is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the Rival is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the Rival is going to get
+fewer of them holding prices fixed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer of them holding prices fixed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer of them holding prices fixed that
+hurts the Rival um but again price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts the Rival um but again price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts the Rival um but again price
+competition firm too likes me charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition firm too likes me charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition firm too likes me charging
+high prices and when I have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices and when I have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high prices and when I have these
+captive customers who won't consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive customers who won't consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive customers who won't consider
+switching I'm going to price High to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching I'm going to price High to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching I'm going to price High to
+exploit the captive customers but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit the captive customers but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit the captive customers but I
+can't discriminate between the captive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't discriminate between the captive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't discriminate between the captive
+and non-c captive people therefore my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-c captive people therefore my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-c captive people therefore my
+price is going to be higher so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is going to be higher so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is going to be higher so you get a
+negative direct effect a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative direct effect a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative direct effect a positive
+strategic effect it it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic effect it it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic effect it it's not clear
+you know it would depend on which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it would depend on which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it would depend on which of
+those is larger whether this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is larger whether this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is larger whether this is an
+investment that makes you tough or soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that makes you tough or soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that makes you tough or soft
+then it could be neither it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it could be neither it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it could be neither it could be
+sometimes soft and some ranges tough in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes soft and some ranges tough in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes soft and some ranges tough in
+others but just the tough soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but just the tough soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but just the tough soft
+distinction is all about it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is all about it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is all about it's it's not
+really how it affects firm one it's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how it affects firm one it's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how it affects firm one it's how
+it affects firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two okay so let me now go through Bane's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so let me now go through Bane's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so let me now go through Bane's
+cases in order so first this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in order so first this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in order so first this um
+blockaded entry case so blockaded entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry case so blockaded entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry case so blockaded entry
+case is the case where firm 2 just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the case where firm 2 just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the case where firm 2 just has
+very very high entry costs and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high entry costs and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high entry costs and we'll
+never consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never consider
+entering so I'm going to write k1m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering so I'm going to write k1m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering so I'm going to write k1m and
+a1m for what a monopolist would do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1m for what a monopolist would do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1m for what a monopolist would do if
+there wasn't even a firm two it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't even a firm two it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't even a firm two it's just
+going to choose the A1 and the K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose the A1 and the K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose the A1 and the K1
+maximize its Monopoly profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize its Monopoly profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize its Monopoly profit
+function and the blockaded entry case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the blockaded entry case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the blockaded entry case is
+when if you choose this optimal Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when if you choose this optimal Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when if you choose this optimal Monopoly
+investment firm 2's equilibrium profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment firm 2's equilibrium profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment firm 2's equilibrium profits
+are less than so firm 2 is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than so firm 2 is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than so firm 2 is not going to
+enter and so then this is really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and so then this is really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and so then this is really it's
+not an entry model firm one just ignores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an entry model firm one just ignores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an entry model firm one just ignores
+potential entrant it chooses k1m that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential entrant it chooses k1m that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential entrant it chooses k1m that's
+all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I I mention that because now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I mention that because now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I I mention that because now let's
+think about what happens if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens if you're going
+to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entry the optimal entry deterring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry the optimal entry deterring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry the optimal entry deterring
+investment is going you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is going you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is going you're going to
+solve this problem I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem I'm going to try to
+maximize over all possible investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize over all possible investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize over all possible investment
+levels and and actions The Profit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and and actions The Profit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and and actions The Profit that
+I'm going to get from choosing K1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get from choosing K1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get from choosing K1 and
+then choosing action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choosing action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then choosing action
+A1 but it got to do it subject to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 but it got to do it subject to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 but it got to do it subject to the
+constraint that firm 2's equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that firm 2's equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that firm 2's equilibrium
+profits after I've chosen K1 are at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits after I've chosen K1 are at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits after I've chosen K1 are at most
+ease that firm two doesn't enter so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease that firm two doesn't enter so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease that firm two doesn't enter so I'm
+choosing this a ma same maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing this a ma same maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing this a ma same maximization
+problem but I just put in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I just put in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I just put in this
+constraint that I have to ensure that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that I have to ensure that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that I have to ensure that uh
+firm 2's uh profit is less than e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2's uh profit is less than e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2's uh profit is less than e and
+the you know entry deterrence case I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know entry deterrence case I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know entry deterrence case I'm
+looking at is suppose that uh Pi 2 star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is suppose that uh Pi 2 star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is suppose that uh Pi 2 star
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+k1m uh is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1m uh is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1m uh is greater than
+e okay so in this case firm two's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e okay so in this case firm two's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e okay so in this case firm two's
+profits if I just behave as if firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits if I just behave as if firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits if I just behave as if firm two
+isn't there firm two is going to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there firm two is going to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there firm two is going to enter
+so I so this would be I'm you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so this would be I'm you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I so this would be I'm you know if
+this was less than E I would be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was less than E I would be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was less than E I would be in the
+blockaded entry case with this greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry case with this greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry case with this greater
+than e this is when I I need to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e this is when I I need to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e this is when I I need to be this
+constraint is this constraint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+binding um so anyway how do you distort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding um so anyway how do you distort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding um so anyway how do you distort
+your investment and make K1 Ed differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investment and make K1 Ed differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investment and make K1 Ed differ
+from k1m a very simple theorem says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k1m a very simple theorem says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k1m a very simple theorem says that
+if investment makes firm one tough then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if investment makes firm one tough then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if investment makes firm one tough then
+the entry detering level of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry detering level of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry detering level of investment
+is greater than k1m and if investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than k1m and if investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than k1m and if investment
+makes firm one soft then the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes firm one soft then the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes firm one soft then the entry
+detering level of investment is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detering level of investment is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detering level of investment is less
+than k1m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and easy way to think about this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy way to think about this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy way to think about this is you
+just have I put my investment on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have I put my investment on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have I put my investment on this
+axis and let me graph some profits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and let me graph some profits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and let me graph some profits on
+this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axis
+so let this be e the level of profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let this be e the level of profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let this be e the level of profits
+that firm 2 needs to enter to come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firm 2 needs to enter to come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firm 2 needs to enter to come into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+market and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and so
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+um you know imagine this is uh K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know imagine this is uh K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know imagine this is uh K1
+M and this is pi 2 star of K1 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and this is pi 2 star of K1 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and this is pi 2 star of K1 so this is
+an investment that makes firm one tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment that makes firm one tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment that makes firm one tough
+so investing uh investing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so investing uh investing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so investing uh investing more
+um investing more makes uh Hertz firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um investing more makes uh Hertz firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um investing more makes uh Hertz firm
+to so and again if I also graph uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so and again if I also graph uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so and again if I also graph uh let's
+imagine Pi 1 looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine Pi 1 looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine Pi 1 looks like
+this okay you know Pi 1 star of K1 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay you know Pi 1 star of K1 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay you know Pi 1 star of K1 it's
+maximized at K1 Monopoly so what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized at K1 Monopoly so what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized at K1 Monopoly so what I would
+like to do if firm two wasn't there is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do if firm two wasn't there is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do if firm two wasn't there is I
+would choose this level of investment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose this level of investment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would choose this level of investment I
+would receive that level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would receive that level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would receive that level of
+profits but I can't do that because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits but I can't do that because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits but I can't do that because if I
+did that firm two would come in so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that firm two would come in so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that firm two would come in so this
+is pi 1 should call this Pi 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi 1 should call this Pi 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi 1 should call this Pi 1
+Monopoly of K1 um that's what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly of K1 um that's what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly of K1 um that's what I would
+like to do I can't what do I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do I can't what do I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do I can't what do I have to do
+I have to choose a level of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to choose a level of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to choose a level of investment
+that is sufficient to make sure that Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sufficient to make sure that Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sufficient to make sure that Pi
+2 Star is less than e you know so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Star is less than e you know so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Star is less than e you know so what I
+would do in this example is this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in this example is this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in this example is this would
+be uh K1 entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh K1 entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh K1 entry
+deterrence right I just need to I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence right I just need to I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence right I just need to I need
+to move firm 2's uh I need to move firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move firm 2's uh I need to move firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move firm 2's uh I need to move firm
+2's profits in whatever I need to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2's profits in whatever I need to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2's profits in whatever I need to move
+K1 in whatever Direction moves firm 2's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 in whatever Direction moves firm 2's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 in whatever Direction moves firm 2's
+profits down so in this case I distort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits down so in this case I distort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits down so in this case I distort
+my investment going in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my investment going in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my investment going in that direction
+and so I'm over investing we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm over investing we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm over investing we'll call
+that I'm over investing in K1 in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm over investing in K1 in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm over investing in K1 in order
+to keep firm two out of the market so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep firm two out of the market so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep firm two out of the market so
+for instance this would be the graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance this would be the graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance this would be the graph of
+um I'm investing in a cost reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm investing in a cost reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm investing in a cost reducing
+technology and so if I don't if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and so if I don't if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and so if I don't if I if
+firm two wasn't there I would just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two wasn't there I would just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two wasn't there I would just go
+ahead and and do minimal investments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and and do minimal investments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and and do minimal investments in
+cost do this level of investment cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost do this level of investment cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost do this level of investment cost
+reduction I'd earn this profits but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction I'd earn this profits but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction I'd earn this profits but then
+with this if I have that the cost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this if I have that the cost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this if I have that the cost that
+this investment produces from two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this investment produces from two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this investment produces from two is
+going to enter so what I do is I do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to enter so what I do is I do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to enter so what I do is I do more
+cost reduction than I need to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction than I need to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction than I need to as a
+monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist
+um I'm distorting My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm distorting My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm distorting My
+Monopoly investment therefore I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly investment therefore I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly investment therefore I'm
+lowering my profits but I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering my profits but I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering my profits but I do that
+because I need to do that to keep firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need to do that to keep firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need to do that to keep firm
+two out of the market and remain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out of the market and remain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out of the market and remain a
+monopolis and not be in duopoly which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolis and not be in duopoly which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolis and not be in duopoly which in
+this case I'm assuming is even worse for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and if you know the investment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and if you know the investment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and if you know the investment was
+one that made firm one soft you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that made firm one soft you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that made firm one soft you know if
+firm if firm to's profits instead looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm if firm to's profits instead looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm if firm to's profits instead looked
+like this then obviously again I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then obviously again I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then obviously again I would
+would just distort down in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just distort down in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just distort down in this
+direction and take this point um so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and take this point um so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and take this point um so I'm
+always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just
+distorting in whichever direction hurts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting in whichever direction hurts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting in whichever direction hurts
+firm too and so that you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm too and so that you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm too and so that you know so
+strategic entry deterrence is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic entry deterrence is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic entry deterrence is very
+simple it's just about hurting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's just about hurting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's just about hurting your
+rival that's all there is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it you know as I drew this I made firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know as I drew this I made firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know as I drew this I made firm
+ones Monopoly profits single Peak when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones Monopoly profits single Peak when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones Monopoly profits single Peak when
+firm one's Monopoly profits are single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one's Monopoly profits are single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one's Monopoly profits are single
+Peak you want to go as far away from as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak you want to go as far away from as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak you want to go as far away from as
+as you want to stay as close as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want to stay as close as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you want to stay as close as you can
+to k1m and not distort more than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k1m and not distort more than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k1m and not distort more than you
+need to so you would always go just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to so you would always go just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to so you would always go just to
+the point where the entry first entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where the entry first entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where the entry first entry
+cost First hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh okay so you know some examples um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so you know some examples um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so you know some examples um in
+the cost reduction game I said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost reduction game I said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost reduction game I said you know
+firm one's going to overinvestment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one's going to overinvestment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one's going to overinvestment
+production to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production to deter
+entry um advertising to increase Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry um advertising to increase Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry um advertising to increase Market
+size so suppose you know you're adver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so suppose you know you're adver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so suppose you know you're adver
+you have a new product you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a new product you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a new product you're
+advertising for the product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising for the product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising for the product and
+advertising is going to raise demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is going to raise demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising is going to raise demand for
+that product for everyone um and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product for everyone um and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product for everyone um and so if
+you know this advertising is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this advertising is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this advertising is going to
+make more people want whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more people want whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more people want whatever this
+product is uh if that's going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is uh if that's going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is uh if that's going to help
+you and that's going to help Rivals if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that's going to help Rivals if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that's going to help Rivals if
+the rivals enter then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivals enter then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivals enter then you're going to
+sort of uh limit that advertising to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh limit that advertising to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh limit that advertising to
+avoid to attracting entry okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid to attracting entry okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid to attracting entry okay and so
+that's the case where like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case where like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case where like you know
+investing in sort of something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in sort of something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in sort of something that has
+spillovers to you or your Rivals you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spillovers to you or your Rivals you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spillovers to you or your Rivals you
+know uh raises um you if it raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh raises um you if it raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh raises um you if it raises
+everyone's profits then increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's profits then increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's profits then increasing the
+size of the market then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the market then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the market then it's going to
+sort of attract entry and therefore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of attract entry and therefore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of attract entry and therefore that
+investment makes you soft you do less of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes you soft you do less of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes you soft you do less of
+it to deter entry you know so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to deter entry you know so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to deter entry you know so for
+instance if I'm the uh Chipotle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if I'm the uh Chipotle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if I'm the uh Chipotle in
+Kendall Square and I just advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendall Square and I just advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendall Square and I just advertise
+burritos are great more generally could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burritos are great more generally could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burritos are great more generally could
+be a burrito shop opens up in Kendall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a burrito shop opens up in Kendall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a burrito shop opens up in Kendall
+Square and therefore you know Everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and therefore you know Everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and therefore you know Everyone
+likes burritos more whatever so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes burritos more whatever so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes burritos more whatever so you know
+maybe it's not so plausible but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not so plausible but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not so plausible but you know
+you just do less advertising because Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do less advertising because Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do less advertising because Le
+the more you advertise the bigger is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you advertise the bigger is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you advertise the bigger is the
+market the more likely some other firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the more likely some other firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market the more likely some other firm's
+going to come in um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in um again
+differentiation if you can sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation if you can sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation if you can sort of have
+some way that you can sort of either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way that you can sort of either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way that you can sort of either by
+designing your product or by advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your product or by advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your product or by advertising
+your product make consumers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product make consumers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product make consumers have
+idiosyncratic preference for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic preference for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic preference for your
+product relative to rival's products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product relative to rival's products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product relative to rival's products
+um differentiating also will sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um differentiating also will sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um differentiating also will sort of
+raise the differentiation will you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the differentiation will you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the differentiation will you know
+C plus T if you increase T it will raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus T if you increase T it will raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plus T if you increase T it will raise
+the rival's profits therefore you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rival's profits therefore you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rival's profits therefore you want
+to avoid differentiating um to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid differentiating um to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid differentiating um to deter
+entry you know like in a competition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry you know like in a competition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry you know like in a competition on
+a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line
+model um it could be that right I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um it could be that right I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um it could be that right I the
+thing I want to do is locate exactly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is locate exactly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is locate exactly in
+the middle so that if I locate exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so that if I locate exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so that if I locate exactly
+in the middle then firm 2 has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle then firm 2 has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle then firm 2 has to be
+pretty close to me and then we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to me and then we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to me and then we don't
+earn profits that keeps firm The Firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn profits that keeps firm The Firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn profits that keeps firm The Firm
+out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+market any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so accommodating entry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so accommodating entry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so accommodating entry um
+you know what's going to happen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's going to happen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's going to happen in this
+game is if you think about this suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is if you think about this suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is if you think about this suppose
+I reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e and I make e a lot lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if e is a lot lower the only way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is a lot lower the only way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e is a lot lower the only way I'm
+going to keep firm 2 out of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep firm 2 out of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep firm 2 out of the market
+is to reduce is to increase K1 all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to reduce is to increase K1 all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to reduce is to increase K1 all the
+way up to this level and then at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to this level and then at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to this level and then at this
+level as I've drawn it my profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as I've drawn it my profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as I've drawn it my profits are
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and so you know I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so you know I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so you know I'm going to have
+this was my Monopoly profits I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was my Monopoly profits I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was my Monopoly profits I'm going
+to also have say like you know duopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also have say like you know duopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also have say like you know duopoly
+profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve okay and if the amount by which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay and if the amount by which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay and if the amount by which I
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise
+um uh my investment in order to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh my investment in order to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh my investment in order to keep
+firm two out of the market is so large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two out of the market is so large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two out of the market is so large
+that uh it's going to make my I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it's going to make my I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it's going to make my I should
+probably have made this one lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have made this one lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have made this one lower
+everywhere um duopoly profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere um duopoly profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere um duopoly profits are
+generally going to be lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally going to be lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally going to be lower than
+Monopoly profits it might look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly profits it might look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly profits it might look like this
+um it may be that rather than go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may be that rather than go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may be that rather than go all the
+way out here and drive My Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out here and drive My Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out here and drive My Monopoly
+profits to zero I'm better off just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits to zero I'm better off just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits to zero I'm better off just
+going somewhere you know doing a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going somewhere you know doing a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going somewhere you know doing a more
+moderate investment and admitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate investment and admitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate investment and admitting that
+firm 2 is going to be in the market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 is going to be in the market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 is going to be in the market and
+accommodate entry instead so if the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate entry instead so if the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate entry instead so if the sort
+of profits from detering entry are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of profits from detering entry are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of profits from detering entry are
+sufficiently low instead I may just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently low instead I may just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently low instead I may just go
+to sort of an accommodation strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of an accommodation strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of an accommodation strategy
+where I instead choose K not to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I instead choose K not to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I instead choose K not to deter
+entry but to sort of do what's best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry but to sort of do what's best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry but to sort of do what's best
+possible for given that firm to is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for given that firm to is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for given that firm to is going
+to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter
+okay so let me discuss the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me discuss the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me discuss the entry
+accommodation solution I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation solution I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation solution I'm going to call
+that K1 AC that's going to be the ARG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K1 AC that's going to be the ARG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K1 AC that's going to be the ARG
+Max of overall K1 of Pi 1 star of K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max of overall K1 of Pi 1 star of K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max of overall K1 of Pi 1 star of K1
+where Pi 1 star is the duopoly profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Pi 1 star is the duopoly profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Pi 1 star is the duopoly profit
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+in this example let's suppose it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example let's suppose it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example let's suppose it looks
+like this it's maximized here I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's maximized here I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's maximized here I could
+have K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accommodation okay I'm instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation okay I'm instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation okay I'm instead
+maximizing the duopoly profits that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the duopoly profits that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the duopoly profits that I'm
+going to get if I choose investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K1 and so the you know what feud control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and so the you know what feud control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 and so the you know what feud control
+do is give you a little bit of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is give you a little bit of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is give you a little bit of thinking
+about you know are when are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overinvestment one was simple you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestment one was simple you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestment one was simple you just
+think about I want to hurt the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about I want to hurt the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about I want to hurt the other
+firm if it's tough I overinvestment of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underinvested Benchmark so as a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underinvested Benchmark so as a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underinvested Benchmark so as a point of
+comparison they Define K1 o o stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison they Define K1 o o stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison they Define K1 o o stands for
+open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+loop it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop it's
+a terminology that's uh disappeared from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terminology that's uh disappeared from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a terminology that's uh disappeared from
+economics since they wrote the paper um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics since they wrote the paper um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics since they wrote the paper um
+so we Define K1 open loop to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we Define K1 open loop to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we Define K1 open loop to be the
+level of investment that firm one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of investment that firm one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of investment that firm one would
+choose if entry was going to occur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose if entry was going to occur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose if entry was going to occur and
+firm 2 could not observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 could not observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 could not observe
+K1 so if firm 2 can't observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 so if firm 2 can't observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 so if firm 2 can't observe
+K1 then in equilibrium it must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 then in equilibrium it must be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 then in equilibrium it must be the
+case that the partial of Pi 1 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the partial of Pi 1 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the partial of Pi 1 with
+respect to K1 evaluated at K1 open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K1 evaluated at K1 open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K1 evaluated at K1 open loop
+and then the equilibrium actions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the equilibrium actions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the equilibrium actions that
+follow is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow is equal to
+zero okay right so this is think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay right so this is think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay right so this is think about
+the equal think about the game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal think about the game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal think about the game where
+firm one chooses K1 and then firm 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one chooses K1 and then firm 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one chooses K1 and then firm 2
+doesn't observe K1 before it makes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't observe K1 before it makes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't observe K1 before it makes its
+entry decision inequal ibum it correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry decision inequal ibum it correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry decision inequal ibum it correctly
+anticipates what the investment was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipates what the investment was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipates what the investment was and
+then the actions by both firms re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actions by both firms re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actions by both firms re
+reflect what the what the uh investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect what the what the uh investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect what the what the uh investment
+was but so we get this sort of it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but so we get this sort of it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but so we get this sort of it's this
+partial is equal to zero evalue at K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial is equal to zero evalue at K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial is equal to zero evalue at K1
+open loop because it's as it's almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop because it's as it's almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop because it's as it's almost as
+if firm one could go back and change K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if firm one could go back and change K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if firm one could go back and change K
+you know like that K1 is not sunk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like that K1 is not sunk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like that K1 is not sunk and
+firm one could go back and change K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one could go back and change K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one could go back and change K1
+after firm two has taken its action then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after firm two has taken its action then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after firm two has taken its action then
+it you know because if firm two doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know because if firm two doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know because if firm two doesn't
+observe it it's as if you're choosing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe it it's as if you're choosing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe it it's as if you're choosing it
+afterwards it's the same first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards it's the same first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards it's the same first order
+condition um okay is is that definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um okay is is that definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um okay is is that definition
+okay so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anyway
+the you know we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know we're going to think about
+Strategic investment as being what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic investment as being what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic investment as being what do
+you do different from what you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do different from what you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do different from what you would do
+if K1 was unobservable because if K1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if K1 was unobservable because if K1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if K1 was unobservable because if K1 is
+unobservable it's not affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable it's not affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable it's not affecting the
+other firm the Strategic use of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other firm the Strategic use of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other firm the Strategic use of it is
+doing something different because for to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something different because for to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something different because for to
+sees it okay and so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it okay and so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it okay and so first
+characterization theorem just highlights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization theorem just highlights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization theorem just highlights
+a strategic effect firms overinvestment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Pi 1 star with respect to K1 when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi 1 star with respect to K1 when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi 1 star with respect to K1 when I
+evaluated it K1 open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated it K1 open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated it K1 open loop
+okay first you get a partial D partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first you get a partial D partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first you get a partial D partial
+Pi 1 with respect to you know partial Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 1 with respect to you know partial Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 1 with respect to you know partial Pi
+1 with respect to K1 evaluated at K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 with respect to K1 evaluated at K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 with respect to K1 evaluated at K1
+open loop that's Zero by the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop that's Zero by the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop that's Zero by the definition
+of K1 open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K1 open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K1 open
+loop second thing you get is dp1 da1 da1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop second thing you get is dp1 da1 da1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop second thing you get is dp1 da1 da1
+star dk1 again with this dp1 D A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star dk1 again with this dp1 D A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star dk1 again with this dp1 D A1
+evaluated A1 star of K1 this is Zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated A1 star of K1 this is Zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated A1 star of K1 this is Zero by
+the envelope theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope theorem
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+so D Pi 1 star dk1 is positive if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so D Pi 1 star dk1 is positive if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so D Pi 1 star dk1 is positive if this
+strategic effect is positive and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic effect is positive and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic effect is positive and it's
+negative if the Strategic effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if the Strategic effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if the Strategic effect is
+negative so the Strategic effect is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the Strategic effect is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the Strategic effect is what
+how does the investment effect A2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the investment effect A2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the investment effect A2 and
+how is your profit affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is your profit affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is your profit affected by
+A2 okay does K1 change the other firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 okay does K1 change the other firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 okay does K1 change the other firm's
+action in a way that's good or bad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in a way that's good or bad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in a way that's good or bad for
+you that's the Strategic effect and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's the Strategic effect and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's the Strategic effect and so
+notice that if uh you know right if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if uh you know right if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if uh you know right if I if
+I evaluate that derivative if the deriva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I evaluate that derivative if the deriva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I evaluate that derivative if the deriva
+total derivative of Pi 1 star with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative of Pi 1 star with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total derivative of Pi 1 star with
+respect to K1 I valued at K1 open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K1 I valued at K1 open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K1 I valued at K1 open loop
+is greater than zero and profit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero and profit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero and profit is
+single Peak then that's going to imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Peak then that's going to imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Peak then that's going to imply
+that um K1 AC is strictly greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um K1 AC is strictly greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um K1 AC is strictly greater than
+K1 open loop right it's just a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 open loop right it's just a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 open loop right it's just a case
+where we have a profit function we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a profit function we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a profit function we have
+a profit function we know evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profit function we know evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profit function we know evaluated at
+K1 open loop this Pi 1 star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 open loop this Pi 1 star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 open loop this Pi 1 star is
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+so the maximum is somewhere to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so one way to think about
+Strategic investment is just do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic investment is just do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic investment is just do these
+calculations for yourself how would this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for yourself how would this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for yourself how would this
+investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+affect uh firm two firm two's action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect uh firm two firm two's action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect uh firm two firm two's action and
+then what would I think of that action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what would I think of that action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what would I think of that action
+so for instance um cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance um cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance um cost
+reduction I'm I'm thinking about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction I'm I'm thinking about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction I'm I'm thinking about in a
+price competition game and I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition game and I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition game and I'm thinking
+of investing in cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing in cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing in cost
+reduction if I reduce my costs in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction if I reduce my costs in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction if I reduce my costs in a
+price competition game that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition game that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition game that's going to
+lead the other firm to lower its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the other firm to lower its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead the other firm to lower its
+equilibrium price because he knows I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price because he knows I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium price because he knows I'm
+going to lower my price and so da2 dk1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower my price and so da2 dk1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower my price and so da2 dk1
+becomes negative more investment lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes negative more investment lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes negative more investment lower
+rival price and then my profit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival price and then my profit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival price and then my profit is
+increasing in the rival's price so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in the rival's price so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in the rival's price so this
+is positive so positive times negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive so positive times negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive so positive times negative
+this is a negative strategic effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a negative strategic effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a negative strategic effect so
+in the Strategic entry accommodation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Strategic entry accommodation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Strategic entry accommodation
+game you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you're going to
+underinvested duction you know meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underinvested duction you know meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underinvested duction you know meaning
+you're going to do less of it than would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do less of it than would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do less of it than would
+do if if you could do Secret cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if if you could do Secret cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if if you could do Secret cost
+reduction so if I could do Secret cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so if I could do Secret cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction so if I could do Secret cost
+reduction I would do more because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction I would do more because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction I would do more because it
+really does benefit me profit-wise have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does benefit me profit-wise have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does benefit me profit-wise have
+a lower cost but I know that if my rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower cost but I know that if my rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower cost but I know that if my rival
+sees me investing in the cost reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees me investing in the cost reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees me investing in the cost reduction
+he's just going to lower his price I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just going to lower his price I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just going to lower his price I'm
+going to eat up a lot of the benefits I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eat up a lot of the benefits I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eat up a lot of the benefits I
+was getting from the cost reduction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting from the cost reduction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was getting from the cost reduction so
+what we'll see firms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see firms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see firms is
+underinvestigated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it for strategic reasons because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for strategic reasons because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for strategic reasons because if
+their rival knew they had that lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rival knew they had that lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rival knew they had that lower
+cost manufacturing technology the Rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost manufacturing technology the Rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost manufacturing technology the Rival
+would just charge a lower price they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just charge a lower price they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just charge a lower price they'd
+be worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is that example pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear okay um fud control give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay um fud control give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay um fud control give the
+second theorem noting that one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theorem noting that one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theorem noting that one way to
+think about Strate strategic entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Strate strategic entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Strate strategic entry
+accomodation is in terms of what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomodation is in terms of what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomodation is in terms of what's the
+effect of the investment on your rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the investment on your rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the investment on your rival
+what do the Rival what does that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do the Rival what does that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do the Rival what does that what
+does that do to you they note that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that do to you they note that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that do to you they note that it's
+also uh can be related to sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh can be related to sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh can be related to sort of the
+type of game and the type of investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of game and the type of investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of game and the type of investment
+so here's a theorem let's for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a theorem let's for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a theorem let's for instance
+initially consider Investments where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially consider Investments where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially consider Investments where the
+there's no direct effect on firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direct effect on firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no direct effect on firm two
+like a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cost
+reduction uh let's assume that the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh let's assume that the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh let's assume that the game
+is s at least somewhat symmetric uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s at least somewhat symmetric uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s at least somewhat symmetric uh
+weekly symmetric I'd call it so profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly symmetric I'd call it so profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly symmetric I'd call it so profit
+change the sign of DP D AJ is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign of DP D AJ is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign of DP D AJ is the same
+as DP J da I so you know any game like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as DP J da I so you know any game like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as DP J da I so you know any game like
+price competition or quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition or quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition or quantity
+competition or whatever will have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition or whatever will have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition or whatever will have this
+just the way that firm one's action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way that firm one's action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way that firm one's action
+affects firm two is the same the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects firm two is the same the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects firm two is the same the way
+firm two's action affects firm one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two's action affects firm one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two's action affects firm one if
+you had some bizarre game where firm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had some bizarre game where firm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had some bizarre game where firm one
+was choosing a price and firm two was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was choosing a price and firm two was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was choosing a price and firm two was
+choosing a quantity then that might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a quantity then that might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a quantity then that might not
+be true but most of the games we do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true but most of the games we do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true but most of the games we do are
+are fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fully
+symmetric um and so the theorem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric um and so the theorem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric um and so the theorem is that
+firms over invest to accommodate entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms over invest to accommodate entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms over invest to accommodate entry
+if the game has in strategic compliments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the game has in strategic compliments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the game has in strategic compliments
+an investment makes them soft or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment makes them soft or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment makes them soft or if the
+game has strategic substitutes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game has strategic substitutes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game has strategic substitutes an
+investment makes firm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes firm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes firm one
+tough so let me start start with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough so let me start start with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough so let me start start with the um
+uh strategic substitutes case in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strategic substitutes case in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strategic substitutes case in the
+Strategic substitutes case right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic substitutes case right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic substitutes case right what
+this says is um so in strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says is um so in strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says is um so in strategic
+substitutes I did put it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes I did put it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes I did put it over
+here so in the substitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case if the investment makes you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the investment makes you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if the investment makes you you
+tough you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overinvestment case you know when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestment case you know when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestment case you know when you're
+when you're in deter entry you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in deter entry you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in deter entry you're always
+trying to hurt your rival so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hurt your rival so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hurt your rival so if the
+investment makes you tough you do it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes you tough you do it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes you tough you do it if
+it makes you soft you don't do it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes you soft you don't do it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes you soft you don't do it what
+this says in in games with strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says in in games with strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says in in games with strategic
+substitutes accommodate of Entry is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes accommodate of Entry is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes accommodate of Entry is just
+like deterrence of entry in a game with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like deterrence of entry in a game with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like deterrence of entry in a game with
+strategic substitutes what you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic substitutes what you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic substitutes what you always
+want to do is just hurt your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is just hurt your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is just hurt your
+rival but things turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival but things turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival but things turn
+around in games with strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in games with strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in games with strategic
+compliments in games with strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliments in games with strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliments in games with strategic
+complement you want to help your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement you want to help your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement you want to help your
+rival so actually I was describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival so actually I was describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival so actually I was describing the
+cost reduction I did the cost reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction I did the cost reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost reduction I did the cost reduction
+I said you know in the cost reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you know in the cost reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you know in the cost reduction
+game to deter entry you don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to deter entry you don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to deter entry you don't want to do
+it but to accommodate entry you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but to accommodate entry you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but to accommodate entry you don't
+invest because it's just going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest because it's just going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest because it's just going to make
+your rival lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rival lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rival lower
+prices um but the sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um but the sort of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices um but the sort of interesting
+observation here is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation here is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation here is that you know
+sometimes I described you know Coro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I described you know Coro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I described you know Coro
+versus Bertrand as just two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Bertrand as just two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Bertrand as just two different
+assumptions people make their similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions people make their similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions people make their similar
+models profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models profits
+decline this notes that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline this notes that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline this notes that a lot of the
+conclusions we're going to make about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions we're going to make about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions we're going to make about
+strategic Investments would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic Investments would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic Investments would just
+completely flip if we had a quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flip if we had a quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely flip if we had a quantity
+competition game versus if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition game versus if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition game versus if we had a
+price competition game so like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition game so like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition game so like in the
+quantity competition game let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition game let me go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition game let me go back
+to my previous first order condition um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my previous first order condition um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my previous first order condition um
+what's the Strategic effect of reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Strategic effect of reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Strategic effect of reducing
+my cost in a quantity competition game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cost in a quantity competition game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cost in a quantity competition game
+if I reduce my cost it's a commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I reduce my cost it's a commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I reduce my cost it's a commitment
+that I'm going to produce a lot and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to produce a lot and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to produce a lot and in
+Coro with those downward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coro with those downward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coro with those downward sloping
+reaction curves if I'm going to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction curves if I'm going to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction curves if I'm going to produce
+a lot my rival is going to produce less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot my rival is going to produce less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot my rival is going to produce less
+and so by investing in cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by investing in cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so by investing in cost
+reduction uh I make his quantity lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh I make his quantity lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh I make his quantity lower
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+negative and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then
+if his quantity is higher that's bad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if his quantity is higher that's bad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if his quantity is higher that's bad for
+me so this is also negative so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so this is also negative so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so this is also negative so I have
+negative times negative is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative times negative is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative times negative is a positive
+number which means that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overinvestment firms we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestment firms we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestment firms we're going to
+expect that they're be these cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that they're be these cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that they're be these cost
+reducing Investments that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing Investments that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing Investments that we don't
+understand why firm one isn't taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why firm one isn't taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why firm one isn't taking it
+because it would be privately optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be privately optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be privately optimal
+holding everything else fixed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding everything else fixed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding everything else fixed in a
+quantity competition game you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition game you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition game you're going
+to see firms having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overinvestment to be tough forces your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestment to be tough forces your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overinvestment to be tough forces your
+rival to sort of stay at a smaller scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival to sort of stay at a smaller scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival to sort of stay at a smaller scale
+and that's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good for
+you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so anyway you know I think the things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway you know I think the things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway you know I think the things is
+sort of games with strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of games with strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of games with strategic
+substitutes uh what you're always trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes uh what you're always trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes uh what you're always trying
+to do is take Investments that hurt your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rival and what you're doing in a a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival and what you're doing in a a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival and what you're doing in a a game
+with strategic compliments is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strategic compliments is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strategic compliments is you're
+trying to help your rival so anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help your rival so anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help your rival so anything
+you can do that's good for your rival is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that's good for your rival is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that's good for your rival is
+is good for you as well or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for you as well or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for you as well or at least
+that's the Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Strategic
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay again right so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay again right so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay again right so I'm just
+phrasing this in the discussion of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrasing this in the discussion of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrasing this in the discussion of how
+does K1 AC compare to K1 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does K1 AC compare to K1 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does K1 AC compare to K1 which is the
+amount of investment you would be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of investment you would be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of investment you would be doing
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+oligopoly if if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unobservable you know I put a proof on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable you know I put a proof on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable you know I put a proof on
+the next slide I think I think I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide I think I think I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide I think I think I won't
+take the time to go through this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time to go through this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time to go through this because
+sometimes I find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I find it
+doesn't you know it's a simple calcul I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you know it's a simple calcul I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you know it's a simple calcul I
+don't know that it's all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that it's all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that it's all that
+informative but you know basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative but you know basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative but you know basically the
+argument is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is just
+um you know think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know think about how
+um think about how A1 star of K1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about how A1 star of K1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about how A1 star of K1 or
+particularly you know I'm I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to you know what I'm I'm trying to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know what I'm I'm trying to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know what I'm I'm trying to sign
+is this right I know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this right I know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this right I know this is the
+Strategic effect I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic effect I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strategic effect I'm going to
+overinvestment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 in a direction I don't like so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 in a direction I don't like so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 in a direction I don't like so this
+was the Strategic effect and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Strategic effect and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Strategic effect and I'm just
+trying to think about how do I sign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think about how do I sign this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think about how do I sign this
+strategic effect in particular how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic effect in particular how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic effect in particular how do I
+find out what da2 star dk1 is uh is k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what da2 star dk1 is uh is k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what da2 star dk1 is uh is k1
+going to move A2 in the direction I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move A2 in the direction I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move A2 in the direction I like
+or in the direction I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the direction I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the direction I don't
+like and you know how do I do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and you know how do I do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and you know how do I do that well
+I I note that A2 star satisfies this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I note that A2 star satisfies this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I note that A2 star satisfies this for
+every K1 this is uh the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every K1 this is uh the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every K1 this is uh the first order
+condition defined firm 2's best firm 2's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition defined firm 2's best firm 2's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition defined firm 2's best firm 2's
+best response function or fir finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response function or fir finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best response function or fir finding
+equilibrium that partial of Pi 2 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that partial of Pi 2 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that partial of Pi 2 with
+respect to A2 evaluated at A2 star of K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A2 evaluated at A2 star of K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A2 evaluated at A2 star of K1
+is equal to zero so what I just do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero so what I just do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero so what I just do is I
+take this thing uh I differentiate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this thing uh I differentiate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this thing uh I differentiate it
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+K1 it gives me these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 it gives me these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 it gives me these three
+terms and then when I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then when I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then when I look at this
+expression um D Pi 2 dk1 was zero with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um D Pi 2 dk1 was zero with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um D Pi 2 dk1 was zero with
+no direct effect so this term drops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no direct effect so this term drops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no direct effect so this term drops out
+um d^2 Pi 2 da1 da2 this is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um d^2 Pi 2 da1 da2 this is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um d^2 Pi 2 da1 da2 this is the thing
+that's whether you have strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's whether you have strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's whether you have strategic
+complements or strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements or strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements or strategic
+substitutes um this term here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes um this term here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes um this term here is
+negative and so anyway you this lets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so anyway you this lets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so anyway you this lets us
+I'm trying to sign da2 star dk1 I get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to sign da2 star dk1 I get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to sign da2 star dk1 I get I
+move this to the other side and the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this to the other side and the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this to the other side and the sign
+of da2 star dk1 is the sign of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of da2 star dk1 is the sign of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of da2 star dk1 is the sign of this and
+that depends on complements or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on complements or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on complements or
+substitutes and the the um uh soft or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes and the the um uh soft or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes and the the um uh soft or
+tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay anyway you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway you can look at the
+calculations afterwards but so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations afterwards but so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations afterwards but so in some
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+that's the reason why is you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why is you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why is you're just
+thinking about what is it that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what is it that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what is it that's going
+to are you going to move the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to are you going to move the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to are you going to move the other
+firm's action in a sense that hurts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's action in a sense that hurts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's action in a sense that hurts you
+or helps you and that just turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or helps you and that just turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or helps you and that just turns out to
+depend whether if it's compliments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend whether if it's compliments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend whether if it's compliments
+you're helping you know like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're helping you know like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're helping you know like it's
+helping firm two is helping you and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping firm two is helping you and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping firm two is helping you and vice
+versa and it substitutes helping firm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa and it substitutes helping firm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa and it substitutes helping firm to
+is hurting you and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versa but I think the you know main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa but I think the you know main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa but I think the you know main
+thing to take away is this intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to take away is this intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to take away is this intuition for
+what you want to do in entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do in entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do in entry
+accommodation games is that in Corno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation games is that in Corno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation games is that in Corno
+games you're always trying to still hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you're always trying to still hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you're always trying to still hurt
+your rival like you do to deter entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rival like you do to deter entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rival like you do to deter entry
+but in games with strategic compliments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in games with strategic compliments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in games with strategic compliments
+things turn around and you should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things turn around and you should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things turn around and you should always
+be thinking about I want to Aid my rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about I want to Aid my rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about I want to Aid my rival
+and distort my investment in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distort my investment in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distort my investment in that
+direction okay I just want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay I just want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay I just want to do that
+quickly because I'll just go through now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because I'll just go through now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because I'll just go through now
+I've got like you know five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got like you know five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got like you know five different
+examples of classic arguments to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of classic arguments to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of classic arguments to think
+about what a firms do for strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what a firms do for strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what a firms do for strategic
+reasons so the first is a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so the first is a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so the first is a model of
+learning by doing so we start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning by doing so we start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning by doing so we start with a
+firm that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm that's a
+monopolist and it has some cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist and it has some cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist and it has some cost
+c0 and it sells some quantity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and it sells some quantity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 and it sells some quantity in the
+first period q1 one where I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period q1 one where I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period q1 one where I guess the
+upper one refers to the um uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper one refers to the um uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper one refers to the um uh I don't
+know guess it refers the first period so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know guess it refers the first period so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know guess it refers the first period so
+it's firm one in the first period um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's firm one in the first period um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's firm one in the first period um
+after firm one produced in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after firm one produced in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after firm one produced in the first
+period firm 2 observes firm one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period firm 2 observes firm one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period firm 2 observes firm one's
+production level and then chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production level and then chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production level and then chooses
+whether to enter a cost of e and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to enter a cost of e and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to enter a cost of e and the
+Assumption critical Assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption critical Assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption critical Assumption of
+learning by doing model is that the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning by doing model is that the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning by doing model is that the firm
+one's marginal cost in the second period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's marginal cost in the second period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's marginal cost in the second period
+is going to depend on how much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to depend on how much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to depend on how much it
+produced in the first period so C of q11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the first period so C of q11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the first period so C of q11
+is the period 2 marginal cost and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the period 2 marginal cost and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the period 2 marginal cost and so
+we're assuming that the more you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that the more you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that the more you produce
+in the first period the lower is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period the lower is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period the lower is your
+marginal cost in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost in the second
+period so just by producing more you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so just by producing more you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so just by producing more you get
+more experience producing every unit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experience producing every unit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more experience producing every unit you
+produce you figure out things to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce you figure out things to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce you figure out things to improve
+your production process you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your production process you make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your production process you make your
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+lower okay so in this model um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay so in this model um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay so in this model um we can
+think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+overproducing over producing is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overproducing over producing is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overproducing over producing is just
+choosing you know if I I would normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing you know if I I would normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing you know if I I would normally
+choose q11 if I was if there was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose q11 if I was if there was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose q11 if I was if there was in the
+blockaded entry case uh I would choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry case uh I would choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry case uh I would choose
+q11 to be the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 to be the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 to be the sort of
+argmax over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argmax over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argmax over
+q11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11
+of you know Pi 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know Pi 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know Pi 1 of
+q11 uh Pi 111 plus you know discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 uh Pi 111 plus you know discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 uh Pi 111 plus you know discount
+factor I don't think I do discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor I don't think I do discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor I don't think I do discount
+factors pi12 Monopoly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors pi12 Monopoly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors pi12 Monopoly of
+q11 q12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 q12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 q12
+right so my first period Profit just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my first period Profit just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my first period Profit just
+depends on the quantity I produce in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the quantity I produce in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the quantity I produce in the
+first period And in the second period if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period And in the second period if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period And in the second period if
+I'm still a monopolist my profit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still a monopolist my profit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still a monopolist my profit is
+going to depend both on what I produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend both on what I produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend both on what I produced
+in the first period and on what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period and on what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period and on what I
+produced in the second period with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the second period with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in the second period with the
+first one here because what I produce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one here because what I produce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one here because what I produce in
+the first period affects my cost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first period affects my cost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first period affects my cost in the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+period okay and so this is what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period okay and so this is what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period okay and so this is what I would
+do uh I think I call this q1 Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh I think I call this q1 Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh I think I call this q1 Monopoly
+this this is what you would do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is what you would do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is what you would do in the
+blockaded entry case is just produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry case is just produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry case is just produce
+this level of output and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level of output and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level of output and so you can
+think of if I choose q11 greater than q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of if I choose q11 greater than q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of if I choose q11 greater than q1
+M that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+investment uh in reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+costs okay it's an investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs okay it's an investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs okay it's an investment in
+reducing cost that I make by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing cost that I make by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing cost that I make by just
+overproducing the first period what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overproducing the first period what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overproducing the first period what's
+the cost of the investment the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the investment the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of the investment the cost of
+the investment is uh Pi 1 1 of q1 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment is uh Pi 1 1 of q1 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investment is uh Pi 1 1 of q1 M
+minus pi11 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi11 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi11 of
+q11 right if I produce this if I produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 right if I produce this if I produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 right if I produce this if I produce
+if I produce some extra amount it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I produce some extra amount it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I produce some extra amount it's
+going to lower my first period profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower my first period profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower my first period profits
+the amount by which it lower you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount by which it lower you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount by which it lower you know so
+this is in some sense the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost so in producing much the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so in producing much the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so in producing much the first
+period is a Strategic investment an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is a Strategic investment an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is a Strategic investment an
+investment that I spend something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that I spend something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that I spend something and
+lost profits I gained something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost profits I gained something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost profits I gained something and
+having reduced my future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+costs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so oh I put a B on here so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh I put a B on here so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh I put a B on here so you know
+let's suppose that there's no firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that there's no firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that there's no firm two
+then the blockaded entry level would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the blockaded entry level would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the blockaded entry level would be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+q1b if I need to deter entry and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1b if I need to deter entry and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1b if I need to deter entry and I want
+to deter entry then what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter entry then what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter entry then what I'm going to do
+is I'm going to overproduce because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to overproduce because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to overproduce because I I
+investment makes is it reduces my cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes is it reduces my cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment makes is it reduces my cost
+it makes me tough I want to hurt firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes me tough I want to hurt firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes me tough I want to hurt firm
+too so I'm going to choose q11 greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so I'm going to choose q11 greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so I'm going to choose q11 greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+q1b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1b
+okay in the entry accommodation case I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the entry accommodation case I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the entry accommodation case I'm
+either going to want to underproduce or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to want to underproduce or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to want to underproduce or
+overproduce depending on whether I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overproduce depending on whether I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overproduce depending on whether I'm
+playing a price competition game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a price competition game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a price competition game or
+quantity competition game so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition game so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition game so if I'm
+playing a price competition game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a price competition game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a price competition game where
+now suddenly I want to be nice in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suddenly I want to be nice in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suddenly I want to be nice in price
+competition games I'm going to distort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition games I'm going to distort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition games I'm going to distort
+downward have q11 less than q1 open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward have q11 less than q1 open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward have q11 less than q1 open
+loop uh and I I'm going to distort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop uh and I I'm going to distort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop uh and I I'm going to distort
+downward because I want to make keep my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward because I want to make keep my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward because I want to make keep my
+cost high in I want firm two to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost high in I want firm two to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost high in I want firm two to know
+that I'm going to have high cost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have high cost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to have high cost that
+firm two when it enters is going to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two when it enters is going to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm two when it enters is going to also
+charge a high price because it knows I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a high price because it knows I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a high price because it knows I
+have high costs so in the accommodation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high costs so in the accommodation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have high costs so in the accommodation
+game I want to be nice I do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I want to be nice I do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I want to be nice I do that by
+under investing in cost reduction note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under investing in cost reduction note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under investing in cost reduction note
+also that we're going to typically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that we're going to typically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that we're going to typically have
+um q1 open loop is going to typically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um q1 open loop is going to typically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um q1 open loop is going to typically be
+less than q1 blockaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so to deter entry I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to deter entry I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to deter entry I'm going to
+produce more than I get with blockaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more than I get with blockaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more than I get with blockaded
+entry and then to accommodate I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and then to accommodate I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and then to accommodate I'm going
+to produce less than the open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce less than the open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce less than the open loop
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+and why do I say the open loop value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do I say the open loop value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do I say the open loop value is
+typically going to be less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically going to be less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically going to be less than the
+blockaded value you know when I in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded value you know when I in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded value you know when I in the
+first period I'm produ I'm investing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period I'm produ I'm investing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period I'm produ I'm investing in
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+reduction um I'm investing in cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction um I'm investing in cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction um I'm investing in cost
+reduction in part because I I'm then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in part because I I'm then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in part because I I'm then
+going to have lower cost in every unit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have lower cost in every unit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have lower cost in every unit I
+sell in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell in the second
+period um in the blockaded case you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um in the blockaded case you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period um in the blockaded case you know
+that's what I'm taking into account how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm taking into account how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm taking into account how
+many units am I going to sell in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many units am I going to sell in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many units am I going to sell in the
+second period what's my cost savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period what's my cost savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second period what's my cost savings
+going to be in the open loop case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the open loop case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the open loop case it's
+going to be I'm going to be in a duopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I'm going to be in a duopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I'm going to be in a duopoly
+in the second period so I'm only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second period so I'm only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second period so I'm only be
+serving half the market when I'm serving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving half the market when I'm serving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving half the market when I'm serving
+half the market I'm going to sell fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the market I'm going to sell fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the market I'm going to sell fewer
+units in the second period therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units in the second period therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units in the second period therefore I
+invest less than cost reduction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest less than cost reduction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest less than cost reduction in the
+first period so I do less over you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period so I do less over you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first period so I do less over you know
+over production relative to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over production relative to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over production relative to what
+maximizes this um because I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes this um because I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes this um because I know that
+I'm only going to be I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only going to be I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only going to be I'm going to be
+selling fewer units if T equals 2 anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling fewer units if T equals 2 anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling fewer units if T equals 2 anyway
+I don't value cost reduction as much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't value cost reduction as much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't value cost reduction as much I
+go closer to just the static Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profit uh now if we were playing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit uh now if we were playing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit uh now if we were playing in a
+Corno game in a Corno game I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corno game in a Corno game I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corno game in a Corno game I'm going to
+choose q11 greater than q1 open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose q11 greater than q1 open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose q11 greater than q1 open
+loop so in a so this would be with uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so in a so this would be with uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so in a so this would be with uh in
+a Bertrand kind of game or a hoteling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bertrand kind of game or a hoteling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bertrand kind of game or a hoteling
+game uh in a Coro game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh in a Coro game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game uh in a Coro game
+what I'm going to know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I'm going to know that q1 open loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm going to know that q1 open loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm going to know that q1 open loop
+is less than q1 blockaded less than q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than q1 blockaded less than q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than q1 blockaded less than q1
+entry deterrence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry deterrence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry deterrence and
+then uh q1 combination I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh q1 combination I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh q1 combination I don't know
+where it's going to be it you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to be it you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to be it you know it
+could be here it could be here we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be here it could be here we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be here it could be here we know
+it's bigger than q1 open loop Loop uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger than q1 open loop Loop uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger than q1 open loop Loop uh
+but q1 Loop is less than q1 blockaded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but q1 Loop is less than q1 blockaded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but q1 Loop is less than q1 blockaded so
+it could be that you over invest but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that you over invest but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that you over invest but
+still not as much as you would do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not as much as you would do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not as much as you would do here
+or it could be that if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be that if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be that if you have to
+produce a ton to keep the other firm out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a ton to keep the other firm out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a ton to keep the other firm out
+but keeping the other firm out is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keeping the other firm out is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keeping the other firm out is really
+important it could be you're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it could be you're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it could be you're producing
+up here or even more than even up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here or even more than even up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here or even more than even up here
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+something I guess this is noce you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I guess this is noce you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I guess this is noce you're
+investing to sort of uh you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing to sort of uh you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing to sort of uh you're you're
+sorry you're yeah you're investing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you're yeah you're investing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you're yeah you're investing just
+to reduce his profits to reduce his um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce his profits to reduce his um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce his profits to reduce his um
+uh output I guess this is reducing his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh output I guess this is reducing his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh output I guess this is reducing his
+output all the way to zero so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output all the way to zero so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output all the way to zero so if you're
+reducing his output all the way to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing his output all the way to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing his output all the way to zero
+would be the biggest benefit you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the biggest benefit you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the biggest benefit you can get
+so this one would have a smaller benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one would have a smaller benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one would have a smaller benefit
+than this so I guess it would be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this so I guess it would be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this so I guess it would be either
+here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or
+here but in the right the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but in the right the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but in the right the competition
+game I'm just over investing but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm just over investing but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I'm just over investing but I'm
+over investing recognizing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over investing recognizing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over investing recognizing that it's
+still going to be duopoly so I'm over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to be duopoly so I'm over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to be duopoly so I'm over
+investing relative to the somewhat lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level okay um you know uh leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay um you know uh leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay um you know uh leverage
+Theory so there's this old you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so there's this old you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so there's this old you know
+classic literature in IO about um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic literature in IO about um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic literature in IO about um if
+you're a firm and you're a monopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a firm and you're a monopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a firm and you're a monopolist
+you know do you get one Monopoly there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do you get one Monopoly there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do you get one Monopoly there
+sort of like there's a big Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like there's a big Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like there's a big Chicago
+School thought that says you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School thought that says you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School thought that says you know like
+if you have one Monopoly you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have one Monopoly you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have one Monopoly you can only
+earn one Monopoly profit from it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn one Monopoly profit from it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn one Monopoly profit from it and so
+if you if you can only get one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you can only get one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you can only get one you know
+if you would never do something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would never do something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would never do something you
+would never use your Monopoly power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never use your Monopoly power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never use your Monopoly power in
+one market to sort of try to get extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one market to sort of try to get extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one market to sort of try to get extra
+profits in a second Market because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits in a second Market because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits in a second Market because if
+you're trying to use your Monopoly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to use your Monopoly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to use your Monopoly to
+get profit in the second Market Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get profit in the second Market Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get profit in the second Market Market
+the only way you can do that like if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you can do that like if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you can do that like if all
+I can do is sell people something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do is sell people something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do is sell people something they
+don't like as much you know like if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like as much you know like if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like as much you know like if I'm
+Apple I try to monopolize the iPhone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple I try to monopolize the iPhone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple I try to monopolize the iPhone
+charger Market people don't like iPhone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger Market people don't like iPhone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger Market people don't like iPhone
+chargers as much as they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargers as much as they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargers as much as they would have
+liked USBC Chargers I can yes I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked USBC Chargers I can yes I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked USBC Chargers I can yes I can
+charge them more by making them all Buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge them more by making them all Buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge them more by making them all Buy
+chargers from me but anything that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargers from me but anything that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargers from me but anything that they
+anything that I'm making selling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I'm making selling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I'm making selling the
+Chargers I could have just charged them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chargers I could have just charged them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chargers I could have just charged them
+more for the phone to begin with and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for the phone to begin with and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for the phone to begin with and let
+them buy the charger they want so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them buy the charger they want so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them buy the charger they want so all
+I'm doing is just I I'm I'm just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is just I I'm I'm just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is just I I'm I'm just getting
+one Monopoly profit and you can't sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Monopoly profit and you can't sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Monopoly profit and you can't sort
+of extend your Monopoly power to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extend your Monopoly power to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extend your Monopoly power to a
+second Market because anything people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Market because anything people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Market because anything people
+pay extra in the second Market they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay extra in the second Market they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay extra in the second Market they're
+going to treat as a cost of buying your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to treat as a cost of buying your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to treat as a cost of buying your
+initial product and they're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial product and they're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial product and they're just going
+to pay less for the base product because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay less for the base product because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay less for the base product because
+you've tried to make them buy a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've tried to make them buy a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've tried to make them buy a second
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+okay so that's The Chicago School um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's The Chicago School um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's The Chicago School um
+critique that says no you can't tie two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique that says no you can't tie two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique that says no you can't tie two
+markets together and get any more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets together and get any more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets together and get any more um
+profits and then so um you know Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and then so um you know Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and then so um you know Mike
+Winston has this paper classic paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winston has this paper classic paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winston has this paper classic paper
+saying sometimes you will want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sometimes you will want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sometimes you will want to try to
+extend profits to a second market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend profits to a second market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend profits to a second market and
+this comes from sort of a Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from sort of a Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes from sort of a Strategic
+investment either strategic entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment either strategic entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment either strategic entry
+accommodation or strategic entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation or strategic entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation or strategic entry
+deterrence motive okay so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence motive okay so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence motive okay so you know
+suppose you have a firm uh firm one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a firm uh firm one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a firm uh firm one it's
+a monopolist in good a and suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monopolist in good a and suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monopolist in good a and suppose that
+there's some you know supposed that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some you know supposed that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some you know supposed that you
+know uh Samsung and and uh whatever has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh Samsung and and uh whatever has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh Samsung and and uh whatever has
+disappeared so now there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared so now there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared so now there's only
+iPhones um so firm one is an iPhone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhones um so firm one is an iPhone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhones um so firm one is an iPhone
+monopolist but it does compete with firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist but it does compete with firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist but it does compete with firm
+two in producing Chargers or earbuds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in producing Chargers or earbuds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in producing Chargers or earbuds or
+something like that okay suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay suppose we have
+a homogeneous simple homogeneous model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homogeneous simple homogeneous model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homogeneous simple homogeneous model
+all consumers get value V from good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all consumers get value V from good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all consumers get value V from good a
+and then there's a demand for good B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a demand for good B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a demand for good B
+that depends on um there's a demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on um there's a demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on um there's a demand for
+good B that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good B that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good B that depends
+on prices for good one and prices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on prices for good one and prices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on prices for good one and prices for
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+two so I'm think in this example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so I'm think in this example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so I'm think in this example this
+has to be something where you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something where you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something where you can use
+good B without good a um so I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good B without good a um so I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good B without good a um so I guess the
+phone in the charger does not work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone in the charger does not work here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone in the charger does not work here
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so suppose these are um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so suppose these are um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so suppose these are um you know
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+uh taking us back in the day suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking us back in the day suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh taking us back in the day suppose
+that Apple's the iPhone monopolist good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Apple's the iPhone monopolist good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Apple's the iPhone monopolist good
+be is headphones but I suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is headphones but I suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is headphones but I suppose that
+headphones could also be used to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones could also be used to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones could also be used to listen
+to an MP3 player which was a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an MP3 player which was a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an MP3 player which was a separate
+object that existed that you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that existed that you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that existed that you could use
+to listen to music on not through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to music on not through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to music on not through your
+phone so you could just have a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone so you could just have a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone so you could just have a separate
+thing that looked like a phone that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that looked like a phone that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that looked like a phone that you
+carried in your pocket that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried in your pocket that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried in your pocket that you could
+play music on and listen to music on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play music on and listen to music on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play music on and listen to music on it
+um okay so anyway so there's a demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so anyway so there's a demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so anyway so there's a demand
+for headphones even if uh you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for headphones even if uh you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for headphones even if uh you don't have
+even if you don't can't afford a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't can't afford a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't can't afford a phone
+you just have headphones that used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have headphones that used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have headphones that used to
+listen to music otherwise um anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to music otherwise um anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to music otherwise um anyway so
+firm one has this Choice it can design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one has this Choice it can design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one has this Choice it can design
+its products so that they cannot be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its products so that they cannot be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its products so that they cannot be used
+separately or it can design it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately or it can design it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately or it can design it so that
+you just plug andplay you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plug andplay you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plug andplay you can use
+anybody's earphones with your iPhone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's earphones with your iPhone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's earphones with your iPhone so
+imagine first firm one makes the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine first firm one makes the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine first firm one makes the design
+decision then firm two chooses whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision then firm two chooses whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision then firm two chooses whether
+to enter and compete with the and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter and compete with the and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter and compete with the and then
+we either get a monopoly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we either get a monopoly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we either get a monopoly or
+duopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly
+um in the if firm two comes in it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the if firm two comes in it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the if firm two comes in it's
+going to set uh a price for firm two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set uh a price for firm two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set uh a price for firm two is
+going to set a price for good B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set a price for good B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set a price for good B and
+doesn't sell good a and then firm one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sell good a and then firm one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sell good a and then firm one is
+either going to be only selling a bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to be only selling a bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to be only selling a bundle
+of a phone with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a phone with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a phone with
+earbuds um or it's going to be selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earbuds um or it's going to be selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earbuds um or it's going to be selling
+the two products separately you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two products separately you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two products separately you can buy
+the phone from it you can buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone from it you can buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone from it you can buy the
+earbuds from it separately but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earbuds from it separately but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earbuds from it separately but they're
+sort of sold at two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sold at two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sold at two separate
+prices and we're going to think about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and we're going to think about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and we're going to think about in
+this model would apple design this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model would apple design this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model would apple design this
+products that every phone comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that every phone comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that every phone comes with
+earbuds included so that no one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earbuds included so that no one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earbuds included so that no one would
+then ever buy earphones from anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else so you know absent any strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so you know absent any strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so you know absent any strategic
+effects um if you can't prevent entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects um if you can't prevent entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects um if you can't prevent entry
+you can't alter P2 firm one would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't alter P2 firm one would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't alter P2 firm one would never
+tie the products together um because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie the products together um because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie the products together um because if
+you sell this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell this
+bundle um at Price P1 a you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle um at Price P1 a you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle um at Price P1 a you could
+instead just sell good a to everyone at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead just sell good a to everyone at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead just sell good a to everyone at
+Price V and then sell the bundle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price V and then sell the bundle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price V and then sell the bundle at
+Price P1 AB minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price P1 AB minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Price P1 AB minus
+V and you know if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this everybody once with this separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everybody once with this separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everybody once with this separate
+pricing strategy everybody in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing strategy everybody in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing strategy everybody in the world
+is going to buy the iPhone at Price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to buy the iPhone at Price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to buy the iPhone at Price
+v um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v um and
+sales of good be are unchanged because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales of good be are unchanged because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales of good be are unchanged because
+anybody anybody who you know people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anybody who you know people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anybody who you know people are
+make this Choice do I buy the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this Choice do I buy the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this Choice do I buy the Apple
+bundle or do I just not have a phone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle or do I just not have a phone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle or do I just not have a phone and
+just listen and just buy earphones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just listen and just buy earphones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just listen and just buy earphones to
+listen to my MP3 player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to my MP3 player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to my MP3 player
+anybody you know you sell exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody you know you sell exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody you know you sell exactly the
+same anyone who values the iPhone anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same anyone who values the iPhone anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same anyone who values the iPhone anyone
+who values the Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who values the Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who values the Apple
+um earbuds at more than this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um earbuds at more than this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um earbuds at more than this is going to
+buy from Apple anyone who buys from less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy from Apple anyone who buys from less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy from Apple anyone who buys from less
+than this is going to now is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this is going to now is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this is going to now is going to
+buy it not from Apple and so you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it not from Apple and so you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it not from Apple and so you sell
+exactly the same number of units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same number of units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same number of units of
+earphones at these this unbundled prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earphones at these this unbundled prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earphones at these this unbundled prices
+but you sell more phones because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you sell more phones because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you sell more phones because there's
+some people who would like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who would like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who would like the
+phone as a standalone but they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone as a standalone but they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone as a standalone but they really
+like the outside earbuds so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the outside earbuds so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the outside earbuds so that they
+buy they don't buy the phone when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy they don't buy the phone when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy they don't buy the phone when they
+can only buy the fun phone bundled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only buy the fun phone bundled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only buy the fun phone bundled with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+earbuds so in a non-strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earbuds so in a non-strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earbuds so in a non-strategic
+model you would never tie these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you would never tie these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you would never tie these two
+products together because it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products together because it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products together because it's always
+better to let people buy what they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to let people buy what they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to let people buy what they want
+than just have the two of them sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just have the two of them sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just have the two of them sold
+separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but think about tying the product you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but think about tying the product you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but think about tying the product you
+know tying the products it's a Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tying the products it's a Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know tying the products it's a Strategic
+investment that makes firm one tough it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that makes firm one tough it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that makes firm one tough it
+it hurts firm it hurts firm to why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hurts firm it hurts firm to why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hurts firm it hurts firm to why is
+that well because it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well because it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well because it's as
+if you know you've got this profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know you've got this profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know you've got this profit
+you're earning on good a v minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're earning on good a v minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're earning on good a v minus
+CA but you earn that profit on good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA but you earn that profit on good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA but you earn that profit on good a
+only if you sell good B so it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you sell good B so it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you sell good B so it's as if
+your opportunity cost of selling B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opportunity cost of selling B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opportunity cost of selling B is
+reduced from the cost of producing good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from the cost of producing good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from the cost of producing good
+be to the cost of good be minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to the cost of good be minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to the cost of good be minus this
+opportunity cost so it's right every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost so it's right every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost so it's right every
+time I sell good B I'm selling good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I sell good B I'm selling good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I sell good B I'm selling good a
+every time I sell good B I'm selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I sell good B I'm selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I sell good B I'm selling
+good a and earning this profit so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a and earning this profit so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a and earning this profit so it's
+like this is my opportunity that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is my opportunity that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is my opportunity that's my
+actual cost of selling good be and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cost of selling good be and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cost of selling good be and so
+this is like uh bundling the goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like uh bundling the goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like uh bundling the goods
+together you can think of it as a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can think of it as a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can think of it as a cost
+it's like a cost reduction on good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a cost reduction on good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a cost reduction on good
+be or it's similar to it's identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or it's similar to it's identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be or it's similar to it's identical
+total cost reduction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cost reduction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cost reduction uh
+algebraically uh so therefore if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically uh so therefore if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically uh so therefore if you
+want to tie if you want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tie if you want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tie if you want to sort of
+prevent firm any firm from entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent firm any firm from entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent firm any firm from entering
+Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market
+B I tie the goods together to deter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I tie the goods together to deter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I tie the goods together to deter
+entry because tying the goods together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry because tying the goods together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry because tying the goods together
+is going to reduce the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to reduce the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to reduce the number of
+headphones that can get sold and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones that can get sold and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones that can get sold and by
+reducing the number of headphones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the number of headphones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the number of headphones that
+can get sold um I may keep firm two out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get sold um I may keep firm two out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get sold um I may keep firm two out
+of the market entirely and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market entirely and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market entirely and have a
+monopoly on the phone on both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly on the phone on both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly on the phone on both of them
+together so this is a story where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is a story where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is a story where if you
+think about the entry decision um you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the entry decision um you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the entry decision um you do
+have an incentive to tie Goods together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to tie Goods together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to tie Goods together
+and by tying the goods together you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by tying the goods together you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by tying the goods together you're
+earning higher profits and you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning higher profits and you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning higher profits and you are not
+tying them together so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying them together so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying them together so in some sense
+you're going beyond your pro your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going beyond your pro your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going beyond your pro your
+Monopoly profits in firm one and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly profits in firm one and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly profits in firm one and also
+gaining profits on Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining profits on Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining profits on Market
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+um in the entry accommodation game um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the entry accommodation game um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the entry accommodation game um
+you know this is an investment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is an investment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is an investment that
+makes you tough so if you're in price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you tough so if you're in price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you tough so if you're in price
+competition uh in Market B you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh in Market B you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition uh in Market B you would not
+want to make this uh tie because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make this uh tie because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make this uh tie because it
+hurts firm two and in a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts firm two and in a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts firm two and in a price
+competition game you want to help your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition game you want to help your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition game you want to help your
+Rivals so if you were competing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rivals so if you were competing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rivals so if you were competing in a
+price competition game in Market B then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition game in Market B then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition game in Market B then
+in the entry accommodate then then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entry accommodate then then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entry accommodate then then you
+would not want to tie the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not want to tie the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not want to tie the products
+together and sort of the leverage theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and sort of the leverage theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and sort of the leverage theory
+of tying doesn't make any sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tying doesn't make any sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tying doesn't make any sense you
+can't be tying them in order to to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be tying them in order to to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be tying them in order to to um
+get extra profits you know you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get extra profits you know you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get extra profits you know you would
+always sort of only tie you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of only tie you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sort of only tie you know you
+you'd uh you're in some sense you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd uh you're in some sense you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd uh you're in some sense you're
+going to have an incentive to not tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an incentive to not tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an incentive to not tie
+them because not tying them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because not tying them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because not tying them
+strategically gets firm to to price High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically gets firm to to price High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically gets firm to to price High
+now if somehow this was an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if somehow this was an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if somehow this was an example where
+you had a Coro Market uh for good be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a Coro Market uh for good be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a Coro Market uh for good be if
+if good be was being sold in a Coro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if good be was being sold in a Coro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if good be was being sold in a Coro
+market then you know then you may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market then you know then you may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market then you know then you may want
+to also tie products uh in order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also tie products uh in order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also tie products uh in order you
+know so it's like I'm a doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it's like I'm a doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it's like I'm a doing something
+or other if you buy this from me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other if you buy this from me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other if you buy this from me you
+also have to buy your coal from me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to buy your coal from me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to buy your coal from me and
+then coal is produced in the Coro Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coal is produced in the Coro Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coal is produced in the Coro Market
+I might want to sort of tie Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might want to sort of tie Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might want to sort of tie Goods
+together in order for the same reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order for the same reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order for the same reason to
+be t mean to you to get you to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be t mean to you to get you to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be t mean to you to get you to produce
+less coal so that we're we're um uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less coal so that we're we're um uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less coal so that we're we're um uh that
+I'm hurting you in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hurting you in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hurting you in the in the
+accommodation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game but it does I think it does suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but it does I think it does suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but it does I think it does suggest
+that sort of it's It's the um leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of it's It's the um leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of it's It's the um leverage
+to deter entry is sort of an easy story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter entry is sort of an easy story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter entry is sort of an easy story
+to tell and leverage to accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell and leverage to accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell and leverage to accommodate
+entry or the tying to accommodate entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry or the tying to accommodate entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry or the tying to accommodate entry
+it's you're going to have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you're going to have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you're going to have to sort of
+come up with a a strategic substitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a a strategic substitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a a strategic substitutes
+think it's a strategic Substitutes game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a strategic Substitutes game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a strategic Substitutes game
+and that's going to sort of you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to sort of you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to sort of you know not
+apply to many things that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to many things that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to many things that we think
+of okay so limit pricing um yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so limit pricing um yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so limit pricing um yeah the
+next two stories I'm going to say is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two stories I'm going to say is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two stories I'm going to say is um
+you know again I've said many things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again I've said many things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know again I've said many things can
+be thought of as an investment uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought of as an investment uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought of as an investment uh in
+these in this previous stories an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in this previous stories an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in this previous stories an
+investment is anything that's sunk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is anything that's sunk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is anything that's sunk and
+once it's sunk you can't easily undo it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's sunk you can't easily undo it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's sunk you can't easily undo it
+and it's going to affect the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to affect the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to affect the competition
+after the Rival enters okay uh can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Rival enters okay uh can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Rival enters okay uh can we
+think of prices as an entry deterring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of prices as an entry deterring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of prices as an entry deterring
+device so that you know the classic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so that you know the classic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so that you know the classic idea
+of limit pricing is that you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limit pricing is that you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of limit pricing is that you that you
+have a firm facing entry and the thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a firm facing entry and the thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a firm facing entry and the thought
+in the limit pricing literature was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit pricing literature was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit pricing literature was that
+well you had this idea that firms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you had this idea that firms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you had this idea that firms are
+going to set low prices because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set low prices because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set low prices because they
+want to keep Rivals from entering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep Rivals from entering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep Rivals from entering and
+competing with them and there's a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with them and there's a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with them and there's a you
+know natural critique of that idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know natural critique of that idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know natural critique of that idea of
+this limit pricing idea that says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit pricing idea that says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit pricing idea that says well
+wait how would that work sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait how would that work sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait how would that work sure you can
+set your prices low so that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your prices low so that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set your prices low so that everyone
+sees that your prices are low but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that your prices are low but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that your prices are low but they
+know that if you enter we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if you enter we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if you enter we're just going
+to play the static Nash equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play the static Nash equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play the static Nash equilibrium
+anyways the fact that you wasted money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways the fact that you wasted money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways the fact that you wasted money
+in all the previous periods by pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the previous periods by pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the previous periods by pricing
+below the Monopoly price it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the Monopoly price it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the Monopoly price it's just it's
+just you know it's it's a sunk loss but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know it's it's a sunk loss but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know it's it's a sunk loss but
+it it just it it's has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just it it's has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just it it's has nothing to do
+with the future if it has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the future if it has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the future if it has nothing to do
+with the future that can't you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the future that can't you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the future that can't you can't
+deter entry by setting low prices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry by setting low prices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry by setting low prices to
+avoid getting people to come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid getting people to come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid getting people to come in and
+compete with you okay and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with you okay and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with you okay and so there
+several different uh parts of the io
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different uh parts of the io
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different uh parts of the io
+literature there s discussed stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature there s discussed stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature there s discussed stories
+that would account for firms wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would account for firms wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would account for firms wanting to
+price price below the static Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price price below the static Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price price below the static Monopoly
+profit in order to keep firms out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit in order to keep firms out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit in order to keep firms out um
+one of them is classic is mgram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is classic is mgram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is classic is mgram and
+Roberts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roberts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roberts
+1982 uh noted that you could have limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 uh noted that you could have limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 uh noted that you could have limit
+pricing if firm two doesn't know firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing if firm two doesn't know firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing if firm two doesn't know firm
+one's costs and prices are a signal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's costs and prices are a signal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's costs and prices are a signal of
+costs so this is going to be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so this is going to be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs so this is going to be you know
+classic signaling game firm one has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic signaling game firm one has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic signaling game firm one has two
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible cost levels c lower bar C upper
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible cost levels c lower bar C upper
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+ align:start position:0%
+bar assume that firm one knows its costs
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um firm two has some prior that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um firm two has some prior that there's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability mu that hits a high cost
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+low cost firm you know firm two is going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+to have some separate cost C2 if it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know whether firm one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know whether firm one has a
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+ align:start position:0%
+better or worse technology than it so it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know if firm one is a you know a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know if firm one is a you know a
+lower cost firm than it is or firm one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost firm than it is or firm one's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+a higher cost firm than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher cost firm than it is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher cost firm than it is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're going to think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're going to think of a
+two- period model where for firm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- period model where for firm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- period model where for firm one
+chooses P11 at tals 1 firm 2 observes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses P11 at tals 1 firm 2 observes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses P11 at tals 1 firm 2 observes
+the price that firm one is charging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price that firm one is charging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+then it chooses whether to enter or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it chooses whether to enter or not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has some fixed entry cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has some fixed entry cost
+e and then we either get a monopo um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and then we either get a monopo um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and then we either get a monopo um
+where firm one produces you know earns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where firm one produces you know earns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where firm one produces you know earns
+Monopoly profits depend on its actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly profits depend on its actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly profits depend on its actual
+cost C1 or we get duopoly where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost C1 or we get duopoly where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost C1 or we get duopoly where the
+profits depend on the costs C1 and C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this model you know migam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this model you know migam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this model you know migam and
+Roberts notes there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roberts notes there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roberts notes there are two different
+ways we can think of where we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we can think of where we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we can think of where we can get
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one in equilibrium to set a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one in equilibrium to set a price
+lower than it would Set uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than it would Set uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than it would Set uh in the
+blockaded entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockaded entry
+case okay or would or the you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay or would or the you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay or would or the you know in
+this case it's simply The Profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's simply The Profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's simply The Profit
+maximizing case um and why can that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing case um and why can that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing case um and why can that be
+so there are two cases um case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two cases um case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are two cases um case
+one is you know e such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you know e such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you know e such
+that uh firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 won't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information so imagine that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so imagine that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so imagine that you know
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+going to typically think of if firm one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get low profits and wish it hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered if C is C upper bar then firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered if C is C upper bar then firm
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is going to earn high profits and be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance between those two is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 doesn't get any new information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 doesn't get any new information
+so it still has this prior mu1 minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it still has this prior mu1 minus mu
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it still has this prior mu1 minus mu
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market well if firm 2 would stay out if
+it gets no new information we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets no new information we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets no new information we can get
+sort of a pooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a pooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a pooling
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the pooling equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the pooling equilibrium
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one is setting a low price at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one is setting a low price at T
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+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 regardless of whether its cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 regardless of whether its cost
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+sees this price and enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees this price and enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know so you imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know so you imagine that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two different Prof these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two different Prof these two
+different cost levels um or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cost levels um or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cost levels um or two
+different price levels you know P1 lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different price levels you know P1 lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different price levels you know P1 lower
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+argmax of firm one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost a c lower bar and P1 upper bar
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+argmax of Pi 1 you these are Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argmax of Pi 1 you these are Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argmax of Pi 1 you these are Monopoly
+profits at P1 C upper bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits at P1 C upper bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits at P1 C upper bar
+right so these two different um profit
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+ align:start position:0%
+right so these two different um profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these two different um profit
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+ align:start position:0%
+level two different price levels that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um if you had low cost or high cost
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um if you had low cost or high cost
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if you if you imagine if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know if you if you imagine if we
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+ align:start position:0%
+tried to have an equilibrium where firm
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to have an equilibrium where firm
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh firm two is going to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh firm two is going to realize
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+that you have high cost and then firm
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+two is going to enter so what we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is going to enter so what we can get
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+
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+is this pooling equilibrium where we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this pooling equilibrium where we
+have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+P11 equals P1 lower bar for all C so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P11 equals P1 lower bar for all C so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P11 equals P1 lower bar for all C so if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost is low you set price c lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost is low you set price c lower
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set price is low you set price P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set price is low you set price P1
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+also set price P1 lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also set price P1 lower
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and so you're pricing low because by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and so you're pricing low because by
+pricing low firm two you know firm two
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+ align:start position:0%
+pricing low firm two you know firm two
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+knows that firm one price is low even if
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+its cost is high but by doing that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cost is high but by doing that it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents firm two from learning anything
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+and by preventing firm two from learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by preventing firm two from learning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter okay so that a familiar argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter okay so that a familiar argument
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+ align:start position:0%
+how how sort of signaling models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+typically work that is you know firm two
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+is going to infer something from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium play so we can have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium play so we can have this
+pooling equilibrium where we all charge
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+ align:start position:0%
+pooling equilibrium where we all charge
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling equilibrium where we all charge
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low price regardless of our costs and
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents firm two from learning
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+anything that that gives you sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that that gives you sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit pricing to keep fir to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit pricing to keep fir to
+out um the other thing you can get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um the other thing you can get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um the other thing you can get and
+this is s would be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two uh you know case two is uh e such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh you know case two is uh e such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh you know case two is uh e such
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh firm 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh firm 2
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+info okay in this case clearly we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info okay in this case clearly we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info okay in this case clearly we can't
+have this pooling equilibrium anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this pooling equilibrium anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this pooling equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this pooling equilibrium
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was how people played the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was how people played the game
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+ align:start position:0%
+then all the then firm two wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the then firm two wouldn't
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+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything but then firm two would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything but then firm two would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+always enter and so if you're high cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always enter and so if you're high cost
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm why are you charging a low price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm why are you charging a low price
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't affect entry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't affect entry in the
+future that's again this irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that's again this irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that's again this irrelevant
+entry case but so we can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry case but so we can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry case but so we can get this
+equilibrium where we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where we have um
+P1 uh uh I'll call it the limit pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 uh uh I'll call it the limit pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 uh uh I'll call it the limit pricing
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 limit pricing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 limit pricing of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 is less than
+uh P1 lower bar and P1 limit pricing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P1 lower bar and P1 limit pricing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P1 lower bar and P1 limit pricing of
+C1 sorry c lower bar and if C upper bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 sorry c lower bar and if C upper bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 sorry c lower bar and if C upper bar
+equals B1 upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B1 upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B1 upper
+bar so we can get this equilibrium where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so we can get this equilibrium where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so we can get this equilibrium where
+if your cost is high you just admit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your cost is high you just admit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your cost is high you just admit your
+cost is high set a high price firm two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is high set a high price firm two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is high set a high price firm two
+realizes you have a high price and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes you have a high price and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes you have a high price and high
+cost and comes in and enters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and comes in and enters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and comes in and enters and
+competes with you but if your cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competes with you but if your cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competes with you but if your cost is
+low you something super low even lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you something super low even lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you something super low even lower
+than P1 lower bar um in some sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than P1 lower bar um in some sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than P1 lower bar um in some sense to
+prove to firm 2 that um you know prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to firm 2 that um you know prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to firm 2 that um you know prove
+to firm to that you are the lowcost firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to firm to that you are the lowcost firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to firm to that you are the lowcost firm
+and why might you need to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why might you need to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why might you need to charge
+something lower than this because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something lower than this because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something lower than this because it
+could be that if you just charge P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that if you just charge P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that if you just charge P1
+lower bar we that wouldn't be possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bar we that wouldn't be possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bar we that wouldn't be possible
+in equilibrium because then the C upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium because then the C upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium because then the C upper
+bar firm would pretend to be a lowcost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar firm would pretend to be a lowcost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar firm would pretend to be a lowcost
+firm but by pricing way way below even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm but by pricing way way below even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm but by pricing way way below even
+below um my static best response price I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below um my static best response price I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below um my static best response price I
+set a price so low that a high cost firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a price so low that a high cost firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a price so low that a high cost firm
+wouldn't copy me and then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't copy me and then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't copy me and then it's a
+credible signal that my cost really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible signal that my cost really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible signal that my cost really is
+low okay so we get these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low okay so we get these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low okay so we get these two different
+types of equilibria the pooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of equilibria the pooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of equilibria the pooling
+equilibria where it's the high cost guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria where it's the high cost guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria where it's the high cost guys
+who price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who price
+below uh their static Optimum and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below uh their static Optimum and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below uh their static Optimum and then
+these separating equilibria where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these separating equilibria where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these separating equilibria where the
+low cost guys are probic single below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost guys are probic single below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low cost guys are probic single below
+their static Optimum to Signal their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+costs okay so that's a you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs okay so that's a you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs okay so that's a you know sort of
+cost signaling argument for why firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost signaling argument for why firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost signaling argument for why firms
+might want and and and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want and and and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want and and and you know it's
+possible that the sort of firm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the sort of firm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the sort of firm in the
+market knows more about their cost than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market knows more about their cost than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market knows more about their cost than
+the than the other firm does you price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the than the other firm does you price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the than the other firm does you price
+low to S to Signal your cost and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low to S to Signal your cost and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low to S to Signal your cost and that
+that is why we see firms pricing low to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why we see firms pricing low to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why we see firms pricing low to
+try to keep out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition okay second kind of story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay second kind of story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay second kind of story is
+going to tell us what's uh what feud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us what's uh what feud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us what's uh what feud
+call a signal jamming story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a signal jamming story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a signal jamming story
+uh in Signal jamming models firms one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Signal jamming models firms one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Signal jamming models firms one
+and two are both symmetrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two are both symmetrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two are both symmetrically
+uninformed about some state of nature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed about some state of nature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformed about some state of nature um
+but again signal jamming can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again signal jamming can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again signal jamming can be
+motivated by desire to deter entry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by desire to deter entry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by desire to deter entry or
+induce exit um and it again can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce exit um and it again can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce exit um and it again can look
+like pricing low either to try to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pricing low either to try to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pricing low either to try to you
+know pricing low either to prevent firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pricing low either to prevent firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pricing low either to prevent firm
+two from entering or to force firm 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from entering or to force firm 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from entering or to force firm 2 to
+exit a market so I thought thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit a market so I thought thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit a market so I thought thought I
+would do this one just like I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do this one just like I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do this one just like I've been
+doing everything in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing everything in terms
+of avoiding entry I sort of figured I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of avoiding entry I sort of figured I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of avoiding entry I sort of figured I'd
+do this one in terms of forcing exit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this one in terms of forcing exit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this one in terms of forcing exit but
+you know some of the same stories can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of the same stories can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of the same stories can be
+told both kinds of games so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told both kinds of games so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told both kinds of games so here's my
+model so firms one and two choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so firms one and two choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so firms one and two choose
+quantities q11 and q21 in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities q11 and q21 in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities q11 and q21 in the first
+period so I'm doing this in a Coro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so I'm doing this in a Coro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so I'm doing this in a Coro
+model there's a market demand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's a market demand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's a market demand that
+determines some price and the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines some price and the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines some price and the market
+demand is Theta minus q1 + Q2 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is Theta minus q1 + Q2 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is Theta minus q1 + Q2 where
+Theta is an unknown state of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is an unknown state of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is an unknown state of the world
+so neither of the firms knows how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so neither of the firms knows how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so neither of the firms knows how big
+the market is for their product it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market is for their product it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market is for their product it's a
+new product they've just both invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new product they've just both invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new product they've just both invented
+it they start they sort of produce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they start they sort of produce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they start they sort of produce some
+number of quantities dump them on of cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of quantities dump them on of cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of quantities dump them on of cor
+no market and then there's some market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no market and then there's some market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no market and then there's some market
+clearing price for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing price for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing price for the
+good okay and let's assume that Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay and let's assume that Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay and let's assume that Theta is
+unknown and it has some common prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and it has some common prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and it has some common prior
+theta's distributed normal mean mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta's distributed normal mean mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta's distributed normal mean mu
+variant Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant Sigma
+squar so it could be the demand for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so it could be the demand for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so it could be the demand for the
+products is very high it could be demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is very high it could be demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products is very high it could be demand
+for the products is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the products is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the products is very
+low um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low um
+and so then on the observability we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then on the observability we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then on the observability we're
+going to assume that after firms choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that after firms choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that after firms choose
+their first period quantities they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first period quantities they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first period quantities they know
+what quantity they produced they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantity they produced they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantity they produced they don't
+know what quantity their rival produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what quantity their rival produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what quantity their rival produced
+but they do observe what the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do observe what the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do observe what the market
+clearing price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing price
+was and so they observe the market cing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and so they observe the market cing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and so they observe the market cing
+price but not the rival's quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but not the rival's quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but not the rival's quantity and
+then I'm going to assume that after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to assume that after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to assume that after they
+observe the market price firm 2 has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the market price firm 2 has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the market price firm 2 has this
+option to exit the market and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to exit the market and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to exit the market and by
+scrapping its firm earn some value k and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrapping its firm earn some value k and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrapping its firm earn some value k and
+then if firm 2 depending on what firm 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if firm 2 depending on what firm 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if firm 2 depending on what firm 2
+does we either end up with firm 2 exing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does we either end up with firm 2 exing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does we either end up with firm 2 exing
+in their Monopoly in second period or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their Monopoly in second period or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their Monopoly in second period or uh
+firm 2 stays in and there's dwy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 stays in and there's dwy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 stays in and there's dwy
+competition in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period this is some misspelling so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period this is some misspelling so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period this is some misspelling so the
+equilibrium is going to have q11 greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is going to have q11 greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is going to have q11 greater
+than the static best response to q21 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the static best response to q21 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the static best response to q21 so
+the idea is going to be in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is going to be in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is going to be in this model
+firm one is going to what we call signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one is going to what we call signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm one is going to what we call signal
+jam and overproduce in the first period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jam and overproduce in the first period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jam and overproduce in the first period
+driving down the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving down the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving down the market
+price and in equilibrium you know firm 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and in equilibrium you know firm 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and in equilibrium you know firm 2
+always knows what firm one is doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always knows what firm one is doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always knows what firm one is doing in
+equilibrium so in equilibrium firm 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so in equilibrium firm 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so in equilibrium firm 2
+correctly anticipates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly anticipates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly anticipates
+q11 it can always then infer that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 it can always then infer that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 it can always then infer that it
+knows that um you know Theta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that um you know Theta minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that um you know Theta minus
+q11 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 plus
+q21 equal P1 so it can always infer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q21 equal P1 so it can always infer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q21 equal P1 so it can always infer that
+Theta equal P1 + q11 + q21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta equal P1 + q11 + q21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta equal P1 + q11 + q21
+one so I guess this is the way it infers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I guess this is the way it infers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I guess this is the way it infers
+it it's sort of like after the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's sort of like after the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's sort of like after the first
+period it sees the first period price it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it sees the first period price it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period it sees the first period price it
+knows what quantity It produced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what quantity It produced it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what quantity It produced it
+anticipates it knows Q the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipates it knows Q the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipates it knows Q the equilibrium
+q11 star and so it now believes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 star and so it now believes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 star and so it now believes that
+theta equals this with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and so result is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so result is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so result is that this
+equilibrium has to have over production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium has to have over production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium has to have over production
+at tals 1 by firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tals 1 by firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tals 1 by firm
+one why is that well because suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one why is that well because suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one why is that well because suppose
+that firm one was just playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firm one was just playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that firm one was just playing the
+static best response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static best response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static best response to
+q21 then firm one could increase its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q21 then firm one could increase its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q21 then firm one could increase its
+output with no first order loss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output with no first order loss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output with no first order loss and
+profits and there's a one for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and there's a one for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and there's a one for one
+relationship between the more I produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the more I produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the more I produce
+in the first period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first period and
+um what firm 2 thinks Theta is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what firm 2 thinks Theta is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what firm 2 thinks Theta is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know because if I produce imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because if I produce imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because if I produce imagine
+that I produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I produce
+q11 greater than q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 greater than q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 greater than q1
+star firm 2 is thinking I produce q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star firm 2 is thinking I produce q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star firm 2 is thinking I produce q1
+star so when I produce q11 P1 gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so when I produce q11 P1 gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so when I produce q11 P1 gets
+driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven
+down and so when P1 gets driven down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and so when P1 gets driven down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and so when P1 gets driven down you
+know P1 is going to be actually the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know P1 is going to be actually the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know P1 is going to be actually the true
+P1 well it's going to be the sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 well it's going to be the sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 well it's going to be the sorry the
+what I'm going to get is they're their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is they're their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is they're their
+estimated Theta Theta hat is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated Theta Theta hat is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated Theta Theta hat is going to be
+the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true
+Theta minus q11 minus q1 star so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overproduce firm 2 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overproduce firm 2 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overproduce firm 2 is going to
+misestimate Theta 2 and think Theta 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misestimate Theta 2 and think Theta 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misestimate Theta 2 and think Theta 2 is
+lower than it really is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than it really is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than it really is because the
+price was lower than it should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price was lower than it should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price was lower than it should have been
+given this q11 star so firm 2 is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this q11 star so firm 2 is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this q11 star so firm 2 is going
+to think Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think Theta is
+lower and so you know because firm 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and so you know because firm 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and so you know because firm 2
+thinks Theta is lower than it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks Theta is lower than it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks Theta is lower than it really is
+firm 2 is going to be more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 is going to be more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm 2 is going to be more likely to
+exit it after the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit it after the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit it after the first
+period uh but then if firm 2 is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh but then if firm 2 is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh but then if firm 2 is more
+likely to exit in the first period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to exit in the first period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to exit in the first period
+that's good for me and so I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good for me and so I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good for me and so I want to do
+it so why would I not do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so why would I not do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so why would I not do this in
+equilibrium the only reason I would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the only reason I would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the only reason I would not
+do it in equilibrium is choosing q11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in equilibrium is choosing q11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in equilibrium is choosing q11
+greater than q1 star has a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than q1 star has a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than q1 star has a first order
+cost to me and the only way it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to me and the only way it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to me and the only way it's going
+to have a first order cost to me is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a first order cost to me is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a first order cost to me is if
+q11 is greater than the static best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 is greater than the static best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q11 is greater than the static best
+response to q21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what I happen is we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I happen is we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I happen is we have this
+equilibrium where I overproduce he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where I overproduce he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where I overproduce he knows
+I'm over producing he correctly infers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm over producing he correctly infers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm over producing he correctly infers
+what's going to happen given the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen given the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen given the over
+production but the over production by me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but the over production by me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but the over production by me
+is necessary to have me not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary to have me not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary to have me not have an
+incentive to overproduce by even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to overproduce by even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to overproduce by even more
+and so we get this signal jamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get this signal jamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get this signal jamming
+equilibrium where firm one produces more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where firm one produces more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where firm one produces more
+than it looks like the static best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it looks like the static best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it looks like the static best
+response in the first period drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the first period drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the first period drives
+prices down and it drives prices down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices down and it drives prices down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices down and it drives prices down in
+an attempt to get firm two to exit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to get firm two to exit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to get firm two to exit and
+notice there is a sort of funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there is a sort of funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there is a sort of funny
+efficienc the thing behind that story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficienc the thing behind that story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficienc the thing behind that story is
+in equilibrium firm 2 anticipates Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium firm 2 anticipates Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium firm 2 anticipates Theta
+correctly undoes my signal jamming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly undoes my signal jamming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly undoes my signal jamming and
+only exits when it would exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only exits when it would exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only exits when it would exit
+efficiently anyway so this signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently anyway so this signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently anyway so this signal
+jamming is in some sense good for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamming is in some sense good for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamming is in some sense good for social
+welfare relative to the world where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare relative to the world where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare relative to the world where all
+the cues were available were observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cues were available were observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cues were available were observable
+because if if the cues were observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if if the cues were observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if if the cues were observable
+you'd get exactly the same entry except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get exactly the same entry except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get exactly the same entry except
+here we get this low price and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get this low price and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get this low price and then we
+still get the same entry you'd get with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get the same entry you'd get with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get the same entry you'd get with
+observable cues so this unobservability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable cues so this unobservability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable cues so this unobservability
+is just sort of socially a good thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just sort of socially a good thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just sort of socially a good thing um
+I guess sort of one more classic paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess sort of one more classic paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess sort of one more classic paper
+uh agion and Bolton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh agion and Bolton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh agion and Bolton
+1987 discusses the question of can firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 discusses the question of can firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 discusses the question of can firms
+deter entry by getting customers their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry by getting customers their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry by getting customers their
+customer to sign long-term contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer to sign long-term contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer to sign long-term contracts
+like if I could get you know I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I could get you know I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I could get you know I'm trying
+to deter entry by rival cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter entry by rival cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deter entry by rival cell phone
+companies in Boston could I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in Boston could I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in Boston could I just get
+everyone who's currently in Boston to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who's currently in Boston to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone who's currently in Boston to
+sign like you know say my cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign like you know say my cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign like you know say my cell phone
+contracts have a 5-year commitment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts have a 5-year commitment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts have a 5-year commitment you
+sign up with me it's a fiveyear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up with me it's a fiveyear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up with me it's a fiveyear
+commitment you have to pay me a early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment you have to pay me a early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment you have to pay me a early
+termination fee of $2,000 if you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination fee of $2,000 if you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination fee of $2,000 if you leave
+me before the five years can I use lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me before the five years can I use lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me before the five years can I use lock
+up long-term contracts like that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up long-term contracts like that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up long-term contracts like that to
+deter entry by Rivals and again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry by Rivals and again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry by Rivals and again you know
+The Chicago School argument was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Chicago School argument was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Chicago School argument was always
+well no you can't use long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no you can't use long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no you can't use long-term
+contracts to deter entry because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts to deter entry because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts to deter entry because the
+customer wouldn't sign the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer wouldn't sign the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer wouldn't sign the long-term
+contract unless it was in their best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract unless it was in their best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract unless it was in their best
+interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and
+therefore uh you know you we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh you know you we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh you know you we should be
+we shouldn't think that firms can use H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't think that firms can use H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't think that firms can use H
+lock you know long-term contracts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock you know long-term contracts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock you know long-term contracts to
+deter entry because the customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry because the customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deter entry because the customers
+wouldn't sign the contracts unless it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't sign the contracts unless it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't sign the contracts unless it
+was in their interest to sign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in their interest to sign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in their interest to sign the
+contracts um you know two problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts um you know two problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts um you know two problems with
+that story um one is the Chicago story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story um one is the Chicago story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story um one is the Chicago story
+may make sense for large buyers or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may make sense for large buyers or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may make sense for large buyers or like
+Monopoly buyers but it certainly doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly buyers but it certainly doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly buyers but it certainly doesn't
+make sense in models markets like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense in models markets like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense in models markets like the
+cell phone market where you have a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone market where you have a l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone market where you have a l
+large number of infinitesimal consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of infinitesimal consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of infinitesimal consumers
+because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know
+you you know you graduate student MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you graduate student MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you graduate student MIT
+you walk into Verizon they say we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk into Verizon they say we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk into Verizon they say we only
+offer fiveyear contracts you walk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer fiveyear contracts you walk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer fiveyear contracts you walk to
+T-Mobile and they say we only offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-Mobile and they say we only offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T-Mobile and they say we only offer
+five-year contracts they like I'm not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year contracts they like I'm not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year contracts they like I'm not I
+don't know I'm going to be here for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I'm going to be here for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I'm going to be here for five
+years I'm not going to sign a five-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I'm not going to sign a five-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I'm not going to sign a five-year
+contract you know give me a one-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract you know give me a one-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract you know give me a one-year
+contract instead they're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract instead they're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract instead they're going to say
+fine don't buy a phone and you're GNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine don't buy a phone and you're GNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine don't buy a phone and you're GNA
+say wait no I want to buy the one-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wait no I want to buy the one-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wait no I want to buy the one-year
+contract because I know that if all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract because I know that if all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract because I know that if all of
+us buy one-year contracts you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us buy one-year contracts you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us buy one-year contracts you know some
+third firm is going to enter the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third firm is going to enter the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third firm is going to enter the Boston
+Market well the answer is you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market well the answer is you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market well the answer is you as a
+graduate student that's not happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student that's not happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student that's not happening
+right like if there was a monopoly buyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like if there was a monopoly buyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like if there was a monopoly buyer
+who could commit to I'm only signing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could commit to I'm only signing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could commit to I'm only signing a
+one-year contract then someone's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year contract then someone's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-year contract then someone's going
+to enter that would be better but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter that would be better but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter that would be better but you
+you know if you know that everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you know that everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you know that everybody else
+is signing the five-year contract you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is signing the five-year contract you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is signing the five-year contract you
+holding out and not signing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding out and not signing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding out and not signing the
+five-year contract is not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year contract is not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year contract is not going to do
+anything it's not going to affect entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's not going to affect entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's not going to affect entry
+so there's like a free rider problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like a free rider problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like a free rider problem
+even if it's bad for all the consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's bad for all the consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's bad for all the consumers
+in aggregate you could sign it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aggregate you could sign it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aggregate you could sign it because
+of the free rider problem um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the free rider problem um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the free rider problem um you know
+agon and Bolton note that even with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agon and Bolton note that even with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agon and Bolton note that even with um
+even with a monopoly buyer we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a monopoly buyer we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a monopoly buyer we can still
+tell stories where the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell stories where the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell stories where the long-term
+contracts get signed even though they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts get signed even though they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts get signed even though they're
+not optimal uh or not socially optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not optimal uh or not socially optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not optimal uh or not socially optimal
+and the reason is that the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that the long-term
+contracts are in some sense stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts are in some sense stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts are in some sense stealing
+money from firm to the potential entrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from firm to the potential entrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from firm to the potential entrant
+and you in some sense take that business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you in some sense take that business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you in some sense take that business
+stealing profit and divide it among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing profit and divide it among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing profit and divide it among the
+customer signing the contract and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer signing the contract and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer signing the contract and the
+initial monopolist and by Divi by sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial monopolist and by Divi by sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial monopolist and by Divi by sort
+of stealing the profits away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stealing the profits away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stealing the profits away from the
+future firm to you can sort of divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future firm to you can sort of divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future firm to you can sort of divide
+those up and get a situation where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up and get a situation where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up and get a situation where it's
+bad socially to have these long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad socially to have these long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad socially to have these long-term
+cont tie ups but the monopolist wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont tie ups but the monopolist wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont tie ups but the monopolist wants to
+offer them and the customers want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer them and the customers want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer them and the customers want to
+sign them so anyway I will not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign them so anyway I will not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign them so anyway I will not go
+through that argument it's it's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that argument it's it's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that argument it's it's written
+there I had one more anyway so Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I had one more anyway so Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I had one more anyway so Wednesday
+I'm going to go back to empirical papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go back to empirical papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go back to empirical papers
+on Strategic investment uh I think these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Strategic investment uh I think these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Strategic investment uh I think these
+three are the ones that I'm uh mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are the ones that I'm uh mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are the ones that I'm uh mostly
+going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+okay see you then
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TeRYL7kkhqs.txt b/TeRYL7kkhqs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdb4f3c3db1faccb744a51bac810099c6158bacd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TeRYL7kkhqs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the elements that have inverses modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements that have inverses modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements that have inverses modulo
+and will be particularly important to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be particularly important to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be particularly important to us
+and so the first question is how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first question is how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the first question is how many of
+them are there which is what Euler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are there which is what Euler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are there which is what Euler's
+function tells us so the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function tells us so the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function tells us so the definition of
+euler's function fee fee of M is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler's function fee fee of M is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euler's function fee fee of M is it's
+the number of integers in the remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of integers in the remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of integers in the remainder
+interval from 0 to n minus 1 such that K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from 0 to n minus 1 such that K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from 0 to n minus 1 such that K
+is relatively prime to n so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively prime to n so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relatively prime to n so remember
+there's the notation for the remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the notation for the remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the notation for the remainder
+interval that includes 0 and excludes n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that includes 0 and excludes n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that includes 0 and excludes n
+and the another way to say relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the another way to say relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the another way to say relatively
+prime to n is to say the GCD of K and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to n is to say the GCD of K and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to n is to say the GCD of K and N
+is 1 so let's define that set of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 so let's define that set of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 so let's define that set of numbers
+that were interested in G so let G C D 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were interested in G so let G C D 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were interested in G so let G C D 1
+of n be those numbers that have a GCD of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n be those numbers that have a GCD of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n be those numbers that have a GCD of
+1 within that is the numbers that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 within that is the numbers that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 within that is the numbers that have
+inverses and the numbers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and the numbers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses and the numbers that are
+cancelable modulo n so what it means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelable modulo n so what it means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelable modulo n so what it means is
+that V of n is precisely equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V of n is precisely equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V of n is precisely equal to the
+size of GCD one event now some authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of GCD one event now some authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of GCD one event now some authors
+call GCD one of N and star I didn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call GCD one of N and star I didn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call GCD one of N and star I didn't find
+that a very informative notation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a very informative notation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a very informative notation and so
+I'm not using it fee of n is also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not using it fee of n is also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not using it fee of n is also for
+your information called euler's totient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your information called euler's totient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your information called euler's totient
+function but we'll just stick to coil or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but we'll just stick to coil or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but we'll just stick to coil or
+calling it fee or euler's faith so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it fee or euler's faith so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it fee or euler's faith so let's
+look at an example GCD 1 of 7 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example GCD 1 of 7 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example GCD 1 of 7 the
+numbers that are relatively prime to 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are relatively prime to 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are relatively prime to 7
+are all the number all the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the number all the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the number all the positive
+numbers less than 7 because 7 is prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers less than 7 because 7 is prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers less than 7 because 7 is prime
+so it's the set 1 2 3 4 5 6 GCD 1 of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the set 1 2 3 4 5 6 GCD 1 of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the set 1 2 3 4 5 6 GCD 1 of 12
+is the numbers that have no factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the numbers that have no factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the numbers that have no factor in
+common with 12 there the numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common with 12 there the numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common with 12 there the numbers in
+green below and the other red numbers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green below and the other red numbers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green below and the other red numbers do
+have a number in common with 12 I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number in common with 12 I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number in common with 12 I do
+have a prime in common with 12 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a prime in common with 12 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a prime in common with 12 the
+pattern here is not so apparent anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here is not so apparent anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here is not so apparent anyway
+fee of 7 is the size of GCD 1 of 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of 7 is the size of GCD 1 of 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of 7 is the size of GCD 1 of 7
+namely the size of the set 1 through 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the size of the set 1 through 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the size of the set 1 through 6
+which is 6 GCD 12 determines fee of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 6 GCD 12 determines fee of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 6 GCD 12 determines fee of 12
+12 is the number of green elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 is the number of green elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 is the number of green elements
+which is four okay um a simple rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is four okay um a simple rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is four okay um a simple rule for
+calculating fee when fee is prime we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating fee when fee is prime we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating fee when fee is prime we've
+already indicated namely everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already indicated namely everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already indicated namely everything
+every positive number less than P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every positive number less than P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every positive number less than P is
+relatively prime to pay and so fee of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to pay and so fee of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to pay and so fee of P
+is simply P minus one let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply P minus one let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply P minus one let's look at a
+more important example or illustrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important example or illustrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important example or illustrative
+example namely fee of nine well okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example namely fee of nine well okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example namely fee of nine well okay so
+there are the candidate numbers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the candidate numbers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the candidate numbers from
+zero through eight and which ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero through eight and which ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero through eight and which ones are
+relatively prime to nine well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to nine well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to nine well it's
+relatively prime to nine if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to nine if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to nine if and only if
+it's relatively prime to three now which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively prime to three now which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively prime to three now which
+numbers in this interval are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this interval are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this interval are relatively
+prime - throughout are relatively prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime - throughout are relatively prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime - throughout are relatively prime
+to three or rather are not relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three or rather are not relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three or rather are not relatively
+prime to three well it's every third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to three well it's every third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to three well it's every third
+number that's divisible by three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's divisible by three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's divisible by three so
+those are the bad ones if we subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the bad ones if we subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the bad ones if we subtract
+the bad ones we're left with the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad ones we're left with the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad ones we're left with the good
+ones the ones that are relatively prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the ones that are relatively prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the ones that are relatively prime
+so a fee of nine is simply the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a fee of nine is simply the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a fee of nine is simply the set of
+all the numbers - one third of nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the numbers - one third of nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the numbers - one third of nine
+which is the bad one bad ones namely six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the bad one bad ones namely six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the bad one bad ones namely six
+this generalizes to a power of a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generalizes to a power of a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generalizes to a power of a prime
+if if K is a positive integer then V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if K is a positive integer then V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if K is a positive integer then V of
+P to the K the reasoning is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the K the reasoning is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to the K the reasoning is that a
+number is relatively prime to the P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is relatively prime to the P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is relatively prime to the P to
+the K if and only if it's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K if and only if it's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K if and only if it's relatively
+prime to P P divides every peeth number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to P P divides every peeth number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to P P divides every peeth number
+so one piece of the numbers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one piece of the numbers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one piece of the numbers in the
+interval are bad which means that fee of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval are bad which means that fee of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval are bad which means that fee of
+P is the good ones - one piece of P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is the good ones - one piece of P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is the good ones - one piece of P to
+the K namely fee of P to the K is P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K namely fee of P to the K is P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K namely fee of P to the K is P to
+the K minus P to the K over P which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K minus P to the K over P which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K minus P to the K over P which can
+also be expressed in a more standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be expressed in a more standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be expressed in a more standard
+form P to the K minus P to the power K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form P to the K minus P to the power K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form P to the K minus P to the power K
+minus 1 and that knocks off the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and that knocks off the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and that knocks off the story of
+fee when a fee to the P for powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee when a fee to the P for powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee when a fee to the P for powers of
+primes well suppose you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes well suppose you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes well suppose you're dealing with
+a number that's not a power of a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number that's not a power of a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number that's not a power of a prime
+and there's one very elegant little fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one very elegant little fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one very elegant little fact
+about fee that explains how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fee that explains how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fee that explains how to deal with
+non powers of primes namely if a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non powers of primes namely if a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non powers of primes namely if a and B
+are relatively prime then fee of a B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively prime then fee of a B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relatively prime then fee of a B is
+simply gotten by computing fee of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply gotten by computing fee of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply gotten by computing fee of a
+and multiplying it by fee of B this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplying it by fee of B this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplying it by fee of B this
+property of fee is called multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of fee is called multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of fee is called multiplicative
+'ti by the way it comes up a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'ti by the way it comes up a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'ti by the way it comes up a lot in
+number theory a function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory a function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theory a function is
+multiplicative when its value at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative when its value at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative when its value at a
+product of relatively prime numbers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of relatively prime numbers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of relatively prime numbers is
+the product of the values at those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the values at those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the values at those two
+relatively prime numbers so fee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime numbers so fee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime numbers so fee is
+multiplicative now the proof of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative now the proof of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative now the proof of that one
+proof is on problem set five and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is on problem set five and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is on problem set five and there's
+another proof that we'll see in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another proof that we'll see in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another proof that we'll see in a couple
+of weeks when we get into counting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks when we get into counting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks when we get into counting and
+the inclusion exclusion principle let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inclusion exclusion principle let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inclusion exclusion principle let's
+just use this fact about fee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this fact about fee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this fact about fee the
+multiplicative fee multiplicative 'ti of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative fee multiplicative 'ti of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative fee multiplicative 'ti of
+fee to see how it lets us calculate V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee to see how it lets us calculate V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee to see how it lets us calculate V of
+an arbitrary number so in particular fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary number so in particular fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary number so in particular fee
+of 12 which look complicated earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12 which look complicated earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12 which look complicated earlier
+well 12 is 3 times 4 so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 12 is 3 times 4 so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 12 is 3 times 4 so that means that
+V of 12 is fee of 3 times V of 4 but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of 12 is fee of 3 times V of 4 but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of 12 is fee of 3 times V of 4 but now
+I'm in great shape because 3 is a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in great shape because 3 is a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in great shape because 3 is a power
+of a prime namely 3 to the 1 and 4 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a prime namely 3 to the 1 and 4 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a prime namely 3 to the 1 and 4 is a
+power of a prime namely 2 squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of a prime namely 2 squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of a prime namely 2 squared so
+applying the power of prime formulas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the power of prime formulas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the power of prime formulas I
+get that fee of 3 is 3 times 1 times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that fee of 3 is 3 times 1 times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that fee of 3 is 3 times 1 times 2
+squared minus 2 to the 2 minus 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus 2 to the 2 minus 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus 2 to the 2 minus 1 which
+simplifies to 4 which is the answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to 4 which is the answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to 4 which is the answer that
+we saw before and the punchline for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw before and the punchline for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw before and the punchline for why
+we're examining faith is Euler's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're examining faith is Euler's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're examining faith is Euler's theorem
+which tells us how powers of numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us how powers of numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us how powers of numbers in
+GCD 1 of n behave namely that if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCD 1 of n behave namely that if K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCD 1 of n behave namely that if K is
+relatively prime to n then if you raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to n then if you raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to n then if you raise
+K to the power fee of n it's congruent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to the power fee of n it's congruent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to the power fee of n it's congruent
+to 1 mod N and that will lead us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 mod N and that will lead us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 mod N and that will lead us in the
+next section we will look at the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next section we will look at the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next section we will look at the proof
+of euler's theorem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TvdmaZR6m8Q.txt b/TvdmaZR6m8Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca4f92f34295268eaeefeb9d443c5236f1205d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TvdmaZR6m8Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd now like to consider a very unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd now like to consider a very unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd now like to consider a very unusual
+problem and we saw a demo of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we saw a demo of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we saw a demo of this
+suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have a
+yo-yo and the yo-yo has a inner radius B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yo-yo and the yo-yo has a inner radius B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yo-yo and the yo-yo has a inner radius B
+and an outer radius R and the yo-yo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an outer radius R and the yo-yo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an outer radius R and the yo-yo is
+rolling without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling without
+slipping along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ground and what we have here is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and what we have here is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and what we have here is we're
+pulling the yo-yo with a string that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the yo-yo with a string that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the yo-yo with a string that's
+wrapped around the spool and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped around the spool and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped around the spool and I want to
+find F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find F
+Max such that it rolls without slipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max such that it rolls without slipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max such that it rolls without slipping
+if I don't pull it hard enough the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't pull it hard enough the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't pull it hard enough the wheel
+will roll without slipping and if I pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will roll without slipping and if I pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will roll without slipping and if I pull
+it harder then this fmax the wheel will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it harder then this fmax the wheel will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it harder then this fmax the wheel will
+start to slip so now let's analyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to slip so now let's analyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to slip so now let's analyze this
+problem and let's use our Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and let's use our Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and let's use our Dynamics
+approach let's choose an IH hat A J hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach let's choose an IH hat A J hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach let's choose an IH hat A J hat
+K hat as before we'll Define an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat as before we'll Define an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K hat as before we'll Define an angle
+Theta and now we'll apply both Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and now we'll apply both Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and now we'll apply both Newton's
+second law for linear motion and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law for linear motion and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law for linear motion and our
+torque about the center of mass now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about the center of mass now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about the center of mass now we
+have to consider our forces so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider our forces so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider our forces so I'm going
+to put the forces on this diagram we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the forces on this diagram we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the forces on this diagram we
+have the normal force from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the normal force from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the normal force from the ground
+pointing up we have the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing up we have the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing up we have the gravitational
+force pointing down and remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force pointing down and remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force pointing down and remember it's
+rolling without slipping so the wheel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling without slipping so the wheel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling without slipping so the wheel is
+the contact point is instantaneously at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact point is instantaneously at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact point is instantaneously at
+rest but but because the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest but but because the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest but but because the center of mass
+of the wheel is accelerating once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wheel is accelerating once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wheel is accelerating once again
+in order to keep a equal to R Alpha then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to keep a equal to R Alpha then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to keep a equal to R Alpha then
+we need some type of torque that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some type of torque that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some type of torque that will
+produce a nonzero Alpha and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a nonzero Alpha and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a nonzero Alpha and that's going
+to come from a nonzero static friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from a nonzero static friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from a nonzero static friction
+so once again we have a case unlike a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again we have a case unlike a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again we have a case unlike a
+wheel which is just rolling along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel which is just rolling along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel which is just rolling along a
+horizontal plane because we're pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal plane because we're pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal plane because we're pulling
+this yo-yo string the static friction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yo-yo string the static friction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yo-yo string the static friction is
+not zero static friction depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero static friction depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero static friction depends on
+everything else that's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that's happening in the
+system and now we can apply Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and now we can apply Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and now we can apply Newton's
+Second Law fals Ma and so in our X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law fals Ma and so in our X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law fals Ma and so in our X
+direction we have F minus f = m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we have F minus f = m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we have F minus f = m
+a and if we look at the torque about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if we look at the torque about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if we look at the torque about the
+center of mass ISM Alpha then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass ISM Alpha then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass ISM Alpha then this is
+our X equation now here the both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our X equation now here the both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our X equation now here the both the
+pulling force and the static friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling force and the static friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling force and the static friction
+both exert torqus about the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both exert torqus about the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both exert torqus about the center of
+mass the static friction will exert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the static friction will exert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass the static friction will exert a
+torque in the direction Kat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque in the direction Kat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque in the direction Kat and the
+pulling force will exert a torque in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling force will exert a torque in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling force will exert a torque in the
+minus Kat Direction so are torqu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kat Direction so are torqu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kat Direction so are torqu the
+normal force does not produce any torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force does not produce any torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force does not produce any torque
+about the center of mass nor does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the center of mass nor does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the center of mass nor does
+gravity so what we have is FS times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so what we have is FS times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity so what we have is FS times the
+radius of the wheel that is the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the wheel that is the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the wheel that is the torque
+due to static friction minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to static friction minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to static friction minus
+B time the pulling Force F and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B time the pulling Force F and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B time the pulling Force F and that's
+equal to ICM Alpha so we have our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ICM Alpha so we have our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to ICM Alpha so we have our two
+Dynamic equations and again let's recopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic equations and again let's recopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic equations and again let's recopy
+our rolling without slipping condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rolling without slipping condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rolling without slipping condition
+now expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now expressed in terms of
+acceleration so now what I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so now what I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so now what I'd like to do
+is solve for this Force F and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solve for this Force F and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solve for this Force F and the way
+I'll do it is I'll write down from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it is I'll write down from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it is I'll write down from this
+condition Alpha in terms of a r and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition Alpha in terms of a r and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition Alpha in terms of a r and from
+this equation I have that so Alpha is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation I have that so Alpha is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation I have that so Alpha is a
+over R and from the top equation I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R and from the top equation I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R and from the top equation I have
+that a is f minus F static over m r time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is f minus F static over m r time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is f minus F static over m r time
+R so I can replace the alpha in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so I can replace the alpha in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so I can replace the alpha in this
+equation and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I get
+FSR minus BF is ICM F minus FS over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSR minus BF is ICM F minus FS over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSR minus BF is ICM F minus FS over
+Mr and now I just need to collect terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr and now I just need to collect terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr and now I just need to collect terms
+I'll bring the static friction term to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bring the static friction term to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bring the static friction term to
+this side and my f term to that side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side and my f term to that side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side and my f term to that side and
+so I get Fs time R and when I bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get Fs time R and when I bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get Fs time R and when I bring the
+static friction term over to that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction term over to that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction term over to that other
+side I get I CM over Mr let's just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I get I CM over Mr let's just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I get I CM over Mr let's just check
+Dimensions ICM is Mr r s so this terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions ICM is Mr r s so this terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions ICM is Mr r s so this terms
+have the dimensions of length so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dimensions of length so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dimensions of length so I'm
+looks like I'm okay and now I bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I'm okay and now I bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I'm okay and now I bring the
+F to the other side and I get f * b +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to the other side and I get f * b +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to the other side and I get f * b +
+ICM over Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICM over Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICM over Mr
+R I can now solve for f and I get F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I can now solve for f and I get F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I can now solve for f and I get F
+static R plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static R plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static R plus I
+CM m/ R it's a complicated answer divid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM m/ R it's a complicated answer divid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM m/ R it's a complicated answer divid
+B plus ICM /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus ICM /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plus ICM /
+Mr now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr now if
+I want to ask the question what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to ask the question what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to ask the question what is the
+maximum Force I can pull in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum Force I can pull in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum Force I can pull in which it
+just slips what's physically happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slips what's physically happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slips what's physically happening
+is the harder I pull the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the harder I pull the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the harder I pull the bigger the
+static friction is I pull harder static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction is I pull harder static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction is I pull harder static
+friction gets bigger I pull harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction gets bigger I pull harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction gets bigger I pull harder
+static friction gets bigger but static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction gets bigger but static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction gets bigger but static
+friction can only have a maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction can only have a maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction can only have a maximum value
+that hasn't changed the maximum value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't changed the maximum value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't changed the maximum value of
+static friction is the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction is the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction is the coefficient of
+static friction times a normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction times a normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction times a normal force
+which in this case is just normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is just normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is just normal
+balancing gravity mg so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing gravity mg so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing gravity mg so this is the
+maximum value that static friction can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value that static friction can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value that static friction can
+have and so now I get F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and so now I get F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and so now I get F
+Max now this is again a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max now this is again a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max now this is again a little
+complicated Ms mg time r + ICM /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Ms mg time r + ICM /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Ms mg time r + ICM /
+Mr divided B plus ICM / Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr divided B plus ICM / Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr divided B plus ICM / Mr
+and that is the maximum force that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the maximum force that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the maximum force that I can
+pull this yo-yo with that it still rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this yo-yo with that it still rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this yo-yo with that it still rolls
+without slipping
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U5SKba2lCuw.txt b/U5SKba2lCuw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d97bfd38efb09fd501acdb7ba4187fa56dbb1a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U5SKba2lCuw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14048 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good morning and uh welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good morning and uh welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good morning and uh welcome to
+lecture six uh still working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture six uh still working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture six uh still working on
+electronic structure methods and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure methods and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure methods and today
+in particular I will finish up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular I will finish up our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular I will finish up our
+introduction of the Harry ful methods if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of the Harry ful methods if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of the Harry ful methods if
+you want the Cornerstone of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the Cornerstone of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the Cornerstone of quantum
+chemistry U really developed in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry U really developed in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry U really developed in the late
+20s we have doulas Harter here from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s we have doulas Harter here from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s we have doulas Harter here from the
+University of Cambridge and Fulk I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Cambridge and Fulk I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Cambridge and Fulk I think
+from the University of St Petersburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the University of St Petersburg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the University of St Petersburg
+uh and then we'll also go into D def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we'll also go into D def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we'll also go into D def
+functional theory that in many way is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory that in many way is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory that in many way is a
+much more recent approach uh the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more recent approach uh the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more recent approach uh the theory
+itself was developed in the 60s uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself was developed in the 60s uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself was developed in the 60s uh by
+Walter Con in collaboration with pier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter Con in collaboration with pier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter Con in collaboration with pier
+huberg and in collaboration with luam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huberg and in collaboration with luam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huberg and in collaboration with luam
+but really I would say it's only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really I would say it's only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really I would say it's only in the
+mid 70s and then really in the mid 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 70s and then really in the mid 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 70s and then really in the mid 80s
+that it started to took off as actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it started to took off as actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it started to took off as actually
+a practical approach to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical approach to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical approach to study the
+electronic structure especially of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure especially of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure especially of
+solids and has become very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids and has become very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids and has become very popular
+popular to the point that the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular to the point that the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular to the point that the Nobel
+Prize for chemistry in '98 was given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize for chemistry in '98 was given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize for chemistry in '98 was given to
+Walter K for DFT and John popo a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter K for DFT and John popo a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter K for DFT and John popo a quantum
+chemistry for the development of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry for the development of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry for the development of quantum
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods let me remind before we go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods let me remind before we go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods let me remind before we go on
+into the lecture uh the sort of two main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lecture uh the sort of two main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the lecture uh the sort of two main
+conclusion of last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of last class
+uh the first one was the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first one was the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first one was the appropriate
+Matrix formulation of the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix formulation of the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix formulation of the shinger
+equation that is something that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is something that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is something that is very
+powerful and very useful when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and very useful when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and very useful when we
+actually need to solve a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to solve a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to solve a differential
+equation on a computer and sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on a computer and sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on a computer and sort of the
+hypothesis there was that we had chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis there was that we had chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis there was that we had chosen
+a basis set that I indicate here with F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis set that I indicate here with F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis set that I indicate here with F
+that would be the basis set in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the basis set in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the basis set in which I
+would expand my ground state wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expand my ground state wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expand my ground state wave
+function and so once a basis set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so once a basis set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so once a basis set is
+chosen it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen it could be
+SS and cosiness with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS and cosiness with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SS and cosiness with different
+wavelength could be localized wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength could be localized wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength could be localized wave
+functions like gaussian it could be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like gaussian it could be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like gaussian it could be just
+points on a discrete grids grid but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on a discrete grids grid but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on a discrete grids grid but once
+my basis set is chosen and once I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my basis set is chosen and once I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my basis set is chosen and once I know
+what is my electronic structure problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my electronic structure problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my electronic structure problem
+that is once I know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is once I know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is once I know what is the
+potential in my hamiltonian operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in my hamiltonian operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in my hamiltonian operator
+this here these integrals are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here these integrals are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here these integrals are just
+numbers so solving the shading equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so solving the shading equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so solving the shading equation
+that is finding the e igen values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is finding the e igen values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is finding the e igen values and
+the corresponding IG vectors is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding IG vectors is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding IG vectors is nothing
+else that solving this linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that solving this linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that solving this linear algebra
+problem where again this coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where again this coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where again this coefficients
+here form a vector that really gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here form a vector that really gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here form a vector that really gives me
+what are the term in the expansion of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the term in the expansion of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the term in the expansion of my
+wave function in terms of the oron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function in terms of the oron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function in terms of the oron
+normal basis and as so linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal basis and as so linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal basis and as so linear algebra
+problems we have a matrix here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have a matrix here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we have a matrix here and it
+will have if it's an order n Matrix n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have if it's an order n Matrix n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have if it's an order n Matrix n
+values for which its determinant is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for which its determinant is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for which its determinant is zero
+and those are the values for which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the values for which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the values for which we
+can find a solution so this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a solution so this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a solution so this is important
+not only in electronic structure but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in electronic structure but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in electronic structure but in
+a lot of Applied computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Applied computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Applied computational
+approaches uh and the other very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches uh and the other very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches uh and the other very useful
+uh principle here that I've listed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh principle here that I've listed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh principle here that I've listed is
+the variational principle that is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational principle that is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational principle that is again
+it is possible to define a functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to define a functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to define a functional
+that is if you want an algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you want an algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you want an algorithm that
+takes us input a generic function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us input a generic function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us input a generic function and
+gives us output a number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us output a number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us output a number and the
+functional that we use is the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional that we use is the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional that we use is the functional
+that I written here with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I written here with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I written here with the the
+integral expectation value of the am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral expectation value of the am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral expectation value of the am
+miltonian on an arbitrary wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miltonian on an arbitrary wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miltonian on an arbitrary wave function
+divided by basically a normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by basically a normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by basically a normalization
+term and it can be proven and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and it can be proven and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and it can be proven and it was
+given to you as an exercise that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to you as an exercise that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to you as an exercise that this
+quantity is always greater or equal than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is always greater or equal than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is always greater or equal than
+the ground state and this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and this is very
+powerful because if we have no idea on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because if we have no idea on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because if we have no idea on
+what the solution for our ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solution for our ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solution for our ground state
+problem is well we can just try out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is well we can just try out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is well we can just try out a
+few and uh our best solution although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and uh our best solution although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and uh our best solution although we
+will never know if it's the exact one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never know if it's the exact one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never know if it's the exact one or
+not will be the one that gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not will be the one that gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not will be the one that gives the
+lowest expectation value for this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest expectation value for this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest expectation value for this term
+and you know here this is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know here this is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know here this is a sort of
+example on how we could actually go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on how we could actually go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on how we could actually go on
+and try to solve a sort of very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to solve a sort of very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to solve a sort of very simple
+problem that is finding the igen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that is finding the igen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that is finding the igen states
+and igen values for a hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igen values for a hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igen values for a hydrogen atom
+using the variational principle and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the variational principle and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the variational principle and uh
+instead of trying actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying actually sort of
+different wave function at a time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wave function at a time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wave function at a time what
+we can do that is very meaningful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that is very meaningful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that is very meaningful is
+choose a parametric form for the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a parametric form for the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a parametric form for the wave
+function so you see I'm writing here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so you see I'm writing here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so you see I'm writing here a
+generic wave function that decays as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic wave function that decays as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic wave function that decays as an
+exponential as a function of the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential as a function of the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential as a function of the r
+distance from the nucleos from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the nucleos from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the nucleos from the
+center of the electron so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the electron so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the electron so if you want
+that this parameter here Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this parameter here Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this parameter here Alpha
+determines how steep the decay of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how steep the decay of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how steep the decay of this
+wave function here so by writing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function here so by writing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function here so by writing it in
+this way I'm not considering anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I'm not considering anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I'm not considering anymore
+just one wave function but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one wave function but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one wave function but I'm
+considering an entire family family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering an entire family family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering an entire family family of
+wave function with different decays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function with different decays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function with different decays and
+so what I can do is try this family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I can do is try this family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I can do is try this family of
+wave function and so what I would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and so what I would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and so what I would do is
+stick this expression in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick this expression in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick this expression in this
+expectation value and then actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value and then actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value and then actually the
+constant C is what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C is what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C is what we call a
+normalization constant it always cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization constant it always cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization constant it always cancels
+out you see from the integral below and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you see from the integral below and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you see from the integral below and
+the integral Above This C Square would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral Above This C Square would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral Above This C Square would
+just go away and so overall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go away and so overall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go away and so overall the
+variational principle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle and the
+expectation value is a parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is a parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is a parametric
+function of Alpha and the optimal Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Alpha and the optimal Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Alpha and the optimal Alpha
+will be the alpha that gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the alpha that gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the alpha that gives me the
+minimum value for this number again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value for this number again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value for this number again we
+can't go below the ground state for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go below the ground state for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go below the ground state for this
+expectation value so the lower that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value so the lower that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value so the lower that we
+can go the better and if we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go the better and if we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go the better and if we use this
+particular choice of wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular choice of wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular choice of wave function and
+this is again a sort of very simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again a sort of very simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again a sort of very simple um
+analysis Pro that you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis Pro that you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis Pro that you could actually
+sort of work out by yourself I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work out by yourself I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work out by yourself I've
+actually written here all the terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written here all the terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written here all the terms the
+normalization integral how what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization integral how what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization integral how what what is
+its value as a function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value as a function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its value as a function of this
+parameter once you do properly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter once you do properly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter once you do properly in
+spherical coordinates considering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates considering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates considering that
+this is really the radial distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the radial distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the radial distance and
+this is the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the expectation value of the
+kinetic energy and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and this is the
+expectation value of you see minus1 / r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of you see minus1 / r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of you see minus1 / r
+that is the potential for the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the potential for the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the potential for the electron
+in the field of a proton and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field of a proton and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field of a proton and if you
+minimize this expression very easy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this expression very easy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this expression very easy what
+you obtain is Alpha equal to 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain is Alpha equal to 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain is Alpha equal to 1 so the
+optimal solution is an alpha equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution is an alpha equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal solution is an alpha equal to 1
+it turns out that you know by solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you know by solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that you know by solving
+directly the differential equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the differential equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly the differential equation the
+shading equation we actually know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation we actually know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation we actually know that
+this is exponential of minus r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exponential of minus r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exponential of minus r is
+actually the exact solution and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the exact solution and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the exact solution and so what
+happens in this case is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this case is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this case is that this
+parametric family of wave function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric family of wave function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric family of wave function as
+the right form that is it contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right form that is it contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right form that is it contains
+actually the exact ground state among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the exact ground state among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the exact ground state among
+all its possible forms and that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its possible forms and that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its possible forms and that exact
+ground state is reached when Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state is reached when Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state is reached when Alpha is
+equal to one and the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one and the variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one and the variational
+principle will give us Alpha equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle will give us Alpha equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle will give us Alpha equal to 1
+without having any need of solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having any need of solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having any need of solving the
+very complex uh radial shredding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex uh radial shredding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex uh radial shredding
+equation that has sort of shown at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that has sort of shown at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that has sort of shown at a
+certain point in the class uh on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point in the class uh on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point in the class uh on Tuesday
+uh where we really need to solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we really need to solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we really need to solve for the
+spherical harmonics and sort of find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical harmonics and sort of find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical harmonics and sort of find out
+leand polinomial ler terms in the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leand polinomial ler terms in the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leand polinomial ler terms in the radial
+part and so on and so forth so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and so on and so forth so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and so on and so forth so this
+becomes very simple and for this reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very simple and for this reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very simple and for this reason
+the variational principle is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational principle is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational principle is very
+powerful and we'll actually see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and we'll actually see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and we'll actually see how
+Harry and ful use that to find out a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry and ful use that to find out a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry and ful use that to find out a way
+to tackle the problem of many electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle the problem of many electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle the problem of many electrons
+interacting uh because up to now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting uh because up to now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting uh because up to now we have
+really only thought of the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only thought of the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only thought of the problem of
+one electron in a potential but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron in a potential but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron in a potential but the
+problem of many interacting electrons uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of many interacting electrons uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of many interacting electrons uh
+increases its comp Flex itly very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases its comp Flex itly very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases its comp Flex itly very
+quickly so I'm just sort of showing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so I'm just sort of showing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so I'm just sort of showing here
+what would be say the shinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be say the shinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be say the shinger equation
+for a two electron atom say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a two electron atom say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a two electron atom say something
+typically like the atom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically like the atom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically like the atom of
+helium you have a nucleus that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium you have a nucleus that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium you have a nucleus that has
+really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two
+protons and then you have two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and then you have two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and then you have two electrons
+around the nucleus sort of going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the nucleus sort of going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the nucleus sort of going around
+and so what is the hamiltonian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the hamiltonian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the hamiltonian the
+quantum mechanical miltonian for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical miltonian for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical miltonian for this
+problem well what we have is the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well what we have is the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well what we have is the kinetic
+energy terms here so we have aasian that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy terms here so we have aasian that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy terms here so we have aasian that
+is a second derivative in space for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a second derivative in space for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a second derivative in space for each
+one of the coordinates so you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coordinates so you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the coordinates so you see this
+is the wave function the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave function the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave function the wave function
+is an amplitude that is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an amplitude that is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an amplitude that is a function of
+the combined position of R1 describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combined position of R1 describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combined position of R1 describing
+the first electron and R2 describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first electron and R2 describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first electron and R2 describing the
+second electron so you have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second electron so you have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second electron so you have these two
+second derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives
+and then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a
+term that deals with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that deals with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that deals with the
+attraction between electron one say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between electron one say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between electron one say this
+electron here and the nucleus we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here and the nucleus we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here and the nucleus we have an
+attraction term here cumic attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction term here cumic attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction term here cumic attraction
+that goes basically as 2 over r or Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes basically as 2 over r or Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes basically as 2 over r or Z
+over R if we think at a nucleus having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R if we think at a nucleus having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R if we think at a nucleus having
+charge Z and so there is attraction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge Z and so there is attraction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge Z and so there is attraction here
+of the first electron to the nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first electron to the nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first electron to the nucleus and
+then attraction of the second electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then attraction of the second electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then attraction of the second electron
+to to the nucleo and then the last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the nucleo and then the last term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the nucleo and then the last term
+is actually a repulsive term so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a repulsive term so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a repulsive term so there
+should be actually a plus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be actually a plus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be actually a plus sign here
+between the two electrons and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two electrons and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two electrons and so you see
+it depends again cumic repulsion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends again cumic repulsion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends again cumic repulsion between
+the electrons on the distance between R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons on the distance between R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons on the distance between R1
+and R2 the instantaneous position so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R2 the instantaneous position so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R2 the instantaneous position so you
+see this is how the aonian becomes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is how the aonian becomes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is how the aonian becomes in
+the case of an atom that has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of an atom that has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of an atom that has two
+electrons and sort of I written here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and sort of I written here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and sort of I written here the
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+generalization still for one atom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization still for one atom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization still for one atom but
+with many electrons so in the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many electrons so in the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many electrons so in the case where
+again you have a nucleus with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have a nucleus with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have a nucleus with many
+electrons orbiting around what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons orbiting around what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons orbiting around what you will
+have is that a wave function that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that a wave function that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that a wave function that is a
+combined amplitude of n different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined amplitude of n different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined amplitude of n different
+spatial variables so if we have say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variables so if we have say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variables so if we have say an
+atom like iron that has 26 electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom like iron that has 26 electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom like iron that has 26 electrons
+well that side that we W function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that side that we W function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that side that we W function is a
+combined amplitude of 78 coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined amplitude of 78 coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined amplitude of 78 coordinates and
+the hamiltonian operator again has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian operator again has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian operator again has a
+second derivative for each electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative for each electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative for each electron in
+there as an attractive term for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as an attractive term for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as an attractive term for each
+electron that is attracted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that is attracted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that is attracted to the
+nucleus that now has a charge Z equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that now has a charge Z equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that now has a charge Z equal to
+26 and then each electron so this Su I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 and then each electron so this Su I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 and then each electron so this Su I
+goes over each electron each electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over each electron each electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over each electron each electron
+will be repelling each other electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be repelling each other electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be repelling each other electron so
+there is a overall repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a overall repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a overall repulsive
+term and we actually call this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we actually call this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we actually call this term here
+this is the difficult term we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the difficult term we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the difficult term we call this
+term here a two body term because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here a two body term because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here a two body term because it
+depends on the simultaneous position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the simultaneous position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the simultaneous position of
+two electrons while if you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons while if you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons while if you want the
+first terms here are called one body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first terms here are called one body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first terms here are called one body
+term because Act only on one electron at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because Act only on one electron at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because Act only on one electron at
+a time Quantum kinetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time Quantum kinetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time Quantum kinetic energy and
+attraction um and truly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction um and truly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction um and truly this
+shaddinger equation becomes overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaddinger equation becomes overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaddinger equation becomes overly
+complex already by the time when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex already by the time when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex already by the time when we have
+two electron so we can't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electron so we can't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electron so we can't solve
+analytically even the helium atom okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically even the helium atom okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically even the helium atom okay
+we can solve everything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve everything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve everything about the
+hydrogen atom and we can solve the Shing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom and we can solve the Shing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom and we can solve the Shing
+equation for a number of very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a number of very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a number of very simple
+problem but already for the helium atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but already for the helium atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but already for the helium atom
+we can't do that and so in the 40s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that and so in the 40s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that and so in the 40s and
+the 50s people developed variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s people developed variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s people developed variational
+approaches they were making an answer an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches they were making an answer an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches they were making an answer an
+hypothesis on this wave function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis on this wave function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis on this wave function uh
+expanding this wave function in a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding this wave function in a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding this wave function in a series
+of other functions depending paramet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other functions depending paramet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other functions depending paramet
+parametrically on a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically on a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically on a number of
+coefficients 2 3 5 8 200 coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients 2 3 5 8 200 coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients 2 3 5 8 200 coefficients
+and the more coefficients there were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more coefficients there were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more coefficients there were the
+more flexible that wave function was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible that wave function was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible that wave function was and
+so systematically by adding more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so systematically by adding more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so systematically by adding more and
+more flexibility you could go lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexibility you could go lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexibility you could go lower and
+lower and hopefully you were converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and hopefully you were converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and hopefully you were converging
+and say for something like the helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say for something like the helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say for something like the helium
+atom well sort of you know the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom well sort of you know the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom well sort of you know the the the
+total the total energy of two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total the total energy of two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total the total energy of two electrons
+in the helium atom is something like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the helium atom is something like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the helium atom is something like uh
+5.8 5.8 Reed bgs and you could get sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.8 5.8 Reed bgs and you could get sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.8 5.8 Reed bgs and you could get sort
+of you know very very close down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know very very close down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know very very close down to a
+fraction of a 100 of an electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a 100 of an electron volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of a 100 of an electron volt
+just by three or five parameters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by three or five parameters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by three or five parameters but
+then as you go to more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you go to more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you go to more and more
+electrons the problem really has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the problem really has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the problem really has a
+complexity that explodes and uh in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that explodes and uh in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that explodes and uh in all
+of this I want to remind you uh I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this I want to remind you uh I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this I want to remind you uh I'm not
+using anymore the International System
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using anymore the International System
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using anymore the International System
+of Units so I'm not using meters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Units so I'm not using meters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Units so I'm not using meters and
+seconds but I'm using what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but I'm using what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but I'm using what are called
+Atomic units and there is a handout on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic units and there is a handout on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic units and there is a handout on
+your Stellar web page reminding that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Stellar web page reminding that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Stellar web page reminding that the
+unit of energy is what we call the Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of energy is what we call the Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of energy is what we call the Harry
+that corresponds to an other set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to an other set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to an other set of
+units that are often used say a Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that are often used say a Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that are often used say a Harry
+corresponds to to two redberg and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to to two redberg and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to to two redberg and the
+redberg is 13.6 electron volt an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redberg is 13.6 electron volt an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redberg is 13.6 electron volt an
+electron volt is the energy of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt is the energy of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt is the energy of an
+electron that sort of fills a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that sort of fills a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that sort of fills a potential
+difference of one volt and one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of one volt and one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of one volt and one electron
+volt is often considered 23.0 5 kilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt is often considered 23.0 5 kilo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt is often considered 23.0 5 kilo
+calories per mole in the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per mole in the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories per mole in the sort of
+electronic Str literature you'll see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Str literature you'll see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Str literature you'll see all
+these numbers often chemists use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers often chemists use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers often chemists use the
+kilo calorie per mole unit um physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo calorie per mole unit um physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo calorie per mole unit um physicist
+tend to use the electron volt and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use the electron volt and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to use the electron volt and again
+I remind you that sort of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remind you that sort of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remind you that sort of you know the
+average kinetic energy of an atom at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kinetic energy of an atom at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kinetic energy of an atom at
+room temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature is
+0.04 electron volts and The Binding of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04 electron volts and The Binding of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04 electron volts and The Binding of a
+water di is 29 electron volt so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water di is 29 electron volt so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water di is 29 electron volt so the
+electron volt is really the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt is really the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt is really the order of
+magnitude of The Binding of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of The Binding of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of The Binding of sort of
+weakly attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules okay so now the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules okay so now the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules okay so now the problem and
+that's where the sort of heart and hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the sort of heart and hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the sort of heart and hat
+Fox solution becom important uh is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fox solution becom important uh is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fox solution becom important uh is to
+deal with realistic system that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with realistic system that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with realistic system that is we
+need to deal with molecules or we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deal with molecules or we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deal with molecules or we need
+to deal with solids so we need to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with solids so we need to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with solids so we need to deal
+in principle with a shading equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle with a shading equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle with a shading equation in
+which we have a lot of nuclei I'm sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have a lot of nuclei I'm sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have a lot of nuclei I'm sort
+of denoting here with capital r the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of denoting here with capital r the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of denoting here with capital r the
+position of the nuclei again if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the nuclei again if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the nuclei again if you want
+to find out what is the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what is the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what is the structure of
+benzine or if you want to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzine or if you want to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzine or if you want to find out what
+is the electronic structure of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electronic structure of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electronic structure of silicon
+you need to keep in mind that say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to keep in mind that say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to keep in mind that say for
+benzene you will have six columbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene you will have six columbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene you will have six columbic
+attractive centers that are the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive centers that are the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive centers that are the six
+carbon nuclei in a ring and also the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nuclei in a ring and also the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nuclei in a ring and also the six
+one over R protons around so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R protons around so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R protons around so the
+position of those nuclei determine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of those nuclei determine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of those nuclei determine what
+is the potential acting on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential acting on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential acting on your
+electrons so in principle the S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so in principle the S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so in principle the S of
+shading equation will be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation will be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation will be something like
+I written here uh but we can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I written here uh but we can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I written here uh but we can make this
+fundamental simplification that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental simplification that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental simplification that will
+always be the case for you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be the case for you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be the case for you know the
+classes that follow that is we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that follow that is we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that follow that is we never
+treat the nuclei as Quantum particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the nuclei as Quantum particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the nuclei as Quantum particles
+okay in principle also the nuclei are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in principle also the nuclei are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in principle also the nuclei are
+quantum particles so they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum particles so they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum particles so they would have
+their own wavelength they come in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own wavelength they come in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own wavelength they come in as
+variables into the wave function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables into the wave function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables into the wave function and you
+would need to calculate say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to calculate say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to calculate say things like
+the quantum kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum kinetic energy of the
+nucleus that is the laas and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that is the laas and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that is the laas and the second
+derivative of the overall wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the overall wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the overall wave function
+with respect to the nuclear coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the nuclear coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the nuclear coordinates
+in practice remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice remember
+relation the nuclei are so heavy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation the nuclei are so heavy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation the nuclei are so heavy that
+their wavelength is very very small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wavelength is very very small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wavelength is very very small so
+we can truly treat them as classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can truly treat them as classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can truly treat them as classical
+particles and the electron are so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the electron are so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the electron are so much
+faster than the nuclei that even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the nuclei that even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the nuclei that even if the
+nuclei move the electrons can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei move the electrons can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei move the electrons can always
+much faster than the nuclei follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster than the nuclei follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster than the nuclei follow this
+movement and reorganize themselves as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and reorganize themselves as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and reorganize themselves as to
+being in the lowest energy State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the lowest energy State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the lowest energy State
+possible basically you have to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible basically you have to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible basically you have to imagine
+this picture of of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture of of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture of of the molecule
+vibrating at room temperature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating at room temperature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating at room temperature and the
+nucleus then will have a kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus then will have a kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus then will have a kinetic energy
+all the mass of the molecule is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mass of the molecule is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mass of the molecule is in the
+nuclei so all the effects of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so all the effects of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei so all the effects of temperature
+if you want are in the vibration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want are in the vibration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want are in the vibration of the
+nuclei but these vibrations are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei but these vibrations are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei but these vibrations are very
+slow from the point of view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow from the point of view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow from the point of view of the
+electrons so the electrons see the nucle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so the electrons see the nucle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so the electrons see the nucle
+slowly moving and rearrange themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly moving and rearrange themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly moving and rearrange themselves
+as to being in the ground state for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to being in the ground state for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to being in the ground state for that
+instantaneous configuration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous configuration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous configuration of the
+nuclei obvously if the nucleus starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei obvously if the nucleus starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei obvously if the nucleus starts
+moving very very fast by any chance well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving very very fast by any chance well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving very very fast by any chance well
+then the electrons can't do this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the electrons can't do this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the electrons can't do this they
+can't follow anymore and so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't follow anymore and so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't follow anymore and so if you want
+you can start having electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start having electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start having electronic
+excitation that is the electrons are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation that is the electrons are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation that is the electrons are not
+anymore on the lowest energy State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore on the lowest energy State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore on the lowest energy State
+possible for that given configuration uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for that given configuration uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for that given configuration uh
+that doesn't really happen especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really happen especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really happen especially if
+you are just considering a molecule or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are just considering a molecule or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are just considering a molecule or a
+solid at room temperature but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid at room temperature but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid at room temperature but it could
+happen say if we have an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen say if we have an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen say if we have an external
+potential that changes very fast if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that changes very fast if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that changes very fast if we
+shine a laser light on a molecule then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine a laser light on a molecule then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine a laser light on a molecule then
+light is nothing else than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is nothing else than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is nothing else than an
+electromagnetic field and laser light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field and laser light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field and laser light
+will typically have a frequency that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically have a frequency that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically have a frequency that is
+fast and comparable to the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and comparable to the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and comparable to the frequency of
+the electrons and so all this adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and so all this adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and so all this adiabatic
+approximation break down and lo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation break down and lo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation break down and lo and
+behold we can actually excite with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold we can actually excite with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold we can actually excite with a
+laser the electron in a higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser the electron in a higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser the electron in a higher energy
+state but for what you are seeing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but for what you are seeing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but for what you are seeing in
+this class we'll always think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we'll always think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we'll always think at
+electrons in their ground state this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in their ground state this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in their ground state this is
+what people call often the adiabatic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people call often the adiabatic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people call often the adiabatic or
+the borop pimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borop pimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borop pimer
+approximation uh these two term in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh these two term in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh these two term in most
+cases are used um for in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are used um for in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are used um for in the same way
+although sort of chemist tend to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although sort of chemist tend to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although sort of chemist tend to make a
+subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle
+distinction about what adiabatic means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction about what adiabatic means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction about what adiabatic means
+and borop means and adiabatic really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and borop means and adiabatic really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and borop means and adiabatic really
+refers to the coupling between sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the coupling between sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the coupling between sort of
+the different po potential surfaces for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different po potential surfaces for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different po potential surfaces for
+the electrons depending on the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons depending on the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons depending on the velocity
+of the nuclei and borop pimer implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclei and borop pimer implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclei and borop pimer implies
+that there is no influence of the ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no influence of the ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no influence of the ionic
+motion of one single electronic surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of one single electronic surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of one single electronic surface
+but I mean this is this is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean this is this is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean this is this is fairly
+technical just remember that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical just remember that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical just remember that sometimes
+these two terms actually mean something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms actually mean something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms actually mean something
+very different and very specific okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and very specific okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and very specific okay so
+this is now becomes our most General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now becomes our most General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now becomes our most General
+expression for the aonian and so also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the aonian and so also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the aonian and so also
+for the energy of a set of nuclei and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the energy of a set of nuclei and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the energy of a set of nuclei and a
+set of electrons that is really our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of electrons that is really our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of electrons that is really our
+picture of a molecule or a solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a molecule or a solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a molecule or a solid and
+again we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we will
+have the nuclei generating cumic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the nuclei generating cumic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the nuclei generating cumic
+attractive Potentials in every position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive Potentials in every position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive Potentials in every position
+where they are so there is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are so there is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are so there is what we call
+an electron nucleus ter that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron nucleus ter that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron nucleus ter that is an
+attractive ter in which we have a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive ter in which we have a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive ter in which we have a sum
+over each and every electron because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over each and every electron because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over each and every electron because
+each and every electron FS the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every electron FS the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every electron FS the potential
+of all the nuclei and the sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the nuclei and the sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the nuclei and the sum over all
+the nuclei refers to a sum of you know Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei refers to a sum of you know Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei refers to a sum of you know Z
+over R terms so in whole Space wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R terms so in whole Space wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R terms so in whole Space wherever
+there is a nucleus there is a one /all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a nucleus there is a one /all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a nucleus there is a one /all
+term and this sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this sum over
+nuclei is the overall potential for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei is the overall potential for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei is the overall potential for the
+electronic system and each electrons FS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system and each electrons FS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system and each electrons FS
+this potential and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential and this is the
+fundamental attractive term so electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental attractive term so electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental attractive term so electron
+are attracted to the nuclei but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are attracted to the nuclei but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are attracted to the nuclei but also
+electrons repel each other and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons repel each other and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons repel each other and this is
+the other term so you see each and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other term so you see each and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other term so you see each and every
+electron has a charge one in atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has a charge one in atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has a charge one in atomic
+units and there a culic repulsion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and there a culic repulsion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and there a culic repulsion with
+each and every other electrons and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every other electrons and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and every other electrons and then
+of course for each electron we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course for each electron we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course for each electron we have the
+sort of quantum kinetic energy here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of quantum kinetic energy here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of quantum kinetic energy here and
+so I listed here in the aonian all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I listed here in the aonian all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I listed here in the aonian all these
+terms we have the quantum kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we have the quantum kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we have the quantum kinetic energy
+here we have the electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the electron electron
+repulsion and we have the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and we have the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and we have the electron
+nucleus attraction and then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus attraction and then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus attraction and then there is a
+last term that is truly a classical term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term that is truly a classical term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term that is truly a classical term
+because it involves only the nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves only the nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves only the nuclei and
+so it's a repulsive term that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a repulsive term that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a repulsive term that is the
+nucleus nucleus repulsion so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus nucleus repulsion so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus nucleus repulsion so if you want
+to think for a moment at a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think for a moment at a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think for a moment at a hydrogen
+molecule say what you would have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule say what you would have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule say what you would have is a
+nucleus another nucleus and then a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus another nucleus and then a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus another nucleus and then a wave
+function of all the electrons around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all the electrons around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all the electrons around and
+uh there is a classic term that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a classic term that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a classic term that is the
+electrostatic repulsion between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic repulsion between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic repulsion between the two
+nuclei and there is a Quantum term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and there is a Quantum term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and there is a Quantum term of
+repulsion between the electrons and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion between the electrons and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion between the electrons and an
+attraction between the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the electron and the
+nuclei and basically all these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and basically all these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and basically all these sort of
+electrostatic terms nucleus nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic terms nucleus nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic terms nucleus nucleus
+electron nucleus and electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron nucleus and electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron nucleus and electron electron
+almost balance themselves uh each and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost balance themselves uh each and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost balance themselves uh each and
+everyone is very large but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is very large but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is very large but then the
+combination of these three almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these three almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these three almost
+cancels itself out and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels itself out and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels itself out and that's why
+actually The Binding energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually The Binding energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually The Binding energy of a
+molecule is much much smaller than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is much much smaller than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is much much smaller than any
+of the energy say of two charges at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy say of two charges at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy say of two charges at that
+distance repelling each other or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance repelling each other or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance repelling each other or even
+just the energy of a core electron very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the energy of a core electron very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the energy of a core electron very
+close to its very close to its nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to its very close to its nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to its very close to its nucleus
+and that's why also electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why also electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why also electronic structure
+calculation are very delicate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation are very delicate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation are very delicate because
+what you need to find out is that total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to find out is that total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to find out is that total
+energy that is the combination of can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is the combination of can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is the combination of can
+terms that can largely cancel each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that can largely cancel each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that can largely cancel each other
+each other out and so you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other out and so you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other out and so you need to be
+very accurate in order to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate in order to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate in order to actually
+decide if something like a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if something like a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if something like a hydrogen
+molecule binds together or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule binds together or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule binds together or sort of
+breaks or breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks or breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks or breaks
+apart okay now this is truly a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay now this is truly a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay now this is truly a problem
+of great computational complexity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great computational complexity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great computational complexity and
+you know as I said over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as I said over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as I said over and over again
+uh we can't really deal even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can't really deal even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can't really deal even
+computationally with an object that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally with an object that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally with an object that has
+all the information content of a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information content of a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information content of a wave
+function so let me actually go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let me actually go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let me actually go through
+this into the next slide in which I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into the next slide in which I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into the next slide in which I sort
+of you know written out explicitly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know written out explicitly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know written out explicitly the
+example of the iron atom so that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the iron atom so that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the iron atom so that has
+again 26 electrons so the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 26 electrons so the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 26 electrons so the electronic
+wave function will in itself have 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function will in itself have 78
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function will in itself have 78
+variables and if you think at how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and if you think at how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and if you think at how how
+many numbers do we need to store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many numbers do we need to store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many numbers do we need to store this
+object with any kind of precision well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with any kind of precision well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with any kind of precision well
+suppose that you know we even limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you know we even limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you know we even limit
+ourselves to a very very core sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to a very very core sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to a very very core sampling
+only say 10 values around the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only say 10 values around the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only say 10 values around the iron
+nucleus well even to give this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus well even to give this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus well even to give this wave
+function to give this amplitude with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to give this amplitude with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to give this amplitude with
+this very core sampling we would need 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very core sampling we would need 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very core sampling we would need 10
+to the 78 numbers so basically there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 78 numbers so basically there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 78 numbers so basically there is
+no way we can numerically deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way we can numerically deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way we can numerically deal with the
+complex of the wave function and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex of the wave function and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex of the wave function and this is
+where sort of the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the power of the
+variational principle and the ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle and the ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle and the ideas of
+AR fol came came together and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR fol came came together and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR fol came came together and sort of
+you know we'll first discuss uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll first discuss uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll first discuss uh the
+first idea of Harry in dealing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea of Harry in dealing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea of Harry in dealing with this
+problem remember what we have is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember what we have is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember what we have is a set
+of interacting electrons and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interacting electrons and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interacting electrons and you know I
+like to sort of compare each one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to sort of compare each one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to sort of compare each one of you
+to an electron so what you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an electron so what you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an electron so what you need to think
+and what the complexity of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the complexity of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the complexity of this problem
+is is that at every instant in time each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that at every instant in time each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that at every instant in time each
+one of you is sort of interacting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you is sort of interacting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you is sort of interacting or
+actually repelling with each one else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually repelling with each one else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually repelling with each one else so
+this is the complexity of a many body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complexity of a many body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complexity of a many body
+problem in order to sort of understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in order to sort of understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in order to sort of understand
+what's happening each thing needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening each thing needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening each thing needs to
+know what everyone else is doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what everyone else is doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what everyone else is doing and
+Harry introduced the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry introduced the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry introduced the concept of
+independent particle and effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent particle and effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent particle and effective
+potential this is something that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is something that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential this is something that comes
+over not only in electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over not only in electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over not only in electronic structure
+but it comes over in a lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it comes over in a lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it comes over in a lot of problems
+where we actually need to deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually need to deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually need to deal with a
+very large number of interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of interacting
+elements and interacting particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and interacting particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and interacting particles and
+sort of the general idea is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the general idea is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the general idea is that we can
+approximate and try to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate and try to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate and try to solve this
+problem by not considering what each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by not considering what each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by not considering what each
+electron instantly does but we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron instantly does but we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron instantly does but we can solve
+the problem by treating what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem by treating what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem by treating what one
+electron would do in a field that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would do in a field that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would do in a field that on
+average represent what all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average represent what all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average represent what all the other
+electrons would be doing so if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be doing so if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons would be doing so if we want
+to think that what I would be doing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that what I would be doing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that what I would be doing I
+shouldn't try to find the solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't try to find the solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't try to find the solution that
+instantaneously knows about what each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously knows about what each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously knows about what each
+and everyone else is doing but I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone else is doing but I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone else is doing but I could
+try to find a solution for myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a solution for myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find a solution for myself
+interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting
+electrostatically with the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatically with the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatically with the average
+charge distribution that everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution that everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge distribution that everyone else
+does so instead instead of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so instead instead of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so instead instead of sort of
+having to know what is the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to know what is the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to know what is the instantaneous
+position of all the other interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of all the other interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of all the other interacting
+electrons I could make a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons I could make a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons I could make a sort of an
+approximation that I could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that I could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that I could actually
+really just try to deal with the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just try to deal with the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just try to deal with the way I
+interact with an average distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with an average distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with an average distribution of
+everyone else so this is if you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else so this is if you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else so this is if you want the
+concept of mean field or effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of mean field or effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of mean field or effective
+potential we are sort of averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we are sort of averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we are sort of averaging
+overall the variables and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the variables and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the variables and there is
+actually a sort of uh mathematical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a sort of uh mathematical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a sort of uh mathematical way
+to do this that I introduce that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this that I introduce that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this that I introduce that I'll
+introduce in this moment but if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce in this moment but if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce in this moment but if you want
+the heart solution really leads to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart solution really leads to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart solution really leads to this
+leads to a shaddinger equation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a shaddinger equation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a shaddinger equation in which
+we are actually trying to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually trying to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually trying to solve the
+problem of a single electron at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of a single electron at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of a single electron at a time
+but that electron feels the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that electron feels the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that electron feels the average
+electrostatic charge distribution of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic charge distribution of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic charge distribution of all
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+electrons and uh one can actually obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh one can actually obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh one can actually obtain
+this directly from the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this directly from the variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this directly from the variational
+principle that is one can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that is one can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that is one can make
+and anet for the wave function what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anet for the wave function what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anet for the wave function what is
+written here is you know this most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here is you know this most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here is you know this most
+generic wave function and one can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic wave function and one can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic wave function and one can make
+what turns out to be actually a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what turns out to be actually a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what turns out to be actually a fairly
+severe approximation that is we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe approximation that is we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe approximation that is we can say
+that this many body wave function can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this many body wave function can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this many body wave function can
+actually be written as a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be written as a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be written as a product of
+single particle orbitals so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle orbitals so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle orbitals so you see
+what's happening when we are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening when we are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening when we are actually
+making this hypothesis is that varing R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this hypothesis is that varing R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this hypothesis is that varing R1
+will change the amplitude of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the amplitude of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the amplitude of the wave
+function independently from what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function independently from what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function independently from what happens
+to R2 and RN these have all become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R2 and RN these have all become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R2 and RN these have all become
+independent variable there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable there is no
+combined effect what R2 and R1 are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined effect what R2 and R1 are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined effect what R2 and R1 are doing
+say or any couple or any triplet and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or any couple or any triplet and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or any couple or any triplet and so
+on and so forth so if you want if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth so if you want if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth so if you want if we
+sort of fix all the other variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fix all the other variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fix all the other variables we
+can independently look at what each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can independently look at what each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can independently look at what each one
+of these orbitals is doing and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these orbitals is doing and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these orbitals is doing and you can
+think you know just what would come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know just what would come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know just what would come from
+a tailor expansion this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tailor expansion this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tailor expansion this is an
+approximation is not a true solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is not a true solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is not a true solution
+okay suppose that's that we were dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose that's that we were dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose that's that we were dealing
+with two variables well I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two variables well I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two variables well I mean you know
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+like think at a generic wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like think at a generic wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like think at a generic wave function
+that could be written as say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be written as say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be written as say the
+exponential of the square root of R1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the square root of R1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of the square root of R1 +
+R2 that can't be decoupled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 that can't be decoupled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 that can't be decoupled in the
+product of two-way function so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two-way function so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two-way function so the
+product of two single particle wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two single particle wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two single particle wave
+function is something simpler that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is something simpler that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is something simpler that
+doesn't capture the complexity of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't capture the complexity of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't capture the complexity of all
+the possible two body wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible two body wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible two body wave function and
+so in this it's an approximation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this it's an approximation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this it's an approximation and so
+Howry made this approximation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howry made this approximation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howry made this approximation and then
+asked itself what happens if I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked itself what happens if I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked itself what happens if I actually
+throw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw this
+approximation in the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in the variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in the variational
+principle now the difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle now the difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle now the difference is that
+instead of having just a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having just a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having just a function
+that varies parametrically now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies parametrically now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies parametrically now what we
+can really vary in our variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really vary in our variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really vary in our variational
+principle are the shapes of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle are the shapes of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle are the shapes of all these
+sort of single particle orbitals so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of single particle orbitals so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of single particle orbitals so what
+you are asking ourselves is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are asking ourselves is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are asking ourselves is a wave
+function of this form thrown in into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this form thrown in into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this form thrown in into the
+variational principle will give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle will give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle will give me
+condition that each of these orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that each of these orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that each of these orbitals
+need to satisfy so if you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to satisfy so if you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to satisfy so if you want you
+really need to now calculate sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to now calculate sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to now calculate sort of
+with functional anal Anis what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functional anal Anis what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functional anal Anis what are the
+differential equations that each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations that each of
+these orbitals 51 to FN needs to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orbitals 51 to FN needs to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these orbitals 51 to FN needs to satisfy
+so that the overall expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the overall expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the overall expectation value of
+the energy is minimum for a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is minimum for a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is minimum for a wave
+function written in this restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function written in this restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function written in this restricted
+class of product of single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of product of single particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of product of single particle
+orbitals and so when you actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so when you actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so when you actually work
+out the sort of Fairly complex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the sort of Fairly complex uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the sort of Fairly complex uh
+functional analysis of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional analysis of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional analysis of this problem
+that's actually described if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually described if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually described if you're
+interested in one of the references that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in one of the references that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in one of the references that
+we have given you the Branson and join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have given you the Branson and join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have given you the Branson and join
+book on the physics of atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on the physics of atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on the physics of atom and
+molecules what you obtain for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules what you obtain for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules what you obtain for the
+specific case again of a hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case again of a hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case again of a hamiltonian
+operator in which the potential is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in which the potential is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in which the potential is given
+by a linear combination of attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a linear combination of attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a linear combination of attractive
+columbic potential is a set of equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbic potential is a set of equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbic potential is a set of equation
+that is what you obtain is a new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what you obtain is a new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what you obtain is a new set of
+differential equations in instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations in instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations in instead of
+having if you want one single shaddinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having if you want one single shaddinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having if you want one single shaddinger
+equation for a many body wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a many body wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a many body wave function
+what you obtain if you're dealing with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you obtain if you're dealing with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you obtain if you're dealing with n
+particle is n different differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is n different differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is n different differential
+equation each one being a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation each one being a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation each one being a differential
+equation for only a single particle wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for only a single particle wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for only a single particle wave
+function this is still fairly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is still fairly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is still fairly complex
+but the complexity of this has gone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the complexity of this has gone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the complexity of this has gone from
+you know being a complexity of a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being a complexity of a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know being a complexity of a wave
+function of 78 variables to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of 78 variables to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of 78 variables to say the
+complexity of 26 equations in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of 26 equations in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of 26 equations in three
+variables each if we are sort of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables each if we are sort of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables each if we are sort of working
+in three dimension and actually the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimension and actually the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three dimension and actually the form
+of this equation is very intriguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation is very intriguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation is very intriguing
+because this really looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this really looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this really looks like a
+shaddinger equation for one electron you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaddinger equation for one electron you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaddinger equation for one electron you
+see here is the Quantum kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is the Quantum kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is the Quantum kinetic energy
+term for this electron and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for this electron and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for this electron and then there is
+the interaction between this single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between this single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between this single
+electron with the cumic distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with the cumic distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with the cumic distribution of
+nuclei and then there is a term you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then there is a term you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then there is a term you see
+this appropriately is called the Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this appropriately is called the Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this appropriately is called the Harry
+term in which this electron High I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in which this electron High I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in which this electron High I is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+filling a cumic repulsion this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling a cumic repulsion this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling a cumic repulsion this is the
+columbic term of a charge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbic term of a charge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbic term of a charge density
+distribution remember that if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution remember that if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution remember that if we take
+the square modulus of a wave function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square modulus of a wave function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square modulus of a wave function we
+obtain the probability of finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the probability of finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the probability of finding an
+electron somewhere and the density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron somewhere and the density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron somewhere and the density is
+nothing else than that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than that is the
+probability of finding an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron
+somewhere and so you see what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and so you see what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and so you see what we have is
+for the electron that we have denoted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron that we have denoted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron that we have denoted as
+I the interaction between the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the interaction between the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the interaction between the wave
+function and as usually a potential as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and as usually a potential as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and as usually a potential as
+usual a potential in which we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual a potential in which we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual a potential in which we have the
+cumic term and the repulsion the cumic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumic term and the repulsion the cumic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumic term and the repulsion the cumic
+repulsion is between the electron I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion is between the electron I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion is between the electron I and
+the charge density distribution of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge density distribution of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge density distribution of each
+and every other electron J so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every other electron J so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every other electron J so you see
+this sum goes over all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum goes over all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum goes over all the other
+electrons so my many body shading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so my many body shading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so my many body shading
+equation has become a series of equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has become a series of equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has become a series of equation
+that we call single particle equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call single particle equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call single particle equation a
+differential equation for each and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for each and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for each and every
+electron and those differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and those differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and those differential equation
+that as I said have been obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I said have been obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I said have been obtained
+formally just by applying this aners to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally just by applying this aners to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally just by applying this aners to
+the variational principle are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational principle are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variational principle are in the
+form of a shaddinger like equation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a shaddinger like equation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a shaddinger like equation with
+a kinetic energy an attractive potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic energy an attractive potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic energy an attractive potential
+and now we have only a mean field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have only a mean field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have only a mean field
+interaction between the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the electrons
+because electron I doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electron I doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electron I doesn't
+instantaneously need to know what each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously need to know what each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously need to know what each
+and every other electron does but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every other electron does but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every other electron does but it
+actually only interacts with the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only interacts with the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only interacts with the average
+charge density distribution that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density distribution that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density distribution that is
+given by the square modulus of J okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the square modulus of J okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the square modulus of J okay so
+this is a great simplification and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great simplification and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great simplification and it
+actually allowed some of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allowed some of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allowed some of the first
+calculations say on atoms actually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations say on atoms actually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations say on atoms actually of
+this was developed in the late 20s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was developed in the late 20s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was developed in the late 20s and
+very quickly it was realized what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly it was realized what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly it was realized what was
+wrong and we'll see that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and we'll see that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and we'll see that in a moment
+that is sort of the the lack of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of the the lack of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of the the lack of um
+correlation because there is a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation because there is a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation because there is a specific
+rule that electrons are fermans but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that electrons are fermans but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that electrons are fermans but
+really this were sort of the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this were sort of the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this were sort of the first time
+in which we had sort of workable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we had sort of workable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we had sort of workable um
+differential equation for a many body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for a many body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for a many body
+system and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the most
+important um conclusion of this and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um conclusion of this and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um conclusion of this and sort
+of you know where the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know where the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know where the complexity of the
+many body problem comes Bina is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many body problem comes Bina is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many body problem comes Bina is that
+this new operator this new overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new operator this new overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new operator this new overall
+hearty operator acting on the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearty operator acting on the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearty operator acting on the wave
+function has become as we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has become as we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has become as we say
+self-consistent that is the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent that is the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent that is the operator
+itself depends on what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself depends on what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself depends on what the other
+electrons do so depends on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do so depends on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do so depends on what the
+solution U to all the other differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U to all the other differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U to all the other differential
+equations are so if you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are so if you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are so if you want to know
+what electron I does in the mean field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what electron I does in the mean field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what electron I does in the mean field
+of all the other electrons you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the other electrons you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the other electrons you need to
+know what is the wave function of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the wave function of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the wave function of each
+and every other electron but in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every other electron but in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every other electron but in order to
+solve what the wave function of each and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve what the wave function of each and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve what the wave function of each and
+every other electron you will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other electron you will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other electron you will need to
+know also What electron I is doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know also What electron I is doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know also What electron I is doing and
+so really this is very different the am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really this is very different the am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really this is very different the am
+miltonian operator here is not anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miltonian operator here is not anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miltonian operator here is not anymore
+given at the beginning of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given at the beginning of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given at the beginning of the problem
+but actually needs to be found because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually needs to be found because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually needs to be found because
+the operator the action on one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator the action on one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator the action on one electron
+depends on what the other electrons do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what the other electrons do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what the other electrons do
+and in order to find out what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to find out what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to find out what the other
+electrons do we need to solve the set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do we need to solve the set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do we need to solve the set so
+this set of say the case of iron again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of say the case of iron again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of say the case of iron again
+26 differential equation need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 differential equation need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 differential equation need to be
+solved simultaneously okay so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved simultaneously okay so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved simultaneously okay so uh we
+actually solve it iteratively with start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve it iteratively with start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve it iteratively with start
+with a guess for what the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a guess for what the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a guess for what the wave function
+would be and we try to find a combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and we try to find a combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and we try to find a combined
+solution I'll describe in a moment what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'll describe in a moment what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'll describe in a moment what
+the algorith is but so this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorith is but so this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorith is but so this is how the
+many body complexity comes in that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many body complexity comes in that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many body complexity comes in that is we
+need to solve a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve a differential equation
+for which we don't even know at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we don't even know at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we don't even know at the
+beginning what is the the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning what is the the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning what is the the operator
+acting on our single particle wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on our single particle wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on our single particle wave
+function and so the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so the concept of
+self-consistency and of iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistency and of iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistency and of iterative
+solution will basically be always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will basically be always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will basically be always
+present in all the electronic structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in all the electronic structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in all the electronic structural
+approaches that we are going to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that we are going to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that we are going to see in
+this class and uh it's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and uh it's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and uh it's actually very
+simple to sort of you know figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to sort of you know figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to sort of you know figure out
+what could be an actual algorithm to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be an actual algorithm to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be an actual algorithm to try
+to get to the solution that is we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the solution that is we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the solution that is we need
+to start with an arbitrary guess for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with an arbitrary guess for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with an arbitrary guess for all
+those 26 orbitals and once we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 26 orbitals and once we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 26 orbitals and once we have that
+arbitrary guess we can constru conct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary guess we can constru conct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary guess we can constru conct the
+charge density of every electron and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density of every electron and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density of every electron and so
+we can construct what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct what would be the
+operator acting on each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on each one of the
+FI that is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FI that is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FI that is we can
+construct this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this term
+here once now we know what actually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here once now we know what actually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here once now we know what actually our
+differential equation is we can solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is we can solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is we can solve it
+so we find what are the ground state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find what are the ground state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find what are the ground state of
+each of those 26 differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those 26 differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those 26 differential equation
+and now with those ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with those ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with those ground state
+we can construct again a charge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct again a charge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can construct again a charge density
+of each and every single electron we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each and every single electron we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each and every single electron we put
+it together we have a new heart Tre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together we have a new heart Tre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it together we have a new heart Tre
+operator and we can solve this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we can solve this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we can solve this this
+these differential equations again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differential equations again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differential equations again and
+we keep iterating this until what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep iterating this until what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep iterating this until what we
+obtain is a hearty operator in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is a hearty operator in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is a hearty operator in each
+differential equation that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that doesn't
+change anymore and so we have now a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anymore and so we have now a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anymore and so we have now a set
+of self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-consistent
+orbitals uh in most cases you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals uh in most cases you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals uh in most cases you actually
+don't get to convergence so a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to convergence so a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to convergence so a lot of the
+algorithmic advances that sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic advances that sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic advances that sort of you
+know has been done in a structure has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know has been done in a structure has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know has been done in a structure has
+actually to do with this problem that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to do with this problem that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to do with this problem that is
+we need to find ways to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find ways to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to find ways to get this
+procedure to converge to an actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to converge to an actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to converge to an actually
+self-consistent point but the concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent point but the concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent point but the concept is
+all is all here and if you want you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is all here and if you want you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is all here and if you want you know
+sort of the simplest thing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the simplest thing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the simplest thing that you can
+do to make sure that s of you're are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make sure that s of you're are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make sure that s of you're are
+going to iterate to cell consistence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to iterate to cell consistence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to iterate to cell consistence is
+to move very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move very slowly
+that is whenever you have sort of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is whenever you have sort of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is whenever you have sort of a set
+of solution you don't want to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solution you don't want to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solution you don't want to construct
+your heart operator is new charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heart operator is new charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heart operator is new charge
+density with this solution but you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density with this solution but you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density with this solution but you want
+just to modify a little bit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to modify a little bit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to modify a little bit your
+previous charge densities to go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous charge densities to go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous charge densities to go in the
+direction of the new charge density that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the new charge density that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the new charge density that
+you were calculating so you somehow try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were calculating so you somehow try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were calculating so you somehow try
+to minimize the change in The Operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the change in The Operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the change in The Operators
+from one iteration to the other and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one iteration to the other and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one iteration to the other and that
+tends to be actually sort of fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be actually sort of fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be actually sort of fair
+um functional in in a lot of in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um functional in in a lot of in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um functional in in a lot of in a lot of
+problems um now har was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um now har was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems um now har was a very
+interesting character sort of again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting character sort of again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting character sort of again
+growing up in Cambridge a sort of turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in Cambridge a sort of turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in Cambridge a sort of turn
+of the century um he sort of become an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the century um he sort of become an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the century um he sort of become an
+expert in differential equation during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in differential equation during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in differential equation during
+the first world war because basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first world war because basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first world war because basically
+people had the problem of sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had the problem of sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had the problem of sort of you
+know sending cannon balls across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sending cannon balls across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sending cannon balls across the
+lines and so that there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so that there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so that there was a lot of
+differential equations so sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations so sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations so sort of
+mid-20s he developed this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-20s he developed this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-20s he developed this sort of
+general idea of the heart equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of the heart equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea of the heart equation that
+are really what we call coupled integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really what we call coupled integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really what we call coupled integral
+differential equation because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation because there are
+derivatives and there are integrals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and there are integrals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and there are integrals and
+so what you need to do is now solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you need to do is now solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you need to do is now solve this
+equation that can't really be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that can't really be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that can't really be solved
+analytically and luckily of that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and luckily of that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and luckily of that was the
+time in which people were developing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in which people were developing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in which people were developing if
+you want the first computers No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the first computers No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the first computers No
+Electronic in there so Computing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronic in there so Computing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronic in there so Computing machine
+but mechanical and you know s of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mechanical and you know s of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mechanical and you know s of one of
+the first computer was at MIT this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first computer was at MIT this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first computer was at MIT this is
+actually a picture from the MIT archives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a picture from the MIT archives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a picture from the MIT archives
+um there was an electrical engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was an electrical engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was an electrical engineer
+named vanar Bush to which building 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named vanar Bush to which building 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named vanar Bush to which building 13
+the bush building is named that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bush building is named that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bush building is named that had
+developed one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed one of the first
+mechanical differential equation solvers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical differential equation solvers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical differential equation solvers
+and so har came at the end of the 20s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so har came at the end of the 20s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so har came at the end of the 20s to
+MIT to actually solve the har equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT to actually solve the har equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT to actually solve the har equation I
+guess in some building here exactly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in some building here exactly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in some building here exactly on
+that machine and then went uh went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine and then went uh went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine and then went uh went back
+to went back to Cambridge and so this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to went back to Cambridge and so this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to went back to Cambridge and so this I
+thought was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was an
+interesting note so what do we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting note so what do we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting note so what do we obtain
+when we actually solve the har equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we actually solve the har equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we actually solve the har equation
+well the most fundamental concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the most fundamental concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the most fundamental concept is
+that we are losing some information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are losing some information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are losing some information on
+what's Happening instantaneously to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Happening instantaneously to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Happening instantaneously to all
+the electrons uh this is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons uh this is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons uh this is what we call
+sort of generically speaking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generically speaking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of generically speaking a
+correlation and I'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and I'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and I'll give you the
+technical definition in a few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical definition in a few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical definition in a few slides
+but basically this is what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically this is what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically this is what's happening
+let's let's consider sort of the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's consider sort of the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's consider sort of the case of
+the helium atom that is sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helium atom that is sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helium atom that is sort of you know
+the simplest case in which you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case in which you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest case in which you have more
+than one electron so what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one electron so what you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one electron so what you have is
+two electrons what does the hearty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons what does the hearty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons what does the hearty
+equation tell us about or what do the AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation tell us about or what do the AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation tell us about or what do the AR
+equations tell us about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations tell us about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations tell us about these two
+electrons well we have two equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well we have two equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well we have two equation and
+in each of them one electron okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of them one electron okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of them one electron okay is
+going to fill an average electr static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fill an average electr static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fill an average electr static
+repulsion from the other electron okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion from the other electron okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion from the other electron okay
+so what we have is that this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is that this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is that this red
+electron here is attracted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here is attracted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here is attracted to the
+nucleus and is repelled by a sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and is repelled by a sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and is repelled by a sort of you
+know spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know spherically
+symmetric average charge distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric average charge distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric average charge distribution
+okay so this is what happening this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what happening this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what happening this is
+what Harry tell us but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Harry tell us but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Harry tell us but in
+reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality
+electrons instantaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons instantaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons instantaneously
+try to keep themselves as far apart as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep themselves as far apart as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep themselves as far apart as
+possible okay because electron repel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay because electron repel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay because electron repel
+each other so in a sort of simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so in a sort of simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so in a sort of simplified
+way you could think at electron one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you could think at electron one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you could think at electron one and
+electron 2 trying to orbit the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 trying to orbit the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 trying to orbit the nucleus
+as much as possible in opposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible in opposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible in opposition of
+phases okay so the true two interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases okay so the true two interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases okay so the true two interacting
+electron try to be as far as possible at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron try to be as far as possible at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron try to be as far as possible at
+every moment in time during their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every moment in time during their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every moment in time during their
+evolution around the um around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution around the um around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution around the um around the
+helium nucleus but this instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus but this instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus but this instantaneous
+correlation that is the fact that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that is the fact that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that is the fact that in
+sort of the way functions tries to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the way functions tries to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the way functions tries to keep
+the electron as far as away as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron as far as away as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron as far as away as possible
+is lost in the heart Tre equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost in the heart Tre equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost in the heart Tre equations
+because what we do is we are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we do is we are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we do is we are really
+having one electron interacting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one electron interacting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one electron interacting with the
+average position of the other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average position of the other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average position of the other other
+electron and so in the heart Tre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so in the heart Tre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so in the heart Tre
+equation uh there are a lot of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh there are a lot of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh there are a lot of terms
+that have to do with our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with our initial
+electron red being too close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron red being too close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron red being too close to the
+green charge density distribution so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green charge density distribution so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green charge density distribution so if
+you want the wave function that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the wave function that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the wave function that is the
+overall solution of the heart equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall solution of the heart equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall solution of the heart equation
+tends to have too much electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to have too much electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to have too much electrostatic
+repulsion between electron one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion between electron one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion between electron one and
+electron 2 and that's why ultimately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 and that's why ultimately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 and that's why ultimately the
+energy of this heart Tre wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this heart Tre wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this heart Tre wave function
+is higher than the true solution this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the true solution this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the true solution this is
+what is missing in the heart equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is missing in the heart equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is missing in the heart equation
+the fact that what you want is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that what you want is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that what you want is a lot of
+correlation that is electrons want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that is electrons want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation that is electrons want to
+keep each other apart as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep each other apart as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep each other apart as much as
+possible but that if you want is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but that if you want is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but that if you want is really
+an instantaneous solution is what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instantaneous solution is what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instantaneous solution is what people
+call dynamical correlation electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call dynamical correlation electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call dynamical correlation electron
+wants to keep apart from each other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to keep apart from each other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to keep apart from each other but
+if you start looking at a mean field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start looking at a mean field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start looking at a mean field
+solution in which only one interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in which only one interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in which only one interacts
+with the average charge density you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the average charge density you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the average charge density you have
+lost the possibility of sort of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the possibility of sort of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the possibility of sort of having
+this sort of instantaneous non-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of instantaneous non-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of instantaneous non-symmetric
+distribution and so in general this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so in general this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so in general this is
+what we call correlation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call correlation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call correlation and this is
+what is missing in the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is missing in the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is missing in the heart
+picture um there is another sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um there is another sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um there is another sort of very
+fundamental concept that I'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concept that I'll describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concept that I'll describe
+in a moment that the way function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment that the way function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment that the way function the
+aners for the hearty wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aners for the hearty wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aners for the hearty wave function
+doesn't satisfy a fundamental rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy a fundamental rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy a fundamental rule for
+wave function we say it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we say it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we say it's not
+antisymmetric and I'll show you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisymmetric and I'll show you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisymmetric and I'll show you in a
+moment uh what it is that is if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh what it is that is if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh what it is that is if you want
+it doesn't respect a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't respect a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't respect a fundamental
+constraint on the shape of wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on the shape of wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on the shape of wave function
+and so that's if you want an error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's if you want an error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's if you want an error and
+that's another sort of source of error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another sort of source of error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another sort of source of error
+in our final estimate of the energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our final estimate of the energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our final estimate of the energy and
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+particular what it does doesn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what it does doesn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what it does doesn't do it
+does not remove what is sort of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not remove what is sort of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not remove what is sort of The
+Accidental degeneracy the fact that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accidental degeneracy the fact that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accidental degeneracy the fact that uh
+there is the same energy for electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the same energy for electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the same energy for electrons
+that have the same principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same principal quantum
+number n and the same angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n and the same angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n and the same angular momentum
+number L but really what is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number L but really what is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number L but really what is most
+important is this lack of a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is this lack of a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is this lack of a physical
+constraint and this lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and this lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and this lack of
+correlation very soon I mean the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation very soon I mean the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation very soon I mean the sort of
+probably the same here a year later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the same here a year later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the same here a year later
+Harry and independently Fu realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry and independently Fu realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry and independently Fu realized that
+one could actually find a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could actually find a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could actually find a better
+solution to the problem sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the problem sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the problem sort of
+satisfying one again of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying one again of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying one again of the sort of
+fundamental Rules of Nature that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Rules of Nature that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Rules of Nature that had
+been discovered in the 20s during sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered in the 20s during sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discovered in the 20s during sort
+of the development of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the development of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the development of quantum
+mechanics and so this one of these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so this one of these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so this one of these rules
+was what is called the spinner statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what is called the spinner statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what is called the spinner statistic
+correlation and of this is really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and of this is really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and of this is really very
+general uh first of all there is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh first of all there is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh first of all there is a sort
+of division in elementary particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of division in elementary particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of division in elementary particles that
+says that all elementary particles can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that all elementary particles can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that all elementary particles can
+be called either fermion or bosons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called either fermion or bosons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called either fermion or bosons and
+so things like electrons are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things like electrons are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so things like electrons are actually
+fermans they have a half integer spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermans they have a half integer spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermans they have a half integer spin
+but there is a sort of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a sort of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a sort of fundamental
+difference between fermans and bosons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between fermans and bosons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between fermans and bosons
+and in particular and sort of they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular and sort of they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular and sort of they um
+satisfy different statistical rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy different statistical rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy different statistical rules for
+an ensemble of many interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ensemble of many interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ensemble of many interacting
+electrons or for many boson and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or for many boson and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or for many boson and this
+rules so this is nothing else that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so this is nothing else that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so this is nothing else that you
+know again another rule like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again another rule like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again another rule like in
+classical mechanics you have Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics you have Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics you have Newton's
+equation of motion in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion in quantum mechanics
+you have a rule that a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rule that a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rule that a wave function
+that describe fermion that is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe fermion that is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe fermion that is a wave
+function that describes electrons needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that describes electrons needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that describes electrons needs
+to have this overall shape that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this overall shape that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this overall shape that is it
+needs to change sign when we invert two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to change sign when we invert two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to change sign when we invert two
+variables okay so we have this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay so we have this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables okay so we have this general
+form for the wave function we exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the wave function we exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the wave function we exchange
+two variables and what needs to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables and what needs to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables and what needs to happen
+is that the wave function needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the wave function needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the wave function needs to
+change um needs to change sign and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change um needs to change sign and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change um needs to change sign and this
+has something to do this can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do this can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do this can actually be
+demonstrated but it's sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated but it's sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated but it's sort of what
+people call Quantum field Theory so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call Quantum field Theory so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call Quantum field Theory so it's
+a sort of Advanced concept but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of Advanced concept but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of Advanced concept but it's a
+very simple rule and it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple rule and it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple rule and it's a very simple
+symmetry of the wave function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the wave function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the wave function in the
+same way if you want you have a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way if you want you have a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way if you want you have a you know
+in a crystal you have physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a crystal you have physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a crystal you have physical
+symmetries for what could be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries for what could be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries for what could be you know
+some of your properties like an elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your properties like an elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your properties like an elastic
+tensor or a p Electric coefficient well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor or a p Electric coefficient well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor or a p Electric coefficient well
+what you have is a fundamental symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a fundamental symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a fundamental symmetry
+for a wave function describing electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a wave function describing electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a wave function describing electrons
+it needs to change sign when you invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to change sign when you invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to change sign when you invert
+the two coordinates and so what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Harry solution didn't have was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Harry solution didn't have was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Harry solution didn't have was
+exactly this anti symmetry requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this anti symmetry requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this anti symmetry requirement
+so remember the hearty solution was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the hearty solution was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the hearty solution was just
+the product of single particle orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of single particle orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of single particle orbitals
+but Harry very quickly realized that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Harry very quickly realized that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Harry very quickly realized that you
+know you can actually sort of satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can actually sort of satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can actually sort of satisfy
+this symmetry requirement If instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetry requirement If instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetry requirement If instead of
+taking just the product of n orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking just the product of n orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking just the product of n orbital
+you take the sum of the product of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the sum of the product of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the sum of the product of n
+orbitals where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals where you
+interchange the variables in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the variables in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the variables in all the
+possible ways putting a plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways putting a plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways putting a plus or minus
+sign in front depending on how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in front depending on how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in front depending on how much
+interchanges you had and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanges you had and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanges you had and I think it's
+very simple to think at this problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to think at this problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple to think at this problem if
+you have say only two electrons so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have say only two electrons so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have say only two electrons so so
+you have only two orbitals and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have only two orbitals and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have only two orbitals and so we
+could call these two orbitals say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call these two orbitals say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call these two orbitals say um
+Alpha and Beta And so what we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and Beta And so what we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and Beta And so what we would have
+is the heart solution that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heart solution that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heart solution that is the
+product of the alpha orbital function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the alpha orbital function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the alpha orbital function of
+the first R variable and the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first R variable and the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first R variable and the beta
+orbital function of the second variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital function of the second variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital function of the second variable
+and this doesn't change sign if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this doesn't change sign if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this doesn't change sign if we
+exchange one with two it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange one with two it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange one with two it becomes a
+different function doesn't become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function doesn't become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function doesn't become the
+same function with a sign changed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function with a sign changed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function with a sign changed but
+you can see that what we can do without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that what we can do without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that what we can do without
+increasing really the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing really the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing really the complexity of the
+problem that is still dealing with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that is still dealing with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that is still dealing with just
+the need of describing two orbital what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need of describing two orbital what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need of describing two orbital what
+we could do is take as an anet for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do is take as an anet for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do is take as an anet for the
+wave function describing two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function describing two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function describing two electrons
+something that is actually alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is actually alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is actually alpha 1
+B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+B1 Alpha 2 okay so we have still two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 Alpha 2 okay so we have still two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 Alpha 2 okay so we have still two
+orbitals that we need to figure out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that we need to figure out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals that we need to figure out we
+need to figure out what is the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out what is the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out what is the shape of
+Alpha and what is the shape of beta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and what is the shape of beta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and what is the shape of beta but
+now we are using As announ for this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are using As announ for this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are using As announ for this two
+electron wave function something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wave function something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wave function something that
+actually changes sign when you exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changes sign when you exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changes sign when you exchange
+one with two okay so this is the trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with two okay so this is the trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with two okay so this is the trial
+wave function of arery and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of arery and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of arery and this is the
+sort of trial wave function of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trial wave function of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trial wave function of what we
+call the harri method that is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the harri method that is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the harri method that is basically
+a trial wave function that has built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trial wave function that has built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trial wave function that has built in
+uh anti- symmetry constraint for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anti- symmetry constraint for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anti- symmetry constraint for
+exchange of particles and you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of particles and you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of particles and you know this
+can be generalized to the case of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be generalized to the case of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be generalized to the case of n
+particles and really what we call a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and really what we call a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and really what we call a sum
+of N term with all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N term with all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N term with all the possible
+permutation with all the possible signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation with all the possible signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation with all the possible signs
+is nothing else than a determinant if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing else than a determinant if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing else than a determinant if
+you think at what a determinant is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think at what a determinant is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think at what a determinant is well
+this determinant is going to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant is going to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant is going to have one
+element is going to have a sum of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is going to have a sum of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is going to have a sum of terms
+that each of them are written as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of them are written as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of them are written as one
+term from each column and we are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term from each column and we are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term from each column and we are taking
+all the possible permutation and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible permutation and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible permutation and we are
+taking a plus sign or a minus one sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a plus sign or a minus one sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a plus sign or a minus one sign
+in the sum of all these term depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sum of all these term depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sum of all these term depending
+on how many permutation they are this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many permutation they are this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many permutation they are this is
+just the sort of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sort of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sort of linear algebra
+definition of a determinant and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a determinant and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a determinant and you see
+again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a
+determinant of two function is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of two function is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of two function is that's
+what I written here in green I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I written here in green I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I written here in green I write
+here in a corner if we are ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a corner if we are ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a corner if we are ask
+asking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant beta
+one uh beta 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh beta 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh beta 2 and
+Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and
+Alpha sorry beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha sorry beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha sorry beta
+1 and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 Okay so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Okay so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Okay so this would be
+the sort of specific expression of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of specific expression of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of specific expression of this
+determinant for the case of two particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant for the case of two particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant for the case of two particle
+and if you just you know solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just you know solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just you know solve that
+determinant you have only these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant you have only these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant you have only these two
+terms so we haven't increased in going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so we haven't increased in going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so we haven't increased in going
+into the harri method the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the harri method the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the harri method the complexity of
+the problem that we need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that we need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that we need to solve
+because we still need to find n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we still need to find n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we still need to find n
+functions where n is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions where n is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions where n is the number of
+electrons and we need to find now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we need to find now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we need to find now the
+appropriate differential equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate differential equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate differential equation that
+descend from the variational principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend from the variational principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend from the variational principle
+once we stick this determinant into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we stick this determinant into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we stick this determinant into the
+variational principle and again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle and again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle and again it's
+it's it's not very complex functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not very complex functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not very complex functional
+analysis and the BR and joing describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the BR and joing describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the BR and joing describes
+that in detail but with this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in detail but with this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in detail but with this new
+solution with this new aners what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with this new aners what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with this new aners what we
+find is a new set of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is a new set of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is a new set of differential
+equation that look a lot like the Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that look a lot like the Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that look a lot like the Harry
+equation that we had written before I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we had written before I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we had written before I'll
+go back to this in a moment but have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this in a moment but have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to this in a moment but have an
+additional term so what we find are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional term so what we find are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional term so what we find are
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+single particle equation so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle equation so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle equation so we have an
+integral differential equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral differential equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral differential equation for
+each single particle orbital Lambda that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each single particle orbital Lambda that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each single particle orbital Lambda that
+is written in red and now what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written in red and now what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written in red and now what we have
+is a sort of additional term so we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of additional term so we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of additional term so we still
+have the quantum kinetic energy for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the quantum kinetic energy for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the quantum kinetic energy for that
+electron and we still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and we still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and we still have the
+interaction between that electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between that electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between that electron and
+the collection of attractive cumic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of attractive cumic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of attractive cumic
+potentials we still still have the Heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials we still still have the Heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials we still still have the Heart
+Tree electrostatic term in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree electrostatic term in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree electrostatic term in which
+electron Lambda interacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Lambda interacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Lambda interacts with the
+charge density F star mu * 5 mu of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density F star mu * 5 mu of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density F star mu * 5 mu of every
+other electron mu and I'll come to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electron mu and I'll come to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electron mu and I'll come to what
+goes into this sum in a moment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into this sum in a moment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into this sum in a moment but
+basically we have electron Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have electron Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we have electron Lambda
+interacting with the charge density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the charge density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the charge density of
+electron Mo and obviously it's a cumic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Mo and obviously it's a cumic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Mo and obviously it's a cumic
+electrostatic repulsion so there is a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic repulsion so there is a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic repulsion so there is a 1
+/ R term but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ R term but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ R term but now
+there is a new term with a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a new term with a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a new term with a minus sign
+that comes out only from the anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out only from the anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out only from the anti-
+Symmetry requirement okay and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry requirement okay and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry requirement okay and that is
+what is called The Exchange term and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called The Exchange term and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called The Exchange term and is
+the new player in the Harry ful equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new player in the Harry ful equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new player in the Harry ful equation
+and it's a little bit exotic because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little bit exotic because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little bit exotic because if
+you want now we don't have anymore an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want now we don't have anymore an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want now we don't have anymore an
+operator that could be say a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that could be say a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that could be say a local
+operator a charge density distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a charge density distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator a charge density distribution
+acting on an orbital but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on an orbital but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on an orbital but it's really
+become a nonlocal operator because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a nonlocal operator because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a nonlocal operator because the
+orbital on which I'm acting is gone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital on which I'm acting is gone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital on which I'm acting is gone has
+gone inside the orbital sign okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone inside the orbital sign okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone inside the orbital sign okay so
+this new term here that we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new term here that we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new term here that we call the
+exchange term is a purely quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange term is a purely quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange term is a purely quantum
+mechanical term that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical term that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical term that comes out
+exclusively by the anti- Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively by the anti- Symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively by the anti- Symmetry
+requirement on sort of what happens to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on sort of what happens to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on sort of what happens to a
+thermionic wave function when we invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermionic wave function when we invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermionic wave function when we invert
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+and there is another sort of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is another sort of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is another sort of fundamental
+distinction between the heart and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the heart and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between the heart and the
+hearty F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearty F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearty F
+equations this sum here you see this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this sum here you see this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this sum here you see this sum
+over mu uh in the hearty equation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mu uh in the hearty equation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mu uh in the hearty equation was
+running over all the electrons but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running over all the electrons but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running over all the electrons but the
+one that we were considering okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we were considering okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we were considering okay and
+now instead this sum mu is running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead this sum mu is running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead this sum mu is running on
+all the possible electrons so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible electrons so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible electrons so what you
+have in this term here is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this term here is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this term here is what is
+technically called self interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically called self interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically called self interaction
+suppose that for a moment you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that for a moment you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that for a moment you were
+trying to solve the hydrogen atom with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the hydrogen atom with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the hydrogen atom with
+just one electron well what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one electron well what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one electron well what happens in
+the heart equation for the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart equation for the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart equation for the hydrogen atom
+there is obviously no exchange term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is obviously no exchange term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is obviously no exchange term and
+there wouldn't be also no Harry term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wouldn't be also no Harry term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wouldn't be also no Harry term
+because in the heart equation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the heart equation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the heart equation that you
+have seen before what you have is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before what you have is a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before what you have is a sum
+over all the other electrons but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the other electrons but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the other electrons but there
+are no other electrons so this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no other electrons so this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no other electrons so this term is
+not there and what you tri trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there and what you tri trivially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there and what you tri trivially
+recover is the single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover is the single particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover is the single particle
+shaddinger equation for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaddinger equation for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaddinger equation for the hydrogen
+atom in the H equations now even for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the H equations now even for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the H equations now even for the
+hydrogen atom what you have is that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom what you have is that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom what you have is that now
+you have this term you have actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this term you have actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this term you have actually a
+un physical self interaction that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un physical self interaction that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un physical self interaction that is you
+have electron one interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electron one interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electron one interacting with
+itself and actually not interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and actually not interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and actually not interacting with
+itself in a sort of you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in a sort of you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in a sort of you know sort of
+local way but it's interacting with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local way but it's interacting with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local way but it's interacting with its
+own charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own charge
+distribution this is actually a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is actually a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this is actually a sort of
+unphysical thing but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unphysical thing but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unphysical thing but what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+exclusively in the har fog formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively in the har fog formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively in the har fog formulation
+is that there is a second term there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there is a second term there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there is a second term there is
+the exchange term and the exchange term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange term and the exchange term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange term and the exchange term
+you see there is a minus sign cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there is a minus sign cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there is a minus sign cancels
+for the hydrogen atom the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen atom the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen atom the self
+interaction term exactly if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term exactly if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term exactly if you just
+think if you have only one electron you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you have only one electron you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you have only one electron you
+have that there is only one five so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that there is only one five so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that there is only one five so the
+Lambda goes away the MU goes away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda goes away the MU goes away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda goes away the MU goes away so
+here the electron is interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the electron is interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the electron is interacting with
+the charge distribution but then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge distribution but then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge distribution but then this
+term here just remove all the sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here just remove all the sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here just remove all the sum and
+remove mu and Lambda is cancelled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove mu and Lambda is cancelled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove mu and Lambda is cancelled out
+thanks to the minus sign by The Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the minus sign by The Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to the minus sign by The Exchange
+term so har f formalism is actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so har f formalism is actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so har f formalism is actually what
+we call Self interaction corrected okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call Self interaction corrected okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call Self interaction corrected okay
+an electron even if it's a meanfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron even if it's a meanfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron even if it's a meanfield
+picture doesn't interact with itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture doesn't interact with itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture doesn't interact with itself and
+that's actually a very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a very beautiful
+symmetry property that other approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry property that other approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry property that other approaches
+like density functional Theory do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like density functional Theory do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like density functional Theory do not
+satisfy and truly a lot of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and truly a lot of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy and truly a lot of the problems
+that come out in density functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out in density functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out in density functional
+theory that otherwise perform really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that otherwise perform really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that otherwise perform really
+well have to do with this self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have to do with this self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have to do with this self
+interaction problem and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction problem and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction problem and so those
+problems are very significant if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are very significant if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are very significant if you
+think for a moment at problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a moment at problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a moment at problems like
+dissociation of a molecule in atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of a molecule in atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation of a molecule in atoms so
+when you really sort of consider how and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you really sort of consider how and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you really sort of consider how and
+we'll discuss this in detail how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss this in detail how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss this in detail how the
+energy changes along a process in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes along a process in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy changes along a process in which
+the electrons needs to localize itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons needs to localize itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons needs to localize itself
+from a shared bond to a localized Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a shared bond to a localized Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a shared bond to a localized Bond
+and that self interaction problem kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that self interaction problem kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that self interaction problem kills
+density functional Theory and would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional Theory and would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functional Theory and would
+actually not be present to begin with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not be present to begin with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not be present to begin with in
+Harry F so this is this is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry F so this is this is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry F so this is this is actually very
+important um there is another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um there is another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um there is another thing that
+actually the Harry fog equation have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Harry fog equation have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Harry fog equation have a
+beauty in the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty in the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty in the fact that the
+operator acting on the single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on the single particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on the single particle
+orbitals does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals does not
+depend on which orbital you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on which orbital you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on which orbital you're looking
+at because here we have a sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at because here we have a sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at because here we have a sum over all
+the states so this does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states so this does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states so this does not depend on
+which electron you're looking at that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which electron you're looking at that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which electron you're looking at that's
+different from the heart equation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the heart equation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the heart equation in the
+heart equation there is a hearty term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart equation there is a hearty term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart equation there is a hearty term
+where this sum would exclude the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this sum would exclude the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this sum would exclude the
+electron itself so the har equation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron itself so the har equation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron itself so the har equation are
+actually more complex to solve because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more complex to solve because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more complex to solve because
+the electron the operator changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron the operator changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron the operator changes
+depending on which electron it's acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which electron it's acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which electron it's acting
+while the H fog equation have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the H fog equation have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the H fog equation have the same
+operator and so what we really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and so what we really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and so what we really need to
+find out if you're solving the iron atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out if you're solving the iron atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out if you're solving the iron atom
+what is what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what are the
+26 lowest Energy Solution for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 lowest Energy Solution for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 lowest Energy Solution for all the
+electrons in here so that's that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in here so that's that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in here so that's that's sort
+of a very good thing but there are terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very good thing but there are terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very good thing but there are terms
+there are integrals that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are integrals that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are integrals that are actually
+very expensive still to calculate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive still to calculate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive still to calculate and
+ultimately is terms like this that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is terms like this that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is terms like this that gives
+us the scaling cost of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the scaling cost of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the scaling cost of the equation
+often what we solve an suchal problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often what we solve an suchal problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often what we solve an suchal problem we
+want to know what is its scaling cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what is its scaling cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what is its scaling cost
+that is how much our calculation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how much our calculation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how much our calculation becomes
+more expensive say if we double the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive say if we double the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive say if we double the size
+of the system because that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system because that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system because that basically
+tells us how large we can go and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how large we can go and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how large we can go and because
+of sort of you know these integrals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of you know these integrals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of you know these integrals that
+sort of involve three orbitals and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of involve three orbitals and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of involve three orbitals and the
+fact that then to calculate an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that then to calculate an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that then to calculate an energy
+you have one more sum really the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one more sum really the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one more sum really the scaling
+cost of the hard FK equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the hard FK equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the hard FK equations in
+principle goes as the fourth power so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle goes as the fourth power so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle goes as the fourth power so if
+I'm studing a system with two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm studing a system with two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm studing a system with two electrons
+and then I want to study a system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to study a system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to study a system with
+four electrons well the cost has gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four electrons well the cost has gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four electrons well the cost has gone up
+16 times and you know a fourth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 times and you know a fourth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 times and you know a fourth power
+like any power kills you very rapidly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any power kills you very rapidly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any power kills you very rapidly so
+that's why we can study you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we can study you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we can study you know a
+molecule like Benzene with aroc but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule like Benzene with aroc but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule like Benzene with aroc but we
+can't study really something like DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't study really something like DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't study really something like DNA
+with aroc or really know with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with aroc or really know with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with aroc or really know with the
+standard electronic structure methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard electronic structure methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard electronic structure methods
+and a lot of effort actually goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of effort actually goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of effort actually goes into
+developing linear scaling me methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing linear scaling me methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing linear scaling me methods
+that is methods in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is methods in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is methods in which the
+computational cost of your calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational cost of your calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational cost of your calculation
+doubles if you double the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles if you double the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles if you double the number of
+electrons and at the end nature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and at the end nature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and at the end nature is
+linear scaling because really you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scaling because really you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scaling because really you can
+imagine that the wave functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the wave functions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the wave functions of the
+electrons here doesn't have anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here doesn't have anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here doesn't have anything to
+do with the wave function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the wave function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the wave function of the
+electrons there so there is really when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there so there is really when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there so there is really when
+you go far away no exchange of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go far away no exchange of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go far away no exchange of
+information between sort of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information between sort of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information between sort of wave
+functions in different points of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in different points of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in different points of space
+and so there is ultimately a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is ultimately a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is ultimately a linear
+scaling nature but sort of you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling nature but sort of you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling nature but sort of you know our
+algorithm in general are not yet there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in general are not yet there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in general are not yet there
+and we'll discuss a little bit uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss a little bit uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss a little bit uh in the
+set of some of the later classes how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of some of the later classes how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of some of the later classes how to
+solve how to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem uh before sort of going on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh before sort of going on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh before sort of going on I
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+to uh show one sort of very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh show one sort of very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh show one sort of very simple
+conclusion actually of having a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion actually of having a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion actually of having a wave
+function with the proper symmetry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with the proper symmetry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with the proper symmetry that
+is having a wave function written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having a wave function written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having a wave function written as a
+Slater determinant because that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slater determinant because that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slater determinant because that form
+gives us automatically what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us automatically what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us automatically what is called
+the PO principle if you remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PO principle if you remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PO principle if you remember what
+the POI principle is is that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the POI principle is is that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the POI principle is is that you can't
+have two fermion two electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two fermion two electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two fermion two electrons in
+particular in the same Quantum state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the same Quantum state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the same Quantum state so
+you can't have two electrons having say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have two electrons having say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have two electrons having say
+the same orbital and that's obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same orbital and that's obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same orbital and that's obvious
+because in a determinant two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a determinant two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a determinant two electrons
+having the same Orit orbital would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same Orit orbital would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same Orit orbital would mean
+that two columns in the determinant are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two columns in the determinant are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two columns in the determinant are
+identical and when two columns in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and when two columns in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and when two columns in a
+determinant are identical the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant are identical the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant are identical the
+determinant is sort of linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is sort of linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is sort of linearly
+dependent and so the solution is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and so the solution is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent and so the solution is zero
+okay so a lot of good things came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a lot of good things came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a lot of good things came out of
+Harry F in particular you know one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry F in particular you know one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry F in particular you know one could
+start solving atoms and one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start solving atoms and one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start solving atoms and one would
+recover say the shell structure of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover say the shell structure of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover say the shell structure of atoms
+so if you would sort of you know obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you would sort of you know obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you would sort of you know obtain
+the harrio solution for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harrio solution for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harrio solution for something like
+an argon atom and then say plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argon atom and then say plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argon atom and then say plot the
+overall charge density of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall charge density of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall charge density of the system
+well you know it would start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look like this as we move from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this as we move from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this as we move from the
+center outwards so it would clearly show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center outwards so it would clearly show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center outwards so it would clearly show
+the fundamental sort of periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental sort of periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental sort of periodic table
+nature of things that is it would show a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of things that is it would show a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of things that is it would show a
+1 s shell and then it would show a 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s shell and then it would show a 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s shell and then it would show a 2s
+and a 2p shell and this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2p shell and this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2p shell and this is something
+that some of the other approaches like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the other approaches like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the other approaches like
+the Thomas fery approach that we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thomas fery approach that we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thomas fery approach that we'll see
+in a moment that were being developed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment that were being developed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment that were being developed at
+the time didn't have in general hatry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time didn't have in general hatry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time didn't have in general hatry
+FOC is very good to describe uh Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FOC is very good to describe uh Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FOC is very good to describe uh Atomic
+properties and what is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and what is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and what is most
+important is a well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is a well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is a well defined
+approximation in the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in the variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in the variational
+principle remember what sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle remember what sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle remember what sort of you know
+one of the fundamental power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the fundamental power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the fundamental power of the
+variational principle is that if we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle is that if we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle is that if we make
+our wave function an our trial W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wave function an our trial W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wave function an our trial W
+function more and more flexible we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function more and more flexible we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function more and more flexible we
+become better and better so har FOC is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become better and better so har FOC is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become better and better so har FOC is a
+certain sort of hypothesis and gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sort of hypothesis and gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sort of hypothesis and gives us
+certain energies but what we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energies but what we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energies but what we can do is
+make our wave functions more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our wave functions more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our wave functions more and more
+flexibles write them not only just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibles write them not only just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibles write them not only just a
+sort of single determinant but a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of single determinant but a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of single determinant but a single
+determinant plus something else and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant plus something else and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant plus something else and the
+solution that we'll find will be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we'll find will be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we'll find will be sort of
+computationally more expensive to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally more expensive to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally more expensive to to
+find but it's going to be better so hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find but it's going to be better so hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find but it's going to be better so hat
+F in principle can be improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in principle can be improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in principle can be improved
+indefinitely that is something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely that is something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely that is something very
+powerful conceptually uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful conceptually uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful conceptually uh it's
+practically very complex because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically very complex because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically very complex because those
+costs that were scaling already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that were scaling already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that were scaling already in
+simple arifa like the fourth power keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple arifa like the fourth power keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple arifa like the fourth power keep
+going up uh what you'll see in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up uh what you'll see in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up uh what you'll see in D
+functional theory is that besides being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory is that besides being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory is that besides being
+a theory that tends to sort of give more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory that tends to sort of give more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory that tends to sort of give more
+accurate results for a lot of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate results for a lot of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate results for a lot of physical
+Pro properties is something that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro properties is something that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro properties is something that also
+scales a bit better it scales as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales a bit better it scales as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales a bit better it scales as the
+third power of the size but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third power of the size but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third power of the size but it's a
+theory that can't really be improved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that can't really be improved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that can't really be improved in
+any systematic way one can sort of find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any systematic way one can sort of find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any systematic way one can sort of find
+ingenious way to make it better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious way to make it better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious way to make it better but
+there isn't a Brute Force Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a Brute Force Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a Brute Force Improvement
+strategy like there is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy like there is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy like there is in
+haif uh the arch F operator included the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haif uh the arch F operator included the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haif uh the arch F operator included the
+last term that we have called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term that we have called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term that we have called The
+Exchange term and so for every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange term and so for every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange term and so for every possible
+atom for every possible molecule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom for every possible molecule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom for every possible molecule for
+every system there is a well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every system there is a well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every system there is a well defined
+arog energy and this harri energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arog energy and this harri energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arog energy and this harri energy is
+going to be good or very good or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be good or very good or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be good or very good or sort of
+so so but it's always going to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so but it's always going to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so but it's always going to be higher
+than the true ground state energy of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the true ground state energy of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the true ground state energy of our
+system and actually what is technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and actually what is technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and actually what is technically
+called the correlation energy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the correlation energy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the correlation energy is the
+difference between the true energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the true energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the true energy of
+your system and the Heart FOC energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system and the Heart FOC energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system and the Heart FOC energy so
+when people talk about correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about correlation
+energy they refer to all that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they refer to all that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they refer to all that energy
+that is not captured by an harch F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not captured by an harch F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not captured by an harch F
+approach and in that sense it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and in that sense it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and in that sense it's a
+well-defined quantity although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined quantity although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined quantity although it
+involves a generic term correlation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a generic term correlation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a generic term correlation that
+can mean a lot of things and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean a lot of things and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can mean a lot of things and I'll show
+you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples um there is sort of one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um there is sort of one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um there is sort of one more
+thing that we can do we have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we can do we have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we can do we have sort of
+never discussed up to now spin uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never discussed up to now spin uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never discussed up to now spin uh but in
+reality an electron is described by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality an electron is described by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality an electron is described by a
+wave function that doesn't have only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that doesn't have only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that doesn't have only a
+space part so in order to describe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space part so in order to describe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space part so in order to describe an
+electron we don't only describe what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we don't only describe what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we don't only describe what the
+distribution of its wave function is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of its wave function is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of its wave function is in
+space but we also sort of specify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but we also sort of specify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but we also sort of specify what
+is the spin of the electron and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the spin of the electron and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the spin of the electron and that
+sort of you know has to do basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know has to do basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know has to do basically
+with spin being an operator that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spin being an operator that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spin being an operator that can
+sort of you know be simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know be simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know be simultaneously
+diagonalized with a sort of well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized with a sort of well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized with a sort of well it
+becomes complex but sort of it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes complex but sort of it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes complex but sort of it's another
+quantity you can think of it as a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity you can think of it as a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity you can think of it as a color
+you know we need to specify our electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we need to specify our electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we need to specify our electron
+is red or blue or in particular we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is red or blue or in particular we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is red or blue or in particular we need
+to specify what is its its pin what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify what is its its pin what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify what is its its pin what is
+it projection with respect to an axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it projection with respect to an axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it projection with respect to an axis
+and so in this you need to think at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this you need to think at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this you need to think at a
+wave function of an electron not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of an electron not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of an electron not having
+only a spatial distribution but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a spatial distribution but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a spatial distribution but it has a
+for another property besides the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another property besides the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another property besides the spatial
+variables that is called the spin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that is called the spin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that is called the spin and
+you know you can make a a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can make a a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can make a a sort of
+approximation that is what is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that is what is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that is what is called the
+restricted um AR fog schema in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted um AR fog schema in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted um AR fog schema in which you
+sort of decide that an electron of spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of decide that an electron of spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of decide that an electron of spin
+up and an electron of spin down will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and an electron of spin down will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and an electron of spin down will
+have the same spatial part so the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same spatial part so the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same spatial part so the same
+wave function in space and their wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function in space and their wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function in space and their wave
+function defers only because it describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function defers only because it describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function defers only because it describe
+an electron with a spin up and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron with a spin up and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron with a spin up and an
+electron would spin down again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would spin down again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron would spin down again this
+corresponds at your sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds at your sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds at your sort of you know
+classical periodic table picture you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical periodic table picture you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical periodic table picture you're
+sort of constructing the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constructing the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constructing the periodic table
+you go say from hydrogen one electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go say from hydrogen one electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go say from hydrogen one electron in
+the 1s level to helium one electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s level to helium one electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s level to helium one electron in
+the 1s level with spin up and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s level with spin up and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s level with spin up and another
+electron in the same level with the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the same level with the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the same level with the spin
+down actually if you think the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down actually if you think the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down actually if you think the periodic
+table itself is not a truth it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table itself is not a truth it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table itself is not a truth it's just a
+hearty fog picture of electrons okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearty fog picture of electrons okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearty fog picture of electrons okay in
+principle you shouldn't be able to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you shouldn't be able to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you shouldn't be able to talk
+about single particle quantities 1 s 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about single particle quantities 1 s 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about single particle quantities 1 s 2s
+quantities because in reality if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities because in reality if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities because in reality if you
+have iron you have a many body wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have iron you have a many body wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have iron you have a many body wave
+function that is an overall function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is an overall function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is an overall function of
+all the electrons it's only when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the electrons it's only when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the electrons it's only when you
+enter into a sort of hard fog picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into a sort of hard fog picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into a sort of hard fog picture
+that you can have a well defined concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have a well defined concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have a well defined concept
+as a single orbital for an electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a single orbital for an electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a single orbital for an electron and
+what's the energy for that electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the energy for that electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the energy for that electron so
+if you want what we think at this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want what we think at this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want what we think at this you
+know beautiful things as the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beautiful things as the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beautiful things as the periodic
+table is nothing else than the hardox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is nothing else than the hardox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is nothing else than the hardox
+solution of the atoms and again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the atoms and again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the atoms and again you know
+we can make the approximation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make the approximation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make the approximation in which
+we fill up every orbital every spal part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill up every orbital every spal part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill up every orbital every spal part
+with two electrons with the same spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two electrons with the same spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two electrons with the same spin
+that tends to be a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to be a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to be a very good
+approximation for a lot of problems say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for a lot of problems say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for a lot of problems say
+a lot of sort of bound system and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sort of bound system and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sort of bound system and we'll
+see the case of the Hy molecule in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the case of the Hy molecule in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the case of the Hy molecule in a
+moment but you could actually make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but you could actually make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but you could actually make your
+wave function more flexible saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function more flexible saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function more flexible saying that
+say orbitals don't need to be paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say orbitals don't need to be paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say orbitals don't need to be paired
+that is an electron with a spin up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an electron with a spin up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an electron with a spin up and
+an electron with spin down even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron with spin down even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron with spin down even if they
+are very close in energy can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very close in energy can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very close in energy can have
+two-way function in which the space part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way function in which the space part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way function in which the space part
+differs and this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs and this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs and this is you know
+really a anet that contains this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a anet that contains this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a anet that contains this in
+itself so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so an
+unrestricted arox solution will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted arox solution will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted arox solution will always
+give you a lower energy that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a lower energy that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a lower energy that a
+restricted solution and we'll see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted solution and we'll see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted solution and we'll see in a
+moment an example and this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment an example and this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment an example and this is the case
+say of the dissociation of a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of the dissociation of a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of the dissociation of a hydrogen
+molecule so you know this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so you know this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so you know this is you know
+when we go back and try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go back and try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go back and try to understand
+what is the bonding between say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the bonding between say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the bonding between say two
+hydrogen atoms and you know we had seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms and you know we had seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms and you know we had seen
+in one of the first lectures we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the first lectures we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the first lectures we
+discussed about potentials that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed about potentials that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed about potentials that is what
+is the energy of a system as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy of a system as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy of a system as a function
+of the nuclear distances and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclear distances and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclear distances and this is
+what we are doing here we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing here we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing here we are trying to
+look at the energy of the system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the energy of the system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the energy of the system as a
+function of the hydrogen hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the hydrogen hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the hydrogen hydrogen
+distance and there will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and there will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and there will be an
+equilibrium distance that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium distance that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium distance that corresponds to
+the minimum of the energy and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of the energy and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum of the energy and this is
+what classical potential try to do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what classical potential try to do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what classical potential try to do they
+try to replicate what is the energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to replicate what is the energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to replicate what is the energy of a
+system as a function of the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as a function of the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as a function of the nuclear
+coordinates and they tend to do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and they tend to do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and they tend to do very
+well as Professor CID has told you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as Professor CID has told you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as Professor CID has told you um
+close to the region where they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the region where they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the region where they have been
+fitted if we have fitted a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted if we have fitted a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted if we have fitted a potential
+around here we tend to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here we tend to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here we tend to be able to
+reproduce things very well obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce things very well obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce things very well obviously
+it's very easy to sort of even find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to sort of even find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to sort of even find out
+a potential that reproduce all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential that reproduce all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential that reproduce all this
+curve but when you start to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but when you start to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve but when you start to have more
+than two atoms interacting there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two atoms interacting there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two atoms interacting there are all
+these problems of bond breaking and bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems of bond breaking and bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems of bond breaking and bond
+forming that can't really be given by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming that can't really be given by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming that can't really be given by uh
+classical potential and can be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical potential and can be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical potential and can be given by
+U quantum mechanical calculations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U quantum mechanical calculations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U quantum mechanical calculations and so
+in principle we have an ideal solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle we have an ideal solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle we have an ideal solution
+tion that is you know if we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tion that is you know if we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tion that is you know if we were able
+and you know nowadays with numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know nowadays with numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know nowadays with numerical
+accuracy we are basically being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy we are basically being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy we are basically being able to
+solve almost perfectly this problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve almost perfectly this problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve almost perfectly this problem we
+are able to find out what is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to find out what is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to find out what is the total
+energy of the system as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system as a function of
+the nuclear coordinates and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear coordinates and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear coordinates and then for
+this specific problem the two columbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific problem the two columbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific problem the two columbic
+potential sort of at different distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential sort of at different distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential sort of at different distances
+we can find an harif Fox solution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find an harif Fox solution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find an harif Fox solution okay
+and uh we can find we have only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we can find we have only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we can find we have only two
+electrons we can find a restricted arox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we can find a restricted arox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we can find a restricted arox
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+in which we say well these two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we say well these two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we say well these two electrons
+are going to have the same orbital part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have the same orbital part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have the same orbital part
+in the wave function they just defer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wave function they just defer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wave function they just defer in
+having a spin up and a spin down term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a spin up and a spin down term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a spin up and a spin down term
+and you know that make them orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that make them orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that make them orthogonal
+so certain things are going to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certain things are going to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certain things are going to happen in
+the exchange term but then you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange term but then you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange term but then you know we
+plot this energy as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this energy as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this energy as a function of the
+distance and this is what we have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this is what we have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and this is what we have and
+then we can sort of release this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can sort of release this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can sort of release this
+condition we can say these two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we can say these two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we can say these two electrons
+don't need to have the same orbital part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have the same orbital part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have the same orbital part
+for the wave functions they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave functions they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave functions they can have
+different parts and we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts and we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts and we can do that
+calculation and what we obtain is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and what we obtain is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and what we obtain is the
+unrestricted heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted heart
+solution and you see two sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you see two sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you see two sort of
+fundamental things coming out from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental things coming out from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental things coming out from here
+first of all is that all these heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is that all these heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is that all these heart
+approaches give you an energy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches give you an energy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches give you an energy that is
+obviously larger than the exact energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously larger than the exact energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously larger than the exact energy
+it's the variation of principle we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the variation of principle we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the variation of principle we can
+sort of you know get lower and lower but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know get lower and lower but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know get lower and lower but
+we will never be able and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never be able and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will never be able and that's very
+good to go below the true energy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to go below the true energy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to go below the true energy so the
+more flexible we make our wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible we make our wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible we make our wave function
+with post harol methods the more we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with post harol methods the more we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with post harol methods the more we'll
+be able to recover this sort of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to recover this sort of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to recover this sort of last
+electron volt of correlation energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt of correlation energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt of correlation energy okay
+so this is all where our effort is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all where our effort is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all where our effort is going
+but you see arog is already doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see arog is already doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see arog is already doing
+extremely well in giving us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well in giving us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well in giving us the
+equilibrium distance I mean this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium distance I mean this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium distance I mean this is the
+arog equilibrium distance and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arog equilibrium distance and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arog equilibrium distance and this is
+the exact equilibrium distance so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact equilibrium distance so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact equilibrium distance so it's
+doing a good job um what restricted arol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a good job um what restricted arol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a good job um what restricted arol
+is not doing well is giving us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not doing well is giving us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not doing well is giving us the
+dissociation energy okay so restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy okay so restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy okay so restricted
+harri F works very well around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harri F works very well around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harri F works very well around the
+minimum where you really should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum where you really should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum where you really should have
+this of physical picture of your ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of physical picture of your ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of physical picture of your ground
+state being given by a bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state being given by a bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state being given by a bonding
+combination of 1s orbitals really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of 1s orbitals really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of 1s orbitals really you
+know this is what the calent bond for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is what the calent bond for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is what the calent bond for a
+hydrogen molecule is is the two 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen molecule is is the two 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen molecule is is the two 1s
+orbitals sort of covalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals sort of covalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals sort of covalently
+overlapping and so restricted aroc does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping and so restricted aroc does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping and so restricted aroc does
+very well here and it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well here and it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well here and it's basically
+identical to unrestricted aroc but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to unrestricted aroc but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to unrestricted aroc but
+formally unrestricted will always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally unrestricted will always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally unrestricted will always be
+lower than restricted because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than restricted because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than restricted because it
+contains the restricted solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the restricted solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the restricted solution because
+in order to sort of have a restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to sort of have a restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to sort of have a restricted
+solution you just need to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you just need to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you just need to have the
+orbital part for the two electrons to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital part for the two electrons to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital part for the two electrons to be
+identical but because it can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but because it can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical but because it can also be
+different it will always be lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it will always be lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it will always be lower than
+the restricted hog and you see when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted hog and you see when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restricted hog and you see when we
+break this system apart okay when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this system apart okay when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this system apart okay when we
+want to go from a bound hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go from a bound hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go from a bound hydrogen
+molecule to two atoms the restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to two atoms the restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to two atoms the restricted
+aroc is doing very poorly you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aroc is doing very poorly you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aroc is doing very poorly you'll see
+it'll give us an energy that is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give us an energy that is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give us an energy that is a very
+poor predictor of the dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor predictor of the dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor predictor of the dissociation
+energy the dissociation energy the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the dissociation energy the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the dissociation energy the true
+dissociation energy of this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy of this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation energy of this system is
+the distance between the minimum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the minimum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the minimum here
+and the zero value that is is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zero value that is is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the zero value that is is the energy
+that we need to spend to break apart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to spend to break apart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to spend to break apart the
+molecule un restricted har F will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule un restricted har F will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule un restricted har F will do
+very well I mean obviously it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I mean obviously it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I mean obviously it goes to
+zero in this scale when we are far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this scale when we are far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this scale when we are far apart
+and so we have this one electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have this one electron volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have this one electron volt
+error but the restricted arter f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error but the restricted arter f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error but the restricted arter f is
+doing very poorly and why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very poorly and why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very poorly and why is that well
+basically because the restricted arter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because the restricted arter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because the restricted arter
+FK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FK
+is really doubly occupying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really doubly occupying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really doubly occupying the same
+spatial part the same sort of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial part the same sort of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial part the same sort of bonding
+combination and that's good when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and that's good when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and that's good when the
+system is bound but when you break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is bound but when you break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is bound but when you break it
+apart is very poor because what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart is very poor because what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart is very poor because what you
+really want is if you want in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want is if you want in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want is if you want in your
+solution you want to mix in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you want to mix in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you want to mix in another
+determinant that is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant that is given by the
+antibonding combination because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding combination because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding combination because if you
+think the bonding state has always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the bonding state has always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the bonding state has always a
+pile up of charge in between the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile up of charge in between the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile up of charge in between the atoms
+but when the molecule dissociates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the molecule dissociates you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the molecule dissociates you
+really want to have a solution that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to have a solution that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to have a solution that has
+zero charge density between the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero charge density between the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero charge density between the atoms
+and that looks much more like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that looks much more like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that looks much more like the
+antibonding combination of 1s orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding combination of 1s orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibonding combination of 1s orbitals
+and so the restricted har F doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the restricted har F doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the restricted har F doesn't have
+this Freedom so it does very poorly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Freedom so it does very poorly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Freedom so it does very poorly and
+unrestricted as the freedom of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted as the freedom of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted as the freedom of having
+two orbitals that are different for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals that are different for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two orbitals that are different for the
+two electrons and so it just puts one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons and so it just puts one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons and so it just puts one
+orbital on one atom and another orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital on one atom and another orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital on one atom and another orbital
+in another atom instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another atom instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another atom instead of having a
+single orbital doubly occupied and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single orbital doubly occupied and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single orbital doubly occupied and so
+unrestricted AR f is going to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted AR f is going to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted AR f is going to be much
+better especially for problems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better especially for problems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better especially for problems like the
+bond breaking reactions or for problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond breaking reactions or for problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond breaking reactions or for problems
+in which um um you have a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um um you have a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um um you have a sort of
+isolated spins so you have atoms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated spins so you have atoms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated spins so you have atoms you
+have single electron that are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have single electron that are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have single electron that are not that
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+paed uh there are actually a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paed uh there are actually a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paed uh there are actually a number of
+theorems that can be derived from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that can be derived from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that can be derived from the
+hatri fog equation I won't dwell on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatri fog equation I won't dwell on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatri fog equation I won't dwell on them
+they are generically called cman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are generically called cman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are generically called cman
+theorems and uh they have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems and uh they have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems and uh they have to do with
+calculation say of quantities like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation say of quantities like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation say of quantities like the
+ionization energy or the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy or the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy or the electron
+affinity what is the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity what is the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity what is the ionization energy
+is the energy that you need to spend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy that you need to spend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy that you need to spend to
+remove an electron from an atom or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove an electron from an atom or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove an electron from an atom or the
+electron affinity is the energy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity is the energy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity is the energy that you
+gain when an electron captures uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain when an electron captures uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain when an electron captures uh sorry
+when an atom captures an extra electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an atom captures an extra electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an atom captures an extra electron
+so how do you calculate them say in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you calculate them say in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you calculate them say in an
+electronic calculation say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic calculation say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic calculation say the
+ionization energy well it'll just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy well it'll just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy well it'll just be
+given by the difference say for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the difference say for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the difference say for the case
+of iron atoms of the hardox solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iron atoms of the hardox solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iron atoms of the hardox solution
+with 26 electrons and the hardox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 26 electrons and the hardox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 26 electrons and the hardox
+solution with 25 electrons so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with 25 electrons so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with 25 electrons so you do
+this two calculation you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two calculation you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two calculation you take the
+difference and that will be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that will be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that will be our
+ionization energy and the Affinity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy and the Affinity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy and the Affinity will
+be the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the difference between the
+calculation with 27 or 26 electrons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with 27 or 26 electrons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with 27 or 26 electrons but
+you can actually sort of do very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually sort of do very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually sort of do very well
+without having to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to do two
+calculations but having just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations but having just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations but having just one
+calculation um if you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um if you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um if you make the
+hypothesis that really your single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that really your single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that really your single
+particle electrons do not change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle electrons do not change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle electrons do not change in the
+process so if you make the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so if you make the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so if you make the hypothesis
+that in going from 26 to 25 the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in going from 26 to 25 the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in going from 26 to 25 the shape of
+electron one electron 2 electron 3 do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one electron 2 electron 3 do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one electron 2 electron 3 do
+not change and that's an approxim they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change and that's an approxim they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change and that's an approxim they
+will change a little bit but if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change a little bit but if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change a little bit but if you make
+this approximation you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximation you can actually
+prove that the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the difference between the
+system with 26 electron and the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with 26 electron and the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with 26 electron and the system
+with 25 electrons the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 25 electrons the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 25 electrons the difference in
+energy is just given by the igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is just given by the igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is just given by the igen value
+of the 26th electron so basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 26th electron so basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 26th electron so basically a
+single calculation gives you already an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single calculation gives you already an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single calculation gives you already an
+estimate of ionization energies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of ionization energies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of ionization energies and
+electron affinities although in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinities although in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinities although in
+principle you could always do two calcul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you could always do two calcul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you could always do two calcul
+calulation but this if you find them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calulation but this if you find them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calulation but this if you find them are
+called the cman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cman
+theorems um what is missing in a har F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems um what is missing in a har F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems um what is missing in a har F
+what is this correlation that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this correlation that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this correlation that we are
+trying to recover well often we think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to recover well often we think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to recover well often we think at
+it in two ways we can sort of think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two ways we can sort of think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two ways we can sort of think at
+it part of it is dynamical correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it part of it is dynamical correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it part of it is dynamical correlation
+is what I've described you in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I've described you in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I've described you in the case
+of the helium atom that is when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the helium atom that is when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the helium atom that is when we have
+two electrons interacting they like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons interacting they like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons interacting they like to
+keep each other as far away as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep each other as far away as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep each other as far away as possible
+from each other instantaneously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other instantaneously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other instantaneously and
+because we have a meanfield solution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a meanfield solution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a meanfield solution we
+are actually overestimating the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually overestimating the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually overestimating the heart
+energy we tend to put electrons too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we tend to put electrons too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we tend to put electrons too
+close to each other because you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other because you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other because you have one
+electron interacting with the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interacting with the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interacting with the average
+field of the other and so in that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of the other and so in that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of the other and so in that energy
+term you have that there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you have that there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you have that there are a lot of
+configuration in which the two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in which the two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in which the two electrons
+are too close to each other that raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too close to each other that raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too close to each other that raises
+the energy of your system so we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of your system so we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of your system so we call
+that dynamical correlation and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dynamical correlation and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dynamical correlation and these are
+sort of you know euristic terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know euristic terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know euristic terms
+and then there is another sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is another sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is another sort of you
+know class of sort of errors that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know class of sort of errors that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know class of sort of errors that we are
+making that often are called Static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that often are called Static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that often are called Static
+correlations and those have to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and those have to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and those have to do more
+with the fact that a single determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that a single determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that a single determinant
+solution doesn't have the flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution doesn't have the flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution doesn't have the flexibility
+that you need and this was the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need and this was the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need and this was the case of
+the breaking apart of the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breaking apart of the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breaking apart of the hydrogen
+molecule you really want when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you really want when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you really want when you're
+sort of you know breaking apart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know breaking apart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know breaking apart the
+molecule to have a two determinant kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to have a two determinant kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to have a two determinant kind
+of flexibility with both sort of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flexibility with both sort of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flexibility with both sort of bonding
+and anti bonding combinations and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti bonding combinations and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti bonding combinations and sort
+of all of this is missing and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of this is missing and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of this is missing and we can
+sort of you know systematically Build It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know systematically Build It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know systematically Build It
+Up improving say the flexibility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up improving say the flexibility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up improving say the flexibility of the
+way function and um you know sort of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way function and um you know sort of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way function and um you know sort of one
+of the conceptually simplest way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conceptually simplest way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conceptually simplest way but
+sort of computationally more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of computationally more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of computationally more expensive
+way is actually to look at a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is actually to look at a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is actually to look at a wave
+function that now instead of being given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that now instead of being given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that now instead of being given
+by a single determinant is given by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a single determinant is given by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a single determinant is given by a
+combination of theer DET minants with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of theer DET minants with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of theer DET minants with
+different coefficients in which say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficients in which say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficients in which say the
+determinants have been constructed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants have been constructed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants have been constructed with
+sort of a number of orbitals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a number of orbitals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a number of orbitals that
+include also excited orbitals our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include also excited orbitals our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include also excited orbitals our
+original heart FOC determinant say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original heart FOC determinant say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original heart FOC determinant say for
+iron was given by the 26th lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron was given by the 26th lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron was given by the 26th lowest
+solution and this is it but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this is it but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and this is it but then you
+could add a second term that contains 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add a second term that contains 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add a second term that contains 25
+or those 26 lowest solution and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or those 26 lowest solution and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or those 26 lowest solution and then one
+excited Stat or you could do sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited Stat or you could do sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited Stat or you could do sort of a
+number of things but basically you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things but basically you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things but basically you could
+increase the variational flexibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the variational flexibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the variational flexibility of
+your problem and the more flexible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem and the more flexible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem and the more flexible you
+become the closer you get to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the closer you get to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the closer you get to the right
+solution but you pay an enormous price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but you pay an enormous price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but you pay an enormous price
+for this and sort of you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and sort of you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and sort of you know this
+General approach would be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General approach would be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General approach would be called
+configuration interaction that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration interaction that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration interaction that has
+actually this horrific scaling of n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this horrific scaling of n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this horrific scaling of n to
+the 7th and so you can really do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7th and so you can really do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7th and so you can really do it for
+10 electrons but you can't do it for 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 electrons but you can't do it for 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 electrons but you can't do it for 11
+electrons onstead of your best computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons onstead of your best computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons onstead of your best computer
+you know probably now we can get to 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably now we can get to 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably now we can get to 15
+electrons or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or so
+and I think with this I'll conclude so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think with this I'll conclude so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think with this I'll conclude so
+this was a panorama on Harry ful methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a panorama on Harry ful methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a panorama on Harry ful methods
+one of the best book is the Jensen book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best book is the Jensen book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best book is the Jensen book
+of computational chemistry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational chemistry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational chemistry in the
+literature and then with next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and then with next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and then with next class
+we'll start looking at densy functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start looking at densy functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start looking at densy functional
+Theory and again the Nobel Prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and again the Nobel Prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and again the Nobel Prize for
+chemistry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in
+1998 um next Tuesday is uh sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 um next Tuesday is uh sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 um next Tuesday is uh sort of um
+being Monday president day we have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Monday president day we have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Monday president day we have sort
+of on Tuesday Monday schedule of classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on Tuesday Monday schedule of classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on Tuesday Monday schedule of classes
+that means in practice that we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in practice that we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in practice that we have no
+class so you have time until Thursday of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so you have time until Thursday of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so you have time until Thursday of
+next week to Bro over this I've posted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week to Bro over this I've posted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week to Bro over this I've posted a
+few readings on the website if you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few readings on the website if you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few readings on the website if you sort
+of are really sort of wanting to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are really sort of wanting to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are really sort of wanting to know
+more about density functional Theory one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about density functional Theory one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about density functional Theory one
+of those readings is the con of paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those readings is the con of paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those readings is the con of paper on
+fundamentals of dense differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of dense differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of dense differential
+Theory and if you want to know more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and if you want to know more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and if you want to know more of
+arrio that we won't really see anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrio that we won't really see anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrio that we won't really see anymore
+in the rest of the class you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest of the class you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest of the class you should go
+to one of the references and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the references and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the references and otherwise
+see you next Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V5hZoJ6uK-s.txt b/V5hZoJ6uK-s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5149ee4960d97e3cd4b28c4bcc6306dc7dd04b8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V5hZoJ6uK-s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9237 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the topic today is dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programming um the term programming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming um the term programming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming um the term programming in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um in the in the name of this term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the in the name of this term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the in the name of this term uh
+refer to computer programming okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to computer programming okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to computer programming okay
+programming is an old word that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is an old word that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is an old word that means
+any tabular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any tabular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any tabular
+method for accomplishing something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for accomplishing something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for accomplishing something and
+so you'll hear about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll hear about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll hear about linear
+programming okay dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming okay dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming okay dynamic programming
+neither of those even though we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of those even though we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of those even though we now
+incorporate those algorithms in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate those algorithms in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate those algorithms in computer
+programs originally computer programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs originally computer programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs originally computer programming
+you were given a data sheet and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were given a data sheet and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were given a data sheet and you put
+one line per uh line of code as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line per uh line of code as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line per uh line of code as a
+tabular method for telling giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular method for telling giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular method for telling giving the
+machine instructions as to what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine instructions as to what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine instructions as to what to do
+okay so the term programming is older of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the term programming is older of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the term programming is older of
+course now conventionally when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now conventionally when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now conventionally when you say
+programming you mean software computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming you mean software computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming you mean software computer
+programming but that wasn't always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming but that wasn't always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming but that wasn't always the
+case and these terms uh continue in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and these terms uh continue in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and these terms uh continue in the
+literature so um so dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature so um so dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature so um so dynamic programming
+is a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technique uh like other design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique uh like other design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique uh like other design
+techniques we've seen such as divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we've seen such as divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we've seen such as divide
+conquer okay so it's a way of solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer okay so it's a way of solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer okay so it's a way of solving a
+class of problems rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of problems rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of problems rather than a
+particular algorithm or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular algorithm or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular algorithm or
+something so we're going to work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we're going to work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we're going to work through
+this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example of the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+subsequence problem sometimes called LC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence problem sometimes called LC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence problem sometimes called LC
+okay uh which is a problem that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh which is a problem that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh which is a problem that comes up
+in a variety of context and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a variety of context and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a variety of context and it's
+particularly important in computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important in computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important in computational
+biology where you have long DNA strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology where you have long DNA strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology where you have long DNA strings
+and you're trying to find commonalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to find commonalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to find commonalities
+between two strings okay one which may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two strings okay one which may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two strings okay one which may
+be a genome that that uh and one may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a genome that that uh and one may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a genome that that uh and one may be
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+um uh when people do what is that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when people do what is that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when people do what is that thing
+called where they do the evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called where they do the evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called where they do the evolutionary
+comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons
+The evolutionary trees yeah but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The evolutionary trees yeah but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The evolutionary trees yeah but there's
+right right exactly what is it phoenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right exactly what is it phoenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right exactly what is it phoenic
+trees there you go okay phenic trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees there you go okay phenic trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees there you go okay phenic trees
+good so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so here's the
+problem so you're given two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you're given two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you're given two
+sequences X going from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences X going from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences X going from one to
+M and Y running from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you want to
+find a longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both okay and here I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+not the although it's common to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the although it's common to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the although it's common to talk
+about the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the longest common
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+usually longest common subsequence isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually longest common subsequence isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually longest common subsequence isn't
+unique there can be several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique there can be several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique there can be several different
+sequence that tie for that however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that tie for that however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that tie for that however you
+know people tend to it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people tend to it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people tend to it's one of the
+sloppiness that people will say the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppiness that people will say the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppiness that people will say the I
+will try to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to say
+uh unless it's Unique but I may slip as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unless it's Unique but I may slip as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unless it's Unique but I may slip as
+well because it's just such a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because it's just such a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because it's just such a common
+thing to uh to just talk about the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to uh to just talk about the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to uh to just talk about the even
+though it's even though there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's even though there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's even though there might be
+multiple so here's an example suppose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple so here's an example suppose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple so here's an example suppose X
+is this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Y is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so what
+is a longest common subsequence of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a longest common subsequence of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a longest common subsequence of those
+two sequences so you can just eyeball it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AB length two anybody have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB length two anybody have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB length two anybody have one
+longer a excuse me B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a excuse me B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a excuse me B
+DB B DB B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB B DB B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB B DB B
+DB b d AB b d a b d a anything longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e d
+a that's the longest one is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's the longest one is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's the longest one is there
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+one is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length is there another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is there another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is there another one
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ties e c a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b BC a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one b
+c d a yeah there a bunch of them all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d a yeah there a bunch of them all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d a yeah there a bunch of them all of
+length four there isn't one of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length four there isn't one of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length four there isn't one of length
+five okay we're actually going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay we're actually going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay we're actually going to come
+up with an algorithm that if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an algorithm that if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an algorithm that if it's
+correct which we're going to show it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct which we're going to show it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct which we're going to show it's
+correct guarantees there isn't one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct guarantees there isn't one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct guarantees there isn't one
+length five okay so all those are we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length five okay so all those are we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length five okay so all those are we can
+say any one of these is the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any one of these is the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any one of these is the longest
+common subsequence of X and Y we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common subsequence of X and Y we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common subsequence of X and Y we tend to
+use it this way using function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation but it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but it's not a
+uh it's not a function it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not a function it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not a function it's really a
+relation so we'll say that something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so we'll say that something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so we'll say that something is
+an LCS one really we mean it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LCS one really we mean it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LCS one really we mean it's an
+element if you will of the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element if you will of the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element if you will of the set of
+longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common
+subsequences prob once again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences prob once again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences prob once again it's
+classic abusive notation as long as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic abusive notation as long as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic abusive notation as long as we
+know what we mean it's okay to abuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we mean it's okay to abuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we mean it's okay to abuse
+notation okay what you can't do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay what you can't do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay what you can't do is
+misuse it but abuse yeah okay make it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misuse it but abuse yeah okay make it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misuse it but abuse yeah okay make it so
+it's easy to to deal with but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to to deal with but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to to deal with but you have
+to know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's going on
+underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+okay okay um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um so let's
+um let's see so there's a fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see so there's a fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see so there's a fairly simple
+Brute Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm for uh solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for uh solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for uh solving this problem
+and that is let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is let's just
+check every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check every
+maybe some of you did this in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you did this in in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you did this in in your
+heads every subsequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads every subsequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads every subsequence of
+x from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if it's
+also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsequence of Y of one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of Y of one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of Y of one to
+n just take every subsequence that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n just take every subsequence that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n just take every subsequence that you
+can get here check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get here check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get here check
+it to see if it's in there okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to see if it's in there okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to see if it's in there okay so let's
+Analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That to check so if I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That to check so if I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That to check so if I give you a
+subsequence of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of x
+how long does it take me to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take me to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take me to check
+whether it is in fact a subsequence of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is in fact a subsequence of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is in fact a subsequence of Y
+so I give you something like um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I give you something like um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I give you something like um you know
+bcab how long does it take me to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcab how long does it take me to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcab how long does it take me to check
+to see if it's a subsequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y length of Y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y length of Y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y length of Y which
+is yeah order n okay and how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah order n okay and how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah order n okay and how do you do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah just scan as soon as you hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just scan as soon as you hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just scan as soon as you hit the
+first character that matches great now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first character that matches great now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first character that matches great now
+if you will recursively see whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will recursively see whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will recursively see whether the
+suffix of your string matches the suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix of your string matches the suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix of your string matches the suffix
+of the uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of
+X okay and so you're just simply walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay and so you're just simply walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay and so you're just simply walking
+down the the uh tree to see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the the uh tree to see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the the uh tree to see if it
+matches you're walking down the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches you're walking down the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches you're walking down the string
+to see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if it
+matches okay then the second thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches okay then the second thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches okay then the second thing is
+how many then how many subsequences of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many then how many subsequences of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many then how many subsequences of X
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+there two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two to the
+N X's goes from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N X's goes from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N X's goes from one to
+m 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m 2 to the
+m subsequences of X okay 2 to the m they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m subsequences of X okay 2 to the m they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m subsequences of X okay 2 to the m they
+two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+subsequences of X okay one way to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences of X okay one way to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences of X okay one way to see
+that to say well how many subsequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to say well how many subsequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to say well how many subsequences
+are there something there if I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there something there if I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there something there if I consider
+a bit Vector of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit Vector of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit Vector of length
+M okay that's one or zero and just every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay that's one or zero and just every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay that's one or zero and just every
+position where there's a one I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where there's a one I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where there's a one I take
+out that identifies an element that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that identifies an element that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that identifies an element that I'm
+going to take out okay then that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take out okay then that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take out okay then that gives
+me a mapping from each subsequence of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a mapping from each subsequence of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a mapping from each subsequence of x
+to uh uh from each bit Vector to a to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh from each bit Vector to a to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh from each bit Vector to a to a
+different subsequence of X now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsequence of X now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subsequence of X now of course
+you could have matching characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have matching characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have matching characters
+but in the worst case all the characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the worst case all the characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the worst case all the characters
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+different okay and so every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay and so every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay and so every one of those
+will be a unique subsequence so each bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length M corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length M corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length M corresponds to a
+subsequence that's a generally a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence that's a generally a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence that's a generally a good
+trick to know so the worst case running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to know so the worst case running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to know so the worst case running
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method is order n * 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is order n * 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is order n * 2 the
+M okay which is since it's m is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay which is since it's m is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay which is since it's m is in the
+exponent is exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and there's a technical term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and there's a technical term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and there's a technical term that
+we use when something is exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time slow good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay very good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slow okay so this is really bad this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow okay so this is really bad this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow okay so this is really bad this
+take a long time to crank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time to crank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time to crank
+out how long the uh longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how long the uh longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how long the uh longest common
+subsequence is because there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence is because there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence is because there's so many
+subsequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences
+okay so we're going to now go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to now go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to now go through a
+process of developing a far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of developing a far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of developing a far more
+efficient algorithm for this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithm for this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithm for this problem
+okay and we're actually going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're actually going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're actually going to go
+through several stages first one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several stages first one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several stages first one is to
+go through a simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay
+and what we're going to do is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do is look at
+simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+of the long longest common sequence of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the long longest common sequence of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the long longest common sequence of X
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Y and then what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extend the algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the algorithm to
+find the longest common subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself okay so we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so we're going to look at
+the length so simplify the problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length so simplify the problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length so simplify the problem if
+you will to just try to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will to just try to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will to just try to compute the
+length what nice is the length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length what nice is the length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length what nice is the length is
+unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+okay there's only one length that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's only one length that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's only one length that's
+going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the
+longest okay and what we'll do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest okay and what we'll do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest okay and what we'll do is just
+focus on this problem of computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this problem of computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this problem of computing the
+length and then what we'll do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and then what we'll do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and then what we'll do is we can
+back up from that and figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up from that and figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up from that and figure out how
+what actually is the subsequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually is the subsequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually is the subsequence that
+realizes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes that
+length Okay and that'll be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay and that'll be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay and that'll be a big
+simplification because we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification because we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification because we don't have to
+keep track of a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of a lot of different
+possibilities at every stage we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities at every stage we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities at every stage we just
+have to keep track of the one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of the one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep track of the one number
+which is the length so sort of reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the length so sort of reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the length so sort of reduces
+it to a numerical problem we'll adop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a numerical problem we'll adop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a numerical problem we'll adop the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+notation a pretty standard notation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a pretty standard notation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a pretty standard notation I
+just want to if I put absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to if I put absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to if I put absolute values
+around the string it denotes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the string it denotes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the string it denotes or
+a or a sequence it denotes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a or a sequence it denotes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a or a sequence it denotes the
+length of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+okay so that's the first thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the first thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the first thing the
+second thing we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we're going to do is
+actually we're GNA um which takes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're GNA um which takes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're GNA um which takes a lot
+more insight when you come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more insight when you come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more insight when you come up with a
+problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like
+this and and in some sense ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and in some sense ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and in some sense ends up being
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh the hardest part of Designing a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the hardest part of Designing a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the hardest part of Designing a good
+dynamic programming algorithm for any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming algorithm for any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming algorithm for any uh
+problem which is we're going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is we're going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is we're going to actually
+look not at all um subsequences of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look not at all um subsequences of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look not at all um subsequences of X and
+Y but just prefixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're just going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're just going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're just going to look at
+prefixes and we're going to show how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes and we're going to show how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes and we're going to show how we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+express okay the length of a longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express okay the length of a longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express okay the length of a longest
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+subsequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of
+prefixes in terms of each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes in terms of each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes in terms of each other in
+particular we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Define c of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define c of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define c of i
+j to be the length the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j to be the length the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j to be the length the longest common
+subsequence of the prefix of X going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of the prefix of X going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of the prefix of X going
+from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to
+i and y of going to one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and y of going to one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and y of going to one to
+J and what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and what we're going to do
+is we're going to calculate C for all i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j okay and if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j okay and if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j okay and if we do
+that how then do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how then do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how then do we
+solve the problem of the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of the longest common
+subsequence of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y how do we solve the longest common sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y how do we solve the longest common sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y how do we solve the longest common sub
+suppose we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we've
+solved this for all I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this for all I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this for all I and
+J how then do we compute the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J how then do we compute the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J how then do we compute the length of
+the longest common subsequence of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest common subsequence of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest common subsequence of X and
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah C MN that's all okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah C MN that's all okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah C MN that's all okay so
+then C of M comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C of M comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C of M comma
+n is just equal to the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is just equal to the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is just equal to the longest common
+subsequence of X and Y because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of X and Y because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of X and Y because that's
+this if I go from one to M and one to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I go from one to M and one to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if I go from one to M and one to n
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so it's going to turn out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so it's going to turn out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so it's going to turn out that
+what we want to do is figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is figure out how to
+um Express to uh cmn in general CI in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Express to uh cmn in general CI in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Express to uh cmn in general CI in
+terms of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of other
+CI so let's see how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so our theorem is going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so our theorem is going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so our theorem is going to say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+CI is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it says that the character matches the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that the character matches the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that the character matches the J
+character then C of I I character of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character then C of I I character of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character then C of I I character of X
+matches the jth character of Y then C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the jth character of Y then C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the jth character of Y then C of
+i j is just C of i- one jus1 + one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j is just C of i- one jus1 + one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j is just C of i- one jus1 + one if
+they don't match then it's either going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't match then it's either going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't match then it's either going
+to be it's going to be the longer of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's going to be the longer of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's going to be the longer of C
+of I jus one and C of IUS one J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what we're we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we're we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we're we're going to
+prove and that's going to give us a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and that's going to give us a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and that's going to give us a way
+of relating the calculation of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relating the calculation of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relating the calculation of a given
+CI as you can see to values that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI as you can see to values that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI as you can see to values that are
+that are strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smaller okay that is at least one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay that is at least one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay that is at least one of the
+arguments is smaller of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is smaller of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is smaller of the two
+arguments okay and that's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments okay and that's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments okay and that's going to give
+us a way of of being able then to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a way of of being able then to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a way of of being able then to um to
+understand how to build how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to build how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to build how to
+calculate CI so let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem so we'll start with a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so we'll start with a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so we'll start with a case where
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+i equals y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J and so let's draw a picture here x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and so let's draw a picture here x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and so let's draw a picture here x
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's my sequence X which I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my sequence X which I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my sequence X which I'm sort of
+drawing as this elongated box sequence Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing as this elongated box sequence Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing as this elongated box sequence Y
+and I'm saying that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm saying that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm saying that x
+i and y j those are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what that means okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that means okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that means okay so let's
+let Z of one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Z of one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Z of one to
+K be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K be in
+fact the longest common subsequence of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the longest common subsequence of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the longest common subsequence of X
+of one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one to
+i y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i y of
+one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C of
+IJ is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IJ is equal to
+K okay so the longest common subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so the longest common subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so the longest common subsequence
+of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y
+is of X of one to i and y of one to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of X of one to i and y of one to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of X of one to i and y of one to J
+some value let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value let's call it
+K and so let's say that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and so let's say that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and so let's say that we have some
+sequence which realizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which realizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which realizes
+that okay we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we'll call it
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+okay so then can somebody tell me what Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then can somebody tell me what Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then can somebody tell me what Z
+of K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is z of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yeah it's actually equal to x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah it's actually equal to x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah it's actually equal to x i
+which is also equal to Y of J why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also equal to Y of J why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also equal to Y of J why is
+that why couldn't it be some other value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so you got the you got the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you got the you got the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you got the you got the right
+idea so the idea is suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the idea is suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so the idea is suppose that the
+sequence didn't include these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence didn't include these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence didn't include these this
+element here as the last element the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here as the last element the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element here as the last element the
+longest common subsequence okay so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence okay so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence okay so then
+it includes a bunch of values in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it includes a bunch of values in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it includes a bunch of values in here
+and a bunch of values in here same vales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bunch of values in here same vales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bunch of values in here same vales
+but doesn't include this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't include this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't include this or
+this well then I could just tack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well then I could just tack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well then I could just tack
+on this extra character and make it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this extra character and make it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this extra character and make it be
+longer make it be k+ one because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer make it be k+ one because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer make it be k+ one because these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+match okay so if the sequence ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match okay so if the sequence ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match okay so if the sequence ended
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we just extend in tacking on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I okay'd be fairly simple to just tack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay'd be fairly simple to just tack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay'd be fairly simple to just tack
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XI okay so if if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI okay so if if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI okay so if if that's the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then if I look at Z going one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I look at Z going one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I look at Z going one up
+to uh K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus1 that's certainly a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 that's certainly a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 that's certainly a common
+sequence of X of I up to excuse me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of X of I up to excuse me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of X of I up to excuse me of
+one up to I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to I minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Y of one up to Jus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y of one up to Jus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y of one up to Jus
+one okay because this is a longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because this is a longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because this is a longest
+common Z is the longest common sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Z is the longest common sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Z is the longest common sequence
+is from of X of one to i y of one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from of X of one to i y of one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from of X of one to i y of one to
+J and we know what the last character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and we know what the last character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and we know what the last character is
+it's just x i or equivalently YJ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just x i or equivalently YJ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just x i or equivalently YJ so
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+everything except the last character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except the last character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except the last character
+must at least be a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must at least be a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must at least be a common
+sequence of x i of 1 to IUS one y of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of x i of 1 to IUS one y of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of x i of 1 to IUS one y of 1
+to J minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to J minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to J minus
+one everybody with me must a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one everybody with me must a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one everybody with me must a common
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+now what do you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suspect what do you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suspect about Z of one to K it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect about Z of one to K it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect about Z of one to K it's a
+common sequence of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sequence of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sequence of these
+two yeah yeah it's all it's a longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah yeah it's all it's a longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah yeah it's all it's a longest
+common sequence okay so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sequence okay so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sequence okay so that's what we
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C of one up to K minus one is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of one up to K minus one is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of one up to K minus one is in fact a
+longest common subsequence of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence of X
+of 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 to
+ius1 and Y of one to Jus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's prove
+that that claim so just have a little to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that claim so just have a little to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that claim so just have a little to
+prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that
+W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+longer common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence that is that the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that is that the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that is that the length of
+w is bigger than K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+so suppose we have a longer common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have a longer common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we have a longer common
+sequence than Z of 1 to K minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence than Z of 1 to K minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence than Z of 1 to K minus one so
+it's got to be have length that's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be have length that's bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be have length that's bigger
+than K minus one if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K minus one if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K minus one if it's
+longer okay and now what we do is we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer okay and now what we do is we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer okay and now what we do is we use
+a classic argument that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic argument that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic argument that you're going to
+see multiple times not just this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see multiple times not just this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see multiple times not just this week
+which it would be important for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it would be important for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it would be important for this
+week but through several lectures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but through several lectures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but through several lectures uh
+hence it's called a cut and paste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence it's called a cut and paste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence it's called a cut and paste
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea
+is let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's take a look at
+w concatenated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w concatenated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w concatenated
+with uh that last character Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh that last character Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh that last character Z
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so that's just my terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so that's just my terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so that's just my terminology
+for string concatenation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for string concatenation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for string concatenation
+okay so I take whatever I claimed was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I take whatever I claimed was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I take whatever I claimed was a
+longer common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer common
+subsequence and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence and I
+um and I concatenate Z of K to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I concatenate Z of K to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I concatenate Z of K to
+it okay so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that is
+certainly a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a common
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+of X of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to uh i- one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i and y of one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K because it's basically what is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K because it's basically what is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K because it's basically what is its
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+Okay the length of w is bigger than K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the length of w is bigger than K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the length of w is bigger than K
+minus one I add one char
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I add one char
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I add one char
+so this combination here now has length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this combination here now has length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this combination here now has length
+bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+K okay and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contradiction thereby proving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim so I'm simply saying I claim this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim so I'm simply saying I claim this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim so I'm simply saying I claim this
+suppose you had a longer one well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you had a longer one well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you had a longer one well let me
+show if I had a longer common sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show if I had a longer common sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show if I had a longer common sequence
+for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first
+uh for the prefixes where we dropped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the prefixes where we dropped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the prefixes where we dropped the
+character from both strings if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character from both strings if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character from both strings if it was
+longer there but it would have made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer there but it would have made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer there but it would have made the
+whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+longer so that can't be so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so that can't be so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so that can't be so therefore
+this must be a uh uh longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be a uh uh longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be a uh uh longest common
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions questions because you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions questions because you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions questions because you're going
+to need to be able to do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to be able to do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to be able to do this kind of
+proof like ad nauseum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof like ad nauseum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof like ad nauseum
+almost okay so if there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost okay so if there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost okay so if there any questions
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+me let them at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+okay so so now what we have established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now what we have established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now what we have established
+is that Z1 through K is the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Z1 through K is the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that Z1 through K is the longest
+common subsequence of uh the two strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common subsequence of uh the two strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common subsequence of uh the two strings
+when we uh drop the two prefixes when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we uh drop the two prefixes when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we uh drop the two prefixes when we
+drop the last character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so thus we have that c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thus we have that c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thus we have that c of
+ius1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ius1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ius1
+jus1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what's see of IUS one Jus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus one thank you let's move on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one thank you let's move on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one thank you let's move on with
+the class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+K which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which
+implies that c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that c of
+i j is just equal to C of I -1 J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j is just equal to C of I -1 J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j is just equal to C of I -1 J
+-1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's fairly straightforward you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's fairly straightforward you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's fairly straightforward you
+think about out what's going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about out what's going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about out what's going on there
+was not always as straightforward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not always as straightforward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not always as straightforward in
+some problems as it is for longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems as it is for longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems as it is for longest
+common substit the idea is you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common substit the idea is you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common substit the idea is you know the
+the um well we'll um so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um well we'll um so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um well we'll um so I'm not going to
+go through the other cases they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar but in fact we've hit on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but in fact we've hit on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but in fact we've hit on one of
+the two Hallmarks of dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Hallmarks of dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Hallmarks of dynamic programming
+so by Hallmarks I mean you see this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by Hallmarks I mean you see this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by Hallmarks I mean you see this kind
+of structure in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure in a
+problem there's a good chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there's a good chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there's a good chance that
+dynamic programming is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming is going to work
+okay as a strategy the high the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as a strategy the high the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as a strategy the high the dynamic
+programming Hallmark is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following Mark this is number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is this property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is this property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is this property of
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substructure okay what that says is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure okay what that says is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure okay what that says is an
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a
+problem by this we really mean problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by this we really mean problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by this we really mean problem
+instance but it gets tedious to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but it gets tedious to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but it gets tedious to keep
+saying problem instance a problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying problem instance a problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying problem instance a problem is
+generally in computer science viewed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in computer science viewed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in computer science viewed as
+a um as having an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um as having an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um as having an infinite number of
+instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances
+typically okay where which is particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically okay where which is particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically okay where which is particular
+so sorting is a problem okay a sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorting is a problem okay a sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorting is a problem okay a sorting
+instance is a particular input okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance is a particular input okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance is a particular input okay so
+we're really talking about problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really talking about problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really talking about problem
+instances but I'm just going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances but I'm just going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances but I'm just going to say
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay so when you have an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you have an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you have an optimal
+solution to a problem contains Optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions to sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems and that's with drawing a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and that's with drawing a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and that's with drawing a box
+around it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's so
+important okay so here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so here for
+example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if Z is a longest common sub of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Z is a longest common sub of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Z is a longest common sub of X and
+Y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prefix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is
+a longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a longest common
+subsequence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of a
+prefix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix of
+X and a prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+okay so this is basically what it says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is basically what it says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is basically what it says I
+look at the problem and I can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the problem and I can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the problem and I can see that
+there is optimal substructure going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on okay in this case and and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay in this case and and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay in this case and and the idea is
+that almost always there's it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost always there's it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that almost always there's it means that
+there's a cut and paste argument you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cut and paste argument you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cut and paste argument you can
+do to demonstrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to demonstrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to demonstrate that
+okay that if if if the uh substructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that if if if the uh substructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that if if if the uh substructure
+were not optimal then you'd be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not optimal then you'd be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not optimal then you'd be able to
+find uh a a better solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh a a better solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh a a better solution to the
+overall problem using cut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall problem using cut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall problem using cut and
+paste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so this theorem now gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this theorem now gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this theorem now gives us a
+strategy for being able to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for being able to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for being able to compute
+longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsequence here's the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm ignore base cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ignore base cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ignore base cases in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sub basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub basically just
+implementing this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's either the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's either the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's either the longest common
+subsequence if the if they match as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence if the if they match as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence if the if they match as
+longest common subsequence of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence of one of the
+prefix that where you drop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix that where you drop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix that where you drop that
+character from both strings and add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character from both strings and add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character from both strings and add one
+because that's the matching one or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the matching one or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the matching one or you
+drop a character from X and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop a character from X and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop a character from X and it's the
+longest common subsequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest common subsequence of
+that or you drop a character from y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or you drop a character from y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or you drop a character from y
+whichever one of those is longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one of those is longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one of those is longer
+that ends up being longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so which is the what's the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is the what's the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is the what's the worst
+case for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for this
+uh for this program what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this program what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this program what's going to
+happen in the worst case which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the worst case which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the worst case which of these
+two Clauses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to cause us more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+headache second Clause why the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Clause yeah you're doing two LCS Cal sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause yeah you're doing two LCS Cal sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause yeah you're doing two LCS Cal sub
+calculations here here you're only doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations here here you're only doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations here here you're only doing
+one not only that but you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not only that but you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not only that but you get to
+decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement
+both uh indices whereas here you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh indices whereas here you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh indices whereas here you've got
+a you basically got to you only get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you basically got to you only get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you basically got to you only get to
+decrement one index and you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement one index and you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement one index and you got to
+calculate two of them so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate two of them so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate two of them so that's going to
+generate the tree so in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the tree so in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the tree so in the worst
+case X of I is not equal to X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case X of I is not equal to X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case X of I is not equal to X of
+J for all I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J so let's draw a recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so let's draw a recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J so let's draw a recursion
+tree for this program to sort of get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for this program to sort of get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree for this program to sort of get an
+understanding as to what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding as to what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding as to what's going
+on help us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to do it with n = 7 and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do it with n = 7 and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to do it with n = 7 and N
+=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=
+6 okay so we start out the top with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 okay so we start out the top with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 okay so we start out the top with my
+two indices being seven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indices being seven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indices being seven and
+six and then in the worst case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and then in the worst case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and then in the worst case we have
+to execute these so this is going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute these so this is going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute these so this is going to end
+up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being
+66 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 and
+75 for indices after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call then this guy is going to split and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call then this guy is going to split and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call then this guy is going to split and
+he's going to be produce five six here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to be produce five six here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to be produce five six here
+decrement the first index I and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement the first index I and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement the first index I and then if
+I keep going down here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep going down here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep going down here we're going to
+get 4 six 5 five and these guys keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 4 six 5 five and these guys keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 4 six 5 five and these guys keep
+extending here I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending here I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending here I get
+65 5 five 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four okay over here I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay over here I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay over here I'm going to get
+um decrement the first index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decrement the first index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decrement the first index
+65 we get 5 five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 we get 5 five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 we get 5 five
+64 and these guys keep going down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and these guys keep going down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and these guys keep going down and
+over here I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I get
+74 and then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 and then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 and then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 keep going down so we keep just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 keep going down so we keep just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 keep going down so we keep just
+building this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this tree
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+okay so um what's the height of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree not of this one for the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree not of this one for the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree not of this one for the particular
+value of m&n but in terms of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of m&n but in terms of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of m&n but in terms of M
+andn what's the height of this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn what's the height of this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn what's the height of this tree
+yeah it's the max of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the max of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the max of M
+andn uh you got the right it's Theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn uh you got the right it's Theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn uh you got the right it's Theta of
+the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not the max max would be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the max max would be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the max max would be in this
+case you're saying it has height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven but I think you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven but I think you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven but I think you can sort of see
+for example along a path like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example along a path like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example along a path like this that
+in fact I've only after going three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I've only after going three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I've only after going three
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+reduced M plus n good very good M plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced M plus n good very good M plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced M plus n good very good M plus n
+so height here is M plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so height here is M plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so height here is M plus
+n okay and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay and it's
+binary so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+height that implies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height that implies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height that implies the
+work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is
+exponential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in
+m&n all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m&n all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m&n all that
+work and are we any better off Brute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and are we any better off Brute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and are we any better off Brute
+Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+algorithm not really and our technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm not really and our technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm not really and our technical
+term for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for this is
+slow okay and we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow okay and we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow okay and we like
+speed and we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+okay but I'm sure that some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm sure that some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm sure that some of you have
+observed something interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed something interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed something interesting about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+tree yeah there's a lot of repeated work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree yeah there's a lot of repeated work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree yeah there's a lot of repeated work
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right there's a lot of repeated work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a lot of repeated work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a lot of repeated work in
+particular this whole sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this whole sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this whole sub
+tree and this whole sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree okay they're the same that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay they're the same that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay they're the same that's the
+same sub tree same sub problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sub tree same sub problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sub tree same sub problem that
+you're say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solving and you can even see over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and you can even see over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving and you can even see over here
+there's even similarity between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even similarity between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even similarity between this
+whole sub tree and this whole sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sub tree and this whole sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sub tree and this whole sub tree
+okay so there's lots of repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay and one thing is if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay and one thing is if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay and one thing is if you want
+to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things
+fast don't keep doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay don't keep doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay don't keep doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay don't keep doing the same
+thing when you find you're repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when you find you're repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when you find you're repeating
+something figure out a way of not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something figure out a way of not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something figure out a way of not doing
+it so that brings up our second Hallmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programming that's property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming that's property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming that's property
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+overlapping sub problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution contains
+many excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contains a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinct sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeated many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times and once again this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and once again this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and once again this is important
+enough to put a box around I don't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to put a box around I don't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to put a box around I don't put
+boxes around too many things maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes around too many things maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes around too many things maybe I
+more boxes around things this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more boxes around things this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more boxes around things this is
+definitely one to put a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely one to put a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely one to put a box
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for
+example here so here we have a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here so here we have a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here so here we have a recursive
+solution how many this tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution how many this tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution how many this tree is
+exponential in size it's two to the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in size it's two to the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in size it's two to the M
+plus n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n in
+height in in size in in uh the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height in in size in in uh the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height in in size in in uh the total
+number of uh problems if I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh problems if I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh problems if I actually
+implemented like that but how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented like that but how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented like that but how many
+distinct sub problems are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M time
+n okay so the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so the longest common
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+contains M * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinct sub problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+MN is a small number compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN is a small number compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN is a small number compared
+with uh 2 to the M plus n or 2 the N or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh 2 to the M plus n or 2 the N or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh 2 to the M plus n or 2 the N or
+2 the M or whatever okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the M or whatever okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the M or whatever okay this is
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+okay because for each sub problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because for each sub problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because for each sub problem it's
+characterized by an i and a j and I goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by an i and a j and I goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by an i and a j and I goes
+from one to M and J goes from one to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to M and J goes from one to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to M and J goes from one to n
+okay there aren't that many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there aren't that many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there aren't that many different
+sub problems it's just the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems it's just the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems it's just the product of
+the two so here's an improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so here's an improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so here's an improved
+algorithm which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which is
+often a good way to solve it it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a good way to solve it it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a good way to solve it it's an
+algorithm called a memorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm and this is memoization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memorization because what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization because what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization because what you're going
+to do is make a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is make a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is make a little
+memo whenever you solve a sub problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo whenever you solve a sub problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memo whenever you solve a sub problem
+make a little memo says I solved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little memo says I solved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little memo says I solved this
+already if ever you're asked for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already if ever you're asked for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already if ever you're asked for it
+rather than recalculating it say oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than recalculating it say oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than recalculating it say oh I
+see that I did that before here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I did that before here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I did that before here's the
+answer okay so here's the code it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so here's the code it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so here's the code it's very
+similar to that code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it basically keeps a table around of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it basically keeps a table around of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it basically keeps a table around of
+C says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C says
+if what we do is we check if the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what we do is we check if the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what we do is we check if the entry
+for CI is nil we haven't computed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for CI is nil we haven't computed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for CI is nil we haven't computed it
+then we compute it and how do we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we compute it and how do we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we compute it and how do we compute
+it just the same way we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this whole part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this whole part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this whole part
+here okay is exactly what we have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay is exactly what we have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay is exactly what we have had
+before is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before and then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+return C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't bother to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't bother to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't bother to keep
+recalculating okay so if it's nil we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculating okay so if it's nil we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculating okay so if it's nil we
+calculate it otherwise we just return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it otherwise we just return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it otherwise we just return
+it okay it's not calculated calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay it's not calculated calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay it's not calculated calculate
+and return it otherwise just return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it a pretty pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a pretty pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a pretty pretty straightforward
+code okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the tricky thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the tricky thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the tricky thing
+is how much time does it take to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+MN okay why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah but I have to look up cij a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah but I have to look up cij a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah but I have to look up cij a
+bunch of I night call a bunch of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of I night call a bunch of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of I night call a bunch of times
+when I'm doing this I'm still calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursively yeah so you have to you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively yeah so you have to you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively yeah so you have to you have
+to so each recursive call is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so each recursive call is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so each recursive call is going to
+look at in the worst case say is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in the worst case say is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in the worst case say is going
+to look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh uh the max of these two things well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the max of these two things well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the max of these two things well
+this is going to involve a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to involve a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to involve a recursive
+call and a lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and a lookup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and a lookup
+but this might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this might go
+on you know this might take a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know this might take a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know this might take a fair
+amount of effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of effort to
+calculate me you're right and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate me you're right and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate me you're right and your
+intuition is right let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is right let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is right let's see if we can
+get a more precise argument why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a more precise argument why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a more precise argument why this is
+taking order M *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking order M *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking order M *
+n what's going on here because not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what's going on here because not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what's going on here because not every
+time I call this is it going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I call this is it going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I call this is it going to just
+take me a constant amount of work to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me a constant amount of work to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me a constant amount of work to do
+this sometimes it's going to take me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes it's going to take me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometimes it's going to take me a
+lot of work sometimes be sometimes I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work sometimes be sometimes I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work sometimes be sometimes I get
+lucky and I return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so just your intuition is dead on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so just your intuition is dead on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so just your intuition is dead on
+it's dead on just we need a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dead on just we need a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dead on just we need a little more
+articulate explanation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate explanation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate explanation so that
+everybody's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at most three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so that's one way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so that's one way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so that's one way to look at
+it yep there's another way to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yep there's another way to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yep there's another way to look at it
+that that's kind of what you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's kind of what you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's kind of what you're looking
+at what you're expressing there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what you're expressing there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what you're expressing there is an
+amortized a bookkeeping way of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized a bookkeeping way of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized a bookkeeping way of of uh
+looking at this is what's the amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this is what's the amortized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this is what's the amortized
+cost you say what's the amortized cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you say what's the amortized cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you say what's the amortized cost
+of calculating one of these where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculating one of these where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculating one of these where
+basically whenever I call it I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically whenever I call it I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically whenever I call it I'm going
+to charge a constant amount for looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge a constant amount for looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge a constant amount for looking
+up so I can get to look whatever is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I can get to look whatever is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I can get to look whatever is in
+here to call the things but if it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to call the things but if it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to call the things but if it in
+fact so so in some sense this charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so so in some sense this charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so so in some sense this charge
+here of calling it and returning it Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of calling it and returning it Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of calling it and returning it Etc
+I charge that to the got to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I charge that to the got to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I charge that to the got to my
+caller okay so I charge these lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller okay so I charge these lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller okay so I charge these lines and
+this line to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line to the
+collar and I charge the rest of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar and I charge the rest of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar and I charge the rest of these
+lines to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines to the
+CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI
+element and then the point is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then the point is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then the point is that every
+caller basically only ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller basically only ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller basically only ends up being
+charged for a constant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged for a constant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged for a constant amount of
+stuff okay to calculate one CI it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay to calculate one CI it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay to calculate one CI it's only
+an amortized constant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amortized constant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amortized constant amount of
+stuff that I'm charging to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that I'm charging to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that I'm charging to that
+calculation of IJ that calculation of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of IJ that calculation of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of IJ that calculation of I
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+J okay so you can view it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay so you can view it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay so you can view it in terms of
+amortized analysis doing a bookkeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized analysis doing a bookkeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized analysis doing a bookkeeping
+argument it just says let me charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument it just says let me charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument it just says let me charge
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+to uh enough calculate my own do do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh enough calculate my own do do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh enough calculate my own do do all
+my own local things plus enough to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own local things plus enough to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own local things plus enough to look
+up the value in the next level and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the value in the next level and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the value in the next level and get
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+returned okay and then if it has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned okay and then if it has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned okay and then if it has to go
+off and calculate well that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and calculate well that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and calculate well that's okay
+because that's all being charged to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's all being charged to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's all being charged to a
+different J at that point so every cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different J at that point so every cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different J at that point so every cell
+only costs me a constant amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only costs me a constant amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only costs me a constant amount of time
+their order MN cells total of order MN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their order MN cells total of order MN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their order MN cells total of order MN
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+work per entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work per entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work per entry
+okay and you can sort of use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can sort of use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can sort of use an
+amortized analysis to argue that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized analysis to argue that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized analysis to argue that how
+much space does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space does it
+take we haven't usually looked at space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take we haven't usually looked at space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take we haven't usually looked at space
+but here we're going to start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're going to start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're going to start looking at
+space that turns out for some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that turns out for some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that turns out for some of these
+algorithms to be really important how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to be really important how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to be really important how
+much space do I need storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space yeah also n * n okay to store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space yeah also n * n okay to store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space yeah also n * n okay to store the
+CI table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI table
+okay the rest storing X and Y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rest storing X and Y okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rest storing X and Y okay
+that's just M plus n so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just M plus n so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just M plus n so that's
+negligible but mostly I need the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible but mostly I need the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible but mostly I need the uh
+space n times n so this memorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space n times n so this memorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space n times n so this memorization
+type algorithm is a is a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type algorithm is a is a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type algorithm is a is a really good
+strategy in programming for many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in programming for many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in programming for many things
+where when you have the same parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you have the same parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when you have the same parameters
+you're going to get the same results it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the same results it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the same results it
+doesn't work if in programs where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work if in programs where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work if in programs where you
+have a side effect necessarily that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a side effect necessarily that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a side effect necessarily that is
+when you're when you're uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're uh the
+calculation for given set of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for given set of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for given set of parameters
+might be different on each call but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be different on each call but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be different on each call but for
+something which is essentially uh like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is essentially uh like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is essentially uh like a
+functional Programming type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional Programming type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional Programming type of
+environment then if you calculated once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment then if you calculated once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment then if you calculated once
+you can look it up and uh and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up and uh and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up and uh and so this is
+very helpful um but it takes a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful um but it takes a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful um but it takes a fair
+amount of space and it also doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space and it also doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space and it also doesn't
+proceed in a very orderly way so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in a very orderly way so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in a very orderly way so there's
+another strategy for doing exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another strategy for doing exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another strategy for doing exactly the
+same calculation in a bottom up way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same calculation in a bottom up way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same calculation in a bottom up way and
+that's what we call dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programming okay the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming okay the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming okay the idea
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+of what we'll do is we'll just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually I think what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think what I'm going to do
+is use this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's the ideas what we're to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the ideas what we're to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the ideas what we're to
+do is look at the CI table and realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at the CI table and realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is look at the CI table and realize
+that there's actually an orderly way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's actually an orderly way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's actually an orderly way of
+filling in the table this was sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in the table this was sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in the table this was sort of a
+top down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down with
+memorization okay but there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization okay but there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization okay but there's actually a
+way we can do it bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can do it bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can do it bottom
+up so here's the idea so let's make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so here's the idea so let's make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so here's the idea so let's make our
+table and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's
+Y and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and I'm going to
+initialize the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the empty
+bring I didn't cover the uh base cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring I didn't cover the uh base cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring I didn't cover the uh base cases
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um for CI J but C of zero meaning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for CI J but C of zero meaning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for CI J but C of zero meaning a
+prefix with no elements in it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix with no elements in it that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix with no elements in it that the
+prefix of that with anything else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix of that with anything else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix of that with anything else the
+length is zero okay so that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is zero okay so that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is zero okay so that's basically
+how I'm going to B the the borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm going to B the the borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm going to B the the borders
+Here and Now what I can do is just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here and Now what I can do is just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here and Now what I can do is just use
+my formula which I've conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my formula which I've conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my formula which I've conveniently
+erased up there okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased up there okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased up there okay to
+compute what is the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what is the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what is the longest common
+subsequence length of the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence length of the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence length of the longest common
+sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+subsequence from uh uh from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence from uh uh from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence from uh uh from this
+character in y and this character in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in y and this character in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in y and this character in X
+up to this character so here for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this character so here for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this character so here for example
+they don't match so it's the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't match so it's the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't match so it's the maximum of
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+values here they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here they do
+match okay so it's one plus the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match okay so it's one plus the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match okay so it's one plus the value
+here and I'm going to draw a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to draw a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to draw a line
+whenever I get a match I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I get a match I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I get a match I'm going to draw
+a line like that indicating that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line like that indicating that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line like that indicating that I had
+that first case the case where they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first case the case where they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first case the case where they they
+had a good match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a good match
+okay and so all I'm doing is applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so all I'm doing is applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so all I'm doing is applying
+that recursive formula from the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recursive formula from the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recursive formula from the theorem
+that we proved so here it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we proved so here it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we proved so here it's basically
+the they don't match so it's the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they don't match so it's the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they don't match so it's the maximum
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+two here they match so it's one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here they match so it's one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here they match so it's one plus
+that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy
+here they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they don't
+match so it's basically the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match so it's basically the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match so it's basically the maximum of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+two here they don't match the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here they don't match the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here they don't match the maximum
+here they match so it's one plus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they match so it's one plus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they match so it's one plus that
+guy so everybody understand how I filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so everybody understand how I filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so everybody understand how I filled
+out that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grow okay well then you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow okay well then you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow okay well then you guys can
+help Okay so this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what just call it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just call it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just call it out
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+good one because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one because it's the
+maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one two right this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two right this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two right this one
+now gets from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now gets from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now gets from
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero
+one because it's the maximum those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's the maximum those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's the maximum those
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two at that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay and our
+answer four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is blindingly fast code if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is blindingly fast code if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is blindingly fast code if
+you code this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you code this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you code this
+up okay because it gets to use the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay because it gets to use the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay because it gets to use the fact
+that modern machines in particular do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern machines in particular do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that modern machines in particular do
+very well on regular strides through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well on regular strides through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well on regular strides through
+memory so if you're just plowing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so if you're just plowing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so if you're just plowing through
+memory across like this okay and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory across like this okay and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory across like this okay and your
+two-dimensional array is stored in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional array is stored in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional array is stored in that
+order which it is in uh otherwise you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order which it is in uh otherwise you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order which it is in uh otherwise you go
+this way stored in that order okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way stored in that order okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way stored in that order okay it
+can you can just really this can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can just really this can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can just really this can really
+fly in terms of uh uh the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly in terms of uh uh the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly in terms of uh uh the speed of the
+calculation okay so how much time did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay so how much time did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay so how much time did
+this take us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yeah order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah order
+MN Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN Theta
+MN okaya MN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um we'll talk about space in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um we'll talk about space in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um we'll talk about space in just a
+minute okay so hold that question good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay so hold that question good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay so hold that question good
+question good question already wow good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question good question already wow good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question good question already wow good
+okay how do I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do I now
+um figure out remember we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um figure out remember we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um figure out remember we had the
+simplification we're going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification we're going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification we're going to just
+calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+length Okay turns out I can actually now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay turns out I can actually now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay turns out I can actually now
+figure out a uh a particular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a uh a particular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a uh a particular sequence
+that matches it Bic I do that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reconstruct the longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the longest common
+subsequence by tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+backwards so essentially I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so essentially I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so essentially I start
+here here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I have a
+choice because this one was dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because this one was dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because this one was dependent on
+since it doesn't have a bar here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it doesn't have a bar here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it doesn't have a bar here was
+dependent on one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on one of these
+two so let me go this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let me go this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so let me go this way
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+now I have a diagonal element here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a diagonal element here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a diagonal element here so
+what I'll do is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is simply
+Mark the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+character okay that uh that appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character okay that uh that appeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character okay that uh that appeared in
+those um positions as I go this way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um positions as I go this way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um positions as I go this way I
+have three here and now let me keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three here and now let me keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three here and now let me keep
+going three here and now I have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going three here and now I have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going three here and now I have another
+one so that means this character gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+selected and then I go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected and then I go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected and then I go up to
+here okay and then up to here and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and then up to here and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and then up to here and now I
+go diagonally again which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go diagonally again which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go diagonally again which means that
+this character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+selected and I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected and I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected and I go to
+here and then I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I go
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+then go here and this character is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go here and this character is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go here and this character is
+selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected
+so here's my longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my longest common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my longest common
+subsequence and this was just one path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence and this was just one path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence and this was just one path
+back I could have gone a path like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I could have gone a path like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I could have gone a path like this
+and gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten a
+different longest common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsequence okay so that simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence okay so that simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence okay so that simplification
+of just saying look let me just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just saying look let me just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just saying look let me just you know
+run backwards and figure it out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run backwards and figure it out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run backwards and figure it out that's
+that's actually pretty good okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually pretty good okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually pretty good okay because
+it means that I I by just uh by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that I I by just uh by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that I I by just uh by just
+calculating the value then figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the value then figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the value then figuring out
+these back pointers to to let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these back pointers to to let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these back pointers to to let me
+reconstruct it is a fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct it is a fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct it is a fairly simple
+process okay if I'd had to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay if I'd had to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay if I'd had to think about
+that to begin with it would have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to begin with it would have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to begin with it would have been a
+much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger
+mess okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess okay so the
+space just mentioned was order MN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space just mentioned was order MN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space just mentioned was order MN
+because we still need the table okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we still need the table okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we still need the table okay so
+you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+Min of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m&n okay to get to your question how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m&n okay to get to your question how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m&n okay to get to your question how do
+you do the Min of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m&n diagonal Stripes won't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m&n diagonal Stripes won't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m&n diagonal Stripes won't give
+you that'll give you the sum of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and going in Stripes maybe I'm not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going in Stripes maybe I'm not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going in Stripes maybe I'm not quite
+sure I know what you mean so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I know what you mean so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I know what you mean so you're
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+so what's the order I would do here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the order I would do here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the order I would do here so I
+would start I would do this one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start I would do this one first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start I would do this one first
+then which one would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then which one would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then which one would I
+do this this one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this this one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this this one this
+one and then this one this one this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this one this one this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this one this one this one
+like this that's a perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's a perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's a perfectly good
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so you're saying then so how am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you're saying then so how am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you're saying then so how am
+I keeping so I'm keeping the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keeping so I'm keeping the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keeping so I'm keeping the diagonal
+there all the time so you're saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all the time so you're saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all the time so you're saying the
+length of the is the Min of M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the is the Min of M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the is the Min of M and
+N I think that's right okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N I think that's right okay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N I think that's right okay there's
+there's another way you can do it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way you can do it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way you can do it a
+little bit more straightforward which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more straightforward which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more straightforward which is
+you compare M to n whichever is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare M to n whichever is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare M to n whichever is smaller
+well first of all let's just do if just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all let's just do if just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all let's just do if just
+this existing algorithm if I just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this existing algorithm if I just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this existing algorithm if I just simply
+did row by row I don't need more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did row by row I don't need more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did row by row I don't need more than
+the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row okay I just need one row at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay I just need one row at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay I just need one row at a time
+so I can go ahead and compute just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can go ahead and compute just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can go ahead and compute just one
+row because once I've computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row because once I've computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row because once I've computed the
+succeeding Row the first row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding Row the first row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding Row the first row is
+unimportant and in fact I don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant and in fact I don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant and in fact I don't even
+need the whole row all I need is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the whole row all I need is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the whole row all I need is just
+the current row that I'm on plus one L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current row that I'm on plus one L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current row that I'm on plus one L
+at two elements of the previous row plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two elements of the previous row plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two elements of the previous row plus
+this end of the previous row so I use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end of the previous row so I use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end of the previous row so I use a
+prefix of this row then two then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix of this row then two then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix of this row then two then an
+extra two elements and then the suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra two elements and then the suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra two elements and then the suffix
+of this row so it's actually you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this row so it's actually you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this row so it's actually you can do
+it with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with um
+one row plus order one element and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row plus order one element and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row plus order one element and then
+I can do it either running vertically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do it either running vertically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do it either running vertically or
+running horizontally whichever one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running horizontally whichever one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running horizontally whichever one is
+gives me the smaller space okay and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the smaller space okay and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the smaller space okay and it
+might be that your diagonal trick would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that your diagonal trick would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that your diagonal trick would
+work there too have to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh that's a good question so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh that's a good question so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh that's a good question so we can
+do the calculation of the length in run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the calculation of the length in run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the calculation of the length in run
+row plus order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row plus order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row plus order one
+elements okay and our exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is a Hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a Hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a Hard
+Exercise okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exercise okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exercise okay so
+so but a but a good one to do is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but a but a good one to do is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but a but a good one to do is to do
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reconstruct the LCS because the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the LCS because the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the LCS because the naive
+way that we were just doing it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we were just doing it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we were just doing it it's not
+clear how you would go backwards from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how you would go backwards from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how you would go backwards from
+that because You' the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because You' the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because You' the
+information okay so this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay so this is actually a
+very interesting and tricky problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting and tricky problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting and tricky problem and
+it turns out it succumbs of all things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it succumbs of all things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it succumbs of all things
+to divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conquer okay rather than some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer okay rather than some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer okay rather than some more
+straightforward tabular thing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward tabular thing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward tabular thing okay so
+very good uh practice for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good uh practice for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good uh practice for example for
+the upcoming take-home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upcoming take-home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upcoming take-home
+quiz okay which is all design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz okay which is all design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz okay which is all design and
+cleverness type quiz okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness type quiz okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness type quiz okay so this is a
+good one for people to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one for people to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one for people to take
+on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay
+so so this is basically the tabular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is basically the tabular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is basically the tabular
+method that's called dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that's called dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that's called dynamic
+programming okay memorization is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming okay memorization is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming okay memorization is not
+dynamic programming even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming even though it's
+related it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related it's
+memorization okay and we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization okay and we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization okay and we're going to see
+a whole bunch of other problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of other problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of other problems that
+succumb to dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succumb to dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succumb to dynamic programming
+uh approaches it's a very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approaches it's a very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approaches it's a very cool
+method okay uh and on the homework so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay uh and on the homework so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay uh and on the homework so
+let me just mention the homework again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just mention the homework again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just mention the homework again
+on the homework we're going to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the homework we're going to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the homework we're going to look at a
+problem called the edit distance problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called the edit distance problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called the edit distance problem
+edit distance is you're given two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit distance is you're given two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit distance is you're given two
+strings and you can imagine that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and you can imagine that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and you can imagine that you're
+typing at a keyboard with one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing at a keyboard with one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing at a keyboard with one of the
+strings there and what you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings there and what you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings there and what you have to do is
+by doing inserts and deletes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing inserts and deletes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing inserts and deletes and
+replaces and moving the cursor around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces and moving the cursor around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaces and moving the cursor around
+you got to transform one string to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to transform one string to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to transform one string to the
+next and each of those operations has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and each of those operations has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and each of those operations has a
+c cost and your job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c cost and your job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c cost and your job is to
+minimize the cost of transforming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the cost of transforming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the cost of transforming the
+one string into the other this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one string into the other this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one string into the other this actually
+turns out also to be useful for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out also to be useful for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out also to be useful for um
+computational biology applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology applications and
+in fact there have been um editors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there have been um editors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there have been um editors uh
+screen editors text editors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen editors text editors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen editors text editors that
+Implement algorithms of this nature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement algorithms of this nature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement algorithms of this nature in
+order to minimize the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to minimize the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to minimize the number of
+characters that have to be sent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters that have to be sent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters that have to be sent as
+IO um uh in and out of the of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO um uh in and out of the of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO um uh in and out of the of the system
+so the warning is you better get going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the warning is you better get going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the warning is you better get going
+on your programming on problem one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your programming on problem one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your programming on problem one on
+the homework today if at all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework today if at all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework today if at all possible
+because whenever I sign programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever I sign programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever I sign programming
+since we don't do that as sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't do that as sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't do that as sort of a
+routine thing I'm just concerned for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine thing I'm just concerned for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine thing I'm just concerned for
+some people that they will not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people that they will not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people that they will not be able
+to get things like the input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things like the input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things like the input and output
+to work and so forth we have example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and so forth we have example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and so forth we have example
+problems and such on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and such on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and such on the uh
+website uh and uh we also have um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh and uh we also have um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh and uh we also have um you
+can write it in any language you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it in any language you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it in any language you
+want okay including mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay including mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay including mat lab
+python you know whatever your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python you know whatever your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python you know whatever your favorite
+uh thing the solutions will be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thing the solutions will be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thing the solutions will be written
+in um Java and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um Java and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um Java and
+python okay so the fastest Solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python okay so the fastest Solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python okay so the fastest Solutions are
+likely to be written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be written in
+C okay you can also do it in Assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay you can also do it in Assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay you can also do it in Assembly
+Language if you if you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Language if you if you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Language if you if you care
+to you laugh I used to program be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you laugh I used to program be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you laugh I used to program be an
+Assembly Language programmer that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly Language programmer that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly Language programmer that was uh
+back in back in the days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in back in the days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in back in the days of
+your okay so I do encourage people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your okay so I do encourage people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your okay so I do encourage people to
+get started on this uh because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started on this uh because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started on this uh because um
+because this is uh let me mention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is uh let me mention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is uh let me mention the
+other thing is that this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is that this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is that this particular
+problem on this problem set is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on this problem set is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on this problem set is an
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+mandatory uh problem okay all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory uh problem okay all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory uh problem okay all the
+problems are mandatory but as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are mandatory but as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are mandatory but as you know
+you can skip them and it doesn't hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can skip them and it doesn't hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can skip them and it doesn't hurt
+you too much if you only skip one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too much if you only skip one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you too much if you only skip one or two
+this one you skip hurts big time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you skip hurts big time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you skip hurts big time one
+letter grade must be done
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VHnwjl4rYX8.txt b/VHnwjl4rYX8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22fc871de6feb4d079b2d1615dece092056add82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VHnwjl4rYX8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+HANSOL: Hey!
+
+Time for lab.
+
+PHIL: This is probably the
+hardest experiment, so--
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+NARRATOR: So far in 5.301, the
+students have learned many of
+
+the techniques that organic
+chemists use every day.
+
+Today they'll learn column
+chromatography.
+
+It's the last technique before
+their original research
+
+project next week.
+
+They are growing more
+comfortable in the lab, but
+
+Phil puts their new-found
+confidence in perspective.
+
+PHIL: On an average
+day in my life,
+
+I'll set up two reactions.
+
+I'll do two extractions
+and run two columns.
+
+So when you think about all the
+things that you've done
+
+over the past two weeks, the
+goal is, essentially, to be
+
+able to do all of
+that in one day.
+
+5.301 CLASS: One,
+two,three, chem!
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+NARRATOR: And so it begins.
+
+But packing and running
+a column is not easy.
+
+PHIL: Yeah, ideally for this
+experiment, you would have one
+
+mentor mentoring each student.
+
+TENGFEI: I'm so nervous
+for them.
+
+DAN: Feifei made me
+feel like this lab
+
+is much more difficult.
+
+IKE: Hopefully, it's not as bad
+as they say it will be.
+
+NARRATOR: Column chromatography
+is another way
+
+to separate mixtures.
+
+The students first pack the
+column with a special powder.
+
+Then, they load the
+mixture on top.
+
+The target molecule is
+benzylacetone, and it's
+
+contaminated with guaiazulene,
+a dark blue impurity.
+
+As the mixture is washed down
+the column, the target sticks
+
+to the solid powder more
+strongly than the contaminant,
+
+so the mixture separates into
+two narrow bands which come
+
+out of the column at
+different times.
+
+As the TAs thought, everyone
+is stumbling over the first
+
+simple step.
+
+And the problems just
+keep coming.
+
+FRED: The sand staticed itself
+all the way up my column, blew
+
+it out the top and
+into my face.
+
+TENGFEI: Yeah, this is better.
+
+[Inaudible]
+
+is on the ball.
+
+ANTHONY: I should have turned
+off the air, but it keeps
+
+going down.
+
+So the air's not on?
+
+ROO-RA: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's not good.
+
+If there's bubbles in there,
+you're in trouble.
+
+ROO-RA: It's barbaric.
+
+TENGFEI: You're really bad.
+
+NARRATOR: How do the students
+deal with the pressure?
+
+PHIL: And so the silica
+gel does not...
+
+[Glass breaking].
+
+NARRATOR: They break stuff,
+lots of stuff.
+
+How do the TAs deal
+with the pressure?
+
+Feifei gets giddy.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+TENGFEI: Like in Chinese
+tradition--
+
+ANTHONY: If we pour together?
+
+TENGFEI: Yeah.
+
+ANTHONY: What does it mean?
+
+TENGFEI: When you are
+getting married.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+ANTHONY: I'm getting married,
+apparently.
+
+Take two cups and pour them into
+each other-- you wait.
+
+Thank you, finally.
+
+Are you sure that was
+10 mililiters?
+
+ROO-RA: Yes.
+
+ANTHONY: Don't steal my--
+
+(SINGING) The whole day
+through, just an old--
+
+I'm not going to do
+that right now.
+
+No.
+
+She keeps me grounded.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+NARRATOR: And Phil?
+
+Phil just goes rogue.
+
+PHIL: You could, like...There
+are some people I
+
+would love to [BLEEP]
+
+poke with this.
+
+Just like poke the [BLEEP]
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+ANTHONY: This is exactly
+what I want, right?
+
+PHIL: Yeah.
+
+FRED: I'm finally finished.
+
+IKE: Yeah, this collected
+my stuff.
+
+NARRATOR: But in end, everyone
+runs a great column and
+
+purifies their product.
+
+ANTHONY: My sample is pure.
+
+There are no other peaks where
+there shouldn't be peaks.
+
+LINA: Actually, I think my
+favorite experiment was the
+
+flash chromatography.
+
+ANTHONY: Even though it was
+hard, I felt like, I don't
+
+know, like a chemist, almost.
+
+HANSOL: I liked watching the
+column and putting the air
+
+pressure down.
+
+And I loved switching
+the tubes.
+
+It was so fun.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+ANTHONY: Oh, I'm not
+wearing my goggles.
+
+That's bad.
+
+I really should have been
+wearing my goggles that day.
+
+There's no excuse.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/W20WvURZAIE.txt b/W20WvURZAIE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da62aaa91d235188ca83a169c01f7cb66c441ed4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/W20WvURZAIE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13720 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh so as I was saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh so as I was saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh so as I was saying what
+we want to do is get up through uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is get up through uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is get up through uh use
+of some of these statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these statistical
+distributions for making hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions for making hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions for making hypotheses
+tests and understanding the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and understanding the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and understanding the relationship
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh uh probabilities associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh probabilities associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh probabilities associated with
+hypotheses such as a point belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses such as a point belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses such as a point belongs to
+this distribution or that distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution or that distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution or that distribution
+and that will set the ground for talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will set the ground for talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will set the ground for talking
+about statistical process control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about statistical process control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about statistical process control and
+SPC charting where you're asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPC charting where you're asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPC charting where you're asking the
+question of a new piece of data off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of a new piece of data off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of a new piece of data off of
+the manufacturing line does that piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing line does that piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing line does that piece
+of data come from the in control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data come from the in control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data come from the in control
+distribution or does it come from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or does it come from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or does it come from some
+outof control distribution so it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outof control distribution so it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outof control distribution so it's all
+about probabilities on on S SPC charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probabilities on on S SPC charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probabilities on on S SPC charts
+and uh we we want to sort of build up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we we want to sort of build up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we we want to sort of build up uh
+the rest of the Machinery that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Machinery that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Machinery that we need
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today to do that one of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to do that one of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to do that one of the sort of
+subtle things that we have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle things that we have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle things that we have to understand
+a bit more about is sampling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more about is sampling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more about is sampling and
+sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+distributions and really what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and really what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and really what we're
+dealing with here is issues of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here is issues of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here is issues of uh the
+use of stat statistics dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of stat statistics dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of stat statistics dealing with
+observed data and I have sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data and I have sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data and I have sort of this
+philosophical picture of what I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical picture of what I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical picture of what I think of
+as statistics being and that's our real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as statistics being and that's our real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as statistics being and that's our real
+goal in statistics is to reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in statistics is to reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in statistics is to reason about
+think about uh and be able to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh and be able to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh and be able to argue
+about uh processes in RC's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh processes in RC's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh processes in RC's real
+manufacturing processes when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes when there's
+uncertainty in those processes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in those processes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in those processes there's
+noise there's other things we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise there's other things we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise there's other things we don't know
+but the key idea in statistics is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key idea in statistics is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key idea in statistics is we are
+getting some evidence we're getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some evidence we're getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some evidence we're getting some
+data and what we want to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and what we want to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and what we want to be able to do
+is use that data to start to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is use that data to start to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is use that data to start to infer
+things back about the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things back about the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things back about the underlying
+population the underlying process or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the underlying process or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the underlying process or
+distribution so there are some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so there are some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so there are some sort of
+preconditions in here uh a lot of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditions in here uh a lot of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditions in here uh a lot of what I
+said here is uh we're reasoning based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here is uh we're reasoning based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here is uh we're reasoning based on
+evidence from observed data but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from observed data but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from observed data but that
+really means we are taking fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means we are taking fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means we are taking fundamentally
+a probability model of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability model of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability model of what's going on
+and we talked last time uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked last time uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked last time uh for example
+about uh assumptions with normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh assumptions with normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh assumptions with normal
+distributions and uh parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and uh parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and uh parameters of
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+distributions what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions what we're going to do
+today is kind of focus a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is kind of focus a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is kind of focus a little bit more
+on evidence coming from finite sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on evidence coming from finite sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on evidence coming from finite sets of
+observations drawn from that population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations drawn from that population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations drawn from that population
+and then calculations we do on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then calculations we do on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then calculations we do on that
+simple calculations like calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculations like calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculations like calculating the
+sample mean and then we have this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean and then we have this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean and then we have this number
+the sample mean what's it really telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean what's it really telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean what's it really telling
+us what what can we infer back about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what what can we infer back about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what what can we infer back about the
+underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying
+distribution uh what the true mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh what the true mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh what the true mean of
+the underlying population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying population
+is and then a little bit later we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then a little bit later we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then a little bit later we'll
+flesh this out more but already even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flesh this out more but already even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flesh this out more but already even as
+we start building these simple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start building these simple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start building these simple uh
+arguments based on our data we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments based on our data we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments based on our data we have an
+underlying implicit model of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying implicit model of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying implicit model of the process
+it may be a purely probabalistic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be a purely probabalistic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be a purely probabalistic model
+saying it has a certain mean in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it has a certain mean in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it has a certain mean in a
+gaussian distribution or a certain mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian distribution or a certain mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian distribution or a certain mean
+in a normal or a uniform or a pan there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a normal or a uniform or a pan there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a normal or a uniform or a pan there
+is a model there and so we have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model there and so we have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model there and so we have to keep
+in mind that that it's it is it is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that that it's it is it is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that that it's it is it is only
+a model um a little bit later we'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model um a little bit later we'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model um a little bit later we'll also
+build up other kinds of functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up other kinds of functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up other kinds of functional
+relationships when we get to things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships when we get to things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships when we get to things like
+response surface modeling but for now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling but for now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response surface modeling but for now uh
+these are relatively simple models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are relatively simple models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are relatively simple models
+mostly focused on the probabilistic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly focused on the probabilistic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly focused on the probabilistic uh
+or sto IC nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sto IC nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sto IC nature of
+that so here's the plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's the plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's the plan for
+today uh what we're going to do is talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh what we're going to do is talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh what we're going to do is talk
+a little bit about sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about sampling
+distributions um we touched on this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um we touched on this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um we touched on this a
+little bit last time when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit last time when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit last time when we talked
+about the distribution of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distribution of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the distribution of the sum of
+random variables and the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and the central limit
+theorem or the sum or the average uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or the sum or the average uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or the sum or the average uh
+always tends towards the normal in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tends towards the normal in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tends towards the normal in some
+of the cases we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cases we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cases we're going to be
+calculating things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating things
+like the sample s squared the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sample s squared the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sample s squared the sample
+variant that are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant that are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant that are not going to be
+normally distributed they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed they will have
+other statistical shapes or statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other statistical shapes or statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other statistical shapes or statistical
+distributions such as the kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions such as the kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions such as the kai
+squared uh there will be other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh there will be other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh there will be other cases
+where the student T distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the student T distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the student T distribution is
+operable so we want to get a sense of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operable so we want to get a sense of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operable so we want to get a sense of of
+these sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sampling
+distributions um and understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um and understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um and understand how to
+use those to make not only Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those to make not only Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those to make not only Point
+estimates that is our best of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates that is our best of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates that is our best of things
+like the underlying population mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the underlying population mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the underlying population mean but
+also confidence intervals where with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also confidence intervals where with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also confidence intervals where with
+some probability we think the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability we think the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability we think the true mean
+lies or or with some probability we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies or or with some probability we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies or or with some probability we
+think the true variance lies based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the true variance lies based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the true variance lies based on
+one set of observations so that's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of observations so that's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of observations so that's uh uh
+where the sampling distributions come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sampling distributions come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sampling distributions come
+into play and we'll we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play and we'll we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play and we'll we'll talk about the
+effects of sample size on that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of sample size on that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of sample size on that as well
+as things like what kind of inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things like what kind of inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things like what kind of inferences
+these point and confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these point and confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these point and confidence interval
+inferences we can make on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences we can make on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences we can make on
+those okay and then again leading up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay and then again leading up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay and then again leading up
+towards hypothesis testing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards hypothesis testing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards hypothesis testing and then
+really this will be for uh next next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this will be for uh next next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this will be for uh next next
+time we'll dive into SPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charts okay so here's how we typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts okay so here's how we typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts okay so here's how we typically
+are using sampling we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using sampling we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using sampling we have some
+underlying I I'll refer to it as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying I I'll refer to it as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying I I'll refer to it as the the
+the population distribution or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population distribution or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population distribution or sometimes
+the parent distribution it's the set or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent distribution it's the set or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent distribution it's the set or
+Universe of all possible Parts say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe of all possible Parts say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe of all possible Parts say
+coming off your manufacturing line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off your manufacturing line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off your manufacturing line or
+all possible uh observations what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible uh observations what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible uh observations what we're
+typically going to do do is just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically going to do do is just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically going to do do is just draw
+some number some finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number some finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number some finite number of
+samples some n samples uh of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples some n samples uh of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples some n samples uh of the of the
+process output so some X subi drawn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process output so some X subi drawn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process output so some X subi drawn from
+a a parent distribution with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a parent distribution with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a parent distribution with some
+pdfp okay and what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdfp okay and what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdfp okay and what we're going to be
+doing is calculating these sample means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is calculating these sample means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is calculating these sample means
+sample variance other sorts of sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample variance other sorts of sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample variance other sorts of sample
+statistics key Point here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics key Point here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics key Point here is the
+underlying process that basic variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying process that basic variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying process that basic variable X
+has a probability distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probability distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probability distribution function
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+it this new variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this new variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this new variable
+xar that we calculate this statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar that we calculate this statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar that we calculate this statistic
+that we calculate also has a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we calculate also has a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we calculate also has a probability
+density function associated with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function associated with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density function associated with it and
+it's a different one than the parent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different one than the parent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different one than the parent one
+and so what we'll need to understand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we'll need to understand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we'll need to understand is
+what those probability distributions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those probability distributions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those probability distributions are
+that arise from sampling and then how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arise from sampling and then how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arise from sampling and then how to
+work backwards from those to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work backwards from those to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work backwards from those to make
+inferences about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the
+parent now a quick thing I guess there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent now a quick thing I guess there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent now a quick thing I guess there's
+both definitions on this slide but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both definitions on this slide but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both definitions on this slide but also
+a uh quick thing about uh uh definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh quick thing about uh uh definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh quick thing about uh uh definitions
+or terminology or notation uh that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or terminology or notation uh that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or terminology or notation uh that I
+like to use uh and in particular I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use uh and in particular I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use uh and in particular I'm
+again distinguishing between the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again distinguishing between the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again distinguishing between the uh
+population or parent distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population or parent distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population or parent distribution and
+then these sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these sample
+statistics and typically when I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and typically when I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and typically when I talk
+about truth or the population as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about truth or the population as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about truth or the population as a whole
+we're using uh Greek variables like mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using uh Greek variables like mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using uh Greek variables like mu
+Sigma uh row XY for the the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma uh row XY for the the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma uh row XY for the the correlation
+coefficient and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and those
+expectations those different moments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations those different moments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations those different moments are
+calcul ated over the entire population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcul ated over the entire population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcul ated over the entire population
+typically we're doing those analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we're doing those analytically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we're doing those analytically
+if we have a closed form description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a closed form description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a closed form description of
+what the what the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the population
+is in contrast I'm typically use Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in contrast I'm typically use Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in contrast I'm typically use Roman
+characters you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters you know
+XS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XS
+rxy for example to indicate the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rxy for example to indicate the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rxy for example to indicate the finite
+sample statistics calculated from some n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample statistics calculated from some n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample statistics calculated from some n
+uh number of observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of observations
+and so that's when we have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's when we have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's when we have a finite
+discrete number of of uh observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete number of of uh observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete number of of uh observations
+and we have SIMPLE formulas for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have SIMPLE formulas for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have SIMPLE formulas for the
+calculation of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of those
+statistics um a little bit later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics um a little bit later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics um a little bit later in the
+term we will come back and start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we will come back and start to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we will come back and start to look
+in particular at co-variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular at co-variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular at co-variance and
+correlation between two different random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between two different random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between two different random
+variables some X and Y those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables some X and Y those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables some X and Y those are
+especially important when we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important when we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important when we're looking
+for functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for functional
+dependencies right now we're simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies right now we're simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies right now we're simply
+looking at one set of data or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one set of data or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one set of data or one
+population one random variable X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population one random variable X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population one random variable X so
+we'll we'll focus on univariate stuff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today there is a term random sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there is a term random sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there is a term random sampling
+that actually has a technical definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually has a technical definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually has a technical definition
+that I want to point out that's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to point out that's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to point out that's a uh
+very close to sort of the intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to sort of the intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to sort of the intuitive
+notion here but it actually is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion here but it actually is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion here but it actually is a little
+bit stronger in uh requirements for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit stronger in uh requirements for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit stronger in uh requirements for for
+its definition we said sampling is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its definition we said sampling is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its definition we said sampling is this
+act of you know taking some finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act of you know taking some finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act of you know taking some finite
+observations out of a population random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations out of a population random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations out of a population random
+sampling is when every observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling is when every observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling is when every observation that
+we pull is identically distributed has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull is identically distributed has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull is identically distributed has
+the same PDF associated with it and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same PDF associated with it and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same PDF associated with it and is
+independent from any other sample that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from any other sample that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from any other sample that
+we pull from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull from that
+population okay and this is would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay and this is would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay and this is would not
+always naturally be the case if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always naturally be the case if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always naturally be the case if you had
+uh for example finite populations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example finite populations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example finite populations and
+you pulled out a sample held it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pulled out a sample held it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pulled out a sample held it in your
+hand recorded it pulled out another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand recorded it pulled out another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand recorded it pulled out another
+sample for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample for
+example um imagine that you've got a bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um imagine that you've got a bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um imagine that you've got a bag
+of you know 17 blue and red marbles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know 17 blue and red marbles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know 17 blue and red marbles in
+it and I pull a marble out and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I pull a marble out and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I pull a marble out and it's
+red I hold it in my hand and I pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red I hold it in my hand and I pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red I hold it in my hand and I pull
+another marble out do you think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another marble out do you think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another marble out do you think I'm
+sampling from the same underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from the same underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from the same underlying
+distribution no right right because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution no right right because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution no right right because I've
+did not replace that original marble so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not replace that original marble so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not replace that original marble so
+now the mix of blue and red marbles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the mix of blue and red marbles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the mix of blue and red marbles is
+different within that bag and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different within that bag and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different within that bag and the
+probability is different it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is different it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is different it is not
+identical and independent anymore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and independent anymore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and independent anymore the
+observation that I made first based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that I made first based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that I made first based on
+the first draw changes the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first draw changes the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first draw changes the probability
+for for later draws changes the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for later draws changes the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for later draws changes the uh uh
+there is there is uh dependence as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there is uh dependence as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there is uh dependence as well
+as no longer an identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as no longer an identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as no longer an identical
+distribution so we're when we do random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we're when we do random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we're when we do random
+sampling as I'm defining it here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling as I'm defining it here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling as I'm defining it here and
+random sampling for calculation of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sampling for calculation of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sampling for calculation of some
+of these sampling distributions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sampling distributions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sampling distributions we're
+assuming if it's coming from a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming if it's coming from a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming if it's coming from a finite
+population you would always put the put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you would always put the put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you would always put the put
+the observation back in and do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation back in and do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation back in and do another
+sample from the same pool um typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from the same pool um typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from the same pool um typically
+what you're often doing is assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're often doing is assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're often doing is assuming
+there's no connection from one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no connection from one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no connection from one to the
+other and the same process physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the same process physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the same process physics is
+operable from one point in time to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operable from one point in time to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operable from one point in time to the
+next so we are typically making this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so we are typically making this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so we are typically making this I
+this independent and identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this independent and identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this independent and identically
+distributed um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed um uh
+assumption okay and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption okay and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption okay and then we're going to
+again as I said calculate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I said calculate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I said calculate some
+statistics from those ultimately when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics from those ultimately when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics from those ultimately when
+you have a sample sample of size 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sample sample of size 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sample sample of size 14
+drawn from a big population you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a big population you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a big population you
+calculate xar what do you get a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate xar what do you get a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate xar what do you get a number
+you get an actual number right because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an actual number right because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an actual number right because I
+I I observed those 14 things measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I observed those 14 things measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I observed those 14 things measured
+length or whatever it was that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or whatever it was that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or whatever it was that I was
+I I was measuring on those um so a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was measuring on those um so a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I was measuring on those um so a key
+Point here is that the statistic is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is that the statistic is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is that the statistic is a
+function of the sample and the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the sample and the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the sample and the sample
+data and so it's actually a value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so it's actually a value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so it's actually a value that
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+compute if I do that you know I grab one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute if I do that you know I grab one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute if I do that you know I grab one
+sample I calculate that xar I've got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample I calculate that xar I've got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample I calculate that xar I've got one
+number if I were to go back and draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if I were to go back and draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if I were to go back and draw
+another sample from that distribution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sample from that distribution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sample from that distribution I
+get a different number and so if I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a different number and so if I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a different number and so if I keep
+going back and drawing multiple multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and drawing multiple multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and drawing multiple multiple
+samples that's how you build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that's how you build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that's how you build up a
+distribution function associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function associated with
+that statistic that that calculation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statistic that that calculation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statistic that that calculation so
+that's where these this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where these this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where these this notion of
+Statistics xar or whatever as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics xar or whatever as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics xar or whatever as a random
+variable also comes into play for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable also comes into play for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable also comes into play for any
+one sample it's a number but when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sample it's a number but when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sample it's a number but when I go
+and make take multiple samples multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make take multiple samples multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make take multiple samples multiple
+sets of n now I build up a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of n now I build up a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of n now I build up a a
+distribution function associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function associated with
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+um I'm going to switch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to switch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to switch here
+to do I want to no I'm going to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I want to no I'm going to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I want to no I'm going to switch
+to uh this is this is here on the web I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh this is this is here on the web I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh this is this is here on the web I
+mentioned last time this uh very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+website I don't even know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I don't even know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I don't even know what the
+acronym stands for this sticky gooey uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym stands for this sticky gooey uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym stands for this sticky gooey uh
+it's uh out of the Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh out of the Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh out of the Department of
+Statistics at Berkeley it's got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics at Berkeley it's got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics at Berkeley it's got a lot of
+different uh I guess sort of an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh I guess sort of an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh I guess sort of an online
+course kind of thing but what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course kind of thing but what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course kind of thing but what I really
+like in this is the uh tools tab so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this is the uh tools tab so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this is the uh tools tab so if I
+go to that tools tab let me do that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that tools tab let me do that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that tools tab let me do that it's
+got a number of these little Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a number of these little Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a number of these little Java
+utilities online and one that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities online and one that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities online and one that I want to
+look at here first is sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at here first is sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at here first is sampling
+distributions so let's see let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+load loading up Java here okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load loading up Java here okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load loading up Java here okay so here's
+an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+of sampling from some op priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sampling from some op priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sampling from some op priori
+distribution and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and this is actually
+drawing from a uniform distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from a uniform distribution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from a uniform distribution with
+uh discrete values 0 1 2 3 and four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discrete values 0 1 2 3 and four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discrete values 0 1 2 3 and four so
+that's our underlying true population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our underlying true population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our underlying true population
+and they all have equal probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have equal probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have equal probabilities
+and what I'm going to do is calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is calculate a
+I'm going to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a
+sample down here at the bottom it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample down here at the bottom it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample down here at the bottom it's a
+sample of size five so I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size five so I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size five so I'm going to do
+random sampling with replacement so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sampling with replacement so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sampling with replacement so I'm
+going to draw five independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw five independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw five independent and
+identically distributed samples out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed samples out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed samples out of
+that underlying parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying parent
+distribution then I'm going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then I'm going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then I'm going to calculate
+some statistic what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistic what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistic what I want to do is
+actually calculate the sample mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the sample mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the sample mean so
+there in blue is our underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in blue is our underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in blue is our underlying
+population let me take one sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population let me take one sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population let me take one sample of
+size five calculate the mean and plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size five calculate the mean and plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size five calculate the mean and plot it
+there it is it's a mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is it's a mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is it's a mean of
+1.4 let me take another sample if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 let me take another sample if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 let me take another sample if I take
+another sample do you think the value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sample do you think the value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sample do you think the value is
+going to be 1. .4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1. .4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1. .4
+again well might be but probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again well might be but probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again well might be but probably not
+right okay let's see what happens oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay let's see what happens oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay let's see what happens oh
+there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+2.4 me do a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more so the green bars are popping up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so the green bars are popping up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so the green bars are popping up as
+I I think I've done something like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I've done something like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think I've done something like one
+two three four five something like eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five something like eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five something like eight
+different samples each of size five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different samples each of size five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different samples each of size five
+plotted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted the
+mean now to speed things up that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean now to speed things up that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean now to speed things up that can
+keep taking more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep taking more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep taking more and more
+samples what distri usion to think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples what distri usion to think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples what distri usion to think this
+is trending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trending
+to normal down here at the bottom I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normal down here at the bottom I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normal down here at the bottom I can
+take samples that are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take samples that are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take samples that are a little bit
+larger or let me take excuse me the take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger or let me take excuse me the take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger or let me take excuse me the take
+thing tells me how many samples I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing tells me how many samples I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing tells me how many samples I'm
+taking so I don't have to just take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking so I don't have to just take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking so I don't have to just take one
+sample of five plot it I can take 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of five plot it I can take 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of five plot it I can take 10
+samples of five each of five and plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of five each of five and plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of five each of five and plot it
+so it's just speeding up my button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just speeding up my button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just speeding up my button
+clicks so that we can get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks so that we can get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks so that we can get a little bit
+better shape on that so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shape on that so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shape on that so there's the
+point that's a very fast fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's a very fast fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's a very fast fascinating
+point I find it fascinating that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I find it fascinating that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I find it fascinating that I can
+sample from a non-normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from a non-normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from a non-normal distribution
+take the average the sample average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average the sample average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average the sample average
+right xbar and over lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right xbar and over lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right xbar and over lots and lots of
+sampling I get a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling I get a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling I get a normal
+distribution what else what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what else what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what else what other
+observations or what other uh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations or what other uh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations or what other uh points
+might you make about that green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you make about that green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you make about that green
+distribution what do you think is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what do you think is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what do you think is true
+about that green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that green
+distribution there's a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there's a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution there's a really important
+fact which motivates why we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which motivates why we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which motivates why we can't
+calculate X bars all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate X bars all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate X bars all the time and
+believe the numbers that come out of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the numbers that come out of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the numbers that come out of an
+xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation centers around two it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation centers around two it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation centers around two it's
+centered around two now out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around two now out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around two now out of the
+number 0 1 2 3 and four what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 0 1 2 3 and four what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 0 1 2 3 and four what do you
+think the average is the true average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the average is the true average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the average is the true average
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+so uh one thing that's very nice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one thing that's very nice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one thing that's very nice about
+the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample
+mean is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is that
+it Trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Trends
+toward the true population mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the true population mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the true population mean it's
+unbiased that if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased that if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased that if I were to
+take enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take enough
+samples the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples the average
+of or the mean of all of these sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or the mean of all of these sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or the mean of all of these sample
+averages is equal to the true underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages is equal to the true underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages is equal to the true underlying
+population mean it's unbiased doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population mean it's unbiased doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population mean it's unbiased doesn't
+have a bias or Delta a fixed Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bias or Delta a fixed Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bias or Delta a fixed Delta a
+fixed offset error in it it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed offset error in it it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed offset error in it it is an
+unbiased estimator so I can take take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator so I can take take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator so I can take take
+lots and build that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and build that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and build that
+up turns out there's another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up turns out there's another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up turns out there's another thing
+that's true um which I don't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true um which I don't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true um which I don't want to go
+into and don't want to try to prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and don't want to try to prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and don't want to try to prove uh
+but it it it turns out that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it it turns out that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it it turns out that uh the
+sample mean is also the not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is also the not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is also the not only
+unbiased but it's also the minimum error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased but it's also the minimum error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased but it's also the minimum error
+estimator so on on on average it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator so on on on average it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator so on on on average it's the
+best estimator of the mean that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimator of the mean that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best estimator of the mean that you can
+use as a as a statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as a as a statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as a as a statistic
+meaning its distribution in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning its distribution in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning its distribution in some sense
+is the narrowest the xar distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the narrowest the xar distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the narrowest the xar distribution is
+the narrowest estimator you can have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrowest estimator you can have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrowest estimator you can have for
+um uh trying to calculate the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh trying to calculate the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh trying to calculate the sample
+mean based on your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean based on your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean based on your your your
+distributions now another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions now another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions now another important
+thing that comes up here is at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes up here is at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes up here is at least a
+few of the times I got a sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of the times I got a sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of the times I got a sample mean
+that was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.6 is it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you drew just one sample it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drew just one sample it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drew just one sample it's quite
+possible out of this set of four I drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible out of this set of four I drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible out of this set of four I drew
+a sample of size five I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of size five I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample of size five I might have
+gotten a value of 0.6 that's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a value of 0.6 that's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a value of 0.6 that's all the
+data you have what's your best guess for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you have what's your best guess for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you have what's your best guess for
+the true mean of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean of the underlying
+population that's 0.6 whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's 0.6 whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's 0.6 whatever that
+value was but now there is some spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value was but now there is some spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value was but now there is some spread
+on it and so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and so if you're
+wise you would also start to want to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise you would also start to want to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise you would also start to want to to
+hedge your bets a little bit here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge your bets a little bit here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge your bets a little bit here right
+you want to be able to say my best guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to say my best guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to say my best guess
+is 0.5 but I think I'm only drawing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.5 but I think I'm only drawing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.5 but I think I'm only drawing a
+sample of size five so I know there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size five so I know there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size five so I know there is
+in fact this kind of gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this kind of gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this kind of gaussian
+spread and I think the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and I think the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and I think the true mean
+probably lies within some range of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably lies within some range of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably lies within some range of that
+and so you would like to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you would like to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you would like to have this
+confidence interval idea we'll get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval idea we'll get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval idea we'll get back
+to that a little bit later uh in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that a little bit later uh in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that a little bit later uh in fact
+there's another very nice little tool in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another very nice little tool in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another very nice little tool in
+here for illustrating confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for illustrating confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for illustrating confidence
+intervals uh that we'll we'll use at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals uh that we'll we'll use at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals uh that we'll we'll use at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+point I want to do one more thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to do one more thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to do one more thing and
+then we'll go back back to the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go back back to the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go back back to the lecture
+slides one of the neat things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides one of the neat things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides one of the neat things you can do
+with this tool and it's lots of fun for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this tool and it's lots of fun for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this tool and it's lots of fun for
+you guys to you know connect up with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to you know connect up with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to you know connect up with and
+play with is you can change the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with is you can change the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with is you can change the sample
+size let's say you wanted a better or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size let's say you wanted a better or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size let's say you wanted a better or a
+tighter estimate for the for the xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter estimate for the for the xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter estimate for the for the xar
+you're not happy with the idea that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not happy with the idea that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not happy with the idea that some
+sometimes with fairly substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes with fairly substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes with fairly substantial
+probability you might be off by plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you might be off by plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you might be off by plus or
+minus one you might you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one you might you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one you might you know you have a
+substantial probability of estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial probability of estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial probability of estimating
+say uh the or guessing the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh the or guessing the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh the or guessing the sample mean
+to be more than one value away from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more than one value away from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more than one value away from uh
+the true population mean what might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true population mean what might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true population mean what might you
+do to try to improve your likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to try to improve your likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to try to improve your likelihood of
+being closer to the true mean when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being closer to the true mean when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being closer to the true mean when
+you're doing sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing sampling
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+samples more samples I guess you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples more samples I guess you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples more samples I guess you could
+do more samples but in some sense really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more samples but in some sense really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more samples but in some sense really
+that's instead of taking one sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's instead of taking one sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's instead of taking one sample of
+size five and another sample of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size five and another sample of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size five and another sample of size
+five that's like one sample of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that's like one sample of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that's like one sample of size
+10 larger samples yeah larger samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 larger samples yeah larger samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 larger samples yeah larger samples
+larger samples so uh if I do that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger samples so uh if I do that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger samples so uh if I do that here
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+take instead of samples of size five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take instead of samples of size five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take instead of samples of size five
+let's do a modest increase increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a modest increase increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a modest increase increase
+first and take samples of size 10 see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and take samples of size 10 see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and take samples of size 10 see
+what happens now oops let me just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now oops let me just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now oops let me just do
+whoops okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops okay that's
+good I'm taking a lot of samples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I'm taking a lot of samples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I'm taking a lot of samples here
+taking several hundred samples each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking several hundred samples each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking several hundred samples each of
+size 10 and sure enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 10 and sure enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 10 and sure enough that
+distribution is a little bit tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is a little bit tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is a little bit tighter
+let's say if I took a really big sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if I took a really big sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if I took a really big sample
+sample of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size
+100 yeah looking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 yeah looking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 yeah looking a lot
+tighter so one question is we know as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter so one question is we know as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter so one question is we know as I
+take Lar ler samples the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Lar ler samples the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Lar ler samples the distribution
+gets tighter one of the things we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets tighter one of the things we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets tighter one of the things we want
+to do is understand how much tighter do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is understand how much tighter do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is understand how much tighter do
+they get okay uh as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get okay uh as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get okay uh as a function of the
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample
+size so it turns out let me go back now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to it turns out that if I'm sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it turns out that if I'm sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it turns out that if I'm sampling
+from uh a parent distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh a parent distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh a parent distribution the
+variance in the estimate of that xar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the estimate of that xar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in the estimate of that xar or
+the PDF the variance uh uh of xar itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF the variance uh uh of xar itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF the variance uh uh of xar itself
+shrinks with size n and it the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks with size n and it the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks with size n and it the variance
+in fact scales as one over n it scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact scales as one over n it scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact scales as one over n it scales
+inversely proportional to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely proportional to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely proportional to the size of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sample um that's true always as you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample um that's true always as you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample um that's true always as you take
+larger numbers of samples for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger numbers of samples for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger numbers of samples for the
+special case if my underlying population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case if my underlying population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case if my underlying population
+is in in fact really a true has a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in in fact really a true has a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in in fact really a true has a true
+probability distribution function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function that
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+normal then it turns out that xbar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then it turns out that xbar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then it turns out that xbar is
+not just trending towards the normal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just trending towards the normal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just trending towards the normal but
+is itself even for very small numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself even for very small numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is itself even for very small numbers of
+samples also a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples also a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples also a normal
+distribution so in that little demo I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so in that little demo I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so in that little demo I
+showed you drawing from a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you drawing from a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you drawing from a uniform
+distribution for large enough ends large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for large enough ends large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for large enough ends large
+enough samples large enough numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough samples large enough numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough samples large enough numbers of
+samples the mean does Trend towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples the mean does Trend towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples the mean does Trend towards
+towards a gaussian but but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a gaussian but but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a gaussian but but it's it's
+even a stronger statement a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a stronger statement a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a stronger statement a stronger
+relationship uh if the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship uh if the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship uh if the underlying
+population is itself normal so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is itself normal so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is itself normal so let's say
+we start with a underlying random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with a underlying random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with a underlying random
+variable an underlying process X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable an underlying process X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable an underlying process X that
+has some mean and some variance now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some mean and some variance now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some mean and some variance now if I
+take samples of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take samples of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take samples of size
+one and plot out the distribution what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and plot out the distribution what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and plot out the distribution what
+do you think it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like yeah I'm just repeating I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah I'm just repeating I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah I'm just repeating I'm
+replicating my underlying distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating my underlying distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating my underlying distribution
+right so for the special case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for the special case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for the special case of a
+sample of size one if I do that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size one if I do that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of size one if I do that long
+enough I build up the same distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I build up the same distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I build up the same distribution
+but now if I take larger numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I take larger numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if I take larger numbers of
+samples even a little bit with n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples even a little bit with n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples even a little bit with n equals
+2 again we get that effect that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 again we get that effect that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 again we get that effect that we saw
+with the sticky gooey of the narrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sticky gooey of the narrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sticky gooey of the narrowing
+of the distribution the PDF associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution the PDF associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the distribution the PDF associated
+with the xar and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the xar and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the xar and in
+particular the PD DF or the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the PD DF or the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the PD DF or the uh
+probability distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function
+associated with xar is exactly normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with xar is exactly normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with xar is exactly normal
+with the same mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same mean it's
+unbiased and with reduced variance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased and with reduced variance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased and with reduced variance so
+the variance goes as 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance goes as 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance goes as 1 over
+n so we start with the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we start with the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we start with the population
+distribution here and we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here and we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here and we end up with a
+sample mean distribution that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean distribution that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean distribution that is a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+PDF everybody clear on this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF everybody clear on this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF everybody clear on this okay
+so key points statistic itself is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so key points statistic itself is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so key points statistic itself is the
+random variable has its own probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable has its own probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable has its own probability
+distribution function now what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function now what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function now what we want
+to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is
+reason about the underlying population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about the underlying population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about the underlying population
+based on those observed statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those observed statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those observed statistics
+somebody's cell phone is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's cell phone is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's cell phone is going
+crazy not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mine okay everybody hear that click can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine okay everybody hear that click can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine okay everybody hear that click can
+you even hear that click in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even hear that click in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even hear that click in
+Singapore yeah all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right hopefully that'll go away in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hopefully that'll go away in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hopefully that'll go away in a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+okay um so once we know the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so once we know the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so once we know the sampling
+distribution say for xar now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution say for xar now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution say for xar now we can
+argue about the probabilities associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about the probabilities associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about the probabilities associated
+with observing particular values of xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with observing particular values of xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with observing particular values of xar
+right can make observations or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can make observations or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can make observations or or
+arguments about how much probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments about how much probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments about how much probability is
+out in the tals of these things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the tals of these things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the tals of these things and then
+we can invert backwards and and reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can invert backwards and and reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can invert backwards and and reason
+about the actual population mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the actual population mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the actual population mean
+okay and again we after not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again we after not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and again we after not only the
+point estimates our best guess but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point estimates our best guess but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point estimates our best guess but also
+interval estimates confidence intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval estimates confidence intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval estimates confidence intervals
+where we think uh the actual value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think uh the actual value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think uh the actual value is
+going to lie and these are critically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lie and these are critically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lie and these are critically
+dependent on probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on probability
+calculations uh uh of the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh uh of the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh uh of the sampling
+distribution so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so here's an example
+so suppose that we start out with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that we start out with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that we start out with some
+assumptions we start out with some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we start out with some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we start out with some a
+priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori
+beliefs um about the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs um about the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs um about the distribution of
+some parameter in particular we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameter in particular we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameter in particular we're
+interested in the thickness of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the thickness of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the thickness of some
+part okay we don't know the mean of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay we don't know the mean of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay we don't know the mean of it
+but based on maybe lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but based on maybe lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but based on maybe lots and lots of
+historical data we do believe uh we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data we do believe uh we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data we do believe uh we do
+know a couple of things we know its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple of things we know its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple of things we know its
+variance the standard deviation was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the standard deviation was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the standard deviation was 10
+so let's just assume that we we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just assume that we we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just assume that we we know the
+the standard deviation and we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation and we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation and we also know
+the second thing is that the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is that the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is that the thickness
+of these parts is normally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these parts is normally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these parts is normally distributed
+those are our starting assumptions our a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are our starting assumptions our a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are our starting assumptions our a
+priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori
+assumptions now what we do is we go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions now what we do is we go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions now what we do is we go and
+we draw 50 different random Parts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw 50 different random Parts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we draw 50 different random Parts with
+the IID uh uh assumption and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IID uh uh assumption and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IID uh uh assumption and we
+calculate the average thickness from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the average thickness from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the average thickness from
+those okay and I'll tell you of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay and I'll tell you of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those okay and I'll tell you of those
+Nal 50 samples the actual sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 50 samples the actual sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 50 samples the actual sample mean
+that comes out from that one sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out from that one sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out from that one sample of
+size 50 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 50 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 50 is
+113.5 there you go you're blessed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113.5 there you go you're blessed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113.5 there you go you're blessed with
+that piece of piece of data now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of piece of data now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of piece of data now the
+first question here based on what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question here based on what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question here based on what we've
+seen is what is the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is what is the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is what is the distribution of the
+mean of the thickness what is the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the thickness what is the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the thickness what is the PDF
+associated with T Bar everybody should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with T Bar everybody should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with T Bar everybody should
+know this what what's T Bar distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this what what's T Bar distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this what what's T Bar distributed
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's normal
+right centered around the mean so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right centered around the mean so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right centered around the mean so it
+would have the same mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the same mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the same mu
+unknown and what would it its variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and what would it its variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and what would it its variance
+be two two two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two two two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two two two very
+good so it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it has the
+same mean and the variance scales is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean and the variance scales is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean and the variance scales is 1
+over n so we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n so we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n so we had a
+50 samples so the variance goes down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 samples so the variance goes down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 samples so the variance goes down by
+U by that factor uh one quick notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U by that factor uh one quick notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U by that factor uh one quick notation
+Point here is uh when when we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is uh when when we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is uh when when we use this
+uh notation of normal with mu and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notation of normal with mu and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notation of normal with mu and and
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma
+squared I try to be very consistent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I try to be very consistent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared I try to be very consistent and
+put the mean and the variance in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the mean and the variance in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the mean and the variance in there
+you will sometimes find different text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will sometimes find different text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will sometimes find different text
+and different writers or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different writers or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different writers or whatever
+putting the mean and the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the mean and the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the mean and the standard
+deviation so you always want to confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so you always want to confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so you always want to confirm
+that because they're you know one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they're you know one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because they're you know one's a
+square and one's a square root uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and one's a square root uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and one's a square root uh of the
+other so be a little bit careful uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so be a little bit careful uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so be a little bit careful uh a
+little bit careful on that I tried to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful on that I tried to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful on that I tried to be
+uh consistent and and have that be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consistent and and have that be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consistent and and have that be the
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+variance okay so that was a first easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so that was a first easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so that was a first easy
+question we know that based on sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we know that based on sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we know that based on sampling
+Theory we know the distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we know the distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we know the distribution function
+for the for the sample mean now the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the sample mean now the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the sample mean now the key
+question is how do we use that to reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we use that to reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we use that to reason
+about the actual population mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the actual population mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the actual population mean
+well it's really easy already the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's really easy already the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's really easy already the best
+guess but the more subtle question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but the more subtle question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but the more subtle question that
+we've been talking about is where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about is where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about is where do we
+think the true mean of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the true mean of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the true mean of the population
+lies based on this one observation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies based on this one observation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies based on this one observation what
+range do we think the true mean has with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range do we think the true mean has with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range do we think the true mean has with
+some degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree of
+confidence do you think it's plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence do you think it's plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence do you think it's plus or
+minus two around that mean do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two around that mean do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two around that mean do you think
+it's plus or minus 20 around that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus or minus 20 around that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plus or minus 20 around that mean
+if I were to ask you to you know Bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to ask you to you know Bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to ask you to you know Bet
+Your Life on what the true mean is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Life on what the true mean is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your Life on what the true mean is you
+would want to be able to say with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to be able to say with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to be able to say with some
+degree of confidence it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of confidence it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of confidence it's actually
+within this amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this amount of
+distance I have to say one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance I have to say one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance I have to say one more thing
+right because if I said it's within some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if I said it's within some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if I said it's within some
+amount of distance of that well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of distance of that well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of distance of that well with
+nonzero probability that thickness could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero probability that thickness could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero probability that thickness could
+take on values all the way from plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on values all the way from plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on values all the way from plus
+infinity if it's truly normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity if it's truly normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity if it's truly normally
+distributed all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all the way to
+not quite negative Infinity because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite negative Infinity because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite negative Infinity because this
+is a thickness to zero so it's still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thickness to zero so it's still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thickness to zero so it's still an
+approximate model so if I just asked You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate model so if I just asked You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate model so if I just asked You
+Bet Your Life tell me where you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bet Your Life tell me where you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bet Your Life tell me where you think
+the true mean is if you wanted a 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean is if you wanted a 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean is if you wanted a 100%
+chance of saving your life you'd say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of saving your life you'd say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of saving your life you'd say it
+could be anything so I have to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything so I have to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything so I have to give you
+when we're talking about confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about confidence
+intervals another piece of bounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals another piece of bounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals another piece of bounding
+information I want the range how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I want the range how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I want the range how far
+away from that one observation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that one observation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that one observation of the
+mean I need to be with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I need to be with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I need to be with some
+probability sort of 95% confidence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability sort of 95% confidence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability sort of 95% confidence or
+95% of the time where do we think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% of the time where do we think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% of the time where do we think the
+true mean would lie what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mean would lie what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mean would lie what that means is
+if I were to go and calculate another 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to go and calculate another 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to go and calculate another 50
+samples and calculate the mean again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and calculate the mean again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and calculate the mean again we
+have that distribution and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that distribution and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that distribution and what we're
+looking for is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is that
+95% central region of the PDF associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% central region of the PDF associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% central region of the PDF associated
+with xar which is where 95 % of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with xar which is where 95 % of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with xar which is where 95 % of the time
+the the the mean is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the mean is actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the mean is actually going to
+lie so that gets us pictorially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie so that gets us pictorially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie so that gets us pictorially and
+formulaically here to this notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulaically here to this notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulaically here to this notion of the
+confidence interval and how we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and how we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and how we actually
+go about calculating that what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about calculating that what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about calculating that what we're
+asking what we've got in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what we've got in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what we've got in this situation
+is the variance is known so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance is known so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance is known so I'm not
+trying to estimate the variance I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the variance I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to estimate the variance I'm just
+trying to reason about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reason about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to reason about the
+mean and I want to estimate it to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and I want to estimate it to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and I want to estimate it to some
+percent some confidence interval you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent some confidence interval you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent some confidence interval you're
+always have this chance of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this chance of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this chance of being
+wrong when you talk confidence intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong when you talk confidence intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong when you talk confidence intervals
+you've got some Alpha probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some Alpha probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some Alpha probability that
+the true mean is even further away than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean is even further away than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true mean is even further away than
+you think in your interval but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think in your interval but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think in your interval but you're
+trying to quantify that and bound that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to quantify that and bound that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to quantify that and bound that
+so we typically talk about say an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we typically talk about say an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we typically talk about say an alpha
+of 5% or maybe 1% probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5% or maybe 1% probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 5% or maybe 1% probability of being
+outside of of of your your interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of of of your your interval so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of of of your your interval so
+there's this Alpha probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this Alpha probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this Alpha probability of
+error associated with um any confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error associated with um any confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error associated with um any confidence
+interval so that's that second piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so that's that second piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so that's that second piece of
+data I had to give you the first is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I had to give you the first is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I had to give you the first is we
+want to know this range what the size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know this range what the size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know this range what the size is
+so the way this works is we're wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this works is we're wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this works is we're wanting
+to know based on our calculated xar from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know based on our calculated xar from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know based on our calculated xar from
+our sample of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sample of size
+n where the true mean actually Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where the true mean actually Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where the true mean actually Li
+so we know what we're what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know what we're what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know what we're what we're doing
+is saying that the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that the true
+mean mu is going to be bounded on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu is going to be bounded on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu is going to be bounded on the
+left by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left by the
+xar but then going some portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar but then going some portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar but then going some portion of the
+distribution to the left and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to the left and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to the left and some
+portion of the distribution to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the distribution to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the distribution to the right
+until we get the one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get the one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get the one minus
+Alpha so so this this area in here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so so this this area in here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so so this this area in here is
+the one minus Alpha the 95% say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one minus Alpha the 95% say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one minus Alpha the 95% say uh
+Central component of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central component of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central component of of that
+distribution and then we're evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we're evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we're evenly
+spreading the error part the alpha into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading the error part the alpha into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading the error part the alpha into
+two alpha over tws on each side saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two alpha over tws on each side saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two alpha over tws on each side saying
+I've got for a 95% confidence interval a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got for a 95% confidence interval a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got for a 95% confidence interval a
+two and a half% chance that uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half% chance that uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half% chance that uh uh the
+true mean is a little bit further off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mean is a little bit further off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mean is a little bit further off to
+the left and 2 and a half% chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and 2 and a half% chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and 2 and a half% chance that
+it's a little further off to the right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little further off to the right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little further off to the right I
+guess in this picture here I'm doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in this picture here I'm doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in this picture here I'm doing an
+80% confidence interval with a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% confidence interval with a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% confidence interval with a total
+Alpha error risk uh error probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha error risk uh error probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha error risk uh error probability
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+2 okay and so the question then becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay and so the question then becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay and so the question then becomes
+okay how far do I have to go out and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how far do I have to go out and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how far do I have to go out and we
+know that from the basic probability M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from the basic probability M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from the basic probability M
+uh manipulations from a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh manipulations from a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh manipulations from a normal
+distribution you guys have been been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you guys have been been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution you guys have been been
+been dealing with already right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dealing with already right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dealing with already right the
+whole question is how many how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole question is how many how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole question is how many how many
+unit standard deviations of a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit standard deviations of a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit standard deviations of a unit
+normal do I have to go how many Z's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal do I have to go how many Z's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal do I have to go how many Z's out
+do I have to go until I have exact Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to go until I have exact Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to go until I have exact Alpha
+over 2 out here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 out here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 out here in the
+tail so for example we might know oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail so for example we might know oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail so for example we might know oh
+what this is going to do is I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is going to do is I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is going to do is I've got to
+go out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out you know
+1 28 standard deviations to the left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 28 standard deviations to the left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 28 standard deviations to the left in
+order to be able to um have just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to um have just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to um have just that
+Alpha over two uh to the left of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over two uh to the left of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over two uh to the left of that
+tail and similarly to the right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and similarly to the right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and similarly to the right now
+notice that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also unn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also unn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also unn
+normalizing this is the Z is the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing this is the Z is the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing this is the Z is the normal
+how many Z's you get to get to out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many Z's you get to get to out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many Z's you get to get to out of
+the unit Galaxy and the probability out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Galaxy and the probability out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Galaxy and the probability out
+in the Tails but what we wanted to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Tails but what we wanted to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Tails but what we wanted to do is
+reason about the location of the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about the location of the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about the location of the true
+population right we want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right we want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right we want to know the
+true population mean and so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true population mean and so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true population mean and so we have to
+do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms of my actual population variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of my actual population variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of my actual population variance
+or population standard deviation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or population standard deviation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or population standard deviation what
+does that correspond to and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that correspond to and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that correspond to and this is
+where the sample size also comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sample size also comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sample size also comes into
+play right we were reasoning about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play right we were reasoning about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play right we were reasoning about the
+distribution associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution associated with a
+xar and the xar is scaled it's shrunk by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar and the xar is scaled it's shrunk by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar and the xar is scaled it's shrunk by
+that square root of n in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square root of n in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square root of n in terms of the
+standard deviation so when I expand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation so when I expand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation so when I expand it
+back out I'm counting number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out I'm counting number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out I'm counting number of
+first off sort of together this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off sort of together this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off sort of together this is
+number of standard deviations in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of standard deviations in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of standard deviations in my
+xbar and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar and then when
+I uh expand that further out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh expand that further out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh expand that further out to the
+number of standard deviations in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of standard deviations in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of standard deviations in my
+population I have to divide back out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population I have to divide back out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population I have to divide back out by
+that root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that root
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+okay so what we've got is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we've got is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we've got is kind of the
+rationale for being being able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale for being being able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale for being being able to use
+the PDF associ associated with xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF associ associated with xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF associ associated with xar
+calculate probabilities off of the Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate probabilities off of the Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate probabilities off of the Tails
+and get finally to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get finally to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get finally to this
+nice this is my fast way to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything get back to my nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything get back to my nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything get back to my nice
+distribution here or a nice formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here or a nice formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here or a nice formula
+which you will see in Montgomery you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you will see in Montgomery you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you will see in Montgomery you'll
+see in all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in all of the
+textbooks it's a wonderful kind of note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks it's a wonderful kind of note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks it's a wonderful kind of note
+to have on your your onepage set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have on your your onepage set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have on your your onepage set of uh
+notes or cheat sheet for taking quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes or cheat sheet for taking quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes or cheat sheet for taking quizzes
+in this class and elsewhere this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class and elsewhere this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class and elsewhere this is the
+interval the confidence interval formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the confidence interval formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the confidence interval formula
+for uh the location of the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the location of the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the location of the true mean
+when the variance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+known okay so any questions on that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known okay so any questions on that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known okay so any questions on that we
+actually want to return to our our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to return to our our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to return to our our our
+uh example and see what numbers pop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh example and see what numbers pop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh example and see what numbers pop out
+because I want to know we we knew xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to know we we knew xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to know we we knew xar
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+113.5 but actually want to know say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113.5 but actually want to know say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113.5 but actually want to know say what
+is the 95% confidence interval for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 95% confidence interval for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 95% confidence interval for that
+and so we can simply go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can simply go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can simply go back to our
+second question use the fact that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question use the fact that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question use the fact that we had
+you guys told me what the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys told me what the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys told me what the distribution
+was of tar was our unknown mu and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of tar was our unknown mu and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of tar was our unknown mu and the
+variance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance was
+scaled 100 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled 100 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled 100 over
+50 so now for a 95% confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 so now for a 95% confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 so now for a 95% confidence interval
+what is the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the true mean
+so I've sort of pictured it here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've sort of pictured it here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've sort of pictured it here and
+what we're saying is we want um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is we want um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is we want um we've
+got this red curve which again is goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this red curve which again is goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this red curve which again is goes
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this PDF associated with tar and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PDF associated with tar and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PDF associated with tar and I want
+the plus minus z alpha over 2 the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus minus z alpha over 2 the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus minus z alpha over 2 the alpha
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+0.05 that's my probability of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 that's my probability of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 that's my probability of being
+wrong to get to a .95 confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to get to a .95 confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to get to a .95 confidence
+interval so how many Z's do I have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so how many Z's do I have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so how many Z's do I have to go
+out to have 95% in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have 95% in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have 95% in the
+center we actually showed some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center we actually showed some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center we actually showed some examples
+when we we if you remember last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we we if you remember last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we we if you remember last time we
+looked at plus - one Sigma plus - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at plus - one Sigma plus - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at plus - one Sigma plus - 2
+Sigma plus - 3 Sigma for a gaussian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus - 3 Sigma for a gaussian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma plus - 3 Sigma for a gaussian and
+it's actually a very close approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a very close approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a very close approximation
+that plusus 2 Sigma is 95% of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plusus 2 Sigma is 95% of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plusus 2 Sigma is 95% of a
+distribution that's a good rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's a good rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's a good rule of thumb
+to remember it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember it's actually
+1.96 not quite two but about plusus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 not quite two but about plusus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 not quite two but about plusus 2
+Sigma has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma has
+95% um so you'll often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% um so you'll often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% um so you'll often
+see uh 95% confidence intervals sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh 95% confidence intervals sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh 95% confidence intervals sort of
+graphically shown so we need about 1.96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically shown so we need about 1.96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically shown so we need about 1.96
+standard deviations now that translates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations now that translates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations now that translates
+to a confidence interval that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a confidence interval that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a confidence interval that tells us
+as a function of n the distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of n the distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of n the distribution for
+where we think the true population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think the true population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think the true population is
+based on the sample size that we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the sample size that we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the sample size that we had the
+compression that we got because of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression that we got because of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression that we got because of uh
+sampling gets us that tighter standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling gets us that tighter standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling gets us that tighter standard
+deviation and I've got a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and I've got a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and I've got a symmetric
+plusus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus
+2.77 for my 95% confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.77 for my 95% confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.77 for my 95% confidence
+interval now notice that all you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval now notice that all you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval now notice that all you had to
+do here was be told what the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here was be told what the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here was be told what the actual
+calculated T Bar was and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated T Bar was and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated T Bar was and what the
+underlying variance was and the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variance was and the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variance was and the size of
+your sample I didn't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample I didn't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample I didn't even have to
+actually give you a list of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give you a list of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give you a list of all those
+values right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I did have to tell you the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did have to tell you the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did have to tell you the sample
+size if sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if sample size
+changed that PDF would narrow or widen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that PDF would narrow or widen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that PDF would narrow or widen
+and your confidence interval would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your confidence interval would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your confidence interval would
+narrow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow or
+widen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen
+right okay so any questions to where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so any questions to where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so any questions to where we
+are now it's all seeming pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now it's all seeming pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now it's all seeming pretty
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+okay so this is the relatively easy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the relatively easy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the relatively easy part
+because it's dealing with normal distri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's dealing with normal distri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's dealing with normal distri
+distributions this notion of sampling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions this notion of sampling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions this notion of sampling is
+a little bit subtle because there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit subtle because there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit subtle because there is a
+different PDF and you got to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different PDF and you got to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different PDF and you got to know how
+that scales with the sample size now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scales with the sample size now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scales with the sample size now now
+I'm going to throw a few uh a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to throw a few uh a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to throw a few uh a few
+different curves at you the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves at you the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves at you the different
+curves being different probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves being different probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves being different probability
+distribution functions than than normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions than than normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution functions than than normal
+distributions and I'm going to briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and I'm going to briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and I'm going to briefly
+cover three of them um and all three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover three of them um and all three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover three of them um and all three of
+them are ones that we actually will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are ones that we actually will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are ones that we actually will be
+using in multiple scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in multiple scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in multiple scenarios
+in in in uh uh statistical analyses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in uh uh statistical analyses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in uh uh statistical analyses and
+statistical uh uh techniques and tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical uh uh techniques and tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical uh uh techniques and tools
+that we're using the first one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using the first one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using the first one is a
+relatively easy step and that's to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy step and that's to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy step and that's to look
+at the student T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the student T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the student T
+distribution I'll come back to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'll come back to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'll come back to this but
+basically we go back to the example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we go back to the example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we go back to the example I
+gave you I said we assumed we knew based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you I said we assumed we knew based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you I said we assumed we knew based
+on I don't know lots of past history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I don't know lots of past history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I don't know lots of past history
+what the underlying variance was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the underlying variance was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the underlying variance was on the
+thickness of our parts what if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of our parts what if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of our parts what if you don't
+know that what if you have to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that what if you have to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that what if you have to estimate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+too well if you had to estimate it You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too well if you had to estimate it You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too well if you had to estimate it You'
+probably use sample standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use sample standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably use sample standard deviation
+that formula and come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula and come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula and come up with an
+estimate it turns out when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it turns out when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it turns out when you do that
+that additional uncertainty on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that additional uncertainty on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that additional uncertainty on what the
+underlying variance is means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variance is means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variance is means that the
+right distribution for arguing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right distribution for arguing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right distribution for arguing about the
+mean when you didn't know the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you didn't know the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when you didn't know the underlying
+variance is no longer a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is no longer a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is no longer a normal
+distribution it's actually a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's actually a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's actually a t
+distribution we'll talk about that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we'll talk about that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we'll talk about that it's
+a slightly different it's very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different it's very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different it's very close to
+or uh looks qualitatively close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh looks qualitatively close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh looks qualitatively close to a
+normal distribution but but we do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution but but we do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution but but we do want
+to cover that and then two more have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover that and then two more have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover that and then two more have to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+with not the mean but arguing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not the mean but arguing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not the mean but arguing about the
+variance if I calculate sample variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance if I calculate sample variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance if I calculate sample variance
+from a distribution I calculate s squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distribution I calculate s squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distribution I calculate s squ
+using the formula for a a sample of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the formula for a a sample of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the formula for a a sample of size
+50 I get a number I do that lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 I get a number I do that lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 I get a number I do that lots and
+lots of times I I trace out a PDF the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times I I trace out a PDF the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times I I trace out a PDF the
+PDF associated with the values of sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF associated with the values of sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF associated with the values of sample
+variance calculated from that sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance calculated from that sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance calculated from that sample is
+a Ki Squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Distribution so we'll talk about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution so we'll talk about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution so we'll talk about where
+that what what that shape looks like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what what that shape looks like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what what that shape looks like and
+then we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got a
+variance that we've calculated from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that we've calculated from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that we've calculated from a
+sample and a very strange distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and a very strange distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and a very strange distribution
+is the F distribution which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the F distribution which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the F distribution which is the
+distrib tion of the ratio of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib tion of the ratio of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib tion of the ratio of two
+normally distributed variances or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed variances or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed variances or two
+variances drawn from normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances drawn from normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances drawn from normally
+distributed sample data good Heavens why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed sample data good Heavens why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed sample data good Heavens why
+would you ever be calculating ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you ever be calculating ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you ever be calculating ratios of
+variances what a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances what a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances what a weird
+distribution why would you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution why would you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution why would you ever
+calculate ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate ratios of
+variances or might that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances or might that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances or might that come
+up at least a couple of cases one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at least a couple of cases one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at least a couple of cases one
+that kind of subtle but one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of subtle but one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of subtle but one that's
+pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh certainly certainly uh the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly certainly uh the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly certainly uh the variance
+associated with a sample of smaller size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a sample of smaller size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a sample of smaller size
+than your true V your true population so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your true V your true population so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your true V your true population so
+that's exactly true that's one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly true that's one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly true that's one important
+area the fact of sample size entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the fact of sample size entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the fact of sample size entering
+into spread in things is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into spread in things is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into spread in things is very important
+that actually will come up more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually will come up more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually will come up more in the
+Ki squared but I I think a second very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squared but I I think a second very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squared but I I think a second very
+obvious place is I make a change to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious place is I make a change to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious place is I make a change to a a
+process and I'm maybe not trying to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and I'm maybe not trying to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and I'm maybe not trying to mean
+Center it I'm trying to get a reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center it I'm trying to get a reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center it I'm trying to get a reduced
+variance process I want to know is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance process I want to know is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance process I want to know is this
+process better or not is its variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process better or not is its variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process better or not is its variance
+smaller so the ratio of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so the ratio of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so the ratio of those two
+variances are uh something I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances are uh something I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances are uh something I might be
+very very interested in I want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interested in I want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interested in I want to look
+at those and see all I did get a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those and see all I did get a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those and see all I did get a smaller
+variance it's half as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance it's half as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance it's half as
+small do I have confidence that the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small do I have confidence that the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small do I have confidence that the true
+population variance was really smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population variance was really smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population variance was really smaller
+or not and so that's where the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and so that's where the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and so that's where the F
+distribution is going to come into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is going to come into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is going to come into play
+so we want to be able to manipulate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to be able to manipulate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to be able to manipulate and
+deal with that one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that one as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh let me let me do the uh student T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me let me do the uh student T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me let me do the uh student T
+distribution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh
+first actually I can't do that let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actually I can't do that let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actually I can't do that let me do
+the Ki Square distribution first for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ki Square distribution first for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ki Square distribution first for the
+formal definition of the T I need the Ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition of the T I need the Ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition of the T I need the Ki
+squared even though conceptually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared even though conceptually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared even though conceptually it
+doesn't really matter so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter so let's talk
+about the kai squ distribution first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kai squ distribution first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kai squ distribution first um
+if I start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start out with
+truly normally distributed data and unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly normally distributed data and unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly normally distributed data and unit
+normal mean zero variance one and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mean zero variance one and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mean zero variance one and now I
+take a sum of N of these unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sum of N of these unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sum of N of these unit
+normals each one of which is squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals each one of which is squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normals each one of which is squared so
+each X ofi is normally distributed I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each X ofi is normally distributed I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each X ofi is normally distributed I do
+this weird operation where I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird operation where I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird operation where I take that
+sample I Square it I take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample I Square it I take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample I Square it I take another
+another draw or another random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another draw or another random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another draw or another random variable
+um also from the same distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also from the same distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also from the same distribution
+square that and then take the sum of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that and then take the sum of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that and then take the sum of N
+of those squared random variables to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those squared random variables to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those squared random variables to
+create a new random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new random variable
+y y is a sum of squared Norm unit normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y y is a sum of squared Norm unit normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y y is a sum of squared Norm unit normal
+random variables then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables then I get
+this Ki squ distribution the distri of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ki squ distribution the distri of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ki squ distribution the distri of
+this new random variable Y is k^ s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new random variable Y is k^ s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new random variable Y is k^ s with
+n degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n degrees of
+freedom good Heavens what a weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom good Heavens what a weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom good Heavens what a weird thing
+to be doing why why would you be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing why why would you be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing why why would you be taking
+random variables squaring them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables squaring them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables squaring them and
+taking sums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking sums of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking sums of
+them well think back to the formula um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well think back to the formula um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well think back to the formula um
+see if I can do this what page is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can do this what page is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can do this what page is that
+anybody got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got it
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+eight there we go page five look back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight there we go page five look back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight there we go page five look back at
+this formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula for
+sample for sample standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deviation first off I'm subtracting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation first off I'm subtracting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation first off I'm subtracting the
+mean off of some sample so now I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean off of some sample so now I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean off of some sample so now I've got
+a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero
+mean variable now I'm taking squares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean variable now I'm taking squares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean variable now I'm taking squares of
+them well that sounds kind of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well that sounds kind of like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well that sounds kind of like this
+squaring operation and then I'm taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring operation and then I'm taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring operation and then I'm taking a
+big sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sum of
+them H that sounds a lot like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them H that sounds a lot like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them H that sounds a lot like this
+operation I was just describing for Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation I was just describing for Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation I was just describing for Kai
+squar so this creation of a new random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so this creation of a new random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so this creation of a new random
+variable this s squ here is very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this s squ here is very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this s squ here is very closely
+related to ah that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to ah that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to ah that didn't
+work there we go very closely related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there we go very closely related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work there we go very closely related to
+the definition of of Kai squar now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of of Kai squar now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of of Kai squar now the
+Ki squar the PDF associated with a Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squar the PDF associated with a Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squar the PDF associated with a Kai
+squar looks kind of funky it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar looks kind of funky it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar looks kind of funky it's not it's
+clearly not normally distributed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not normally distributed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not normally distributed right
+it's kind of skewed notice uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of skewed notice uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of skewed notice uh you know
+it's got a long tail out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a long tail out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a long tail out
+here uh to the right uh for large values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh to the right uh for large values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh to the right uh for large values
+because it's a sum of squared values it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a sum of squared values it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a sum of squared values it
+can't be negative so it's truncated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be negative so it's truncated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be negative so it's truncated
+there's nothing can't be smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing can't be smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing can't be smaller than
+zero um another really weird thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um another really weird thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um another really weird thing is
+that the maximal probability value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the maximal probability value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the maximal probability value is
+not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+mean of the distribution that's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the distribution that's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the distribution that's it's
+kind of interesting and there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting and there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting and there's another
+really interesting fact that is truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting fact that is truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting fact that is truly
+useful uh and occasionally comes up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh and occasionally comes up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh and occasionally comes up on
+problem sets and that sort of thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and that sort of thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and that sort of thing is
+that the mean the expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mean the expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mean the expected value of the
+Ki squar distribution with degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squar distribution with degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squar distribution with degrees of
+freedom n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom n is
+n so as I have larger numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so as I have larger numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so as I have larger numbers of
+variables the sum of those larger number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the sum of those larger number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the sum of those larger number
+that larger number keeps getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that larger number keeps getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that larger number keeps getting bigger
+so that kind of makes sense right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of makes sense right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of makes sense right when
+when you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it
+so the point here is when we actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point here is when we actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point here is when we actually do
+that that calculation of a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that calculation of a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that calculation of a sample
+standard or a sample variance or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard or a sample variance or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard or a sample variance or a
+sample standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample standard
+deviation this the PDF associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation this the PDF associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation this the PDF associated with
+that is actually related to this Ki squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually related to this Ki squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually related to this Ki squ
+distribution now there were some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution now there were some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution now there were some other
+constants in there there's scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in there there's scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in there there's scaling
+factors so for example we did a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so for example we did a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so for example we did a mean
+shift xar but we didn't normalize to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift xar but we didn't normalize to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift xar but we didn't normalize to the
+true true variance because we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true true variance because we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true true variance because we didn't
+know it so so there is this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so so there is this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so so there is this relationship
+or a scaling Factor before we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a scaling Factor before we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a scaling Factor before we get to the
+Ki squ distribution we also had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squ distribution we also had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squ distribution we also had this
+other n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other n minus
+one uh Factor back on the calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh Factor back on the calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh Factor back on the calculation of
+the sample sample uh standard or simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample sample uh standard or simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample sample uh standard or simple
+variance so we have to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so we have to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so we have to do a little bit
+of uh you know moving variables around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know moving variables around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know moving variables around
+to get to a Ki squar distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a Ki squar distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a Ki squar distribution
+another important point is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important point is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important point is that the
+clean up some of this is that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up some of this is that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up some of this is that the uh
+sample variance is actually related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample variance is actually related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample variance is actually related to a
+Kai squar with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai squar with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai squar with n
+minus1 degrees of freedom and I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 degrees of freedom and I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 degrees of freedom and I really
+don't want to go into a whole discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go into a whole discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go into a whole discussion
+of degrees of freedom because it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degrees of freedom because it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degrees of freedom because it's a a
+little bit subtle but this reminds me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit subtle but this reminds me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit subtle but this reminds me of
+another point that I didn't make back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point that I didn't make back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point that I didn't make back on
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight give me to eight please there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight give me to eight please there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight give me to eight please there we
+go oops not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oops not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oops not
+488 oh it wasn't eight or was it four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+488 oh it wasn't eight or was it four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+488 oh it wasn't eight or was it four
+five there we go okay back here on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five there we go okay back here on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five there we go okay back here on this
+notice that uh when we calculate sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh when we calculate sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh when we calculate sample
+mean we used 1 over n but when we s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we used 1 over n but when we s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we used 1 over n but when we s
+calculate sample variance we always use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate sample variance we always use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate sample variance we always use
+a one over n minus one why did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it turns
+out that if you need or want an unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you need or want an unbiased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you need or want an unbiased
+estimator for sample variance you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for sample variance you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for sample variance you need
+to divide by 1 / n minus one or divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by 1 / n minus one or divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by 1 / n minus one or divide
+by n minus one not n now as n gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n minus one not n now as n gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n minus one not n now as n gets very
+large the difference doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the difference doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the difference doesn't really
+matter but um you can go through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but um you can go through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter but um you can go through some
+some statistical proofs to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistical proofs to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistical proofs to show that the
+best unbiased estimator needs that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best unbiased estimator needs that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best unbiased estimator needs that n
+minus one now the other thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one now the other thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one now the other thing that's
+going on in this formula is we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this formula is we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this formula is we were
+subtracting off the mean and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting off the mean and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting off the mean and in this
+case we were also estimating the mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we were also estimating the mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we were also estimating the mean so
+we're using up essentially one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using up essentially one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using up essentially one degree of
+Freedom uh out of our data to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom uh out of our data to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom uh out of our data to calculate
+the sample mean leaving us only n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean leaving us only n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample mean leaving us only n minus
+one degrees of freedom really in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degrees of freedom really in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degrees of freedom really in the
+remaining data to uh uh allow variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining data to uh uh allow variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining data to uh uh allow variance
+around the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the mean
+so I'm not going to go into much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to go into much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to go into much more
+detail other than to Simply say um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail other than to Simply say um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail other than to Simply say um the
+fact is when we're calculating sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is when we're calculating sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is when we're calculating sample
+standard deviation we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation we're actually
+calculating two random variables or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating two random variables or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating two random variables or two
+statistics xar and variance and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics xar and variance and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics xar and variance and so uh
+you would need to you you essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to you you essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to you you essentially uh
+don't have complete Independence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have complete Independence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have complete Independence between
+between those two things you use up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two things you use up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two things you use up one
+degree of Freedom uh for one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom uh for one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom uh for one of those
+okay let's use this Oh and before we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's use this Oh and before we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's use this Oh and before we use
+this just to give you a qualitative feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just to give you a qualitative feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just to give you a qualitative feel
+here's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's uh
+again plotted a few different K squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again plotted a few different K squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again plotted a few different K squ
+distributions when n is very small it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions when n is very small it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions when n is very small it
+becomes very skewed it's it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very skewed it's it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very skewed it's it's it's it's
+quite interesting uh again the mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting uh again the mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting uh again the mean you
+can see for n equals 3 here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see for n equals 3 here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see for n equals 3 here is is
+three it's this blue blue curve and as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's this blue blue curve and as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's this blue blue curve and as n
+increases the distribution shifts to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the distribution shifts to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the distribution shifts to the
+right the mean shifts to the right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the mean shifts to the right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the mean shifts to the right but
+it also spreads out which kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also spreads out which kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also spreads out which kind of makes
+sense if I've got more and more random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if I've got more and more random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if I've got more and more random
+variables and I'm I'm looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I'm I'm looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I'm I'm looking at the
+variance in estimating that sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in estimating that sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in estimating that sum of
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+variables its spread is is is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables its spread is is is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables its spread is is is going to
+uh get large and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get large and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get large and another
+observation is that as n gets larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is that as n gets larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is that as n gets larger and
+larger this also Trends towards a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger this also Trends towards a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger this also Trends towards a normal
+distribution which for very large end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which for very large end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution which for very large end
+can be a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a useful
+fact okay I want to actually go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not that
+one use this uh Ki squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one use this uh Ki squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one use this uh Ki squar
+distribution to ask another question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to ask another question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to ask another question on
+uh that thickness example right I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that thickness example right I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that thickness example right I'd
+actually want to know what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to know what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to know what's the best
+guess for the variance of my thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the variance of my thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the variance of my thickness
+of parts and better than that what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parts and better than that what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parts and better than that what's a
+confidence interval for where I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for where I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for where I think
+the true variance lies based on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true variance lies based on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true variance lies based on just
+this one number for sample variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one number for sample variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one number for sample variance
+based on my sample of size n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on my sample of size n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on my sample of size n equal
+50 and this is where we do kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and this is where we do kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and this is where we do kind of the
+same kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of a
+formula for the range where we think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the range where we think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the range where we think the
+true variance lies based on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true variance lies based on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true variance lies based on our
+observation from one sample of sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation from one sample of sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation from one sample of sample
+standard deviation and this is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation and this is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation and this is using
+that relationship between the Ki squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relationship between the Ki squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relationship between the Ki squar
+distribution and and S2 and and the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and and S2 and and the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and and S2 and and the true
+underlying variance so if you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variance so if you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variance so if you go back to
+sort of one of those formulas what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of those formulas what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of those formulas what I did
+was sort of took Sigma squ was lying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of took Sigma squ was lying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of took Sigma squ was lying out
+here I moved it up here and divided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I moved it up here and divided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I moved it up here and divided the
+Ki squ down here so this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squ down here so this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squ down here so this is essentially
+right in here kind of that equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in here kind of that equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in here kind of that equivalence
+that we said before about how s squ was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we said before about how s squ was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we said before about how s squ was
+distributed as a Kai squar with n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as a Kai squar with n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as a Kai squar with n minus
+one degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degrees of
+freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+oops so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so
+what we've got is aound get rid of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got is aound get rid of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got is aound get rid of all
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+cook um aound upper and lower bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook um aound upper and lower bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook um aound upper and lower bound on
+where we think again the true variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think again the true variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think again the true variance
+is based on our calculated s squar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on our calculated s squar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on our calculated s squar and
+what we're doing again is putting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing again is putting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing again is putting some
+Alpha probability of being wrong in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha probability of being wrong in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha probability of being wrong in each
+of the Tails I want the central part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Tails I want the central part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Tails I want the central part I
+want the 95% central part of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the 95% central part of where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the 95% central part of where we
+think the true the true variance uh lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the true the true variance uh lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the true the true variance uh lies
+now an interesting point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an interesting point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an interesting point here
+is Kai squar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Kai squar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Kai squar is
+asymmetric so if you ever see somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric so if you ever see somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric so if you ever see somebody
+going off and writing I think the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off and writing I think the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off and writing I think the true
+variance is equal to S2 plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is equal to S2 plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is equal to S2 plus or minus
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+14.2 that should be a great big uh red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flag it's somebody doesn't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag it's somebody doesn't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag it's somebody doesn't know what
+they're talking about well maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about well maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about well maybe they
+have a huge sample size in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge sample size in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge sample size in their
+appealing to a normal distribution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing to a normal distribution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing to a normal distribution but
+what they're probably doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're probably doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're probably doing here is
+something very wrong right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very wrong right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very wrong right because the
+kai squ distribution is not symmetric I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kai squ distribution is not symmetric I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kai squ distribution is not symmetric I
+have my best point estimate of s s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my best point estimate of s s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my best point estimate of s s and
+then I'm going to go a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to go a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to go a different
+distance to the left and a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the left and a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the left and a different
+distance to the right so here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the right so here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to the right so here's here's
+still for our same example the Ki squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still for our same example the Ki squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still for our same example the Ki squar
+distribution for n a sample size of 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for n a sample size of 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for n a sample size of 50
+so this is a Kai Square squ with 49° of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a Kai Square squ with 49° of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a Kai Square squ with 49° of
+freedom and again I want 2 and 1/2% in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and again I want 2 and 1/2% in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and again I want 2 and 1/2% in
+the left tail and 2 and 12% in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left tail and 2 and 12% in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left tail and 2 and 12% in the right
+tail and so if I apply that formula I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and so if I apply that formula I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and so if I apply that formula I
+have to look up k^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look up k^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look up k^
+squ with 0.025 and 49 degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ with 0.025 and 49 degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ with 0.025 and 49 degrees of freedom
+and then the K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the K squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the K squared
+where I need to know uh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I need to know uh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I need to know uh I want
+97.5 everything leaving except just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97.5 everything leaving except just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97.5 everything leaving except just
+Alpha over to out to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over to out to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha over to out to the right
+the S squs are the same in both cases my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S squs are the same in both cases my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S squs are the same in both cases my
+n minus one is the same but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one is the same but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one is the same but because
+these values the kai squares are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values the kai squares are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values the kai squares are not
+equal oops I got to get I guess I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal oops I got to get I guess I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal oops I got to get I guess I got
+these uh got these flipped actually when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh got these flipped actually when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh got these flipped actually when
+you look at the tables at the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the tables at the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the tables at the back of
+Montgomery or or or uh Mayan Spanos be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery or or or uh Mayan Spanos be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery or or or uh Mayan Spanos be
+careful on the definition they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful on the definition they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful on the definition they often
+show you a little plot that looks looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little plot that looks looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little plot that looks looks
+a lot like this and and they shade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot like this and and they shade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot like this and and they shade in
+what what their percentage point points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what their percentage point points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what their percentage point points
+are and sometimes they go from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and sometimes they go from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and sometimes they go from the right
+sometimes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes from the
+left but the point was when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left but the point was when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left but the point was when you actually
+uh you know look that up you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know look that up you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know look that up you get
+different values for the left and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values for the left and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values for the left and the
+right and when you divide those out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when you divide those out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when you divide those out you
+you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a
+range that out of the way you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range that out of the way you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range that out of the way you get a
+range finally for where your your true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range finally for where your your true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range finally for where your your true
+variance lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribtion the the point is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribtion the the point is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribtion the the point is that all
+estimates well it's strictly true if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates well it's strictly true if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates well it's strictly true if I'm
+drawing from a population that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from a population that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from a population that is
+normally distributed but an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed but an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed but an
+approximation is no matter what anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is no matter what anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is no matter what anytime
+I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm
+calculating a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a a
+variance the variance tends to be Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the variance tends to be Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the variance tends to be Kai
+squar distributed so it's always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar distributed so it's always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar distributed so it's always going
+to be these kinds of Ki squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be these kinds of Ki squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be these kinds of Ki squar
+calculations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations okay
+so it's it's not that the kqu was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's not that the kqu was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's not that the kqu was a
+special case it's it's the PDF that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case it's it's the PDF that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case it's it's the PDF that you
+should always associate it with s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ and notice you know here we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and notice you know here we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and notice you know here we had
+102.3 that's our best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102.3 that's our best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102.3 that's our best
+guess and we had 71.4 and 158.14301
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I always find this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I always find this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I always find this a little bit
+shocking a sample size of 50 I took 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking a sample size of 50 I took 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking a sample size of 50 I took 50
+samples right and I had you know my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples right and I had you know my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples right and I had you know my my
+underlying variance I guess was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variance I guess was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying variance I guess was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I took a lot of samples and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I took a lot of samples and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I took a lot of samples and it
+always shocks me a little bit how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always shocks me a little bit how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always shocks me a little bit how big
+the range is on the estimate of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is on the estimate of variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is on the estimate of variance
+coming out of this I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this I have
+here my estimate of variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my estimate of variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my estimate of variance is
+102.3 well that that's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102.3 well that that's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102.3 well that that's at least
+reassuring because that's close to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring because that's close to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring because that's close to kind
+of the example that I gave here where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the example that I gave here where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the example that I gave here where a
+priori I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori I thought it was
+100 okay but you know that's I just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 okay but you know that's I just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 okay but you know that's I just sort
+of basically popped that out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically popped that out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically popped that out what's
+shocking is I can go down to 71 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking is I can go down to 71 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking is I can go down to 71 that's
+like 30% lower than that or 158 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30% lower than that or 158 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30% lower than that or 158 which is
+you know 68% higher than my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 68% higher than my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 68% higher than my point
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+and a really important thing just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a really important thing just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a really important thing just to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+qualitatively is that estimating a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively is that estimating a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively is that estimating a mean
+is pretty easy and actually as sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty easy and actually as sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty easy and actually as sample
+size grows you can get pretty good tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size grows you can get pretty good tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size grows you can get pretty good tight
+estimates of mean but the VAR the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of mean but the VAR the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of mean but the VAR the the
+estimates of variance are hard you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of variance are hard you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of variance are hard you need
+a lot of data to estimate that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data to estimate that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data to estimate that second
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+statistic okay and so we get big spreads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay and so we get big spreads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic okay and so we get big spreads
+in variants so you got to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variants so you got to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variants so you got to be really
+careful when you're reasoning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when you're reasoning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when you're reasoning about
+variances and that'll bring us back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and that'll bring us back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and that'll bring us back to
+the F statistic a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F statistic a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F statistic a little bit
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me go back now to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me go back now to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me go back now to the
+student T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student T
+distribution and it has a formula and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it has a formula and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and it has a formula and a
+for a formal definition here which is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a formal definition here which is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a formal definition here which is if
+I start out with a random variable Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start out with a random variable Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start out with a random variable Z
+that is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the unit
+normal and then I divide it by a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and then I divide it by a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and then I divide it by a random
+variable that is Ki squar with K degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is Ki squar with K degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is Ki squar with K degrees
+of freedom divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom divided by
+K I get a new distribution a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I get a new distribution a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K I get a new distribution a new
+variable T that is a t distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T that is a t distribution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T that is a t distribution with
+K degrees of freedom and it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K degrees of freedom and it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K degrees of freedom and it's sort of
+the same question my God why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question my God why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question my God why would you
+do such a cruel thing to a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do such a cruel thing to a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do such a cruel thing to a random
+variable it's divide it by a k squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's divide it by a k squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's divide it by a k squar
+random variable and some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and some constant
+K and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and the answer
+is that's a essentially what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's a essentially what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's a essentially what we're doing
+when we are normalizing data like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are normalizing data like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are normalizing data like
+this when instead of normalizing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when instead of normalizing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when instead of normalizing to the
+true underlying population variance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true underlying population variance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true underlying population variance or
+the true underlying sample variant I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true underlying sample variant I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true underlying sample variant I'm
+also having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate not only the mean but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate not only the mean but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate not only the mean but also
+estimate the population standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the population standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the population standard
+deviation right we already said what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation right we already said what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation right we already said what is
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+s squ is Ki squ distributed so s is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s squ is Ki squ distributed so s is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s squ is Ki squ distributed so s is a
+square root of you know a Kai squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of you know a Kai squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of you know a Kai squ
+distribution so buried in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so buried in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so buried in this kind of
+unit normalization that we like to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit normalization that we like to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit normalization that we like to do to
+get to a probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a probability distribution
+function we can talk about confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we can talk about confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we can talk about confidence
+intervals on the mean we subtract off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals on the mean we subtract off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals on the mean we subtract off
+you know some some some mean and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some some mean and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some some mean and then we
+normalize to S over root n but s itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize to S over root n but s itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize to S over root n but s itself
+was this Ki squar so it's really closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this Ki squar so it's really closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this Ki squar so it's really closely
+related to the operations that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the operations that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the operations that we do
+when we are normalizing our sample data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are normalizing our sample data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are normalizing our sample data
+to when we also had to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when we also had to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to when we also had to estimate the
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+deviation so the way to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so the way to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so the way to think about the
+T distribution is it's really close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T distribution is it's really close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T distribution is it's really close to
+the normal distribution except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution except it's
+perturbed a little bit because we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed a little bit because we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed a little bit because we didn't
+really know the underlying variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the underlying variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the underlying variance
+we're having to estimate it also so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having to estimate it also so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having to estimate it also so
+here's here's some pictures some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's some pictures some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's some pictures some some
+examples the red is the unit normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the red is the unit normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the red is the unit normal
+distribution and now for different sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and now for different sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and now for different sizes
+of of a sample so for an N equals 3 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a sample so for an N equals 3 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a sample so for an N equals 3 you
+have this little blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this little blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this little blue
+distribution that's the T distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's the T distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's the T distribution
+with with degrees of freedom uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with degrees of freedom uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with degrees of freedom uh
+three notice that it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three notice that it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three notice that it's a little bit
+wider than the normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider than the normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider than the normal distribution
+reflecting a little bit less certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting a little bit less certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting a little bit less certainty
+on really the location of that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on really the location of that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on really the location of that random
+variable now as n gets bigger so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now as n gets bigger so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now as n gets bigger so we've
+got an N equals 10 uh example in here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an N equals 10 uh example in here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an N equals 10 uh example in here in
+the green the Ki square or the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green the Ki square or the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green the Ki square or the T
+distribution gets a little bit tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution gets a little bit tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution gets a little bit tighter
+and for n equals 100 it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for n equals 100 it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for n equals 100 it's basically
+almost lying right on top of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost lying right on top of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost lying right on top of the normal
+distribution so what the t is reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so what the t is reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so what the t is reflecting
+is a little additional uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little additional uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little additional uncertainty
+because we didn't know Sigma squar I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't know Sigma squar I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't know Sigma squar I had
+to calculate s squ from that same sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate s squ from that same sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate s squ from that same sample
+distribution so that's all that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that's all that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so that's all that's really
+going on there if we then say Okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there if we then say Okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there if we then say Okay I
+want to get back to a confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get back to a confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get back to a confidence
+interval but now I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval but now I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval but now I don't know the
+variance and I have to estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and I have to estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and I have to estimate that
+also from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from my
+data we have essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we have essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we have essentially the same
+confidence interval formula the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval formula the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval formula the only
+difference being instead of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference being instead of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference being instead of Z
+related to the unit normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the unit normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the unit normal distribution
+we have numbers of standard deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have numbers of standard deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have numbers of standard deviations
+on the T distribution that we're arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the T distribution that we're arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the T distribution that we're arguing
+about again reflecting that that t is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about again reflecting that that t is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about again reflecting that that t is a
+little bit wider but it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit wider but it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit wider but it's essentially
+exactly the same thinking just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thinking just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thinking just
+recognizing that now the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that now the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that now the sampling
+distribution for xbar when variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for xbar when variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for xbar when variance is
+unknown is not a normal it's a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown is not a normal it's a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown is not a normal it's a t
+distribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay
+but all the other operations are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the other operations are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the other operations are exactly
+the same we look for uh what Alpha error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same we look for uh what Alpha error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same we look for uh what Alpha error
+we're willing to accept what our chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're willing to accept what our chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're willing to accept what our chance
+of being wrong on our our bounding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being wrong on our our bounding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being wrong on our our bounding of
+the interval is and then uh allocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval is and then uh allocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval is and then uh allocating
+that to the left and the right figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the left and the right figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the left and the right figuring
+out how many units normal over we go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many units normal over we go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many units normal over we go on
+the on not the underlying population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on not the underlying population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on not the underlying population
+distribution but our sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but our sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but our sampling
+distribution so we still get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we still get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so we still get the
+benefits of increasing n getting tighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of increasing n getting tighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of increasing n getting tighter
+but we just do that all on the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution exactly so so the point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution exactly so so the point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution exactly so so the point or
+the question was this is only necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was this is only necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was this is only necessary
+for small sample sizes and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small sample sizes and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small sample sizes and that's
+exactly right because of uh the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right because of uh the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right because of uh the effect
+that we see back with the T distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see back with the T distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see back with the T distribution
+getting very close in approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very close in approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very close in approximation to
+the normal distribution for n becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution for n becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution for n becoming
+appreciable um I've heard different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable um I've heard different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciable um I've heard different
+kinds of rules of thumb some people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of rules of thumb some people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of rules of thumb some people like
+to say for n about 25 you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say for n about 25 you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say for n about 25 you're you're
+pretty close to a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to a normal distribution
+some people like to draw it at n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like to draw it at n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like to draw it at n equals
+40 it really depends on what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 it really depends on what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 it really depends on what kind of
+accuracy uh accuracy you're after but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy uh accuracy you're after but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy uh accuracy you're after but
+you can be substantially wrong you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be substantially wrong you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be substantially wrong you know
+for very small sample sizes of sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very small sample sizes of sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very small sample sizes of sample
+size five which is a natural kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size five which is a natural kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size five which is a natural kind of
+sample size you would often use in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size you would often use in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size you would often use in in in
+some manufacturing scenarios so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some manufacturing scenarios so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some manufacturing scenarios so you do
+have to be aware for very small n to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be aware for very small n to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be aware for very small n to use
+the T distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was an example where we had n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an example where we had n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an example where we had n
+equals 50 in our part thickness example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 50 in our part thickness example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 50 in our part thickness example
+let's see how different things pop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how different things pop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how different things pop out
+we use the T distribution or the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the T distribution or the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the T distribution or the normal
+distribution so let's go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so let's go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so let's go back to our
+example but now let's say we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but now let's say we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but now let's say we don't know
+either the variance or the mean right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the variance or the mean right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the variance or the mean right
+both of them are unknown we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are unknown we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are unknown we already
+calculated the sample mean we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the sample mean we had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the sample mean we had our
+113.5 and now I'll tell you I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113.5 and now I'll tell you I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113.5 and now I'll tell you I guess I
+already gave you this number previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gave you this number previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gave you this number previously
+but I'll tell you that we apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll tell you that we apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll tell you that we apply the
+sample variance formula to the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample variance formula to the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample variance formula to the data and
+out pops the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pops the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pops the number
+102.3 okay so again that's your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102.3 okay so again that's your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102.3 okay so again that's your best
+estimate of the sample uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the sample uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the sample uh uh
+variance all right so these are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance all right so these are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance all right so these are your
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+estimates but now I want to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates but now I want to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates but now I want to go back to
+the question where's the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question where's the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question where's the confidence
+interval on where we think the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval on where we think the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval on where we think the true mean
+would be 95% of the time well now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 95% of the time well now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 95% of the time well now we
+have to use the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the T
+distribution when we do that with uh 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution when we do that with uh 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution when we do that with uh 49
+degrees of freedom again K minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom again K minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom again K minus one
+because we're using up one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're using up one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're using up one for
+calculation of the sample mean now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the sample mean now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the sample mean now we
+have this slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this slightly different
+formula here we can use the plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here we can use the plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here we can use the plus minus
+because the T distribution like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the T distribution like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the T distribution like the
+normal distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution is
+symmetric um so I've got plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric um so I've got plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric um so I've got plus or minus
+some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of
+unit Z's in this case it's unit T's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Z's in this case it's unit T's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Z's in this case it's unit T's
+because because the operative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the operative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the operative uh
+distribution is the T distribution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the T distribution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the T distribution I
+plug that in notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in notice that
+for 2.5% in each of the tail the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2.5% in each of the tail the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2.5% in each of the tail the T
+distribution is slightly wider remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is slightly wider remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is slightly wider remember
+back with the unit normal we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with the unit normal we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with the unit normal we said
+1.96 plus or minus standard deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 plus or minus standard deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 plus or minus standard deviations
+is 95% for the T you got to go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 95% for the T you got to go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 95% for the T you got to go a little
+bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further
+2.01 not a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.01 not a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.01 not a big difference
+2.01 and when you come out with that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.01 and when you come out with that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.01 and when you come out with that you
+get a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a slightly
+wider confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider confidence
+interval I'm less confident I got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval I'm less confident I got to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval I'm less confident I got to go
+further to get to my 95% confidence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to get to my 95% confidence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to get to my 95% confidence on
+the Range because I'm also estimating so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Range because I'm also estimating so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Range because I'm also estimating so
+in this case the difference is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the difference is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the difference is pretty
+much negligible and if I had a sample of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much negligible and if I had a sample of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much negligible and if I had a sample of
+size 50 I would probably just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 50 I would probably just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 50 I would probably just use the
+normal distribution and that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and that's a good
+example showing that difference is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example showing that difference is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example showing that difference is you
+know five parts out of two 200 it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five parts out of two 200 it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five parts out of two 200 it's it's
+really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small okay one more distribution I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay one more distribution I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay one more distribution I want
+to mention we're not going to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention we're not going to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention we're not going to use it
+much here I think I've already described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much here I think I've already described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much here I think I've already described
+it uh briefly is this F distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh briefly is this F distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh briefly is this F distribution and
+this arises if I have one random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arises if I have one random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arises if I have one random
+variable that is Ki squ distributed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is Ki squ distributed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is Ki squ distributed I
+take another random variable that's K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another random variable that's K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another random variable that's K
+squ distributed and I form a new random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ distributed and I form a new random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ distributed and I form a new random
+variable r that is the ratio of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable r that is the ratio of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable r that is the ratio of those
+two each normalized to the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two each normalized to the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two each normalized to the degree of
+Freedom uh or the the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom uh or the the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom uh or the the the number of
+variables that went into each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that went into each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that went into each of those
+High Square distributed variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High Square distributed variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High Square distributed variables and
+that is an F with u and v degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an F with u and v degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an F with u and v degrees of
+freedom again this comes up when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom again this comes up when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom again this comes up when we're
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+at things like ratios and want to reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at things like ratios and want to reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at things like ratios and want to reason
+about ratios of true population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ratios of true population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ratios of true population
+variances based on observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances based on observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances based on observations
+of sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sample
+variances and the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and the key
+place where that might come up that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where that might come up that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where that might come up that I
+mentioned is experimental design cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is experimental design cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is experimental design cases
+so this is an injection molding example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an injection molding example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an injection molding example
+where you might be looking at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might be looking at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might be looking at two
+different process conditions a low hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process conditions a low hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process conditions a low hold
+time and a high hold time and there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and a high hold time and there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and a high hold time and there may
+be other things varying maybe even other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be other things varying maybe even other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be other things varying maybe even other
+variables varying that cause there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables varying that cause there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables varying that cause there to be
+a spread or there's just natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spread or there's just natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spread or there's just natural
+variation in the two populations and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the two populations and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the two populations and you
+might ask questions like are these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask questions like are these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask questions like are these two
+variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances
+different did I improve the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different did I improve the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different did I improve the variance
+with that process condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change maybe maybe not certainly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change maybe maybe not certainly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change maybe maybe not certainly not
+obvious here so you might have very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious here so you might have very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious here so you might have very low
+confidence so we're going to go and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence so we're going to go and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence so we're going to go and use
+the F distribution a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F distribution a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F distribution a little bit later
+when we do analysis of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do analysis of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do analysis of experiments
+especially where you're looking to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially where you're looking to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially where you're looking to try
+to make inferences about whether there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make inferences about whether there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make inferences about whether there
+is differences between between a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is differences between between a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is differences between between a couple
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+populations and again because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and again because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and again because we're
+dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with
+variances there's a huge spread that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances there's a huge spread that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances there's a huge spread that
+arise naturally in in these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise naturally in in these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise naturally in in these these
+distributions purely by chance this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions purely by chance this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions purely by chance this is a
+good place to you know reemphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to you know reemphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to you know reemphasize that
+a lot of what's going on here is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what's going on here is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what's going on here is in
+random sampling is there spread in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sampling is there spread in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sampling is there spread in the
+observations that you get so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that you get so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that you get so here's a
+very simple numerical example if I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple numerical example if I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple numerical example if I start
+with a variable that is unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a variable that is unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a variable that is unit
+normal and I'm just going to take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and I'm just going to take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and I'm just going to take two
+samples sets of size n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples sets of size n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples sets of size n equals
+20 so I'm taking two different samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so I'm taking two different samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so I'm taking two different samples
+same underlying population I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same underlying population I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same underlying population I'm not
+making a process change say right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a process change say right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a process change say right I'm
+just taking two samples each of size 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking two samples each of size 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking two samples each of size 20
+by chance when I take that first sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chance when I take that first sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by chance when I take that first sample
+size I calculate a particular sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size I calculate a particular sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size I calculate a particular sample
+variance s s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance s s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance s s
+and by chance I calculate another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by chance I calculate another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by chance I calculate another one
+for the second sample and if I form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second sample and if I form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second sample and if I form the
+ratio of those two what typical range am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of those two what typical range am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of those two what typical range am
+I going to observe in the ratio of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to observe in the ratio of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to observe in the ratio of those
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+variances for example what ratio might I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances for example what ratio might I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances for example what ratio might I
+observe 95% of the time or what range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe 95% of the time or what range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe 95% of the time or what range
+and that's the F distribution in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the F distribution in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the F distribution in fact if
+I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look
+at the upper and lower bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the upper and lower bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the upper and lower bound on the
+range of that ratio for a 95 %
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of that ratio for a 95 %
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of that ratio for a 95 %
+confidence interval for this ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for this ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for this ratio of
+two samples of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two samples of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two samples of size
+20 I can go anywhere from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 I can go anywhere from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 I can go anywhere from
+2.5 to 0.4 in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio that's with samples of size 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that's with samples of size 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that's with samples of size 20
+that's a huge range right imagine two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge range right imagine two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge range right imagine two
+and a half times bigger variance over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half times bigger variance over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half times bigger variance over
+here compared to over here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here compared to over here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here compared to over here and that
+occurs purely by chance so in 95% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs purely by chance so in 95% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs purely by chance so in 95% of the
+time I might have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I might have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I might have uh
+ratios within that but you know 5% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios within that but you know 5% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios within that but you know 5% of
+the chant I'll even observe ratios that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chant I'll even observe ratios that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chant I'll even observe ratios that
+are bigger or even smaller than those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger or even smaller than those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger or even smaller than those
+extremal points so you got to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal points so you got to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremal points so you got to be really
+careful in reasoning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful in reasoning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful in reasoning about
+variances okay so we're mostly there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances okay so we're mostly there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances okay so we're mostly there the
+last thing I want to do here is draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I want to do here is draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I want to do here is draw the
+relationship of some of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of some of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of some of these two
+hypotheses tests and that gets us very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses tests and that gets us very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses tests and that gets us very
+close to some of the Sho heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to some of the Sho heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to some of the Sho heart
+hypotheses that are the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses that are the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses that are the basis for
+control charts that we'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control charts that we'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control charts that we'll talk about in
+the next lecture but I do want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture but I do want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture but I do want to get
+the basic idea in the last 5 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea in the last 5 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea in the last 5 10 minutes
+on uh what a statistical hypothesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh what a statistical hypothesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh what a statistical hypothesis is
+and how that relates to some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that relates to some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that relates to some of these
+confidence intervals that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals that we've been
+talking about so the basic idea we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so the basic idea we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so the basic idea we've
+been doing with these means is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing with these means is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing with these means is we've
+been hypothesizing that the mean has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been hypothesizing that the mean has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been hypothesizing that the mean has
+some distribution say a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution say a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution say a normal
+distribution and then we when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we when we talked
+about this confidence interval I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this confidence interval I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this confidence interval I would
+say accept or reject the hypothesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say accept or reject the hypothesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say accept or reject the hypothesis that
+the mean was within some range with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean was within some range with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean was within some range with some
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+right we can extend that to asking other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can extend that to asking other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can extend that to asking other
+questions or other hypotheses and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or other hypotheses and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or other hypotheses and then
+looking at the probabilities associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probabilities associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probabilities associated
+with it and saying with some degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and saying with some degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and saying with some degree of
+confidence I believe the hypothesis or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence I believe the hypothesis or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence I believe the hypothesis or I
+have enough evidence to counter it and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough evidence to counter it and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough evidence to counter it and a
+typical example might be a null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example might be a null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical example might be a null
+hypothesis often referred to as a notot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis often referred to as a notot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis often referred to as a notot
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+mean is some a priori mean some some Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is some a priori mean some some Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is some a priori mean some some Fe
+notot the null hypothesis is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot the null hypothesis is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notot the null hypothesis is based on
+this sample this sample that I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sample this sample that I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sample this sample that I'm drawing
+from the population I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the population I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the population I have this
+alternative hypothesis that the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis that the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis that the mean is
+changed it's no longer the same mean do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it's no longer the same mean do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it's no longer the same mean do
+I have enough evidence to say with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have enough evidence to say with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have enough evidence to say with some
+degree of confidence that the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of confidence that the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of confidence that the mean is
+changed okay and it's a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed okay and it's a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed okay and it's a little tricky
+right because because there's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because because there's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because because there's all these
+probabilities associated with random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with random
+sampling so I observe a particular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling so I observe a particular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling so I observe a particular value
+with some deviation how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some deviation how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some deviation how do I
+know to what degree there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to what degree there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to what degree there's there's
+actual uh shift say in the mean or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh shift say in the mean or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh shift say in the mean or
+not so let's let's look at this what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so let's let's look at this what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so let's let's look at this what we
+do is we form the hypothesis we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we form the hypothesis we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we form the hypothesis we then
+look at the probabilities associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the probabilities associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the probabilities associated
+with the two cases and then based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two cases and then based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two cases and then based on
+those probabilities say with some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those probabilities say with some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those probabilities say with some degree
+of confidence I choose one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confidence I choose one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confidence I choose one or the other
+and what's important is there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's important is there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's important is there's always
+the chance of being wrong making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of being wrong making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of being wrong making an
+error those Alpha errors out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error those Alpha errors out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error those Alpha errors out in the
+tails for example uh with that decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails for example uh with that decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails for example uh with that decision
+so that's where this confidence level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this confidence level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where this confidence level
+comes in so let's say we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in so let's say we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in so let's say we're looking at
+this test we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test we're
+asking the null hypothesis is I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the null hypothesis is I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the null hypothesis is I have a
+uh a normal distribution with some uh op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a normal distribution with some uh op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a normal distribution with some uh op
+priori mean and some prior variance I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori mean and some prior variance I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori mean and some prior variance I'm
+going to draw a new sample and based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw a new sample and based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw a new sample and based on
+that I want to either decide that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to either decide that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to either decide that a
+shift has occurred or or that the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift has occurred or or that the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift has occurred or or that the data
+or not that the data comes from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not that the data comes from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not that the data comes from that
+distribution or not and so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or not and so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or not and so what we're
+going to do is use essentially this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is use essentially this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is use essentially this same
+confidence interval idea and say say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval idea and say say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval idea and say say to
+95% confidence 95% of the time if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% confidence 95% of the time if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% confidence 95% of the time if my
+value lies in the central part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value lies in the central part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value lies in the central part of the
+that distribution I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution I'm going to
+accept the well in this case the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the well in this case the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the well in this case the null
+hypothesis that my new sample still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that my new sample still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that my new sample still
+comes from that same distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that same distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from that same distribution so
+that would be my 95% my one minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be my 95% my one minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be my 95% my one minus Alpha
+if Alpha is a 5% error but if I observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is a 5% error but if I observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is a 5% error but if I observe
+a sample mean say or I observe a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample mean say or I observe a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample mean say or I observe a piece
+of data that lies out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that lies out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that lies out
+here I'm going to reject the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to reject the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to reject the null
+hypothesis I'm going to say instead I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis I'm going to say instead I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis I'm going to say instead I
+think I've got an unlikely event by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've got an unlikely event by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've got an unlikely event by
+chance that I think instead indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that I think instead indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that I think instead indicates
+something has changed something has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has changed something has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has changed something has
+changed in the process we'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in the process we'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in the process we'll call that
+the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of
+rejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejection
+okay so again already you can see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again already you can see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again already you can see one
+kind of error that's likely to pop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of error that's likely to pop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of error that's likely to pop up
+there is a confidence interval this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a confidence interval this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a confidence interval this
+Alpha there is a significance level to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha there is a significance level to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha there is a significance level to
+the test it's very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test it's very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test it's very similar to the
+confidence interval uh idea and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval uh idea and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval uh idea and the
+alpha error associated with that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha error associated with that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha error associated with that so
+right away you see there's one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away you see there's one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away you see there's one kind of
+error it's referred to as a type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it's referred to as a type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it's referred to as a type one
+error on these kinds of hypothesis tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on these kinds of hypothesis tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on these kinds of hypothesis tests
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+rejecting the null hypothesis out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting the null hypothesis out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting the null hypothesis out here
+in the tails with some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tails with some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tails with some probability
+Alpha even if if I observed you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha even if if I observed you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha even if if I observed you know a
+point out there in the tals even if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out there in the tals even if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out there in the tals even if that
+population or that distribution is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population or that distribution is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population or that distribution is still
+still operative it is in fact true my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still operative it is in fact true my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still operative it is in fact true my
+samples are still coming from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples are still coming from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples are still coming from that
+distribution but I happened to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but I happened to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but I happened to draw a
+sample way out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample way out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample way out in the
+tail and I said well that was unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and I said well that was unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and I said well that was unlikely
+that was unlikely in this picture I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was unlikely in this picture I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was unlikely in this picture I'm
+rejecting the null hypothesis I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting the null hypothesis I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting the null hypothesis I'm
+claiming this is evidence that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming this is evidence that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming this is evidence that something
+changed when in fact nothing changed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed when in fact nothing changed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed when in fact nothing changed I
+just got unlucky right so the first type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got unlucky right so the first type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got unlucky right so the first type
+of error that you can make is this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error that you can make is this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error that you can make is this type
+one uh type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh type one
+error okay um it's also sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error okay um it's also sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error okay um it's also sometimes
+referred to as producer error producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as producer error producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as producer error producer
+risk you're the manufacturer you reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you're the manufacturer you reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you're the manufacturer you reject
+your part because your s or you reject a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your part because your s or you reject a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your part because your s or you reject a
+batch say because your sample was way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch say because your sample was way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch say because your sample was way
+out here in the tail you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in the tail you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in the tail you're taking the
+risk of rejecting and throwing away good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of rejecting and throwing away good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of rejecting and throwing away good
+product even though it really was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product even though it really was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product even though it really was good
+if I took more samples it would go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took more samples it would go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took more samples it would go back
+and and really indicate what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really indicate what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really indicate what was going
+on that that the product was still good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that that the product was still good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that that the product was still good
+so it's also sometimes referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also sometimes referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's also sometimes referred to as
+producer risk but there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer risk but there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer risk but there's another
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+error there is an error associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error there is an error associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error there is an error associated
+with the distribution shifted or changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the distribution shifted or changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the distribution shifted or changed
+I still accepted it based on a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still accepted it based on a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still accepted it based on a random
+sample from the different distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from the different distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from the different distribution
+that happened to fall in my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened to fall in my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened to fall in my other
+distribution and that's referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that's referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that's referred to as
+type two error has a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two error has a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two error has a probability
+associated with that called beta we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that called beta we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that called beta we've
+been talking all about these Alphas well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking all about these Alphas well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking all about these Alphas well
+there's also a beta it's also sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a beta it's also sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a beta it's also sometimes
+referred to as uh consumer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as uh consumer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as uh consumer's
+risk the manufacturer did a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk the manufacturer did a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk the manufacturer did a little
+inspection the mean happened to fall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection the mean happened to fall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection the mean happened to fall in
+the region of acceptance he shipped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of acceptance he shipped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of acceptance he shipped it
+turns out it was actually by bad chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it was actually by bad chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it was actually by bad chance
+just happened to fall in the good region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened to fall in the good region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened to fall in the good region
+it really is coming from a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is coming from a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is coming from a bad
+distribution Okay so let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution Okay so let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution Okay so let's look at that
+what is what is this beta well for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is this beta well for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is this beta well for the
+type two errors we essentially have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two errors we essentially have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two errors we essentially have to
+hypothesize a shift of some size some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize a shift of some size some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesize a shift of some size some
+little Delta and then we assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Delta and then we assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Delta and then we assess the
+probabilities that I'm drawing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that I'm drawing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that I'm drawing from the
+tail of that shifted distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of that shifted distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of that shifted distribution and
+just happen to fall over here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to fall over here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to fall over here in this
+region of acceptance for our our good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of acceptance for our our good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of acceptance for our our good
+distribution so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is the
+probability associated with our null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated with our null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability associated with our null
+hypothesis this is our our starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis this is our our starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis this is our our starting
+distribution our alternative hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution our alternative hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution our alternative hypothesis
+here is that I had a plus Delta shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that I had a plus Delta shift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that I had a plus Delta shift in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mean okay so this is our possible new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay so this is our possible new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay so this is our possible new
+operative and in fact for a type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative and in fact for a type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative and in fact for a type two
+error this is actually at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error this is actually at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error this is actually at
+work remember this is the region of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work remember this is the region of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work remember this is the region of of
+acceptance so I'm claiming this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance so I'm claiming this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance so I'm claiming this is
+good but if the pro population actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but if the pro population actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but if the pro population actually
+shifted over there to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over there to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over there to the right
+Notice off in the left here we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice off in the left here we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice off in the left here we've got
+this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole
+tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail
+where if I drew from the shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if I drew from the shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if I drew from the shifted
+distribution I've got that tail that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I've got that tail that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I've got that tail that
+lightly shaded blue tail falling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly shaded blue tail falling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly shaded blue tail falling in the
+region of acceptance where I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of acceptance where I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of acceptance where I would say
+it's a good distribution and erroneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good distribution and erroneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good distribution and erroneously
+accept and one can simply apply the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and one can simply apply the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and one can simply apply the same
+probabilities to basically go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to basically go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to basically go in and
+calculate you know just integrate up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you know just integrate up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you know just integrate up and
+do uh the cumulative normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh the cumulative normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh the cumulative normal distribution
+function to calculate what that tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to calculate what that tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to calculate what that tail
+is okay so it's all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities so the applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so the applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so the applications of
+this are really going to be uh on of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are really going to be uh on of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are really going to be uh on of
+hypothesis testing this would be shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing this would be shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing this would be shifts
+of the mean you can start to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mean you can start to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mean you can start to see
+worrying about monitoring your process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about monitoring your process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about monitoring your process
+and seeing if something changed in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing if something changed in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing if something changed in your
+process a shift occurred and being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process a shift occurred and being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process a shift occurred and being able
+to detect that and that gets us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect that and that gets us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect that and that gets us to
+control charting that we'll do next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control charting that we'll do next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control charting that we'll do next time
+it's okay so this is all pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so this is all pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so this is all pretty much the
+same stuff and now this is a peak ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff and now this is a peak ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff and now this is a peak ahead
+you'll see process control and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see process control and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see process control and we'll
+talk about you know repeated samples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you know repeated samples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you know repeated samples in
+time coming from the same distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time coming from the same distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time coming from the same distribution
+uh next time okay so we will see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next time okay so we will see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next time okay so we will see you on
+Thursday and we will dive into shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and we will dive into shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday and we will dive into shoe
+heart control charts
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WSrVCCBOeg4.txt b/WSrVCCBOeg4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe527ccd304e36ede09ad314ab35bd4e86003cb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WSrVCCBOeg4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you remember our discussion from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember our discussion from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember our discussion from a
+long time ago we said that much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago we said that much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago we said that much of this
+class consists of variations of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class consists of variations of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class consists of variations of a few
+basic skills and ideas one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic skills and ideas one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic skills and ideas one of which is
+the Bayes rule the foundation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bayes rule the foundation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bayes rule the foundation of
+inference so let us look here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so let us look here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so let us look here at the
+Bayes rule again and it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule again and it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule again and it's different
+incarnations in a discrete setting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incarnations in a discrete setting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incarnations in a discrete setting we
+have a random variable with a known PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random variable with a known PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random variable with a known PMF
+but whose values are not observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whose values are not observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whose values are not observed
+instead we observe the value of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we observe the value of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we observe the value of another
+random variable call it Y which has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable call it Y which has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable call it Y which has some
+relation with X and we will use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation with X and we will use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation with X and we will use the
+value of Y to make some inferences about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Y to make some inferences about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Y to make some inferences about
+X the relation between the two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the relation between the two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the relation between the two random
+variables is captured by specifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is captured by specifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is captured by specifying the
+conditional PMF of Y given any value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PMF of Y given any value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PMF of Y given any value of
+x think of X as an unknown state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x think of X as an unknown state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x think of X as an unknown state of the
+world and of Y as a noisy observation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and of Y as a noisy observation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and of Y as a noisy observation of
+X the conditional PMF tells us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the conditional PMF tells us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the conditional PMF tells us the
+distribution of Y under each possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y under each possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y under each possible
+state of the world once we observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the world once we observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the world once we observe the
+value of y we obtain some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y we obtain some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y we obtain some information
+about X and we use this information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X and we use this information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about X and we use this information to
+make inferences about the likely values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make inferences about the likely values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make inferences about the likely values
+of X mathematically instead of relying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X mathematically instead of relying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X mathematically instead of relying
+on the prior for X we form some revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the prior for X we form some revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the prior for X we form some revised
+beliefs that is we form the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs that is we form the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs that is we form the conditional
+PDF of X given the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X given the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of X given the particular
+observation that we have seen all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we have seen all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we have seen all this
+becomes possible because of the Bayes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes possible because of the Bayes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes possible because of the Bayes
+rule we have seen the Bayes rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we have seen the Bayes rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule we have seen the Bayes rule for
+events but it is easy to translate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but it is easy to translate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events but it is easy to translate into
+PMF notation we take the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF notation we take the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF notation we take the multiplication
+rule and we use it twice in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and we use it twice in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and we use it twice in different
+orders to get two different forms or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders to get two different forms or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders to get two different forms or two
+different expressions for the joint PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different expressions for the joint PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different expressions for the joint PMF
+we then take one of the terms involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then take one of the terms involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then take one of the terms involved
+here and send it to the other side we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and send it to the other side we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and send it to the other side we
+obtain this expression which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this expression which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this expression which is the
+Bayes rule what we have here we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule what we have here we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule what we have here we want to
+calculate the conditional distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the conditional distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the conditional distribution
+of X which we typically call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X which we typically call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X which we typically call the
+posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to do this we rely on the prior of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do this we rely on the prior of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do this we rely on the prior of X
+as well as on the model that we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as on the model that we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as on the model that we have for
+the observations the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations the denominator
+requires us to compute the marginal of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires us to compute the marginal of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires us to compute the marginal of Y
+but this is something that is easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is something that is easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is something that is easily
+done because we have the joint available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because we have the joint available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because we have the joint available
+the numerator this expression here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator this expression here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator this expression here is
+just the joint pmf and using the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the joint pmf and using the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the joint pmf and using the joint
+pmf you can always find the marginal PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf you can always find the marginal PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf you can always find the marginal PMF
+essentially we're using here the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we're using here the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we're using here the total
+probability theorem and we're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem and we're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theorem and we're using the
+pieces of information that were given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information that were given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information that were given to
+us the prior and the model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the prior and the model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the prior and the model of the
+observations when we are dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations when we are dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations when we are dealing with
+continuous random variables the story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables the story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables the story is
+identical we still have two versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical we still have two versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical we still have two versions of
+the multiplication rule by sending one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication rule by sending one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication rule by sending one
+term this term to the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this term to the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this term to the other side of the
+equation we get the Bayes rule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we get the Bayes rule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we get the Bayes rule and then
+we use the total probability theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the total probability theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the total probability theorem to
+calculate the denominator term so as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the denominator term so as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the denominator term so as far
+as mathematics go the story is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mathematics go the story is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mathematics go the story is pretty
+simple and is exactly the same in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and is exactly the same in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and is exactly the same in the
+discrete and the continuous case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete and the continuous case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete and the continuous case this
+story will be our stepping stone for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story will be our stepping stone for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story will be our stepping stone for
+dealing with more complex models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with more complex models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with more complex models and
+also when we go into more detail on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also when we go into more detail on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also when we go into more detail on the
+subject of inference later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of inference later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of inference later in this
+course
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WafWLM41pQ0.txt b/WafWLM41pQ0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3eef48c20e0c2c9691f39a62d8cd0a8fe36858a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WafWLM41pQ0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get started let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started let's get started
+please last time we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please last time we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please last time we talked about
+information and entropy the picture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and entropy the picture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and entropy the picture we
+had was of some kind of a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was of some kind of a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was of some kind of a source
+emitting symbols symbols let's say n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting symbols symbols let's say n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting symbols symbols let's say n of
+them so it chooses from these symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it chooses from these symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it chooses from these symbols
+with probabilities P 1 up to P N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probabilities P 1 up to P N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probabilities P 1 up to P N and
+then we talked about the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked about the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we talked about the expected
+information here or the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the expected information you get when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected information you get when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected information you get when
+you see the symbol that's emitted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the symbol that's emitted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the symbol that's emitted by the
+source and that was the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and that was the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and that was the average value of
+the information so was let's see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information so was let's see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information so was let's see you
+take one over log of one over P I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one over log of one over P I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one over log of one over P I for
+each of the possible symbols and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the possible symbols and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the possible symbols and then
+you've got to weight it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to weight it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to weight it by the
+corresponding probability to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probability to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probability to get an
+expectation and this was the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and this was the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and this was the entropy of
+the source okay or if you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source okay or if you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source okay or if you want to make
+explicit the source you could say H of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit the source you could say H of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit the source you could say H of s
+for a source capital s alright and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a source capital s alright and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a source capital s alright and then
+we were actually thinking of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were actually thinking of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were actually thinking of this
+operating repeatedly so in the model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating repeatedly so in the model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating repeatedly so in the model we
+had last time the source at each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had last time the source at each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had last time the source at each time
+chooses from one of these symbols with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses from one of these symbols with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses from one of these symbols with
+this probability and it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability and it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability and it does it
+independently of choices at other times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of choices at other times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of choices at other times
+so what the source actually generates is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the source actually generates is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the source actually generates is
+what's referred to as an iid sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's referred to as an iid sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's referred to as an iid sequence of
+symbols independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identically distributed you'll see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed you'll see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed you'll see this
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or iid sequence of symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the independent part of this refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the independent part of this refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the independent part of this refers
+to the fact that it makes the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that it makes the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that it makes the choice
+independently at each time instant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently at each time instant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently at each time instant the
+identically distributed means that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed means that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed means that at
+each time instant it goes back to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time instant it goes back to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time instant it goes back to these
+same probabilities it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probabilities it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probabilities it's the same
+distribution that it uses each time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that it uses each time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that it uses each time okay
+so that's what iid means it's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what iid means it's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what iid means it's a sort of
+a stationary probabilistic source with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary probabilistic source with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary probabilistic source with
+no dependence from one time instant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dependence from one time instant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dependence from one time instant to
+the next okay average information was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next okay average information was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next okay average information was
+measured in bits per symbol and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in bits per symbol and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in bits per symbol and what we
+wanted to do was take those symbols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was take those symbols and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was take those symbols and
+compress them to binary digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we were going to you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we were going to you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we were going to you can
+compress them to other things we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress them to other things we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress them to other things we were
+going to think of compressing them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of compressing them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of compressing them to
+binary digits because we're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits because we're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits because we're thinking of
+a channel that can take zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a channel that can take zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a channel that can take zeros and ones
+or signal that's in two possible states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or signal that's in two possible states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or signal that's in two possible states
+so what we want to do is take each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do is take each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do is take each
+symbol or a sequence of symbols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol or a sequence of symbols and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol or a sequence of symbols and
+encode it in the form of binary digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode it in the form of binary digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode it in the form of binary digits
+right now each binary digit can at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now each binary digit can at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now each binary digit can at most
+carry one bit of information if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry one bit of information if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry one bit of information if if the
+binary digit is equally likely to be a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digit is equally likely to be a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digit is equally likely to be a 0
+or 1 then it carries one bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 then it carries one bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 then it carries one bit of
+information so that tells you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so that tells you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so that tells you really
+that if you're going to code this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're going to code this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're going to code this the
+code length let's see compress two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code length let's see compress two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code length let's see compress two
+binary digits let's say or encode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits let's say or encode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits let's say or encode and
+what we need is the expected code length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l should be greater than or equal to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l should be greater than or equal to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l should be greater than or equal to H
+okay so you need to transmit at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you need to transmit at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you need to transmit at least
+this many binary digits on average to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many binary digits on average to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many binary digits on average to
+convey the information that's coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey the information that's coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey the information that's coming out
+of the source a per symbol or per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source a per symbol or per time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source a per symbol or per time
+step alright so that was the basic setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've given you one of these bounds here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you one of these bounds here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you one of these bounds here
+when we talked about codes by the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about codes by the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about codes by the way we
+decided that we're if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that we're if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that we're if we're talking
+about binary codes we want to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about binary codes we want to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about binary codes we want to limit
+ourselves to what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to what are called
+instantaneously decodable or prefix-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+codes and these are codes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and these are codes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and these are codes that
+correspond to the leaves of a code tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the leaves of a code tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the leaves of a code tree
+so we had examples of this type you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had examples of this type you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had examples of this type you want
+your symbols to be associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your symbols to be associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your symbols to be associated with the
+leaves of the end of the tree not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of the end of the tree not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of the end of the tree not
+intermediate points the reason being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate points the reason being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate points the reason being
+that as you work your way down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you work your way down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you work your way down to the
+tree other I'm assuming you've this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree other I'm assuming you've this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree other I'm assuming you've this
+picture makes sense to you in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture makes sense to you in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture makes sense to you in some
+fashion from recitation but as you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion from recitation but as you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion from recitation but as you work
+your way down to the symbol you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way down to the symbol you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way down to the symbol you don't
+encounter any other symbols on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter any other symbols on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter any other symbols on the way
+so as soon as you hit the leaf you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as soon as you hit the leaf you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as soon as you hit the leaf you know
+what symbol you've got all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what symbol you've got all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what symbol you've got all right so
+we're limiting ourselves to codes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're limiting ourselves to codes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're limiting ourselves to codes of
+that type because some of the statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type because some of the statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type because some of the statements
+I make are not true if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make are not true if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make are not true if you don't have
+codes of this type so I won't comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes of this type so I won't comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes of this type so I won't comment on
+that again all right so we've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first inequality that I've put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first inequality that I've put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first inequality that I've put up
+there and it turns out that Shannon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it turns out that Shannon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it turns out that Shannon
+showed how to actually construct codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed how to actually construct codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed how to actually construct codes
+that will give you a band on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you a band on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you a band on the other
+side let me actually write it the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side let me actually write it the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side let me actually write it the way it
+is on the slide so Shannon showed how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the slide so Shannon showed how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the slide so Shannon showed how to
+get codes that satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get codes that satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get codes that satisfy this
+so can get code satisfying this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can get code satisfying this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can get code satisfying this so
+Shannon showed how to get within one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon showed how to get within one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon showed how to get within one of
+the lower bound in terms of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower bound in terms of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower bound in terms of the expected
+length of the code so that was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the code so that was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the code so that was pretty
+good but after coming up with this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but after coming up with this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but after coming up with this paper
+in 48 and working on this for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 48 and working on this for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 48 and working on this for a while
+neither he nor other luminaries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither he nor other luminaries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither he nor other luminaries in the
+field had found how to get the best such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field had found how to get the best such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field had found how to get the best such
+code and that's what Huffman ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and that's what Huffman ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and that's what Huffman ended up
+doing so we've talked about that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so we've talked about that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so we've talked about that already
+okay so Huffman showed how to get a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Huffman showed how to get a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Huffman showed how to get a code
+of minimum expected length per symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimum expected length per symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimum expected length per symbol
+with a very simple construction now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can actually extend huffman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually extend huffman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually extend huffman and
+maybe talked about this in recitation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe talked about this in recitation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe talked about this in recitation as
+well so you can code per symbol or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you can code per symbol or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you can code per symbol or you
+can decide you're going to create super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide you're going to create super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decide you're going to create super
+symbols take the same source but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols take the same source but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols take the same source but say
+that the symbols that it emits are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the symbols that it emits are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the symbols that it emits are the
+symbols from here grouped two at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols from here grouped two at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols from here grouped two at a time
+so you're going to take the symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to take the symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to take the symbol
+emitted at some particular time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted at some particular time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted at some particular time and then
+the symbol at the following time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol at the following time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol at the following time and
+call that a super symbol and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a super symbol and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a super symbol and then take
+the next pair and that's a super symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next pair and that's a super symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next pair and that's a super symbol
+and so on so you're doing the Huffman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so you're doing the Huffman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so you're doing the Huffman
+coding but on pairs of symbols so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding but on pairs of symbols so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding but on pairs of symbols so you
+can go through the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through the same kind of
+construction if you're assuming an iid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if you're assuming an iid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if you're assuming an iid
+source then the probability of a paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source then the probability of a paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source then the probability of a paired
+Super symbol is easy to compute it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super symbol is easy to compute it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super symbol is easy to compute it's
+just a probability of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a probability of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a probability of the individual
+ones because they're independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because they're independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because they're independently
+emitted and then the the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and then the the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and then the the entropy of the
+resulting source here turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting source here turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting source here turns out to be
+twice the entropy of the source here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the entropy of the source here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the entropy of the source here
+because these are independent emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are independent emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are independent emissions
+so the entropy s will just add so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the entropy s will just add so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the entropy s will just add so you
+can do the Huffman construction again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the Huffman construction again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the Huffman construction again
+and what you discover is the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you discover is the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you discover is the same kind
+of thing except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is now the inequality right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now the inequality right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now the inequality right and the
+reason is well here L is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is well here L is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is well here L is still the
+expected length per symbol but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected length per symbol but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected length per symbol but you're
+doing pairs now so the expected length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pairs now so the expected length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pairs now so the expected length
+for the pair is 2l right the lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pair is 2l right the lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pair is 2l right the lower bound
+is the entropy of the source that's 2h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entropy of the source that's 2h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entropy of the source that's 2h
+the upper bound is the entropy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper bound is the entropy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper bound is the entropy of that
+source plus one so you can construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source plus one so you can construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source plus one so you can construct a
+code of that type you can do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of that type you can do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of that type you can do it with
+Shannon's construction or Huffman's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon's construction or Huffman's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon's construction or Huffman's and
+now see what you've managed to do you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see what you've managed to do you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see what you've managed to do you've
+got a little tighter of a squeeze on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little tighter of a squeeze on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little tighter of a squeeze on the
+expected length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've gone from h plus 1/2 to sorry H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've gone from h plus 1/2 to sorry H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've gone from h plus 1/2 to sorry H
+plus 1/2 H plus 1/2 with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/2 H plus 1/2 with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1/2 H plus 1/2 with this
+construction if you took triples this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if you took triples this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if you took triples this
+would just change to 1 over 3 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just change to 1 over 3 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just change to 1 over 3 if you
+took K tuples you get 1 over K so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took K tuples you get 1 over K so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took K tuples you get 1 over K so if you
+encode larger and larger blocks you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode larger and larger blocks you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode larger and larger blocks you can
+squeeze the expected length down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze the expected length down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze the expected length down to
+essentially what the entropy bound tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what the entropy bound tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what the entropy bound tells
+you ok now Huffman you've spent time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ok now Huffman you've spent time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ok now Huffman you've spent time in
+recitation I just thought I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I just thought I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I just thought I would
+quickly run through an example so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly run through an example so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly run through an example so that
+you have this fresh in your minds so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this fresh in your minds so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this fresh in your minds so we
+start off with a set of symbols this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with a set of symbols this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with a set of symbols this is
+kind of weak but I hope you can see it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weak but I hope you can see it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weak but I hope you can see it a
+set of symbols a to D in this case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of symbols a to D in this case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of symbols a to D in this case with
+probabilities associated with it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with it the
+Huffman process is to first sort these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman process is to first sort these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman process is to first sort these
+symbols and descending order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and descending order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols and descending order of
+probability so that's what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that's what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that's what I really
+start with you take the two smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with you take the two smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with you take the two smallest
+ones and lump them together to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and lump them together to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and lump them together to get a
+paired symbol rearrange reorder and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired symbol rearrange reorder and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired symbol rearrange reorder and then
+you do the same thing again you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same thing again you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same thing again you take the
+two combine them reorder take the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two combine them reorder take the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two combine them reorder take the two
+smallest ones combine them reorder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest ones combine them reorder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest ones combine them reorder and
+that's what you have for your reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you have for your reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you have for your reduction
+phase and then you start to trace back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and then you start to trace back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and then you start to trace back
+so when you trace back you can pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you trace back you can pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you trace back you can pick the
+upper one to be 0 the lower one to be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper one to be 0 the lower one to be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper one to be 0 the lower one to be 1
+and then every time you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every time you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then every time you get a
+bifurcation as you go back you'll pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation as you go back you'll pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation as you go back you'll pick
+the upper 1 to be 0 and the lower 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper 1 to be 0 and the lower 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper 1 to be 0 and the lower 1 to
+be 1 and you start to build up your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 and you start to build up your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 and you start to build up your code
+word right so this one traces back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right so this one traces back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right so this one traces back
+there's no bifurcation this trace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no bifurcation this trace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no bifurcation this trace is
+back the 0 becomes 0 0 0 1 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the 0 becomes 0 0 0 1 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the 0 becomes 0 0 0 1 and you
+go all the way like that okay so trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way like that okay so trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way like that okay so trace
+back let's see was their fourth yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back let's see was their fourth yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back let's see was their fourth yeah so
+the one here becomes a 1 0 and a 1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one here becomes a 1 0 and a 1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one here becomes a 1 0 and a 1 1 and
+then at the next step you're all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the next step you're all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the next step you're all the way
+back with the Huffman code right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with the Huffman code right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with the Huffman code right so
+that's the Huffman code for that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Huffman code for that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Huffman code for that set of
+symbols it's a Huffman code I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols it's a Huffman code I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols it's a Huffman code I shouldn't
+say the Huffman code because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the Huffman code because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the Huffman code because if you
+notice at various stages we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice at various stages we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice at various stages we had
+probabilities that were identical like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that were identical like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that were identical like
+over here and over here and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and over here and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and over here and over here
+and we could have chosen how to order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could have chosen how to order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could have chosen how to order
+these things and then how to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and then how to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and then how to do the
+subsequent grouping and all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent grouping and all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent grouping and all of those
+will give you Huffman codes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you Huffman codes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you Huffman codes with the
+same minimum expected length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I want to give you another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I want to give you another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I want to give you another way
+of thinking about entropy and why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about entropy and why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about entropy and why it
+enters into coding and here's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into coding and here's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into coding and here's the basic
+idea right so we're still thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right so we're still thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right so we're still thinking about
+this source emitting independent symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this source emitting independent symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this source emitting independent symbols
+it's an iid source and we've got a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an iid source and we've got a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an iid source and we've got a very
+long string of emissions so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a very long string of symbols emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long string of symbols emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long string of symbols emitted
+maybe as one of the first time as 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe as one of the first time as 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe as one of the first time as 17
+here s2 here and so on and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here s2 here and so on and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here s2 here and so on and the question
+is in a very long string of symbols how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a very long string of symbols how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a very long string of symbols how
+many times do you expect to see symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do you expect to see symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times do you expect to see symbol
+s1 how many times you expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 how many times you expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1 how many times you expect to see
+symbol that's 2 and so on well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol that's 2 and so on well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol that's 2 and so on well if you
+actually work it out it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work it out it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work it out it turns out that
+the expected number of times number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of times number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected number of times number of
+times we see si the ight symbol is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we see si the ight symbol is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we see si the ight symbol is K
+times the probability of seeing si so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of seeing si so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of seeing si so
+it's what you'd expect all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you'd expect all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you'd expect all right so the
+expected number of times is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of times is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of times is that well
+but that doesn't tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't tell you what the
+number of times is that you'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times is that you'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times is that you'll see in
+any given experiment we know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given experiment we know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given experiment we know that you
+need to think about standard deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about standard deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about standard deviations
+as well so what this is saying is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so what this is saying is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so what this is saying is for
+instance for symbol si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we expect to get that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we expect to get that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we expect to get that many of
+symbol si but actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol si but actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol si but actually there's a
+distribution around it so you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around it so you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around it so you'll get a
+little histogram here I'm not making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little histogram here I'm not making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little histogram here I'm not making any
+attempt to draw it very carefully but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to draw it very carefully but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to draw it very carefully but
+there's a distribution you run different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a distribution you run different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a distribution you run different
+experiments you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you're going to get
+different numbers of si in that run of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers of si in that run of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers of si in that run of K
+right so there's a distribution and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a distribution and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a distribution and it
+turns out you can actually write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can actually write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can actually write an
+explicit formula for the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit formula for the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit formula for the standard
+deviation this is something you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation this is something you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation this is something you'll see
+if you do a probability course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a probability course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a probability course it's
+actually very simple so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very simple so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very simple so that's the
+standard deviation so the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation so the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation so the standard
+deviation goes as root K so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation goes as root K so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation goes as root K so the
+interesting thing is that the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that the standard
+deviation as a fraction of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation as a fraction of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation as a fraction of the number of
+successes gets smaller and smaller as K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes gets smaller and smaller as K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes gets smaller and smaller as K
+becomes larger and larger or another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes larger and larger or another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes larger and larger or another way
+to see that is if I normalize this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that is if I normalize this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that is if I normalize this so
+I'm going to do number of successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do number of successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do number of successes
+divided by K this histogram is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K this histogram is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K this histogram is going to
+cluster around P I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the standard deviation now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard deviation now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard deviation now because
+I've divided by K the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've divided by K the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've divided by K the standard deviation
+actually now ends up being P 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now ends up being P 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now ends up being P 1 minus P
+square root of K all right so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K all right so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K all right so what this
+says is if you get a run of K emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is if you get a run of K emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is if you get a run of K emissions
+of the symbol and you try and estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symbol and you try and estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the symbol and you try and estimate
+the probability P I by taking the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability P I by taking the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability P I by taking the ratio
+of times s I appears over the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times s I appears over the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times s I appears over the total
+number of runs you'll actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of runs you'll actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of runs you'll actually get a
+little spread here centered on P I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spread here centered on P I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spread here centered on P I but
+the spread actually goes down as 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread actually goes down as 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread actually goes down as 1 over
+root K so this is really what the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root K so this is really what the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root K so this is really what the law of
+large numbers is telling us it's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers is telling us it's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers is telling us it's telling
+us that if you take a very long run you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that if you take a very long run you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that if you take a very long run you
+almost certainly get a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly get a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly get a number of
+successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes
+well KPI in this case or it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well KPI in this case or it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well KPI in this case or it's very
+tightly concentrated all right we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly concentrated all right we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly concentrated all right we don't
+want you to remember all these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to remember all these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to remember all these formulas
+I have them on the slides it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have them on the slides it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have them on the slides it's just
+there for fun there's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for fun there's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for fun there's something else
+that I put on there that you can try out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I put on there that you can try out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I put on there that you can try out
+for fun I don't want to talk through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun I don't want to talk through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun I don't want to talk through it
+but you can use exactly this to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can use exactly this to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can use exactly this to analyze
+things like polling why is it that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like polling why is it that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like polling why is it that you
+can pull 2,500 people and say that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull 2,500 people and say that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull 2,500 people and say that I've
+got a margin of error 1% as to how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a margin of error 1% as to how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a margin of error 1% as to how the
+election is going to turn out well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election is going to turn out well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election is going to turn out well the
+answer is actually in exactly this if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is actually in exactly this if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is actually in exactly this if we
+have time at the end I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time at the end I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time at the end I'll come back to
+it but it's easy enough that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's easy enough that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's easy enough that you can
+look at it yourself so let's focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it yourself so let's focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it yourself so let's focus on
+what it is I wanted to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is I wanted to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is I wanted to show you
+I picked Obama 0.55 but that was just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked Obama 0.55 but that was just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked Obama 0.55 but that was just as
+illustration no no political views to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration no no political views to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration no no political views to be
+imputed to that all right so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imputed to that all right so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imputed to that all right so what we're
+saying is you've got K emissions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you've got K emissions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you've got K emissions of this
+symbol and with very high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and with very high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and with very high probability
+you've got K P 1 of s 1 K P 2 of s 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got K P 1 of s 1 K P 2 of s 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got K P 1 of s 1 K P 2 of s 2 and
+so on so this is really what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so this is really what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so this is really what you're
+expecting to get provided you toss this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to get provided you toss this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to get provided you toss this
+a large number of times what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of times what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of times what's the
+probability of getting a sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a sequence that
+has K P 1 of s 1 K P 2 of s 2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has K P 1 of s 1 K P 2 of s 2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has K P 1 of s 1 K P 2 of s 2 and so on
+so you've got to get s 1 and K P 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to get s 1 and K P 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to get s 1 and K P 1
+positions what's the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions what's the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions what's the probability of that
+and you've got to get us 2 and K P 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got to get us 2 and K P 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got to get us 2 and K P 2
+positions so how do you work out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so how do you work out those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so how do you work out those
+probabilities we're invoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities we're invoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities we're invoking
+independence of all the emissions so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of all the emissions so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of all the emissions so you
+can multiply probabilities so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply probabilities so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply probabilities so what you
+have is s 1 occurring with probability P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is s 1 occurring with probability P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is s 1 occurring with probability P
+1 to the power K P 1 because P 1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to the power K P 1 because P 1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to the power K P 1 because P 1 is the
+probability with which s 1 occurs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with which s 1 occurs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability with which s 1 occurs and
+it's happening KP 1 times so you take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's happening KP 1 times so you take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's happening KP 1 times so you take it
+to that power and then P 2 to the K P 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that power and then P 2 to the K P 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that power and then P 2 to the K P 2
+all the way up to p.m. to the KPM okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to p.m. to the KPM okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to p.m. to the KPM okay
+so this is the probability of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the probability of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the probability of getting a
+sequence like this and what we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence like this and what we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence like this and what we've said
+is this is the only kind of sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the only kind of sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the only kind of sequence
+you're typically going to get all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're typically going to get all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're typically going to get all all
+the rest have very low probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest have very low probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest have very low probability of
+occurrence so it must be that when I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence so it must be that when I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence so it must be that when I add
+up all these sequences I get essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all these sequences I get essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all these sequences I get essentially
+probability one so the question then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so the question then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so the question then is
+how many such sequences are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many such sequences are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many such sequences are there
+because if a single sequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a single sequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a single sequence of this
+type has this probability and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type has this probability and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type has this probability and the only
+sequences I'm going to get our sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences I'm going to get our sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences I'm going to get our sequences
+of this type is effectively and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type is effectively and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type is effectively and the
+probabilities have to sum to one how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities have to sum to one how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities have to sum to one how
+many sequences do I have of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degree that's one over the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the number of such sequences because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of such sequences because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of such sequences because
+I've got to take the number of sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to take the number of sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to take the number of sequences
+times this individual probability has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this individual probability has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this individual probability has to
+come up to be one right the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to be one right the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to be one right the number of
+sequences let me write this down so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences let me write this down so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences let me write this down so that
+you see it a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the number of such let's let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of such let's let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of such let's let me call
+them typical sequences times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them typical sequences times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them typical sequences times the
+probability of any such sequence has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any such sequence has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any such sequence has got
+to be approximately 1 I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be approximately 1 I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be approximately 1 I say
+approximately because there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately because there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately because there are a few
+other sequences with probabilities why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sequences with probabilities why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sequences with probabilities why I
+would have to take a counter but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to take a counter but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to take a counter but this is
+essentially it so the number of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it so the number of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it so the number of such
+sequences is 1 over this number so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is 1 over this number so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is 1 over this number so the
+number of such sequences is P 1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of such sequences is P 1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of such sequences is P 1 to the
+minus K 1 P 1 P 2 to the minus K P 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K 1 P 1 P 2 to the minus K P 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K 1 P 1 P 2 to the minus K P 2 and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the number of such sequences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of such sequences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of such sequences and
+essentially these are all the sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially these are all the sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially these are all the sequences
+that I'm going to get well if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to get well if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to get well if I take the
+log of this just visualize how the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of this just visualize how the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of this just visualize how the log
+works now I've got the log of a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now I've got the log of a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now I've got the log of a product
+there's going to be some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some of the
+individual logs I've got the log of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual logs I've got the log of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual logs I've got the log of a
+power of something so the power will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of something so the power will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of something so the power will
+come down to multiply the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to multiply the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to multiply the log
+oops comes out to be K times H of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops comes out to be K times H of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops comes out to be K times H of s
+exactly okay so the log of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so the log of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so the log of the number of
+sequences is K times H of s K times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is K times H of s K times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is K times H of s K times the
+entropy this is log to the base two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy this is log to the base two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy this is log to the base two
+so the number of sequences is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of sequences is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of sequences is equal to 2
+to the K H I'm saying equal to I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K H I'm saying equal to I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K H I'm saying equal to I should
+be putting approximately equal to signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be putting approximately equal to signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be putting approximately equal to signs
+everywhere but you get the idea so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but you get the idea so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but you get the idea so the
+number of typical sequences is 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of typical sequences is 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of typical sequences is 2 to the
+K H how many binary digits does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K H how many binary digits does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K H how many binary digits does it take
+to count 2 to the K H things K H right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count 2 to the K H things K H right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count 2 to the K H things K H right
+so what I need is so I just need K H s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I need is so I just need K H s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I need is so I just need K H s
+binary digits to count the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits to count the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits to count the typical
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how many binary digits do I need per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many binary digits do I need per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many binary digits do I need per
+symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+it's just that divided by K because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that divided by K because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that divided by K because I've
+got a string of K symbols so I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a string of K symbols so I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a string of K symbols so I need a
+number of binary digits equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of binary digits equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of binary digits equal to the
+entropy so this is a quick way of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so this is a quick way of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so this is a quick way of seeing
+that entropy is very relevant to minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entropy is very relevant to minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entropy is very relevant to minimal
+coding of sequences of outputs from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding of sequences of outputs from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding of sequences of outputs from a
+source like this all right now I swept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source like this all right now I swept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source like this all right now I swept a
+lot of math under the rug the map that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of math under the rug the map that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of math under the rug the map that
+makes this rigorous exists we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this rigorous exists we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this rigorous exists we don't want
+to have any part of it here but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any part of it here but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have any part of it here but for
+those of you who are inclined you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are inclined you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are inclined you can
+look in a book on information theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in a book on information theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in a book on information theory
+there's a nice name to it it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice name to it it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice name to it it's called
+the asymptotic equipartition Equis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asymptotic equipartition Equis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asymptotic equipartition Equis
+partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property okay it's basically saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay it's basically saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay it's basically saying that
+asymptotically the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically the probability
+partitions into equal probabilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions into equal probabilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions into equal probabilities for
+all these typical sequences alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these typical sequences alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these typical sequences alright so
+all that is for Huffman and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that is for Huffman and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that is for Huffman and its
+application to symbols emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to symbols emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to symbols emitted
+independently by a source that over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently by a source that over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently by a source that over time
+but there are limitations to this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are limitations to this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are limitations to this all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+we've been working with Huffman coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with Huffman coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with Huffman coding
+under the assumption that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the assumption that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the assumption that the
+probabilities are given to us but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are given to us but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are given to us but it's
+typically the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the case that the
+probabilities are not known for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are not known for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are not known for some
+arbitrary source that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary source that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary source that you're trying to
+code for the probabilities might change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for the probabilities might change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for the probabilities might change
+with time as the source characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time as the source characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time as the source characteristics
+change so you would need to detect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you would need to detect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you would need to detect that
+and recode if you're going to do Huffman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recode if you're going to do Huffman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recode if you're going to do Huffman
+and then the more important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the more important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the more important point
+perhaps is that sources are generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps is that sources are generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps is that sources are generally
+not iid the sources of interest are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not iid the sources of interest are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not iid the sources of interest are not
+really generating independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really generating independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really generating independent
+identically distributed distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed distributed
+symbols what's perhaps more true is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols what's perhaps more true is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols what's perhaps more true is that
+let's see-oh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you're done compressing your source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're done compressing your source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're done compressing your source
+to binary digits where each binary digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to binary digits where each binary digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to binary digits where each binary digit
+carries a bit of information then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries a bit of information then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries a bit of information then you've
+got something that essentially is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that essentially is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that essentially is not
+correlated over time you've managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated over time you've managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated over time you've managed to
+kind of decouple it but at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of decouple it but at this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of decouple it but at this stage
+these symbols are not really independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols are not really independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these symbols are not really independent
+in typical cases of interest so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in typical cases of interest so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in typical cases of interest so one
+important case of course is just English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important case of course is just English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important case of course is just English
+text you can still code its symbol by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text you can still code its symbol by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text you can still code its symbol by
+symbol but it's very inefficient coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol but it's very inefficient coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol but it's very inefficient coding
+if you wanted to do it symbol by symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to do it symbol by symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to do it symbol by symbol
+let's just ignore uppercase you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just ignore uppercase you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just ignore uppercase you've got
+twenty six letters plus a space so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty six letters plus a space so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty six letters plus a space so it's
+27 symbols well you could certainly code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 symbols well you could certainly code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 symbols well you could certainly code
+that with five binary digits because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with five binary digits because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with five binary digits because
+that would give you 32 things to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you 32 things to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you 32 things to count
+you can do better with a code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do better with a code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do better with a code that
+approaches the entropy associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the entropy associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the entropy associated with a
+source of this type that would be four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of this type that would be four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of this type that would be four
+point seven five five bits okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven five five bits okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven five five bits okay so if
+you ignored dependence in English text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ignored dependence in English text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ignored dependence in English text
+and just tweet at each each symbol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just tweet at each each symbol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just tweet at each each symbol is
+equally likely you'd say that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely you'd say that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely you'd say that that's the
+entropy and you could attempt to code it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and you could attempt to code it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and you could attempt to code it
+with some but actually not all symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some but actually not all symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some but actually not all symbols
+are equally likely if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally likely if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally likely if you look at a
+typical distribution of frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical distribution of frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical distribution of frequencies and
+we saw this with Moore's already the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this with Moore's already the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this with Moore's already the e
+is much more common than T than a oh I N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more common than T than a oh I N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more common than T than a oh I N
+and so on so there is a distribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so there is a distribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so there is a distribution to
+this but you can take account of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you can take account of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you can take account of that
+distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and
+compute the Associated entropy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Associated entropy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Associated entropy and you
+get something a little bit smaller four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something a little bit smaller four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something a little bit smaller four
+point one seven seven instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one seven seven instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one seven seven instead of the
+four point seven something that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four point seven something that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four point seven something that we had
+before all right because not all letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all right because not all letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all right because not all letters
+are equally likely but this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally likely but this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally likely but this is still
+thinking of it symbol by symbol not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it symbol by symbol not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of it symbol by symbol not
+recognizing dependence over time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing dependence over time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing dependence over time but
+English and other languages are full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and other languages are full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and other languages are full of
+context right if you know the preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right if you know the preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right if you know the preceding
+part of the text you have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the text you have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the text you have a very good
+way to guess the next letter nothing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to guess the next letter nothing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to guess the next letter nothing can
+be said to be certain except death and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be said to be certain except death and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be said to be certain except death and
+well you can in this case you can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can in this case you can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can in this case you can give
+you the next three letters right anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the next three letters right anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the next three letters right anyone
+taxes yeah so even though X taken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes yeah so even though X taken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes yeah so even though X taken in
+isolation has a very low probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation has a very low probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation has a very low probability of
+occurence if you look at the histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurence if you look at the histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurence if you look at the histogram
+on the previous page you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous page you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous page you see that the
+probabilities point zero zero one seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities point zero zero one seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities point zero zero one seven
+letters are not independently generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters are not independently generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters are not independently generated
+now it turns out Shannon was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out Shannon was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out Shannon was actually
+one of the earliest to study this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the earliest to study this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the earliest to study this in
+experiments on his wife he had her he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on his wife he had her he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on his wife he had her he
+presented her with bits of text from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented her with bits of text from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented her with bits of text from one
+particular book and asked her to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular book and asked her to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular book and asked her to guess
+the next letter and so on and he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next letter and so on and he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next letter and so on and he had a
+1951 paper that actually launched a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1951 paper that actually launched a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1951 paper that actually launched a lot
+of this because he developed now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this because he developed now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this because he developed now the
+tools for talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for talking about it
+his estimate was much lower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his estimate was much lower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his estimate was much lower than the
+four point something it was more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four point something it was more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four point something it was more in the
+vicinity of 1 bit 1 to 1.5 bits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity of 1 bit 1 to 1.5 bits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity of 1 bit 1 to 1.5 bits so
+there's a lot of compression possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of compression possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of compression possible
+with English text because there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with English text because there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with English text because there's this
+kind of a dependence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and just to tell you what it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to tell you what it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to tell you what it is that
+we're trying to compute when we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to compute when we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to compute when we compute
+entropy for these long sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy for these long sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy for these long sequences of
+symbols we're sort of saying what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols we're sort of saying what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols we're sort of saying what's the
+joint entropy of a sequence of K symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint entropy of a sequence of K symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint entropy of a sequence of K symbols
+divided by K in the limit of K going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K in the limit of K going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by K in the limit of K going to
+infinity so this is what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so this is what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so this is what you might call
+H underbar it's not over bar because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H underbar it's not over bar because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H underbar it's not over bar because I
+couldn't see how to do an over bar on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see how to do an over bar on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see how to do an over bar on my
+powerpoint but it's usually an over bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerpoint but it's usually an over bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerpoint but it's usually an over bar
+in the books but this is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the books but this is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the books but this is really the
+object that you would like to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you would like to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you would like to get your
+hands on for sequential text that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on for sequential text that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on for sequential text that has
+context and that this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and that this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and that this is the kind of
+entropy that you really would like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that you really would like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that you really would like to be
+working with okay so that brings us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with okay so that brings us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with okay so that brings us to
+an approach to coding that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach to coding that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approach to coding that's really
+focused coding or compression that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused coding or compression that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused coding or compression that's
+really focused on sequential text and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on sequential text and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on sequential text and
+this is the lamb pulse of Welch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lamb pulse of Welch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lamb pulse of Welch
+algorithm that's in the notes turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's in the notes turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's in the notes turns out
+that Lempel unzip or zip and lamb Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lempel unzip or zip and lamb Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lempel unzip or zip and lamb Paul
+had two earlier papers and then Welch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two earlier papers and then Welch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two earlier papers and then Welch
+improved on it in an 84 paper and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved on it in an 84 paper and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved on it in an 84 paper and what's
+in blue over there is a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue over there is a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue over there is a bit of a
+mouthful and each word kind of mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful and each word kind of mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful and each word kind of mean
+something so I thought I'd listed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I thought I'd listed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I thought I'd listed all
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+maybe I've used too many of these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I've used too many of these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I've used too many of these words
+universal lossless compression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal lossless compression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal lossless compression of
+sequential or streaming data by adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential or streaming data by adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential or streaming data by adaptive
+variable length coding and I'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable length coding and I'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable length coding and I'll come to
+talk about those terms on the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those terms on the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those terms on the next slide
+and it turns out that this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that this is a very
+widely used compression algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used compression algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used compression algorithm for
+all sorts of files sometimes it's for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of files sometimes it's for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of files sometimes it's for a
+part of it sometimes it's optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it sometimes it's optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it sometimes it's optional
+sometimes it's combined with Huffman but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's combined with Huffman but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's combined with Huffman but
+all of these things that do compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things that do compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things that do compression
+pay homage to Lempel and zip at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay homage to Lempel and zip at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay homage to Lempel and zip at least
+they were also patented actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also patented actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also patented actually
+unisys on the patent on lzw for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unisys on the patent on lzw for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unisys on the patent on lzw for many
+years these have all expired now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years these have all expired now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years these have all expired now but
+while the patents were held it made for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the patents were held it made for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the patents were held it made for
+a lot of heartburn because there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of heartburn because there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of heartburn because there were
+things being done without knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being done without knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being done without knowledge of
+the existence of the patents and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of the patents and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of the patents and then
+people got hit with lawsuits and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got hit with lawsuits and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got hit with lawsuits and so on
+Jakob's if again part of this incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jakob's if again part of this incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jakob's if again part of this incredible
+heritage from MIT of people working here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage from MIT of people working here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage from MIT of people working here
+in the early days of information theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of information theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of information theory
+he was a graduate student here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a graduate student here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a graduate student here at the
+same time as Huffman and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time as Huffman and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time as Huffman and many other
+people whose name surface and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose name surface and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whose name surface and all of
+this I was actually had an award
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I was actually had an award
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I was actually had an award
+ceremony of the I Triple E where Lempel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony of the I Triple E where Lempel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceremony of the I Triple E where Lempel
+got an award for his compression work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an award for his compression work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an award for his compression work
+and people were given a whole minute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were given a whole minute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were given a whole minute for
+a thank-you speech a mini thank-you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thank-you speech a mini thank-you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thank-you speech a mini thank-you
+speech and everyone took their minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and everyone took their minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and everyone took their minute to
+mention this person on that and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this person on that and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this person on that and talk
+about the origins of the work they love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the origins of the work they love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the origins of the work they love
+to say in a minute but they managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say in a minute but they managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say in a minute but they managed to
+convey a lot Lempel came up and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey a lot Lempel came up and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey a lot Lempel came up and said
+thank you it seemed kind of fitting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you it seemed kind of fitting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you it seemed kind of fitting for
+someone whose life is devoted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone whose life is devoted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone whose life is devoted to
+compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+I just I couldn't help but crack up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I couldn't help but crack up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I couldn't help but crack up
+there those all right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there those all right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there those all right now the
+interesting thing about this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing about this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing about this is that
+there are theoretical guarantees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are theoretical guarantees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are theoretical guarantees and
+under appropriate assumptions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under appropriate assumptions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under appropriate assumptions on the
+source asymptotically this process will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source asymptotically this process will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source asymptotically this process will
+attain that bound now the thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attain that bound now the thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attain that bound now the thing is the
+word asymptotically hides many sins lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word asymptotically hides many sins lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word asymptotically hides many sins lots
+of things happen at infinity that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things happen at infinity that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things happen at infinity that are
+not supposed to happen or lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to happen or lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to happen or lots of things
+happen at infinity that never happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at infinity that never happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at infinity that never happened
+when you're watching so the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're watching so the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're watching so the theoretical
+performance perhaps is not as important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance perhaps is not as important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance perhaps is not as important
+as the fact that it works exceedingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the fact that it works exceedingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the fact that it works exceedingly
+well in practice so we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in practice so we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in practice so we're going to talk
+a little bit about it you've got a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about it you've got a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about it you've got a lab
+on it as well so let me just say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it as well so let me just say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it as well so let me just say a
+little bit about what these words mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what these words mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what these words mean
+so this is Universal in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Universal in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Universal in the sense that
+it doesn't necessarily it doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily it doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily it doesn't need
+any knowledge of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any knowledge of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any knowledge of the particular
+statistics of the source that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of the source that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of the source that it's
+compressing it's willing to take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing it's willing to take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing it's willing to take its
+hand at anything okay so it doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand at anything okay so it doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand at anything okay so it doesn't need
+to know the source statistics it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the source statistics it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the source statistics it
+actually learns and source statistics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learns and source statistics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learns and source statistics in
+the course of implementing the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of implementing the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of implementing the algorithm
+and it does that by actually building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does that by actually building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does that by actually building up
+a dictionary for Strings of symbols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dictionary for Strings of symbols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dictionary for Strings of symbols that
+it discovers on the source text so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it discovers on the source text so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it discovers on the source text so it's
+built around construction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around construction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around construction of a
+dictionary what it then does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary what it then does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary what it then does is it
+compresses the text not two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses the text not two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses the text not two things that
+we've seen here in Huffman but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen here in Huffman but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen here in Huffman but to
+actually dictionary entries so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dictionary entries so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dictionary entries so it's it's
+sort of like Morse's original idea which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like Morse's original idea which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like Morse's original idea which
+was communicate the address in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was communicate the address in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was communicate the address in the
+dictionary rather than communicating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary rather than communicating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary rather than communicating the
+word itself or some compressed version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word itself or some compressed version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word itself or some compressed version
+of the word so it compresses the text to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word so it compresses the text to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word so it compresses the text to
+sequences of dictionary addresses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of dictionary addresses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of dictionary addresses and
+those are the code words that it sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the code words that it sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the code words that it sends
+to the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the receiver
+it's also a variable-length compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a variable-length compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a variable-length compression
+scheme but it's interesting that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but it's interesting that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but it's interesting that it
+doesn't take fixed lengths of symbols to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take fixed lengths of symbols to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take fixed lengths of symbols to
+varying lengths of code words it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying lengths of code words it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying lengths of code words it
+actually takes varying lengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually takes varying lengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually takes varying lengths of
+symbols to fix lengths of code words so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols to fix lengths of code words so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols to fix lengths of code words so
+it's a little bit backwards but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit backwards but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit backwards but it's
+still a variable length in that sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a variable length in that sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a variable length in that sense so
+the way this works is that the sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this works is that the sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this works is that the sender
+and the receiver start off with the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the receiver start off with the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the receiver start off with the core
+dictionary that they both agreed on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for our illustrations we might say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our illustrations we might say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our illustrations we might say that
+they've agreed on the letters A through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've agreed on the letters A through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've agreed on the letters A through
+Z lowercase A through Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what they have is these letters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they have is these letters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they have is these letters or
+this core dictionary stored in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this core dictionary stored in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this core dictionary stored in some
+register well actually let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register well actually let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register well actually let me show you
+what what it might look like so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it might look like so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it might look like so there's
+a register with let's say you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a register with let's say you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a register with let's say you have an
+8-bit table this is the dictionary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8-bit table this is the dictionary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8-bit table this is the dictionary that
+you have it both ends so you can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it both ends so you can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it both ends so you can store
+256 different things and you both agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 different things and you both agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 different things and you both agreed
+on what's going to go into that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's going to go into that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's going to go into that those
+slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots
+alright so somewhere I think it's slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so somewhere I think it's slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so somewhere I think it's slot
+97 and one of these particular codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 and one of these particular codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 and one of these particular codes
+you've got the letter A and somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the letter A and somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the letter A and somewhere
+else you got B and so on or the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you got B and so on or the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you got B and so on or the next
+position you've got B you can store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you've got B you can store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you've got B you can store a
+bunch of standard symbols so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of standard symbols so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of standard symbols so we'll
+consider that all the single letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that all the single letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that all the single letter
+symbols are already stored in designated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are already stored in designated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are already stored in designated
+positions in this dictionary that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in this dictionary that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in this dictionary that's
+known to the sender and the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to the sender and the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to the sender and the receiver
+okay so if the sender says if the sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if the sender says if the sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if the sender says if the sender
+just sends 250 to the receiver knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sends 250 to the receiver knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sends 250 to the receiver knows
+what 252 refers to because they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 252 refers to because they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 252 refers to because they've got
+that core dictionary that they've agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that core dictionary that they've agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that core dictionary that they've agreed
+on some of the texts here by the way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the texts here by the way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the texts here by the way is
+stuff I've said already so I'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I've said already so I'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I've said already so I'll actually
+go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then what happens is that the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens is that the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens is that the source
+starts to sequentially scan the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to sequentially scan the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to sequentially scan the text
+that's arriving or that it's looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's arriving or that it's looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's arriving or that it's looking at
+and puts new strings that it's found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts new strings that it's found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puts new strings that it's found
+into new locations in this table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into new locations in this table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into new locations in this table and
+then communicates the address to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then communicates the address to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then communicates the address to the
+receiver the magic of this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver the magic of this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver the magic of this I mean
+fiendishly clever very simple but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiendishly clever very simple but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiendishly clever very simple but very
+clever is that the receiver can build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever is that the receiver can build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever is that the receiver can build up
+its dictionary in tandem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its dictionary in tandem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its dictionary in tandem with the
+transmitter building up the dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter building up the dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter building up the dictionary
+it's just a one step delay so one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a one step delay so one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a one step delay so one step
+later the receiver has figured out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the receiver has figured out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the receiver has figured out what
+that dictionary entry is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dictionary entry is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dictionary entry is so the
+transmitter or the source is building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter or the source is building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter or the source is building up
+the dictionary looking at strings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary looking at strings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictionary looking at strings in the
+input sequence communicating the address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input sequence communicating the address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input sequence communicating the address
+the addresses of the appropriate strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addresses of the appropriate strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addresses of the appropriate strings
+to the receiver and the receiver is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the receiver and the receiver is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the receiver and the receiver is
+building up the dictionary in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up the dictionary in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up the dictionary in parallel
+now I think the easiest way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think the easiest way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think the easiest way to do this
+there's discussion and the text is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's discussion and the text is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's discussion and the text is also
+code fragments but I think the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code fragments but I think the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code fragments but I think the easiest
+way for me to try and do this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for me to try and do this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for me to try and do this is to
+actually just show you how it works on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just show you how it works on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just show you how it works on a
+on a particular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular sequence
+and you may not get all the details all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may not get all the details all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may not get all the details all
+at once I do have a little animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once I do have a little animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once I do have a little animation
+that I need to tweak a bit and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to tweak a bit and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to tweak a bit and I'll
+what's not an animation but a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not an animation but a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not an animation but a set of
+slides that will help you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that will help you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that will help you understand
+actually this particular example so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this particular example so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this particular example so I'll
+have that posted as well but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that posted as well but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that posted as well but for now
+let's just work through this and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just work through this and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just work through this and see
+what what it looks like and I hope I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it looks like and I hope I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it looks like and I hope I
+don't trip over myself in the process I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trip over myself in the process I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trip over myself in the process I
+hope you'll be forgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I need these two blackboards to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need these two blackboards to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need these two blackboards to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I need some colored chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm going to have over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to have over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to have over here is
+the source and over here is the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the source wants to send a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the source wants to send a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the source wants to send a message
+that I'll put here a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to look incredibly boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the algorithm does different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the algorithm does different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the algorithm does different things
+at different stages so that keeps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different stages so that keeps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different stages so that keeps it
+interesting and let's see one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and let's see one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and let's see one two three
+four or five and then we hit a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five and then we hit a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five and then we hit a special
+case somewhere near the end here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case somewhere near the end here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case somewhere near the end here that is
+worth sorting out because otherwise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth sorting out because otherwise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth sorting out because otherwise that
+the fragment of the code that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fragment of the code that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fragment of the code that you see
+doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense
+gee can you believe that I want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee can you believe that I want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee can you believe that I want to start
+this again here sorry let's start here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again here sorry let's start here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again here sorry let's start here I
+want at least six or applications of ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want you to get comfortable also so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to get comfortable also so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to get comfortable also so
+you can settle into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here we go all right the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go all right the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go all right the receiver
+has no idea that this is the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no idea that this is the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no idea that this is the sequence
+the source has and the receiver both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source has and the receiver both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source has and the receiver both
+have a twosie sitting in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a twosie sitting in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a twosie sitting in their
+dictionary at designated locations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary at designated locations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary at designated locations so
+the source will first see the letter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source will first see the letter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source will first see the letter a
+and does nothing because a is and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does nothing because a is and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does nothing because a is and its
+dictionary doesn't want to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary doesn't want to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary doesn't want to do anything
+yet okay then it looks at it pulls in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay then it looks at it pulls in B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay then it looks at it pulls in B
+so now it's looking at a B a B is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's looking at a B a B is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's looking at a B a B is not as
+dictionary because it's a symbol of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary because it's a symbol of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary because it's a symbol of its
+a string of two symbols so now it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string of two symbols so now it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string of two symbols so now it knows
+it needs to make a dictionary entry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to make a dictionary entry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to make a dictionary entry I'm
+going to indicate dictionary entry with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to indicate dictionary entry with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to indicate dictionary entry with
+this so the source is going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the source is going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the source is going to make a
+dictionary entry of a B so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary entry of a B so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary entry of a B so what this
+means is somewhere in that register in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is somewhere in that register in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is somewhere in that register in a
+particular position or in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular position or in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular position or in the next
+position actually from the agreed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position actually from the agreed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position actually from the agreed on
+table it sticks in this and then what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it sticks in this and then what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it sticks in this and then what it
+transmits to the receiver is not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmits to the receiver is not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmits to the receiver is not this
+but the code for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it enters the longer fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it enters the longer fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it enters the longer fragment
+here is a new dictionary word and sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a new dictionary word and sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a new dictionary word and sends
+the address for the the piece that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address for the the piece that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address for the the piece that the
+receiver sees so there what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver sees so there what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver sees so there what does a
+receiver get the receiver sees a coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver get the receiver sees a coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver get the receiver sees a coming
+in and says okay that's the sequence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and says okay that's the sequence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and says okay that's the sequence a
+that's assemble a I'm all set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assemble a I'm all set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assemble a I'm all set
+all right now what happens is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what happens is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what happens is that the
+source pulls in the next letter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source pulls in the next letter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source pulls in the next letter it's
+done with the a so you can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the a so you can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the a so you can essentially
+forget about that it pulls in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about that it pulls in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about that it pulls in the next
+letter looks to see if it's got BC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter looks to see if it's got BC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter looks to see if it's got BC and
+its dictionary it doesn't have BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its dictionary it doesn't have BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its dictionary it doesn't have BC
+because it only has a single letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only has a single letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only has a single letter
+entries and it has a B so it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and it has a B so it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and it has a B so it's got to
+put in BC this is going to put in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in BC this is going to put in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in BC this is going to put in an
+entry for BC okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry for BC okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry for BC okay
+and then what it's going to transmit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what it's going to transmit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what it's going to transmit is
+the beat okay the receiver gets the be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry the directory entry for B and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the directory entry for B and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the directory entry for B and so
+it knows that's the letter B and now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows that's the letter B and now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows that's the letter B and now it
+enters a B in its in its dictionary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters a B in its in its dictionary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters a B in its in its dictionary okay
+in the next location so you see with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next location so you see with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next location so you see with a
+one step delay the a B that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step delay the a B that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step delay the a B that was in
+dictionary here has ended up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary here has ended up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary here has ended up in the
+dictionary of the receiver okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary of the receiver okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary of the receiver okay we're
+done with this we now pull in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this we now pull in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this we now pull in the next
+letter here that's a we haven't seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter here that's a we haven't seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter here that's a we haven't seen a
+but we haven't seen see a in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't seen see a in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't seen see a in our
+dictionary so we make an entry for see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary so we make an entry for see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary so we make an entry for see a
+ship out see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see comes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should say that this was done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say that this was done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say that this was done with the
+a the C comes here and the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the C comes here and the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the C comes here and the receiver
+knows to make an entry for BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with one delay it's got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're done with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+we pull in the next letter a B that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull in the next letter a B that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull in the next letter a B that's in
+our dictionary so we keep going alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dictionary so we keep going alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dictionary so we keep going alright
+so this algorithm doesn't look to ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this algorithm doesn't look to ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this algorithm doesn't look to ship
+out the dictionary address every time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dictionary address every time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dictionary address every time it
+sees a sequence that it recognizes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees a sequence that it recognizes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees a sequence that it recognizes if
+it's got this already in this dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this already in this dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this already in this dictionary
+it keeps going to try and learn a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps going to try and learn a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps going to try and learn a new
+word all right so it's already got a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word all right so it's already got a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word all right so it's already got a B
+there so it keeps going and it pulls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it keeps going and it pulls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it keeps going and it pulls in
+C and now that's a new word so it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and now that's a new word so it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and now that's a new word so it's got
+ABC as a new entry it ships out a B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC as a new entry it ships out a B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC as a new entry it ships out a B the
+address for a B rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this gets the address for a B which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets the address for a B which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets the address for a B which is
+in its dictionary it puts the a be down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its dictionary it puts the a be down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its dictionary it puts the a be down
+there it takes the first letter of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it takes the first letter of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it takes the first letter of this
+string that came in and appends it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that came in and appends it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that came in and appends it to
+the last one that it had there and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one that it had there and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one that it had there and gives
+you the C a so you see it's keeping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the C a so you see it's keeping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the C a so you see it's keeping up
+but with one one step delay let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with one one step delay let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with one one step delay let's keep
+going so the a B is done with we pull in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so the a B is done with we pull in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so the a B is done with we pull in
+the a we've got C a we pull in the B we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a we've got C a we pull in the B we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a we've got C a we pull in the B we
+don't have C a B so let's enter that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have C a B so let's enter that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have C a B so let's enter that as
+well by the time we've done this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by the time we've done this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by the time we've done this example
+by the way I'm hoping you'll know Lempel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I'm hoping you'll know Lempel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I'm hoping you'll know Lempel
+Ziv so bear with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright dictionary entry and now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright dictionary entry and now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright dictionary entry and now what
+does it send out to the receiver sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it send out to the receiver sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it send out to the receiver sorry
+CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the address for CA write the address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address for CA write the address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address for CA write the address
+first here so the address for CA comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first here so the address for CA comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first here so the address for CA comes
+in a decodes of CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and sir let's see we're done with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sir let's see we're done with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sir let's see we're done with these
+pieces but this one has to build up its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces but this one has to build up its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces but this one has to build up its
+new direct dictionary entry and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new direct dictionary entry and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new direct dictionary entry and so what
+it's got is the a B setting from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got is the a B setting from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got is the a B setting from before
+and it pulls them the first letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it pulls them the first letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it pulls them the first letter
+instead of wrapping to the next board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of wrapping to the next board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of wrapping to the next board
+let me start winding up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start winding up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start winding up again
+winding upwards okay so that's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding upwards okay so that's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding upwards okay so that's the new
+entry there at the receiver one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry there at the receiver one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry there at the receiver one step
+delayed from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I pull in the sea I have BC I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I pull in the sea I have BC I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I pull in the sea I have BC I don't
+keep going I pull in the a I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going I pull in the a I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going I pull in the a I don't see
+that so I need BC a I ship out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I need BC a I ship out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I need BC a I ship out the
+address for BC I'm done with these I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address for BC I'm done with these I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address for BC I'm done with these I get
+the address for BC here ID code and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address for BC here ID code and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address for BC here ID code and get
+BC I combine the first letter of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC I combine the first letter of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC I combine the first letter of the new
+fragment with what was sitting here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment with what was sitting here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment with what was sitting here so I
+get CA B as my dictionary entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I keep going right it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I keep going right it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I keep going right it's very
+systematic I'm going to keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic I'm going to keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic I'm going to keep going
+because there's a special case that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a special case that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a special case that will
+trip you up if you don't get to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip you up if you don't get to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip you up if you don't get to it and
+we need to proceed a couple more here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to proceed a couple more here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to proceed a couple more here
+okay I pull in the B I've got a B I pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I pull in the B I've got a B I pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I pull in the B I've got a B I pull
+in the see I've got a B C I pull in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the see I've got a B C I pull in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the see I've got a B C I pull in the
+a I don't have a B C a so I enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that in my dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I ship out ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you're always building a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're always building a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're always building a new
+word entering it in your dictionary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word entering it in your dictionary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word entering it in your dictionary and
+then the part that's already known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the part that's already known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the part that's already known
+you're shipping out and then hanging on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shipping out and then hanging on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shipping out and then hanging on
+to the end of this to start building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of this to start building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of this to start building the
+new fragment ABC arrives here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have the BC from before I pull in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the BC from before I pull in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the BC from before I pull in the
+first letter of that and I get a BCA as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first letter of that and I get a BCA as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first letter of that and I get a BCA as
+my new entry which is this one okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my new entry which is this one okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my new entry which is this one okay now
+we pull on the a B I mean we pull in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull on the a B I mean we pull in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull on the a B I mean we pull in the
+B we have a B we pull in the C we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we have a B we pull in the C we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we have a B we pull in the C we have
+ABC we pull in the a we have ABC a so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC we pull in the a we have ABC a so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC we pull in the a we have ABC a so we
+pull on the B and we ship out ABC a a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on the B and we ship out ABC a a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on the B and we ship out ABC a a b
+c a right and now we're done with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a right and now we're done with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a right and now we're done with all
+those guys and here comes ABC a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I go to my dictionary and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go to my dictionary and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go to my dictionary and I don't
+have ABC a big hiccup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the reason that happened is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason that happened is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason that happened is that I'm
+discovering I need to send a BCA on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering I need to send a BCA on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering I need to send a BCA on the
+very next step after entering it in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very next step after entering it in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very next step after entering it in my
+dictionary on the receivers on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary on the receivers on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary on the receivers on the
+transmitter side and so the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter side and so the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter side and so the receiver
+hasn't yet had a chance to catch up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't yet had a chance to catch up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't yet had a chance to catch up now
+if you analyze this it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you analyze this it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you analyze this it turns out that
+whenever this happens the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever this happens the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever this happens the sequence
+involved has its last character equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved has its last character equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved has its last character equal to
+its first character so looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first character so looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first character so looking at this
+the the dictionary here is waiting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dictionary here is waiting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dictionary here is waiting to
+build up its got the ABC here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up its got the ABC here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up its got the ABC here and it's
+waiting to pull in the first letter from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to pull in the first letter from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to pull in the first letter from
+this sequence of the sequence associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of the sequence associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of the sequence associated
+with this dictionary entry it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this dictionary entry it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this dictionary entry it doesn't
+have that dictionary entry so it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that dictionary entry so it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that dictionary entry so it can't
+pull NBA like it was doing all along but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull NBA like it was doing all along but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull NBA like it was doing all along but
+if you analyze the cases under which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you analyze the cases under which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you analyze the cases under which
+this happens it turns out that whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens it turns out that whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens it turns out that whenever
+you don't have it in your dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have it in your dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have it in your dictionary
+entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry
+the missing letter that you want to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the missing letter that you want to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the missing letter that you want to pull
+into your dictionary is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your dictionary is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your dictionary is the same as the
+first one in that string that's waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one in that string that's waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one in that string that's waiting
+to be built up so it completes it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be built up so it completes it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be built up so it completes it with
+an A and it's all set now it says ABC a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and it's all set now it says ABC a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A and it's all set now it says ABC a
+and it continues okay so this happens on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it continues okay so this happens on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it continues okay so this happens on
+the very particular conditions is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very particular conditions is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very particular conditions is a
+special case if you actually look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case if you actually look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case if you actually look at the
+code that's in the notes you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that's in the notes you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that's in the notes you'll see
+while the encoding is straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the encoding is straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the encoding is straightforward
+it's really remarkable that a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really remarkable that a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really remarkable that a short
+fragment like this can do that encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't want to do this I did another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to do this I did another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to do this I did another
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just say what's on this before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say what's on this before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say what's on this before I
+dispense with it sorry okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at what's happened in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's happened in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's happened in terms of the
+number of things we've sent we've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things we've sent we've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things we've sent we've only
+sent these addresses and they're fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent these addresses and they're fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent these addresses and they're fewer
+of them than there were symbols in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them than there were symbols in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them than there were symbols in the
+original so that's where the compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original so that's where the compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original so that's where the compression
+comes in and as you get to longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and as you get to longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and as you get to longer
+strings the the benefit is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings the the benefit is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings the the benefit is higher
+actually going to pass this and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to pass this and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to pass this and just
+tell you when you look through the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you when you look through the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you when you look through the code
+fragment for decoding this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment for decoding this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment for decoding this is the
+special case that we talked about if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case that we talked about if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case that we talked about if the
+code is not in your dictionary then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is not in your dictionary then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is not in your dictionary then do
+such-and-such so that's the explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such-and-such so that's the explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such-and-such so that's the explanation
+all right and that's describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's describing the
+slides we'll put that on I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides we'll put that on I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides we'll put that on I just wanted
+to end with a couple of things one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end with a couple of things one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end with a couple of things one is
+actually lzw is a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lzw is a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lzw is a good example of
+something that you see in other contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you see in other contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you see in other contexts
+as well where you're faced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well where you're faced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well where you're faced with
+transmitting data and you decide instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting data and you decide instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting data and you decide instead
+that you'll transmit the marble or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll transmit the marble or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll transmit the marble or your
+best model for what generates that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best model for what generates that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best model for what generates that data
+that can often be a much more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can often be a much more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can often be a much more efficient
+way to do things and in fact when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do things and in fact when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do things and in fact when you
+speak into your cell phone you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak into your cell phone you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak into your cell phone you're not
+transmitting a raw speech waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting a raw speech waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting a raw speech waveform
+there's actually a very sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a very sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a very sophisticated
+sophisticated code there that's modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated code there that's modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated code there that's modeling
+your speech as the output of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your speech as the output of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your speech as the output of an
+autoregressive filter and then it sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregressive filter and then it sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregressive filter and then it sends
+the filter tap weights to the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter tap weights to the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter tap weights to the receiver
+okay so this kind of things again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this kind of things again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this kind of things again and
+again sending the model and the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sending the model and the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sending the model and the little
+information you need to run the model at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to run the model at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to run the model at
+the receiving end can be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiving end can be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiving end can be much more
+efficient than sending the data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than sending the data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than sending the data the
+other thing is everything we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is everything we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is everything we've talked
+about has been lossless compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about has been lossless compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about has been lossless compression
+Huffman and lzw you can completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman and lzw you can completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffman and lzw you can completely
+recover what was compressed for there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover what was compressed for there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover what was compressed for there's
+a whole world of lossy compression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole world of lossy compression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole world of lossy compression which
+is very important and we'll find ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important and we'll find ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important and we'll find ways to
+sneak in discussion of that as well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak in discussion of that as well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak in discussion of that as well all
+right thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Xa6-qJvZkUg.txt b/Xa6-qJvZkUg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..faad8804b1cdd4003debfa98724d3d3ca9624d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Xa6-qJvZkUg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this final lecture we will first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this final lecture we will first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this final lecture we will first
+review the various properties of an ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the various properties of an ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the various properties of an ice
+markov chain which ensures steady-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov chain which ensures steady-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov chain which ensures steady-state
+behavior and go over some of the notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and go over some of the notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and go over some of the notions
+in more details with some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more details with some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more details with some examples
+providing some insights on how good an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing some insights on how good an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing some insights on how good an
+approximation we have when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we have when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we have when we use
+steady-state probabilities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state probabilities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state probabilities to
+characterize the behavior of a markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the behavior of a markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the behavior of a markov
+chain which has run for a long time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain which has run for a long time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain which has run for a long time but
+not an infinite amount of time we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an infinite amount of time we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an infinite amount of time we will
+then consider a classical application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then consider a classical application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then consider a classical application of
+Markov chains which has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chains which has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chains which has to do with the
+design of a phone system this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of a phone system this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of a phone system this is a
+famous problem which was posed analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous problem which was posed analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous problem which was posed analyzed
+and solved by a Danish engineer by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solved by a Danish engineer by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solved by a Danish engineer by the
+name of Erlang it was more than 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of Erlang it was more than 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of Erlang it was more than 100
+years ago when phones just started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when phones just started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when phones just started to
+exist but we will see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but we will see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but we will see that this
+mythology remains relevant to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology remains relevant to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology remains relevant to design
+similar systems in today's world we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar systems in today's world we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar systems in today's world we will
+then make use of all what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make use of all what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make use of all what we have
+learned so far in order to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far in order to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far in order to calculate
+some interesting short-term behaviors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting short-term behaviors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting short-term behaviors of
+Markov chains having more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chains having more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chains having more than one
+recurrent classes we will introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent classes we will introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent classes we will introduce the
+notion of absorbing states and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of absorbing states and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of absorbing states and we will
+show how to calculate the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how to calculate the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how to calculate the probability of
+ending up in such a state as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending up in such a state as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending up in such a state as well as
+related quantities such as the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related quantities such as the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related quantities such as the expected
+time it takes to do so as a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes to do so as a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes to do so as a classical
+example we will look at a gambler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we will look at a gambler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we will look at a gambler
+continuously playing a simple game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously playing a simple game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously playing a simple game of
+chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance
+say Allah tree until he either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Allah tree until he either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Allah tree until he either
+accumulates a given amount of money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates a given amount of money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulates a given amount of money or
+loses all its money both these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses all its money both these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses all its money both these states
+are absorbing what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absorbing what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absorbing what are their
+corresponding probabilities after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probabilities after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding probabilities after this
+lecture you will be able to answer such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you will be able to answer such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you will be able to answer such
+questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YhZKUKVMa7Q.txt b/YhZKUKVMa7Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84c00cc3dc89add6a6229f806b3f924014349ece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YhZKUKVMa7Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+I try to practice what I preach in my class,
+or practice what I teach in my class, which
+
+is that learning happens not from me telling
+things to students, but from them experiencing
+
+things.
+
+And I want them to be able to enable that
+with their own students, and I'm trying to
+
+do that in my own class with my students.
+
+So, on the first day of class, I might give
+a lecture for 20 minutes about what the class
+
+is about, and that's pretty much it for lecturing
+for me for the rest of the semester.
+
+So, we do a lot of stuff that's discussion-based
+and activity-based.
+
+I do try to have, I don't think constructivism-From
+my perspective, I'm not a radical constructivist
+
+who says, "Everything needs to be learned
+by the students on their own."
+
+But it's a matter of having, figuring out
+what those experiences are, how to design
+
+them, and then how to engage in conversation
+and reflection based on those experiences
+
+to have students learn about what it means
+to teach and what it means to learn.
+
+So it's about constructing those right situations
+that I think hopefully foster learning, and
+
+we do change that year after year after we
+realize, "Well, this didn't work so well this
+
+year.
+
+Maybe we'll change it for next year.
+
+Maybe we'll get rid of this and replace it
+with something else."
+
+And then it's a matter of figuring out, for
+any particular group of students, where I
+
+interject myself into the conversation--where
+I have to sort of ask a critical question,
+
+or where I have to offer an opinion, or where
+I kind of just let the conversation go where
+
+it may.
+
+"Some people really like to talk, and some
+people really don't like to talk.
+
+So sometimes I just let that naturally evolve,
+and try to be able to gauge whether there's
+
+some people who are not talking who would
+like to be talking, or who could benefit from
+
+talking.
+
+One of the reasons why we sort of rotate the
+responsibilities is that it makes sure that
+
+at least at some point for each activity you're
+up at the front of the room.
+
+You're in charge of a Current Events.
+
+You're in charge of a Chapter Reading.
+
+You're in charge of teaching a lesson.
+
+So there are a lot of opportunities where
+you're required to sort of be engaged at the
+
+front of the room, or centrally in the room,
+even if you're not at the front.
+
+And I think that that tries to break down
+some of the barriers in terms of why some
+
+people don't participate in the class, why
+they sit in the back and are quiet.
+
+Once they sort of have that opportunity to
+come to the front, some of those barriers
+
+are broken down and they're more willing to
+participate.
+
+I don't typically cold-call on people, but
+we do break up into groups, so sometimes when
+
+students are reluctant to talk in a group
+of 25, they're much more willing when everybody
+
+in the group needs to talk with each other.
+
+The Modes of Teaching activity allows us to
+do student teaching but in a way that gets
+
+everybody engaged and thinking about this.
+
+And I think one of the things that students
+come into the class thinking is that, "Well,
+
+the most efficient way to teach is to get
+up at the front of the room and talk to people.
+
+And I'll tell them that, and I can cover so
+much in an hour.
+
+It's really great."
+
+And then it's a matter of having them think
+about, well, what are the benefits of using
+
+other activities?
+
+What are the benefits of having people do
+things hands-on?
+
+What are the benefits of using other media
+and hands-on activities that you might do
+
+with even a small group of students at the
+front of the room?
+
+And how those fit together.
+
+It's not to say that one of them is better
+than the other, but it's to think about, what
+
+are the ways they fit together, and what are
+the ways they engage you in different ways?
+
+So, it gets people thinking about, what are
+the merits of these different things?
+
+And then also, how do they fit together in
+ways that may not be obvious?
+
+Because it's... sometimes people think about
+the lecture as the thing that should go first:
+
+"I should tell them the stuff, and then they
+should rehearse it in a lab or an activity."
+
+And the way we mix it up, sometimes that comes
+first.
+
+Sometimes the lecture comes first, and sometimes
+the activity or lab comes first.
+
+And it's about understanding, "Wow, that really...
+diving right into it really gave me some context
+
+for this.
+
+And then when I went to the lecture the next
+class period, it actually made a lot more
+
+sense because I had already done this activity
+where the... that lecture was put into some
+
+sort of context."
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_3WDzxt5p8c.txt b/_3WDzxt5p8c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d7d939e5dec5c323cec640dcdfb01d0588bd157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_3WDzxt5p8c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+just as truth tables provide a simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as truth tables provide a simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as truth tables provide a simply
+direct way to define the meanings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct way to define the meanings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct way to define the meanings of the
+individual propositional connectives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual propositional connectives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual propositional connectives or
+propositional operators they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional operators they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional operators they also
+provide a methodical way to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a methodical way to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a methodical way to understand
+the behavior of formulas and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of formulas and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of formulas and in
+particular whether the two formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular whether the two formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular whether the two formulas are
+equivalent or whether a formula is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent or whether a formula is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent or whether a formula is valid
+meaning that it's always true so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it's always true so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it's always true so let's
+take a look at that to begin with if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that to begin with if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that to begin with if I'm
+thinking about a proposition with a warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a proposition with a warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a proposition with a warm
+ela it's a composite one that's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ela it's a composite one that's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ela it's a composite one that's built
+out of lots of more atomic primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of lots of more atomic primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of lots of more atomic primitive
+ones then in order to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones then in order to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones then in order to figure out the
+value of the whole thing I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the whole thing I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the whole thing I need to know
+the values of the individual components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the individual components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the individual components
+so if we think of a formula involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think of a formula involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think of a formula involving
+P's and Q's and ours that are true false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's and Q's and ours that are true false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's and Q's and ours that are true false
+value propositional variables then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value propositional variables then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value propositional variables then I
+need a truth assignment to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a truth assignment to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a truth assignment to know the
+values of those variables in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of those variables in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of those variables in order to
+know whether or not the formula is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether or not the formula is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether or not the formula is true
+or false so in computer science jargon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false so in computer science jargon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false so in computer science jargon
+this process of assigning values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of assigning values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of assigning values to
+variables is called an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is called an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is called an environment
+logicians would call it a truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logicians would call it a truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logicians would call it a truth
+assignment so an environment it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so an environment it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so an environment it tells
+you given a variable whether or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you given a variable whether or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you given a variable whether or not it's
+true or false let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false let's look at an example
+of three variables P Q and R they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three variables P Q and R they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three variables P Q and R they're
+true/false value and I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true/false value and I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true/false value and I'm going to tell
+you that this I've got an environment V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this I've got an environment V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this I've got an environment V
+in which P is true and Q is true and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which P is true and Q is true and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which P is true and Q is true and R
+is false so V of P is teh etcetera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false so V of P is teh etcetera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false so V of P is teh etcetera and
+so I'm thinking of V as a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm thinking of V as a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm thinking of V as a function that
+map's a variable to its value now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map's a variable to its value now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map's a variable to its value now let's
+see how I would use this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how I would use this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how I would use this particular
+environment to figure out the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to figure out the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment to figure out the value of
+this composite formula whose atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this composite formula whose atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this composite formula whose atomic
+parts are P and Q and R and and and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are P and Q and R and and and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are P and Q and R and and and Q
+again okay let's take a look at how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay let's take a look at how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay let's take a look at how we
+would go about figuring out the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go about figuring out the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go about figuring out the value of
+this whole formula given the values of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole formula given the values of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole formula given the values of P
+Q it's pretty straightforward but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it's pretty straightforward but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it's pretty straightforward but the
+methodical way to do it is sort of from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodical way to do it is sort of from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodical way to do it is sort of from
+inside out let's begin by a by attaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside out let's begin by a by attaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside out let's begin by a by attaching
+the truth values that were given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth values that were given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth values that were given to
+those particular variables okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular variables okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular variables okay now
+notice here that I've got both arms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here that I've got both arms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here that I've got both arms of
+the and have been assigned truth values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and have been assigned truth values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and have been assigned truth values
+and they're both true that means I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're both true that means I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're both true that means I can
+assign true to the conjunct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign true to the conjunct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign true to the conjunct
+the end formula and I put I do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end formula and I put I do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end formula and I put I do that by
+putting the tea under that and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the tea under that and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the tea under that and which is
+the principle connective of this sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle connective of this sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle connective of this sub
+formula now looking back at this queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula now looking back at this queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula now looking back at this queue
+I've got it's true which means that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got it's true which means that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got it's true which means that not
+of Q is false and so I can put a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q is false and so I can put a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q is false and so I can put a false
+under than not now notice I've got both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under than not now notice I've got both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under than not now notice I've got both
+arms of this XOR are defined they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms of this XOR are defined they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms of this XOR are defined they're
+both false that means that the XOR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both false that means that the XOR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both false that means that the XOR is
+false because it's only supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because it's only supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because it's only supposed to be
+true if exactly one of them is true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if exactly one of them is true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if exactly one of them is true and
+next I had this true for n that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I had this true for n that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I had this true for n that means
+that naught of that formula is false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that naught of that formula is false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that naught of that formula is false and
+now that I have both arms of the or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I have both arms of the or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I have both arms of the or this
+one is false and that one is false I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is false and that one is false I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is false and that one is false I can
+conclude that the entire expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the entire expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the entire expression is
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+by putting that final truth value under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting that final truth value under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting that final truth value under
+the principle connective of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle connective of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle connective of the whole
+formula so that's actually an easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so that's actually an easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so that's actually an easily
+defined recursive process I've described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined recursive process I've described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined recursive process I've described
+it from inside out but if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from inside out but if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from inside out but if you were
+programming it on you would be doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming it on you would be doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming it on you would be doing it
+recursively top-down in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively top-down in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively top-down in order to
+evaluate the truth value of a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the truth value of a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the truth value of a formula
+given the truth values of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the truth values of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the truth values of its
+constituent variables given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent variables given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent variables given an
+environment now a basic idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment now a basic idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment now a basic idea about
+propositional formulas is two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional formulas is two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional formulas is two of them
+are normally if and only if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normally if and only if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normally if and only if they have
+the same truth values in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same truth values in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same truth values in all
+environments in all environments no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments in all environments no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments in all environments no
+matter what the values of the of the P's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the values of the of the P's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the values of the of the P's
+and Q's in our zone no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q's in our zone no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q's in our zone no matter what the
+truth value is these two formulas come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth value is these two formulas come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth value is these two formulas come
+out to the same Twitter that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the same Twitter that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the same Twitter that's what
+makes them equivalent let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them equivalent let's look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them equivalent let's look at an
+important example you know as de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example you know as de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example you know as de
+Morgan's law so de Morgan's law says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law so de Morgan's law says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law so de Morgan's law says
+that if I look at this formula the knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at this formula the knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I look at this formula the knot
+of P or Q the cut the negation of P or Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P or Q the cut the negation of P or Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P or Q the cut the negation of P or Q
+I claim that that's equivalent to not P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that that's equivalent to not P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that that's equivalent to not P
+and not Q and let's check that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not Q and let's check that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not Q and let's check that with the
+truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table
+okay so here's going to be the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's going to be the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's going to be the truth
+table for the first formula not P or Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for the first formula not P or Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for the first formula not P or Q
+so let's write out the four possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write out the four possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write out the four possible
+values for P and Q these are the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for P and Q these are the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for P and Q these are the four
+possible environments one per row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible environments one per row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible environments one per row and
+there is the formula for the whose value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the formula for the whose value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the formula for the whose value
+I'm trying to compute so we do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to compute so we do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to compute so we do it in the
+usual way I'm not going to repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way I'm not going to repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual way I'm not going to repeat the
+truth values of P and Q because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth values of P and Q because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth values of P and Q because they're
+given here but I can fill in the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here but I can fill in the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here but I can fill in the values
+of the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the or
+because I know the truth tango 4 or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know the truth tango 4 or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know the truth tango 4 or and
+I discovered that the first three rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discovered that the first three rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discovered that the first three rows
+this sub or sub formulas during the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub or sub formulas during the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub or sub formulas during the last
+place is false when both of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is false when both of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is false when both of them are
+false that means that I know the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that means that I know the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false that means that I know the value
+of the whole formula which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole formula which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole formula which is the
+negation the not of all those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation the not of all those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation the not of all those values
+just flips the trues and falses and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flips the trues and falses and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just flips the trues and falses and that
+is the final truth values for this not p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the final truth values for this not p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the final truth values for this not p
+or q in all possible environments let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or q in all possible environments let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or q in all possible environments let's
+do the same thing for not P and not Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for not P and not Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for not P and not Q
+well this time I'll fill in the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this time I'll fill in the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this time I'll fill in the values
+have not P and not Q because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not P and not Q because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not P and not Q because they're not
+just repeated there so they are so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeated there so they are so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeated there so they are so that
+not P is the flip of the PE column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not P is the flip of the PE column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not P is the flip of the PE column and
+the not Q is the flip of the Q column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not Q is the flip of the Q column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not Q is the flip of the Q column
+and now I can fill in the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can fill in the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can fill in the values of the
+and and of course the end is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course the end is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course the end is going to be
+true only when they're both true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true only when they're both true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true only when they're both true and
+otherwise it's going to be false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's going to be false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's going to be false and
+look what I've got the possible truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what I've got the possible truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what I've got the possible truth
+values of the first formula not P or Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the first formula not P or Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the first formula not P or Q
+in all possible environments is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all possible environments is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all possible environments is exactly
+the same as the possible truth values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the possible truth values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the possible truth values of
+not P and not Q in those corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not P and not Q in those corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not P and not Q in those corresponding
+environments the columns are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments the columns are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments the columns are the same
+and that means these two formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means these two formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means these two formulas are
+equivalent which is the proof by truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent which is the proof by truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent which is the proof by truth
+table we've just examined all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we've just examined all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table we've just examined all possible
+environments and verified that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and verified that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and verified that in fact
+they get the same truth value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the same truth value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get the same truth value this
+brings us to a useful other connective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us to a useful other connective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us to a useful other connective
+we haven't talked about yet called if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about yet called if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about yet called if
+and only if so the value of the if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if so the value of the if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if so the value of the if and
+only if connective P if and only if Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if connective P if and only if Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if connective P if and only if Q is
+true if and only if P and Q have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if and only if P and Q have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if and only if P and Q have the
+same truth value know this if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same truth value know this if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same truth value know this if and only
+if is an English word that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is an English word that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is an English word that you're
+supposed to understand what it means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to understand what it means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to understand what it means and
+that if and only if is an operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if and only if is an operator on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if and only if is an operator on
+truth values that we're defining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth values that we're defining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth values that we're defining this
+since the English not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the English not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the English not going to be
+confusing between that if and only if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing between that if and only if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing between that if and only if an
+S if and only if let's disambiguate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S if and only if let's disambiguate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S if and only if let's disambiguate by
+having the truth table for if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the truth table for if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the truth table for if and only
+if here it is what it says is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if here it is what it says is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if here it is what it says is that when
+both of them are true P if and only if Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are true P if and only if Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them are true P if and only if Q
+is true and both of them are false P if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true and both of them are false P if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true and both of them are false P if
+and only if Q is true and otherwise it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if Q is true and otherwise it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if Q is true and otherwise it's
+false you can check that P if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you can check that P if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you can check that P if and only
+if is true Oh exactly when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is true Oh exactly when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if is true Oh exactly when the
+complement of px or Q is true so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of px or Q is true so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of px or Q is true so now we
+come to two crucial properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to two crucial properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to two crucial properties of
+formulas called satis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas called satis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas called satis
+viability and validity and let's examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability and validity and let's examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability and validity and let's examine
+what those are so a formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are so a formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are so a formula is
+satisfiable if and only if it's true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable if and only if it's true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable if and only if it's true in
+some environment that is its satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some environment that is its satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some environment that is its satisfiable
+if there's some way to set the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some way to set the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some way to set the values of
+the variables P and Q to be truth values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables P and Q to be truth values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables P and Q to be truth values
+in such a way that the formula comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the formula comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the formula comes out
+to be true and a related idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true and a related idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true and a related idea is that
+our formula is valid it's also called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formula is valid it's also called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our formula is valid it's also called a
+tautology if and only if it's true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tautology if and only if it's true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tautology if and only if it's true in
+all environments no matter what you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all environments no matter what you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all environments no matter what you set
+the variables to it's gonna come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables to it's gonna come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables to it's gonna come out to
+be true let's look at some examples to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true let's look at some examples to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true let's look at some examples to
+solidify those two concepts so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify those two concepts so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify those two concepts so the
+formula P all by itself is satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula P all by itself is satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula P all by itself is satisfiable
+because it can be true if P is true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can be true if P is true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can be true if P is true but
+it's not always true those P might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always true those P might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always true those P might be
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+symmetrically not P is also satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically not P is also satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrically not P is also satisfiable
+because it can be true if P is false but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can be true if P is false but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can be true if P is false but
+it's not always true it's not valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always true it's not valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always true it's not valid
+because P might be true in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because P might be true in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because P might be true in which case
+not many will be false to formulas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many will be false to formulas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many will be false to formulas a
+formula it's not satisfying all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's not satisfying all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's not satisfying all the
+formulas means that there is no truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas means that there is no truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas means that there is no truth
+value that makes it true which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that makes it true which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that makes it true which is the
+same as saying that it's always false is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying that it's always false is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying that it's always false is
+the formula P and not P it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula P and not P it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula P and not P it's probably
+the simplest not satisfiable formula or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest not satisfiable formula or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest not satisfiable formula or
+unsatisfiable formula so this is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable formula so this is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable formula so this is clearly
+false because either P or not P has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because either P or not P has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because either P or not P has got
+to be false in the end well then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be false in the end well then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be false in the end well then we'll
+definitely come out to be false there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely come out to be false there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely come out to be false there
+was no value of 4p that makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no value of 4p that makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no value of 4p that makes this
+formula true it's unsatisfiable a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula true it's unsatisfiable a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula true it's unsatisfiable a valid
+formula actually bite the Morgan's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula actually bite the Morgan's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula actually bite the Morgan's law
+applied to the P and not P is P or not P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the P and not P is P or not P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the P and not P is P or not P
+is gonna be valid because no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be valid because no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be valid because no matter what
+truth value P has it comes out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth value P has it comes out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth value P has it comes out to be
+true that is one of P and not P is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that is one of P and not P is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that is one of P and not P is true
+and therefore the or is gonna get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the or is gonna get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the or is gonna get at
+least one true exactly one true really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one true exactly one true really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one true exactly one true really
+and gonna come out to be true so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gonna come out to be true so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gonna come out to be true so this is
+valid now we can connect up the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid now we can connect up the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid now we can connect up the pieces
+that we've just set up of related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've just set up of related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've just set up of related
+relating validity and equivalence two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating validity and equivalence two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating validity and equivalence two
+formulas GNH are equivalent is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas GNH are equivalent is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas GNH are equivalent is the same
+as saying that g if and only if h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying that g if and only if h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying that g if and only if h is
+valid so g if and only if h comes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid so g if and only if h comes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid so g if and only if h comes out to
+be true when g and h have the same truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true when g and h have the same truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true when g and h have the same truth
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+and G&H are equivalent says that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G&H are equivalent says that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G&H are equivalent says that they do
+have the same truth value no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same truth value no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same truth value no matter what
+no matter what the environment is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the environment is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the environment is so
+that's the same as saying that if G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as saying that if G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as saying that if G and
+H are equivalent no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H are equivalent no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H are equivalent no matter what the
+environment is G if and only if H comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is G if and only if H comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is G if and only if H comes
+out to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be true
+so if G and H are equivalent G if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if G and H are equivalent G if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if G and H are equivalent G if and
+only if H is valid and the converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if H is valid and the converse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if H is valid and the converse
+argument works the same way a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument works the same way a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument works the same way a very
+important problem that comes up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem that comes up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem that comes up in
+multiple ways and we're going to examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways and we're going to examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways and we're going to examine
+some of them later is the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them later is the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them later is the problem of
+whether or not a formula is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a formula is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a formula is valid
+checking that or proving that it's valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking that or proving that it's valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking that or proving that it's valid
+and checking whether or not a formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking whether or not a formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking whether or not a formula is
+satisfiable now there's a simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable now there's a simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable now there's a simple way to
+do that the truth table tells it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the truth table tells it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that the truth table tells it to you
+if you want to know whether the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know whether the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know whether the formula
+is satisfiable you just look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is satisfiable you just look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is satisfiable you just look at its
+truth table try every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table try every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table try every possible
+environment and see whether one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and see whether one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and see whether one of the
+meals the value true the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meals the value true the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meals the value true the problem with
+that approach which theoretically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approach which theoretically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approach which theoretically is
+sound like pragmatically the truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like pragmatically the truth table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound like pragmatically the truth table
+size doubles with each additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size doubles with each additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size doubles with each additional
+variable so with two variables you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so with two variables you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so with two variables you've
+got four rows with three variables you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four rows with three variables you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four rows with three variables you
+got eight roles with four variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eight roles with four variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eight roles with four variables
+you've got sixteen rows and this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got sixteen rows and this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got sixteen rows and this very
+rapidly gets out of hand once the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly gets out of hand once the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly gets out of hand once the number
+of variables gets to be moderate-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables gets to be moderate-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables gets to be moderate-sized
+this is exponential growth it's doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exponential growth it's doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exponential growth it's doubling
+each time you add a variable so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you add a variable so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time you add a variable so really
+when you start having hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start having hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start having hundreds of
+variables truth tables are out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables truth tables are out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables truth tables are out of the
+question you just can't write them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you just can't write them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you just can't write them down
+they're too big and in fact in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too big and in fact in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too big and in fact in modern
+digital circuits when you think back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital circuits when you think back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital circuits when you think back
+about how we designed the adder if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we designed the adder if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we designed the adder if you
+look at what's going on and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's going on and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's going on and all those
+different wires corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wires corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wires corresponding to
+different truth out for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different truth out for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different truth out for different
+variables there are millions of those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there are millions of those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there are millions of those in
+a typical modern digital circuit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical modern digital circuit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical modern digital circuit so
+truth table approach is just not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table approach is just not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table approach is just not going
+to be work work of all it's hopeless now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the central problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the central problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the central problems in
+theoretical computer science is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical computer science is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical computer science is the
+question of whether or not there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether or not there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether or not there is a
+way to test for Sat that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to test for Sat that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to test for Sat that's more
+efficient than this impossible way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than this impossible way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient than this impossible way of
+trying to come up with a truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with a truth table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with a truth table
+that's too big to fit in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too big to fit in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too big to fit in the universe
+when there are hundreds and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are hundreds and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are hundreds and thousands of
+variables so we're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so we're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so we're interested in the
+question isn't there some other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question isn't there some other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question isn't there some other way to
+check a formula for satisfiability then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check a formula for satisfiability then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check a formula for satisfiability then
+exhaustively trying to generate it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustively trying to generate it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustively trying to generate it so
+it's whole truth table to see if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's whole truth table to see if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's whole truth table to see if some
+row yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row yields
+this is the abstract version of the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the abstract version of the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the abstract version of the P
+equals NP problem so we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals NP problem so we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals NP problem so we've talked about
+this before P equals NP question mark is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before P equals NP question mark is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before P equals NP question mark is
+the considered to be the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the considered to be the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the considered to be the most important
+open problem in theoretical computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problem in theoretical computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problem in theoretical computer
+science in the theory of computation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in the theory of computation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in the theory of computation and
+it's simply saying is there some fast or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply saying is there some fast or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply saying is there some fast or
+efficient way to solve to tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to solve to tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to solve to tell whether
+or not a formula is satisfiable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not a formula is satisfiable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not a formula is satisfiable that's
+more efficient than the truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient than the truth table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient than the truth table
+approach efficiency has a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach efficiency has a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach efficiency has a technical
+definition which is that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is that the number of
+steps in rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in rows
+much less than exponentially with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than exponentially with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than exponentially with the
+number of variables let's say it grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables let's say it grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables let's say it grows
+polynomial like a quadratic or a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial like a quadratic or a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial like a quadratic or a cubic
+but you're trying to beat exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're trying to beat exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're trying to beat exponential
+growth which is what ruins things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth which is what ruins things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth which is what ruins things
+quickly and this is an open problem no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and this is an open problem no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and this is an open problem no
+one knows if there is some fast way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows if there is some fast way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knows if there is some fast way to
+check for satisfiability or saat that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for satisfiability or saat that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for satisfiability or saat that's
+the sad problem by the way we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sad problem by the way we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sad problem by the way we're very
+closely related to statins validity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to statins validity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to statins validity
+because if I wanted to know whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I wanted to know whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I wanted to know whether a
+formula G is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula G is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula G is valid
+well valine means that it's always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well valine means that it's always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well valine means that it's always true
+that means its complement not G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means its complement not G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means its complement not G is
+always false which is the same as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always false which is the same as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always false which is the same as saying
+its complement is not satisfiable so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its complement is not satisfiable so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its complement is not satisfiable so to
+check that G is valid all I need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that G is valid all I need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that G is valid all I need to do
+is check that not G is satisfiable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is check that not G is satisfiable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is check that not G is satisfiable and
+of it it's not satisfiable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's not satisfiable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's not satisfiable and
+vice-versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice-versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice-versa
+not G is not satisfiable if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not G is not satisfiable if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not G is not satisfiable if and only if
+G is valid so the point is that sat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is valid so the point is that sat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is valid so the point is that sat and
+valid stand and fall together if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid stand and fall together if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid stand and fall together if you had
+a fast way to do one you would very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast way to do one you would very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast way to do one you would very
+quickly get a fast way to do the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly get a fast way to do the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly get a fast way to do the other
+one so checking for one is just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so checking for one is just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so checking for one is just as
+difficult as checking for the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult as checking for the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult as checking for the other and
+we're going to examine in subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to examine in subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to examine in subsequent
+lectures why it is that this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures why it is that this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures why it is that this problem is
+so important
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aWdqvyhzzIY.txt b/aWdqvyhzzIY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..117e6658bd01a99882d0248a536112e3f664c411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aWdqvyhzzIY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1814 @@
+PROFESSOR: OK, let us resume.
+
+I had no idea how many people
+would be here today, and I
+
+think I made 25 copies
+of the handout.
+
+And I see 25 names
+on the list.
+
+And that means that two
+people did not get
+
+a copy of the syllabus.
+
+Does anybody need a copy?
+
+That's strange.
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+We covered some introductory
+material, and I think we've
+
+covered enough that you
+can do a problem set.
+
+So it gives me great pleasure
+to hand out
+
+problem set number one.
+
+OK, you can think about that.
+
+It is the sort of problem that
+will either take you two
+
+minutes or two hours
+or infinity.
+
+So don't spend too much time on
+it, but I would like you to
+
+put your name on it and turn it
+in either at the end of the
+
+hour or next time so I can
+make comments if there's
+
+something that's mostly right
+but not quite right.
+
+Let's return to these three
+simple patterns that we put on
+
+the blackboard.
+
+And let me make another
+point about symmetry.
+
+The people who sensed that this
+pattern and the one on
+
+the bottom were the same because
+they had the same
+
+motif in them, that they had
+the same rectangle with one
+
+concave side.
+
+And I drew a mirror line in here
+because that locus, when
+
+I review this is a reflection
+from left to right, left the
+
+motif, as well as the entire
+pattern, unchanged upon making
+
+that transformation.
+
+Is there not also a
+mirror line there?
+
+Worked for this motif.
+
+Why not for this motif?
+
+Well, the answer is no, that
+this is not a mirror line
+
+because the symmetry
+transformations acts on
+
+everything, and not just one
+little bit of space.
+
+And if I would take this
+chain of objects that's
+
+translationally periodic with
+a translation running this
+
+way, and I reflected that, I
+should have another chain
+
+running like this.
+
+So the direction of the
+translation vector is not left
+
+invariant by this reflection.
+
+So the conclusion here, and it's
+a subtle one, matter of
+
+definition, almost, is that
+the transformation, the
+
+symmetry transformation, if
+it's to be a symmetry
+
+transformation, acts on all of
+the space, and not just on one
+
+local domain.
+
+So let me give you an example
+of a pattern that doesn't
+
+involve translational
+periodicity.
+
+So let me try to make a star
+as carefully as I can.
+
+What sort of symmetric does that
+have, or would it have
+
+had I drawn it more perfectly?
+
+Well, that would be a five-fold
+rotation axis in the
+
+middle because I could
+rotate through one
+
+fifth of the circle.
+
+And any of those rotations twice
+or three times, or just
+
+2 pi over five, would be
+something that maps the
+
+pattern into congruence
+with itself.
+
+There are also mirror lines that
+go from one tip of the
+
+star to the other end.
+
+So that is an example of a
+pattern, non-periodic, but one
+
+that has five-fold rotational
+symmetry and mirror symmetry.
+
+Now, if I put that star in a
+box and ask, what is the
+
+symmetry of that space?
+
+There's only one operation which
+is common to the star
+
+and to the enclosing rectangle,
+and that's this
+
+mirror plane.
+
+So the symmetry acts not just
+on one little part of the
+
+space, but it has to leave
+everything invariant.
+
+So in that sense, going to this
+pattern here, this is not
+
+a mirror plane because it
+doesn't leave the entire
+
+pattern invariant.
+
+That plane would reflect this
+one up to here, and we don't
+
+have anything there.
+
+So the space is not
+left invariant.
+
+One further definition.
+
+We defined what we mean when
+we say a space or an object
+
+has symmetry.
+
+We said an object or a space
+possesses symmetry when there
+
+is an operation, or set of
+operations, that maps the
+
+space or the object into
+congruence with itself.
+
+Let me make another definition,
+and that a
+
+symmetry element--
+
+another bit of terminology--
+
+is the locus of points that's
+left unmoved by the operation.
+
+Left unmoved or left
+invariant.
+
+So for some specific examples,
+this vertical line is a locus
+
+which is left invariant by
+either the five-fold rotation
+
+or any of the mirror planes
+passing through the points
+
+that would be true
+of the star.
+
+So for the star, these are
+all symmetry elements.
+
+For the net combination of the
+star and the enclosing
+
+rectangle, the only thing
+that leaves a space
+
+invariant is this line.
+
+The locus that's left and moved
+is this line, so we
+
+refer to that as
+a mirror plane.
+
+Now, these may be seeming
+kind of definitions.
+
+Nice to have, but what
+use are they?
+
+We will use some of these
+definitions to answer a
+
+question which may
+seem tricky.
+
+If we do a couple of things in
+sequence, for example, what is
+
+the net consequence of doing,
+let's say, a rotation combined
+
+with a reflection?
+
+You can answer that question
+by saying, what
+
+has been left unmoved?
+
+And that is the locuses of
+whatever net transformation
+
+results from a combination
+of two or more.
+
+So that, again, is abstract, but
+we'll use that later on.
+
+Any question on this?
+
+Let me summarize very quickly
+what we have found for two
+
+dimensions.
+
+We found that there are, in a
+two-dimensional space, three
+
+kinds of operations.
+
+There is the operation of
+translation, which we'll call
+
+by the vector, T, corresponding
+to that
+
+transformation.
+
+And there is an operation
+of reflection.
+
+And the locus of the plane, in
+which the reflection occurs,
+
+we'll call a mirror plane.
+
+And that's a linear locus.
+
+And then, we've seen in these
+two patterns here an operation
+
+of rotation.
+
+In particular, in these
+two-dimensional patterns, we
+
+saw the rotation
+operation A pi.
+
+Now, I would put forth for your
+consideration something
+
+that is a profound conclusion.
+
+These are the only single-step
+transformations that can exist
+
+in a two-dimensional space.
+
+These are the only ones that
+can exist as single-step
+
+operations.
+
+We can view these as operations
+that result in a
+
+transformation of coordinates.
+
+And in two dimensions, if we
+have some position, x, y, in
+
+the space, what the
+transformation of a
+
+translation does is to take x
+and add a constant to it.
+
+It takes y and adds, perhaps,
+a different constant to it.
+
+Do the operation a second time,
+and we'll go to x plus
+
+2a and y plus 2b.
+
+So analytically, we can look at
+these symmetry operations
+
+in terms of the transformation
+of a representative
+
+coordinate.
+
+If we have a reflection plane,
+and let's set up a coordinate
+
+system where this is
+y and this is x.
+
+We have an object here at the
+location x, y, and we reflect
+
+it across this locus.
+
+It goes to minus x, y, if the
+mirror line runs through the
+
+origin and is perpendicular
+to x.
+
+So one example of a
+transformation by reflection
+
+is that x, y goes
+to minus x, y.
+
+And this is a case where the
+mirror plane is perpendicular
+
+to x and passes through
+the origin.
+
+If we do the operation a second
+time, minus x, y would
+
+get mapped back into
+x, y again.
+
+It comes back to where
+it started from.
+
+So this would be the
+first reflection.
+
+This would be the second
+reflection.
+
+And we saw in the patterns
+an example of one other
+
+transformation.
+
+Let's suppose there was an
+operation, A pi, at the
+
+origin, and this was
+x, and this was y.
+
+We started out with a
+motif here at x, y.
+
+If we rotated that by 180
+degrees, it would go down to a
+
+location minus x, minus y.
+
+So the operation of a 180-degree
+rotation is going
+
+to analytically correspond to a
+transformation of going from
+
+x, y to minus x, minus y.
+
+If we perform it again, it
+would go back to x, y.
+
+OK, let's look at this in
+more general terms.
+
+In a two-dimensional space,
+we've got two dimensions to
+
+diddle with.
+
+We can change the sense
+of no coordinate.
+
+That's translation.
+
+We can change the sense
+of one coordinate.
+
+That's going to be reflection.
+
+We can change the sense
+of both coordinates.
+
+That's going to be a rotation.
+
+That's all we can do.
+
+So these are the three
+basic operations in a
+
+two-dimensional space.
+
+I gave you special cases to
+make things easy, but
+
+regardless of where the mirror
+plane is, parallel to or
+
+perpendicular to an axis or
+not, and whether it passes
+
+through the origin or not, a
+mirror plane has the operation
+
+of reversing the sense
+of one direction.
+
+Just the sense of one direction
+that is reversed.
+
+And the rotation, be it a
+rotation through 60 degrees or
+
+90 degrees or 180 degrees,
+is always taking both
+
+coordinates.
+
+It's making a transformation
+of both coordinates.
+
+If you only have two coordinates
+with which to
+
+play, that's all you can do.
+
+Let's do some giant
+extrapolations.
+
+If we have a strictly
+one-dimensional pattern where
+
+there's x and nothing else, than
+they're only going to be
+
+two coordinates.
+
+And there are going to be only
+two ways we can transform
+
+coordinates.
+
+So in a one-dimensional space,
+we can change the sense of no
+
+coordinate, and that's going
+to be the operation of
+
+translation, or we can change
+the sense of one coordinate,
+
+and that's going to be the
+operation of reflection.
+
+No rotation in a one-dimensional
+space.
+
+Now, let's extrapolate in
+the other direction.
+
+In a three-dimensional space,
+the sort that we're going to
+
+be concerned with when we want
+to describe the symmetry of
+
+real crystals, you've got three
+coordinates to permute.
+
+So it follows then, without
+saying what they are, in 3D,
+
+there are going to be four
+distinct one-step operations.
+
+And then five dimensions?
+
+Hey, that's a nice thing
+about mathematics.
+
+You could play any
+game you like.
+
+Not only that, but you
+make up the rules.
+
+In a five-dimensional space,
+there's going to be six
+
+transformations.
+
+Would we ever want to worry
+about five-dimensional
+
+crystallography?
+
+Well, let me hang out a teaser
+and not answer the question.
+
+Yeah, there are crystals
+for which as many as
+
+six-dimensional symmetries
+are necessary.
+
+Wow.
+
+Doesn't that blow the mind?
+
+We'll return to that, and I'll
+explain why later on.
+
+Another thing you might ask,
+why did I sneak this in?
+
+Why did I say one-step
+operation?
+
+Well, it's something we should
+worry about, and
+
+unfortunately, we will.
+
+What if you take a motif,
+translate it, rotate it around
+
+a couple of times, reflect it,
+bounce it up and down three
+
+times, and then put it down?
+
+How do you get from the first
+motif to the final one there?
+
+Is there an infinite number
+of operations?
+
+Mercifully, no.
+
+The number is small
+and very finite.
+
+And we will systematically, in
+another week's time, examine
+
+specifically two-step
+operations.
+
+And as with many things that
+we'll encounter, we might not
+
+be clever enough to
+think them up.
+
+But when we start putting
+things together into a
+
+synthesis, suddenly we're
+going to stumble over
+
+something we don't know how to
+explain, and we will have
+
+arrived, like it or not, at a
+new feature which we perhaps
+
+hadn't anticipated.
+
+OK, any question
+at this point?
+
+All this has been in a way
+of general introduction.
+
+We're going to now take things
+more slowly and proceed one
+
+step at a time.
+
+I would like to confine our
+attention for the moment on
+
+two-dimensional symmetries and
+examine the sorts of patterns
+
+that can exist in two
+dimensions, fabric patterns,
+
+floor tile, grillwork,
+and so on.
+
+And we've seen that, basically,
+there seem to be
+
+three operations, three kinds
+of operations, translation,
+
+reflection, and rotation.
+
+That's an infinite number of
+operations because we are not
+
+specifying whether or not the
+rotation angle is restricted
+
+to any particular value.
+
+No reason why it should be.
+
+There are lots of rotational
+symmetries that
+
+are absolutely lovely.
+
+But let's build things up.
+
+And I would like to first
+look at the operation of
+
+translation, which we've
+said a great deal
+
+about to this point.
+
+Translation has magnitude.
+
+It has direction.
+
+So it acts like a vector.
+
+But just like a vector, it
+has no unique origin.
+
+Perform the operation twice, and
+you have a position that
+
+is two translations removed
+from the origin.
+
+Do it three times, you
+have a translation
+
+that's three times out.
+
+If a motif sits here, the motif
+must sit at the end of
+
+this translation in the same
+
+orientation parallel to itself.
+
+It must exist at the end
+of two translations.
+
+And if the operation acts on all
+of the space, if we say a
+
+translation is present, we
+really imply that there's an
+
+infinite row going to
+plus infinity and
+
+back to minus infinity.
+
+And there is a motif hanging
+at the terminal
+
+point of every vector.
+
+Now, we can summarize this
+periodicity with
+
+a convenient device.
+
+Let's take some fiducial
+point and summarize the
+
+translational periodicity by
+saying that something that is
+
+hung at one point, either here,
+or maybe hung also off
+
+in some other direction relative
+to the translation,
+
+that something hung on one of
+these points is automatically
+
+reproduced for us
+at every point.
+
+So what we have done through
+this device is defined
+
+something that is called
+a lattice point.
+
+And this is an abstraction of
+the translational periodicity.
+
+There is an array of points,
+geometric fictions, which we
+
+have constructed.
+
+And we ascribe to this geometric
+fiction the property
+
+that anything hung at one of
+these points, be it a benzene
+
+ring or be it a Santa Claus on
+Christmas wrapping paper, is
+
+understood to be automatically
+reproduced at every other one
+
+of these points.
+
+It is this array of fictitious
+points that is the proper
+
+designation of what we refer
+to as a lattice.
+
+So a lattice is an array of
+fictitious points that
+
+summarizes the translational
+periodicity of the crystal.
+
+It has a property to repeat
+that something hung at a
+
+particular disposition relative
+to that point and
+
+with a particular orientation
+is understood to be hung at
+
+every other lattice point
+in exactly the same way.
+
+So that is a lattice.
+
+And this is one of the
+most abused terms in
+
+crystallography.
+
+We talk about the sodium
+chloride lattice.
+
+The sodium chloride lattice is
+a set of points that are
+
+placed at the corners
+of a cube and in the
+
+middle of all the faces.
+
+This is the NaCl lattice.
+
+If I choose to decorate that
+lattice with one sodium and
+
+one chlorine, then I have
+atoms sitting at
+
+these lattice points.
+
+And that is the sodium
+chloride structure.
+
+That is the proper term for
+the atomic configuration.
+
+So lattice is a geometrical
+term, and it's an abstraction.
+
+Structure is the actual
+atomic arrangement.
+
+Now, since I realize already
+that I am among friends, I can
+
+confess that I very
+often recklessly
+
+abuse the term lattice.
+
+If I talk about lattice energy,
+lattice diffusion,
+
+lattice vibration, I'm not
+talking about abstract points
+
+bobbling around or something
+going through this array of
+
+little points.
+
+I mean, I should talk about
+structure diffusion, structure
+
+energy, structure vibration.
+
+But man, that just doesn't
+have the established
+
+terminology, and it doesn't
+have the zing and music of
+
+something like lattice
+vibrations.
+
+So I do it all the time.
+
+Don't tell anybody else that I
+said this to you, frankly.
+
+But it's never going
+to be stamped out.
+
+But now you perhaps are informed
+enough to at least
+
+blush slightly when you talk
+about lattice energy or
+
+lattice diffusion, realizing
+you're using the term
+
+incorrectly and that you know
+better, but everybody else
+
+does it, so you do
+the same thing.
+
+So that is the definition
+of lattice.
+
+Now, suppose I take this space,
+to which I've added a
+
+first translation, and I'll call
+it T1, implying that I'm
+
+going to add something
+else to this space,
+
+which I'm free to do.
+
+I can put in a second
+translational periodicity
+
+because this is a
+two-dimensional space.
+
+How do I do this?
+
+And the answer is very carefully
+because the second
+
+translation could not go in
+the space parallel to the
+
+first one if I put in a second
+translation, T2, which is
+
+totally incommensurate
+with T1.
+
+The things blow up in my face.
+
+I don't have a lattice.
+
+I will get lattice points
+all over the place.
+
+So this is impossible.
+
+So if T1 is not equal to T2,
+this space self destructs.
+
+If T1 is a multiple of T2, then
+if I say a translation
+
+exists of length T1, and I add a
+second translation twice T1.
+
+I've already got those
+lattice points.
+
+And that's nothing new.
+
+So if I want to say there's
+a second translational
+
+periodicity in the space, the
+only thing I can do is pick a
+
+T2 which is not parallel
+to T1.
+
+And then this T2 will pick up
+everything in the space.
+
+It's going to take these lattice
+points and generate
+
+them at equal intervals, T2.
+
+But for that matter, it acts
+on everything in the space.
+
+So we could think of this
+translation, T2, as moving
+
+this entire infinite string of
+lattice points separated by T1
+
+and giving me a whole string
+of lattice points.
+
+So now, having taken two
+noncollinear translations,
+
+those translations will imply
+a two-dimensional space
+
+lattice in which motifs will
+be hung at translations nT1
+
+plus mT2 where n, m are integers
+that go from minus
+
+infinity to plus infinity.
+
+OK, so this is a two-dimensional
+space lattice,
+
+or sometimes it's referred to
+by the term a lattice net.
+
+Good term.
+
+It looks like what fishermen
+throw in the
+
+water to snag fish.
+
+So it is a net, in terms of
+something that we're familiar
+
+with in everyday life.
+
+All right.
+
+So we've specified a space
+lattice, but it is a highly
+
+redundant pattern.
+
+We've got a doubly infinite
+set of lattice points.
+
+And the unique nature of the
+pattern, the structure, is
+
+going to be whatever
+is associated
+
+with one lattice point.
+
+So if we specify what's going
+on in the vicinity of one
+
+lattice point and establish that
+at every other lattice
+
+point, we have the
+entire infinite
+
+two-dimensional structure.
+
+So let's ask now, how we can
+define the area that is unique
+
+to one lattice point.
+
+And there are several
+ways of doing this.
+
+We can specify T1, and
+then specify T2.
+
+We'll repeat T1 up to here.
+
+T1 will repeat to T2 over to
+here, and we will have defined
+
+the area that is uniquely
+associated
+
+with one lattice point.
+
+So if I can tell you what's
+going on within the confines
+
+of this parallelogram, then I
+have given you the unique part
+
+of what is hung at a lattice
+point, and which is reproduced
+
+only by translation.
+
+And this is a very important
+construct.
+
+It is something that is referred
+to as the unit cell,
+
+or sometimes just
+cell for short.
+
+And now we encounter a
+curious ambiguity.
+
+T1 and T2 imply an array
+of lattice points.
+
+And this particular choice of
+T1 and T2 define a cell.
+
+But the reverse is not true.
+
+If I give you--
+
+and what do I want to say?
+
+That a particular lattice
+does not specify
+
+a unique unit cell.
+
+Or, stated another way, there
+are many different choices for
+
+T1 and T2 that would specify
+the same unique area.
+
+I could take this as a T1 prime,
+and then I would have a
+
+cell that looks like this.
+
+And that would also define the
+area associated with one
+
+lattice point.
+
+It's not clear this oblique
+thing with one very long T1
+
+prime would have very much to
+commend it, but there are many
+
+ways, many choices, for
+T1 and T2, to find
+
+exactly the same lattice.
+
+We could take this as T1, this
+as T2, same lattice, same
+
+array of lattice points.
+
+Take this as T1, this as T2,
+same array of lattice points.
+
+Take this as T1, this as T2,
+that's yet another choice.
+
+So there are an infinite
+number of translations.
+
+Special name for this, to
+introduce a bit of jargon
+
+again, these are very often
+called conjugate translations.
+
+So all this is still nothing
+more than simple geometry, but
+
+if you invent some fancy words,
+you really have to do
+
+that to impress your friends.
+
+Yeah, you had a question here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+So you can define magnitude
+for T1 and
+
+T2, all those constants.
+
+But you're changing the
+directions of T1 and T2, and
+
+you're saying, even though
+you're changing those
+
+directions, it's still
+the same unit cell?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, provided I have
+some new translation like
+
+this one here, which is really
+this T1 plus this T2, this
+
+would define a very,
+very oblique cell
+
+that looks like this.
+
+But yet, the terminal points
+of T1 prime and--
+
+I need a term for this.
+
+I'll call this T2 prime.
+
+The terminal points here are
+going to be exactly the same
+
+as the nodes that are
+defined here.
+
+So they are two choices for
+one in the same lattice.
+
+OK, so the implication of
+this is we're going to
+
+have to have rules.
+
+And some of these make
+common sense.
+
+You could pick, in a
+two-dimensional lattice, some
+
+absolutely ridiculous unit cells
+defined in terms of very
+
+long vectors that define a
+cell that is a very, very
+
+oblique cell.
+
+So it's the lattice
+that's defined by
+
+this translation here.
+
+And the next translation
+parallel to this one would go
+
+way up to something like this.
+
+So there's a T1.
+
+There's a T2.
+
+This crazy cell here works.
+
+That's the area that's
+associated
+
+with one lattice point.
+
+But clearly, it has absolutely
+nothing to
+
+commend this choice.
+
+There's nothing to be gained
+by using these long
+
+translations that make
+very extreme
+
+intertranslation angles.
+
+Your intuition would say,
+why would you want to
+
+do that, you dummy?
+
+Let's take these as the
+translations, which is
+
+something I sort of naturally
+did all along.
+
+And what are we doing?
+
+We're picking the shortest
+translations.
+
+So there's one very
+common sense rule.
+
+Another rule, getting a little
+bit ahead of the game, but
+
+suppose I examine the lattice
+that describes the arrangement
+
+of four floor tiles.
+
+If I take a lattice point
+right at the point of
+
+intersection of the joins
+between the tiles, that is a
+
+cell that is exactly square.
+
+And it's exactly square because
+there's a four-fold
+
+axis in that pattern that leaves
+things invariant after
+
+a 90-degree rotation.
+
+So if that's the nature of a
+lattice, if it in fact is
+
+constrained because of the
+symmetry that is there to have
+
+two translations identical
+in length, in fact,
+
+identical in every way.
+
+Pick those as the choice of
+the cell to emphasize that
+
+special key feature
+of the lattice.
+
+So a second row, which is a
+second and final one, is to
+
+pick a T1 and T2 that displays
+the symmetry,
+
+if any, of the lattice.
+
+Which introduces us to a feature
+which we'll elaborate
+
+much more later on, that the
+translational periodicity and
+
+the symmetry of the
+lattice are two
+
+things that go together.
+
+That the fact that there is
+translational symmetry
+
+drastically reduces the number
+of symmetries that you could
+
+have, the fact that there are
+symmetries possible for
+
+presence in a lattice restricts
+the number of
+
+different kinds of cells.
+
+So these are two aspects of
+the pattern, the symmetry
+
+that's in it and its
+periodicity.
+
+OK, but these are the only two
+rules that we really need to
+
+pick what's called the
+standard cell.
+
+Take the shortest translations
+that are available to you, and
+
+pick translations that display
+the symmetry that may be
+
+present in the lattice.
+
+Any questions or comments?
+
+Any comments?
+
+OK, I think I have time for
+one last major point of
+
+discussion.
+
+And what we are going to embark
+on now is a process of
+
+synthesis, which will occupy
+us for a couple of weeks.
+
+What I'm going to do is start
+with a translation.
+
+And this defines an infinite
+string of lattice points.
+
+Now, I know that in two
+dimensions, I have two kinds
+
+of symmetry operations that are
+present, either rotation
+
+or translation.
+
+So now, I'm going to ask the
+question, what happens if I
+
+define a lattice, or at least
+one translation in a lattice,
+
+and now I add to that lattice an
+operation of rotation, OK?
+
+I can do that.
+
+We've seen examples of
+translationally periodic
+
+patterns that have rotational
+symmetry.
+
+So let me suppose I add to
+this space a rotation
+
+operation, A alpha.
+
+And there's no unique origin
+to the translation.
+
+There is no unique location
+for a lattice point.
+
+So I can put the operation A
+alpha in at my designated
+
+lattice point.
+
+Now, if I do that, all hell
+breaks loose because now I
+
+have a rotation operation
+A alpha.
+
+This has a translation
+coming out of it.
+
+That translation will be
+repeated up here, an angle
+
+alpha away.
+
+A alpha acts on everything,
+so it's going to take this
+
+translation and move it over
+here to a location for another
+
+translation.
+
+This is a lattice point.
+
+This is a lattice point.
+
+And this business is going to
+go on until it comes around
+
+full circle.
+
+Let me focus my attention
+on just one of these
+
+translations, and this will be
+this one up here, the one that
+
+is alpha away from
+the first in a
+
+counterclockwise direction.
+
+So here sits another
+translation, and that means
+
+this is a lattice point.
+
+At this end of the translation,
+the same thing is
+
+going to happen.
+
+The operation A alpha is moved
+to this location at the end of
+
+the translation.
+
+That means that anything coming
+out of this lattice
+
+point must also be repeated at
+angular intervals, alpha.
+
+And now I'm going to focus
+my attention on
+
+this translation here.
+
+And there will be a translation
+that goes up like
+
+this, and this is
+a lattice point.
+
+And now, in the words of that
+famous musical, there's big
+
+trouble in River City.
+
+Because we started out by saying
+that everything in the
+
+space was periodic at an
+interval, T, a translational
+
+interval, T.
+
+This is T. This is T.
+This is T. Here we
+
+have a lattice point.
+
+This jolly well has to be T as
+well, or we've contradicted
+
+the basic assumption of
+our construction.
+
+Well, that's over restrictive.
+
+This doesn't have to be T, but
+it has to be some multiple, p,
+
+of that translation.
+
+p could be 0.
+
+p could be 5.
+
+But it has to be an integral
+number of translations because
+
+this translational periodicity
+has to work everywhere,
+
+including up on the top
+of this trapezohedron.
+
+So that's a constraint.
+
+This angle is alpha.
+
+We cannot let alpha be arbitrary
+because the only way
+
+we can add a rotation operation
+A alpha to a lattice
+
+is for a value of alpha which
+makes this translation be a
+
+multiple of the original one.
+
+Now, let me take this geometry,
+and I'm going to
+
+extract the basic constraint
+from it.
+
+This is some integer, p times T.
+This is T. This is T. This
+
+is T. This is alpha.
+
+Let me lickety split drop down
+a perpendicular to the
+
+original translation.
+
+This is T times the
+cosine of alpha.
+
+This is T times the
+cosine of alpha.
+
+This total length is T. This
+length in here is p times T.
+
+And now I can go away from the
+geometry to an equation,
+
+something you probably
+prefer to deal with.
+
+And what this constraint is
+expressed analytically is that
+
+my original translation, T,
+minus twice T times the cosine
+
+of alpha has to come out equal
+to an integer, p times T. And
+
+there's my constraint.
+
+Alpha has to satisfy
+that condition.
+
+Well, I can immediately cancel
+the T and write this as one
+
+minus 2 cosine of alpha is
+equal to an integer, p.
+
+And it figures that that has to
+be the case because none of
+
+this construction depends on
+the size of the original
+
+translation that I took.
+
+And now, let me solve for the
+values of alpha which are
+
+compatible with a lattice.
+
+This says that cosine of alpha
+is 1 minus p over 2.
+
+And unless that condition
+holds, my combination is
+
+incompatible.
+
+So I'm going to let that stew
+with you until next time.
+
+But what we've set up is
+something where we can just
+
+plug and chug, put in different
+values of p.
+
+And if I start out with a value
+of p, and let's let p be
+
+equal to 4, and then find one
+minus p over 2, which is
+
+supposedly the cosine
+of an angle, alpha.
+
+If that's 4, I will
+have minus 3/2.
+
+And the value of alpha obviously
+does not exist.
+
+Cosine of alpha cannot
+get greater than 1.
+
+If p is equal to 3, then 1 minus
+3 over 2 is minus 2 over
+
+2, or minus 1.
+
+You like the way I do that
+arithmetic in my
+
+head just like that?
+
+And the angle whose cosine is
+minus 1 is 180 degrees.
+
+And what that says is that
+a two-fold axis works.
+
+So I can drop a two-fold
+axis into a net.
+
+And what that's going to do is
+take my original translation,
+
+rotate it 180 degrees, and
+the second translation is
+
+going to sit here.
+
+Rotate it 180 degrees in the
+reverse direction, and then
+
+the second lattice
+point sits here.
+
+And lo and behold, just as
+advertised, the distance
+
+between the first lattice point
+and the final lattice
+
+point is three translations.
+
+So I can put a two-fold axis
+in any lattice whatsoever
+
+because this is compatible
+simply with a lattice row.
+
+So one possible combination of
+rotation in a lattice is going
+
+to be any lattice whatsoever,
+and what we can add to this is
+
+a rotation operation A pi.
+
+And we'll have two full rotation
+operations which are
+
+translationally equivalent.
+
+All right.
+
+Several integers to go.
+
+We would want to
+try p equals 2.
+
+That's going to work.
+
+p equals plus 1 is
+going to work.
+
+p equals 0 is going to work.
+
+And we will find a very limited
+number of rotational
+
+operations that are compatible
+with a lattice.
+
+And this is going to give us a
+small number of the possible
+
+combinations of lattice and
+rotational symmetry in two
+
+dimensions.
+
+So we'll pick up from there
+next time, and we'll very
+
+quickly determine the remaining
+possibilities and
+
+take a look at what the
+arrangement of symmetry
+
+elements look like in
+these lattices.
+
+OK, once again, I have some
+extra copies of the syllabus
+
+if somebody did not get one.
+
+And I'll have extra copies
+of the problem set.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/byEaU9ILHmw.txt b/byEaU9ILHmw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d1f70300151c427ecaeb85cc79a177a27df5133
--- /dev/null
+++ b/byEaU9ILHmw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3124 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we po spoke about photons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we po spoke about photons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we po spoke about photons in
+the context of an interferometer the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of an interferometer the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of an interferometer the max
+Zender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zender
+interferometer and we saw the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer and we saw the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer and we saw the very
+unusual properties of photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual properties of photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual properties of photons and
+interference and how uh a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and how uh a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and how uh a relatively
+simple interference effect can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple interference effect can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple interference effect can be used
+to produce a very surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a very surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a very surprising
+measurement today we're going to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement today we're going to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement today we're going to back
+track and go from the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and go from the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and go from the beginning and
+think about photons as physicists did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about photons as physicists did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about photons as physicists did a
+100 years ago and how by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years ago and how by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years ago and how by thinking about
+photons they pretty much came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons they pretty much came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons they pretty much came up with
+quantum mechanics so we want to trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so we want to trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so we want to trace
+this back and uh the best place to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back and uh the best place to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back and uh the best place to start
+probably is with a photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is with a photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is with a photoelectric
+effect the photo electric effect is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the photo electric effect is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the photo electric effect is an
+experiment done by Herz in 1886 seven in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment done by Herz in 1886 seven in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment done by Herz in 1886 seven in
+which he irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he irradiated
+plates that means shine light high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates that means shine light high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates that means shine light high
+energy beams of lights on metal plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy beams of lights on metal plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy beams of lights on metal plates
+and he found that electrons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he found that electrons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he found that electrons were
+released those were called photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released those were called photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released those were called photo
+electrons and therefore you would get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and therefore you would get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and therefore you would get a
+photo electric current from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electric current from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electric current from those
+electrons so this is the effect we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this is the effect we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this is the effect we want
+to discuss now it's the photo electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss now it's the photo electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss now it's the photo electric
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+Herz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1887 so first the description so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1887 so first the description so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1887 so first the description so
+polished metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished metal
+plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates
+polished metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plates irradiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irradiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiated
+May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May
+emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons and these are called photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and these are called photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and these are called photo
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes photo electrons is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes photo electrons is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes photo electrons is just an
+electron uh that was released due to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh that was released due to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh that was released due to a
+photon and there therefore we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and there therefore we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and there therefore we get a
+photo electric current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electric current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electric current
+photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current okay so uh so far so good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so uh so far so good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so uh so far so good but
+what was special about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was special about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was special about this
+experiment uh the first step that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh the first step that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh the first step that was
+special was that there was a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special was that there was a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special was that there was a critical
+frequency if you would take a sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if you would take a sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if you would take a sample and
+you would irradiate it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would irradiate it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would irradiate it with
+light and you would begin with light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and you would begin with light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and you would begin with light
+with very low frequency nothing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very low frequency nothing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very low frequency nothing would
+happen and all of the sudden after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and all of the sudden after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and all of the sudden after a
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+frequency boom you would get a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency boom you would get a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency boom you would get a current
+so there is a Critic a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a Critic a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a Critic a threshold
+frequency is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new0 such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new0 such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new0 such that
+only for new greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for new greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for new greater than
+new0 there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current so no current for lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so no current for lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so no current for lower
+frequencies now as it turned out uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies now as it turned out uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies now as it turned out uh new
+zero depends on the metal you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero depends on the metal you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero depends on the metal you're
+irradiating and even more it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiating and even more it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irradiating and even more it's a
+complicated uh thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh thing to
+calculate uh it depends on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh it depends on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh it depends on the surface
+of the the metal so that's why hers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the metal so that's why hers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the metal so that's why hers
+apparently had to polish the metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently had to polish the metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently had to polish the metal and
+this uh frequency if the metal is IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh frequency if the metal is IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh frequency if the metal is IR
+regular may depend on where you shine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular may depend on where you shine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular may depend on where you shine so
+you better prepare the metal very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better prepare the metal very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better prepare the metal very
+nicely and it may even dep depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and it may even dep depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and it may even dep depend on the
+crystalline nature of the metal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline nature of the metal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline nature of the metal because
+it's a many body effect you see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a many body effect you see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a many body effect you see uh
+anticipating the resolution there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating the resolution there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating the resolution there's this
+piece of metal and there are a few free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal and there are a few free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal and there are a few free
+electrons running around and they run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons running around and they run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons running around and they run
+around among the crystal the crystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around among the crystal the crystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around among the crystal the crystalline
+structure of the metal and removing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the metal and removing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the metal and removing them
+it's going to take some energy and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take some energy and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take some energy and that
+energy depends on on the metal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy depends on on the metal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy depends on on the metal and the
+arrangement and all kinds of things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and all kinds of things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and all kinds of things so
+uh this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero depends on the
+metal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal the
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+duration abbreviate of atoms at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of
+interesting the magnet itude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the magnet itude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the magnet itude of the
+current was proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was proportional to the
+intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proportional to the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the light
+intensity to the light intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and perhaps the last one and fourth uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps the last one and fourth uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps the last one and fourth uh a
+rather important one a very crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather important one a very crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather important one a very crucial
+property is that you could observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is that you could observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is that you could observe the
+energy of the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photo
+electrons and it seem to be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and it seem to be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and it seem to be independent
+of the light intensity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy of the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent of the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of
+light the number of photo electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the number of photo electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the number of photo electrons
+would depend on the intensity of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would depend on the intensity of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would depend on the intensity of light
+but not the energy of the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not the energy of the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not the energy of the photo
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+now there's more to that but uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's more to that but uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's more to that but uh I think
+it was not quite exactly noticed by Herz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not quite exactly noticed by Herz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not quite exactly noticed by Herz
+so herdz probably did notice all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so herdz probably did notice all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so herdz probably did notice all these
+things but the last one that uh maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the last one that uh maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the last one that uh maybe we
+can put in Brackets here is that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in Brackets here is that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in Brackets here is that um the
+energy of the photo electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photo electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photo electrons
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+gamma oh no bad idea e of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma oh no bad idea e of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma oh no bad idea e of the
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increased increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linearly with the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so
+uh this photoelectric effect was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this photoelectric effect was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this photoelectric effect was not
+easy to understand if you thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand if you thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand if you thought of
+light as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as a
+wave and Einstein came up with an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and Einstein came up with an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and Einstein came up with an answer
+that he almost said what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he almost said what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he almost said what was going on
+but didn't quite use the word uh he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but didn't quite use the word uh he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but didn't quite use the word uh he said
+that light comes in bundles of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light comes in bundles of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light comes in bundles of energy
+and the in a beam you have bundles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the in a beam you have bundles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the in a beam you have bundles of
+energy quanta then quite say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy quanta then quite say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy quanta then quite say there's
+light is a particle oh he himself was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is a particle oh he himself was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is a particle oh he himself was a
+little non-committal I think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little non-committal I think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little non-committal I think about this
+concept but Einstein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 gives a natural explanation it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 gives a natural explanation it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905 gives a natural explanation it says
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is
+composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quanta I would have to wait until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta I would have to wait until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta I would have to wait until
+1920s until the name photo came up given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s until the name photo came up given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s until the name photo came up given
+by a chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a chemist
+LS um so he called them quanta and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS um so he called them quanta and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS um so he called them quanta and these
+are later photons and I will use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are later photons and I will use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are later photons and I will use the
+name photons from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name photons from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name photons from the
+beginning um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy g e equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy g e equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy g e equal
+H new where new is the frequency see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H new where new is the frequency see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H new where new is the frequency see and
+H was Plank's constant plank had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H was Plank's constant plank had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H was Plank's constant plank had already
+introduced a constant in trying to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a constant in trying to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a constant in trying to fit
+the black body Spectrum the black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black body Spectrum the black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black body Spectrum the black body
+Spectrum the intensity of light as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum the intensity of light as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum the intensity of light as a
+function of frequency in black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency in black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency in black body
+radiation had a particular curve plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation had a particular curve plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation had a particular curve plank
+tried to fit it and he realized he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to fit it and he realized he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to fit it and he realized he
+needed one constant and he called it h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed one constant and he called it h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed one constant and he called it h
+that's plank constant and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's plank constant and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's plank constant and the same
+constant that plank introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that plank introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that plank introduced
+reappeared in Einstein's proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reappeared in Einstein's proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reappeared in Einstein's proposition
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+Plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so uh the picture that Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so uh the picture that Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so uh the picture that Einstein
+and others had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others had was
+that you would have a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have a kind of a
+potential here you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here you plot
+energy over here and maybe this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over here and maybe this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy over here and maybe this is some
+distance uh and you have a metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh and you have a metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh and you have a metal and
+there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+electrons captured here and here is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons captured here and here is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons captured here and here is zero
+energy so they have negative energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so they have negative energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so they have negative energy
+they're captured and you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're captured and you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're captured and you need some
+amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+energy W which is called the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy W which is called the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy W which is called the work
+function that depends on the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that depends on the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that depends on the type of
+metal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal you
+have and if you could Supply that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and if you could Supply that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and if you could Supply that energy
+W to any one of these electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to any one of these electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W to any one of these electrons that are
+bound in this metal they would come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound in this metal they would come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound in this metal they would come out
+and not be attracted anymore and would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not be attracted anymore and would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not be attracted anymore and would
+be able to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free so this is like an escape velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so this is like an escape velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so this is like an escape velocity
+you're bound by the gravity of Earth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bound by the gravity of Earth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bound by the gravity of Earth you
+need some velocity some energy to shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some velocity some energy to shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some velocity some energy to shoot
+you out uh same thing here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out uh same thing here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out uh same thing here so this
+w was our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+function is defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined as the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to
+release an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron and that's that work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and that's that work function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and that's that work function
+is that thing that depends on the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that thing that depends on the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that thing that depends on the metal
+you have and the structure and how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and the structure and how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and the structure and how well
+you've polished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've polished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've polished the
+surface so uh if this is true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so uh if this is true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so uh if this is true then
+Einstein if he was right with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein if he was right with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein if he was right with this
+property there would be the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property there would be the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property there would be the following
+statement that you could make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that you could make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that you could make the
+energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron which is uh roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which is uh roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which is uh roughly
+speaking 12 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking 12 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking 12 m
+v²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v²
+would be equal to the energy that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to the energy that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to the energy that the
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+has minus the work function so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has minus the work function so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has minus the work function so you
+supply a photon some of the energy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply a photon some of the energy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply a photon some of the energy goes
+into the work function but the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the work function but the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the work function but the rest of
+the energy goes into giving free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy goes into giving free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy goes into giving free energy
+to this electron so you would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this electron so you would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this electron so you would have the
+energy of the photon minus W which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon minus W which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon minus W which is
+what you need to just take it out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to just take it out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to just take it out with
+zero velocity and then the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero velocity and then the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero velocity and then the rest of the
+energy of the photon would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon would be
+transmitted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted as
+a uh kinetic energy of this electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh kinetic energy of this electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh kinetic energy of this electron so
+uh if this is true this would be H new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this is true this would be H new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this is true this would be H new
+minus Omega and this was considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega and this was considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega and this was considered a
+prediction because uh that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction because uh that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction because uh that statement
+that the energy of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy of the electron
+increases linearly with the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases linearly with the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases linearly with the frequency
+was not quite uh obvious um to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not quite uh obvious um to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not quite uh obvious um to people
+experiments were not fine enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments were not fine enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments were not fine enough
+measuring the energy of the emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the energy of the emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the energy of the emitted
+particles was not all that easy either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles was not all that easy either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles was not all that easy either
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh so this was Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prediction and of the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and of the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and of the experimental
+confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm
+took 10 years to come it was verified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 10 years to come it was verified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 10 years to come it was verified by
+milikin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milikin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milikin in
+1915 so Milan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+19115 measures the energy of the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19115 measures the energy of the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19115 measures the energy of the photo
+electrons verifies Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons verifies Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons verifies Einstein's
+conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjecture and actually produces by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture and actually produces by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture and actually produces by
+measuring so carefully the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring so carefully the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring so carefully the energy of the
+photo electrons produces a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electrons produces a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electrons produces a measurement
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+H which is the best to that point and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which is the best to that point and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which is the best to that point and uh
+H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measured to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured to
+better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than
+1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a very accurate measurement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a very accurate measurement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a very accurate measurement of
+H and perhaps you would say okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and perhaps you would say okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and perhaps you would say okay so this
+is all wonderful now everybody believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all wonderful now everybody believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all wonderful now everybody believes
+in photons but uh that's quite far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in photons but uh that's quite far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in photons but uh that's quite far from
+the truth um they didn't believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth um they didn't believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth um they didn't believe in
+photons too much because Maxwell had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons too much because Maxwell had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons too much because Maxwell had
+been too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been too
+successful and Einstein himself knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and Einstein himself knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and Einstein himself knew
+that once you started believing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you started believing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you started believing in
+particles like photons you had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like photons you had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like photons you had this
+subject we discuss of loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject we discuss of loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject we discuss of loss of
+determinism and waves that behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism and waves that behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism and waves that behave
+sometimes as particles and things he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as particles and things he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as particles and things he
+didn't like much so people were quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like much so people were quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like much so people were quite
+reluctant to believe in these things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to believe in these things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to believe in these things is
+quite amazing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite amazing so
+um so it took a while still so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it took a while still so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it took a while still so let's
+let's do a simple exercise to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a simple exercise to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a simple exercise to introduce
+some numbers here and uh show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers here and uh show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers here and uh show you how to
+do some very simple computation so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some very simple computation so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some very simple computation so let
+me do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample you
+shine UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine UV
+light with Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+with work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4.05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EV what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy e of the photo electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e of the photo electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e of the photo electrons and
+what is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speed now it is a goal of mine and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed now it is a goal of mine and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed now it is a goal of mine and the
+instructors in this course that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors in this course that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors in this course that a
+calculation like that you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation like that you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation like that you should be able
+to do without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do without
+uh turning on your iPhone and checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turning on your iPhone and checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turning on your iPhone and checking
+what H bar is and getting a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what H bar is and getting a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what H bar is and getting a few
+constants and what is an EV or all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and what is an EV or all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and what is an EV or all these
+things uh well nowadays you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh well nowadays you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh well nowadays you can just
+check wall from Alpha and they will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check wall from Alpha and they will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check wall from Alpha and they will give
+you the answer for this uh in beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer for this uh in beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer for this uh in beautiful
+beautiful calculation just copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful calculation just copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful calculation just copy the
+question like that pretty much I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like that pretty much I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like that pretty much I think
+it will answer it for you uh but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will answer it for you uh but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will answer it for you uh but uh you
+should be able to do back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do back of the
+envelope calculations in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculations in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculations in which you
+estimate things quickly and uh with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate things quickly and uh with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate things quickly and uh with one
+significant digit you don't even need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digit you don't even need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digit you don't even need a
+calculator to do this so let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator to do this so let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator to do this so let's see how
+one does this thing so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does this thing so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does this thing so the first thing
+to do is to figure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to figure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to figure out what is the
+energy of this Photon that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this Photon that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this Photon that's the first
+problem so the energy of a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the energy of a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the energy of a photon
+is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H
+new but new is not Lambda so new *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new but new is not Lambda so new *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new but new is not Lambda so new *
+Lambda is C so this is H C over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is C so this is H C over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is C so this is H C over Lambda
+where C is the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C is the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where C is the speed of
+light okay uh H C Lambda we could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light okay uh H C Lambda we could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light okay uh H C Lambda we could do it
+if we knew H uh I must say I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew H uh I must say I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew H uh I must say I never
+remember what H is in normal units uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what H is in normal units uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what H is in normal units uh
+Jewel seconds so 6 point something I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewel seconds so 6 point something I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewel seconds so 6 point something I I
+don't quite remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite remember it
+uh so what do I do I use H bar which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what do I do I use H bar which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what do I do I use H bar which is
+uh H bar is H over 2 pi so H is 2 pi H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bar C over Lambda and here is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar C over Lambda and here is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar C over Lambda and here is where you
+here is the first thing that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the first thing that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the first thing that maybe you
+want to Remember by heart H Bar C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Remember by heart H Bar C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Remember by heart H Bar C
+is a pretty nice number is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty nice number is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty nice number is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meev times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meev times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meev times a
+firery if you want it more precise it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+19733 if you want to get five digits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19733 if you want to get five digits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19733 if you want to get five digits but
+it's pretty close to 200 me fmy and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty close to 200 me fmy and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty close to 200 me fmy and what
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+fery is 10 the- 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fery is 10 the- 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fery is 10 the- 15
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+okay so with this number I claim you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with this number I claim you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with this number I claim you can
+do pretty much all you want to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pretty much all you want to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pretty much all you want to do so
+here you have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have 2
+pi time uh 200 meev * 10 the - 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi time uh 200 meev * 10 the - 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi time uh 200 meev * 10 the - 15
+M divided I'll put 197 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M divided I'll put 197 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M divided I'll put 197 here
+197 divided by Lambda which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+197 divided by Lambda which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+197 divided by Lambda which is
+290 nanom which is is 10 - 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M so 10 the - 99 and 10 Theus 15 is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so 10 the - 99 and 10 Theus 15 is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so 10 the - 99 and 10 Theus 15 is 10
+the- 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the- 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the- 6
+up and this is a million EV which is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and this is a million EV which is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and this is a million EV which is 10
+to the 6 EV so this all these meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 6 EV so this all these meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 6 EV so this all these meters
+cancel and there's just an EV left so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and there's just an EV left so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and there's just an EV left so
+this is 2 piun *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 piun *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 piun *
+197 over 290
+
+ align:start position:0%
+197 over 290
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+197 over 290
+EV and you certainly can estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV and you certainly can estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV and you certainly can estimate this
+is like 2 over 3 * 2 pi which is six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 2 over 3 * 2 pi which is six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 2 over 3 * 2 pi which is six and
+uh that's about four and if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's about four and if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's about four and if you want to
+do it more carefully it comes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it more carefully it comes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it more carefully it comes out to
+4.28 EV and the nice thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.28 EV and the nice thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.28 EV and the nice thing is that the
+answer comes in EVs and the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer comes in EVs and the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer comes in EVs and the work
+functions everybody gives them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions everybody gives them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions everybody gives them in
+EVS so it's a convenient thing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVS so it's a convenient thing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVS so it's a convenient thing so this
+moment you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you have this
+electron uh energy of the photon being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh energy of the photon being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh energy of the photon being
+this so energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so energy of the
+electron is energy of the photon minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is energy of the photon minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is energy of the photon minus
+the work function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function which is
+428 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+405 evv and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+405 evv and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+405 evv and it's
+0.23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.23
+EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a kinetic energy and that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a kinetic energy and that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a kinetic energy and that should
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+nonrelativistic electron because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonrelativistic electron because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonrelativistic electron because the
+rest mass of an electron is about half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass of an electron is about half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass of an electron is about half a
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+EV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+51,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51,000
+EV uh so this is fairly non-relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV uh so this is fairly non-relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV uh so this is fairly non-relativistic
+but how slow is it is it moving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how slow is it is it moving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how slow is it is it moving a
+centimeter per second no it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter per second no it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter per second no it's moving
+pretty fast uh you can write this as 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast uh you can write this as 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast uh you can write this as 12
+MV s and then what do you do you put 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV s and then what do you do you put 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV s and then what do you do you put 12
+M of the electron c^ 2 v^ 2 over c^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of the electron c^ 2 v^ 2 over c^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of the electron c^ 2 v^ 2 over c^
+2 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and this
+is 12 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+51,000 EV * V over c^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51,000 EV * V over c^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51,000 EV * V over c^
+2 so do the arithmetic is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so do the arithmetic is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so do the arithmetic is 20
+0.46 over that square root and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.46 over that square root and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.46 over that square root and multiply
+by the speed of light um you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the speed of light um you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the speed of light um you can do this
+roughly in your head and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly in your head and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly in your head and the
+velocity comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity comes out
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilm per second so it's pretty fast
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/byGWKoOc6EM.txt b/byGWKoOc6EM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2dd434a87ec7fb65c8d03760b067081860c233e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/byGWKoOc6EM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we discussed earlier even if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed earlier even if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed earlier even if we have
+multiple observations we can still find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple observations we can still find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple observations we can still find
+the structure of the best linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the best linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the best linear
+estimator in a fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator in a fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator in a fairly simple
+computational way by solving a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational way by solving a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational way by solving a system of
+linear equations but usually we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations but usually we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations but usually we do not
+get nice and simple formulas but here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nice and simple formulas but here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nice and simple formulas but here is
+a nice example in which we will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example in which we will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice example in which we will get a
+simple formula the example is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula the example is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula the example is something
+that we have seen before in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen before in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen before in various
+guises we are trying to estimate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guises we are trying to estimate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guises we are trying to estimate a
+certain quantity theta and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain quantity theta and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain quantity theta and what we
+obtain is multiple noisy observations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is multiple noisy observations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is multiple noisy observations of
+theta that is at each observation we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that is at each observation we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that is at each observation we see
+theta plus a noise term the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus a noise term the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus a noise term the assumptions
+that we make is that theta has a prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make is that theta has a prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make is that theta has a prior
+distribution with a certain mean and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with a certain mean and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with a certain mean and a
+certain variance and the noise terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain variance and the noise terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain variance and the noise terms are
+zero mean but they have some variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean but they have some variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean but they have some variance
+and the additional assumption that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the additional assumption that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the additional assumption that we
+make is that all these random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that all these random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that all these random variables
+are independent of each other so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of each other so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of each other so the
+noise terms are independent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise terms are independent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise terms are independent between
+themselves and also the noise terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and also the noise terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and also the noise terms are
+independent of theta this is the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of theta this is the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of theta this is the usual
+assumption but actually in the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but actually in the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption but actually in the linear
+estimation problem we do not need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation problem we do not need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation problem we do not need to
+make an independence assumption it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an independence assumption it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an independence assumption it's
+enough for our purposes to just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for our purposes to just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for our purposes to just assume
+that they are uncorrelated so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are uncorrelated so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are uncorrelated so we will
+assume that the correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the correlation coefficient
+between any two of these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any two of these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any two of these random
+variables is equal to 0 now we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is equal to 0 now we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is equal to 0 now we can write
+down the form of the mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the form of the mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the form of the mean squared
+estimation error criterion that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error criterion that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error criterion that we have
+and try to find good choices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to find good choices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to find good choices for the
+coefficients to be attached to each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to be attached to each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to be attached to each one
+of the observations however we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the observations however we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the observations however we are going
+to find the solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the solution to this problem
+using a shortcut that's going to bypass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a shortcut that's going to bypass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a shortcut that's going to bypass
+all kinds of computations here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of computations here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of computations here's the
+trick let us suppose in addition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick let us suppose in addition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick let us suppose in addition that
+these random variables were not just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random variables were not just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random variables were not just an
+correlated but independent and that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated but independent and that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated but independent and that they
+happened to be normal random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a problem that we did study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem that we did study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem that we did study
+before and we did find the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we did find the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we did find the maximum
+a-posteriori probability estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a-posteriori probability estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a-posteriori probability estimates of
+theta because the posterior was normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta because the posterior was normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta because the posterior was normal
+we found that this was also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that this was also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that this was also the
+conditional expectation estimator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation estimator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation estimator of
+theta and we did find a formula for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and we did find a formula for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and we did find a formula for it
+which took this form this was the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which took this form this was the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which took this form this was the form
+of the optimal estimate of theta if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the optimal estimate of theta if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the optimal estimate of theta if you
+obtain values for the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain values for the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain values for the different
+observations little X I on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations little X I on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations little X I on the other
+hand if you want to translate this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you want to translate this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you want to translate this into
+random variable notation then notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable notation then notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable notation then notice
+that this is going to be a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to be a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to be a random
+variable this is our estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this is our estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable this is our estimator
+it's the conditional expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the conditional expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the conditional expectation of
+theta given X and it's random because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta given X and it's random because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta given X and it's random because it
+depends on the values of the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the values of the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the values of the data that
+we see which are themselves random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see which are themselves random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see which are themselves random
+variables on the other hand this X 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables on the other hand this X 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables on the other hand this X 0 is
+actually the prior mean of theta so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the prior mean of theta so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the prior mean of theta so this
+is a constant it's not random and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant it's not random and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant it's not random and that's
+why we keep it with a lowercase notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we keep it with a lowercase notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we keep it with a lowercase notation
+now what is interesting about this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is interesting about this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is interesting about this form
+it is a linear function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a linear function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a linear function of the
+observations and as we have discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and as we have discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and as we have discussed
+earlier if it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier if it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier if it turns out that the
+conditional expectation is linear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is linear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation is linear in the
+observations then this is also the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations then this is also the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations then this is also the best
+possible linear estimator so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible linear estimator so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible linear estimator so for the
+special case where our random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where our random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where our random variables
+are independent and normal we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent and normal we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent and normal we have a
+formula for the best linear estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the best linear estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the best linear estimator
+now what if they are not normal suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if they are not normal suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what if they are not normal suppose
+that they are not normal but that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are not normal but that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are not normal but that they
+have the same means and variances as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same means and variances as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same means and variances as
+here as in the normal example since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as in the normal example since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as in the normal example since
+these means and variances are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these means and variances are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these means and variances are the same
+and since these random variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since these random variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since these random variables are
+uncorrelated it follows that also all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated it follows that also all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated it follows that also all
+kinds of covariances between the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of covariances between the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of covariances between the random
+variables involved here are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables involved here are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables involved here are going to be
+the same as for the normal example now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as for the normal example now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as for the normal example now
+the optimal solution to the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal solution to the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal solution to the linear
+Meishan problem as we discussed earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meishan problem as we discussed earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meishan problem as we discussed earlier
+only cares about the means variances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cares about the means variances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cares about the means variances and
+covariances of the random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances of the random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances of the random variables
+involved the details of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the details of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the details of the distribution
+do not matter so whether we have normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not matter so whether we have normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not matter so whether we have normal
+distributions or non-normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions or non-normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions or non-normal
+distributions as long as we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions as long as we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions as long as we're making
+enough assumptions that fix all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough assumptions that fix all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough assumptions that fix all the
+means variances and covariances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means variances and covariances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means variances and covariances of
+interest we should be getting exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest we should be getting exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest we should be getting exactly
+the same solution therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same solution therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same solution therefore this
+solution remains valid for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution remains valid for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution remains valid for the case of
+general random variables as well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cPohVoQM9EE.txt b/cPohVoQM9EE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbe00686cf7e9d3dabcb3bc9c45f0e811542efeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cPohVoQM9EE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7304 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu good morning everyone um my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good morning everyone um my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good morning everyone um my
+name is Karen W and this morning we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Karen W and this morning we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Karen W and this morning we're
+going to be looking at Rock Cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at Rock Cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at Rock Cut
+architecture um with which I'm framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture um with which I'm framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture um with which I'm framing
+as the temple in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the temple in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the temple in the
+cave um the first part is dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave um the first part is dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave um the first part is dealing with
+sort of the western Silk Road which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the western Silk Road which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the western Silk Road which I'm
+calling the ancient and medieval Rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the ancient and medieval Rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the ancient and medieval Rock
+Cut architecture along the western Silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cut architecture along the western Silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cut architecture along the western Silk
+Road when we think of humankind's early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road when we think of humankind's early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road when we think of humankind's early
+relationship to Interior spaces we tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to Interior spaces we tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to Interior spaces we tend
+to think of the cave um and the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of the cave um and the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of the cave um and the image
+that comes to mind is usually sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes to mind is usually sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes to mind is usually sort of a
+primordial naturally occurring type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial naturally occurring type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primordial naturally occurring type of
+appropriated domestic architecture like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriated domestic architecture like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriated domestic architecture like
+this one um the Lasco cave in the J in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um the Lasco cave in the J in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um the Lasco cave in the J in
+France um this particular cave dates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France um this particular cave dates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France um this particular cave dates to
+17,000 BC and it speaks a lot to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17,000 BC and it speaks a lot to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17,000 BC and it speaks a lot to what we
+know about prehistory um these caves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about prehistory um these caves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about prehistory um these caves are
+important to anthropologists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to anthropologists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to anthropologists and
+historians in no small part because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians in no small part because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians in no small part because of
+um the phenomenal cave paintings like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the phenomenal cave paintings like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the phenomenal cave paintings like
+these that serve as a visual record of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that serve as a visual record of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that serve as a visual record of
+prehistoric cult cultures that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistoric cult cultures that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistoric cult cultures that we know
+little about um Buddhist rockcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about um Buddhist rockcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about um Buddhist rockcut
+architecture um mostly sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture um mostly sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture um mostly sacred
+architecture which dates from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which dates from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which dates from
+approximately 300 BCE to the 9th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 300 BCE to the 9th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 300 BCE to the 9th century
+in the Common Era um is found in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Common Era um is found in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Common Era um is found in India
+as well as along much of the Silk Road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as along much of the Silk Road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as along much of the Silk Road
+um these structures are often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these structures are often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these structures are often called
+cave temples the term is useful in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave temples the term is useful in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave temples the term is useful in some
+ways but slightly misleading since it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but slightly misleading since it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but slightly misleading since it
+implies that these structures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that these structures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that these structures are
+somehow related to the prehistoric uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow related to the prehistoric uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow related to the prehistoric uses
+of naturally occurring caves like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of naturally occurring caves like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of naturally occurring caves like those
+in the dun rather than the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dun rather than the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dun rather than the complex
+man-made architecture which is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made architecture which is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made architecture which is what they
+actually are as is evident in this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are as is evident in this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are as is evident in this image
+of the kyash temple which is a Hindu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kyash temple which is a Hindu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kyash temple which is a Hindu
+temple at the aora complex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple at the aora complex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple at the aora complex in
+Maharashtra which dates to the 8th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maharashtra which dates to the 8th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maharashtra which dates to the 8th
+century and this is an example of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and this is an example of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and this is an example of um
+vertically excavated architecture built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically excavated architecture built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically excavated architecture built
+over the course of about 125 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of about 125 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of about 125 years and
+requiring the removal of 200,000 tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring the removal of 200,000 tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring the removal of 200,000 tons of
+stone um this is quite far from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone um this is quite far from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone um this is quite far from the
+Trope of the unadorned natural cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trope of the unadorned natural cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trope of the unadorned natural cave
+which stands outside of history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands outside of history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands outside of history and
+outside of an urban context but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of an urban context but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of an urban context but it's an
+important concept to keep in mind um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept to keep in mind um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept to keep in mind um
+because this Trope of the natural cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Trope of the natural cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Trope of the natural cave
+actually fueled a lot of the building of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fueled a lot of the building of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fueled a lot of the building of
+sacred Rock Cut architecture Ure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred Rock Cut architecture Ure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred Rock Cut architecture Ure um
+especially monastic architecture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially monastic architecture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially monastic architecture which
+apparently um evolved out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently um evolved out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently um evolved out of the
+practice of Buddhist monks taking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of Buddhist monks taking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of Buddhist monks taking um
+shelter during the rainy season in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter during the rainy season in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter during the rainy season in
+naturally occurring caves and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally occurring caves and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally occurring caves and then it
+followed that um those spaces were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed that um those spaces were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed that um those spaces were
+deemed so appropriate for meditation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deemed so appropriate for meditation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deemed so appropriate for meditation and
+study um especially since they seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study um especially since they seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study um especially since they seem to
+be sort of outside of time outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of outside of time outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of outside of time outside of
+history and outside of um the politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and outside of um the politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and outside of um the politics
+and commerce of the day that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commerce of the day that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commerce of the day that it's the
+the Trope of the cave that keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Trope of the cave that keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Trope of the cave that keeps
+recurring even in these um examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring even in these um examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurring even in these um examples of
+really um complex man-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um complex man-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um complex man-made
+architecture so this morning we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so this morning we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so this morning we are
+going to um look at Global Rock Cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um look at Global Rock Cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um look at Global Rock Cut
+architecture that is architecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that is architecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that is architecture that
+is excavated from one large mass of rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is excavated from one large mass of rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is excavated from one large mass of rock
+um this architecture is Illuminating as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this architecture is Illuminating as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this architecture is Illuminating as
+a global phenomenon in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a global phenomenon in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a global phenomenon in terms of the
+temporality and geopolitical factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporality and geopolitical factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporality and geopolitical factors
+it's a record of ancient and medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a record of ancient and medieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a record of ancient and medieval
+architecture in many parts of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in many parts of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in many parts of the world
+that being car carved out of rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being car carved out of rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being car carved out of rock
+survives relatively intact in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives relatively intact in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives relatively intact in a way that
+contemporaneous structur is made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaneous structur is made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaneous structur is made out of
+W cannot its durability also means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W cannot its durability also means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W cannot its durability also means that
+in many cases the structures have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases the structures have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases the structures have
+evolved both stylistically and pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved both stylistically and pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved both stylistically and pro
+programmatically over the centuries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatically over the centuries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatically over the centuries and
+are an interesting record of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an interesting record of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an interesting record of our
+successive of successive political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive of successive political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive of successive political
+regimes religious beliefs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes religious beliefs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes religious beliefs and
+international connections our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international connections our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international connections our
+exploration of this type of architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of this type of architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration of this type of architecture
+will SP span large swads of geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will SP span large swads of geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will SP span large swads of geography
+locating the phenomenon of Rock Cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating the phenomenon of Rock Cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating the phenomenon of Rock Cut
+architecture as an undertaking that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture as an undertaking that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture as an undertaking that is
+not limited to one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not limited to one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not limited to one particular
+environment or geology although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or geology although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or geology although it's
+uniformly a byproduct of time s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly a byproduct of time s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly a byproduct of time s
+characterized by General Prosperity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by General Prosperity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by General Prosperity
+healthy trade relations and religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy trade relations and religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy trade relations and religious
+devotion these types of buildings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devotion these types of buildings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devotion these types of buildings are
+also evidence of the translation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also evidence of the translation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also evidence of the translation and
+adaptation of imagery and building types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation of imagery and building types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation of imagery and building types
+with architectural forms following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with architectural forms following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with architectural forms following the
+spread of beliefs from one geographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of beliefs from one geographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of beliefs from one geographic
+area to another we'll be exploring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to another we'll be exploring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to another we'll be exploring this
+specifically in the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in the second part of the
+lecture where we look more closely at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where we look more closely at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where we look more closely at
+Buddhist monastic architecture in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhist monastic architecture in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhist monastic architecture in China
+based on earlier examples from India but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on earlier examples from India but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on earlier examples from India but
+first to give a broad background um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to give a broad background um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to give a broad background um
+we're we're going to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to use these
+structures to help us locate the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to help us locate the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to help us locate the notion
+of the global in a temporally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the global in a temporally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the global in a temporally and
+geographically expansive context the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically expansive context the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically expansive context the
+ancient IM medieval worlds in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient IM medieval worlds in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient IM medieval worlds in which
+these structures were built were quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures were built were quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures were built were quite
+interconnected through Overland and sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected through Overland and sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected through Overland and sea
+trade routes for example as early as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade routes for example as early as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade routes for example as early as
+2500 BCE the harapin civilization in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2500 BCE the harapin civilization in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2500 BCE the harapin civilization in the
+indis valley had trade relations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indis valley had trade relations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indis valley had trade relations with
+Sumer and through them could reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sumer and through them could reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sumer and through them could reach the
+markets of Mesopotamia and Egypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets of Mesopotamia and Egypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets of Mesopotamia and Egypt
+directly or indirectly goods from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or indirectly goods from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or indirectly goods from the
+indis valley civilizations also reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indis valley civilizations also reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indis valley civilizations also reached
+Anatolia cre and Greece um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anatolia cre and Greece um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anatolia cre and Greece um some of the
+earliest examples of Rock Cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest examples of Rock Cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest examples of Rock Cut
+architecture that we have in existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that we have in existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that we have in existence
+today are from these regions near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are from these regions near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are from these regions near the
+Mediterranean Sea the Black Sea and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean Sea the Black Sea and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean Sea the Black Sea and the
+Caspian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sea our first site is benih Hassan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sea our first site is benih Hassan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sea our first site is benih Hassan in
+Egypt dating to about 2,000 BCE this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt dating to about 2,000 BCE this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt dating to about 2,000 BCE this
+site the tombs of kti andette at benih
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the tombs of kti andette at benih
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site the tombs of kti andette at benih
+Hassan in central Egypt was built during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hassan in central Egypt was built during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hassan in central Egypt was built during
+the Middle Kingdom as in much early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle Kingdom as in much early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle Kingdom as in much early
+rockcut architecture these were funeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockcut architecture these were funeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockcut architecture these were funeral
+AR structures the site is composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR structures the site is composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR structures the site is composed of
+approximately 39 tombs in total these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 39 tombs in total these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 39 tombs in total these
+are carved from Limestone which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are carved from Limestone which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are carved from Limestone which is a
+sediment sedimentary rock composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment sedimentary rock composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sediment sedimentary rock composed of
+largely of calcium carbonate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely of calcium carbonate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely of calcium carbonate which is
+fairly easily eroded by acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily eroded by acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily eroded by acidic
+groundwater and it's the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater and it's the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groundwater and it's the relative
+softness of the rock that might account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softness of the rock that might account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softness of the rock that might account
+for its selection as a site during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its selection as a site during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its selection as a site during this
+very early time period during the Bronze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early time period during the Bronze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early time period during the Bronze
+Age um this the the images that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Age um this the the images that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Age um this the the images that I'm
+showing you are the facades that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you are the facades that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you are the facades that are
+very simple excavated horizontally into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple excavated horizontally into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple excavated horizontally into
+to the hillside um the facades basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hillside um the facades basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hillside um the facades basically
+are composed of a few simple columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are composed of a few simple columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are composed of a few simple columns and
+if you look at the plan the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the plan the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the plan the um the
+structure is very simple it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is very simple it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is very simple it's a
+basically a square chamber um supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a square chamber um supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a square chamber um supported
+by four columns um or with four columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by four columns um or with four columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by four columns um or with four columns
+that actually don't provide a support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually don't provide a support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually don't provide a support
+function but um divide the space our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but um divide the space our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but um divide the space our
+next site is Abu symbol um which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next site is Abu symbol um which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next site is Abu symbol um which is in
+Egypt this time in Lower Egypt or upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt this time in Lower Egypt or upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt this time in Lower Egypt or upper
+Nubia um which is near the present day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nubia um which is near the present day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nubia um which is near the present day
+Sudanese order these Sandstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudanese order these Sandstone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudanese order these Sandstone
+structures date to the Iron Age during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures date to the Iron Age during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures date to the Iron Age during
+the reign of the Pharaoh Ramsey II um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reign of the Pharaoh Ramsey II um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reign of the Pharaoh Ramsey II um
+who ruled from the from 1279 to 1213 BCE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ruled from the from 1279 to 1213 BCE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ruled from the from 1279 to 1213 BCE
+it's one of five rock carved temples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of five rock carved temples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of five rock carved temples
+that he had built in nuvia and this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had built in nuvia and this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had built in nuvia and this case
+The Rock Cut structures were overlaid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Rock Cut structures were overlaid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Rock Cut structures were overlaid to
+top existing carved cave temples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top existing carved cave temples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top existing carved cave temples that
+had been consecrated to local Nubian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been consecrated to local Nubian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been consecrated to local Nubian
+divinities um in a display of Egyptian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divinities um in a display of Egyptian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divinities um in a display of Egyptian
+Imperial power as the preeminent power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial power as the preeminent power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperial power as the preeminent power
+in northeastern Africa at the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in northeastern Africa at the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in northeastern Africa at the time the
+sheer vertical face was cut into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer vertical face was cut into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer vertical face was cut into the
+original sloping mountain in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sloping mountain in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sloping mountain in order to
+install a facade of four colossal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install a facade of four colossal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install a facade of four colossal
+colossal statues of a seated Ramsey II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colossal statues of a seated Ramsey II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colossal statues of a seated Ramsey II
+um so essentially this um top image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so essentially this um top image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so essentially this um top image
+shows the original line of the hill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the original line of the hill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the original line of the hill and
+then the part that was excavated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the part that was excavated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the part that was excavated to
+create the sheer face to make it a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the sheer face to make it a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the sheer face to make it a more
+um Monumental structure under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Monumental structure under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Monumental structure under
+ramsy um my moving across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramsy um my moving across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramsy um my moving across the
+Mediterranean my next examples of cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean my next examples of cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean my next examples of cut
+architecture are the lyan tombs in Delan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture are the lyan tombs in Delan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture are the lyan tombs in Delan
+which is Southern Anatolia and present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Southern Anatolia and present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Southern Anatolia and present
+day Turkey Lea had been in contact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Turkey Lea had been in contact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day Turkey Lea had been in contact with
+Egypt during the time of Ramsey II as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt during the time of Ramsey II as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt during the time of Ramsey II as
+part of the hittite Empire subsequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hittite Empire subsequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hittite Empire subsequently
+Lea was an independent state and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lea was an independent state and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lea was an independent state and then
+became a part of the Persian Empire in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a part of the Persian Empire in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a part of the Persian Empire in
+the 6th Century BCE part of the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6th Century BCE part of the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6th Century BCE part of the Greek
+Empire in the fifth century BCE and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire in the fifth century BCE and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire in the fifth century BCE and then
+again part of the Persian Empire in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again part of the Persian Empire in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again part of the Persian Empire in the
+4th Century bcee until it was conquered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th Century bcee until it was conquered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th Century bcee until it was conquered
+by Alexander the Great of Macedon later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alexander the Great of Macedon later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alexander the Great of Macedon later
+in the 4th Century BCE these tombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 4th Century BCE these tombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 4th Century BCE these tombs
+carved into the soft Limestone Cliffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carved into the soft Limestone Cliffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carved into the soft Limestone Cliffs
+above the town of dalan um around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the town of dalan um around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the town of dalan um around the
+4th Century BC reflect both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th Century BC reflect both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th Century BC reflect both of these
+influences the persan influence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the persan influence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the persan influence which
+can be most readily seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be most readily seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be most readily seen in the
+iconographic and decorative program um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconographic and decorative program um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconographic and decorative program um
+carved in the sculptural reliefs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carved in the sculptural reliefs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carved in the sculptural reliefs and the
+Greek architectural influences of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek architectural influences of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek architectural influences of the
+columns poters and pediments unlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns poters and pediments unlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns poters and pediments unlike the
+Egyptian examples these Rock cup tombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egyptian examples these Rock cup tombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egyptian examples these Rock cup tombs
+were actually quite close to the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually quite close to the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually quite close to the urban
+center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+dalan um around the same time the rack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalan um around the same time the rack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalan um around the same time the rack
+The Rock hun town ofis in eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Rock hun town ofis in eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Rock hun town ofis in eastern
+Georgia was being carved with similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Georgia was being carved with similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Georgia was being carved with similar
+influences from Anatolia and Persia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences from Anatolia and Persia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences from Anatolia and Persia
+located between the Caspian and black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located between the Caspian and black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located between the Caspian and black
+Seas this was another important site of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seas this was another important site of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seas this was another important site of
+trade along the Silk Road um since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade along the Silk Road um since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade along the Silk Road um since
+ancient times it had been a functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient times it had been a functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient times it had been a functioning
+town from the late Bronze Age around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town from the late Bronze Age around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town from the late Bronze Age around the
+10th Century BCE and more extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th Century BCE and more extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th Century BCE and more extensive
+architectural carving can be dated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural carving can be dated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural carving can be dated to
+the fifth Centuries with continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth Centuries with continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth Centuries with continuous
+Palace pestic rebirth during times of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace pestic rebirth during times of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace pestic rebirth during times of
+more Prosperity especially the FL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Prosperity especially the FL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Prosperity especially the FL
+flourishing trade during the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flourishing trade during the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flourishing trade during the second
+century bcee all the way through the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century bcee all the way through the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century bcee all the way through the 2
+Century of the Common Era um after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century of the Common Era um after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century of the Common Era um after the
+introduction of Christianity in the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of Christianity in the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of Christianity in the 4th
+Century um they continued to build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century um they continued to build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century um they continued to build on
+top of the existing structures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the existing structures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the existing structures in the
+top image you can see on the right a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top image you can see on the right a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top image you can see on the right a a
+later dat um Church from the Byzantine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later dat um Church from the Byzantine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later dat um Church from the Byzantine
+era um and so this is a great example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era um and so this is a great example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era um and so this is a great example of
+Rock Cut architecture that grew out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock Cut architecture that grew out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock Cut architecture that grew out of
+the tradition of using naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tradition of using naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tradition of using naturally
+occurring caves for shelter um and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring caves for shelter um and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring caves for shelter um and was
+then adapted to a more complex building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adapted to a more complex building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then adapted to a more complex building
+system um similar to the model in delen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um similar to the model in delen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um similar to the model in delen
+this incorporates funerary and sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incorporates funerary and sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incorporates funerary and sacred
+architecture with the urban center um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture with the urban center um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture with the urban center um so
+this was actually an entire town which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually an entire town which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually an entire town which
+had rock rock carved um buildings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had rock rock carved um buildings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had rock rock carved um buildings that
+served residential commercial and sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served residential commercial and sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served residential commercial and sacred
+Pur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pur
+purposes um from here let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes um from here let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes um from here let's take a look
+at the Rock Cut architecture found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Rock Cut architecture found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Rock Cut architecture found in
+Persia the tomb of Darius I first um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persia the tomb of Darius I first um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Persia the tomb of Darius I first um who
+lived from the from 550 to 486
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived from the from 550 to 486
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived from the from 550 to 486
+BCE is located just outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCE is located just outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCE is located just outside of the
+ancient capital of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient capital of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient capital of
+ppis the Monumental tomb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppis the Monumental tomb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppis the Monumental tomb is
+characterized by the typical Persian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by the typical Persian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by the typical Persian
+complex narrative sculpture reliefs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex narrative sculpture reliefs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex narrative sculpture reliefs that
+have been applied to the facade rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been applied to the facade rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been applied to the facade rather
+than remaining on the interior and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than remaining on the interior and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than remaining on the interior and the
+image on the right is a closeup of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the right is a closeup of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the right is a closeup of of
+the sculptural reliefs that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sculptural reliefs that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sculptural reliefs that are actually
+on on the facade of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the facade of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the facade of the
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+before we move on to the Rock Cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on to the Rock Cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on to the Rock Cut
+architecture in India and China that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in India and China that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in India and China that
+will occupy the rest of this lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occupy the rest of this lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will occupy the rest of this lecture I
+wanted to show you some late examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you some late examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you some late examples of
+Rock Cut architecture in the Christian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock Cut architecture in the Christian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock Cut architecture in the Christian
+world in caposa in central Anatolia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in caposa in central Anatolia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in caposa in central Anatolia
+during the Byzantine Empire this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Byzantine Empire this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Byzantine Empire this
+Monastery Sim Ki was built around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monastery Sim Ki was built around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monastery Sim Ki was built around the
+late 10th or early 11th Cent Century um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 10th or early 11th Cent Century um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 10th or early 11th Cent Century um
+and is one of many examples of monastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is one of many examples of monastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is one of many examples of monastic
+and sacred architecture built from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sacred architecture built from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sacred architecture built from the
+9th to 12th centuries in this parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th to 12th centuries in this parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th to 12th centuries in this parts of
+Turkey these structures were carved out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkey these structures were carved out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkey these structures were carved out
+of naturally occurring Limestone cones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of naturally occurring Limestone cones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of naturally occurring Limestone cones
+the shape of Which derived from acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of Which derived from acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of Which derived from acidic
+erosion over time and I also wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion over time and I also wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion over time and I also wanted to
+show these just because it it is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show these just because it it is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show these just because it it is fairly
+unique we will see a lot of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique we will see a lot of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique we will see a lot of the um
+horizontally excavated Rock architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally excavated Rock architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally excavated Rock architecture
+and as in the allora example there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as in the allora example there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as in the allora example there's
+some vertically excavated Rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertically excavated Rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertically excavated Rock
+architecture and then this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and then this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and then this is a very
+influ interesting Confluence between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influ interesting Confluence between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influ interesting Confluence between the
+national the naturally occurring sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national the naturally occurring sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national the naturally occurring sort of
+cone forms and um the cave temples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone forms and um the cave temples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone forms and um the cave temples and
+monasteries that are carved in them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monasteries that are carved in them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monasteries that are carved in them um
+so as not to appear to be man-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as not to appear to be man-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as not to appear to be man-made
+architecture so if you look at the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so if you look at the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so if you look at the map
+on which I've annotated the locations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which I've annotated the locations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which I've annotated the locations of
+the Rock Cut architectural sites um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rock Cut architectural sites um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rock Cut architectural sites um and
+compare it with a map showing the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it with a map showing the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it with a map showing the many
+trade routs which were associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade routs which were associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade routs which were associated with
+the Silk Road and for our purposes I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silk Road and for our purposes I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silk Road and for our purposes I'll
+just Define that as the broad network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Define that as the broad network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Define that as the broad network of
+trade roots used by Traders across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade roots used by Traders across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade roots used by Traders across
+Eurasia from basically starting in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eurasia from basically starting in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eurasia from basically starting in China
+at the East Eastern point of lyang um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the East Eastern point of lyang um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the East Eastern point of lyang um
+all the way to the Eastern Mediterranean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the Eastern Mediterranean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the Eastern Mediterranean
+Shore is spanning the huge swath of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shore is spanning the huge swath of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shore is spanning the huge swath of time
+from the first millennium BC or possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first millennium BC or possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first millennium BC or possibly
+earlier possibly the second millennium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier possibly the second millennium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier possibly the second millennium
+BCE to the middle of the second second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCE to the middle of the second second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCE to the middle of the second second
+Millennium at the Common Era you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium at the Common Era you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium at the Common Era you'll see
+the location of these sites more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of these sites more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of these sites more or less
+conforms to the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rots in the next section we'll examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rots in the next section we'll examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rots in the next section we'll examine
+the religious migration of Buddhism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the religious migration of Buddhism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the religious migration of Buddhism and
+Buddhist sacred architecture along these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhist sacred architecture along these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhist sacred architecture along these
+same trade networks from its origins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trade networks from its origins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trade networks from its origins in
+India Eastward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India Eastward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India Eastward to
+China north or Eastward to China via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China north or Eastward to China via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China north or Eastward to China via
+Central Asia looking specifically at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Asia looking specifically at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Asia looking specifically at the
+model of monastic architecture found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of monastic architecture found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of monastic architecture found in
+aant in Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+India so the Rock Cut Buddhist Monastery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India so the Rock Cut Buddhist Monastery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India so the Rock Cut Buddhist Monastery
+complex at aanta is located in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex at aanta is located in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex at aanta is located in the
+present day state of Maharashtra in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present day state of Maharashtra in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present day state of Maharashtra in
+Western India which is about 60 miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western India which is about 60 miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western India which is about 60 miles
+north of the present day city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north of the present day city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north of the present day city of
+arabad this Serene secluded natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arabad this Serene secluded natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arabad this Serene secluded natural
+setting was an appropriate location for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting was an appropriate location for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting was an appropriate location for
+the cultivation of an aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cultivation of an aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cultivation of an aesthetic
+lifestyle in total there were 30 caves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle in total there were 30 caves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle in total there were 30 caves
+that are carved out along the steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are carved out along the steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are carved out along the steep
+sides of the horseshoe shaped shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the horseshoe shaped shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the horseshoe shaped shaped
+Basalt Cliffs surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basalt Cliffs surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basalt Cliffs surrounding the
+wagor river Ravine with a seasonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wagor river Ravine with a seasonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wagor river Ravine with a seasonal
+waterfall spilling down to the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfall spilling down to the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfall spilling down to the river
+below um which you can kind of see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below um which you can kind of see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below um which you can kind of see the
+the ghost of that waterfall on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ghost of that waterfall on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ghost of that waterfall on the left
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+image um the caves are accessible by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image um the caves are accessible by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image um the caves are accessible by a
+single path that curves around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single path that curves around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single path that curves around the
+cliffs for about a half a kilometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliffs for about a half a kilometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliffs for about a half a kilometer
+which stands about 80 m above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands about 80 m above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands about 80 m above the
+riverbed there are thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riverbed there are thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riverbed there are thousands of
+excavated cave temples in India Alone um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excavated cave temples in India Alone um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excavated cave temples in India Alone um
+especially those in Eastern and Southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially those in Eastern and Southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially those in Eastern and Southern
+India that predate aant but I'll focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India that predate aant but I'll focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India that predate aant but I'll focus
+our discussion on aant as an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion on aant as an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion on aant as an important
+example of Rock Cut Buddhist sacred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Rock Cut Buddhist sacred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Rock Cut Buddhist sacred
+architecture because of the long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture because of the long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture because of the long time
+span that this one monastic Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span that this one monastic Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span that this one monastic Center
+covers the excavations took place um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the excavations took place um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the excavations took place um
+over six or seven centuries beginning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six or seven centuries beginning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six or seven centuries beginning in
+the early 2nd Century BCE possibly 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 2nd Century BCE possibly 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 2nd Century BCE possibly 3D
+Century BCE extending all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century BCE extending all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Century BCE extending all the way to the
+7th Century CE um in two distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th Century CE um in two distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th Century CE um in two distinct
+phases um the early period of excavation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases um the early period of excavation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases um the early period of excavation
+at aant occurred from around 200 bcee to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at aant occurred from around 200 bcee to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at aant occurred from around 200 bcee to
+100 BCE um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 BCE um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 BCE um
+where um which was about three to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um which was about three to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um which was about three to four
+centuries after the life of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries after the life of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries after the life of the
+historical Buddha um when Buddhism had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical Buddha um when Buddhism had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical Buddha um when Buddhism had
+already become a monastic religion this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already become a monastic religion this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already become a monastic religion this
+was a period of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a period of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a period of H
+Buddhism um which is visually manifested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism um which is visually manifested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism um which is visually manifested
+in relatively Stark architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relatively Stark architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relatively Stark architectural
+typologies without images of the Buddha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typologies without images of the Buddha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typologies without images of the Buddha
+the second phase took place from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second phase took place from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second phase took place from the
+middle of the fifth century CE into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the fifth century CE into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the fifth century CE into the
+7th Century during a period of Mahayana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th Century during a period of Mahayana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th Century during a period of Mahayana
+Buddhism which represents where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism which represents where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism which represents where where
+representations of the Buddha were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the Buddha were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the Buddha were
+integral parts of the architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral parts of the architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral parts of the architectural
+program and relief and um just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and relief and um just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and relief and um just to give
+you a little sense of the geology of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little sense of the geology of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little sense of the geology of the
+area um essentially this site was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um essentially this site was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um essentially this site was was
+picked um you know both because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked um you know both because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked um you know both because it's
+quite beautiful and was considered an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beautiful and was considered an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beautiful and was considered an
+appropriate site for this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate site for this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate site for this type of
+monastic complex um but also because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic complex um but also because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic complex um but also because the
+rock formations made it especially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock formations made it especially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock formations made it especially um
+easy to to excavate caves horizontally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to to excavate caves horizontally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to to excavate caves horizontally
+um without doing a lot of preliminary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without doing a lot of preliminary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without doing a lot of preliminary
+work as we saw in the Abu symble um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as we saw in the Abu symble um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as we saw in the Abu symble um
+example in Egypt um there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Egypt um there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in Egypt um there was a lot of
+preliminary work to create a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary work to create a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary work to create a vertical
+face but in this case the vertical face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face but in this case the vertical face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face but in this case the vertical face
+was already in existence um essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already in existence um essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already in existence um essentially
+these Basalt Cliffs for formed um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Basalt Cliffs for formed um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Basalt Cliffs for formed um from
+lava which um settled in horizontal lava
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava which um settled in horizontal lava
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava which um settled in horizontal lava
+flows so it was already sort of forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so it was already sort of forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so it was already sort of forming
+these these natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these natural
+horizontal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal um
+ranges um which basically when the lava
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges um which basically when the lava
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges um which basically when the lava
+cools the heavier particles settle first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools the heavier particles settle first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools the heavier particles settle first
+which causes a slightly coarser stone at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which causes a slightly coarser stone at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which causes a slightly coarser stone at
+the bottom of each um of each range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of each um of each range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of each um of each range of
+rock so basically the upper portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock so basically the upper portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock so basically the upper portion of
+any of these temples can be carved um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these temples can be carved um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these temples can be carved um to
+a much finer degree and the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much finer degree and the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much finer degree and the lower
+portion of these um of these Rock ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of these um of these Rock ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of these um of these Rock ranges
+can be carved in a much coarser manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be carved in a much coarser manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be carved in a much coarser manner
+um which is evident when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is evident when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is evident when you actually
+look at the surviving sculpture there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the surviving sculpture there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the surviving sculpture there as
+well um essentially it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um essentially it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um essentially it's a very simple
+technique you select a rock face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique you select a rock face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique you select a rock face and
+then hack out the The Rock starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hack out the The Rock starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hack out the The Rock starting from
+top to bottom and front to back back um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to bottom and front to back back um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to bottom and front to back back um
+using um and then finish it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um and then finish it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um and then finish it with
+chiseling techniques um the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chiseling techniques um the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chiseling techniques um the people who
+were doing this type of work were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this type of work were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this type of work were
+originally probably carpenters and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally probably carpenters and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally probably carpenters and then
+as the centuries were on it developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the centuries were on it developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the centuries were on it developed
+into an independent trade of stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an independent trade of stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an independent trade of stone
+carving and um it's um very probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving and um it's um very probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving and um it's um very probable
+that a lot of the uh workmanship that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the uh workmanship that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the uh workmanship that we
+see at aant you know was created by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at aant you know was created by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see at aant you know was created by some
+of the same workmen who were creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same workmen who were creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same workmen who were creating
+the other monastic Buddha Buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other monastic Buddha Buddhist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other monastic Buddha Buddhist
+complexes um in other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+India so the first phase of excavation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India so the first phase of excavation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India so the first phase of excavation
+just to get back to the specific history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get back to the specific history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get back to the specific history
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+aanta is um began during the decline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aanta is um began during the decline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aanta is um began during the decline of
+the Moran Empire which ran from 322 BCE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Moran Empire which ran from 322 BCE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Moran Empire which ran from 322 BCE
+to 185 BCE when the satavahana dynasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 185 BCE when the satavahana dynasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 185 BCE when the satavahana dynasty
+was on the rise in Southern and Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the rise in Southern and Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the rise in Southern and Central
+India um the satavahana had been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India um the satavahana had been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India um the satavahana had been a
+feudatory entity of the morian Empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feudatory entity of the morian Empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feudatory entity of the morian Empire
+that adopted Buddhism due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adopted Buddhism due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adopted Buddhism due to the
+influence of the emperor Ashoka then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of the emperor Ashoka then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of the emperor Ashoka then
+declared their independence from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared their independence from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared their independence from the
+larger Empire after ashoka's death in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Empire after ashoka's death in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger Empire after ashoka's death in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bce. their independence from the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bce. their independence from the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bce. their independence from the larger
+Empire oh their their patronage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire oh their their patronage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empire oh their their patronage of
+Buddhism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism
+resulted in many monuments including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in many monuments including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in many monuments including
+other Rock Hut monastic complexes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Rock Hut monastic complexes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Rock Hut monastic complexes and
+other forms in the positive like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms in the positive like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms in the positive like the
+great stupa sanchi the second major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great stupa sanchi the second major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great stupa sanchi the second major
+period of excavation commenced about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of excavation commenced about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of excavation commenced about
+four centuries later as we said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four centuries later as we said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four centuries later as we said earlier
+under the patronage of harisena of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the patronage of harisena of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the patronage of harisena of the
+vakataka dynasty which ran from the mid3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vakataka dynasty which ran from the mid3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vakataka dynasty which ran from the mid3
+to the late fifth century of the Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the late fifth century of the Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the late fifth century of the Common
+Era um he ascended to power personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Era um he ascended to power personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Era um he ascended to power personally
+in 460 in the in the mid uh fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 460 in the in the mid uh fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 460 in the in the mid uh fifth
+century and a lot of the work at Aon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and a lot of the work at Aon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and a lot of the work at Aon is
+really from the late fifth century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really from the late fifth century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really from the late fifth century
+um harisa um encouraged wealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um harisa um encouraged wealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um harisa um encouraged wealthy
+officials from the immediate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials from the immediate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officials from the immediate and
+adjacent regions to initiate a new age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent regions to initiate a new age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent regions to initiate a new age
+of building at AA changing the mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building at AA changing the mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building at AA changing the mode of
+donation from the earlier hinana model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donation from the earlier hinana model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donation from the earlier hinana model
+um where donations were pulled for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where donations were pulled for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where donations were pulled for the
+creation of the complex as a whole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the complex as a whole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the complex as a whole and
+he changed it to a model where there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he changed it to a model where there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he changed it to a model where there was
+a single sponsor per cave so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single sponsor per cave so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single sponsor per cave so there was a
+little bit more um individual investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more um individual investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more um individual investment
+in the type of construction and carving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the type of construction and carving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the type of construction and carving
+going on in each of these caves um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in each of these caves um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in each of these caves um the
+most architectural and artistic activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most architectural and artistic activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most architectural and artistic activity
+of the period like I said seems to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the period like I said seems to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the period like I said seems to have
+taken place in the last half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken place in the last half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken place in the last half of the
+fifth century to the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth century to the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth century to the first half of the
+sixth Century um with the building of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth Century um with the building of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth Century um with the building of
+the most Sumptuous caves with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most Sumptuous caves with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most Sumptuous caves with some of
+the most ornate sculpture and painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most ornate sculpture and painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most ornate sculpture and painting
+including caves 17 and 26 which we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including caves 17 and 26 which we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including caves 17 and 26 which we will
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+shortly I just wanted to mention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly I just wanted to mention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly I just wanted to mention the
+numbering system which you can see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering system which you can see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering system which you can see on
+this plan of aanta here um the caves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of aanta here um the caves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of aanta here um the caves are
+referred to by number and it's um simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to by number and it's um simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to by number and it's um simply
+been assigned um in maybe the late 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assigned um in maybe the late 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assigned um in maybe the late 19th
+or early 20th century um in the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or early 20th century um in the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or early 20th century um in the order
+that you approach each cave so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you approach each cave so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you approach each cave so it has
+nothing to do with the um with the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the um with the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the um with the time
+period or the order in which the caves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or the order in which the caves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or the order in which the caves
+were built it's a simple um numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built it's a simple um numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built it's a simple um numerical
+system um so just to complete our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um so just to complete our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um so just to complete our
+timeline of aant we should note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline of aant we should note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline of aant we should note that
+paralleling the decline of Buddhism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralleling the decline of Buddhism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralleling the decline of Buddhism in
+India during the later Gupta period the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India during the later Gupta period the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India during the later Gupta period the
+monastic complex at aant was gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic complex at aant was gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic complex at aant was gradually
+diminished and then abandoned over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished and then abandoned over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished and then abandoned over the
+next centur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next centur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next centur
+um but luckily due to the Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but luckily due to the Natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but luckily due to the Natural
+properties of this very sheltered River
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this very sheltered River
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this very sheltered River
+Ravine um the the cave was remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ravine um the the cave was remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ravine um the the cave was remarkably
+the caves were remarkably well preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caves were remarkably well preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caves were remarkably well preserved
+for about a thousand years um until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about a thousand years um until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about a thousand years um until it
+was sort of rediscovered by British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of rediscovered by British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of rediscovered by British
+troops in the 19th century um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops in the 19th century um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops in the 19th century um the
+complex is very rich in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is very rich in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is very rich in terms of
+architectural history as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural history as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural history as well as
+offering some of the most well preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering some of the most well preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering some of the most well preserved
+examples of mural painting and sculpture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of mural painting and sculpture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of mural painting and sculpture
+from this time period that are still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this time period that are still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this time period that are still in
+existence and this is part of why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and this is part of why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and this is part of why I
+think that um Rock Cut architecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um Rock Cut architecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um Rock Cut architecture is
+so important is that you know it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important is that you know it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important is that you know it really
+is this marriage of um sculpture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this marriage of um sculpture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this marriage of um sculpture
+painting and architecture and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting and architecture and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting and architecture and that the
+form is um really defined by all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is um really defined by all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is um really defined by all three
+simultaneously which is part of why aant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously which is part of why aant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously which is part of why aant
+is so important because we still do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so important because we still do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so important because we still do have
+the painting that sort of rounds out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the painting that sort of rounds out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the painting that sort of rounds out um
+how these phases were used um and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these phases were used um and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these phases were used um and we'll
+get to a little bit more of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a little bit more of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a little bit more of that
+later so to show you a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so to show you a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so to show you a little bit more
+about individual caves um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about individual caves um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about individual caves um the
+architecture of aant can be divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of aant can be divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of aant can be divided into
+two main categories the chaa and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main categories the chaa and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main categories the chaa and the
+vihara and in this um view of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vihara and in this um view of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vihara and in this um view of some of
+the caves in succession you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caves in succession you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caves in succession you can see the
+the fronts of caves that have the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fronts of caves that have the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fronts of caves that have the sort
+of porches with um very thick pillars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of porches with um very thick pillars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of porches with um very thick pillars
+those are the viharas which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the viharas which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the viharas which are the
+monks dwellings and um towards the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks dwellings and um towards the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks dwellings and um towards the um
+extreme left of this image you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme left of this image you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme left of this image you can see
+the um larger horseshoe shaped Windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um larger horseshoe shaped Windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um larger horseshoe shaped Windows
+um which signify the shaias or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which signify the shaias or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which signify the shaias or the
+assembly halls or prayer Halls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly halls or prayer Halls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly halls or prayer Halls
+um which um had slightly higher ceilings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which um had slightly higher ceilings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which um had slightly higher ceilings
+and let a lot more light in through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let a lot more light in through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let a lot more light in through that
+horseshoe shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+window um this is an example of a chaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window um this is an example of a chaa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window um this is an example of a chaa
+um which is cave 10 it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is cave 10 it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is cave 10 it's one of the
+earliest excavations at ajanta from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest excavations at ajanta from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest excavations at ajanta from
+approximately 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 200
+BCE um and it reflects very well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCE um and it reflects very well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCE um and it reflects very well the
+Simplicity of the early Temple design um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity of the early Temple design um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity of the early Temple design um
+with an absence of Buddha imagery the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an absence of Buddha imagery the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an absence of Buddha imagery the
+interior consists of a high vated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior consists of a high vated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior consists of a high vated
+ceiling with ribs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling with ribs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling with ribs
+that reflect the imitation of Timber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflect the imitation of Timber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflect the imitation of Timber
+construction and it should be noted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and it should be noted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and it should be noted that
+this area um because of you know heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area um because of you know heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area um because of you know heavy
+rainfall did have an abundance of Timber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall did have an abundance of Timber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall did have an abundance of Timber
+and there was um a lot of wooden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was um a lot of wooden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was um a lot of wooden and
+Timber construction um that obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timber construction um that obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timber construction um that obviously
+does not survive to this day so um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not survive to this day so um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not survive to this day so um a
+jont is especially interesting in seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jont is especially interesting in seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jont is especially interesting in seeing
+how the stone forms were used to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the stone forms were used to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the stone forms were used to sort of
+mimic the the more traditional wooden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic the the more traditional wooden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic the the more traditional wooden
+forms that would have been um in daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that would have been um in daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that would have been um in daily
+use at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at the
+time um the interior space is divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um the interior space is divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um the interior space is divided by
+by colonades into a central Nave apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by colonades into a central Nave apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by colonades into a central Nave apps
+and side aisles the central apps houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and side aisles the central apps houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and side aisles the central apps houses
+the stupa which is also a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupa which is also a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupa which is also a completely
+excavated structure so that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excavated structure so that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excavated structure so that's part of
+the um the cliff side that the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the cliff side that the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the cliff side that the rest of
+the cave is carded out of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cave is carded out of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cave is carded out of as
+well the exterior which you can see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the exterior which you can see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the exterior which you can see on
+the left is marked by a large arched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is marked by a large arched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is marked by a large arched
+window and that's the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and that's the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and that's the key to
+understanding how the excavation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the excavation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the excavation for
+these large Halls um took place um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large Halls um took place um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large Halls um took place um
+essentially um as I said before for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um as I said before for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um as I said before for the
+processes from top to bottom and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes from top to bottom and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes from top to bottom and from
+front to back so a suitable vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front to back so a suitable vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front to back so a suitable vertical
+face was chosen for thickness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face was chosen for thickness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face was chosen for thickness and
+texture um part of the texture relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture um part of the texture relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture um part of the texture relating
+to those very um primordial um lava
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those very um primordial um lava
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those very um primordial um lava
+flows and the way they cooled millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the way they cooled millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the way they cooled millions
+of years ago um the SEC the sanctuary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago um the SEC the sanctuary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years ago um the SEC the sanctuary um
+is basically um carved um with since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically um carved um with since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically um carved um with since
+it's carved from front to back and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's carved from front to back and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's carved from front to back and from
+top down it eliminates any need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down it eliminates any need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top down it eliminates any need for
+scaffolding and the process could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding and the process could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding and the process could be
+Haled at any time and restarted um quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haled at any time and restarted um quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haled at any time and restarted um quite
+easily uh if you look at the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh if you look at the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily uh if you look at the extreme
+right bottom corner um cave 1 is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right bottom corner um cave 1 is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right bottom corner um cave 1 is our
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+destination um this is a vihara and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination um this is a vihara and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination um this is a vihara and it's
+one of the later Caves at aant dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the later Caves at aant dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the later Caves at aant dating
+from the probably the late fifth century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the probably the late fifth century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the probably the late fifth century
+um the porch front which you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the porch front which you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the porch front which you can see a
+little bit better in this image um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better in this image um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better in this image um was
+actually one of the more ornate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the more ornate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the more ornate um
+porches on these vihara complexes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porches on these vihara complexes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porches on these vihara complexes which
+you can see with the very ornate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see with the very ornate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see with the very ornate um
+carving at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carving at the
+top the plan on the inside is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the plan on the inside is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top the plan on the inside is still
+relatively simple uh it has 20 columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple uh it has 20 columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple uh it has 20 columns
+um that sort of mimic the square sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sort of mimic the square sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sort of mimic the square sides
+of the room and there are 14 um cells or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room and there are 14 um cells or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the room and there are 14 um cells or
+monks rooms which are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks rooms which are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks rooms which are actually quite
+small um that skirt the the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um that skirt the the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um that skirt the the side of the
+vihara um at the back you see an a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vihara um at the back you see an a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vihara um at the back you see an a small
+antichamber that leads into a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antichamber that leads into a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antichamber that leads into a small
+Sanctuary with an image of the Buddha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanctuary with an image of the Buddha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanctuary with an image of the Buddha
+which is um um indicating that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um um indicating that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um um indicating that this is
+from the later period of Mahayana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the later period of Mahayana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the later period of Mahayana
+Buddhism and showing how basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism and showing how basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism and showing how basically the
+um the form of the vihara had changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the form of the vihara had changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the form of the vihara had changed
+from being essentially just um a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being essentially just um a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being essentially just um a place
+for study and rest to being a place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for study and rest to being a place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for study and rest to being a place for
+worship as well in this later Mahayana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period the interior of one which um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the interior of one which um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the interior of one which um the
+the painting is actually quite well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the painting is actually quite well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the painting is actually quite well
+preserved and as a result there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and as a result there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and as a result there's very
+little photography that's allowed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little photography that's allowed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little photography that's allowed in
+order to keep it preserved but as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to keep it preserved but as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to keep it preserved but as you
+can see um The Columns are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see um The Columns are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see um The Columns are actually
+quite ornate um despite the very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite ornate um despite the very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite ornate um despite the very simple
+floor plan and they would have all been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plan and they would have all been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plan and they would have all been
+painted the walls were all painted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted the walls were all painted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted the walls were all painted and
+the ceiling was also painted um so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling was also painted um so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling was also painted um so even
+in in the um monastic setting of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the um monastic setting of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the um monastic setting of The
+vihara there was an element of worship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vihara there was an element of worship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vihara there was an element of worship
+that actually went went on with regards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually went went on with regards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually went went on with regards
+to the imagery in the paintings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the imagery in the paintings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the imagery in the paintings that
+were on the um walls on the pillars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the um walls on the pillars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the um walls on the pillars and
+on the ceiling and I'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ceiling and I'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ceiling and I'll talk a little
+bit more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about that
+later this is one of the more famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later this is one of the more famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later this is one of the more famous
+intact paintings that's inside the aant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact paintings that's inside the aant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact paintings that's inside the aant
+cave one um which is the bodhisatwa of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave one um which is the bodhisatwa of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave one um which is the bodhisatwa of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lotus um when you look in comparison at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotus um when you look in comparison at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotus um when you look in comparison at
+these two chaiya halls cave 10 and Cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two chaiya halls cave 10 and Cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two chaiya halls cave 10 and Cave
+26 um which are from the hinayana and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 um which are from the hinayana and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 um which are from the hinayana and
+Mahayana periods respectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mahayana periods respectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mahayana periods respectively
+um you can see how basically the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see how basically the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see how basically the um
+stupa has transformed from being a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupa has transformed from being a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupa has transformed from being a very
+simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um
+cylindrical uh cylindrical domed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical uh cylindrical domed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical uh cylindrical domed um
+architectural feature to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural feature to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural feature to something that
+actually has a um image of the Buddha in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a um image of the Buddha in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a um image of the Buddha in
+sculptural relief as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculptural relief as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculptural relief as part of the
+structure so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so um
+originally the um stupa itself was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the um stupa itself was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the um stupa itself was um
+basically derived from burial mounds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically derived from burial mounds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically derived from burial mounds um
+the the simple process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the simple process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the simple process of
+circumambulation became um stoop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumambulation became um stoop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumambulation became um stoop of
+veneration and by the 3D Century there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veneration and by the 3D Century there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veneration and by the 3D Century there
+was really um a lot of um interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really um a lot of um interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really um a lot of um interest in
+the L of having um more Buddha imagery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L of having um more Buddha imagery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L of having um more Buddha imagery
+um the the way this was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the way this was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the way this was sort of
+reconciled was um sculptural relief as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciled was um sculptural relief as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciled was um sculptural relief as
+in cave 26 would have been embedded into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cave 26 would have been embedded into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cave 26 would have been embedded into
+the stupa itself so the object could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupa itself so the object could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupa itself so the object could be
+venerated from the front when um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venerated from the front when um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venerated from the front when um the
+monks were assembled in prayer hall or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks were assembled in prayer hall or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks were assembled in prayer hall or
+um it could also just be incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could also just be incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could also just be incorporated
+into part of the circum ulation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into part of the circum ulation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into part of the circum ulation which
+the stupa would have still been used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupa would have still been used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupa would have still been used for
+in the second in the in the second phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second in the in the second phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second in the in the second phase
+of Mahayana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Buddhism a little bit more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism a little bit more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhism a little bit more about the
+situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of
+aant um like most monastic settlements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aant um like most monastic settlements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aant um like most monastic settlements
+aant is located somewhat out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aant is located somewhat out of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aant is located somewhat out of the way
+of major Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of major Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of major Urban
+centers but reasonably close to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers but reasonably close to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers but reasonably close to trade
+routes in this case the main Overland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes in this case the main Overland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes in this case the main Overland
+trade routs um connecting the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade routs um connecting the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade routs um connecting the North
+connecting Northern India which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting Northern India which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting Northern India which was a
+site of extreme um Commerce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of extreme um Commerce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of extreme um Commerce and
+Commercial activity um with the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial activity um with the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial activity um with the western
+coast and the dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast and the dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast and the dean
+plateau and it's not actually labeled on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau and it's not actually labeled on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau and it's not actually labeled on
+this um map since this is a map of trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um map since this is a map of trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um map since this is a map of trade
+Roots but it would essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots but it would essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots but it would essentially
+be here between the um Pyon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here between the um Pyon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here between the um Pyon which is
+represented here as pistana and ujin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here as pistana and ujin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here as pistana and ujin so
+it would be right here close enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be right here close enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be right here close enough to
+trade rots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade rots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade rots
+um but not actually on them so as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but not actually on them so as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but not actually on them so as to
+remain somewhat removed from that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain somewhat removed from that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain somewhat removed from that part
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life um so being reasonably close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um so being reasonably close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um so being reasonably close to
+Trad R trade routes um aant was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trad R trade routes um aant was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trad R trade routes um aant was well
+visited by Pilgrims from throughout Asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited by Pilgrims from throughout Asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited by Pilgrims from throughout Asia
+including the 17th or the 7th Century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the 17th or the 7th Century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the 17th or the 7th Century
+Chinese monk shenzong um who was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese monk shenzong um who was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese monk shenzong um who was one of
+many Travelers along the Silk Road but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Travelers along the Silk Road but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Travelers along the Silk Road but
+one who we were able to actually track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who we were able to actually track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who we were able to actually track
+his progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his progress
+and and and read his Works um about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and read his Works um about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and read his Works um about his
+observations when he was visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations when he was visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations when he was visiting
+monastic complexes in India um he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic complexes in India um he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic complexes in India um he was
+able to travel thousands of miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to travel thousands of miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to travel thousands of miles
+relying only on the vast network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying only on the vast network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying only on the vast network of
+Buddhist monasteries and rest houses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhist monasteries and rest houses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddhist monasteries and rest houses for
+hospitality and shelter depicted here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitality and shelter depicted here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitality and shelter depicted here as
+he often is in the clothes of a traveler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he often is in the clothes of a traveler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he often is in the clothes of a traveler
+Laden with a pack filled with Scrolls um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laden with a pack filled with Scrolls um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laden with a pack filled with Scrolls um
+on the back you can kind of see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back you can kind of see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back you can kind of see the
+indications of many um sort of circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications of many um sort of circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications of many um sort of circular
+forms that's supposed to be the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that's supposed to be the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that's supposed to be the end of
+the Scrolls which he brought back which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scrolls which he brought back which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scrolls which he brought back which
+was more than 600 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more than 600 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more than 600 in
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+um swen Jang traveled from Tong Dynasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um swen Jang traveled from Tong Dynasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um swen Jang traveled from Tong Dynasty
+China to India in order to visit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China to India in order to visit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China to India in order to visit and
+study the Buddhist holy land with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the Buddhist holy land with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the Buddhist holy land with the
+goal of bringing more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of bringing more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of bringing more accurate
+translations of Buddhist sutras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations of Buddhist sutras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations of Buddhist sutras and
+scriptures back with him to China before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptures back with him to China before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scriptures back with him to China before
+making his pilgrimage to India in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making his pilgrimage to India in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making his pilgrimage to India in
+629 shenzong has already traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+629 shenzong has already traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+629 shenzong has already traveled
+extensively among the buunis monastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively among the buunis monastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively among the buunis monastic
+complexes in China so I believe he began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes in China so I believe he began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes in China so I believe he began
+in North northeastern China um but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in North northeastern China um but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in North northeastern China um but he
+actually spent quite a lot of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spent quite a lot of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spent quite a lot of time in
+southwestern China in Sichuan and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwestern China in Sichuan and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southwestern China in Sichuan and also
+near the capital in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the capital in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the capital in
+changan um so throughout his 17-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changan um so throughout his 17-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changan um so throughout his 17-year
+journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey
+with um sorry um shenzong had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um sorry um shenzong had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um sorry um shenzong had already
+traveled extensively among the Buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled extensively among the Buddhist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled extensively among the Buddhist
+monastic complexes in China his 17-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic complexes in China his 17-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic complexes in China his 17-year
+juny to India and back brought him West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juny to India and back brought him West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juny to India and back brought him West
+through the taklamakan desert then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the taklamakan desert then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the taklamakan desert then
+through Central Asia before he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Central Asia before he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Central Asia before he could
+head south to India um once in India he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head south to India um once in India he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head south to India um once in India he
+traveled through the gtic plain in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled through the gtic plain in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled through the gtic plain in North
+India um which we saw was very um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India um which we saw was very um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India um which we saw was very um well
+healed with um trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healed with um trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healed with um trade
+routes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes
+um and and in these places he found many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in these places he found many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in these places he found many
+bustling monastic centers populated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bustling monastic centers populated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bustling monastic centers populated by
+thousands of monks but he also found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of monks but he also found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of monks but he also found
+others that were fairly deserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that were fairly deserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that were fairly deserted
+indicating that Buddhism was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that Buddhism was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that Buddhism was on the
+Wayne in India um he spent many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne in India um he spent many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wayne in India um he spent many years
+studying in eastern India then traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying in eastern India then traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying in eastern India then traveled
+um through the South and West which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through the South and West which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through the South and West which is
+when he stopped at aant before returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he stopped at aant before returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he stopped at aant before returning
+rning to China again through Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rning to China again through Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rning to China again through Central
+Asia but this time skirting the southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia but this time skirting the southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asia but this time skirting the southern
+side of the taklamakan desert and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the taklamakan desert and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the taklamakan desert and um
+this map actually sort of simplifies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map actually sort of simplifies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map actually sort of simplifies it
+but his his um roote home would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but his his um roote home would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but his his um roote home would have
+sort of taken him this way but then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taken him this way but then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taken him this way but then also
+to Dun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dun
+hang so since we've already started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang so since we've already started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang so since we've already started to
+look at the evolution of chiia forms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the evolution of chiia forms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the evolution of chiia forms um
+within the aant complex itself let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the aant complex itself let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the aant complex itself let's um
+follow inen zong's footsteps from India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow inen zong's footsteps from India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow inen zong's footsteps from India
+back to China comparing as he no doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to China comparing as he no doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to China comparing as he no doubt
+must have the IC and Architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have the IC and Architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have the IC and Architectural
+Transformations visible in Buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations visible in Buddhist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations visible in Buddhist
+monastic architecture outside of China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic architecture outside of China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic architecture outside of China
+outside of India that look to Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of India that look to Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of India that look to Indian
+prototypes but evolved and changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes but evolved and changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes but evolved and changed in
+its new cultural cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its new cultural cont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its new cultural cont
+context um so this shows the the trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context um so this shows the the trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context um so this shows the the trade
+rots sort of more simply um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rots sort of more simply um in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rots sort of more simply um in terms of
+how these um how the gtic plane would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these um how the gtic plane would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these um how the gtic plane would
+have been traversed with aant as as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been traversed with aant as as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been traversed with aant as as an
+important mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint
+so the kitel caves which were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kitel caves which were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kitel caves which were in the
+Kingdom of cucha which is now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingdom of cucha which is now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingdom of cucha which is now in
+shinjang Province in China are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinjang Province in China are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinjang Province in China are an
+interesting um Point of Departure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um Point of Departure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um Point of Departure from
+the from the stupa model in the chaas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the stupa model in the chaas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the stupa model in the chaas in
+ajanta and it should be noted that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ajanta and it should be noted that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ajanta and it should be noted that um
+the monastic complex at aanta um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monastic complex at aanta um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monastic complex at aanta um
+represents a much earlier um phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a much earlier um phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a much earlier um phase of
+monastic development where there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic development where there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monastic development where there were
+maybe four chaas or assembly halls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe four chaas or assembly halls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe four chaas or assembly halls and
+the rest 26 um viharas or monks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest 26 um viharas or monks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest 26 um viharas or monks
+dwellings so when we start to move East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellings so when we start to move East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellings so when we start to move East
+into China um it's quite the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into China um it's quite the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into China um it's quite the opposite
+and there are um many more chaa assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are um many more chaa assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are um many more chaa assembly
+Halls than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halls than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halls than
+viharas um if we look at the um plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viharas um if we look at the um plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viharas um if we look at the um plan of
+the cave 38 at Kil which dates from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cave 38 at Kil which dates from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cave 38 at Kil which dates from the
+4th to 5ifth Century so roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th to 5ifth Century so roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th to 5ifth Century so roughly
+contemporaneous with the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaneous with the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporaneous with the later
+structures at aanta we see that rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures at aanta we see that rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures at aanta we see that rather
+than having a stupa in the um back apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having a stupa in the um back apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having a stupa in the um back apps
+of the chaa hall it's actually been been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chaa hall it's actually been been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chaa hall it's actually been been
+transformed into um what they've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into um what they've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into um what they've sort of
+um clumsily started to call the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clumsily started to call the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clumsily started to call the central
+pillar stupa um which is located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillar stupa um which is located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillar stupa um which is located in
+roughly the same place that the stupa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same place that the stupa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same place that the stupa
+would be in the chai Hall in aant um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the chai Hall in aant um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the chai Hall in aant um so
+the question presents itself as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question presents itself as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question presents itself as to
+whether this represents a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this represents a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this represents a very
+significant Evolution and if so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Evolution and if so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant Evolution and if so is that
+coming from from Central Asia or China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from from Central Asia or China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from from Central Asia or China
+or is it just a Natural Evolution coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it just a Natural Evolution coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it just a Natural Evolution coming
+out of India if you look at the image on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of India if you look at the image on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of India if you look at the image on
+the left you can see sort of the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you can see sort of the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you can see sort of the front
+of the um Central pillar stupa which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um Central pillar stupa which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um Central pillar stupa which
+would have had a devotional image in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had a devotional image in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had a devotional image in
+that um Niche for a sculptural image the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Niche for a sculptural image the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Niche for a sculptural image the
+um back part which is part of the circum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back part which is part of the circum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back part which is part of the circum
+ulation which you can see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulation which you can see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulation which you can see on the
+plan is actually divided again into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is actually divided again into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is actually divided again into two
+Chambers and then the the exit which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chambers and then the the exit which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chambers and then the the exit which you
+see on the right is um Grace with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the right is um Grace with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on the right is um Grace with
+another image of the Buddha so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another image of the Buddha so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another image of the Buddha so you know
+we see that the kitel cage which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the kitel cage which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the kitel cage which were
+constructed already in the Mahana period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed already in the Mahana period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed already in the Mahana period
+have you know a um a large amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know a um a large amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know a um a large amount of the
+painting and the sculptural imagery as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the um circum ulatory passage um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the um circum ulatory passage um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the um circum ulatory passage um
+which is part of the ritual devotion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is part of the ritual devotion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is part of the ritual devotion is
+um not just defined by the architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not just defined by the architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not just defined by the architecture
+but also by paintings and in this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also by paintings and in this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also by paintings and in this image
+of the section of the plan you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the section of the plan you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the section of the plan you can see
+how even though they haven't been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how even though they haven't been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how even though they haven't been able
+to actually transpose the images they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually transpose the images they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually transpose the images they've
+been able to sort of see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to sort of see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to sort of see the
+striations um of the types of imagery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striations um of the types of imagery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striations um of the types of imagery
+that you see on the walls and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see on the walls and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see on the walls and there is a
+vertical progression at the bottommost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical progression at the bottommost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical progression at the bottommost
+level you'll see the um um images of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you'll see the um um images of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level you'll see the um um images of the
+life of the Buddha um and then as you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of the Buddha um and then as you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of the Buddha um and then as you as
+you go up you see um jataka Tails which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up you see um jataka Tails which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up you see um jataka Tails which
+are in theory um images of the events of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in theory um images of the events of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in theory um images of the events of
+the life of the Buddha before he became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the Buddha before he became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the Buddha before he became
+the historical Buddha so um essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical Buddha so um essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical Buddha so um essentially
+they their tales that might have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they their tales that might have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they their tales that might have had
+folk Origins but have been incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk Origins but have been incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk Origins but have been incorporated
+into the Buddhist Pantheon um but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Buddhist Pantheon um but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Buddhist Pantheon um but even
+this little switch from the stories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little switch from the stories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little switch from the stories of
+the life of the Buddha to the jataka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the Buddha to the jataka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life of the Buddha to the jataka
+tales is um sort of going from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales is um sort of going from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tales is um sort of going from the very
+concrete historical narrative to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete historical narrative to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete historical narrative to a
+slightly more abstract mythical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more abstract mythical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more abstract mythical
+narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative
+if you look at um the ajanta cave 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at um the ajanta cave 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at um the ajanta cave 17
+which is also a later period um vihara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a later period um vihara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a later period um vihara
+cave um there were painted pillars that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave um there were painted pillars that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave um there were painted pillars that
+were actually used in the vihara um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually used in the vihara um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually used in the vihara um for
+circum ulation so you see sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circum ulation so you see sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circum ulation so you see sort of a
+Confluence of the use of the pillar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Confluence of the use of the pillar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Confluence of the use of the pillar
+rather than the actual Dome stupa form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the actual Dome stupa form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the actual Dome stupa form
+um going on at the same time with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going on at the same time with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going on at the same time with the
+imagery and the stories um sort of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery and the stories um sort of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery and the stories um sort of being
+the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common
+link if you move for further east to Dun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link if you move for further east to Dun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link if you move for further east to Dun
+Hong which was you know one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong which was you know one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong which was you know one of the great
+Caravan s um which was a meeting of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caravan s um which was a meeting of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caravan s um which was a meeting of all
+different types of Buddhism um you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of Buddhism um you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of Buddhism um you see
+in cave 254 which also dates from around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cave 254 which also dates from around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cave 254 which also dates from around
+the fifth century that the um stupa has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth century that the um stupa has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth century that the um stupa has
+turned into not just this um a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into not just this um a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into not just this um a central
+stupa pillar but is actually slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupa pillar but is actually slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupa pillar but is actually slightly
+more Central to the plan if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Central to the plan if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Central to the plan if you look at
+the um Kil model the the stoop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um Kil model the the stoop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um Kil model the the stoop the
+central sto pillar is actually still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central sto pillar is actually still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central sto pillar is actually still
+quite towards the rear um where the apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite towards the rear um where the apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite towards the rear um where the apps
+would have been in the aant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been in the aant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been in the aant
+model um but in dun hang it the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um but in dun hang it the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um but in dun hang it the the
+square form of the chal actually takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square form of the chal actually takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square form of the chal actually takes
+precedence and um and it becomes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence and um and it becomes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence and um and it becomes much
+more of a central model so we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a central model so we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a central model so we see the
+pillar sort of coming away from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillar sort of coming away from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillar sort of coming away from from the
+stupa model um and taking on a life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupa model um and taking on a life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupa model um and taking on a life of
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+own if you look in yungang China which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own if you look in yungang China which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own if you look in yungang China which
+is um about as far east as the um Silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um about as far east as the um Silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um about as far east as the um Silk
+Road is considered to go we see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road is considered to go we see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road is considered to go we see another
+type of sculpted Central pillar um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of sculpted Central pillar um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of sculpted Central pillar um this
+one looking very much more distinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looking very much more distinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looking very much more distinctly
+like a Chinese pgot with the um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Chinese pgot with the um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Chinese pgot with the um very
+distinct levels and the um vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct levels and the um vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct levels and the um vertical
+coursing that indicates the sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursing that indicates the sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursing that indicates the sort of um
+roof like um architecture so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof like um architecture so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof like um architecture so I would
+like to argue that the pillar in dun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to argue that the pillar in dun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to argue that the pillar in dun
+hang is actually receiving this um type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang is actually receiving this um type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang is actually receiving this um type
+of architectural typology from both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architectural typology from both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of architectural typology from both the
+Chinese model which um is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese model which um is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese model which um is a much more
+elongated pagota form and the kitel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongated pagota form and the kitel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongated pagota form and the kitel
+model which is um basically translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is um basically translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is um basically translating
+the stupa into this pillar form um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupa into this pillar form um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupa into this pillar form um the
+commonality that we see um between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality that we see um between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonality that we see um between the
+Chinese model and the Indian model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese model and the Indian model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese model and the Indian model is
+essentially looking at the um Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially looking at the um Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially looking at the um Central
+pillar as the axis Mundi which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillar as the axis Mundi which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pillar as the axis Mundi which is
+something that is um common to Buddhist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is um common to Buddhist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is um common to Buddhist
+ideology where the um Central axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology where the um Central axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology where the um Central axis of
+aupa is considered the pillar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aupa is considered the pillar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aupa is considered the pillar that
+connects heaven with Earth um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects heaven with Earth um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects heaven with Earth um in the
+dwang model we see the um wall paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwang model we see the um wall paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwang model we see the um wall paintings
+stried in even a more direct way than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stried in even a more direct way than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stried in even a more direct way than in
+the kitel model where the strii actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kitel model where the strii actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kitel model where the strii actually
+um go from the life of the Buddha at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go from the life of the Buddha at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go from the life of the Buddha at the
+bottom to um to the heavens um at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom to um to the heavens um at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom to um to the heavens um at the
+top so um the the Confluence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so um the the Confluence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so um the the Confluence of this
+idea in confusion is and Daoism as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in confusion is and Daoism as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in confusion is and Daoism as well
+as Buddhism is basically how this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Buddhism is basically how this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Buddhism is basically how this form
+of the central pillar stupa has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the central pillar stupa has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the central pillar stupa has um
+translated from the Indian model to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated from the Indian model to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated from the Indian model to the
+Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese
+model so um just to sum up um I've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so um just to sum up um I've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so um just to sum up um I've tried
+to take uh Rock Cut architecture from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take uh Rock Cut architecture from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take uh Rock Cut architecture from a
+very um Global Perspective both looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um Global Perspective both looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um Global Perspective both looking
+at the um the Rock Cut architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the um the Rock Cut architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the um the Rock Cut architecture
+that's taking place around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking place around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taking place around the
+Mediterranean the Persian Gulf the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean the Persian Gulf the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean the Persian Gulf the
+Caspian Sea the Black Sea um and as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caspian Sea the Black Sea um and as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caspian Sea the Black Sea um and as it
+moved from its original sources in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from its original sources in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from its original sources in India
+through Central Asia um into China um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Central Asia um into China um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Central Asia um into China um
+interestingly enough it's um still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough it's um still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough it's um still the
+Trope of the cave that we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trope of the cave that we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trope of the cave that we started with
+that seems to be the um most enduring um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be the um most enduring um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be the um most enduring um
+element that is written about um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that is written about um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that is written about um in
+terms of how these um caves were used um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how these um caves were used um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how these um caves were used um
+by Buddhist monks and how the monastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Buddhist monks and how the monastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Buddhist monks and how the monastic
+complexes continued to thrive even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes continued to thrive even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes continued to thrive even when
+they were extremely busy um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were extremely busy um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were extremely busy um sort of
+scholarly centers they were um often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarly centers they were um often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarly centers they were um often
+referred to as being very grounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as being very grounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as being very grounded by
+the physical place that they were in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical place that they were in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical place that they were in and
+by um the sort of um cool calm of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um the sort of um cool calm of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um the sort of um cool calm of these
+interior cave spaces thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c_4dDw7iLn8.txt b/c_4dDw7iLn8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32c2cd4f3ef0bbb81856c2026eab98a90fe57571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c_4dDw7iLn8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2411 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, a couple
+of announcements.
+
+Tomorrow will be the Periodic
+Table test. I provide the
+
+numbers, you provide
+the letters.
+
+Friday, the contest
+ends, 5:00 pm.
+
+Get the submissions to me,
+either over the internet or if
+
+you have something majestic,
+you have to cart it in with
+
+the riggers.
+
+Get it to my office.
+
+Last day, we had a lesson
+on the Aufbau principle.
+
+And the Aufbau principle
+gave us the--
+
+There's still too
+much talking.
+
+Still too much talking.
+
+I will tolerate zero,
+zero talking.
+
+When you walk through that door,
+I'm assuming it's an act
+
+of free will.
+
+And when you walk through
+that door, we
+
+enter into a contract.
+
+The contract goes something like
+this: You have certain
+
+expectations of me.
+
+You expect me to come
+to class prepared.
+
+You expect me to treat you
+with respect, not to use
+
+vulgar language, not to say
+things that are insulting,
+
+insensitive.
+
+And I have certain expectations
+of you.
+
+I expect you to come
+to class prepared.
+
+I expect that you've
+done the reading.
+
+And I expect that you're
+going to sit quietly.
+
+Absolutely quietly.
+
+Because it's my duty to preserve
+a fertile learning
+
+environment.
+
+If you don't want to learn,
+I don't care.
+
+I don't care.
+
+But if you impair the ability
+of your neighbor to learn, I
+
+will take action.
+
+It's very simple.
+
+Very simple.
+
+Where was I?
+
+I think I was talking about
+the Aufbau principle.
+
+And the Aufbau principle tells
+us what the filling sequence
+
+of electrons is in a
+multielectron atom, which
+
+ultimately we rationalized in
+terms of the four quantum
+
+numbers and the filling in
+ascending order of energy.
+
+And then we tried to understand
+what's behind the
+
+Aufbau principle.
+
+And lastly, we took a journey
+through central Europe in the
+
+1920s and 1930s.
+
+And we met de Broglie,
+who gave us the
+
+concept of matter waves.
+
+If matter has wave-like
+properties, the wavelength
+
+would be given by the ratio of
+the Planck constant to the
+
+Newtonian momentum.
+
+Heisenberg taught us that we
+can't deal with precision down
+
+to atomic dimensions, and
+there's a certain degree of
+
+uncertainty or indeterminacy.
+
+And it's given by this
+relationship here.
+
+And then, lastly, we saw
+Schroedinger, who wrote the
+
+wave equation saying that if we
+have wave-like properties
+
+then let's model the atom as
+a wave, and he gave us this
+
+equation here, which is
+essentially the equation of
+
+the simple harmonic
+oscillator.
+
+The simple harmonic oscillator,
+which allows you
+
+to tell us what's going on
+with the plucked string.
+
+And it's essentially just this,
+the double derivative x
+
+double dot plus kx goes
+to some function.
+
+And the solution of that is a
+bunch of sines and cosines.
+
+And that's this equation, but
+dressed up for night-time.
+
+It's a little bit more
+sophisticated and gives us the
+
+three dimensions, eigenfunctions
+that
+
+ultimately, we can take and
+generate the pretty pictures
+
+of the orbitals.
+
+So, today what I want to do is
+go a little more deeply into
+
+properties.
+
+And if you learn nothing else
+from me in 3.091, this is what
+
+I want you to retain.
+
+It's that electronic structure
+dictates properties.
+
+Electronic structure dictates
+properties.
+
+You know this on
+your death bed.
+
+It's that simple.
+
+Electronic structure dictates
+properties.
+
+Then we're going to take 14
+weeks and describe electronic
+
+structure, right?
+
+But that's it.
+
+That's it.
+
+So I want to go back to this.
+
+We got into this energy, Aufbau
+principle because we
+
+saw on the Periodic Table
+there's some problems here.
+
+If we just go in terms of
+quantum numbers, we see
+
+there's two elements in
+n equals 1 shell.
+
+There's 8 elements in
+n equals 2 shell.
+
+And, if we just kept going,
+we would expect to find 18
+
+elements in n equals 3 shell,
+but instead we found only 8.
+
+And that's where the
+journey began.
+
+Well, there's a way to sort of
+help remember what the filling
+
+sequence is.
+
+And that rule is encapsulated by
+the n plus l relationship.
+
+So for equivalent, n plus l
+values, for equivalent n plus
+
+l values, you fill
+in ascending n.
+
+Fill in ascending n.
+
+So let's take a look.
+
+So, here's Aufbau.
+
+n plus l rule.
+
+Here's an example where
+we have 3d.
+
+d means l equals 2.
+
+p means l equals 1. s
+means l equals 0.
+
+So 5 plus 0 is 5.
+
+4 plus 1 is 5.
+
+3 plus 2 is 5.
+
+So what do I do?
+
+Well, it's saying go in order
+of ascending n plus l.
+
+And so, you can snake your way
+through this n plus l, and get
+
+the filling sequence for the
+whole Periodic Table.
+
+So let's take a look.
+
+We'll start with 1s.
+
+Well, that's easy.
+
+That's hydrogen and helium.
+
+Then we go next to 2s.
+
+There's lithium and beryllium.
+
+And then next goes 2p.
+
+I mean, nobody's going to try
+to stick 3s ahead of 2p.
+
+That's pretty straightforward.
+
+2p, and that gets us all
+the way over to neon.
+
+And then we wrap around
+over here to 3s.
+
+That gets us from sodium
+to magnesium.
+
+And then we jump to
+3p, gets us from
+
+aluminum over to argon.
+
+And then, we don't go to 3d,
+because 3p is 3 plus 1 is 4.
+
+4s is 4 plus 0 is 4.
+
+So it says we fill
+in ascending n.
+
+So we go to 4s next.
+
+And that gets us potassium
+and calcium.
+
+Then comes 3d.
+
+So that gets us scandium over
+to zinc. Then comes 4p,
+
+gallium to krypton.
+
+5s.
+
+I'm having fun here, I'm
+going to keep going.
+
+5s gets us over to strontium.
+
+Next comes 4d.
+
+Gets us all the way
+over to cadmium.
+
+5p gets us to xenon.
+
+Now it's turn 6s
+cesium, barium.
+
+4f.
+
+We've got to jump down here.
+
+Finally we're going to
+get to the f shell.
+
+See?
+
+The 4f is in here.
+
+Now, this is an item
+of convenience.
+
+Strictly speaking, lanthanum
+is 57, cerium is 58.
+
+So all of these elements
+belong in here.
+
+But if we were to put this to
+scale, the Periodic Table
+
+would be way over here.
+
+It wouldn't fit on a page.
+
+So people, over time, have
+gotten used to just
+
+putting it down here.
+
+But these elements are
+in the middle here.
+
+So you go 4d, 5p, 6s, then 4f.
+
+Finally we get over to the edge
+here, to erbium, and then
+
+we jump over here to hafnium,
+5d, over to
+
+mercury, 6p, et cetera.
+
+So the n plus l rule gives you
+the filling sequence in
+
+ascending order.
+
+That's good.
+
+So we've got a nice compact
+way of grabbing this e
+
+goes to n plus l.
+
+Now let's look at
+some properties.
+
+We said it's a table of
+the elements, but
+
+it's a periodic table.
+
+So let's see what this
+periodicity looks like.
+
+Now, here's a variation of
+first ionization energy.
+
+So here it is in kilojoules per
+mole, and here's my pet
+
+unit, the electron
+volt per atom.
+
+Because here's hydrogen, of 1.6
+megajoules per mole, but I
+
+like the 13.6 electron volts
+because I can remember 13.6.
+
+I can't remember 1312
+megajoules per mole,
+
+kilojoules per mole,
+whatever it is.
+
+13.6 electronic volts.
+
+So here's hydrogen,
+there's helium.
+
+And then we drop down to
+lithium, and then we move
+
+across up to neon, and so on.
+
+So you can see 1s, we
+filled the 1s shell.
+
+Now, we're going to go
+to shell n equals 2.
+
+Here's 2s.
+
+And then we go to 2p.
+
+And you can even see, look,
+boron, carbon, oxygen, the
+
+ascending value of the first
+ionization energy.
+
+And then there's a little
+jog here at oxygen.
+
+Because here we've got
+the three unpaired
+
+electrons for nitrogen.
+
+And then there's the oxygen
+starts to pair, and we
+
+continue to neon, and so on.
+
+3s, 3p, 4s.
+
+So you can see the relationship
+between that
+
+property, and the place,
+the element, in
+
+the Periodic Table.
+
+So how do we measure
+these values?
+
+Well, I thought it might be a
+good opportunity to look at,
+
+revisit the whole question
+of gas dynamics, and also
+
+understand the measurement.
+
+Measurement of ionization
+energies.
+
+And the technique that's used
+is called photoelectron
+
+spectroscopy.
+
+Photoelectron spectroscopy.
+
+All right.
+
+And it's got a three-letter
+initialization, PES.
+
+I want to show you a cartoon
+of how this works.
+
+Actually, I took one --
+this is taken from the
+
+text we used to use.
+
+I like the text that we're using
+now better, but there
+
+are a few things in the other
+text that were good.
+
+So, we've scanned these few
+pages and posted them at the
+
+website if you want to go
+through and read this stuff.
+
+So let's jump over to that.
+
+So here's an example of
+a terrible drawing.
+
+I look at this and I haven't got
+the faintest idea how this
+
+thing works.
+
+It's not the artist's fault.
+
+Somebody should have proofread
+this thing.
+
+What they should be doing is
+showing something like this.
+
+So, let's see what's going on.
+
+So what we're going to do is,
+we're going to bombard a
+
+specimen right here.
+
+Which they never show.
+
+I suppose this atom beam is
+supposed to be colliding with
+
+the photons.
+
+That would be quite
+an apparatus to
+
+build, let me tell you.
+
+Instead, what you have is, you
+have the apparatus sitting so
+
+that you've got the material in
+the center of the chamber.
+
+And you irradiate
+with photons.
+
+And the photons have very, very
+high energy, and they
+
+dislodge electrons.
+
+When they dislodge electrons
+that's the ionization event.
+
+And then what we do is, we
+measure the velocity of those
+
+ejected electrons.
+
+And if we know the velocity,
+we know their energy.
+
+We know the energy of the
+incident energy and by
+
+difference, we calculate the
+binding energy of the electron
+
+and the atom.
+
+So let's take a look.
+
+I'm going to draw a cartoon here
+that gives you a sense of
+
+what's going on.
+
+So, here's the n equals 1
+shell, or the k shell.
+
+And then I'm going to show,
+say, a second shell here.
+
+One, two, three.
+
+So this is the l shell,
+or n equals 2.
+
+And you might say, gee,
+he's got that wrong.
+
+It's kind of simple,
+and so on.
+
+It's as complex as it needs
+to be for the explanation.
+
+Don't let accuracy
+trump clarity.
+
+The real accurate picture here
+is too detailed to convey what
+
+I'm trying to convey.
+
+So, this is the specimen,
+right?
+
+Let's call this the specimen.
+
+And I'm going to irradiate the
+specimen with some radiation
+
+of high energy.
+
+And so, I generally indicate the
+photon by a squiggly line
+
+with an arrow.
+
+That's to indicate it's got
+wave-like properties.
+
+And I'll usually write h nu next
+to it, to indicate that
+
+it's a photon of energy h nu.
+
+So the photon comes in, and if
+the energy is high enough, it
+
+will dislodge an electron.
+
+So this electron is dislodged.
+
+It's now ballistic.
+
+It's rendered ballistic.
+
+It's free.
+
+It's ionized.
+
+It's gone.
+
+It's gone.
+
+And what we're going to do is,
+we're going to take an energy
+
+balance here.
+
+And at some point you may
+come back and learn
+
+some quantum mechanics.
+
+This photon is annihilated
+at this collision.
+
+So the photon doesn't act the
+way an incident electron does
+
+where it loses some
+of its energy.
+
+All of the energy is lost.
+So this photon's gone.
+
+All of the energy is given
+to this electron.
+
+So let's do an energy
+balance here.
+
+So I can say that the energy
+of the incident photon, the
+
+energy of the incident photon,
+is now going to be given to
+
+the electron.
+
+It's now got some kind
+of kinetic energy.
+
+E kinetic plus the energy
+it took to pull
+
+it out of the atom.
+
+Plus E, let's call it binding.
+
+E binding
+
+And we know the incident energy
+of the photon because
+
+we're running the experiment.
+
+So we set the value of
+the incident energy
+
+of the photon beam.
+
+And then we send this
+to a detector.
+
+This goes to a detector.
+
+And the detector measures the
+velocity and ultimately gives
+
+us the energy of the
+scattered electron.
+
+This is called the dislodged
+electron, or photoelectron.
+
+It's the electron that was
+kicked out by the photon.
+
+So it's known as the
+photoelectron.
+
+Photoelectron.
+
+Pardon me, let's
+try that again.
+
+Photoelectron energy is measured
+at the detector.
+
+And then by difference, we
+get the binding energy.
+
+We get the binding energy.
+
+So this is h nu.
+
+This one here is going to be a
+1/2 m b squared, and then by
+
+difference we get the
+binding energy.
+
+And what kind of photon
+energies do we need?
+
+We need fairly high energies.
+
+And so typically, we might use
+wavelengths down around 1
+
+angstrom, which then
+makes it an X-ray.
+
+And so, over here in Building
+13, we have such
+
+instrumentation, and the
+material scientists
+
+would call this XPS.
+
+X-ray photoelectron
+spectroscopy.
+
+And if you don't want to blast
+all of the electrons out of
+
+the specimen and just get the
+most weakly bound, then you
+
+want a lower incident photon
+energy, which means a longer
+
+wavelength.
+
+You might come in at around
+100 angstroms, which is
+
+ultraviolet.
+
+You know, people, the general
+public, is so afraid, they
+
+don't know science.
+
+If they hear X-ray they
+get all panicked.
+
+You know, it's radiation.
+
+Their children are going
+to die and all
+
+this kind of stuff.
+
+So, what people will do is,
+they'll say instead of soft
+
+X-ray they'll say hard
+ultraviolet.
+
+And then the public thinks, oh,
+as long I wear sunscreen
+
+I'm going to be OK.
+
+So if you use hard ultraviolet,
+it's called UPS.
+
+That's nothing to do
+with brown trucks.
+
+It's ultraviolet photoelectron
+spectroscopy.
+
+And collectively, this
+is known as PES--
+
+photoelectron spectroscopy.
+
+All right.
+
+So now, let's go back
+to this schematic.
+
+Now you can see how bad this
+schematic was that these
+
+photons are coming in as so.
+
+And striking the specimen
+here, ejecting the
+
+photoelectrons which then are
+focused and ultimately
+
+measured here at the detector.
+
+So there's the energy balance.
+
+The energy of the incident
+photon is distributed across
+
+the kinetic energy of the
+photoelectron plus the binding
+
+energy, and this is how we
+measure all of these
+
+quantities.
+
+Since you're using very, very
+high intensity radiation,
+
+there's nothing saying
+that you're going to
+
+eject only one electron.
+
+You can eject a plurality
+of electrons.
+
+And the different
+electrons have
+
+different binding energies.
+
+So you're going to get a set
+of binding energies, which
+
+means you'll get
+a set of lines.
+
+You'll get a spectrum
+of energies.
+
+So this is what the spectrum
+looks like, and this is, by
+
+the way, just a general way of
+looking at any spectrum so
+
+that you train you eye to
+know what to look for.
+
+If I look at any spectrum, I'm
+going to have a plot of some
+
+kind of intensity, some kind of
+intensity unit versus some
+
+kind of energy unit, versus
+some kind of energy unit.
+
+And sometimes, energy increases
+from left to right.
+
+But sometimes they might put
+energy increasing from right
+
+to left as you see in
+these spectrum.
+
+But energy is along here.
+
+And intensity is related
+to population.
+
+All other things being equal, if
+I have a specimen that has
+
+two times the concentration of
+active species, I'm going to
+
+get twice the strength
+of the line.
+
+So the intensity measures
+population.
+
+The energy is related to the
+characteristic binding energy
+
+of a particular electrons, so
+the energy is related to the
+
+identity of the species.
+
+This is how we can identify
+certain species.
+
+I've already shown you if you
+walk in and you see those four
+
+Balmer series lines on a
+spectrum, you know that's
+
+characteristic of
+atomic hydrogen.
+
+Nothing else.
+
+So those are energies.
+
+And then, where do we go?
+
+So we have a line here, but we
+know that real data have a
+
+little bit of a spread
+to them.
+
+So you don't see discrete lines;
+you'll see a spread
+
+centered at about the value.
+
+So let's look at these.
+
+These are highly stylized, but
+here you can see-- here's
+
+boron for example.
+
+So these are the 1s electrons of
+boron, and they're held at
+
+a binding energy of about 19.3
+megajoules per mole.
+
+And then this is 2s,
+and here's 2p.
+
+Now there's a difference between
+2s and 2p, but they're
+
+of the same order.
+
+They're roughly about a
+megajoule per mole.
+
+There's subtle differences.
+
+And this goes back to
+Sommerfeld, who said that even
+
+though there are s and p
+orbitals, there's a circular
+
+orbit and there's an
+elliptical orbit.
+
+But they're roughly in
+the same shell and
+
+that's what you see.
+
+But there's a huge difference in
+going from shell n equals 1
+
+to n equals 2.
+
+This is not to scale.
+
+You see they got a little
+break there.
+
+And now look, what's the
+electronic structure of boron?
+
+1s2 2s2 2s1.
+
+There are two 2s electrons,
+but only one 2p electron.
+
+And this is trying to show that
+the height here is twice
+
+the height of the 2s peak.
+
+So you see that we've got two
+electrons here, one electron
+
+here, and it's easiest to pull
+out the 2p electrons first.
+
+And you go on, there's
+beryllium and so on.
+
+So we see that we can build
+data in this fashion here.
+
+We keep going.
+
+Here's carbon, which
+is 2, 2, 2.
+
+And then oxygen has 2s2--
+
+pardon me.
+
+1s2, 2s2, 2p4.
+
+So this is two electrons,
+this is four electrons.
+
+Showing that the 2p height
+is twice the 2s height.
+
+And then finally, neon
+is 2s2, 2p6.
+
+So this is roughly three times
+the height of the 2p.
+
+But all of the 2p numbers are
+roughly of the same order of
+
+magnitude and decidedly
+smaller than
+
+what's going on at 1s.
+
+And what else do you see?
+
+Well, the carbon has 6
+protons, so the inner
+
+electrons of carbon are held
+not as tightly as the inner
+
+electrons of neon, which
+has 10 protons.
+
+All of this comes out.
+
+The data are all good.
+
+So now what do we want
+to talk about?
+
+What's all this about?
+
+I said electronic structure
+leads to properties.
+
+The first thing we want to
+talk about is reactivity,
+
+chemical reactivity.
+
+Well it's pretty clear from
+looking at these XPS data that
+
+those inner shell electrons
+aren't going anywhere.
+
+They're too tightly held.
+
+So first thing is the only
+electrons that we can even
+
+think about involving in
+chemical reactivity must be
+
+the electrons in the
+outermost shell.
+
+These are called valence
+electrons.
+
+The outermost shell is called
+the valence shell.
+
+So let's get that down because
+that's probably important.
+
+So chemical reactivity
+determined by only electrons
+
+in outermost shell.
+
+And we're going to term that
+the valence shell.
+
+And those electrons are called
+the valence electrons.
+
+And, these are the only ones
+that we expect to see involved
+
+in chemical reactivity.
+
+And we want to have a measure.
+
+You can see that there are
+subtle differences between the
+
+energies that hold the valence
+electrons of carbon as opposed
+
+the valence electrons of neon.
+
+And so what we can do is have
+a measure of the ability for
+
+valence electrons to react.
+
+That is to say, to participate
+in chemical activity.
+
+And that measure is
+called the average
+
+valence electron energy.
+
+And there's no special symbol
+for that, so we
+
+just call it AVEE.
+
+And it's just the values
+of the valence
+
+electron energies averaged.
+
+So if I want to take the average
+valence electron
+
+energy for say, oxygen.
+
+So I can take it right
+off of there.
+
+I can see I'm going to need
+two times the ionization
+
+energy of 2s plus four times the
+ionization energy of 2p.
+
+And those data are up there.
+
+All divided by 6.
+
+2 plus 4, the total number
+of valence electrons.
+
+And if I go through the math up
+there I get 1.91 megajoules
+
+per mole, which I prefer to
+expresses as 19.8 electron
+
+volts per atom.
+
+And when we go through and
+calculate the values of
+
+average valence electron
+energies, we find trends.
+
+And here's what the
+trends look like.
+
+So you have, first of all,
+following along with the
+
+ionization energies, very
+similar values.
+
+Pardon me.
+
+So here's the plot of average
+valence electron energy in bar
+
+heights arranged as the elements
+are found on the
+
+Periodic Table.
+
+So you have hydrogen here,
+helium on this scale
+
+would be way up.
+
+And then here's lithium,
+beryllium, boron.
+
+And so you see a monotonic
+increase as you move
+
+from left to right.
+
+And you see a monotonic decrease
+if you stay in the
+
+same column from low
+mass to high mass.
+
+So what's going on there?
+
+Why do we have that change?
+
+We have similar electronics
+structures.
+
+We have similar electronics
+structures in a given column
+
+and lithium is s1, sodium
+is s1, potassium is
+
+s1, rubidium is s1.
+
+And let's put some
+values on here.
+
+Let's put some values.
+
+For the majority of elements in
+the Periodic Table, we get
+
+values of average valence
+electron energy less than 11
+
+electron volts.
+
+And when we have such values,
+we have the following
+
+properties: the valence
+electrons are weakly held.
+
+The valence electrons
+are weakly held.
+
+How do we know this?
+
+Because the binding energy
+isn't so strong.
+
+That means the electronic
+are weakly held.
+
+So we say that the element
+is a good electron donor.
+
+It's a good electron donor
+and we term this a metal.
+
+The property that makes an
+element a metal is that it has
+
+a low value of average valence
+electron energy and therefore,
+
+it is a good electron donor.
+
+And it turns out about
+75% of the Periodic
+
+Table is made of metals.
+
+At the other extreme we have
+high values of average valence
+
+electron energy.
+
+High values.
+
+So when the average valence
+electron energy is high, we
+
+have the complementary
+set of properties.
+
+So that means the valence
+electrons are tightly held.
+
+Valence electrons
+tightly held.
+
+Tightly held.
+
+And so the element is a
+poor electron donor.
+
+But complementary fashion, it
+is a good electron acceptor
+
+because when it gets near
+electrons it tends to grab
+
+them and hold on to them.
+
+So this is a good electron
+acceptor.
+
+And we term such a element
+a nonmetal.
+
+And so roughly, about 25%
+of the Periodic Table is
+
+non-metallic.
+
+And I think I've got
+that shown here.
+
+And you see just a
+few elements off
+
+to the upper right.
+
+And then in the middle,
+we've got this--
+
+about a half a dozen elements
+and they have values of
+
+average valence electron energy
+intermediate between 11
+
+and 13 electron volts.
+
+And so, they can behave either
+as electron donors or electron
+
+acceptors depending on who
+else is in the room.
+
+So if you put an element like
+silicon with a very strong
+
+metal, silicon will act as
+an electron acceptor.
+
+If you put silicon in the
+presence of something that's a
+
+very strong nonmetal, silicon
+can act as an electron donor.
+
+It has that dual property.
+
+And these elements are called
+semimetals or metalloids.
+
+And I think I've got some
+images to portray that.
+
+There's the semimetals.
+
+And if you look carefully at
+the Periodic Table that you
+
+have, you'll see that there's
+this red staircase here.
+
+So there's silicon, arsenic,
+tellurium, antimony and so on
+
+that act as semimetals.
+
+They can behave in
+both fashions.
+
+All right, so now with this
+classification scheme, let's
+
+start thinking about chemical
+reactivity.
+
+And seeing if we can, on the
+basis of where the elements
+
+are found on the Periodic
+Table, start
+
+to make some judgments.
+
+Well I know one thing right
+off the bat that along the
+
+right-hand column, the noble
+gases are chemically inert.
+
+That much we know.
+
+Noble gases are chemically
+inert.
+
+I know there's a Nobel Prize out
+there for getting xenon to
+
+combine with fluorine, and the
+chemistry textbooks love to
+
+point out these exceptions.
+
+But by and large, the group 8
+elements are chemically inert.
+
+So what do we know about their
+electronic structure?
+
+They all have the
+same electronic
+
+structure ns 2, np 6.
+
+With the exception of helium.
+
+Helium, because it's 1s 2.
+
+There's no p.
+
+So beside helium, starting with
+neon, we've got 2s2, 2p6.
+
+Argon is 3s2, 3p6, and so on.
+
+n2 p6, it has 8 p electrons.
+
+It has a full valence shell.
+
+And because the last electrons
+are p electrons, this is
+
+termed octet stability.
+
+There's something about having
+a full shell that renders the
+
+system satisfied
+energetically.
+
+And it doesn't want
+to react anymore.
+
+So we say octet stability, and
+if you want to be a wise guy,
+
+parenthetically you whisper
+helium is due at stability.
+
+But you know, whatever.
+
+All right, so let's make this
+octet stability a hypothesis
+
+and see how far we
+can go with it.
+
+So the next one I want
+to look at is sodium.
+
+Now sodium, it's got the
+electronic structure 1s 2,
+
+2s2, 2p6, 3s1.
+
+Now, I really don't need to talk
+about anything up to n
+
+equals 3 because this is
+not valence electrons.
+
+I just put it up there for
+completeness, but this is all
+
+we have to worry about.
+
+Now we know that sodium
+is a metal.
+
+It's a metal.
+
+It's got an average valence
+electron energy of about 5.2
+
+electron volts, which happens
+to be the ionization energy.
+
+Because that's trivial; it's
+only got one electron, so the
+
+average valence electron
+energy is equal to the
+
+ionization energy.
+
+So it's a metal.
+
+So it's a good electron donor.
+
+But let's think about that.
+
+If we could get rid of that
+electron in sodium, we could
+
+then turn it into something that
+has the same electronic
+
+structure as neon.
+
+And why do we want to do that?
+
+Well because there seems to
+be an energy well there.
+
+If we can make something
+neon-like, then
+
+it's going to be happy.
+
+So let's do it.
+
+Let's write a reaction sodium to
+lose an electron and become
+
+sodium plus.
+
+And sodium plus now
+is this minus 3s1.
+
+So it's isoelectronic
+with neon, and neon
+
+has the octet stability.
+
+But charge neutrality
+forbids me to
+
+say, OK, lose an electron.
+
+It won't.
+
+The only way for sodium
+to lose an electron
+
+is to find an acceptor.
+
+So if you put a good electron
+donor in the presence of a
+
+good electron acceptor, then the
+donor can give an electron
+
+to the acceptor and both profit
+from the transaction.
+
+So, where are we going to find
+a good electron acceptor?
+
+Well I just told you, the
+nonmetals are the really good
+
+electron acceptors.
+
+So let's go zooming over to the
+right-hand edge of that
+
+row and look at chlorine.
+
+We need an electron acceptor.
+
+So choose just for argument's
+sake, chlorine.
+
+It's got an average
+valence electron
+
+energy way, way up there.
+
+So let's go.
+
+Chlorine, it has the electronic
+structure of neon
+
+plus 3s2, 3p5.
+
+So chlorine, if it could acquire
+an electron, would
+
+then become isoelectronic
+with argon.
+
+So imagine chlorine plus
+electron becomes Cl minus and
+
+Cl minus is isoelectronic
+with argon.
+
+So now I've got two elements.
+
+One that's one electron richer
+than inert gas structure, and
+
+one that's one electron poorer
+than inert gas structure.
+
+If I put them together, put them
+both together in the same
+
+reactor, they will react and
+electron transfer occurs via
+
+electron transfer.
+
+Chemical reaction occurs.
+
+Chemical reaction occurs through
+electron transfer.
+
+And what's the purpose
+of electron transfer?
+
+It's to achieve full
+valence shell.
+
+Achieve full valence shell
+occupancy, if you like.
+
+Achieve full valence
+shell occupancy.
+
+So, now we've got it.
+
+But there's more.
+
+There's more.
+
+What happens after the electron
+transfer step?
+
+We don't have neutral
+species anymore.
+
+The sodiums have given up their
+electrons to become
+
+sodium ions.
+
+And the chlorines have acquired
+electrons to become
+
+chloride ions.
+
+And these are free.
+
+Let's make this simple.
+
+Let's make it a gas
+phase reaction.
+
+So sodium vapor and chlorine
+gas have become sodium ion
+
+vapor and chloride ion vapor.
+
+What do you know happens when
+you have charges of opposite
+
+value, opposite polarity?
+
+There's a coulombic force
+of attraction.
+
+So the sodium will attract
+the chlorine.
+
+So let's put the two together.
+
+So sodium attracts chlorine,
+but it's not over.
+
+There's more sodiums, there's
+more chlorines.
+
+So chlorine attracts sodium,
+which attracts sodium.
+
+Which could attract
+more chlorines.
+
+Which could attract
+more sodiums.
+
+And what do you see
+happening here?
+
+Well we're now starting with a
+gas phase and we're forming
+
+some giant atomic aggregate.
+
+This is a giant ion aggregate.
+
+What's the state of matter going
+to be if this thing's
+
+honking big?
+
+It's going to be a solid.
+
+We're going to form a solid
+starting with those two gases:
+
+sodium vapor and
+chlorine vapor.
+
+And what about the solid?
+
+What do we see about the atomic
+arrangement here?
+
+All the sodiums are the same
+size and all the chlorides are
+
+the same size.
+
+They have the same coulombic
+forces of attraction in
+
+between them.
+
+Can you see that they're going
+to form not just a solid, but
+
+they're going to form a solid
+consisting of atoms in a
+
+regular array?
+
+This is going to be
+an ordered solid.
+
+And there's a plain Anglo-Saxon
+word for an
+
+ordered solid, it's
+called a crystal.
+
+Now look at how far
+we've come.
+
+Look at how far we've come.
+
+10 minutes ago we hadn't done
+anything about chemical
+
+reactivity.
+
+We made one observation.
+
+We had the tools of course.
+
+We were ready.
+
+We're ready for discovery.
+
+We had the tools.
+
+We had the average valence
+electron energy.
+
+We knew that helium, neon,
+argon, krypton, xenon, radon,
+
+et cetera, all have
+this inertness.
+
+We postulated that the octet
+stability was some--
+
+as a sweet spot.
+
+And then we went with it.
+
+And operating with that one
+postulate, we get to electron
+
+transfer and we're concluding
+that if I take a really,
+
+really good metal--
+
+see, I can generalize
+this now.
+
+There's nothing peculiar about
+sodium that makes it react
+
+this way and no other element
+will react this way.
+
+I could replace sodium
+with any other metal.
+
+I could say any metal, any
+metal will react with any
+
+nonmetal in order to achieve
+octet stability.
+
+So now you can take big pieces
+of the Periodic Table and
+
+conclude that entire sets of
+elements will act in this way
+
+to form ionic compounds,
+crystals, atoms of regular
+
+periodicity.
+
+That's a nice pun
+there, right?
+
+We started with the Periodic
+Table and now we have periodic
+
+spacing of atoms. I think
+that's beautiful.
+
+Obviously this view
+is not shared by
+
+the rest of the audience.
+
+This crystal consists of ions.
+
+It's held together by
+what chemists like
+
+to refer to as bonds.
+
+This is called an ionic bond.
+
+And what you're witnessing here
+is ironic bonding via
+
+electron transfer.
+
+So we've now categorized the
+first form of primary bonding.
+
+Sodium chloride, magnesium
+oxide--
+
+ionic bonding.
+
+And ionic bonding must give us
+solids at room temperature.
+
+If you've got ionic bonds and
+you don't have a solid,
+
+clearly you are at elevated
+temperature where at elevated
+
+temperature, the thermal energy
+is disruptive enough to
+
+break those bonds.
+
+Those are very, very
+strong bonds.
+
+And what we're going to do next
+day is look at the nature
+
+of those bonds.
+
+So I think I'm going
+to stop the formal
+
+lesson at this point.
+
+And by the way, perhaps I failed
+to mention on the first
+
+day of the class.
+
+What I'm doing is I'm lecturing
+for, out of the 50
+
+minutes, about 45 on
+hard core topics.
+
+And then, about the last 5,
+7 minutes, I want to go to
+
+something related to these--
+chemistry in the
+
+world around us.
+
+That's why you see this
+little break.
+
+But it doesn't mean that
+class is dismissed.
+
+There's a difference between
+changing topics
+
+and dismissing class.
+
+I don't know how people
+confuse the two.
+
+But somehow I've inadvertently
+communicated to you evidently.
+
+So we're not dismissing yet.
+
+We're going to try to apply
+this knowledge somehow.
+
+So what I wanted to do was to
+show you what happens with
+
+these ionic solids
+in commerce.
+
+And in particular, I wanted to
+talk about metallurgy and the
+
+best form of metallurgy,
+which is of course,
+
+electrometallurgy.
+
+Which is the kind of research
+that I'm involved in.
+
+And electrometallurgy
+is quite pervasive.
+
+The aluminum beverage can is
+made by electrometallurgy, as
+
+is magnesium.
+
+So I'm going to talk to you a
+little bit about magnesium.
+
+This is a bar of magnesium.
+
+Obviously, it's magnesium
+because if it were steel, it
+
+would be so massive that I
+wouldn't be able to fling it
+
+around like this.
+
+The density of iron is 7.87,
+the density of magnesium is
+
+about 1.76.
+
+It's less than 2.
+
+It's 2/3 of the density
+of aluminum.
+
+It's lighter than aluminum.
+
+Now perhaps some of
+you've been told
+
+that magnesium burns.
+
+Well, let's see what happens.
+
+There's a billet of magnesium
+and this is
+
+the key made of steel.
+
+We're OK.
+
+We're OK.
+
+It's not going to burn.
+
+That's a myth.
+
+Magnesium in powder
+form, magnesium in
+
+ribbon form will burn.
+
+The surface to volume ratio is
+so high that the oxidation
+
+generates a lot of heat.
+
+But here the surface to
+volume ratio is so
+
+low that it's fine.
+
+In fact, I went to school at
+the University of Toronto.
+
+And at the time the department
+head was a man by the name of
+
+Pigeon who invented a process
+during World War II to make
+
+magnesium cheaply.
+
+And when he came into the
+classroom to lecture on the
+
+day that he would talk about
+magnesium, in those days they
+
+had lab benches at the front
+of the class with sinks and
+
+gas outlets.
+
+And he would put the magnesium
+billet on a stand and light a
+
+Bunsen burner under it.
+
+And of course, people in the
+class sort of leaned back, and
+
+he would lecture for 45 five
+minutes with the Bunsen flame
+
+burning the whole time.
+
+And then towards the end he
+would extinguish the flame,
+
+let the billet cool.
+
+And then pick it up and go back
+to his office with it to
+
+make the point.
+
+All right, so how do we
+make these metals?
+
+Well, what we do is we reverse
+the electron transfer step.
+
+And we start with the cations
+and anions, and we force the
+
+electrons back onto the
+cations anions.
+
+Thereby, creating the
+neutrals again.
+
+This is called electrolysis.
+
+So cation plus electron
+gives us neutral.
+
+Anion minus electron
+gives us neutral.
+
+So in the case of magnesium,
+we start with magnesium
+
+chloride, which dissolves and
+forms magnesium cations and
+
+chloride anions.
+
+So, at elevated temperature--
+
+in this case, at about 700
+degrees Celsius, the ionic
+
+solid becomes an ionic liquid.
+
+And it's clear, colorless, and
+has the fluidity of water.
+
+And this is a very simple
+schematic, so we've made the
+
+cathode of steel negative and
+on the negative electrode,
+
+magnesium ions are reduced to
+magnesium, which is a liquid
+
+at this temperature.
+
+And these are little bubbles
+of magnesium
+
+and they pool here.
+
+And we collect them and
+syphon them off.
+
+And on the other electrode,
+we're
+
+making bubbles of chlorine.
+
+And they rise and
+we collect them.
+
+So we reverse nature.
+
+If you put chlorine in the
+presence of magnesium it wants
+
+to form magnesium chloride.
+
+Here we do the reverse.
+
+So electrolysis undoes the
+spontaneous electron transfer
+
+of ion formations.
+
+So I decided I better get
+something more authoritative
+
+than my little cartoon.
+
+So first I looked on the library
+website and I found
+
+that there was an article in
+this volume of Advances in
+
+Molten Salt Chemistry.
+
+And there's this article here,
+an authoritative article about
+
+chemistry and electrochemistry
+of magnesium production.
+
+And so I decided to turn to the
+article and let me read
+
+the first paragraph of this
+authoritative article.
+
+A cubic kilometer--
+
+what is a cubic kilometer?
+
+It's a cube, 1 kilometer
+on edge.
+
+A cubic kilometer of sea water
+contains approximately 1
+
+million tons of magnesium.
+
+1 million tons of magnesium as
+the salt magnesium chloride
+
+decahydrate dissolved
+in sea water.
+
+More than has ever been produced
+in one year by all
+
+the magnesium plants
+in the world.
+
+The world production of
+magnesium right now is about
+
+600 million tons.
+
+No, furthermore, sea water
+contains only 3.7% of the
+
+total magnesium present in the
+earth's crust. Clearly
+
+magnesium resources are
+ubiquitous and virtually
+
+inexhaustible.
+
+So when people tell you we've
+got to recycle because we're
+
+running out of resources,
+I read this--
+
+I don't know.
+
+You might want to recycle for
+other reasons, but you can't
+
+make the case it's because
+of scarcity.
+
+This is magnesium that
+has been made by this
+
+electrolytic root.
+
+And what's the value of this?
+
+It can substitute for steel
+in automobiles.
+
+It's density is less than 2.
+
+Steel is about 8.
+
+Factor of 4 you lightweight the
+vehicle, which means per
+
+unit distance traveled,
+less fuel consumed.
+
+Fewer emissions.
+
+And less fuel, which means less
+
+dependence on imported petroleum.
+
+So why aren't we doing this?
+
+Why aren't we lightweighting our
+vehicles with magnesium.
+
+Because the bonds are so strong
+the energy required to
+
+make this metal is so high
+that it's very costly.
+
+If I give you a light bulb that
+costs three times what
+
+the other light bulb does and
+burns only twice as long, you
+
+won't buy it.
+
+If it costs three times as much
+and burns 10 times as
+
+long, then you're willing
+to pay the premium.
+
+So what we do in my research
+group, among other things, is
+
+study the electrochemical
+processes by which we make
+
+these metals in order to make
+the process more efficient.
+
+Thereby reducing the cost,
+making these lighter materials
+
+more competitive.
+
+Thereby, making the world a
+better place by electron
+
+transfer in service
+of humanity.
+
+And I invite you
+to do the same.
+
+But in order to do so,
+you have to learn
+
+the lessons of 3091.
+
+Because after all, this is the
+most important subject you
+
+will take at MIT.
+
+All right, we'll see
+you on Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/d5NMrA2HkG4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4058 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Any questions from
+last time about Gibbs Sampling?
+
+No?
+
+So at the end, we
+introduced this concept
+
+of relative entropy.
+
+So I just wanted to briefly
+review this, and make
+
+sure it's clear to everyone.
+
+So the relative
+entropy is a measure
+
+of distance between
+probability distributions--
+
+can be written different ways,
+often with this D p q notation.
+
+And as you'll see, it's
+the mean bit-score,
+
+if you're scoring a motif
+with a foreground model, pk,
+
+and a background model,
+qk it's the average log
+
+odd score under the motif model.
+
+And I asked you to show
+that under the special case
+
+where qk is 1 over
+4 to the w, that
+
+is uniform background, that the
+relative entropy of the motif
+
+ends up being simply 2w minus 8.
+
+Did anyone have a
+chance to do this?
+
+It's pretty simple--
+has anyone done this?
+
+Can anyone show this?
+
+Want me to do it briefly?
+
+How many would like to
+actually see this derivation?
+
+It's very, very quick.
+
+Few people, OK.
+
+So I'll just do
+that really quick.
+
+So summation Pk log Pk over
+qk equals-- so you rewrite it
+
+as a difference, the
+log of a quotient
+
+is the difference of the log.
+
+Of summation log Pk plus
+summation Pk log qk.
+
+OK, and then the special case
+that we're dealing with here
+
+is that qk is
+equal to a quarter,
+
+if we're dealing
+with the simplest
+
+case of a one-base motif.
+
+And so you recognize that
+that's minus H of Pp, right?
+
+H of p is defined as minus
+that, so it's minus H p.
+
+And this here, that's
+just a quarter.
+
+Log 2 of a quarter is minus 2.
+
+You can take the minus
+2 outside of the sum,
+
+so you're ending up with
+minus 2-- I'm sorry.
+
+How come Sally
+didn't correct me?
+
+Usually she catches
+these things.
+
+So that's a minus there,
+right, because we're
+
+taking the difference.
+
+And so then we have a minus
+2 that we're pulling out
+
+from this, and you're
+left with summation Pk.
+
+And summation Pk, it sums to 1.
+
+So that's just 1.
+
+And so this equals minus
+minus 2, or 2 minus H of p.
+
+And there are many other
+results of this type that
+
+can be shown in
+information theory.
+
+Often there are
+some simple results
+
+you can get simply by
+using this by splitting it
+
+into different
+terms, and summing.
+
+So another result that
+I mentioned earlier,
+
+without showing, is that if you
+have a motif, say, of length 2,
+
+that the information
+content of that motif model
+
+can be broken into
+the information
+
+content of each position
+if your model is such
+
+that the positions
+are independent.
+
+So you would have,
+in that case--
+
+let's just take the entropy of
+a model on [? dinucleotides. ?]
+
+It that would be minus
+summation Pi Pj log Pi Pj,
+
+if you have a model where
+the two are independent,
+
+and this sum would be
+taken over both i and j.
+
+And so if you want to show
+that this is equal to-- I
+
+claim that this is
+equal to the i--
+
+Anyway, if you have different
+positions, in general--
+
+this would be the more general
+term-- where you have two
+
+different compositions at the
+two positions for the motif.
+
+And then you can show that
+it's equal to basically the sum
+
+the entropies at
+the two positions.
+
+OK, you do the same thing.
+
+You separate out
+the log of the sum,
+
+in terms of the sum of
+the logs, and then you
+
+do properties of summations
+until you get the answer.
+
+OK, so this is your
+homework, and obviously it
+
+won't be graded.
+
+But we'll check in
+next Thursday and see
+
+if anyone has
+questions with that.
+
+So what is the use
+of relative entropy?
+
+the main use in
+bio-informatics is
+
+that it's a measure that
+takes into account non-uniform
+
+backgrounds.
+
+The standard definition
+of information
+
+basically works
+when the background
+
+is uniform, but falls apart
+when it's non-uniform.
+
+So if you have a
+very biased genome,
+
+like this one shown
+here which is 75% A T,
+
+then the information content
+using the standard method
+
+would be two bits of this
+motif, which is P C equals 1.
+
+But then, that would
+predict, using the formula,
+
+that a motif occurs 2 to
+the information content--
+
+once every 2 to the information
+content bases-- that
+
+would be 2 to the 2,
+which would be 4 bases,
+
+and that's clearly
+incorrect in this case.
+
+But the relative
+entropy, if you do it,
+
+there will be four terms, but
+three of them just have a 0.
+
+And then one of them has a 1,
+so it's 1 times log 1 over 1/8,
+
+in this case, and that's
+will be equal to 3.
+
+And so the relative
+entropy clearly
+
+gives you a more
+sensible version.
+
+It's a good measure for
+non-uniform backgrounds.
+
+Questions about
+relative entropy?
+
+All right, so then
+we said you can
+
+use a weight matrix, or a
+position-specific probability
+
+matrix, for a motif like this
+five-prime splice site motif,
+
+assuming independence
+between positions.
+
+But if that's not true, then
+a natural generalization
+
+would be an inhomogeneous
+Markov model.
+
+So now, we're going to say
+that the base at position k
+
+depends on the base
+at position k minus 1,
+
+but not on anything before that.
+
+And so, the probability
+of generating
+
+a particular sequence, S1 to S9,
+is now given by this expression
+
+here, where you have for
+every base after the first,
+
+you have a conditional
+probability.
+
+This is the
+conditional probability
+
+of seeing the base, S2,
+at position minus 2, given
+
+that you saw S1 at position
+minus 3, and so forth.
+
+And again, you can take the log
+for convenience, if you like.
+
+So I actually implemented
+both of these models.
+
+So just for thinking about it,
+if you want to implement this,
+
+you have parameters-- these
+conditional probability
+
+parameters-- and you
+estimate them as shown here.
+
+So remember, conditional
+probability of A given B
+
+is the joint probability
+divided by the probability of B.
+
+And so in this case, that
+would be the joint probability
+
+of seeing C A at minus
+3, minus 2, divided
+
+by the probability of
+seeing C at minus 3.
+
+You could have the ratio of the
+frequencies, or, in this case,
+
+the counts, because the
+normalization constant
+
+will cancel.
+
+Is that clear?
+
+So I actually implemented
+both the weight matrix model
+
+and a first-order Markov model
+of five-prime splice sites,
+
+and scored some
+genomic sequence.
+
+And what you can see here, the
+units are in 1/10th-bit units,
+
+is that they both are partially
+successful in separating real
+
+five-prime splice sites-- shown
+in black from the background,
+
+shown in light bars--
+but in both cases,
+
+it's not a perfect separation.
+
+There's some overlap here.
+
+And if you zoom
+there, you can see
+
+that the Markov model
+is a little bit better.
+
+It has a tighter
+tail on the left.
+
+So it's generally
+separating the true
+
+from the decoys a
+little bit better.
+
+Not dramatically better,
+but slightly better.
+
+Yes, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: From the
+previous slide,
+
+could you clarify what the
+letter R and the letter S are?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes,
+sorry about that.
+
+R would be the odd
+ratio-- so it's
+
+the ratio of the
+probability of generating
+
+that sequence under
+the foreground
+
+model-- the plus
+model, we're calling
+
+it-- divided by the probability
+under the background,
+
+or minus, model.
+
+And then, I think I
+pointed out last time
+
+that when you get
+products of probabilities,
+
+they tend to get very small.
+
+This can cause
+computational problems.
+
+And so if you just take the
+log, you convert it into a sum.
+
+And so we'll often
+use score, or S,
+
+for the log of the odds ratio.
+
+Sorry, should have
+marked that more clearly.
+
+So Markov models can
+improve performance,
+
+when there is dependence,
+and when you have enough data
+
+to estimate the increased
+number of parameters.
+
+And it doesn't just
+have to be dependence
+
+on the previous base--
+you can have a model where
+
+the probability of
+the next base depends
+
+on the two previous bases.
+
+That would be called a
+second-order Markov model,
+
+or in general, a
+K-order Markov model.
+
+Sometimes, these dependencies
+actually occur in practice.
+
+With five-prime splice
+sites, it's a nice example,
+
+because there's probably
+a couple thousand of them
+
+in the human genome, and
+we know them very well,
+
+so you can make
+quite complex models
+
+and have enough
+data to train them.
+
+But in general,
+if you're thinking
+
+about modeling a transcription
+factor binding site,
+
+or something, often you might
+have dozens or, at best,
+
+hundreds of examples, typically.
+
+And so you might not
+have enough to train
+
+some of the larger model.
+
+So how many
+parameters do you need
+
+to fit a K-order Markov model?
+
+So question first, yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+If you're comparing
+
+the first-order Markov models
+with W M M, what is W M M?
+
+PROFESSOR: Weight matrix, or
+position-specific probability
+
+matrix.
+
+Just a model of independence
+between the two.
+
+Coming back to this case.
+
+So let's suppose
+you are thinking
+
+about making a
+K-order Markov model,
+
+because you do some
+statistical tasks
+
+and you find there's some
+dependence between sets
+
+of positions in your motif.
+
+How many parameters
+would there be?
+
+So if you have an independence
+model, or weight matrix
+
+or position-specific
+probability matrix,
+
+there are four parameters
+at each position,
+
+the probabilities
+of the four bases.
+
+This will be only
+three free parameters,
+
+because the fourth one-- but
+let's just think about it
+
+as four, four parameters
+times the width of the motif.
+
+So if I now go to a
+first-order Markov model,
+
+now there's more
+parameters, because I
+
+have these conditional
+probabilities at each position.
+
+So how many
+parameters are there?
+
+For a first-order Markov?
+
+How many do I need to estimate?
+
+Yeah, Kevin?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think it would
+be 16 at each position.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, 16
+at each position,
+
+except the first
+position, which has four.
+
+OK, and what about a
+second-order Markov model,
+
+where you condition on the
+two previous positions?
+
+64, right?
+
+Because you have two possible
+bases you're conditioning on,
+
+that's 16 possibilities times 4.
+
+And so in general, the
+formula is 4 to the k plus 1.
+
+This is really the issue-- if
+you have only 100 sequences,
+
+and you need to estimate 64
+parameters at each position,
+
+you don't have enough
+data to estimate those.
+
+So you shouldn't use
+such a high order model.
+
+All right, so let's
+think about this--
+
+what could happen if you don't
+have enough data to estimate
+
+parameters, and how can
+you get around that?
+
+So let's just take a
+very simple example.
+
+So suppose you were setting
+a new transcription factor.
+
+You had done some sort of
+pull-down assay, followed
+
+by, say, conventional
+sequencing,
+
+and identified 10
+sequences that bind
+
+to that transcription factor.
+
+And these are the 10
+sequences, and you align them.
+
+You see there is
+sort of a pattern
+
+there-- there's usually an
+A at the first position,
+
+and usually a C at the
+second, and so forth.
+
+And so you consider making
+a weight matrix model.
+
+Then you tally up-- there's
+eight A's, one C, one G,
+
+and no T's at the
+first position.
+
+So how confident can
+you be that T is not
+
+compatible with binding of
+this transcription factor?
+
+Who thinks you can
+be very confident?
+
+Most of you are
+shaking your head.
+
+So if you're not confident,
+why are you not confident?
+
+I think-- wait, were
+you shaking your head?
+
+What's the problem here?
+
+It's just too small
+a sample, right?
+
+Maybe T occurs rarely.
+
+So suppose that T occurs
+at a frequency of 10%,
+
+what's the probability of
+that in natural sequences?
+
+And we just have a
+random sample of those.
+
+What's the probability
+we wouldn't
+
+see any T's in a
+sample of size 10?
+
+Anyone have an idea?
+
+Anyone have a ballpark
+number on this?
+
+Yeah, Simona?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0.9 to the 10th.
+
+PROFESSOR: 0.9 to the 10th, OK.
+
+And what is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0.9 is the probability
+that you grab one, and don't
+
+see a T, and then
+you do that 10 times.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, exactly.
+
+In genera it's a binomial
+thing, but it works out
+
+to be 0.9 to the 10th.
+
+And that's roughly--
+this is like a Poisson.
+
+There's a mean of 1, so it's
+roughly E to the minus 1,
+
+so about 35% chance that
+you don't see any T's.
+
+So we really shouldn't
+be confident.
+
+T probably doesn't have
+a frequency of 0.5,
+
+but it could easily have a
+frequency of 10% or even 5%,
+
+or even 15%.
+
+And you might have
+just not seen it.
+
+So you don't want to assign
+a probability 0 to T.
+
+But what value should you assign
+for something you haven't seen?
+
+Sally?
+
+So, it turns out there
+is a principled way
+
+to do this called pseudocounts.
+
+So basically, if you use
+maximum likelihood estimation,
+
+you get-- maximum
+likelihood, it turns out,
+
+is equal to the
+observed frequency.
+
+But if you assume that the
+true frequency is unknown,
+
+but was sampled from
+all possible, reasonable
+
+frequencies-- so that's a
+Dirichlet distribution-- then
+
+you can calculate what the
+posterior distribution is
+
+in a Bayesian framework, given
+that you observed, for example,
+
+zero T's, what's
+the distribution
+
+of that parameter,
+frequency of T?
+
+And it turns out, it's
+equivalent to adding
+
+a single count to
+each of your bins.
+
+I'm not going to go
+through the derivation,
+
+because it takes
+time, but it is well
+
+described in the appendix
+of a book called,
+
+Biological Sequence
+Analysis, published about 10,
+
+15 years ago by a number of
+leaders in the field-- Durbin,
+
+Eddy, Krogh, and Mitchison.
+
+And there's also a derivation
+of this in the probability
+
+and statistics primer.
+
+So basically you just do
+this poster calculation,
+
+and it turns out to be
+equivalent to adding 1 count.
+
+So when you add 1 count--
+and then, of course,
+
+you re-normalize,
+and then you get
+
+a frequency-- what
+effectively it does
+
+is it will reduce the
+frequency of things
+
+that you observe most commonly,
+and boost up the things
+
+that you don't see, so
+that you actually end up
+
+assigning a probability
+of 0.07 to T.
+
+Now, if you had a
+larger sample-- so
+
+let's imagine instead of 8
+1 1 0, it was 80 10 10 0,
+
+you still at a single count.
+
+So you can see in
+that case, you're
+
+only going to be adding a very
+small, close to 1%, for T.
+
+So as you get more
+data, it converges
+
+to the maximum
+likelihood estimate.
+
+But it does something more
+reasonable, more open-minded,
+
+in a case where you're really
+limited in terms of data.
+
+So the limitation--
+you always want
+
+to be aware when
+you're considering
+
+going to a more complex model to
+get better predictability-- you
+
+want to be aware of
+how much data you have,
+
+and whether you have enough to
+accurately estimate parameters.
+
+And if you don't, you
+either simplify the model,
+
+or if you can't
+simplify it anymore,
+
+consider using pseudocounts.
+
+Sometimes you'll see
+smaller pseudocounts added--
+
+like instead of 1
+1 1 1, you might
+
+see a quarter, one pseudocount
+distributed across the four
+
+bins.
+
+There's arguments pro and
+con, which I won't go into.
+
+So for the remainder
+of today, I want
+
+to introduce hidden
+Markov models.
+
+We'll talk about
+some the terminology,
+
+some applications, and the
+Viterbi algorithm-- which
+
+is a core algorithm when
+using HMMs to predict things--
+
+and then we'll give
+a couple examples.
+
+So we'll talk about
+the CpG Island
+
+HMM, which is about the
+simplest HMM I could think of,
+
+which is good for illustrating
+the mechanics of HMM.
+
+And then a couple
+later, probably
+
+coming into the next
+lecture, some examples
+
+of real-world
+HMMs, like one that
+
+predicts transmembrane helices.
+
+So some background reading
+for today's lecture
+
+that's posted on
+the course website,
+
+there's a nature
+biotechnology primer on HMMs,
+
+there's a little
+bit in the textbook.
+
+But really, if you want to
+understand the guts of HMMs,
+
+you should read the
+Rabiner tutorial,
+
+which is really
+pretty well done.
+
+For Thursday's lecture, I will
+post another of these nature
+
+biotechnology primers
+on RNA folding.
+
+This one is actually has
+a little bit more content,
+
+takes a little bit
+longer to absorb probably
+
+than some of the
+others, but still
+
+a good introduction
+to the topic.
+
+And then it turns out the
+text has a pretty good section
+
+on RNA folding, so take
+a look at chapter 11.
+
+So hidden Markov
+models can be thought
+
+of as a general approach
+for modeling sequence
+
+labeling problems--
+you have sequences,
+
+they might be genomic
+sequences, protein sequences,
+
+RNA sequences.
+
+And these sequences have
+features-- promoters,
+
+they may have domains,
+et cetera, linear motifs.
+
+And you want to
+label those features
+
+in an unknown sequence.
+
+So a classical example
+would be gene finding.
+
+You have a genomic sequence,
+some parts are, say, exon,
+
+some are introns.
+
+You want to be able to
+label them, it's not known.
+
+But you might have a training
+set of known exons and introns,
+
+and you might learn what the
+sequence composition of each
+
+of those labels
+looks like, and then
+
+make a model that
+builds things together.
+
+And what they allow you
+to do, though, with HMMs
+
+is to have transition
+probabilities
+
+between the different states.
+
+You could model
+states, you can model
+
+the length of different types
+of states to some extent--
+
+as we'll see-- and
+you can model which
+
+states need to
+follow other states.
+
+They're relatively
+easy to design,
+
+you can just simply
+draw a graph.
+
+It can even have cycles
+in it, that's OK.
+
+And they've been
+described as the LEGOs
+
+of computational
+sequence analysis.
+
+They were developed originally
+in electrical engineering
+
+four or five decades
+ago for applications
+
+in voice recognition,
+and they're still
+
+used in voice recognition.
+
+So when you are calling up some
+large corporation, and instead
+
+of a person answering
+the phone, some computer
+
+answering the phone
+and attempting
+
+to recognize your
+voice, it could well
+
+be an HMM on the other end,
+which is either correctly
+
+recognizing what
+you're saying, or not.
+
+So you can thank them or
+blame them, as you wish.
+
+All right, so Markov Model
+example-- we did this before,
+
+imagine the genotype
+at a particular locus,
+
+and successive generations is
+thought of as a Markov chain.
+
+Bart's genotype depends on
+Homer's, but is conditionally
+
+independent of Grandpa
+Simpson's, given Homer's.
+
+So now what's a
+hidden Markov model?
+
+So imagine that our
+DNA sequencer is not
+
+working that week,
+we can't actually
+
+go in and measure the genotype.
+
+But instead, we're going to
+observe some phenotype that's
+
+dependent on genotype.
+
+But it's not dependent
+in a deterministic way,
+
+it's dependent in a more
+complex way, because there's
+
+an impact of environment,
+as well, let's say.
+
+So we're imagining that your
+genotype at the apolipoprotein
+
+locus is correlated
+with cholesterol,
+
+but doesn't
+completely predict it.
+
+So you're homozygous, you tend
+to have higher LDL cholesterol
+
+than you are heterozygous.
+
+But there's a
+distribution depending
+
+on how many doughnuts you
+eat, or something like that.
+
+Imagine that we
+observe that grandpa
+
+had low cholesterol, 150,
+Homer had high cholesterol,
+
+and Bart's cholesterol
+is intermediate.
+
+Now if we had just observed
+Bart's cholesterol,
+
+we would say, well, it
+could go either way.
+
+It could be homozygous
+or heterozygous.
+
+You would just look at
+the population frequency
+
+of those two, and would
+use that to guess.
+
+But remember, we know his
+father's cholesterol, which
+
+was 250, makes it
+much more likely
+
+that his father was homozygous,
+and then that, in turn, biases
+
+the distribution
+[? of it. ?] So that'll
+
+make it a little bit more
+likely that Bart, himself, is
+
+homozygous, if you didn't know.
+
+So this is the basic idea-- you
+have some observable phenotype,
+
+if you will, that depends,
+in a probabilistic way,
+
+on something hidden.
+
+And that hidden thing has some
+dependent structure to it.
+
+And you want to, then,
+predict those hidden states
+
+from the observable data.
+
+So we'll give some more
+examples coming up.
+
+And the way to think about these
+models, or at least a handy way
+
+to think about them, is
+as generative models.
+
+And so this is from
+the Rabiner tutorial--
+
+you imagine an HMM used
+in order to generate
+
+observable sequences.
+
+So there's these hidden
+states-- think of them
+
+as genotypes--
+observable-- think
+
+of them as the
+cholesterol levels.
+
+So the way that it works is
+you choose an initial state
+
+from one of your
+possible hidden states,
+
+according to some
+initial distribution,
+
+you set the time
+variable equal to 1.
+
+In this case, it's T,
+which will, in our case,
+
+often be the position
+in the sequence.
+
+And then you choose
+an observed value,
+
+according to some
+probability distribution,
+
+but it depends on what
+that hidden state was.
+
+And then you transition
+to a new state,
+
+and then you emit another one.
+
+So we'll do an example.
+
+Let's say bacterial gene
+finding is our application,
+
+and we're going to model
+a bacterial gene-- these
+
+are protein coding genes,
+only it's got to have a start
+
+coat on, it's got to have
+an open reading frame,
+
+and then it's got to
+have a stop code on it.
+
+So how many different states
+do we need in our HMM?
+
+What should our states be?
+
+Anyone?
+
+Do you want to make that-- Tim?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe you
+need four states,
+
+because the start state, the
+orf state, the stop state,
+
+and the non-genic state.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, start, orf,
+stop and then intergenic,
+
+or non-genic.
+
+OK now, remember these
+are the hidden states,
+
+so what are they going to emit?
+
+They emit observable
+data, what's
+
+that observable
+data going to be?
+
+Sequence, OK.
+
+And how many bases of sequence
+should each of them emit?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well I
+guess we don't know.
+
+PROFESSOR: You have a choice.
+
+You're the model builder,
+you can do anything you want.
+
+1, 5, 10-- any number
+of bases you want.
+
+And they can emit different
+things, if you want.
+
+This is generative,
+you can do anything
+
+you want-- there will
+be consequences later,
+
+but for now-- I'm going
+to call this-- go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could start with
+the start and the stop states
+
+maybe being three.
+
+PROFESSOR: Three, OK.
+
+So this is going to
+emit three nucleotides.
+
+How about this state?
+
+What should this emit?
+
+AUDIENCE: Any number.
+
+PROFESSOR: Any number?
+
+Yeah, OK, Sally?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you let
+it emit one number,
+
+and then add a self-cycle,
+then that would work.
+
+PROFESSOR: So Sally wants
+to have this state emit one
+
+nucleotide, but she
+wants it to have
+
+a chance of returning to itself.
+
+So that then we can have strings
+of N's to represent intergenic.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+And these, I agree.
+
+Three is a good choice, here.
+
+If you had this one emit
+three, as well, then
+
+your genes would have to
+be a multiple of three
+
+apart from each other,
+which isn't realistic.
+
+You would miss out on
+some genes for that.
+
+So this has to be able to
+emit arbitrary numbers.
+
+So you could either have it
+emit an arbitrary number,
+
+but it's going to turn
+out to make the Viterbi
+
+algorithm easier if it
+just emits one and recurs,
+
+as Sally suggested.
+
+And then we have our orf state.
+
+So how about here?
+
+What should we do here?
+
+AUDIENCE: It can be
+three, and then you
+
+put the circle [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm going to
+change the name to Codon,
+
+because it's going to emit
+one codon-- three nucleotides.
+
+And then recur to itself.
+
+And now what transitions
+should we allow between states?
+
+AUDIENCE: So start to four,
+orf to stop, then stop to N,
+
+and then to start.
+
+PROFESSOR: Any others?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: N could
+go to stop, as well.
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry,
+N could go to stop?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, so that
+the gene [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so
+that's a question.
+
+We're thinking of a
+gene on the plus strand,
+
+a gene could well be
+on the opposite strand.
+
+And so we should
+probably make a model
+
+of where you would hit stop
+on the other strand, which
+
+would emit a triplet of the
+inverse complement of the stop
+
+code, [INAUDIBLE] et cetera.
+
+That's true, excellent point.
+
+And then you would
+traverse this whole circle
+
+in the opposite direction.
+
+But it wouldn't
+be the same state.
+
+It would be stop-- because it
+would emit different things.
+
+So you'd have minus
+stop, stop minus strand.
+
+And then you'd have
+some other states there.
+
+And I'm not going to draw
+those, but that's a point.
+
+And you could have a
+teeny one-codon gene
+
+if you want, but
+probably not worth it.
+
+All right, everyone have
+an idea about this HMM?
+
+So this is a model you have
+to specify in order for this
+
+to actually generate sequence.
+
+This model will
+actually generate
+
+annotations and sequence.
+
+You have to specify
+where to start,
+
+so you have to have some
+probability of starting,
+
+but the first base that
+you're going to generate
+
+is going to begin intergenic,
+or start, or codon, et cetera.
+
+And you might give it a
+high probability of this,
+
+and then it'll generate a label.
+
+So for example, let's say N.
+And then it'll generate a base,
+
+let's say G.
+
+And then you look at
+these probabilities,
+
+so the transition probability
+here, versus this-- you either
+
+generate another N, or
+you generate a start.
+
+And let's say you go
+to start, and then
+
+you'll generate three
+bases, so A T G.
+
+And then you would go
+to the codon state,
+
+you would emit some other
+triplet, and so forth.
+
+So this is a model that will
+generate strings of annotations
+
+with associated bases.
+
+Still doesn't predict
+gene structure yet,
+
+but at least it generates
+gene structures.
+
+All right, so we are going to,
+for the sake of illustrating
+
+the Viterbi
+algorithm, we're going
+
+to use a simpler HMM in that.
+
+So this one only has two
+states, and its purpose
+
+is to predict CPG islands
+in a vertebrate genome.
+
+So what are CPG islands?
+
+Anyone remember?
+
+What is a CPG island?
+
+Anyone heard of this?
+
+I'm sure some of you.
+
+Well, the definition
+here is going
+
+to be regions of high CNG
+content, and relatively high
+
+abundance of CPG dinucleotides,
+which are unmethylated.
+
+So what is the P here?
+
+The p means that the
+CG we're talking about
+
+is C followed by G along
+the particular DNA strand,
+
+just to distinguish it
+from C base paired with G.
+
+We're not talking
+about a base pair here,
+
+we're talking about
+C and G following
+
+each other along the strand.
+
+So this dinucleotide is
+rare in vertebrate genomes,
+
+because CPG is the
+site of a methylase,
+
+and methylation of the C
+is mutogenic-- it lends
+
+to a much higher
+rate of mutations.
+
+so CPGs often mutate
+away, except for the ones
+
+that are necessary.
+
+But there are certain
+regions, often near promoters,
+
+that are unmethylated,
+and therefore, CPGs
+
+can accumulate to
+higher frequencies.
+
+And so you can actually
+look for these regions
+
+and use them to predict
+where promoters are.
+
+That's one application.
+
+So they have higher CPG
+dinucleotide content, and also
+
+higher C and G content.
+
+The background of the human
+genome is about 40% C G only,
+
+so it's a bit AT rich, and so
+you see these patches of, say,
+
+50% to 60% C G that are often
+associated with promoters,
+
+with promoters of roughly
+half of human genes.
+
+So we're going to-- I always
+drop that little clicker thing.
+
+Here it is.
+
+We're going to make
+a model of these,
+
+and then run it to predict
+promoters in the gene.
+
+So here's our model.
+
+We have two states, we
+have a genome state--
+
+this sort of generic
+position in the genome--
+
+and then we have
+an island state.
+
+We have the simplest
+possible transitions,
+
+you can go genome to
+genome, genome to island,
+
+island to genome,
+or island to island.
+
+So now you can generate islands
+of arbitrary size, interspersed
+
+with genomic regions
+of arbitrary size.
+
+And then each of
+those hidden states
+
+is going to emit a single base.
+
+So a CPG island in
+this model is a stretch
+
+of I states in a row flanked
+by G states, if you will.
+
+Everyone clear on this set up?
+
+Good.
+
+So here, in order to
+fully specify the model,
+
+you need to say what
+all the parameters are.
+
+And there are really
+three class of parameters.
+
+There are initiation
+probabilities--
+
+so the green here is the
+notation used in the Rabiner
+
+tutorial, except they call them
+[? pi ?] [? j's. ?] So here,
+
+I'm going to say it's a 99%
+chance you start in the generic
+
+genome state, and a 1% chance
+you start in an island state,
+
+because islands are
+not that common.
+
+And then you need to specify
+transition probabilities.
+
+So there's four possible
+transitions you could make,
+
+and you need to assign
+probabilities to them.
+
+So if the average length of
+an island were 1,000 bases,
+
+then a reasonable value
+for the I to I transition
+
+would be 0.999.
+
+You have 99.9% chance of
+making another island,
+
+and 0.1% chance of
+leaving that island state.
+
+If you just run that in
+this generative mode,
+
+it would generate a variety
+of lengths of islands,
+
+but on average, they'd
+be about one kb long,
+
+because the probability of
+terminating is one in 1,000.
+
+And then if we imagine that
+those one kb islands are
+
+interspersed with genomic
+regions that are about, say,
+
+100 kilo bases long on average,
+then you would get this
+
+[? five ?] [? nines ?]
+probability for P G G,
+
+and 10 to the minus fifth as
+a probability of going from
+
+genome to islands.
+
+That would generate
+widely spaced islands,
+
+that are on average
+100 kb apart,
+
+that are about one kb in length.
+
+Is that making sense?
+
+And now the third type of
+probability we need to specify
+
+are called emission
+probabilities,
+
+which are the B J K
+in Rabiner notation.
+
+And this is where the predictive
+power is going to come in.
+
+There has to be a
+difference in the emissions
+
+if you're going to
+have any ability
+
+to predict these
+features, and so we're
+
+going to imagine that
+the genome is 40% C G,
+
+and islands are 60% C G.
+So it's a base composition
+
+that we're modeling.
+
+We're not doing the
+dinucleotides here,
+
+that would make it
+more complicated.
+
+We're just looking for
+patches of high G C content.
+
+So now we've fully
+specified our model.
+
+The problem here
+is that the model
+
+is written from the
+hidden generating
+
+the observable, and the problem
+we're faced with, in practice,
+
+is that we have the
+observable sequence,
+
+and we want to go
+back to the hidden.
+
+So we need to reverse
+the conditioning that's
+
+in the model.
+
+So when you see this
+type of problem,
+
+how do you reverse conditioning?
+
+In general, what's
+a good way to do it?
+
+You see P A, given
+B, but the model
+
+you have is written in P
+B, given A. What do you do?
+
+What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Bayes theorem.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, Bayes theorem.
+
+Right, let's do
+base theorem here.
+
+Remember, definition of
+conditional probability,
+
+if we have P A given B--
+so this might be the hidden
+
+states, given the observables--
+we want to write that in terms
+
+of P B given A. So
+what we do first?
+
+How do we derive Bayes rule?
+
+You first write the definition
+of conditional probability--
+
+right, that's just
+the definition.
+
+And now what do I do?
+
+Split the top part into what?
+
+AUDIENCE: A times P of
+B given [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: P B
+given A. That's just
+
+another way of writing
+joint probability of P A B,
+
+using the definition of
+conditional probability again.
+
+So now it's written
+the other way.
+
+That's basically the idea.
+
+So this is the simple form.
+
+And like I said, I
+don't usually call it
+
+a theorem, because
+it's so simple-- it's
+
+something you can
+derive in 30 seconds.
+
+It should be called maybe
+a rule, or something.
+
+There is a more general form.
+
+This is where you have
+two states, basically B
+
+or not B that
+you're dealing with.
+
+And there's this
+more general form
+
+that's shown on the slide, which
+is when you have many states.
+
+And it basically
+is the same idea,
+
+it's just that we've
+rewritten this term, this P B,
+
+and we split it up into
+all the possible states.
+
+The slide starts from PB given
+A and goes the other-- anyway,
+
+so you rewrite the
+bottom term as a sum
+
+of all the possible cases.
+
+All right, so how does
+that apply to HMMs?
+
+So with HMMs, we're interested
+in the joint probability
+
+of a set of hidden states, and
+a set of observable states.
+
+So H, capital H, is
+going to be a vector that
+
+specifies the particular hidden
+state-- for instance, island
+
+or genome-- at position 1,
+that's H1 all the way to H N.
+
+So little h's are specific
+values for those hidden state.
+
+And then, big O is a
+vector that describes
+
+the different bases
+in the genome.
+
+So O1 is the first
+base in the genome,
+
+up to O N. One can imagine
+comparing two H vectors,
+
+one of which, H versus the
+H primes, what's the what's
+
+the probability of this
+hidden state versus that?
+
+You could compare them in terms
+of their joint probabilities
+
+with this model,
+and perhaps favor
+
+those that have
+higher probabilities.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+of the two capital
+
+H's have any different notation?
+
+Like the second one being H
+prime, or something like that?
+
+Or are they supposed to be--
+
+PROFESSOR: With the
+H, in this case,
+
+these are probability statements
+about random variables.
+
+So H is a random
+variable, which could
+
+assume any possible
+sequence of hidden states.
+
+The little h's are
+specific values.
+
+So for instance,
+imagine comparing
+
+what's the probability of
+H equals genome, genome,
+
+genome, versus the
+probability that H
+
+equals genome, genome, island.
+
+So the little h's, or
+the little h primes,
+
+are specific instances.
+
+The H's is a random
+variable, unknown.
+
+Does that help?
+
+OK, so how do we
+apply Bayes' rule?
+
+So what we're interested
+in here is the probability
+
+that H, this unknown variable
+that represents hidden states,
+
+that it equals a particular
+set of hidden states,
+
+little h1 to h N, given
+the observables, little
+
+o1 to little oN, which is the
+actual sequence that we see.
+
+And we can write
+that using definition
+
+of conditional probability
+as the joint probability
+
+patient of H and O, over
+the probability of O.
+
+And then Bayes' rule, we just
+apply conditional probability
+
+again.
+
+It's P H times P O,
+given H, over P O.
+
+So it turns out that
+this P O-- so what is P O
+
+equals O1 to O N in this model?
+
+Well, the model specifies how
+to generate the hidden states,
+
+and how the observables are
+generated from those hidden
+
+states.
+
+So P O is actually defined
+as the sum of P O comma H
+
+equals the first possible
+hidden state, plus the same term
+
+for the second.
+
+You have to sum over all
+the possible outcomes
+
+of the hidden states,
+every possible thing.
+
+So if we have a sequence
+of length three,
+
+you have to sum
+over the possibility
+
+that H might be G G G or
+G G I, or G I G, or G I I,
+
+or I G G, et cetera.
+
+You have to sum over
+eight possibilities here.
+
+And if the sequence
+is a million long,
+
+you have to sum over 2 to the
+one millionth possibilities.
+
+That sounds complicated
+to calculate.
+
+So it turns out that
+there's actually a trick,
+
+and you can calculate it.
+
+But you don't have to.
+
+That's one of the
+good things, is
+
+that we can just treat
+it as a constant.
+
+So notice that the denominator
+here is independent of the H's.
+
+So we'll just treat that as a
+constant, an unknown constant.
+
+And what we're interested
+in, which possible value of H
+
+has a higher probability?
+
+So we're just going to try to
+maximize P H equals H1 to H N--
+
+find the optimal
+sequence of hidden states
+
+that optimizes that
+joint probability,
+
+the joint probability with
+the observable values,
+
+O1 to O N. Is that making sense?
+
+Basically, we want to find
+the sequence of hidden states,
+
+we'll call it H opt.
+
+So now H opt here is
+a particular vector.
+
+Capital H, by itself,
+is a random vector.
+
+This is now a particular
+vector of hidden states,
+
+H1 opt through H N opt.
+
+And it's defined as the
+vector of hidden states
+
+that maximizes the joint
+probability with O equals
+
+O1 to O N, where that's the
+observed sequence that we're
+
+dealing with.
+
+So now what I'm
+telling you is if we
+
+can find the vector
+of hidden states
+
+that maximizes the
+joint probability,
+
+then that will also maximize
+the conditional probability of H
+
+given O. And that's often
+the language of linguistics
+
+is used, and it's called the
+optimal parse of the sequence.
+
+You'll see that sometimes,
+I might say that.
+
+So the solution is to
+define these variables,
+
+R I of H, which are
+defined as the probability
+
+of the optimal parse of
+the subsequence from one
+
+to I-- not the
+whole long sequence,
+
+but a little piece of
+it from the beginning
+
+to a particular place in the
+middle, that ends in state, H.
+
+And so first.
+
+We calculate R, R 1
+1, the probability
+
+of generating the
+first base, given
+
+that it ended in hidden state 1.
+
+And then we would do
+the hidden state 2,
+
+and then we basically have to
+figure out a way, a recursion,
+
+for getting the probabilities
+of the optimal parses ending
+
+at each of the
+states at position 2,
+
+given the values at position 1.
+
+And then we go, work
+our way all the way
+
+down to the end of the sequence.
+
+And then we'll figure
+out which is better,
+
+and then we'll
+backtrack to figure out
+
+what that optimal parse was.
+
+We'll do an example
+on the board,
+
+this is unlikely to be
+completely clear at this point.
+
+But don't worry.
+
+So why is this called
+the Viterbi algorithm?
+
+Well, this is the guy
+who figured it out.
+
+He was actually an MIT alum.
+
+He did his bachelor's
+and master's in double E,
+
+I don't know, quite
+awhile ago, '50s or '60s.
+
+And later went on
+to found Qualcomm,
+
+and is now big philanthropist,
+who apparently supports USC.
+
+I don't know why he
+lost his loyalty to MIT,
+
+but maybe he'll come back
+and give us a seminar.
+
+I actually met him once.
+
+Let's talk about his
+algorithm a little more.
+
+So what I want to do is I
+want to take a particular HMM,
+
+so we'll take our
+CPG island HMM,
+
+and then we'll go through
+the actual Viterbi
+
+algorithm on the board
+for a particular sequence.
+
+And you'll see that it's
+actually pretty simple.
+
+But then you'll
+also see that it's
+
+not totally obvious
+why it works.
+
+The mechanics of it
+are not that bad,
+
+but the understanding
+really how it
+
+is able to come up with
+the optimal parses, that's
+
+the more subtle part.
+
+So let's suppose
+we have a sequence,
+
+A C G. Can anyone tell
+me what the optimal parse
+
+of this sequence is,
+without doing Viterbi?
+
+With this particular
+model, these initiation
+
+probabilities transitions
+and emissions?
+
+Do you know what it's
+going to be in advance?
+
+Any guesses?
+
+AUDIENCE: How about
+genome, island, island.
+
+PROFESSOR: Genome,
+island, island.
+
+Because, you're saying,
+that way the emissions
+
+will be optimized, right?
+
+Because you'll omit
+the C's and G's.
+
+OK, that's a reasonable guess.
+
+Sally's shaking
+her head, though.
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+transitional probability
+
+from being in the genome
+is very, very small,
+
+and so it's more likely
+that it'll either only
+
+be in the genome or
+only be in the island.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the
+transition from going
+
+from a genome to island or
+island to genome is very small,
+
+and so she's saying you're
+going to pay a bigger
+
+penalty for making that
+transition in there, that
+
+may not be offset
+by the emissions.
+
+Right, is that your point?
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Check here-- when
+we're talking about the optimal
+
+parse, we're saying let's
+maximize the probability
+
+of that letter--
+
+PROFESSOR: The
+joint probability.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry, the joint
+probability of that letter--
+
+PROFESSOR: Of that [INAUDIBLE]
+state and that letter.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, so that means--
+
+PROFESSOR: Or that set
+of [INAUDIBLE] states
+
+and that set of bases.
+
+AUDIENCE: So when
+we're computing
+
+across this
+three-letter thing, we
+
+have to say the probability
+of the letter, then let's
+
+multiply if by the
+probability of the transition
+
+to the next letter, and
+then multiply it again
+
+[INAUDIBLE] and that letter.
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's do this.
+
+If A C G is our
+sequence-- I'm just
+
+going to space it
+out a little bit.
+
+Here's our A at position one,
+here's our C at position two,
+
+and our G at position three.
+
+And then we have
+our hidden states.
+
+And so we'll write genome first,
+and then we have island here.
+
+And so what is the optimal
+parse of the sequence from base
+
+one to base one,
+that ends in genome?
+
+It's just the one
+that starts in genome,
+
+because it doesn't go--
+right, so it's just genome.
+
+And what is its probability?
+
+That's how this thing
+is defined here.
+
+This is this R I H thing
+I was talking about.
+
+This is H, and this is I here.
+
+So the probability
+of the optimal parse
+
+of the sequence, up to position
+one, that ends in genome,
+
+is just the one that
+starts in genome,
+
+and then emits that base.
+
+So what's the probability
+of starting in genome?
+
+It's five nines, right?
+
+So that's the initial
+probability-- 9 9 9 9 9.
+
+And then what's the probability
+of emitting an A, given
+
+that we're in the genome state?
+
+0.3.
+
+So I claim that
+this is the value
+
+of R1 of genome, of
+the genome state.
+
+OK, that's the optimal parse.
+
+There's only one
+parse, so there's
+
+nothing-- it is what it is.
+
+You start here, there's no
+transitions-- we started here--
+
+and then you emit an A.
+
+What's the probability
+of the optimal parse
+
+ending an island at position
+one of the sequence?
+
+Someone else?
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why are we using
+the transition probability?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is the
+initial-- Oh, I'm sorry.
+
+Correct.
+
+Thank you, thank you--
+what was your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Deborah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Deborah,
+OK, thanks Deborah.
+
+It should be the
+initial probability,
+
+which is 0.99, good.
+
+Initial probability.
+
+What about island?
+
+Deborah, you want
+to take this one?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0.01.
+
+PROFESSOR: 0.01 to be an island.
+
+And what about the
+emission probability?
+
+We have to start
+an island, and then
+
+emit an A, which
+is probably what?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0.2.
+
+PROFESSOR: 0.2, yeah,
+it's up on the screen.
+
+Should be, hopefully.
+
+Yeah, 0.02.
+
+So who's winning so far?
+
+If the sequences
+ended at position one?
+
+Genome, genome's winning.
+
+This is a lot bigger
+than that, it's
+
+about 150 times bigger, right?
+
+Now what do when we go-- we said
+we have to do recursion, right?
+
+We have to figure
+out the probability
+
+of the optimal parse ending
+at position two in each
+
+of these states, given
+the optimal parse ending
+
+at position one.
+
+How do we figure that out?
+
+What are we going to
+write here, or what
+
+do we have to compare to
+figure out what to put here?
+
+There's two possible
+parses ending in genome
+
+at position two--
+there's the one that
+
+started in genome
+at position one,
+
+and there's the one
+that started at island.
+
+So you have to
+compare this to this.
+
+So you compare what the
+probability of this parse
+
+was times the
+transition probability,
+
+and then the emission
+in that state.
+
+So what would that be?
+
+What would this be,
+if we stay in genome?
+
+What's the transition?
+
+Now we've got our five
+nines, yeah, good.
+
+So five nines.
+
+And the emission is what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Genome at 0.2.
+
+PROFESSOR: 0.2, right.
+
+And times this.
+
+And what about this one?
+
+What are we going
+to multiply when
+
+we consider this island
+to genome transition?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 0.01?
+
+Because the genome is still 0.2.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's still 0.2.
+
+So we take the maximum
+of these, right?
+
+We're doing optimal parse,
+highest probability.
+
+So which one of these
+two turns this bigger?
+
+Clearly, the top one is bigger.
+
+This one is already
+bigger than this,
+
+and we're multiplying
+by the same data,
+
+so clearly the answer
+here is 0.99 times
+
+0.3 times-- my nines
+are going to have
+
+to get really skinny
+here-- 0.99999 and 0.2.
+
+That's the winner.
+
+And the other thing we do,
+besides recording this number,
+
+is we circle this arrow.
+
+Does this ring a bell?
+
+This is sort of
+like Needleman-Wench
+
+or Smith-Waterman,
+where you don't just
+
+record what's the
+best score, but you
+
+remember how you got there.
+
+We're going to need that later.
+
+And what about here?
+
+What's the optimal
+parse-- what's
+
+the probability of the
+optimal parse ending
+
+in island at position two?
+
+Or what do I have to
+do to calculate it?
+
+Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: You have to
+calculate the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, you consider
+going genome to island here,
+
+and island to island.
+
+And who's going
+to win that race?
+
+Do you have an idea?
+
+Genome to island
+had a head start,
+
+but it pays a penalty
+for the transition.
+
+The transition is pretty small,
+that's 10 to the minus fifth.
+
+And what about this one?
+
+This has a much higher
+transition probability
+
+of 0.999.
+
+And so even though you were
+starting from something,
+
+this is about 150 times
+smaller than this.
+
+But this is being multiplied
+by 10 to the minus fifth,
+
+and this is being multiplied
+by something that's around 1.
+
+So this one will win,
+island to island will win.
+
+Everyone agree on that?
+
+And what will that value be?
+
+So it's whatever
+it was before times
+
+the transition, which is what?
+
+From island to island?
+
+999.
+
+Times the emission which is?
+
+0.3.
+
+Island is more
+likely [? to omit ?]
+
+a C. Everyone clear on that?
+
+And then, we're not that until
+we circle this arrow here.
+
+That was the winner, the
+winner was coming from island,
+
+remaining on island.
+
+And then we keep
+going like this.
+
+Do you want me to
+do one more base?
+
+How many people want
+me to do one more base,
+
+and how many people
+want me to stop this?
+
+I'll do one more
+base, but you guys
+
+will have to help
+me a little bit.
+
+Who is going to
+win-- now we want
+
+the probability of the
+optimal parse ending in G,
+
+ending at position three, which
+is a G, and ending in genome,
+
+or ending in island.
+
+So for ending in genome, where
+is that one going to come from?
+
+Which is going to win?
+
+This one, or this one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Stay in genome.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, stay in
+genome is going to win.
+
+This one is already
+bigger than this,
+
+and the transition
+probability here-- this
+
+is a 10 to minus 3
+transition probability.
+
+And this is a probability
+that's near one,
+
+so the transitions are
+going to dominate here.
+
+And so you're going to
+have this term-- I'm
+
+going to call that R 2 of G.
+That's this notation here.
+
+And times the
+transition probability,
+
+genome to genome, which
+is all these nines here.
+
+And then the
+emission probability
+
+of a G in the
+genome state is 0.2.
+
+And who's going to win here
+for the optimal parse, ending
+
+at position three,
+in the island state?
+
+Is it going to be this guy,
+to island, or this one,
+
+changing from genome to island?
+
+Island to island, because,
+again, the transmission
+
+probability is
+prohibitive-- that's a 10
+
+to the minus fifth
+penalty there.
+
+So you're going
+to stay in island.
+
+So this one won here,
+and this one won here.
+
+And so this term
+here is R 2 of island
+
+times the transition
+probability, island to island,
+
+which is 0.999 times the
+emission probability, which
+
+is 0.3 of a G in
+the island state.
+
+Everyone clear on that?
+
+Now, if we went out another 20
+bases, what's going to happen?
+
+Probably not a lot.
+
+Probably the same kind of
+stuff that's happening.
+
+That seems kind of
+boring, but when would
+
+we actually get a cross?
+
+What would it take?
+
+To push you over and cause
+you to transition from one
+
+to the other?
+
+AUDIENCE: Slowly stacked
+against you or long enough?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's
+a good way to put it.
+
+So let me give you an example.
+
+This is the Viterbi algorithm,
+written out mathematically.
+
+We can go over this in
+a moment, but I just
+
+want to try to stay
+with the intuition here.
+
+We did that, now
+I want to do this.
+
+Suppose your sequence is A C
+G T, repeating 10,000 times.
+
+Can anyone figure out what the
+optimal parse of that sequence
+
+would be, without doing
+Viterbi in their head?
+
+Start and stay in genome.
+
+Can you explain why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+it's equal to the--
+
+what are the
+[? widths? ?] Because it's
+
+homogeneous to the
+distributor, as opposed
+
+to enriched for C N G, and it
+just repeats without pattern.
+
+Or it repeats throughout without
+[? concentrating the C N Gs ?]
+
+anywhere.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so the unit of
+the repeat, this A C G T unit,
+
+is not biased for either one.
+
+So there will be 2.3
+emissions, and 2.2 emissions,
+
+whether you go through
+those in G G G G
+
+or in I I I I. Does
+that make sense?
+
+So the emissions will be the
+same, if you're all in genome,
+
+or if you're all in island.
+
+And the initial
+probabilities favor genome,
+
+and the transitions also
+favor staying in genome.
+
+Right, so all genome.
+
+Can everyone see that?
+
+So do you want to take
+a stab at this next one?
+
+This one's harder.
+
+Let me ask you, in
+the optimal parse,
+
+what state is it
+going to end in?
+
+AUDIENCE: Genome.
+
+PROFESSOR: Genome, you've got
+to run [? with a 1,000 ?] T's.
+
+And genome, the emissions
+favor emitting T's.
+
+So clearly, it's going
+to end in genome.
+
+And then, what about those runs
+of C's and G's in the middle
+
+there?
+
+Are any of those long enough to
+trigger a transition to island?
+
+What was your name again?
+
+AUDIENCE: Daniel.
+
+PROFESSOR: Daniel, so
+you're shaking your head.
+
+You think they're
+not long enough.
+
+So you think the winner's
+going to be genome all the way?
+
+Who thinks they're long enough?
+
+Or maybe some of them are?
+
+Go ahead, what was your name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Michael.
+
+PROFESSOR: Michael, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The ones at length
+80 and 60 are long enough,
+
+but the one at length 20 is not.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, and
+why do you say that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just looking
+at power of 3 over 2,
+
+3 times 10 to the 3 isn't enough
+to overcome the difference
+
+in transition probabilities
+between the island and genome.
+
+But 3 times 10 to the 10
+and 1 times 10 to the 14
+
+is, over the length
+of those sequences.
+
+The difference in
+probability of making that
+
+switch once at the
+beginning [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, did everyone
+get what Michael was saying?
+
+So, Michael, can you
+explain why powers of 1.5
+
+are relevant here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, that's the
+ratio of emission probability
+
+between the C states
+and the G states,
+
+between island and genome.
+
+So in island it's 0.3,
+and in genome it's
+
+0.2 over [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so when you're
+going through a run of C's,
+
+if you're in the island
+state, you get a power of 1.5,
+
+in terms of emissions
+at each position.
+
+What about the transitions?
+
+You're sort of
+glossing over those.
+
+Why is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because that
+only has to happen once
+
+at the beginning.
+
+So the ratio between the
+transition probabilities
+
+is really high, but as
+long as the compounded
+
+ratio of the
+emission probability
+
+is high enough
+over a [INAUDIBLE]
+
+of sequences, that as long
+as that compound emission
+
+is greater than that one-off
+ratio at the beginning,
+
+then the island is
+more [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so if you think
+about the transitions, I to I,
+
+or G to G, as being close to 1--
+so if you think of them as 1,
+
+then you can ignore them,
+and only focus on the cases
+
+where it transitions
+from G to I, and I to G.
+
+So you say that 60 and
+80 are long enough.
+
+So your prediction is
+at the optimal parse
+
+is G 1,000 I 80
+G another 2,020--
+
+you said that one wasn't going
+to-- and then I 60 G 1,000.
+
+Michael, is that
+what you're saying?
+
+Can you read this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so why do
+you say that 10 to the 10th
+
+is enough to flip the switch,
+and 10 to the 3rd is not?
+
+AUDIENCE: If I remember the
+numbers from the previous slide
+
+correctly--
+
+PROFESSOR: A couple
+of slides back?
+
+AUDIENCE: So if you look at
+the ratio of the probability
+
+of staying in the genome, and
+the probability of going from
+
+the genome to the island, it's--
+
+PROFESSOR: 10 to the 5th.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, 10 to the 5th.
+
+So whatever happens going over
+the next [? run ?] of sequences
+
+has to overcome the difference
+in ratio for the switch
+
+to become more likely.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So if everyone agrees that
+we're going to start in genome,
+
+we've got a run of 1,000 A's,
+and genome is favored anyway--
+
+so that's clear, we're going to
+be in genome at the beginning
+
+for the first 1,000, and
+be in genome at the end,
+
+then if you're going
+to go to island,
+
+you have to pay two
+penalties, basically.
+
+You pay the penalty of
+starting an island, which
+
+is 10 to the minus 5th-- this is
+maybe a slightly different way
+
+than you were thinking
+about it, but I
+
+think it's equivalent-- 10 the
+minus 5th to switch island,
+
+and then you pay a penalty
+coming back, 10 to the minus 3.
+
+And all the other
+transitions are near 1.
+
+So it's like a 10 to
+the minus 8 penalty
+
+for going from genome
+to island and back.
+
+And so if the emissions
+are greater than 10
+
+to the 8th, favor island by
+a gradient of 10 to the 8th,
+
+it'll be worth doing that.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: I forgot about
+the penalty of [INAUDIBLE],
+
+but it's still the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+it's still true.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+You have to pay a
+penalty of 10 to the 8gh
+
+to go from genome
+to island and back.
+
+But the emissions
+can make up for that.
+
+Even though it seems small,
+it seems like 60 bases is not
+
+enough-- it's multiplicative,
+and it adds up.
+
+Sally?
+
+AUDIENCE: So it seems
+like the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+to me is going to
+return a lagging answer,
+
+because we're not going
+to actually switch
+
+to genome in our HMM until we
+hit the point where we should
+
+[? tip, ?] which would be about
+60 G's into the run of 80.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you're
+saying it's not actually
+
+going to predict
+the right thing?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you have to rerun
+the [INAUDIBLE] processing
+
+to get it actually in
+line to the correct thing?
+
+PROFESSOR: What do
+people think about this?
+
+Yeah, comment?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's
+not quite the case,
+
+because you [? pack it ?]
+or you [? stack it ?] both
+
+in the genome and
+island possibilities,
+
+and your transition
+is the penalty.
+
+So it's the highest
+impact penalty.
+
+So when you island to island
+to island in that string of 80,
+
+the transition
+will only be valid
+
+starting at the first one.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, we're
+at position 1,000.
+
+I think you're on
+the right track here.
+
+So I'm going to claim that
+the Viterbi will transition
+
+at the right place,
+because it's actually
+
+proven to generate
+the optimal parse.
+
+So I'm right, but I
+totally get your intuition.
+
+This is the key thing--
+most people's intuition,
+
+my intuition, everyone's
+intuition when they first
+
+hear about this is that it
+seems like you don't transition
+
+soon enough.
+
+It seems like you have
+to look into the future
+
+to know to transition
+at that place, right?
+
+And obviously you can't
+look into the future,
+
+it's a recursion.
+
+How does it work?
+
+Clearly, this is going
+to be the winner.
+
+So let's go to position
+1,001, that's the first C.
+
+And this guy is going
+to come from here,
+
+this guy is the winner overall--
+G 1,000 is clearly the winner.
+
+But what about this guy?
+
+Where's it coming from?
+
+G 1,000, it's coming from there.
+
+And in fact, the previous
+guy came from G 1,000.
+
+I 1,000 came from G
+999, and so forth.
+
+Now, here's the
+interesting question.
+
+What happens at 1,002?
+
+Sally, I want you to tell
+me what happens at 1,002.
+
+Who wins here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Genome.
+
+PROFESSOR: Genome.
+
+Who wins here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Island.
+
+PROFESSOR: Island.
+
+It had been transitioning,
+genome has got a head start,
+
+so the best way
+to beat an island
+
+is to have been genome
+as long as possible,
+
+up until position 1,000.
+
+And that was still
+true at 1,001.
+
+It's no longer true after that.
+
+It was actually better to
+have transitioned back here
+
+to get that one extra
+emission, that one power of 1.5
+
+from emitting that C
+in the island state.
+
+If you're going to
+be in island anyway--
+
+this is much lower than
+this, at this point.
+
+It's about 10 to the 5th lower.
+
+But that's OK, we still keep it.
+
+It's the best that
+ends in island.
+
+Do you see what I'm saying?
+
+OK, there were all
+these-- island always
+
+had to come from genome at
+the latest possible time, up
+
+until this point, and
+now it's actually better
+
+to have made that transition
+there, and then stay in island.
+
+So you can see island is
+going to win for awhile,
+
+and then it'll flip back.
+
+And the question is going
+to be down here at 1,060,
+
+going to 1,061.
+
+Who's bigger here?
+
+This guy was perhaps--
+well, we don't even
+
+know exactly how we got here.
+
+But you can see that this
+parse here that stays in island
+
+is going to be optimal.
+
+And the question is, would
+it be just staying in genome?
+
+And the answer is yes, because
+it gained 10 to the 10th
+
+in emissions, overcomes
+the 10 to the 8th penalty
+
+that it paid.
+
+Now what do you do at the end?
+
+How do you actually find
+the optimal parse overall?
+
+I go out to position
+whatever it is, 4,160.
+
+I've got a probability
+here, probability here,
+
+what do I do with those?
+
+Right, but what do I do first?
+
+You pick the bigger one,
+whichever one's bigger.
+
+We decided that this one is
+going to be bigger, right?
+
+And then remember all the
+arrows that I circled?
+
+You just backtrack through
+and figure out what it was.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+That's the Viterbi algorithm.
+
+We'll do it a little bit
+more on this next time,
+
+or definitely field questions.
+
+It's a little bit tricky
+to get your head around.
+
+It's a dynamic programming
+algorithm, like Needleman-Wench
+
+or Smith-Waterman, but
+a little bit different.
+
+The runtime-- what
+is the runtime,
+
+for those who were
+sleeping and didn't notice
+
+that little thing
+I flashed up there?
+
+Or, if you read it, can you
+explain where it comes from?
+
+How does the runtime depend
+on the number of hidden states
+
+and the length of the sequence?
+
+I've got K states, sequence of
+length L, what is the runtime?
+
+So I'm going to
+put this up here.
+
+This might help.
+
+So when you look at the
+recursion like this,
+
+when you want to think
+about the runtime--
+
+forget about initialization
+and termination, that's not
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+It's what you do on the
+typical intermediate state that
+
+determines the runtime.
+
+That's what grows
+with sequence length.
+
+So what do you have
+to do at each--
+
+to go from position I
+to position I plus 1?
+
+How many calculations?
+
+AUDIENCE: You have to do
+N calculations for 33.
+
+Is that right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so 33.
+
+Yeah, the notation
+is a little bit
+
+different, but how many--
+let me ask you this,
+
+how many transitions do
+you have to consider?
+
+If I have an HMM
+with K hidden states?
+
+AUDIENCE: K squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: K squared, right?
+
+So you're going to have to
+do K squared calculations,
+
+basically, to go from
+position I to I plus 1.
+
+So what is the
+overall dependence
+
+on K and L, the length
+of the sequence?
+
+OK, it's K squared L. It's
+linear in the sequence.
+
+So is this good or bad?
+
+Yes, Sally?
+
+AUDIENCE: Doesn't this assume
+that the graph is complete?
+
+And if you don't
+actually have [INAUDIBLE]
+
+you can get a little faster?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+it's a good point.
+
+So this is the
+worst case, or this
+
+is in the case where you can
+transition from any state
+
+to any other state.
+
+If you remember, the
+gene finding HMM--
+
+I might have erased it,
+I think I erased it--
+
+if you can see this subtle--
+
+No, remember Tim designed
+an HMM for gene-finding
+
+here, which only had some
+of the arrows were allowed.
+
+So if that's true, if there's
+a bunch of zero probabilities
+
+for transitions, then
+you can ignore those,
+
+and it actually speeds it up.
+
+That's true.
+
+It's a good point.
+
+Everyone got this?
+
+So this the worst case.
+
+K squared L-- is
+this good or bad?
+
+Fast or slow?
+
+Slow?
+
+I mean, it depends on the
+structure of your HMM.
+
+For a simple HMM, like
+the CPG island HMM,
+
+this is like blindingly fast.
+
+K squared is 4, right?
+
+So it takes the same
+order of magnitude
+
+as just reading the sequence.
+
+So it'll be super, super fast.
+
+If you make a really complicated
+HMM, it can be slower.
+
+But the point is that for
+genomic sequence analysis,
+
+L is big.
+
+So as long as you keep
+K small, it'll run fast.
+
+It's much better than sequence
+comparison, where you end up
+
+with these L squared
+types of things.
+
+So it's faster than
+sequence comparison.
+
+So that's really
+one of the reasons
+
+why Viterbi is so popular,
+is it's super fast.
+
+So in the last couple
+minutes, I just
+
+want to say a few things
+about the midterm.
+
+You guys did remember
+there is a mid-term, right?
+
+So the midterm is a week from
+today, Tuesday, March 18.
+
+For everybody, it's
+going to be here,
+
+except for those
+who are in 6874--
+
+and those people
+should go to 68 180.
+
+And because they're going
+to be given extra time,
+
+you should go there early.
+
+Go there at 12:40.
+
+Everyone else,
+who's not in 6784,
+
+should come here to the
+regular class by 1:00 PM,
+
+just so you have a chance to
+get set up and everything.
+
+And then the exam will
+start promptly at 1:05,
+
+and will end at 2:25,
+an hour and 20 minutes.
+
+It is closed book, open notes.
+
+So don't bring your textbook,
+but you can bring up
+
+to two pages-- they
+can be double sided
+
+if you want-- of notes.
+
+So why do we do this?
+
+Well, we think that the act
+of going through the lectures
+
+and textbook, or whatever
+other notes you have,
+
+and deciding what's most
+important, maybe helpful.
+
+And so this, hopefully, will be
+a useful studying exercise, so
+
+figure out what's most
+important and write it down
+
+on a piece of paper if you are
+likely to forget it-- maybe
+
+complicated
+equations, things like
+
+that, you might
+want to write down.
+
+No calculators or
+other electronic aids.
+
+But you won't need them.
+
+If you get an answer that's
+e squared over 17 factorial--
+
+you're asked to convert
+that into a decimal.
+
+Just leave it like that.
+
+So what should you study?
+
+So you should study your lecture
+notes, readings and tutorials,
+
+and past exams.
+
+Past exams have been posted
+to the course website.
+
+p-sets as well.
+
+The midterm exams from
+past years are posted.
+
+And there's some variation
+in topics from year to year,
+
+so if you're reading through
+a midterm from a past year,
+
+and you run across an
+unfamiliar phrase or concept,
+
+you have to ask
+yourself, was I just
+
+dozing off when
+that was discussed?
+
+Or was that not
+discussed this year?
+
+And act appropriately.
+
+The content of the midterm
+will be all the lectures,
+
+all the topics up through
+today-- hidden Markov models.
+
+And I'll do a little bit
+more on hidden Markov models
+
+on Thursday.
+
+That part could be on the exam,
+but the next major topic-- RNA
+
+secondary structure--
+will not be on the exam.
+
+It'll be on a p-set
+in the future.
+
+Any questions about the midterm?
+
+And the TAs will be doing
+some review stuff in sections
+
+this week.
+
+OK, thank you.
+
+See you on Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/dNyLGmiYQY0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2105 @@
+ANNOUNCER: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+HERBERT GROSS: Hi, our lesson
+today concerns functions.
+
+And in the certain manner of
+speaking, this is perhaps
+
+where a course in calculus
+should usually begin.
+
+After all, what will be studying
+is a relationship
+
+between certain variables.
+
+This is what we mean by
+a function in general.
+
+Or at least, in particular,
+with our emphasis on real
+
+variables and graphs that
+we were talking about.
+
+And what we would like to do now
+is to motivate the concept
+
+of function from a more general
+point of view in terms
+
+of the language of sets that we
+have talked about and read
+
+about in our supplementary
+notes.
+
+Let's then begin with a basic
+general definition of what a
+
+function is, after which we will
+specialize and talk about
+
+functions of a real
+variable for the
+
+remainder of the lecture.
+
+We begin with a definition
+written this way.
+
+A function f from A to B--
+
+see, it's written this way.
+
+It means f is a function from A
+to B means that f is a rule,
+
+which assigns to each element in
+set A, an element in set B.
+
+Now of course, this may
+sound like just an
+
+empty bunch of words.
+
+But if we come here and look a
+little bit at a picture, we
+
+get the idea as to
+what's going on.
+
+Namely, we may visualize
+our sets as circles.
+
+And what does the function do?
+
+The function assigns to each
+element of A, an element of B.
+
+In fact, notice the geometric
+wording again.
+
+This element is mapped into
+this element by f.
+
+This element is mapped into
+this element by f.
+
+And this element is mapped
+into this one.
+
+And while we're looking at this,
+perhaps it would be a
+
+good chance to emphasize not to
+read more into a definition
+
+than what's already there.
+
+You see when we say that f
+assigns to each element of A,
+
+what we mean is we will
+not allow something
+
+like this to happen.
+
+We will not say, for example,
+let f send this element into
+
+this one and this one.
+
+This becomes non well-defined.
+
+It becomes ambiguous.
+
+In other words, we do not want
+to have to make the value
+
+judgment as to which of two
+things we are going to look
+
+back at as being what
+A maps into.
+
+And why that's the case
+we'll mention
+
+as our course proceeds.
+
+Also, notice that when we say
+that each element of A is
+
+assigned to an element of B, two
+things are implied here.
+
+First of all, notice that we
+do not insist that all
+
+of B be used up.
+
+You see, in other words, here's
+some surplus B's over
+
+here, which are not used up
+by A's with respect to f.
+
+And secondly, whereas we
+prohibit the same A from
+
+having two different images in
+B, we do not prohibit one B
+
+from being the image of two
+different elements in A. In
+
+other words, notice that even
+though both of these elements
+
+here are assigned to the same
+element in B with respect to
+
+f, there certainly is no
+violation of our definition
+
+that each element here was
+assigned to an element here.
+
+By the way, this leads in the
+literature to three different
+
+terms that we should
+define right now.
+
+One of these is the set A itself
+and that's called the
+
+domain of f.
+
+You see this is what
+f is defined on.
+
+The domain is the
+set A over here.
+
+Often abbreviated--
+
+well, there are many different
+abbreviations.
+
+Sometimes one just writes D-O-M
+with an f or D-O-M with
+
+a subscript.
+
+Or a capital D with
+a subscript f.
+
+But we will adapt to these
+notations as we need them.
+
+But for our purposes all the
+domain of f is, it's the set
+
+A. It's the set on which f
+operates to assign values, ok.
+
+And then the companion to that
+is the set B. And B, almost
+
+again in graphic terms, is
+called the range of f.
+
+And by the way, as you look at
+the range of f, you may get
+
+the feeling that somehow or
+other, this little element
+
+over here is kind
+of out of place.
+
+That maybe somehow or other
+let me just circle this.
+
+Let me call this the set C.
+Somehow or other, you get the
+
+feeling that C describes much
+better what f does to A than
+
+B. Because you see, each of the
+elements in C is used up
+
+as being the image of at least
+one element in A. Somehow or
+
+other you see, we could have
+deleted this element B without
+
+too much loss of continuity.
+
+And to get around this we
+interject still a third
+
+definition, C. It's called
+the image of f.
+
+You see, image verses range.
+
+Image is the part that's
+actually used up
+
+by f with the mapping.
+
+And sometimes this is even
+abbreviated as follows.
+
+You use the same f as one uses
+for the function and then a
+
+capital A in parentheses
+to indicate what?
+
+This is a set of all things of
+the form f of x where x is in
+
+A. In other words, again, the
+standard notation if we want
+
+to look at it this way.
+
+If we call this element here a
+and this element here b, to
+
+indicate that a was mapped into
+b by the function f or
+
+the rule f, we often write
+that as f of a equals b.
+
+Now in many places, including
+our text, there is no
+
+distinction made between the
+image and the range.
+
+And the reason for this is that
+in many situations, the
+
+image and the range turn out
+to be quite the same thing.
+
+In fact, if they do turn out to
+be the same thing, we call
+
+that a rather special
+type of function.
+
+Namely, the function from A to
+B is said to be onto if its
+
+image equals its range.
+
+Now again, in terms of words,
+that doesn't say very much.
+
+The image equals the range.
+
+What does that mean, image
+equals the range?
+
+Perhaps the best way
+to see this is
+
+by means of an example.
+
+The example I have
+in mind is this.
+
+And this happens many, many
+times in mathematics.
+
+One begins with a set.
+
+In this case, I picked A to be
+the set consisting of the
+
+numbers 1, 2, and 3.
+
+Frequently, one defines a
+function explicitly on A
+
+without any regard to
+a second set B.
+
+For example, in this
+illustration I've said, let f
+
+of a be 4a for each a in set
+capital A. Well, what are the
+
+elements of capital A?
+
+They are 1, 2, and 3.
+
+So according to this recipe,
+what do we have?
+
+Well, f of 1 is 4.
+
+f of 2, see, it's what?
+
+4 times 2 is 8.
+
+And f of 3.
+
+That's what?
+
+4 times 3 is 12.
+
+Let me now invent a new set B.
+And the elements of B, as you
+
+could probably guess, are going
+to be 4, 8, and 12.
+
+And now I look at my function
+f from A to B.
+
+Notice that in this case the
+function from A to B uses up
+
+all of B. In fact, in terms
+of a diagram, you see
+
+here's A. Has what?
+
+1, 2, and 3.
+
+And here's B, which is made
+up of 4, 8, and 12.
+
+Now, what does have f do?
+
+It maps 1 into 4.
+
+It maps 2 into 8.
+
+And it maps 3 into 12.
+
+What's happened here?
+
+A has not only mapped
+into B, but all of B
+
+is used up in this.
+
+In other words, notice then that
+the range of B and the
+
+image of B in this particular
+case happen to be the same.
+
+This will happen in every single
+case where we start
+
+with a set A and define a
+function on A. Namely, we see
+
+what f of x is for each x in A,
+take the collection of all
+
+those images, call that set B,
+and then you see by default so
+
+to speak, B will be both the
+range and the image of f.
+
+And it's in this sense that in
+most textbook examples that we
+
+deal with, we need not make any
+distinction between the
+
+range of the function and the
+image of the function.
+
+But roughly speaking then, just
+to keep things straight,
+
+a function is called onto if the
+entire range is used up in
+
+the mapping.
+
+But if there are elements of the
+range which are not used
+
+up as images, then the function
+is simply called
+
+into, or not onto.
+
+But at any rate, this
+is the concept of
+
+what we mean by onto.
+
+Now, a second feature that one
+talks about with functions
+
+which in no way is connected
+with onto, this, but which is
+
+a very important independent
+feature is something which is
+
+called a 1:1 function.
+
+Let's look at that
+for a moment too.
+
+For example, let's suppose I
+have a function f defined on
+
+my set A. The question is, f
+maps a1 into a particular
+
+element of B and it maps a2 into
+a particular element of
+
+B.
+
+Now, there are two possibilities
+that can happen.
+
+One is that f of a1 and
+f of a2 will be
+
+different elements of b.
+
+In other words, what will
+happen is, is that two
+
+distinct elements of A will
+have distinct images in B.
+
+On the other hand, it's
+possible that the two
+
+different elements of A have the
+same element of the same
+
+image in B.
+
+Now, by and large, whereas
+nothing is wrong when this
+
+happens, it does cut down our
+operating speed to some extent
+
+when it does.
+
+Because you see, frequently to
+study a particular function,
+
+we may want to look at the image
+rather than the domain.
+
+And somehow or other, you see if
+two different elements can
+
+map into the same element in the
+image, then you see when
+
+we look at the image we have
+no way of knowing which of
+
+these two elements we're
+talking about.
+
+So in other words then, if it
+should turn out that no two
+
+different elements in A can have
+the same image in B, in
+
+other words, notice what
+this thing here says.
+
+You see, if what?
+
+This is the image of a1.
+
+This is the image of a2.
+
+It says what?
+
+If a1 and a2 have the same
+image, then they must be the
+
+same element.
+
+Now if that happens, and again
+as I show you over here, it
+
+doesn't have to happen.
+
+If that happens, the function
+is called 1:1.
+
+For example, here is a picture
+I've drawn in which
+
+a function is 1:1.
+
+By the way, I've drawn this
+picture so that my function f
+
+is both 1:1.
+
+Meaning what?
+
+That no two elements in A have
+the same image in B. And
+
+secondly, it also happened
+to be onto here.
+
+Namely, no element of
+B was left out by f.
+
+Now that wasn't crucial.
+
+For example, if I do this notice
+now that the function
+
+from A to B is still 1:1.
+
+No two different elements in A
+have the same image in B. But
+
+now you see the function is no
+longer onto because there
+
+happened to be elements in B
+which are not mapped into
+
+under F by elements of A.
+
+Now, what is nice of course is
+that if a function happens to
+
+be both 1:1 and onto, notice
+that we can induce a new
+
+function, which I'll call g
+from B to A by essentially
+
+reversing the arrowheads here.
+
+You see, if the function is
+both 1:1 and onto, by
+
+reversing the arrowheads,
+instead of getting a function
+
+from A to B, I do get a function
+from B to A. This
+
+function is called the inverse
+function and will play a very
+
+important role in much of our
+course which follows.
+
+The important point to notice,
+however, is that if the
+
+function is not both 1:1 and
+onto, you cannot reverse the
+
+arrowheads, believe it or not.
+
+Well, you say, I can reverse
+them, can't I?
+
+Why can't I reverse
+them over here?
+
+And the answer is
+well, look it.
+
+If we include these being in
+here, suppose we reverse the
+
+arrowheads now.
+
+Look at B.
+
+What is the domain of g?
+
+Well, for B to be the domain,
+every element of B has to be
+
+assigned to something
+in A by g.
+
+But look at these two elements
+over here, g doesn't act on
+
+those at all.
+
+In other words, if the original
+function is not onto,
+
+then when you reverse the
+arrowheads you haven't defined
+
+the new function on your
+whole domain here.
+
+In another sense, if the
+function was not
+
+1:1 when you started.
+
+In other words, suppose
+this happened.
+
+So f was not 1:1.
+
+Now you see when you try to
+reverse your arrowheads,
+
+notice that the element here
+in B is assigned to two
+
+different elements in A. And
+we agreed that we wouldn't
+
+allow that to happen.
+
+OK, so far so good.
+
+Notice that that particular part
+of our course has nothing
+
+to do with real variables
+and the like.
+
+Meaning when we're talking about
+sets they can be sets of
+
+arbitrary numbers.
+
+Now what I'd like to do is
+zero in, on our specific
+
+calculus of a single
+variable course.
+
+And let's go back to our old
+friend who somehow or other
+
+has made an appearance
+in every lecture that
+
+we've had so far.
+
+Let's go back to s equals
+16t squared.
+
+Only now, we're not going to
+repeat the same old stuff that
+
+we did before with it.
+
+We're now going to get slightly
+more sophisticated.
+
+Namely, when we talk about s
+equals 16t squared, what
+
+problem was being done here?
+
+You are assuming that there
+is no air resistance.
+
+An object is being held
+above the ground.
+
+You release the object and the
+distance s that the object
+
+falls in feet after
+t seconds is given
+
+by s equal 16t squared.
+
+Now if we think about that for
+a while, we realize that that
+
+does not tell the
+whole picture.
+
+Obviously, the s equals 16t
+squared applies only to the
+
+time in which that object
+is falling.
+
+Perhaps what we should have said
+was this, that until you
+
+release the object it doesn't
+fall any distance at all.
+
+Then from the instance you
+release it, it starts to fall
+
+a distance s given
+by 16t squared.
+
+Not forever, but until
+it hits the ground.
+
+Let's call t sub g the
+time at which this
+
+thing hits the ground.
+
+You see this recipe that we
+called s equals 16t squared is
+
+not in effect forever.
+
+It's in effect only when t
+is between 0 and t sub g.
+
+And by the way, hopefully once
+the object hits the ground it
+
+won't fall any further.
+
+In other words, for any time
+after t sub g, the distance
+
+that it's fallen is
+16t sub g squared.
+
+Meaning this is the distance
+that its fallen when it hits
+
+the ground and it stays there.
+
+If we wanted to graph this, you
+see, and notice how we are
+
+refining our previous result.
+
+The graph is not this, you
+see, the graph is what?
+
+The distance is 0 until
+t equals 0.
+
+Then the distance that it falls
+increases up till the
+
+time the object hits
+the ground.
+
+And then it levels
+off like this.
+
+And by the way, in terms of
+making a few asides, notice
+
+that this curve here does
+represent a 1:1 function.
+
+Namely, if you pick two
+different times in this strip,
+
+you have two different
+distances.
+
+Two different times cannot
+yield the same distance.
+
+As opposed to the fact, let's
+call this t1 and t2.
+
+As opposed to the fact that
+once the thing hits the
+
+ground, our function
+is no longer 1:1.
+
+In fact, the any two values of
+t once the thing has hit the
+
+ground, we have the
+same s value.
+
+In other words, what we're
+saying is what?
+
+That once the object hits the
+ground, it really makes no
+
+difference what t is,
+s is still going to
+
+be 16t sub g squared.
+
+Now that was just an aside.
+
+The reason I mentioned this is
+to motivate a very important
+
+type of domain that takes
+place when we deal with
+
+functions of real numbers.
+
+In most cases, when we do a
+physical experiment it's over
+
+some time interval.
+
+We put something into effect
+and say, let's
+
+measure it for one hour.
+
+Or let's measure if from now
+until 3 o'clock tomorrow.
+
+In other words, in general,
+whereas a domain of a function
+
+can be anything we want it
+to be, in most real life
+
+laboratory situations, our
+domain happens to be a
+
+connected interval, whatever
+that means intuitively.
+
+In fact, let's try to talk about
+that in more detail.
+
+In other words, a very special
+type of domain that one uses
+
+when one talks about functions
+of a real variable.
+
+They are called intervals.
+
+Written as sets, if a is less
+than b, we talk about what?
+
+The set of all x which greater
+than a and less than b.
+
+By the way, that's called the
+open interval from a to b.
+
+It's written this way
+with parentheses.
+
+The set of all elements from
+less than b and greater than a
+
+inclusively is called the
+closed set or the closed
+
+interval from a to b.
+
+And it's written this way.
+
+And pictorially, you can't
+tell these apart.
+
+Namely, if this is a and this
+is b, both of these
+
+pictorially are what?
+
+An interval as we think
+of it intuitively.
+
+Namely, it's this stretch.
+
+But in one case, the endpoints
+a and b are included.
+
+And in the other case, the
+endpoints are excluded.
+
+They're included in the
+closed interval.
+
+They're excluded in
+the open interval.
+
+And again, notice that since a
+point has no thickness, we
+
+have no way of telling just by
+looking at the figure which of
+
+these two is meant unless we
+draw in the appropriate
+
+diagram this way.
+
+By the way, notice also that an
+interval can be half open
+
+and have closed.
+
+I mean, for example, one could
+talk about how about including
+
+the left endpoint but excluding
+the right endpoint.
+
+See, why couldn't we talk about
+something like this?
+
+In which case we would have
+written the half open half
+
+closed interval this
+particular way.
+
+Now again, this is
+all notation.
+
+It's things that you
+can memorize.
+
+Things that are emphasized
+in the text.
+
+But the thing that I wanted to
+try to have you see from the
+
+lecture is why we concentrate
+so heavily on the things
+
+called intervals.
+
+It's because in most situations
+when we deal with
+
+functions of a real variable,
+our so-called input, is
+
+usually defined on some
+continuous interval.
+
+All times from such and
+such to such and such.
+
+Now, by the way again, notice
+that the picture-- just as
+
+we've been talking
+about before.
+
+The picture comes in handy.
+
+Namely, 1/2 being in the open
+interval from 0 to 1 does not
+
+need a picture to
+interpret it.
+
+Namely since 1/2 is greater
+than 0 but less than 1, by
+
+definition 1/2 is in
+this interval.
+
+On the other hand, by use of a
+picture, I think it becomes
+
+rather easy to visualize what
+it is that we're saying when
+
+1/2 is in this particular
+interval.
+
+Again, notice when somebody
+says does 0
+
+belong to this interval?
+
+Notice that subtlety about
+open and closed,
+
+point versus dot.
+
+Namely, 0 does not belong to the
+open interval from 0 to 1,
+
+but it does belong, for
+example, to the closed
+
+interval from 0 to 1.
+
+Because what is the basic
+difference between these two?
+
+In this one, the endpoints
+are not included.
+
+In this one, the endpoints
+are included.
+
+Now, a companion to interval is
+a very important building
+
+block of this course.
+
+It's something called
+a neighborhood.
+
+Now, in terms of a definition,
+a neighborhood isn't a very
+
+exciting thing.
+
+A neighborhood of a point c, a
+neighborhood of x equal c is
+
+simply an interval which
+contains c inside.
+
+You want c to be inside
+the interval.
+
+Now what does that
+mean intuitively?
+
+Well, what it means is pick any
+
+interval which has c inside.
+
+Maybe we can go from this
+point to this point.
+
+This would be called a
+neighborhood of c.
+
+By the way, you may
+notice I've drawn
+
+this as an open interval.
+
+The idea is that we
+really want c to
+
+be inside the interval.
+
+We do not want the
+situation where c
+
+is one of the endpoints.
+
+And whereas we'll talk about
+this in more detail later, the
+
+important point is that in many
+of our investigations in
+
+calculus we will want to study
+what's happening just before
+
+we get to a certain point
+and just after
+
+we leave that point.
+
+And somehow or other, if we let
+that point be at the very
+
+end of our interval, we
+have no information.
+
+For example, if that point is
+the left endpoint, we don't
+
+know what's happening before
+we get to the point.
+
+If it's the right endpoint, we
+don't know what's happening
+
+afterwards.
+
+And that's why you'll find
+in the textbook that a
+
+neighborhood is defined to be
+an open interval, which
+
+contains c.
+
+In other words, we want to make
+sure that c is in the
+
+interior here.
+
+By the way, in many cases it
+turns out algebraically to be
+
+easier if this happens to be
+what we call a symmetric
+
+neighborhood.
+
+In other words, if c
+is in the middle.
+
+We won't go into that right now,
+but if c happens to be in
+
+the middle that's called a
+symmetric neighborhood.
+
+In fact, another way of writing
+that is to say what?
+
+Pick some definite distance h
+and what do you write down?
+
+You write down c minus h to c
+plus h and that puts c right
+
+in the middle of this
+particular interval.
+
+And you see, the idea here is
+that when you're looking at
+
+what's happening to a function,
+
+you may lose symmetry.
+
+For example, in this particular
+graph that I've
+
+drawn, notice that at this
+particular point I've marked
+
+off equal intervals on
+both sides of l.
+
+But notice that when I come down
+here, they do not project
+
+onto equal intervals on
+either side of c.
+
+In other words, if this had
+been a straight line.
+
+Frequently what we do in
+a case like this is we
+
+say well look it.
+
+If we're interested in seeing
+what happens near c,
+
+why don't we just--
+
+this is non-symmetric.
+
+Why don't we just take the
+smaller of these two widths
+
+and see what happens in
+the symmetric part?
+
+In other words, if the
+neighborhood is not symmetric,
+
+we can always make
+it symmetric.
+
+And so there really isn't that
+much to worry about in that
+
+particular respect.
+
+But why are we interested
+in neighborhoods
+
+in the first place?
+
+And the answer is that in many
+cases what we're going to be
+
+doing is studying what's
+happening near a particular
+
+point c and want to know what's
+happened just before
+
+and what's happening
+just after.
+
+The next important concept
+that's connected with
+
+neighborhoods is the idea of
+a deleted neighborhood.
+
+And that in turn, is very
+strongly connected with 0/0.
+
+For example, consider the
+function f of x which is x
+
+squared minus 9 over
+x minus 3.
+
+If we let x equal 3, if the
+input is 3, notice that the
+
+output becomes 9 minus 9
+over 3 minus 3, or 0/0.
+
+On the other hand, if x is any
+number whatsoever except x
+
+equals 3, no harm is done
+with this as an input.
+
+Consequently, what one is
+talking about now is the only
+
+time you get that 0/0
+form is when x is 3.
+
+What happens if you're in a
+neighborhood of 3, but not
+
+equal to 3 itself?
+
+You see what I'm driving at here
+is pick any number x in
+
+this interval other
+than 3 itself.
+
+And notice that f of x can
+be written this way.
+
+As long as x is not equal to
+3, we can cancel x minus 3
+
+from numerator and
+denominator.
+
+Remember, we can't
+divide by 0.
+
+And now we see what?
+
+That as long as x is not
+equal to 3, f of x is
+
+perfectly well defined.
+
+And consequently, this is what
+motivates the concept of a
+
+deleted neighborhood.
+
+Namely, everything is fine in
+this whole neighborhood except
+
+for 3 itself.
+
+So to avoid that unpleasantry,
+let's just delete that point.
+
+And that's called a deleted
+neighborhood.
+
+And you see what we do when the
+neighborhood is deleted,
+
+we're still going to
+talk about what?
+
+How close you are
+to that point.
+
+And by the way, this brings us
+to another very fascinating
+
+aspect of what's going on
+between our geometry and our
+
+arithmetic.
+
+Do you really talk about the
+distance between numbers?
+
+I mean, is 7 near 3?
+
+And the guys says, well, what
+do you mean, is 7 near 3?
+
+Well, I would say here that
+7 is very near to 3.
+
+When you say that 7 is near 3,
+you certainly don't mean close
+
+to in the geometric sense.
+
+You mean the difference
+between them is small.
+
+In other words, the next thing
+that we have to talk about is
+
+how when we talk about being
+close to a point which is a
+
+geometric term, how do we talk
+about that algebraically?
+
+You see geometrically, how do
+you talk about the distance
+
+between x1 and x2?
+
+Well, if you're going this
+way, it's just what?
+
+x2 minus x1.
+
+If you're going the other way,
+the direct distance this way,
+
+it's x1 minus x2.
+
+In any event, the distance
+between these two points is
+
+just the magnitude
+of the difference
+
+of these two numbers.
+
+And that leads, you see, to the
+concept that's hit quite
+
+heavily in our text,
+and that is the
+
+concept of absolute value.
+
+Perhaps one of the most critical
+analytical geometric
+
+topics that we tackle in our
+early part of our course.
+
+Analytically, we define the
+absolute value written with
+
+vertical bars here,
+x1 minus x2.
+
+The absolute value of x1 minus
+x2 to be the positive square
+
+root of x1 minus x2 squared.
+
+And in plain English all
+this says is what?
+
+See when you square and then
+take the positive square root,
+
+you haven't undone what
+you've done before.
+
+All you've done is what?
+
+If it's positive here you
+haven't changed anything.
+
+But if x1 minus x2 are negative,
+when you square it
+
+and extract the positive square
+root, all you've done
+
+is changed the sign just like
+you're supposed to.
+
+Let me give you an example.
+
+Suppose you're faced with the
+absolute value of x minus 3 is
+
+less than 2.
+
+What does this say
+geometrically?
+
+Geometrically what it says
+is that x is within
+
+two units of 3.
+
+in terms of a picture, all you
+have to do now is draw in 3,
+
+mark off two units on either
+side, and for x to be within
+
+two units of 3, all you
+know is is that x
+
+has to be in here.
+
+In other words, look at how
+easily you can solve this
+
+particular problem.
+
+On the other hand, you can
+always go back to the basic
+
+definition and say,
+wait a second.
+
+This means the positive square
+root of x minus 3 squared is
+
+less than 2.
+
+So I will square both sides.
+
+If you do that you get x minus
+3 squared is less than 4.
+
+If you now collect terms and
+expand, you get x squared
+
+minus 6x plus 9 minus 4.
+
+That's what?
+
+Plus 5 is less than 0.
+
+This factors into x minus
+1 times x minus 5
+
+is less than 0.
+
+The only way the product of two
+numbers can be negative is
+
+if the factors have
+different signs.
+
+Since this is x minus 5 is less
+than x minus 1, this must
+
+be the smaller of the two.
+
+This must be the larger
+of the two.
+
+To say that x minus 1 is greater
+than 0 is the same as
+
+saying that x is
+greater than 1.
+
+To say that x minus 5 is less
+than 0 is the same as saying
+
+that x is less than 5.
+
+You put that all together and
+notice that even though it
+
+wasn't quite as comfortable, we
+can obtain the same answer
+
+algebraically as we can
+obtain geometrically.
+
+In other words, our relationship
+between algebra
+
+and geometry remains the same.
+
+Again, when you can draw
+the picture, it's
+
+worth a thousand words.
+
+If you can't draw the picture or
+you're suspicious about the
+
+picture, especially when it
+involves point versus dot,
+
+then what you do is resort to
+the analytic definition.
+
+These do not replace
+one another, they
+
+work hand in hand.
+
+Finally, what we must talk
+about now is the
+
+arithmetic of functions.
+
+Can we combine functions
+to form functions?
+
+And the answer is yes.
+
+First of all, in talking about
+the arithmetic of functions,
+
+what must we do?
+
+We must first, at least, define
+what it means for two
+
+functions to be equal.
+
+Well, for two functions to be
+equal, all we insist on is
+
+that first of all, they're
+defined on the same domain.
+
+And secondly, that for each
+input in the domain, each
+
+function gives you
+the same output.
+
+For example, suppose a is
+a set whose elements
+
+consists of 0 and 1.
+
+And suppose b is also the
+set whose elements
+
+consist of 0 and 1.
+
+One such function would be f.
+
+It maps 0 into 0.
+
+It maps 1 into 1.
+
+Another function, which
+I'll call g--
+
+see, f does what?
+
+It maps 0 into 0 and 1 into 1.
+
+What does g do?
+
+g maps 0 into 1 and 1 into 0.
+
+Notice that f and
+g are different.
+
+They both have the
+same domain.
+
+They both have the same image.
+
+But notice that element for
+element, they're not the same.
+
+Namely, f and g do different
+things to 0.
+
+f sends 0 into 0.
+
+g sends 0 into 1.
+
+So I can tell f and g apart.
+
+And because I can tell them
+apart, they're not equal.
+
+All right, so equality means
+I can't tell f from g.
+
+Now the next kind of question
+is, how do you do arithmetic
+
+with f and g?
+
+Can I add two functions?
+
+Can I multiply two functions?
+
+Can I subtract two functions?
+
+And the answer again,
+turns out to be yes.
+
+And not only yes, but yes
+in a rather simple way.
+
+Let's again do this by
+means of examples.
+
+Suppose we defined f of x to be
+2x for all x in A. Namely,
+
+if A is 1, 2, 3, f of 1 will
+be 2, f of 2 will be 4, f
+
+of 3 will be 6.
+
+Let's define another function
+on A, let's call it g.
+
+g of x will be x plus 1 for each
+x in A. In other words, g
+
+of 1 will be 2, g of 2 will
+be 3, g of 3 will be 4.
+
+Now the point is, can I
+add f of x and g of x?
+
+Well, sure. f of x is 2x.
+
+g of x is x plus 1.
+
+So if I add these I get
+h of x is 3x plus 1.
+
+In a similar way, could I have
+multiplied these two?
+
+Well, sure.
+
+Again, f of x is 2x,
+g of x is x plus 1.
+
+If I multiply these together,
+I get what?
+
+2x times x plus 1, which
+is the same as 2x
+
+squared plus 2x.
+
+Now of course this probably
+doesn't look too smooth
+
+because there's no
+pictures here.
+
+All we're saying is this.
+
+Here's A and all you're saying
+is that if you add f and g,
+
+what do you get?
+
+If A is 1, 3x plus 1 is 4.
+
+2 times 3 plus 1 is 7.
+
+3 times 3 plus 1 is 10.
+
+In other words, in this case,
+our image, if I want to call
+
+it b, would look like this.
+
+This would be the sum of the
+two functions f and g.
+
+And similarly, for the product
+I could do the
+
+same kind of a thing.
+
+In other words, I can just
+arithmetically, since both the
+
+output of f and the g machines
+are real numbers, and the sum
+
+of two real numbers is a real
+number, I can add and multiply
+
+functions to form functions.
+
+But there's one other important
+way of combining
+
+functions in calculus.
+
+A way which is very, very
+important and one which we may
+
+not have seen too
+much of before.
+
+And so let me close our lecture
+for today with an
+
+emphasis on that particular
+topic.
+
+It's called composition
+of functions.
+
+And to see what composition of
+functions means think of a
+
+particular example where maybe
+the f machine f of x is 2x.
+
+In other words, think
+of it this way.
+
+We run x through the
+f machine, the
+
+output will be 2x.
+
+Now we run the output of the f
+machine into the g machine.
+
+Now what does the
+g machine do?
+
+If x is the input, x plus 1
+means 1 more than the input.
+
+The g machine always adds
+on 1 to the input to
+
+give you the output.
+
+Well, if the input is 2x, the
+output will be 2x plus 1.
+
+Notice that these two together
+can be thought of as being one
+
+function machine, which I'll
+call the q machine.
+
+In other words, what happens
+for the q machine is what?
+
+x runs into the f machine, the
+output of the f machine
+
+becomes the input of the g
+machine, and the output of the
+
+g machine is then the output
+of the q machine.
+
+The q machine is sort of build
+with component parts here.
+
+And the reason that this is
+very, very important is that
+
+this comes up in calculus all
+the time, where the first
+
+variable is related to the
+second variable, the second
+
+variable has a definite
+relationship to the third
+
+variable, and we now want to
+relate the first variable to
+
+the third variable.
+
+And the way we write
+that-- and I guess
+
+this is hard to see.
+
+This is not an O over here, it's
+a little circle, like a
+
+dot, and it's called the
+composition of g and f.
+
+It's not gof.
+
+Its g circle f.
+
+And the q machine is what?
+
+You write it this way and
+maybe if you look at the
+
+picture you can see exactly
+what's happening here.
+
+You apply f to x and then
+apply g to the result.
+
+In other words, just looking
+at this picture it becomes
+
+rather apparent that q of
+x is just 2x plus 1.
+
+Notice you see, that the domain
+of the q machine is the
+
+same as the domain of f.
+
+The input of the q machine is
+what goes into the f machine.
+
+The output, the image of
+the q machine, is the
+
+image of the g machine.
+
+In other words, just this
+particular thing.
+
+Now this type of function
+combination called
+
+composition, is a very
+intricate thing.
+
+It depends on the order in which
+you do these things.
+
+This is a rather interesting
+point.
+
+For example, when you add two
+numbers, a and b, it makes no
+
+difference in which order
+you add them.
+
+On the other hand, when you
+divide two numbers, a and b,
+
+the quotient does depend
+on the order in
+
+which you divided them.
+
+Well, the same thing
+is true here.
+
+Let's call p the function
+which starts with the g
+
+machine followed by
+the f machine.
+
+And as this lecture wears on, I
+think maybe there's a reason
+
+for making this circle look
+like an O. Maybe this is
+
+starting to look a little bit
+like fog at this time.
+
+It's not.
+
+All I want you to see is that
+what we do now is we start--
+
+see, what are we going
+to do here now?
+
+We're going to start
+with the g machine
+
+first, then the f machine.
+
+In other words, what
+happens now?
+
+If the input is x, the output
+of the g machine is one more
+
+than the input.
+
+That would make the input x
+plus 1 to the f machine.
+
+What does f do?
+
+Remember, f doubles.
+
+f doubles the input.
+
+So the output here
+would be what?
+
+Twice x plus 1.
+
+In other words, what would
+p of x look like?
+
+If x goes into the p machine,
+what comes out is twice x plus
+
+1, or 2x plus 2.
+
+On the other hand, when we put
+the f and the g machine in the
+
+other order and formed q of
+x, what was the output?
+
+Let's go back here and look.
+
+The output was 2x plus 1.
+
+In other words, do you build a
+different function machine by
+
+interchanging the f and the g?
+
+And the answer is yes.
+
+In other words, what I'd like
+you to see for concluding this
+
+part is that whereas everything
+was pretty
+
+straightforward up until now,
+the most important new
+
+concept, one which was not so
+intuitive is the one that's
+
+called the composition
+of functions.
+
+It's the one that occurs
+all the time in
+
+related rates problems.
+
+We'll be using it over and over
+again in this course.
+
+And all I want you to see is
+that first of all when you use
+
+the composition of functions,
+what you get depends on the
+
+order in which you
+combine them.
+
+And that secondly, and most
+importantly, that neither of
+
+these is the same as this.
+
+That combining two functions is
+not the same as multiplying
+
+the outputs of two different
+functions.
+
+Well, I think that's
+sort of enough of a
+
+mouthful for one sitting.
+
+Our main aim today was to
+introduce functions, the
+
+language that we're going to be
+using the rest of the way.
+
+Because after all if we don't
+have the vocabulary
+
+established it will not be
+second nature to talk about
+
+the concepts.
+
+Starting next time and beyond
+we will deal more with
+
+specific calculus contexts.
+
+But until next time, goodbye.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dP4NQIpUH6w.txt b/dP4NQIpUH6w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4502e9fec9c5b654f74d91990b1169a0993bd40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dP4NQIpUH6w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14577 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+
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+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
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+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
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+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today as I
+mentioned to you uh in the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you uh in the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you uh in the last lecture
+we're going to really be focusing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to really be focusing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to really be focusing uh
+quite some depth into this paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some depth into this paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some depth into this paper by
+Sunny she so uh say that it is um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny she so uh say that it is um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny she so uh say that it is um you
+know one of my all-time favorite papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of my all-time favorite papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of my all-time favorite papers
+uh and in particular from the standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular from the standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in particular from the standpoint
+of discussing a paper in class I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussing a paper in class I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussing a paper in class I think
+it is uh absolutely wonderful it uh is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh absolutely wonderful it uh is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh absolutely wonderful it uh is I
+think clearly written it explains why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think clearly written it explains why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think clearly written it explains why
+they did all these things and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did all these things and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did all these things and they
+checked all sorts of possible sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked all sorts of possible sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked all sorts of possible sources of
+U of of perhaps being led astray uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of of perhaps being led astray uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of of perhaps being led astray uh and
+I think it was it was a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was it was a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was it was a huge amount of
+work and it was a a technical Tor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it was a a technical Tor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it was a a technical Tor to
+force when it came out all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when it came out all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when it came out all right so
+before this I would say single single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this I would say single single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this I would say single single
+molecule biophysics by which I mean both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule biophysics by which I mean both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule biophysics by which I mean both
+um both single molecule fluoresence I.E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both single molecule fluoresence I.E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both single molecule fluoresence I.E
+detection as well as single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection as well as single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection as well as single molecule
+manipulation were almost exclusively inv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation were almost exclusively inv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation were almost exclusively inv
+vitro techniques right so we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro techniques right so we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro techniques right so we took
+purified components and then we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified components and then we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified components and then we uh we
+studied the fluoresence or the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the fluoresence or the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the fluoresence or the you know
+the mechanical properties and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical properties and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical properties and so forth
+of of these molecules in um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these molecules in um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these molecules in um the
+equivalent of a test tube but really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of a test tube but really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of a test tube but really you
+know in glass slides where we just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in glass slides where we just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in glass slides where we just had
+the purified components you know so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purified components you know so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purified components you know so no
+living cells right and I think we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells right and I think we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells right and I think we got a
+lot of insight into the dynamic dyamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of insight into the dynamic dyamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of insight into the dynamic dyamics
+of molecular Motors transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular Motors transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular Motors transcription
+translation so forth um and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so forth um and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so forth um and I think that
+many of us in the field thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us in the field thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of us in the field thought that
+thought that this paper was essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that this paper was essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that this paper was essentially
+not possible okay all right so I was U I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible okay all right so I was U I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible okay all right so I was U I
+did my PhD from U well in the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my PhD from U well in the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did my PhD from U well in the single
+molecular area from kind of like 2000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular area from kind of like 2000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular area from kind of like 2000 to
+2005 I graduated and um and indeed I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 I graduated and um and indeed I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 I graduated and um and indeed I I
+did a little bit of work in this uh area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a little bit of work in this uh area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a little bit of work in this uh area
+of single mole fluoresence and um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single mole fluoresence and um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single mole fluoresence and um I was
+basically unsuccessful even just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically unsuccessful even just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically unsuccessful even just doing
+this kind of in the rro setting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of in the rro setting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of in the rro setting you know
+my lab um it was Carlos Bonte we did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab um it was Carlos Bonte we did uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab um it was Carlos Bonte we did uh
+primarily single M manipulation we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily single M manipulation we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily single M manipulation we were
+uh playing with this uh the single Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh playing with this uh the single Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh playing with this uh the single Mo
+fluoresence and eventually uh people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence and eventually uh people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence and eventually uh people in
+the lab got it to work but I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab got it to work but I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab got it to work but I would say
+that my for into it was maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my for into it was maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my for into it was maybe
+unsuccessful um so I I was um I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful um so I I was um I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful um so I I was um I had a
+very healthy um respect for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very healthy um respect for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very healthy um respect for the
+challenges that are involved in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that are involved in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that are involved in doing
+single molecule fluoresence uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule fluoresence uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule fluoresence uh and and
+the thought of of doing this in live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thought of of doing this in live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thought of of doing this in live
+cells was um you know very scary and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells was um you know very scary and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells was um you know very scary and I'd
+say that many of us thought that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that many of us thought that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that many of us thought that it was
+not going to work and indeed uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work and indeed uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work and indeed uh this
+project was one uh and in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was one uh and in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was one uh and in the general
+goal of studying kind of single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of studying kind of single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of studying kind of single molecule
+Dynamics in living cells is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics in living cells is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics in living cells is something
+that Sunny's group had been working on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sunny's group had been working on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sunny's group had been working on I
+think for many years and so it indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for many years and so it indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for many years and so it indeed
+was very hard but um but then there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very hard but um but then there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very hard but um but then there were
+these two papers that came out both from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two papers that came out both from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two papers that came out both from
+Sunny's lab actually uh they came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny's lab actually uh they came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny's lab actually uh they came out in
+both I think January of 2006 one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both I think January of 2006 one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both I think January of 2006 one in
+science one in nature demonstrating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science one in nature demonstrating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science one in nature demonstrating uh
+not one way of doing this but rather two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one way of doing this but rather two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one way of doing this but rather two
+ways of getting single molecule Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of getting single molecule Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of getting single molecule Dynamics
+inside living cells right uh so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside living cells right uh so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside living cells right uh so today
+obviously we're going to be primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're going to be primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're going to be primarily
+talking about this uh paper by you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this uh paper by you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this uh paper by you and
+Shia but if you're interested in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shia but if you're interested in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shia but if you're interested in these
+things I encourage you to check out long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I encourage you to check out long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I encourage you to check out long
+Kai's paper which is also uh published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai's paper which is also uh published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai's paper which is also uh published
+OBS say at the same time and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OBS say at the same time and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OBS say at the same time and that was
+based on kind of a microfluidic assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on kind of a microfluidic assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on kind of a microfluidic assay
+where instead of doing this single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead of doing this single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead of doing this single
+molecular fluoresence in within cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular fluoresence in within cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular fluoresence in within cells
+instead uh by trapping the cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh by trapping the cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh by trapping the cells in
+small volumes and then using more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small volumes and then using more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small volumes and then using more
+traditional enzymatic assays such as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional enzymatic assays such as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional enzymatic assays such as uh
+this like beta gal type assay enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like beta gal type assay enclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like beta gal type assay enclosed
+in a small volume it's still is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small volume it's still is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small volume it's still is possible
+to study once again this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study once again this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study once again this sort of
+bursting Dynamics in eoli and also they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursting Dynamics in eoli and also they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursting Dynamics in eoli and also they
+did it in yeast and demonstrated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it in yeast and demonstrated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it in yeast and demonstrated that
+it's kind of a a generally practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a a generally practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a a generally practical
+essay okay so uh if uh yes if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay okay so uh if uh yes if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay okay so uh if uh yes if you're
+interested in in those papers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in those papers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in those papers I
+encourage you to check it out but um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to check it out but um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to check it out but um you
+know for me it was this was really uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for me it was this was really uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for me it was this was really uh an
+eye opening thing I uh you know so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye opening thing I uh you know so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye opening thing I uh you know so I
+graduated uh with my PhD in December of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated uh with my PhD in December of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated uh with my PhD in December of
+2005 and then I I went to a conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 and then I I went to a conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 and then I I went to a conference
+in um in Cambridge England where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in Cambridge England where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in Cambridge England where where
+Sunny presented uh presented this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny presented uh presented this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunny presented uh presented this work
+and I think that it it really um blew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that it it really um blew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that it it really um blew
+many of our minds this idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of our minds this idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of our minds this idea that you
+could start to get this sort of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start to get this sort of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start to get this sort of data
+within live cells and indeed Sunny's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within live cells and indeed Sunny's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within live cells and indeed Sunny's
+group over the next five years uh did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group over the next five years uh did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group over the next five years uh did a
+whole series of what I consider to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series of what I consider to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series of what I consider to be
+beautiful studies uh probing for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful studies uh probing for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful studies uh probing for example
+the Dynamics of this lack repressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of this lack repressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of this lack repressor
+binding unbinding uh onto the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding unbinding uh onto the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding unbinding uh onto the this
+promoter uh the search process uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter uh the search process uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter uh the search process uh and
+and yeah whole whole s of I think really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah whole whole s of I think really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah whole whole s of I think really
+beautiful things so uh we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things so uh we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things so uh we're not going
+to have a chance to go over all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a chance to go over all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a chance to go over all those
+papers in this class but but I encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in this class but but I encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers in this class but but I encourage
+you to uh to look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to uh to look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to uh to look at them
+all right can can somebody say what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can can somebody say what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can can somebody say what the
+primary challenge is with doing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary challenge is with doing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary challenge is with doing kind of
+single molecule fluoresence in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule fluoresence in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule fluoresence in uh in
+these live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells so why why is it that I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so why why is it that I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so why why is it that I did not
+think that this was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this was going to
+work and now I know you're you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and now I know you're you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and now I know you're you're you
+know you're trying you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're trying you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're trying you're going to have
+to uh give an argument that ends up not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give an argument that ends up not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give an argument that ends up not
+being true but um yeah but why you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true but um yeah but why you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true but um yeah but why you why
+why is it this is this is such a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it this is this is such a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it this is this is such a hard
+hard thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard thing to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+yeah cell can't the cell right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cell can't the cell right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cell can't the cell right okay so
+one is that you know you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laser to the cell and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser to the cell and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser to the cell and then you know
+there's a big question mark you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big question mark you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big question mark you know is
+this you know is this going to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know is this going to be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know is this going to be okay
+right and indeed um we certainly know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and indeed um we certainly know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and indeed um we certainly know
+that at one limit it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at one limit it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at one limit it's not going to be
+okay right I mean if you take the lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right I mean if you take the lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right I mean if you take the lasers
+at you know Los Alamos National Lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know Los Alamos National Lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know Los Alamos National Lab
+right you know you're gonna you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know you're gonna you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know you're gonna you can
+vaporize a cell right so it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporize a cell right so it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporize a cell right so it's certainly
+you know enough power and the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know enough power and the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know enough power and the cell is
+going to be dead for sure right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dead for sure right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dead for sure right and so
+the question is maybe oh can you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is maybe oh can you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is maybe oh can you can you
+dial down the laser power enough to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial down the laser power enough to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial down the laser power enough to get
+together and indeed this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and indeed this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and indeed this is something
+they talk about uh their their strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about uh their their strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about uh their their strategy
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+paper other challenges problems many all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper other challenges problems many all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper other challenges problems many all
+right so in principle there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in principle there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in principle there are many
+molecules right so um so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right so um so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right so um so we have to
+figure out some way of separating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some way of separating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some way of separating them
+either temporally or spatially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either temporally or spatially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either temporally or spatially and
+indeed in this paper they actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in this paper they actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in this paper they actually do
+they do both right so there's there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do both right so there's there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do both right so there's there you
+know we say many okay many molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we say many okay many molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we say many okay many molecules and
+of course we have to decide what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have to decide what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we have to decide what we mean
+by this because ultimately we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this because ultimately we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this because ultimately we're
+interested in doing single molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing single molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing single molecular
+measurements right but then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements right but then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements right but then of course
+the plural of single is many and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plural of single is many and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plural of single is many and the
+question you know how many is too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know how many is too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know how many is too many
+for us to study and so forth right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to study and so forth right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to study and so forth right you
+know so you know the question here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you know the question here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you know the question here is
+maybe like how to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah what are other other challenges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what are other other challenges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what are other other challenges in
+this diffusion all right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diffusion all right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diffusion all right there's
+diffusion right so and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right so and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion right so and we're going to
+talk more about this for sure well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about this for sure well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about this for sure well
+actually all of these things we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of these things we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of these things we're going
+to talk more diffusion and this U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more diffusion and this U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more diffusion and this U and
+why is this a problem though it's fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a problem though it's fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a problem though it's fast
+all right so it's diffusion is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's diffusion is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's diffusion is maybe
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+and right so this is going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right so this is going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right so this is going to end up
+being relevant for kind of signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being relevant for kind of signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being relevant for kind of signal to
+noise re reasons right right so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise re reasons right right so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise re reasons right right so what are
+are the um yeah so what's the signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the um yeah so what's the signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the um yeah so what's the signal and
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noise all right so this's autof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise all right so this's autof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise all right so this's autof
+fluoresence okay and so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence okay and so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence okay and so in particular
+this noise is autof fluoresence from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what all right cell from the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and and what's and what's the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and what's and what's the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and and what's and what's the signal
+just to be clear here phons from right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clear here phons from right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clear here phons from right
+so this photons from uh in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this photons from uh in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this photons from uh in this case the
+gfp like molecule yeah right so if a all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfp like molecule yeah right so if a all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfp like molecule yeah right so if a all
+right so we want to do single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to do single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to do single molecule
+measurements right we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements right we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements right we want to be able to
+to measure or detect the the fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure or detect the the fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure or detect the the fluoresence
+coming from this uh single fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this uh single fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this uh single fluorescent
+protein right now the question is does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein right now the question is does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein right now the question is does a
+does a if it's a single molecule does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a if it's a single molecule does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a if it's a single molecule does
+that mean that it's going to send out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that it's going to send out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that it's going to send out
+just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Photon no right I mean they maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon no right I mean they maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon no right I mean they maybe they
+come out as single photons but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out as single photons but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out as single photons but you know
+we we can detect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can detect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can detect them
+right now it's the challenge in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's the challenge in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's the challenge in this in
+some way surprisingly is not that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way surprisingly is not that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way surprisingly is not that the
+number of photons is so small right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons is so small right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons is so small right so
+does anybody have any rough sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody have any rough sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody have any rough sense of
+maybe how many photons are we collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe how many photons are we collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe how many photons are we collecting
+from each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of
+these maybe thousands yeah so yeah I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these maybe thousands yeah so yeah I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these maybe thousands yeah so yeah I'd
+say many thousands okay right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say many thousands okay right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say many thousands okay right in
+particular okay so we'll say many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thousands so it could be 10 4 per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands so it could be 10 4 per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands so it could be 10 4 per second
+or so you know it depends on again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so you know it depends on again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so you know it depends on again the
+laser intensity uh many thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser intensity uh many thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser intensity uh many thousands of
+photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collected yes that's before pH yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected yes that's before pH yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected yes that's before pH yes
+that's right yes and and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yes and and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yes and and and and and
+indeed the the the stronger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the the the stronger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the the the stronger the
+intensity of the laser light that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the laser light that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the laser light that you
+illuminate with the faster you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate with the faster you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate with the faster you're going
+to collect the photons but it in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect the photons but it in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect the photons but it in general
+it won't increase the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't increase the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't increase the total number of
+photons uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons uh that you
+collect right so you know in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect right so you know in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect right so you know in the in
+these sorts of situations you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of situations you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of situations you know you
+might you might get say I know we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might get say I know we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might get say I know we'll say
+10 4 plus or minus in order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4 plus or minus in order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4 plus or minus in order of magnitude
+uh photons per second and and they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photons per second and and they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photons per second and and they might
+last for depending on how long you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last for depending on how long you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last for depending on how long you know
+for 30 seconds or so you know and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 30 seconds or so you know and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 30 seconds or so you know and of
+course we we'll look at the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we we'll look at the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we we'll look at the actual
+numbers in this paper but in many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this paper but in many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this paper but in many of
+these situations you know times 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these situations you know times 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these situations you know times 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+uh right in this in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right in this in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right in this in this case it
+actually bleached faster right and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bleached faster right and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bleached faster right and we
+we'll see but this is kind of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see but this is kind of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see but this is kind of what you
+might be able to get also you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to get also you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to get also you know if
+you do use inorganic or use organic dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do use inorganic or use organic dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do use inorganic or use organic dies
+are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they
+right but this gives you some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this gives you some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this gives you some sense of
+that there's a fair number of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fair number of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fair number of photons
+that you could in principle collect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could in principle collect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could in principle collect from
+a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+molecule right now of course you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right now of course you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right now of course you might
+be worried well these are the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried well these are the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried well these are the photons
+that you you know that you shine on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know that you shine on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know that you shine on your
+camera but then your camera won't pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera but then your camera won't pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera but then your camera won't pick
+up all of them right the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of them right the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all of them right the way that we
+think about this is uh by what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is uh by what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is uh by what's known
+as the quantum efficiency okay Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the quantum efficiency okay Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the quantum efficiency okay Quantum
+efficiency tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency tells us
+basically this is the um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is the um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is the um this is the
+fraction fraction of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction fraction of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction fraction of photons
+detected but uh with with modern cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected but uh with with modern cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected but uh with with modern cameras
+actually this thing is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this thing is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this thing is approximately
+one all right so it's 0. nine maybe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so it's 0. nine maybe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so it's 0. nine maybe with
+uh modern cameras which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modern cameras which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modern cameras which
+is for our purposes basically one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for our purposes basically one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for our purposes basically one okay
+which means that you can uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can uh you can
+detect actually a majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect actually a majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect actually a majority of the
+photons that are hitting hitting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons that are hitting hitting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons that are hitting hitting your
+camera okay so it's not that from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera okay so it's not that from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera okay so it's not that from that
+standpoint it's not the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint it's not the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint it's not the number of
+photons is not actually the problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons is not actually the problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons is not actually the problem here
+right you can you can collect many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can you can collect many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can you can collect many
+thousands of photons okay so the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of photons okay so the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of photons okay so the problem
+is really detecting that signal over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really detecting that signal over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really detecting that signal over the
+background signal over the autof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background signal over the autof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background signal over the autof
+fluoresence of um of the cell okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence of um of the cell okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence of um of the cell okay and
+indeed in the if you look at the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in the if you look at the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in the if you look at the um the
+the figure figure one what you can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure figure one what you can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure figure one what you can very
+clearly see the autof fluoresence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly see the autof fluoresence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly see the autof fluoresence of the
+cell right so the the fluoresence where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right so the the fluoresence where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell right so the the fluoresence where
+there's the cell is is indeed much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the cell is is indeed much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the cell is is indeed much
+larger than where there's no cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than where there's no cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than where there's no cell okay
+so the autof fluoresence is is the I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the autof fluoresence is is the I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the autof fluoresence is is the I'd
+say the primary challenge here of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the primary challenge here of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the primary challenge here of course
+there are many many others all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many others all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many others all right so
+this is um potentially a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um potentially a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um potentially a big
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and in order to get around that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in order to get around that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in order to get around that there
+are all these other strategies that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all these other strategies that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all these other strategies that uh
+that the author is kind of uh Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah so it's just many things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so it's just many things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so it's just many things are
+weakly fluorescent I think is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly fluorescent I think is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly fluorescent I think is the um
+short answer and this this also depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer and this this also depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer and this this also depends
+upon for example there cells are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon for example there cells are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon for example there cells are more
+autof florescent if you grow them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autof florescent if you grow them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autof florescent if you grow them in
+rich media than in minimal media for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich media than in minimal media for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich media than in minimal media for
+some mysterious reason and yeah but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mysterious reason and yeah but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mysterious reason and yeah but it's
+really just that there are many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just that there are many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just that there are many things
+that are weakly FL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are weakly FL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are weakly FL
+and it's just there a lot of lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just there a lot of lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just there a lot of lot of
+molecules in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell yeah so right so indeed uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell yeah so right so indeed uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell yeah so right so indeed uh in the
+case if you put in a fluorescent protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you put in a fluorescent protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you put in a fluorescent protein
+or a fluorescent Dy then it has rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fluorescent Dy then it has rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fluorescent Dy then it has rather
+well- defined absorption and emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined absorption and emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined absorption and emission
+Spectra right uh and uh each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra right uh and uh each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra right uh and uh each individual
+absorber emitter indeed has a well-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber emitter indeed has a well-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber emitter indeed has a well-
+defined absorption of em Mission profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined absorption of em Mission profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined absorption of em Mission profile
+but then in the cell there just many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then in the cell there just many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then in the cell there just many
+many many of them which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many of them which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many of them which means that
+there's rather what you might call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's rather what you might call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's rather what you might call a
+broadband uh absorption and Broadband uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadband uh absorption and Broadband uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadband uh absorption and Broadband uh
+emission okay so indeed in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission okay so indeed in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission okay so indeed in some
+wavelengths it's it's it's worse than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths it's it's it's worse than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths it's it's it's worse than in
+others but it's not that you get well-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but it's not that you get well-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but it's not that you get well-
+defined uh Peaks the way you do for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined uh Peaks the way you do for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined uh Peaks the way you do for a
+single uh a single kind of floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four um yeah so indeed in in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four um yeah so indeed in in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four um yeah so indeed in in this case
+they're um they're exciting with a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um they're exciting with a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're um they're exciting with a laser
+so at least on the excitation it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least on the excitation it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at least on the excitation it's as
+precise as you can hope for right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise as you can hope for right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise as you can hope for right and
+indeed on on the emission um they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed on on the emission um they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed on on the emission um they will
+use uh they'll use a filter so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh they'll use a filter so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh they'll use a filter so that
+they're not going to be absorb you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be absorb you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be absorb you know
+it's probably a few tens of nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a few tens of nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a few tens of nanometers
+that they're they're looking at so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're they're looking at so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're they're looking at so in
+that sense they they are filtering out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense they they are filtering out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense they they are filtering out
+but still there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+autofluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right now uh getting at this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh getting at this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now uh getting at this question of
+the the single um the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the single um the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the single um the single
+molecule uh fluoresence the limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh fluoresence the limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh fluoresence the limitation
+diffusion and so forth uh it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and so forth uh it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and so forth uh it's always
+valuable uh to have a sense of scale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable uh to have a sense of scale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable uh to have a sense of scale in
+anything that you're ever doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you're ever doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you're ever doing all
+right so just to let's let's wake up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just to let's let's wake up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just to let's let's wake up by
+reminding ourselves how big is a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding ourselves how big is a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding ourselves how big is a protein
+all right so typical protein typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein and for now we'll say EG for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and for now we'll say EG for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and for now we'll say EG for
+example gfp or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we're not going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're not going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're not going to give you
+very much time to think about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much time to think about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much time to think about this but
+um I just want to make sure that um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just want to make sure that um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just want to make sure that um we
+all keep track of Senses of scale in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all keep track of Senses of scale in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all keep track of Senses of scale in the
+world okay all right ready 3 two 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay all right ready 3 two 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay all right ready 3 two 1
+all right so we got some B's C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we got some B's C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we got some B's C's
+D's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's all right
+um wow we got a lot of lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wow we got a lot of lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wow we got a lot of lot of
+surprisingly wide wide range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly wide wide range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly wide wide range
+actually okay well we also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay well we also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay well we also have the
+mirror image problem over here okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror image problem over here okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror image problem over here okay okay
+so um right uh all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um right uh all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um right uh all right so
+indeed uh I'll say this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed uh I'll say this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed uh I'll say this is this is a
+typical um this is kind of what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical um this is kind of what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical um this is kind of what this is
+a typical protein size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so it's a few nanometers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so it's a few nanometers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so it's a few nanometers right
+you know depending on you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depending on you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know depending on you know there are
+some that get that get larger you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that get that get larger you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that get that get larger you know
+especially if you're thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're thinking about a
+long you know there are some well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you know there are some well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you know there are some well
+structural you know of course if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural you know of course if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural you know of course if you're
+talking about filaments they can be they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about filaments they can be they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about filaments they can be they
+can you know extent you know but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know extent you know but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know extent you know but if
+you're talking about a typical globular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a typical globular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about a typical globular
+protein we're it's it's a few nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein we're it's it's a few nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein we're it's it's a few nanometers
+in Dam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Dam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Dam
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the question is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is if we
+let's say that this is a fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that this is a fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that this is a fluorescent
+protein like gfp now what we do is we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein like gfp now what we do is we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein like gfp now what we do is we we
+look at it right and we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it right and we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it right and we're going to get
+some florescent spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so this is plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensity as a function of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity as a function of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity as a function of uh the
+position right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position right so this
+is the intensity is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the intensity is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the intensity is a function of
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay now the question is what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay now the question is what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay now the question is what is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spot all right we conveniently have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot all right we conveniently have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot all right we conveniently have some
+size scales up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size scales up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size scales up on the
+board all right I'll let us think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board all right I'll let us think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board all right I'll let us think about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+for eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay we have a majority of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we have a majority of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay we have a majority of the group
+that is saying that indeed it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is saying that indeed it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is saying that indeed it's going to
+be D so this is what's known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be D so this is what's known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be D so this is what's known as a
+defraction limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spot right and this is uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot right and this is uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot right and this is uh this is a
+fundamental physics limitation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics limitation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics limitation right
+that if you are Imaging something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are Imaging something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you are Imaging something
+with light that is of some wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light that is of some wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light that is of some wavelength
+Lambda this is of order Lambda over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda this is of order Lambda over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda this is of order Lambda over two
+right you know depends on numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know depends on numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know depends on numerical
+operatory ver objective and so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operatory ver objective and so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operatory ver objective and so forth but
+you know it's of order of Lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's of order of Lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's of order of Lambda a
+little bit less maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less maybe
+okay right and indeed the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and indeed the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and indeed the uh the
+wavelength of the light that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light that's being
+used here is uh you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here is uh you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here is uh you know they're
+exciting with 500 something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting with 500 something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting with 500 something and
+then um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just4 514 okay right so indeed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just4 514 okay right so indeed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just4 514 okay right so indeed what
+happens is that we shine in light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that we shine in light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that we shine in light so
+this is the L Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the L Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the L Lambda
+incident U that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident U that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident U that is uh
+514 okay now there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+514 okay now there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+514 okay now there's going to be some
+gfp that looks like this right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfp that looks like this right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfp that looks like this right and then
+we're going to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get out
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+emission all right question is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission all right question is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission all right question is the
+emitted light going to be equal is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted light going to be equal is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted light going to be equal is it
+the wavelength going to be 514
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength going to be 514
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength going to be 514
+nanometers yes or no ready three two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers yes or no ready three two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers yes or no ready three two one
+no no all right Lambda emission is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no all right Lambda emission is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no all right Lambda emission is it
+going to be greater than or less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than or less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than or less than
+Lambda incident ready 3 two 1 greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda incident ready 3 two 1 greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda incident ready 3 two 1 greater
+than all right so this thing is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all right so this thing is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all right so this thing is greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+514 right now if you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+514 right now if you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+514 right now if you just have
+scattering off something right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off something right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering off something right so let's
+say that we had a gold particle and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we had a gold particle and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we had a gold particle and we
+shine you know would what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine you know would what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine you know would what's going to be
+the relationship between Lambda incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between Lambda incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between Lambda incident
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emission is it possible to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is it possible to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is it possible to have
+something have the same wavelength come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something have the same wavelength come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something have the same wavelength come
+out as you put in of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as you put in of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as you put in of some
+object you know I Bas I mean yes I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you know I Bas I mean yes I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you know I Bas I mean yes I if
+you just have something a mirror you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have something a mirror you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have something a mirror you can
+get back you know so it is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back you know so it is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back you know so it is it is
+possible you know but in General there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know but in General there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know but in General there's
+going to be some dissipation you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some dissipation you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some dissipation you know
+it's question of how much and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's question of how much and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's question of how much and so forth
+right but certainly for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but certainly for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but certainly for something like
+fluoresence you uh you have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence you uh you have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence you uh you have a higher
+energy Photon then you have a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Photon then you have a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Photon then you have a photon
+that's emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's emitted
+okay right and of course energy goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and of course energy goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right and of course energy goes as
+one over Lambda right okay now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Lambda right okay now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Lambda right okay now this is
+this is useful uh because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is useful uh because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is useful uh because you can
+actually uh spectrally separate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh spectrally separate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh spectrally separate things
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+all right I just want to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I just want to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I just want to highlight
+though that if this thing is if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that if this thing is if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that if this thing is if this
+separation is of order of 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is of order of 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is of order of 300
+nmet and our protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmet and our protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmet and our protein
+is that there's our gfp nicely drawn not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's our gfp nicely drawn not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's our gfp nicely drawn not
+even quite to scale and to scale it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even quite to scale and to scale it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even quite to scale and to scale it's
+actually even smaller right it's factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even smaller right it's factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even smaller right it's factor
+of 100 in size right this thing is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100 in size right this thing is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100 in size right this thing is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nmet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmet in
+size 300 NM wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now it's it's it's important to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's it's it's important to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's it's it's important to be
+clear about what this means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about what this means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about what this means this
+defraction limited spot right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction limited spot right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction limited spot right the first
+thing to note is that what it means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that what it means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note is that what it means is
+that if you have two proteins right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have two proteins right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have two proteins right so
+for example I add another one over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I add another one over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I add another one over here
+that it's going to be very hard to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be very hard to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be very hard to tell
+that we have those two proteins next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have those two proteins next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have those two proteins next to
+each other right because the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right because the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other right because the resulting
+fluoresence pattern will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence pattern will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence pattern will look
+essentially the same okay will it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same okay will it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same okay will it be
+exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the
+same what's going to change intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what's going to change intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what's going to change intensity
+the intensity right so the intensity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity right so the intensity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity right so the intensity you
+expect to go up by factor of two absent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to go up by factor of two absent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to go up by factor of two absent
+some interaction between you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interaction between you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interaction between you can in
+principle get interactions there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle get interactions there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle get interactions there but
+let's for now assume that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's for now assume that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's for now assume that there's no
+interaction right then the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction right then the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction right then the intensity
+would indeed go up by a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would indeed go up by a factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would indeed go up by a factor of two
+but uh unless you're very careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh unless you're very careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh unless you're very careful about
+all of your Optics and so forth it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your Optics and so forth it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your Optics and so forth it's
+actually a challenge to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a challenge to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a challenge to use this
+intensity uh alone to to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity uh alone to to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity uh alone to to distinguish
+these things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things okay
+right it's only so the statement with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's only so the statement with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's only so the statement with a
+defraction limited spot is that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction limited spot is that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction limited spot is that you you
+need these two proteins to be separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these two proteins to be separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these two proteins to be separated
+by something like Lambda over two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something like Lambda over two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something like Lambda over two in
+order for you to see start to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for you to see start to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for you to see start to see the
+separation right because then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation right because then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation right because then you have
+something looks like this something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looks like this something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looks like this something
+looks like this and then the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and then the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and then the sum of
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indeed you know you know so you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you know you know so you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you know you know so you you know
+so you can say all right well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say all right well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say all right well you know
+it looks like there are two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there are two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there are two molecules
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right right now I just want to okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right now I just want to okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right now I just want to okay and
+the the notion of a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the notion of a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the notion of a lot of these
+so-called super resolution techniques is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called super resolution techniques is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called super resolution techniques is
+figuring out a way to distinguish these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out a way to distinguish these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out a way to distinguish these
+things we'll maybe say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll maybe say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll maybe say something about
+that in a moment but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a moment but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a moment but I just want to
+highlight that if we come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that if we come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that if we come back to the
+situation where we have a single protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we have a single protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we have a single protein
+there right now the question is how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right now the question is how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right now the question is how can
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+tell or to to how accurately can we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell or to to how accurately can we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell or to to how accurately can we tell
+where that protein is if we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that protein is if we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that protein is if we know that
+there's just a single single protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a single single protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a single single protein
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in particular this size of the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in particular this size of the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in particular this size of the spot
+is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us
+something right but it it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right but it it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right but it it might
+not uh be quite as strong of limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh be quite as strong of limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh be quite as strong of limitation
+as it appears at first glance okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it appears at first glance okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it appears at first glance okay and
+that's because in this case well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because in this case well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because in this case well maybe
+I'll bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll bring it
+back what we what we see is a big spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what we what we see is a big spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what we what we see is a big spot
+300 n kind of wide right but you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 n kind of wide right but you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 n kind of wide right but you know if
+we see this and we know it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this and we know it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this and we know it's just a
+single protein there I mean could the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single protein there I mean could the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single protein there I mean could the
+could the protein be over here no if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the protein be over here no if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could the protein be over here no if the
+protein were over here then the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein were over here then the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein were over here then the spot
+would look it would be look right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look it would be look right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look it would be look right it
+would be over there right so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be over there right so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be over there right so all right
+so actually even though the the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually even though the the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually even though the the size of
+the spot is you know it's kind of 300 NM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot is you know it's kind of 300 NM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot is you know it's kind of 300 NM
+in principle if you want to know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle if you want to know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle if you want to know where
+that protein is if you know there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein is if you know there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein is if you know there's just
+a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+protein well in that case what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein well in that case what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein well in that case what you want
+to know is where's the center of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is where's the center of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is where's the center of that
+distribution okay and that problem well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay and that problem well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay and that problem well
+the width of the distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the distribution is
+relevant okay but there's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant okay but there's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant okay but there's something else
+that's also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relevant so and quite generally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so and quite generally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so and quite generally if you
+measure some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some
+quantity n times and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity n times and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity n times and you want to
+know right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so you're
+measuring the height of men entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the height of men entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the height of men entering the
+army or whatever right you know and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army or whatever right you know and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army or whatever right you know and you
+want to know if you want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know if you want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know if you want to know the
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+right right what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right what is it that
+determines the your your uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the your your uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the your your uncertainty
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+mean right there's the sample size okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right there's the sample size okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right there's the sample size okay
+now does the width of distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does the width of distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does the width of distribution
+enter yeah all right so in general your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter yeah all right so in general your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter yeah all right so in general your
+uncertainty in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in in the
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+um is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is going to
+go with the width of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with the width of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with the width of the distribution
+Sigma of whatever um divided by and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma of whatever um divided by and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma of whatever um divided by and what
+do I put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I put down
+here H root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H root
+n where n is the number of samples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n is the number of samples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n is the number of samples that
+we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what this is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that as we sample this distribution more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we sample this distribution more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we sample this distribution more
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+more does the St does the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more does the St does the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more does the St does the standard
+deviation of the distribution does it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the distribution does it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the distribution does it go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero no right as we and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no right as we and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no right as we and then you know
+these are all trivial statements but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all trivial statements but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all trivial statements but I
+can't tell you how many times I see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you how many times I see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you how many times I see this
+getting confused okay so if you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting confused okay so if you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting confused okay so if you measure
+many many many times you get a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many times you get a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many times you get a very
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+distribution right the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right the width of
+distribution the sigma that you get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the sigma that you get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the sigma that you get very
+accurately right so it's true also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately right so it's true also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately right so it's true also that
+your uncertainty in the width go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uncertainty in the width go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uncertainty in the width go that
+actually does go to zero but the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does go to zero but the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does go to zero but the width
+of it the width doesn't go to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it the width doesn't go to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it the width doesn't go to zero the
+width is the width of the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width is the width of the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width is the width of the distribution
+right but your uncertainty in the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but your uncertainty in the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but your uncertainty in the mean
+right that goes down as 1 over root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that goes down as 1 over root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that goes down as 1 over root n
+right and what is n in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what is n in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what is n in the case of
+our detection business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our detection business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our detection business
+here it's kind of like the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's kind of like the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's kind of like the number of
+photons right now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons right now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons right now of course
+in the actual experiment we don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the actual experiment we don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the actual experiment we don't get
+precisely this distribution instead it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely this distribution instead it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely this distribution instead it's
+kind of um sort of quantized somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um sort of quantized somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um sort of quantized somehow
+spatially because we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially because we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially because we're actually
+detecting it on a CCD chip all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting it on a CCD chip all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting it on a CCD chip all right so
+you can go and do the math figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and do the math figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and do the math figure out
+how everything behaves but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how everything behaves but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how everything behaves but actually
+that's not as much of a limitation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not as much of a limitation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not as much of a limitation as
+you might have expected right in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have expected right in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have expected right in many
+cases the pixel size on the image plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the pixel size on the image plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the pixel size on the image plane
+is actually something like 100 nimet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually something like 100 nimet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually something like 100 nimet
+right so this distribution that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this distribution that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this distribution that you
+measure although the in principle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure although the in principle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure although the in principle it
+looks like this what you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this what you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this what you actually
+measure is something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should yeah something like that right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should yeah something like that right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should yeah something like that right uh
+because you have you have discret uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you have discret uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you have discret uh
+pixels on the on the CCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels on the on the CCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels on the on the CCD
+right and and you it it feels that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and you it it feels that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and you it it feels that that
+should just kind of totally totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just kind of totally totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just kind of totally totally
+screw you but it's if you go and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw you but it's if you go and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw you but it's if you go and you do
+the math we find it's not it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math we find it's not it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math we find it's not it's not as
+bad as you might expect right so broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as you might expect right so broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as you might expect right so broadly
+you do get essentially something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do get essentially something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do get essentially something that
+goes as one over root n where n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as one over root n where n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes as one over root n where n is the
+number of photons and if you collect 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons and if you collect 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons and if you collect 10
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+photons right that actually it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons right that actually it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons right that actually it's a lot
+of photons okay so if we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons okay so if we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons okay so if we want to know
+the the uncertainty in the the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uncertainty in the the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uncertainty in the the center of
+our distribution well this thing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our distribution well this thing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our distribution well this thing all
+right you know we might have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know we might have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know we might have something
+that's of order 300 nanometers here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of order 300 nanometers here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of order 300 nanometers here we
+take the square root of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root of 10
+4 right but we get to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 right but we get to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 right but we get to divide by
+something like a 100 okay so this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a 100 okay so this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a 100 okay so this is you
+know and these are all very rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and these are all very rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and these are all very rough
+numbers right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the point is that we can get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that we can get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that we can get down to
+nanometer resolution in terms of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer resolution in terms of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer resolution in terms of the uh
+the uncertainty to which we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty to which we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty to which we know the
+mean of that distribution yes EXC me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of that distribution yes EXC me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of that distribution yes EXC me how
+can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower yeah yeah right so yeah no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower yeah yeah right so yeah no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower yeah yeah right so yeah no this is
+it's surprising the thing is that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's surprising the thing is that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's surprising the thing is that even
+with just two in principle we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just two in principle we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just two in principle we can be
+very sensitive right I mean because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive right I mean because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive right I mean because
+if you know cuz something you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know cuz something you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know cuz something you actually
+sometimes people actually do just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people actually do just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people actually do just put it
+on a quadrate photo detector where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a quadrate photo detector where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a quadrate photo detector where you
+you really only get essentially binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really only get essentially binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really only get essentially binary
+information each two but even with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information each two but even with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information each two but even with just
+two if I say oh okay well it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if I say oh okay well it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if I say oh okay well it looks like
+this or if I if it looks a little bit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or if I if it looks a little bit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or if I if it looks a little bit if
+it looks like that if I if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like that if I if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like that if I if there's no
+error in our measurements there then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in our measurements there then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in our measurements there then you
+can actually uh get that location very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually uh get that location very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually uh get that location very
+well yeah so it's it's sort of s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so it's it's sort of s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so it's it's sort of s but
+it's surprising I I I'm not gonna I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's surprising I I I'm not gonna I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's surprising I I I'm not gonna I'm
+not going to lie U yeah but even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to lie U yeah but even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to lie U yeah but even with
+this even with this quantization of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even with this quantization of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even with this quantization of some
+sort that's due to the U the CCD you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that's due to the U the CCD you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that's due to the U the CCD you can
+still get that to nanometer resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get that to nanometer resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get that to nanometer resolution
+uh and it and it just it doesn't I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it and it just it doesn't I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it and it just it doesn't I mean
+it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does
+your your resolution is worse than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your resolution is worse than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your resolution is worse than it
+would be if you knew actually exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if you knew actually exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if you knew actually exactly
+where that each Photon was hitting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that each Photon was hitting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that each Photon was hitting but
+not as not as it's not very sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as not as it's not very sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as not as it's not very sensitive
+actually um and indeed in the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um and indeed in the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um and indeed in the presence
+of I this is a highly technical comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I this is a highly technical comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I this is a highly technical comment
+but in the presence of uh of read noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the presence of uh of read noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the presence of uh of read noise
+and other kinds of noise in the CCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other kinds of noise in the CCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other kinds of noise in the CCD
+actually um in many cases it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um in many cases it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um in many cases it's actually
+better to have somewhat larger pixels uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to have somewhat larger pixels uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to have somewhat larger pixels uh
+than uh you know again than you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh you know again than you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh you know again than you would
+expect right you know so these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect right you know so these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect right you know so these are these
+are balancing many different things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are balancing many different things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are balancing many different things you
+know people have thought carefully about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people have thought carefully about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people have thought carefully about
+this stuff but yeah in the end 100 NM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff but yeah in the end 100 NM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff but yeah in the end 100 NM
+pixel is actually fine um and just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel is actually fine um and just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel is actually fine um and just to be
+clear it's 100 nmet at the at the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear it's 100 nmet at the at the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear it's 100 nmet at the at the sample
+plane right so it's typically of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right so it's typically of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane right so it's typically of order
+10 microns U size on the the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns U size on the the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns U size on the the camera
+itself okay so the physical size of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so the physical size of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay so the physical size of each
+of each of the pixels on the camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of the pixels on the camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of the pixels on the camera is
+10 you know 10 microns within a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you know 10 microns within a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you know 10 microns within a factor
+of two between 5 and 20 but then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two between 5 and 20 but then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two between 5 and 20 but then you get
+100x typically magnification at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100x typically magnification at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100x typically magnification at the at
+the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample
+plane so to be clear 10 microns divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so to be clear 10 microns divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so to be clear 10 microns divided
+by 100 is 100 aners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 100 is 100 aners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 100 is 100 aners
+is is everybody following those okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is everybody following those okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is everybody following those okay I
+don't want to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to all
+right all right the key thing three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right the key thing three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right the key thing three you
+can ignore but the the key thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore but the the key thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ignore but the the key thing to
+notice here is this thing that's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is this thing that's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is this thing that's here
+which is nanometer resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um and it's been known for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and it's been known for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and it's been known for for
+decades that this is um that this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades that this is um that this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades that this is um that this is in
+principle possible and so forth but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle possible and so forth but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle possible and so forth but um I
+think that within the realm of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that within the realm of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that within the realm of single
+molecule biophysics uh it's it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule biophysics uh it's it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule biophysics uh it's it was
+really popularized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really popularized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really popularized and
+um and there uh some very nice papers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there uh some very nice papers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there uh some very nice papers by
+yiis at all um where they where they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yiis at all um where they where they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yiis at all um where they where they uh
+they attach single molecules onto like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attach single molecules onto like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attach single molecules onto like
+the um the so-call heads of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the so-call heads of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the so-call heads of various
+Motors as they were walking along tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors as they were walking along tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors as they were walking along tracks
+and showing that these motors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing that these motors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showing that these motors are
+walking kind of like this by attaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking kind of like this by attaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking kind of like this by attaching
+floor Force here and then you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor Force here and then you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor Force here and then you can really
+just see it see them walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay any any questions about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay any any questions about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay any any questions about why
+it's in principle possible to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in principle possible to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in principle possible to get
+nanometer resolution from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer resolution from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer resolution from this
+process so doesn't this assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so doesn't this assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so doesn't this assume that the
+protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is
+100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah yeah indeed so right now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah indeed so right now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah indeed so right now I'm
+assuming that this thing is is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that this thing is is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that this thing is is constant
+and and the question is like how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the question is like how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the question is like how how
+much movement is a problem and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much movement is a problem and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much movement is a problem and so then
+you you have to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right so indeed in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so indeed in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so indeed in in in the
+ca often you're trading off spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca often you're trading off spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca often you're trading off spatial
+resolution for temporal resolution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution for temporal resolution um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution for temporal resolution um
+and also intensity of your laser and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also intensity of your laser and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also intensity of your laser and so
+forth but in these are experiments I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but in these are experiments I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but in these are experiments I
+think that um what they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um what they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um what they did is they
+slowed down the motors quite a lot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down the motors quite a lot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down the motors quite a lot right
+so it's limiting ATP so indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's limiting ATP so indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's limiting ATP so indeed the
+motors in those experiments I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors in those experiments I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors in those experiments I think they
+were taking steps of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking steps of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking steps of order
+every second or 10 seconds I mean it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second or 10 seconds I mean it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second or 10 seconds I mean it was
+it was as slow as you can go and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was as slow as you can go and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was as slow as you can go and still
+um yeah so then at each location I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so then at each location I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so then at each location I think
+yeah they were collecting 10 the four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they were collecting 10 the four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they were collecting 10 the four or
+a few 10 the four photons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few 10 the four photons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few 10 the four photons you
+um um and incidentally in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and incidentally in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and incidentally in this case
+these are the photons that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the photons that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the photons that are being
+collected and typically you would only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected and typically you would only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected and typically you would only
+be collecting um 10 15 out or so percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collecting um 10 15 out or so percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collecting um 10 15 out or so percent
+of the photons just because the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photons just because the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photons just because the photons
+are actually being emitted um everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually being emitted um everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually being emitted um everywhere
+you know but then you you only you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but then you you only you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but then you you only you only
+collect the ones that go back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the ones that go back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the ones that go back to your
+objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right I I just want to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I I just want to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right I I just want to make one
+comment about um about the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about um about the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about um about the super
+resolution techniques that that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution techniques that that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution techniques that that have
+been spreading right so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been spreading right so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been spreading right so the question
+here is well let's say that you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is well let's say that you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is well let's say that you have two
+proteins next to each other um what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins next to each other um what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins next to each other um what can
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+do right uh now the basic idea of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right uh now the basic idea of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right uh now the basic idea of all
+these temp of all these super resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temp of all these super resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temp of all these super resolution
+techniques is that uh that if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques is that uh that if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques is that uh that if you could
+you know that if we know that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that if we know that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that if we know that we have a
+signal from only one protein then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from only one protein then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from only one protein then we can
+actually figure out where it is right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out where it is right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out where it is right so
+what you need to do is figure out a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is figure out a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do is figure out a way
+so that you just have one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you just have one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you just have one at a time
+emitting right so there are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting right so there are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting right so there are various
+schemes to make it so that uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes to make it so that uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes to make it so that uh these
+proteins can either turn on or off okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins can either turn on or off okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins can either turn on or off okay
+now what you can do is if if just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you can do is if if just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you can do is if if just one
+turns on you get some photons you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns on you get some photons you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns on you get some photons you say
+okay this protein is over here whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this protein is over here whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this protein is over here whereas
+then if later this other uh protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if later this other uh protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if later this other uh protein
+becomes fluorescent now you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes fluorescent now you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes fluorescent now you can figure
+out where that is right and so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where that is right and so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where that is right and so you do
+this basic super resolution localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic super resolution localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic super resolution localization
+uh multiple times and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiple times and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiple times and then you can
+identify where um where things are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify where um where things are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify where um where things are and
+um and uh yeah so so the um all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh yeah so so the um all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh yeah so so the um all the
+microscopy guys really like to have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy guys really like to have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy guys really like to have uh
+have fun uh um have have fun acronyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun uh um have have fun acronyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun uh um have have fun acronyms
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um in oh so these guys when they did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in oh so these guys when they did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in oh so these guys when they did it
+they they called it uh Fiona I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they called it uh Fiona I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they called it uh Fiona I don't
+know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if
+you right so uh this is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so uh this is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so uh this is a is a
+DreamWorks or this is with the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DreamWorks or this is with the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DreamWorks or this is with the the the
+Green Ogre like guy and then the redhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Ogre like guy and then the redhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Ogre like guy and then the redhead
+Shrek Shrek all right so Shrek so Fiona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrek Shrek all right so Shrek so Fiona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrek Shrek all right so Shrek so Fiona
+was the redhe head um and it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the redhe head um and it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the redhe head um and it's this
+stands for fluorescent Imaging with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for fluorescent Imaging with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for fluorescent Imaging with one
+nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer
+accuracy right um and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy right um and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy right um and then and then
+indeed uh a group at uh at UCSF then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed uh a group at uh at UCSF then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed uh a group at uh at UCSF then
+developed Shrek which is simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed Shrek which is simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed Shrek which is simultaneous
+high resolution imaging something okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution imaging something okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution imaging something okay I
+can't remember how it ended but um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember how it ended but um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember how it ended but um yeah
+so um right so these uh the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um right so these uh the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um right so these uh the super
+resolution techniques they uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution techniques they uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution techniques they uh they
+called them um so Shia Jang at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them um so Shia Jang at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called them um so Shia Jang at Harvard
+called hers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hers uh
+storm uh stochastic reconstruction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm uh stochastic reconstruction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm uh stochastic reconstruction of
+something or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or another
+um so this is this is the Jang method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is this is the Jang method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is this is the Jang method
+you know and and then Eric betzig called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and then Eric betzig called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and then Eric betzig called
+his palm which stood for something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his palm which stood for something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his palm which stood for something else
+um I don't know but in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know but in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know but in particular the
+and bet I think there there's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bet I think there there's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bet I think there there's a long
+history of of the hardcore microscopist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of of the hardcore microscopist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of of the hardcore microscopist
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+like going like developing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like going like developing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like going like developing their
+techniques in their garages I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in their garages I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in their garages I don't know
+what it is but there there's there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but there there's there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but there there's there have
+been a number of these cases and bet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a number of these cases and bet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a number of these cases and bet I
+think was one of them now now he's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was one of them now now he's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was one of them now now he's at
+he's at Jania farm hhmi and has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's at Jania farm hhmi and has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's at Jania farm hhmi and has been
+developing all sorts of advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing all sorts of advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing all sorts of advanced
+microscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy
+techniques um so I think that shwe did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um so I think that shwe did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um so I think that shwe did
+not develop hers in the garage um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not develop hers in the garage um but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not develop hers in the garage um but um
+and they're all based on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all based on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all based on the same
+principle yeah that yeah it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle yeah that yeah it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle yeah that yeah it's all about
+it's all about temporal it's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about temporal it's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about temporal it's a question
+of um how you're how you're getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um how you're how you're getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um how you're how you're getting them
+to turn on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on and off
+you sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sounds
+like oh do they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh do they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh do they also
+have no yeah right right for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no yeah right right for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no yeah right right for the
+different sequences or something of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sequences or something of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sequences or something of yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah all of these uh all these acronyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all of these uh all these acronyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all of these uh all these acronyms
+I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I
+um I just maybe I just never came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just maybe I just never came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just maybe I just never came up
+with the good ones then I um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the good ones then I um but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the good ones then I um but um
+biology yes bi yeah know in indeed um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology yes bi yeah know in indeed um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology yes bi yeah know in indeed um I
+always like when somebody uses acronyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like when somebody uses acronyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like when somebody uses acronyms
+that I don't know I always like to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know I always like to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know I always like to you
+know say oh all these tlas are tricky or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say oh all these tlas are tricky or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say oh all these tlas are tricky or
+whatever and then you know they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and then you know they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and then you know they they
+don't you know and I say oh it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know and I say oh it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know and I say oh it's you
+know three-letter acronym okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three-letter acronym okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three-letter acronym okay all right
+um I I very much like self- referential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I very much like self- referential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I very much like self- referential
+humor um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor um which
+um yeah okay so um all right so so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah okay so um all right so so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah okay so um all right so so right
+so that's the idea of the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea of the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the idea of the super
+resolution techniques okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right any questions about that
+before we kind of get back actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we kind of get back actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we kind of get back actually to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+paper okay okay now in in this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper okay okay now in in this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper okay okay now in in this whole
+discussion as was pointed out I we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion as was pointed out I we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion as was pointed out I we've
+been assuming that the protein is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assuming that the protein is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been assuming that the protein is not
+moving around during our Imaging time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around during our Imaging time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around during our Imaging time
+okay so one of the major challenges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the major challenges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the major challenges of
+doing this whole business in live cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this whole business in live cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this whole business in live cells
+is not only is there a lot of autof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only is there a lot of autof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only is there a lot of autof
+fluorescence okay but uh in addition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence okay but uh in addition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence okay but uh in addition uh
+you you can't necessarily uh wait 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't necessarily uh wait 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't necessarily uh wait 10
+seconds to localize where this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to localize where this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to localize where this thing is
+because it will have moved somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will have moved somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will have moved somewhere
+else right uh and in particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right uh and in particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right uh and in particular uh
+diffusion is a problem so the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is a problem so the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is a problem so the can
+somebody remind us what the um what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody remind us what the um what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody remind us what the um what they
+did what the authors did in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what the authors did in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what the authors did in order to get
+around the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems I'm sorry what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I'm sorry what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I'm sorry what was it
+yeah right they attached it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right they attached it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right they attached it to the
+membrane okay and why why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help yeah that perfect yeah proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yeah that perfect yeah proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yeah that perfect yeah proteins
+diffuse slower in the membrane you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse slower in the membrane you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse slower in the membrane you know
+and I think that you know depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that you know depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that you know depending on
+the organism there's more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism there's more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism there's more or less
+diffusion and so forth right but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and so forth right but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and so forth right but um but
+they what they did is they anchored to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they did is they anchored to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they did is they anchored to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+membrane um to to to reduce diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane um to to to reduce diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane um to to to reduce diffusion
+I'll just say reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+okay and indeed just from a back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and indeed just from a back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and indeed just from a back of the
+envelope calculation you can convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculation you can convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculation you can convince
+yourself that you probably are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that you probably are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that you probably are going to
+need to do this right so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this right so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this right so in particular
+let's ask u in this paper actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask u in this paper actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask u in this paper actually they
+um they image the floor for uh for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they image the floor for uh for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they image the floor for uh for um
+for 0.1 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 0.1 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 0.1 seconds
+right does that sound right so the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that sound right so the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that sound right so the um
+the image uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collected so delta T is equal to 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected so delta T is equal to 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected so delta T is equal to 0.1
+seconds right so the question is how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so the question is how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so the question is how far
+will a protein typically diffuse in 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds all right well you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right well you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right well you know this is
+why we have diffusion calculations all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have diffusion calculations all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have diffusion calculations all
+right so if you uh first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you uh first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you uh first of
+all all right so the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all right so the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all right so the diffusion
+coefficient we're going to talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we're going to talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we're going to talk more
+about diffusion uh in in a few weeks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diffusion uh in in a few weeks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diffusion uh in in a few weeks but
+um you should also in principle be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should also in principle be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should also in principle be able
+to calculate how these things go so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate how these things go so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate how these things go so in
+general this is going to be a KT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is going to be a KT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is going to be a KT over
+some gamma which tells us how hard right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gamma which tells us how hard right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gamma which tells us how hard right
+so KT is um is thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um thermal and at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um thermal and at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um thermal and at room
+temperature uh KT is around 4.1 Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh KT is around 4.1 Pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh KT is around 4.1 Pon
+nanometers in in some unit there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers in in some unit there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers in in some unit there are
+many different ways you can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways you can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways you can write that
+um whereas gamma tells us just how hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas gamma tells us just how hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas gamma tells us just how hard
+it is to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to push
+something okay in particular uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay in particular uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay in particular uh if you
+push something with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push something with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push something with some
+force it will move with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it will move with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it will move with some
+velocity right now does is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right now does is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right now does is is this
+consistent with freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics no it's not okay so um is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics no it's not okay so um is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics no it's not okay so um is that
+you know is that does is that a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is that does is that a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is that does is that a problem
+or are we all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are we all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are we all you
+know yeah so why why is it that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah so why why is it that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah so why why is it that I'm
+writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can right so solvent exerting a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can right so solvent exerting a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can right so solvent exerting a force
+that's true but uh in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but uh in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but uh in the case of
+freshman mechanics you know when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman mechanics you know when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman mechanics you know when we're
+pushing blocks it's also true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing blocks it's also true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing blocks it's also true that the
+other things are exerting forces right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things are exerting forces right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things are exerting forces right
+the tables you know but we still write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tables you know but we still write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tables you know but we still write
+down you know f is equal to ma right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you know f is equal to ma right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you know f is equal to ma right so
+it's not just that other things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that other things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that other things are
+exerting forces yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting forces yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting forces yeah
+always like um always in a Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like um always in a Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like um always in a Continuum
+we're always surrounded by fluid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always surrounded by fluid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always surrounded by fluid okay
+yeah so it's always all right but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's always all right but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's always all right but it's
+I'm I'm actually surrounded by fluid now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm actually surrounded by fluid now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm actually surrounded by fluid now
+too you know you can wave your arms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you know you can wave your arms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you know you can wave your arms and
+feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel
+it right yeah okay right so it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right yeah okay right so it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right yeah okay right so it comes
+down to the viscosity you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the viscosity you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the viscosity you know and
+indeed this is this whole thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this is this whole thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this is this whole thing about
+being a low Reynolds number we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a low Reynolds number we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a low Reynolds number we're going
+to talk about this in much more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this in much more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this in much more detail
+uh in a few weeks when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a few weeks when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a few weeks when we think about
+how bacteria swim and so so forth but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bacteria swim and so so forth but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bacteria swim and so so forth but I
+just want to mention that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to mention that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to mention that this is
+because we're at this low Reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're at this low Reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're at this low Reynolds
+number where the socalled um inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number where the socalled um inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number where the socalled um inertial
+forces like momentum you know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces like momentum you know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces like momentum you know are
+negligible sorry or yeah inertial forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible sorry or yeah inertial forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible sorry or yeah inertial forces
+are are negligible so then it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are negligible so then it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are negligible so then it's it's
+really you know this is in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know this is in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know this is in some ways
+more like Aristotelian physics all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like Aristotelian physics all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like Aristotelian physics all right
+but it's ends up being true for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's ends up being true for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's ends up being true for small
+objects in um in viscous liquids okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in um in viscous liquids okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in um in viscous liquids okay
+now um and indeed this thing it scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and indeed this thing it scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and indeed this thing it scales
+uh as the radius so in principle we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the radius so in principle we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the radius so in principle we can
+actually calculate roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how um how the diffusion coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how um how the diffusion coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how um how the diffusion coefficient
+is going to behave as function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to behave as function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to behave as function of the
+size of the object and so forth but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the object and so forth but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the object and so forth but um
+I'll just tell you that for a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just tell you that for a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just tell you that for a protein
+sized object in the in the cell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized object in the in the cell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized object in the in the cell you
+might get something like 10 Micron squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get something like 10 Micron squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get something like 10 Micron squar
+per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now already just from units you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now already just from units you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now already just from units you can see
+how the kind of typical diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the kind of typical diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the kind of typical diffusion
+distance has to scale with time right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance has to scale with time right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance has to scale with time right in
+particular that you're get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that you're get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that you're get that the
+typical kind of distance that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in well a typical distance we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well a typical distance we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well a typical distance we'll say
+okay we'll say square root goes as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll say square root goes as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll say square root goes as the
+square root of 2 * D * time right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 * D * time right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 * D * time right so you
+can see that if you multiply the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if you multiply the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if you multiply the the
+time by the D then you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by the D then you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by the D then you end up with a
+micron Square so you have to take a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron Square so you have to take a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron Square so you have to take a a
+square root to get something that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root to get something that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root to get something that's a
+characteristic distance right and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic distance right and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic distance right and indeed
+this is the kind of math that I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of math that I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of math that I can do
+so this is this is of order order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is of order order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is of order order one
+micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and how how big is any coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how how big is any coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how how big is any coli
+cell mic one micron roughly right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell mic one micron roughly right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell mic one micron roughly right so it
+might be a couple microns long a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a couple microns long a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a couple microns long a bit
+less than a micron and width what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a micron and width what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a micron and width what this
+is saying is that in 0.1 seconds which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is that in 0.1 seconds which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is that in 0.1 seconds which
+is our exposure time on our camera you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our exposure time on our camera you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our exposure time on our camera you
+would expect something like gfp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect something like gfp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect something like gfp to
+diffuse around roughly the cell volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse around roughly the cell volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse around roughly the cell volume
+maybe not the entire one but but a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the entire one but but a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the entire one but but a fair
+fraction of it what this is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of it what this is saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of it what this is saying is
+that the diffusion really would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diffusion really would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diffusion really would be a
+problem um even with this relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um even with this relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um even with this relatively
+short exposure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short exposure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short exposure time
+yeah yeah so this is this is assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so this is this is assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so this is this is assuming
+that the cytoplasm has viscosity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cytoplasm has viscosity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cytoplasm has viscosity that's
+maybe an order of magnitude larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe an order of magnitude larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe an order of magnitude larger than
+water and that's just because the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that's just because the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that's just because the uh the
+inside is is chalk full of proteins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is is chalk full of proteins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is is chalk full of proteins so
+forth um now there's a lot of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um now there's a lot of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um now there's a lot of discussion
+of what the mechanism is of diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the mechanism is of diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the mechanism is of diffusion
+transport inside cells and it may depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport inside cells and it may depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport inside cells and it may depend
+on the size it's a very complicated area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size it's a very complicated area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size it's a very complicated area
+but I think that this is for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that this is for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that this is for our
+purposes this is a reasonable way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes this is a reasonable way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes this is a reasonable way to
+think about it yeah but indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it yeah but indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it yeah but indeed the
+viscosity of the cytoplasm you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity of the cytoplasm you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity of the cytoplasm you expect to
+be significantly more than the viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be significantly more than the viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be significantly more than the viscosity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+water okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah lower the oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lower the oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah lower the oh
+yeah right right so we uh in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right right so we uh in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right right so we uh in principle
+we could you know there are technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could you know there are technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could you know there are technical
+issues on various sides right so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues on various sides right so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues on various sides right so of
+course you have to say oh well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to say oh well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to say oh well you know
+a typical camera just a shutter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical camera just a shutter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical camera just a shutter of
+opening shutting that actually has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening shutting that actually has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening shutting that actually has some
+limit but that's you can get around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but that's you can get around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit but that's you can get around that
+using kind of strobe you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kind of strobe you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kind of strobe you know there are
+fancy things you could do uh but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy things you could do uh but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy things you could do uh but there's
+just a more fundamental thing here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a more fundamental thing here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a more fundamental thing here which
+is that if you if you so this is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you if you so this is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you if you so this is already
+you know 100 milliseconds if you go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 100 milliseconds if you go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 100 milliseconds if you go down
+to like say one millisecond then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like say one millisecond then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like say one millisecond then it's
+true that the protein won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that the protein won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that the protein won't be able to
+diffuse very far but then you also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse very far but then you also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse very far but then you also just
+don't collect any photons all right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't collect any photons all right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't collect any photons all right I
+mean the number of photons you collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the number of photons you collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the number of photons you collect
+scales linearly with a time right so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales linearly with a time right so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales linearly with a time right so at
+some point it's just you you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it's just you you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it's just you you really
+don't get very very many photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get very very many photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get very very many photons and
+then you and then you're again you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you and then you're again you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you and then you're again you have
+this extra problem of distinguishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra problem of distinguishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra problem of distinguishing the
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+fluoresence um from the autof Flor Ence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence um from the autof Flor Ence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence um from the autof Flor Ence
+right and I I just want to maybe mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I just want to maybe mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I I just want to maybe mention
+one more thing that uh in the in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that uh in the in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that uh in the in figure
+one you can actually see how how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can actually see how how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can actually see how how big the
+fluoresence intensity of the of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence intensity of the of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence intensity of the of the of
+this Venus protein is as compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Venus protein is as compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Venus protein is as compared to the
+autofluoresence and you can see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofluoresence and you can see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autofluoresence and you can see that you
+know if you decrease that exposure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you decrease that exposure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you decrease that exposure time
+by even one order of magnitude you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by even one order of magnitude you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by even one order of magnitude you
+wouldn't be able to see see them over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to see see them over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to see see them over
+the background right and that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background right and that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background right and that's true
+even though they they won't have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they they won't have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they they won't have had a
+chance to diffuse it's just that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to diffuse it's just that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to diffuse it's just that you
+don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal crank up right so you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal crank up right so you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal crank up right so you can also
+increase the intensity right you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the intensity right you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the intensity right you know um
+yeah that's right uh and there there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right uh and there there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right uh and there there is
+some limit to you know um how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some limit to you know um how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some limit to you know um how much you
+can increase the intensity of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase the intensity of the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase the intensity of the laser
+um just because there is some cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just because there is some cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just because there is some cycling
+time of the um of the protein uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the um of the protein uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the um of the protein uh in
+terms of you know you excite it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know you excite it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know you excite it and then
+it takes some time before it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes some time before it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes some time before it's going to
+emit so that that actually sets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit so that that actually sets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit so that that actually sets a
+fundamental limit U yeah but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental limit U yeah but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental limit U yeah but I think
+that uh yeah I I don't know enough about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh yeah I I don't know enough about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh yeah I I don't know enough about
+the details of this in this in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of this in this in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of this in this in the sense
+of whether maybe it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether maybe it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether maybe it would have been
+possible for them to try to you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for them to try to you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for them to try to you know to
+adjust these various parameters to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust these various parameters to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust these various parameters to do in
+some other way uh but um yeah but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other way uh but um yeah but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other way uh but um yeah but these
+are all the things you have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the things you have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the things you have to consider
+Yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay all right so what we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay all right so what we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay all right so what we have now
+is um some sense okay we need to we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um some sense okay we need to we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um some sense okay we need to we need
+to maybe anchor it to the membrane to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe anchor it to the membrane to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe anchor it to the membrane to
+reduce the diffusion all right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the diffusion all right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the diffusion all right so they
+did that um and we'll we'll maybe say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that um and we'll we'll maybe say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that um and we'll we'll maybe say
+something more about this anchoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more about this anchoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more about this anchoring
+process in a moment but first I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in a moment but first I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in a moment but first I want to
+make sure that we're all on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're all on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're all on the same
+page and understanding um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and understanding um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and understanding um there are
+Arguments for why this is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arguments for why this is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arguments for why this is a single
+molecule that they're looking at right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that they're looking at right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that they're looking at right
+can somebody remind us their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody remind us their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody remind us their their
+primary evidence that this is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule right so question is single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right so question is single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right so question is single
+molecule all right we'll say single Flor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule all right we'll say single Flor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule all right we'll say single Flor
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just right question mark how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right question mark how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right question mark how do we
+know Dr right the intensity drops off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Dr right the intensity drops off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Dr right the intensity drops off
+suddenly right so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly right so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly right so if you look at the
+intensity as a function of time what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity as a function of time what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity as a function of time what you
+see is that uh it looks like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that uh it looks like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that uh it looks like and
+then all right so there's actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all right so there's actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all right so there's actually more
+noise but this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise but this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise but this is just to
+um right now this is what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right now this is what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right now this is what it looks like
+for a single molecule but we should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single molecule but we should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single molecule but we should also
+be clear of what it would look like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear of what it would look like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear of what it would look like if
+it were many molecules right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were many molecules right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were many molecules right so this is
+if it's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a single
+molecule right and this is a bleach what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right and this is a bleach what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right and this is a bleach what
+we call a bleach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a bleach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a bleach
+event okay right so the molecule dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event okay right so the molecule dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event okay right so the molecule dies
+for one reason or another so it goes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one reason or another so it goes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one reason or another so it goes you
+know some oxygen reaction something okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some oxygen reaction something okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some oxygen reaction something okay
+now the question is what happens if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is what happens if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is what happens if it
+looks if if instead there are many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks if if instead there are many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks if if instead there are many uh
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all right so now but now okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right so now but now okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right so now but now okay so
+right now what we want to do is Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what we want to do is Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what we want to do is Imagine
+like let's say that we shined light on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say that we shined light on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say that we shined light on a
+bead containing fluoresence you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead containing fluoresence you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead containing fluoresence you know
+containing floresent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing floresent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing floresent
+molecules right all right so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right all right so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right all right so I'm going
+to give us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us some
+options right it could be well many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options right it could be well many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options right it could be well many
+molecules maybe what okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules maybe what okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules maybe what okay
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I'll give you a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'll give you a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'll give you a choice of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+three so we're talking about lot yes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we're talking about lot yes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we're talking about lot yes I'm
+I'm asking if instead of it being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking if instead of it being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking if instead of it being a
+because you know what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what happens in the
+microscope is you see a spot right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope is you see a spot right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope is you see a spot right and
+the spot is always huge right 300 NM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot is always huge right 300 NM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot is always huge right 300 NM
+right so there could be one molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there could be one molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there could be one molecule
+there or there could be 100 you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or there could be 100 you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or there could be 100 you could
+fit a thousand in there no problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a thousand in there no problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a thousand in there no problem right
+10 by 10 by 10 molecules that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 by 10 by 10 molecules that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 by 10 by 10 molecules that's still
+only 30 nmet it's still much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 30 nmet it's still much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 30 nmet it's still much smaller
+than defraction limited spot right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than defraction limited spot right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than defraction limited spot right so
+just by you know of course if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by you know of course if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by you know of course if you see
+something and the the spot is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the the spot is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the the spot is you know
+10 microns in width you can be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns in width you can be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns in width you can be pretty
+confident that either your Optics suck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that either your Optics suck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that either your Optics suck
+or you're or you're looking at many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're or you're looking at many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're or you're looking at many
+molecules right but if you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right but if you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right but if you see a
+defraction Lim spot then it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction Lim spot then it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction Lim spot then it's not so
+obvious and so the question is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and so the question is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and so the question is if you
+plot the intensity of a defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the intensity of a defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the intensity of a defraction
+limited spot as a function of time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited spot as a function of time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited spot as a function of time you
+know how do you know that single mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you know that single mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you know that single mole
+they claim oh well it's because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they claim oh well it's because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they claim oh well it's because of this
+that we don't but it's always good to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't but it's always good to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't but it's always good to be
+clear right what would it look like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear right what would it look like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear right what would it look like if
+it were not if it were you know not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were not if it were you know not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were not if it were you know not a
+single molecule If instead it were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule If instead it were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule If instead it were a
+collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+molecules right let's go ahead and vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right let's go ahead and vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules right let's go ahead and vote
+ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+one okay so we have a fair number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we have a fair number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we have a fair number of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+responses um it's seems to be a split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses um it's seems to be a split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses um it's seems to be a split
+across the room is the only problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room is the only problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room is the only problem um
+all right so I'm not going to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm not going to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I'm not going to have you
+discuss because I think your neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss because I think your neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss because I think your neighbors
+typically agree with you um but yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically agree with you um but yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically agree with you um but yeah in
+this case it's going to be C and this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's going to be C and this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's going to be C and this it
+was an attempt of mine of drawing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an attempt of mine of drawing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an attempt of mine of drawing uh
+what is it exponential distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it exponential distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it exponential distribution
+right so you'll see exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll see exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll see exponential
+decay all right so this is uh typical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay all right so this is uh typical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay all right so this is uh typical of
+processes where something is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes where something is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes where something is happening
+um at a constant rate over time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a constant rate over time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a constant rate over time and then
+you're you're seeing this thing go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're seeing this thing go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're seeing this thing go away
+so this could be for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be for example
+uh radio acity is the classic thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radio acity is the classic thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radio acity is the classic thing we
+always talk about that you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talk about that you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talk about that you know these
+are random events if you plot the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are random events if you plot the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are random events if you plot the the
+radiation coming off of some source as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation coming off of some source as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation coming off of some source as a
+function of time it's going to Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time it's going to Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time it's going to Decay
+exponentially okay um similarly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially okay um similarly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially okay um similarly here
+now this is uh right we're again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is uh right we're again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is uh right we're again this is
+intensity is a function of time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is a function of time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is a function of time in the
+case of many molecules we get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of many molecules we get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of many molecules we get this thing
+looks like C now there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like C now there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like C now there's going to be
+some time scale here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time scale here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time scale here
+which is telling us about the typical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is telling us about the typical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is telling us about the typical um
+time for this uh bleach event which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for this uh bleach event which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for this uh bleach event which
+we're told is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+milliseconds right and this is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right and this is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds right and this is telling
+us actually that they're um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us actually that they're um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us actually that they're um they're
+already Illuminating these guys at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already Illuminating these guys at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already Illuminating these guys at
+pretty high intensity right because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high intensity right because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high intensity right because um
+250 milliseconds is not that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so is that
+like inity depend you know depending yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like inity depend you know depending yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like inity depend you know depending yes
+is it really a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really a function of
+many right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many right
+so yeah so it's not really a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so it's not really a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so it's not really a function of
+of the I mean it ends up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the I mean it ends up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the I mean it ends up being a
+function of the number of photons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the number of photons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the number of photons that
+are remitted but that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are remitted but that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are remitted but that's basically
+because you know you're kind of in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you're kind of in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you're kind of in some
+ground state you excite up to this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state you excite up to this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state you excite up to this other
+state um and then you know you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um and then you know you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um and then you know you get this
+relaxation to a lower State and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation to a lower State and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation to a lower State and then
+right so this is um this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is um this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is um this is the energy
+of the absorbed Photon this is energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absorbed Photon this is energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absorbed Photon this is energy of
+the emitted Photon right the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitted Photon right the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitted Photon right the idea is
+that each time you go around this cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each time you go around this cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each time you go around this cycle
+and you you're know that's one emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you're know that's one emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you're know that's one emission
+cycle there's some probability that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle there's some probability that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle there's some probability that's
+small right of you know one and 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right of you know one and 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right of you know one and 10 to
+the five or something like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five or something like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five or something like that that
+that that it reacts with oxygen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it reacts with oxygen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that it reacts with oxygen or
+something that causes it to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that causes it to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that causes it to go into the
+start you know and it's in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you know and it's in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you know and it's in principle
+irreversible state right of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible state right of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible state right of course the
+the Dynamics of these things can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of these things can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of these things can be more
+complicated but that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but that's the that's the
+zero Thor way of thinking about it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Thor way of thinking about it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Thor way of thinking about it right
+and what that means is that if you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is that if you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is that if you that
+there that's more or less a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's more or less a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's more or less a constant
+number of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons
+that you're going to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to get out
+right there are many cases where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are many cases where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are many cases where this
+approximation fails but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay all right so this is uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so this is uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so this is uh this
+single step bleaching is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step bleaching is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step bleaching is kind of a
+classic signature of of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic signature of of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic signature of of the fact that
+you're looking at a single uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a single uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a single uh
+fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent
+molecule right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right
+now there there secondary uh argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there there secondary uh argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there there secondary uh argument
+for why this is a single uh a single gfp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why this is a single uh a single gfp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why this is a single uh a single gfp
+you know if your Venus they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if your Venus they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if your Venus they're looking
+at was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what yeah what was their supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah what was their supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah what was their supporting
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+yes yeah the intensity matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what that's right so they what they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's right so they what they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's right so they what they said
+is all right well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right well this
+intensity matched what they measured on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity matched what they measured on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity matched what they measured on
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+slide right just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide right just the
+molecule you know but I'd say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you know but I'd say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you know but I'd say you know
+this really is I would say supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is I would say supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is I would say supporting
+evidence because the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence because the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence because the intensity of the
+fluoresence can just be different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence can just be different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence can just be different in
+different environments and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environments and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environments and you know so
+it's I think that this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think that this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think that this is the kind of
+thing that that it's um yeah there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that it's um yeah there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that it's um yeah there are
+many ways that this can fail right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways that this can fail right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways that this can fail right so I
+think that um in general we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um in general we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um in general we consider
+this to be the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+standard all right now in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard all right now in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard all right now in their
+experimental setup there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental setup there's something
+that's I think very nice that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think very nice that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think very nice that they do
+which is if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the this is uh now this is the we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is uh now this is the we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is uh now this is the we'll say
+laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+illumination uh where here this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination uh where here this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination uh where here this is kind
+of on and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of on and this is
+off all right what they do is every 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off all right what they do is every 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off all right what they do is every 3
+minutes they illuminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this all right and and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this all right and and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this all right and and this is
+not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale right because this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right because this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right because this was
+1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2
+seconds right so we we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so we we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so we we might want to
+even you know there's a separation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you know there's a separation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even you know there's a separation in
+there okay so they illuminate for 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so they illuminate for 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so they illuminate for 1.2
+seconds and they collect the light for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and they collect the light for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and they collect the light for
+the first .1 1 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first .1 1 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first .1 1 seconds
+right this is the period where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.1 can somebody tell us why they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 can somebody tell us why they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 can somebody tell us why they might
+possibly want to do this shine more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly want to do this shine more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly want to do this shine more
+light on the sample than they're um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the sample than they're um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on the sample than they're um they
+need to right they're not even they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to right they're not even they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to right they're not even they're
+not going to you know analyze that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to you know analyze that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to you know analyze that data
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is an intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is an intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is an intentional
+bleaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching
+step so this part here is to is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so this part here is to is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so this part here is to is to
+bleach and we'll see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleach and we'll see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleach and we'll see that this is
+actually essential for the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually essential for the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually essential for the way that
+they're uh collecting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh collecting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh collecting their
+data all right given everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right given everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right given everything that
+we've just said you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just said you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just said you should be able to
+tell me what fraction of the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what fraction of the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what fraction of the molecules
+will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be
+bleached okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's survive
+bleaching survive the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching survive the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching survive the so-called
+bleaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step you can ignore my writing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can ignore my writing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you can ignore my writing you
+should be able to think about it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I'll go ahead and I'll give you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll go ahead and I'll give you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll go ahead and I'll give you uh
+30 seconds to think about this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds to think about this all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds to think about this all right
+and I think all the information that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think all the information that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think all the information that you
+need is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is in
+principle written up on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so they I'm saying I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they I'm saying I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they I'm saying I'm assuming
+that they they start out being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they start out being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they start out being
+fluorescent um now over time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent um now over time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent um now over time we're
+Illuminating them with this laser light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illuminating them with this laser light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illuminating them with this laser light
+so um eventually they will bleach right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um eventually they will bleach right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um eventually they will bleach right
+but uh perhaps some of them have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh perhaps some of them have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh perhaps some of them have have
+survived for that entire 1.2 seconds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived for that entire 1.2 seconds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived for that entire 1.2 seconds so
+if you looked at it after this bleaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at it after this bleaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at it after this bleaching
+step they would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right maybe another 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+right do you need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time let me see see where we are just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let me see see where we are just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let me see see where we are just so
+that we can uh get a sense of things all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can uh get a sense of things all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can uh get a sense of things all
+right ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right great we're um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right great we're um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right great we're um we're
+roughly uniformly distributed between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly uniformly distributed between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly uniformly distributed between um
+all right perfect so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right perfect so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right perfect so this is an
+opportunity to turn to your neighbor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to turn to your neighbor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to turn to your neighbor and
+discuss um you should even with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss um you should even with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss um you should even with uh
+back of the envelope calculations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the envelope calculations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the envelope calculations in
+your head be able to get roughly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head be able to get roughly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head be able to get roughly where
+this is but you're also welcome to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is but you're also welcome to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is but you're also welcome to if
+you want to double check you know pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to double check you know pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to double check you know pull
+out your iPhone you can use the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your iPhone you can use the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your iPhone you can use the Google
+Calculator all right I'll give you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculator all right I'll give you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculator all right I'll give you just
+a minute or two to turn to a neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute or two to turn to a neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute or two to turn to a neighbor
+you should certainly be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should certainly be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should certainly be able to find
+somebody that uh disagrees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said I said B but I was using E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right why don't we go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why don't we go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why don't we go ahead and
+reconvene because it uh it's okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconvene because it uh it's okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconvene because it uh it's okay if
+you're still kind of confused by this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still kind of confused by this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still kind of confused by this uh
+I'm partly doing this to encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm partly doing this to encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm partly doing this to encourage you
+to review your probability distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review your probability distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review your probability distributions
+because we are going to dive into them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are going to dive into them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are going to dive into them
+uh rather strongly over the next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather strongly over the next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather strongly over the next week
+and so it's good if you're uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's good if you're uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's good if you're uh if you
+can't quite remember how these are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite remember how these are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't quite remember how these are going
+to work it's good to start reviewing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work it's good to start reviewing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work it's good to start reviewing now
+all right can I just see where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can I just see where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can I just see where we are
+ready uh 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh 3 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready uh 3 2
+one okay so we have some bees and C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we have some bees and C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we have some bees and C's
+um all right I I'm I'm pretty confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right I I'm I'm pretty confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right I I'm I'm pretty confident
+B although I'm a little bit worried now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B although I'm a little bit worried now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B although I'm a little bit worried now
+because all right so okay so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all right so okay so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all right so okay so all right
+so what's all right what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's all right what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's all right what's going to
+happen right so um basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right so um basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right so um basically the
+probability that this thing survives as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this thing survives as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that this thing survives as
+a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of
+time is the same as essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the same as essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the same as essentially the
+Decay and the overall intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay and the overall intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay and the overall intensity of
+fluoresence for many mole over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence for many mole over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence for many mole over time
+right because this plot here is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this plot here is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this plot here is really a
+plot of the fraction of the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the fraction of the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the fraction of the molecules
+that have survived as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have survived as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have survived as a function of time
+right so indeed the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so indeed the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so indeed the probability of
+survival for an exponential process like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival for an exponential process like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival for an exponential process like
+this as a function of time T is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a function of time T is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a function of time T is going to
+be equal to e to the um minus t over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to e to the um minus t over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to e to the um minus t over
+some constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant time
+Cal okay and what is T in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal okay and what is T in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal okay and what is T in to
+well t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well t
+is this time 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this time 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this time 1.2
+seconds right so we have uh e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so we have uh e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so we have uh e to the
+well maybe we'll write like the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe we'll write like the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe we'll write like the exponent
+of so now we have a minus we have 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so now we have a minus we have 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so now we have a minus we have 1.2
+seconds divided by the lifetime in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds divided by the lifetime in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds divided by the lifetime in this
+condition we're told it's 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we're told it's 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition we're told it's 250
+milliseconds so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds so we can write
+0.25 millisecond or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 millisecond or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.25 millisecond or
+seconds right so this is approximately e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so this is approximately e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so this is approximately e
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+minus5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5
+right um which indeed is equal to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um which indeed is equal to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um which indeed is equal to what I
+got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8% right so it's around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% right so it's around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% right so it's around
+1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1%
+okay are there any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions about this
+logic or this calculation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes oh no no no oh sorry sorry no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh no no no oh sorry sorry no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh no no no oh sorry sorry no no no
+yeah so bleaching this is a result of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so bleaching this is a result of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so bleaching this is a result of um
+of chemical inactivation of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical inactivation of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical inactivation of the uh
+fluorescent protein that is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein that is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein that is kind of
+induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced
+by being in this excited state right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being in this excited state right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by being in this excited state right so
+the idea is that um if you're shining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that um if you're shining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that um if you're shining
+light on this fluoresent protein then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on this fluoresent protein then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on this fluoresent protein then um
+it's going to bleach uh kind of at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bleach uh kind of at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bleach uh kind of at a
+rate that it you know is kind of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that it you know is kind of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that it you know is kind of it's
+life distribution of say uh lifetime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life distribution of say uh lifetime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life distribution of say uh lifetime is
+going to be exponential with uh a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exponential with uh a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exponential with uh a time
+constant of 250 milliseconds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D that's right that's right and but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that's right that's right and but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D that's right that's right and but it's
+a one-step process though that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-step process though that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-step process though that's what we
+see here it's not that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here it's not that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here it's not that the that
+individual protein is getting worse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual protein is getting worse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual protein is getting worse and
+worse as it it's being used right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse as it it's being used right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse as it it's being used right but
+it's really just that there's some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just that there's some rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just that there's some rate
+that it it some probability person time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it some probability person time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it some probability person time
+that it cycles that it is uh we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it cycles that it is uh we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it cycles that it is uh we'll say
+for now irreversibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now irreversibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now irreversibly
+inactivated okay I mean and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivated okay I mean and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivated okay I mean and you know
+there are also all these these so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also all these these so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also all these these so-called
+blinking events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinking events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinking events
+where fluorescent molecules can can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where fluorescent molecules can can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where fluorescent molecules can can kind
+of temporarily go into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temporarily go into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temporarily go into a a
+nonfluorescent state and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonfluorescent state and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonfluorescent state and then they
+return but right now we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return but right now we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return but right now we're talking about
+these these irreversible steps okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these irreversible steps okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these irreversible steps okay yeah
+are there any other questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions about what
+you know what I mean by bleaching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean by bleaching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean by bleaching or
+this calcul this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calcul this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calcul this
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh okay so my my claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh okay so my my claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh okay so my my claim is that
+8% is very close is approximately 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% is very close is approximately 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% is very close is approximately 1%
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes
+sorry yeah know I did something funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah know I did something funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah know I did something funny
+here yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+right all right so this is um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so this is um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so this is um it's
+useful to just kind of go through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to just kind of go through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to just kind of go through these
+calculations and actually I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and actually I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and actually I think that
+in going through them you you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in going through them you you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in going through them you you kind of
+really get to get a sense of why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get to get a sense of why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get to get a sense of why they
+designed their experiments the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed their experiments the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed their experiments the way they
+did and everything right um so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and everything right um so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and everything right um so the idea
+is that what they're doing here every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what they're doing here every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what they're doing here every
+three minutes they're they're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes they're they're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes they're they're looking at
+the cells and they're asking you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells and they're asking you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells and they're asking you know is
+there a protein or maybe more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a protein or maybe more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a protein or maybe more than one
+here and then they try to kill all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then they try to kill all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then they try to kill all those
+fluorescent proteins and then they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent proteins and then they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent proteins and then they um
+and then they look again 3 minutes later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they look again 3 minutes later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they look again 3 minutes later
+you know are there any uh new proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are there any uh new proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are there any uh new proteins
+that were um that were made yes so that1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were um that were made yes so that1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were um that were made yes so that1
+second you can't see that so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you can't see that so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you can't see that so you have to
+that's right don't calibrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right don't calibrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right don't calibrate the
+intensity with this bleaching events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity with this bleaching events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity with this bleaching events
+yeah so what they're really doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what they're really doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what they're really doing is
+they're asking how many spots do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking how many spots do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking how many spots do I
+see right they can't know so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right they can't know so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right they can't know so in that
+experiment they don't know that it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they don't know that it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they don't know that it's um
+it was a single molecule um although you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a single molecule um although you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a single molecule um although you
+know I think that in many why do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think that in many why do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think that in many why do they
+sorry why do they talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry why do they talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry why do they talk about this
+bleaching step yeah that well that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching step yeah that well that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching step yeah that well that's how
+they checked to make sure it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they checked to make sure it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they checked to make sure it was a
+single molecule although I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule although I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule although I think that
+actually in principle here I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in principle here I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in principle here I think they
+actually maybe do continue to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe do continue to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe do continue to look at
+them right just that's not part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right just that's not part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right just that's not part of their
+analysis right so for many of the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right so for many of the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right so for many of the cases
+they actually do see that this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do see that this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do see that this molecule
+is here and then it bleaches and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here and then it bleaches and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here and then it bleaches and a
+different molecule was here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molecule was here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molecule was here and it
+bleached right so it's just but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleached right so it's just but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleached right so it's just but then
+what they're really asking is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're really asking is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're really asking is at the
+beginning where you know how many you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning where you know how many you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning where you know how many you
+know florescent proteins did I see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know florescent proteins did I see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know florescent proteins did I see and
+then um and I think the camera actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um and I think the camera actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um and I think the camera actually
+maybe was collecting still during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe was collecting still during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe was collecting still during that
+bleaching step it's just that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching step it's just that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleaching step it's just that it wasn't
+kind of part of their analysis is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of part of their analysis is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of part of their analysis is in
+some ways really just is based on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways really just is based on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways really just is based on is
+based on this um or you know in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this um or you know in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this um or you know in other
+experiments you can go look to confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you can go look to confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you can go look to confirm
+that it bleaches single step you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+okay all right so we we spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we we spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we we spent a lot of
+time talking about like the the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about like the the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about like the the general
+idea of how to design these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how to design these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how to design these experiments
+and so forth um I'm not going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth um I'm not going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth um I'm not going to say
+very much about the design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much about the design of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much about the design of the
+experiments except that you know they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments except that you know they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments except that you know they uh
+they did a number of things right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a number of things right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a number of things right they
+uh they used this Venus protein that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they used this Venus protein that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they used this Venus protein that is
+um has a faster maturation than uh than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has a faster maturation than uh than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has a faster maturation than uh than
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+gfp um they also uh had you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfp um they also uh had you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfp um they also uh had you know
+targeted it to the membrane not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted it to the membrane not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted it to the membrane not by
+putting Venus into the membrane right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting Venus into the membrane right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting Venus into the membrane right
+that would be tricky I think but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be tricky I think but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be tricky I think but rather
+by attaching the Venus protein to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by attaching the Venus protein to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by attaching the Venus protein to um to
+another protein that is put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another protein that is put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another protein that is put in the
+membrane and indeed this TSR membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and indeed this TSR membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and indeed this TSR membrane
+protein we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein we're going to be talking about
+it in a couple of weeks and when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a couple of weeks and when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a couple of weeks and when we're
+discussing the chemotaxis uh Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the chemotaxis uh Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the chemotaxis uh Network
+that is in ecoli for how ecoli find food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in ecoli for how ecoli find food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in ecoli for how ecoli find food
+and so forth okay um I think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth okay um I think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth okay um I think that in
+reading these papers it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading these papers it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading these papers it's it's
+interesting sometimes um authors make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sometimes um authors make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sometimes um authors make
+kind of a side comment that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a side comment that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a side comment that just
+illuminates kind of how difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminates kind of how difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminates kind of how difficult
+everything was right and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was right and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was right and and I think
+that they had a nice one in here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had a nice one in here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had a nice one in here where
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+said that they you know they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that they you know they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that they you know they were
+checking with the TSR to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking with the TSR to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking with the TSR to make sure that
+the amount that that the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that that the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that that the behavior of the
+TSR Venus and just Venus um were similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TSR Venus and just Venus um were similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TSR Venus and just Venus um were similar
+in terms of the amount of fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the amount of fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the amount of fluoresence
+you know and then um and they say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then um and they say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then um and they say no
+notable difference was observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notable difference was observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notable difference was observed
+indicating that the introduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that the introduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that the introduction of the
+TSR sequence does not change the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TSR sequence does not change the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TSR sequence does not change the yield
+of Venus production right uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Venus production right uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Venus production right uh which is
+not the case for many other membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case for many other membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case for many other membrane
+targeting sequences that we tested right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting sequences that we tested right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting sequences that we tested right
+so this is like a little add-on onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like a little add-on onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like a little add-on onto the
+sentence that is like you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence that is like you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence that is like you know I mean
+some you know six months of somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know six months of somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know six months of somebody's
+life was dedicated to you know trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life was dedicated to you know trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life was dedicated to you know trying
+you know you can just imagine all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can just imagine all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can just imagine all the
+you know over coffee their frustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over coffee their frustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over coffee their frustration
+they tried all these different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried all these different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried all these different things
+and they always got a you know and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they always got a you know and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they always got a you know and for
+an awful lot of these things I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot of these things I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot of these things I I would
+have still been very much interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have still been very much interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have still been very much interested in
+this study even if the addition of TSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study even if the addition of TSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study even if the addition of TSR
+did change the kinetics of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did change the kinetics of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did change the kinetics of you know
+because I'm because I think that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm because I think that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm because I think that still
+is very interesting but they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interesting but they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interesting but they really
+wanted this to be you know just airtight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this to be you know just airtight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this to be you know just airtight
+or maybe the referees made to be I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the referees made to be I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the referees made to be I know
+but you know but you can tell that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know but you can tell that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know but you can tell that they
+just went to a lot of work to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went to a lot of work to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went to a lot of work to try to
+find the thing that would where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the thing that would where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the thing that would where
+everything everything would just be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything everything would just be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything everything would just be um
+would be just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right now once once they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now once once they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now once once they kind
+of describe their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describe their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describe their
+setup I you know they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup I you know they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup I you know they have this
+wonderful paragraph though I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful paragraph though I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful paragraph though I think um
+you know that you know they say oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you know they say oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you know they say oh you
+know that these proteins they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these proteins they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these proteins they're
+generating bursts and uh number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating bursts and uh number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating bursts and uh number in the
+bursts varies and there's spread and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts varies and there's spread and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts varies and there's spread and so
+forth and they say they they very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and they say they they very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and they say they they very nicely
+tell us okay you know with this data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us okay you know with this data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us okay you know with this data we
+can ask four questions right um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask four questions right um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask four questions right um and you
+know they say do these gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they say do these gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they say do these gene expression
+bursts occur randomly in time it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts occur randomly in time it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts occur randomly in time it's going
+to be yes how many mRNA molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be yes how many mRNA molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be yes how many mRNA molecules are
+responsible for each gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for each gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for each gene expression
+burst under the repressed conditions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst under the repressed conditions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst under the repressed conditions one
+what is the distribution of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the distribution of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the distribution of the number
+of protein molecules in each burst it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protein molecules in each burst it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protein molecules in each burst it's
+going to be geometric geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be geometric geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be geometric geometrically
+distributed and what is the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and what is the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and what is the origin of
+the temporal spread of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal spread of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal spread of the individual
+bursts okay now I think that um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts okay now I think that um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts okay now I think that um this is
+nice just to give a reader kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice just to give a reader kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice just to give a reader kind of like
+heads up of like you know where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads up of like you know where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads up of like you know where are
+we're heading okay um and uh right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're heading okay um and uh right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're heading okay um and uh right the
+origin of the temporal spread is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of the temporal spread is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of the temporal spread is
+actually uh they're arguing is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh they're arguing is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh they're arguing is actually
+the Venus maturation time right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Venus maturation time right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Venus maturation time right so in
+that case they actually take advant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case they actually take advant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case they actually take advant the
+fact that there's a finite time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's a finite time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's a finite time for
+maturation of the Venus ends up allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation of the Venus ends up allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation of the Venus ends up allowing
+them to measure the bursts in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to measure the bursts in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to measure the bursts in an
+interesting way right before we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way right before we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way right before we get into
+the details of that though I want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of that though I want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of that though I want to um
+make sure that we're all clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're all clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're all clear
+about what they mean by a burst because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they mean by a burst because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they mean by a burst because
+this is something that is it's It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that is it's It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that is it's It's
+oddly um it feels like it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddly um it feels like it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddly um it feels like it's the most
+trivial statement ever but um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial statement ever but um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial statement ever but um I think
+what we're going to find is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to find is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to find is that there's
+a lot of confusion about it okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of confusion about it okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of confusion about it okay all
+right so this this is a question how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this is a question how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this is a question how is
+it that you go from the data to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you go from the data to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you go from the data to the
+quantities that they plot and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that they plot and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that they plot and that
+they're interested in right we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in right we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested in right we want to
+get a sense of how many proteins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of how many proteins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of how many proteins are
+made in each one of these bursts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in each one of these bursts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in each one of these bursts right
+and so they have in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they have in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they have in figure
+3B they plot the number of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B they plot the number of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B they plot the number of protein
+molecules produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules produced
+number um proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produced okay it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced okay it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced okay it's a function of
+time right and they have you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and they have you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and they have you know these
+things that you know this was a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you know this was a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you know this was a cell
+division event right and here they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division event right and here they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division event right and here they say
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+two four right and here at 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes we have this thing here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes we have this thing here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes we have this thing here and it
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and then this thing goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then this thing goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then this thing goes on
+right and there's um you know got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's um you know got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's um you know got
+50 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 we have
+another okay then so forth okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another okay then so forth okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another okay then so forth okay this is
+a zoom in of of figure 3B one one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zoom in of of figure 3B one one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zoom in of of figure 3B one one of the
+top panel all right so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top panel all right so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top panel all right so what I want to
+know is um what is the size of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is um what is the size of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is um what is the size of the first
+burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay um so you can either look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so you can either look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so you can either look at my
+beautifully drawn illustration or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully drawn illustration or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully drawn illustration or you
+can look at the paper in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the paper in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the paper in front of you
+right so this is a paper analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a paper analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a paper analyzing the
+size distribution of protein bursts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size distribution of protein bursts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size distribution of protein bursts
+observed in living cells right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in living cells right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in living cells right that's
+the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this
+paper right um now the question is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right um now the question is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right um now the question is from
+the data that they're collecting we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that they're collecting we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that they're collecting we want
+to know what is the size of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is the size of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what is the size of the protein
+burst the first protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's no calculation for you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's no calculation for you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's no calculation for you to do
+you know at least not much of one but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at least not much of one but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at least not much of one but um
+so I I you know so I think so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I you know so I think so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I you know so I think so I'm not
+going to give you maybe any more time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you maybe any more time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you maybe any more time to
+figure this out uh so let's let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out uh so let's let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out uh so let's let's see
+where we are ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are ready three two
+one all right so we got um you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got um you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got um you know at
+least a majority of the group is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a majority of the group is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a majority of the group is is is
+saying that it's um yeah it's indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's um yeah it's indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's um yeah it's indeed
+three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay
+now the the issue here is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the issue here is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the issue here is that the the
+way that the experimental design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the experimental design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the experimental design is
+working is that every 3 minutes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working is that every 3 minutes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working is that every 3 minutes what
+we're asking is how many Venus molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking is how many Venus molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking is how many Venus molecules
+uh kind of folded in that previous three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of folded in that previous three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of folded in that previous three
+minutes and then any of them that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then any of them that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then any of them that there
+are we count and then we kill them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we count and then we kill them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we count and then we kill them right
+and then the next and then indeed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next and then indeed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next and then indeed what
+happened here is that every 3 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here is that every 3 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here is that every 3 minutes
+they're asking this question no proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking this question no proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking this question no proteins
+produced no protein and then here oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced no protein and then here oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced no protein and then here oh
+they see one okay now that's not yet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see one okay now that's not yet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see one okay now that's not yet a
+protein burst that's that's maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein burst that's that's maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein burst that's that's maybe a
+protein burst but it could be that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein burst but it could be that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein burst but it could be that we're
+in the middle of a protein burst and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of a protein burst and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of a protein burst and
+indeed what we see is that the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what we see is that the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what we see is that the next time
+point the next three minutes we see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the next three minutes we see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the next three minutes we see oh
+actually now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now there's
+two uh new proteins that were produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh new proteins that were produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh new proteins that were produced
+in that next three minutes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that next three minutes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that next three minutes right so
+indeed this whole thing is a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+burst right so we got one plus two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst right so we got one plus two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst right so we got one plus two so
+that was the calculation I was referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the calculation I was referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the calculation I was referring
+to all right now um and so what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all right now um and so what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all right now um and so what they're
+plotting is this is the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is this is the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting is this is the distribution of
+these different protein burst sizes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different protein burst sizes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different protein burst sizes okay
+now this is a small protein burst they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a small protein burst they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a small protein burst they
+see some that get up to be 10 15 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some that get up to be 10 15 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some that get up to be 10 15 right
+and that corresponds to some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that corresponds to some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that corresponds to some of these
+cases where they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where they see
+um you know something that looks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know something that looks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know something that looks for
+example more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like Yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how yeah right right like these could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how yeah right right like these could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how yeah right right like these could be
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+Mr exactly yeah no I think this is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr exactly yeah no I think this is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr exactly yeah no I think this is and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ultimately they um the first of all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately they um the first of all okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately they um the first of all okay
+the number of protein bursts per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of protein bursts per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of protein bursts per cell
+cycle per hour in these conditions is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle per hour in these conditions is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle per hour in these conditions is is
+of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order
+one right and so that and then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and so that and then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and so that and then the the
+width the time of a protein burst is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width the time of a protein burst is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width the time of a protein burst is
+fiveish five seven minutes or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiveish five seven minutes or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiveish five seven minutes or you know
+something like that typically right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that typically right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that typically right so
+this is this gives you a sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this gives you a sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this gives you a sense of how
+frequently they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently they will
+overlap right and indeed what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap right and indeed what you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap right and indeed what you expect
+from this is you know that you know 15%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is you know that you know 15%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is you know that you know 15%
+of them are actually that they that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are actually that they that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are actually that they that they
+see as one burst might actually be have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as one burst might actually be have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as one burst might actually be have
+been two though right uh it's also worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been two though right uh it's also worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been two though right uh it's also worth
+mentioning that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that that what I just said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that what I just said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that what I just said is
+in the model where you know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model where you know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model where you know that it's
+always just one mRNA that is produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just one mRNA that is produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just one mRNA that is produced
+each time so they they what they what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time so they they what they what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time so they they what they what
+they say is they think is that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is they think is that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say is they think is that uh the
+promoter is tightly repressed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter is tightly repressed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter is tightly repressed by the
+lack repressor right every now and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack repressor right every now and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack repressor right every now and then
+the lack repressor falls off and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack repressor falls off and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack repressor falls off and it's
+going to bind again right but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bind again right but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bind again right but some
+fraction of that time uh when uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of that time uh when uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of that time uh when uh the
+repressor unbinds you get the rnap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor unbinds you get the rnap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressor unbinds you get the rnap
+binding and then you get a transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and then you get a transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and then you get a transcription
+of it right and they think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right and they think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it right and they think that in
+general it is just one mRNA that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it is just one mRNA that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it is just one mRNA that is
+produced there so just a single RNA pmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced there so just a single RNA pmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced there so just a single RNA pmer
+bound and made an mRNA but I'm sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and made an mRNA but I'm sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and made an mRNA but I'm sure that
+some fraction of the time it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of the time it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of the time it was
+actually two that were produced during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two that were produced during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two that were produced during
+that time and that those would certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and that those would certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and that those would certainly
+show up as one protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up as one protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up as one protein
+burst right because it would be two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst right because it would be two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst right because it would be two you
+know the lifetime of the mras in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the lifetime of the mras in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the lifetime of the mras in this
+situation is of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what yeah it was I think one and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah it was I think one and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah it was I think one and a half
+minutes maybe it was short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes maybe it was short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes maybe it was short
+uh yeah yeah one and a half minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah yeah one and a half minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah yeah one and a half minutes
+right what that means is that on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what that means is that on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what that means is that on this
+time scale if there were two mras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale if there were two mras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale if there were two mras
+produced you know they just they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced you know they just they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced you know they just they would
+look like the same mRNA right but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the same mRNA right but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the same mRNA right but from
+from this data what they conclude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this data what they conclude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this data what they conclude is
+that uh is that there's typically only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is that there's typically only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is that there's typically only
+one mRNA produced in each protein burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mRNA produced in each protein burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mRNA produced in each protein burst
+and there's not there are not that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not there are not that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not there are not that many
+protein bursts per you know say hour the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein bursts per you know say hour the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein bursts per you know say hour the
+cell division so they won't overlap too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division so they won't overlap too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division so they won't overlap too
+much right but you I'm sure that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right but you I'm sure that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right but you I'm sure that some
+but it's going to happen at some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what they um what they see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what they um what they see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what they um what they see is that
+the distribution of the protein bursts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the protein bursts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the protein bursts
+right we said it was it was roughly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we said it was it was roughly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we said it was it was roughly uh
+one per uh per cell division time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per uh per cell division time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per uh per cell division time which
+they found was 55 minutes here right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found was 55 minutes here right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found was 55 minutes here right and
+they found that the number of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that the number of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that the number of protein
+bursts per cell cycle was distributed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts per cell cycle was distributed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts per cell cycle was distributed um
+Pon okay so let me write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon okay so let me write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon okay so let me write this down
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so number of uh protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bursts per uh cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts per uh cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts per uh cell
+cycle all right so this was distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right so this was distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right so this was distributed
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+Pon with mean we typically write Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon with mean we typically write Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pon with mean we typically write Lambda
+of around one right 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of around one right 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of around one right 1.2
+and they call this End Cycle right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they call this End Cycle right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they call this End Cycle right so
+I'll I'll be consistent right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll be consistent right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll be consistent right so this is
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+cycle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle the
+1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2
+okay now uh you guys you know the pan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh you guys you know the pan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh you guys you know the pan is
+a distribution that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution that we're going to be
+spending um a lot of time thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending um a lot of time thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending um a lot of time thinking about
+right so the normal way that we write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the normal way that we write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the normal way that we write it
+is that if um it's a the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if um it's a the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if um it's a the probability of
+observing um some number n and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing um some number n and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing um some number n and this is
+this is a number n bursts per cycle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a number n bursts per cycle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a number n bursts per cycle in
+this case P of n we normally write as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case P of n we normally write as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case P of n we normally write as a
+function of the mean Lambda where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the mean Lambda where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the mean Lambda where it's
+Lambda to the N Over N factorial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the N Over N factorial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the N Over N factorial and
+then for normalization we have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for normalization we have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for normalization we have to write
+e to the minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus Lambda
+here okay we're going to spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay we're going to spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay we're going to spend a lot of
+time thinking about the pon distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thinking about the pon distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time thinking about the pon distribution
+uh next class right so I I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next class right so I I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next class right so I I would say
+that if you're if if it's been a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're if if it's been a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're if if it's been a while
+since you thought about probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you thought about probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you thought about probability
+distributions then you should play via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions then you should play via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions then you should play via
+textbook Wikipedia whatnot with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook Wikipedia whatnot with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook Wikipedia whatnot with uh the
+pon the exponential uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pon the exponential uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pon the exponential uh the
+geometric and also the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric and also the gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric and also the gamma
+distributions because we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions because we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions because we're going to be
+using those uh in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class all
+right now what the in this distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what the in this distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what the in this distribution
+what it basically ends up being is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it basically ends up being is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it basically ends up being is that
+sometimes you see Zero bursts sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see Zero bursts sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see Zero bursts sometimes
+you see one every now and then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see one every now and then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see one every now and then you see
+two it's kind of what what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's one other thing that is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one other thing that is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one other thing that is I
+think a bit tricky often which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a bit tricky often which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a bit tricky often which is how
+they calculated that it was typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they calculated that it was typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they calculated that it was typically
+one mRNA that led to each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mRNA that led to each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mRNA that led to each of these
+protein bursts can somebody remind us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein bursts can somebody remind us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein bursts can somebody remind us um
+kind of experimentally what they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experimentally what they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experimentally what they had to
+do in order to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the average RNA per cell right and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average RNA per cell right and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average RNA per cell right and they
+right so they did this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they did this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they did this um
+rtpcr right so what they did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpcr right so what they did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpcr right so what they did they
+reverse transcribed they converted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcribed they converted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcribed they converted the
+uh the MRNA into DNA and they Amplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MRNA into DNA and they Amplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MRNA into DNA and they Amplified
+to get a sense of how much mRNA there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sense of how much mRNA there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sense of how much mRNA there
+was right and uh and and from that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right and uh and and from that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right and uh and and from that you
+know the the formula when you first look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the formula when you first look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the formula when you first look
+at it it feels kind of mysterious or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it it feels kind of mysterious or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it it feels kind of mysterious or
+something like that right um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right um but you
+know it's one of those things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's one of those things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's one of those things that you
+just have to keep track of like units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to keep track of like units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to keep track of like units
+and so forth um right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth um right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth um right so you can
+basically think about that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically think about that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically think about that the number of
+mRNA and this is this is indeed this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA and this is this is indeed this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA and this is this is indeed this is
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+cell okay but cell this doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay but cell this doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay but cell this doesn't have
+units right but if we want the me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units right but if we want the me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units right but if we want the me you
+know the the expectation value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the expectation value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the expectation value the
+number of mRNA that's going to be per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mRNA that's going to be per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mRNA that's going to be per
+cell well that's going to be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell well that's going to be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell well that's going to be given by
+the number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of the
+MRNA uh per burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh times uh the number of bursts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh times uh the number of bursts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh times uh the number of bursts
+um per uh unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay so this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so this is some
+rate um the bursts and then also times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um the bursts and then also times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um the bursts and then also times
+the lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M right now in this formula there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M right now in this formula there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M right now in this formula there's also
+the added Factor where they have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the added Factor where they have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the added Factor where they have like
+the time of the cell cycle but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the cell cycle but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the cell cycle but that's
+just because this could have been bursts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because this could have been bursts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because this could have been bursts
+per minute lifetime of Mr and minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute lifetime of Mr and minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute lifetime of Mr and minutes
+but then uh we if you want to put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then uh we if you want to put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then uh we if you want to put in the
+extra term then you have to oh the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term then you have to oh the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra term then you have to oh the cell
+cycle is 55 minutes so then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is 55 minutes so then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is 55 minutes so then you have to
+do that conversion of time into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that conversion of time into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that conversion of time into the
+proper units right so that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper units right so that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper units right so that that's what
+ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right are there any questions about
+what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay all right now what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now what we're going to
+do um what we're going to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um what we're going to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um what we're going to do next
+lecture is kind of go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is kind of go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is kind of go through a
+simplified model of of um of gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model of of um of gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model of of um of gene
+expression where there's just some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression where there's just some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression where there's just some um
+rate of mRNA formation mRNA degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of mRNA formation mRNA degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of mRNA formation mRNA degradation
+the MRNA makes protein proteins get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MRNA makes protein proteins get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MRNA makes protein proteins get
+degraded and then in that model we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded and then in that model we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded and then in that model we want
+to try to understand how everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to understand how everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to understand how everything is
+distributed okay and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed okay and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed okay and we're going to
+relate that back to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate that back to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate that back to some of the
+experiment Al data in this paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment Al data in this paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment Al data in this paper in
+particular for example this geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for example this geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for example this geometric
+distribution of protein burst sizes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of protein burst sizes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of protein burst sizes is
+something that you expect from the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you expect from the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you expect from the most
+basic simple model from um in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic simple model from um in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic simple model from um in you know
+that you would have written down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have written down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have written down right
+so from that standpoint it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that standpoint it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that standpoint it's not a
+surprise it was often assumed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise it was often assumed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise it was often assumed that this
+thing should be uh geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing should be uh geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing should be uh geometrically
+distributed and and it was and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and and it was and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and and it was and that's
+wonderful um from my standpoint I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um from my standpoint I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um from my standpoint I think
+that even things that we assume to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even things that we assume to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even things that we assume to be
+true uh we should still check to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh we should still check to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh we should still check to see if
+they are true right and uh in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are true right and uh in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are true right and uh in other
+cases it may not be and so forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it may not be and so forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it may not be and so forth okay
+are there any questions about um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions about um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions about um about
+this paper uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now okay then I will see you uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay then I will see you uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay then I will see you uh next
+class okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dcUKdwHRSD8.txt b/dcUKdwHRSD8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a0f6792fda5a6f66fe73c2a519f92274cf7c5fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dcUKdwHRSD8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10999 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+continue with our discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with our discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with our discussion about
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+no pun intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pun intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pun intended
+first let me recall a few facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well um is not a definition but this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um is not a definition but this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um is not a definition but this was
+a theorem we proved last time so i won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem we proved last time so i won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem we proved last time so i won't
+recall the definition of continuity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the definition of continuity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the definition of continuity but
+we proved this theorem characterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved this theorem characterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved this theorem characterizing
+continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have a
+subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of r
+an element in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in s
+and a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a function
+s going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s going
+f going from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if for every sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if for every sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if for every sequence
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of elements of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of s
+such that x n converges to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity
+of x of n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n equals
+f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c
+so this was a theorem we proved last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a theorem we proved last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a theorem we proved last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and let me recall an older theorem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me recall an older theorem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me recall an older theorem which
+i said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said was
+very powerful but never really gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful but never really gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful but never really gave you
+any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+powerful application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful application
+which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will
+start giving some powerful applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start giving some powerful applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start giving some powerful applications
+now but this was the bolzano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but this was the bolzano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but this was the bolzano
+virustras theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which states that every bounded sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of real numbers has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers has
+a convergent subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to use these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use these two
+theorems today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems today
+and in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next lecture
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+to prove that a continuous function on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that a continuous function on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that a continuous function on a
+closed and bounded interval is very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and bounded interval is very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and bounded interval is very well
+behaved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to show
+let's call it the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+from a closed and bounded interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a closed and bounded interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a closed and bounded interval is
+continuous meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous meaning
+it's continuous at every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well behaved and for example the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behaved and for example the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behaved and for example the first
+thing that we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to prove
+will be a combination of two theorems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a combination of two theorems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a combination of two theorems is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image
+of a closed and bounded interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a continuous function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another closed and bounded interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another closed and bounded interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another closed and bounded interval
+okay and e could equal d so this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and e could equal d so this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and e could equal d so this could
+just be a single point for example if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a single point for example if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a single point for example if f
+is a constant function then the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant function then the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant function then the image
+would just be a single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be a single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be a single point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh
+this is the theme of this lecture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the theme of this lecture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the theme of this lecture in the
+next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh so let's start uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let's start uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let's start uh
+basically um we're gonna prove two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um we're gonna prove two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um we're gonna prove two
+theorems one is called the min max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems one is called the min max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems one is called the min max
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+and the other is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is called
+bolzano's intermediate value theorem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolzano's intermediate value theorem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolzano's intermediate value theorem the
+min max theorem will tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min max theorem will tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min max theorem will tell you that
+f of an interval is always contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of an interval is always contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of an interval is always contained in
+an interval of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of this type
+then the intermediate value theorem will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the intermediate value theorem will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the intermediate value theorem will
+tell you everything in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you everything in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you everything in between
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+two certain bounds is attained by f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two certain bounds is attained by f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two certain bounds is attained by f so
+let's start off with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that
+f of a closed and bounded interval is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a closed and bounded interval is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a closed and bounded interval is a
+bounded set so let me just recall what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded set so let me just recall what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded set so let me just recall what
+it means for a function to be bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say that a function from a subset s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a function from a subset s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a function from a subset s
+to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to r
+is bounded so here s is a subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bounded if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a non-negative b such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a non-negative b such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a non-negative b such that
+for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x is bigger than or equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is bigger than or equal to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is bigger than or equal to b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take f of x
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3x plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x plus 1
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closed and bounded interval 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and bounded interval 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and bounded interval 0 1
+then f is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+pictorially what does this mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially what does this mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially what does this mean well
+f of x equals 3x plus 1. so at 1 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x equals 3x plus 1. so at 1 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x equals 3x plus 1. so at 1 it's
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and pictorially a function is bounded if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pictorially a function is bounded if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pictorially a function is bounded if
+the graph is always bounded between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is always bounded between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is always bounded between
+two real numbers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real numbers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real numbers okay
+and for us for f x it's always bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for us for f x it's always bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for us for f x it's always bounded
+between 0 and 4 in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 4 in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 4 in terms of this
+absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f of x
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+3x plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x plus 1
+this is less than or equal to by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to by the
+triangle inequality three times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality three times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality three times the
+absolute value of x plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x plus one
+x is between zero and one so its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is between zero and one so its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is between zero and one so its
+absolute values bounded by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this function is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so how about a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about a function which is
+not bounded what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bounded what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bounded what does that mean
+remember whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember whenever we
+see a definition we should try to negate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a definition we should try to negate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a definition we should try to negate
+it to understand it better so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+for all b bigger than or equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all b bigger than or equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all b bigger than or equal to 0
+there exists some bad x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that f x an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f x an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f x an absolute value
+is bigger than or equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know if a bounded function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a bounded function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a bounded function is
+supposed to have a graph bounded between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have a graph bounded between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to have a graph bounded between
+two uh real numbers an unbounded one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh real numbers an unbounded one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh real numbers an unbounded one is
+one in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which
+at least part of the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least part of the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least part of the graph is
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+going off to plus infinity or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off to plus infinity or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off to plus infinity or minus
+infinity so kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so kind of
+most basic example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic example
+we could think of is let's say if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could think of is let's say if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could think of is let's say if we
+wanted to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go from
+0 1 to r again we could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x to be
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+0 at x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 at x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 at x equals 0
+1 over x if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over x if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over x if x is
+not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this function looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes up to infinity as you approach x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to infinity as you approach x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to infinity as you approach x
+equals zero so why is this unbounded we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so why is this unbounded we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so why is this unbounded we
+have to verify the negation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to verify the negation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to verify the negation of the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+so i claim f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let b be bigger than or equal to zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let b be bigger than or equal to zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let b be bigger than or equal to zero we
+now have to find an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have to find an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have to find an x
+in zero one so that one over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zero one so that one over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in zero one so that one over x
+or so that f of x is bigger than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is uh
+this is pretty easy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let x be an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one over x is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so if b is equal to 0 we take x to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if b is equal to 0 we take x to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if b is equal to 0 we take x to be
+anything in 0 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in 0 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in 0 1 that's
+fair enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie
+x len
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x len
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x len
+1 over b so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over b so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over b so
+if we'd like we could make this explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we'd like we could make this explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we'd like we could make this explicit
+so well i'll just keep it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now if we take x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if we take x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now if we take x
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and look at the graph it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the graph it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the graph it's going to be
+bigger than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+several of these proofs will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of these proofs will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of these proofs will have the
+same flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of what we're going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're going to try and
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this uh this one is a nice one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh this one is a nice one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh this one is a nice one to
+start off with and necessary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with and necessary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with and necessary so
+my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first
+theorem that i want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that i want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that i want to prove
+um about continuous functions on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about continuous functions on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about continuous functions on a
+bounded interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded interval
+closed and bounded interval is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and bounded interval is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and bounded interval is that
+they're bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bounded
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have a function from a b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous
+meaning it's continuous at every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's continuous at every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's continuous at every point
+in a b then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is bounded okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the proof of this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof of this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof of this theorem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+several of these theorems will be uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of these theorems will be uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of these theorems will be uh by
+contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um the fact that we're on a closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that we're on a closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fact that we're on a closed and
+bounded interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded interval
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+or that we're in the setting is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that we're in the setting is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that we're in the setting is what
+allows us to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to use
+virus straws this is powerful too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus straws this is powerful too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus straws this is powerful too
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so like i said this proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like i said this proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like i said this proof is
+by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the conclusion is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which uh the precise meaning is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the precise meaning is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the precise meaning is right
+here right for all b there exists an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right for all b there exists an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right for all b there exists an x
+and s such that that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s such that that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s such that that so
+for every b i can find an x and s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every b i can find an x and s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every b i can find an x and s so
+that the absolute value of f of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the absolute value of f of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the absolute value of f of x is
+bigger than or equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to b
+okay so i could take b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i could take b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i could take b
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i could take b to be in for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could take b to be in for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could take b to be in for example
+where n is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we're all in a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in a natural number
+so i'm taking b to be in there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm taking b to be in there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm taking b to be in there exists
+x of n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n in
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+sub n an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n an absolute value
+is bigger than or equal to n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to n okay
+so now i have the sequence which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i have the sequence which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i have the sequence which is
+bounded because it's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded because it's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded because it's in this
+closed and bounded interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is
+bounded because it's in this closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded because it's in this closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded because it's in this closing
+bound on interval a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on interval a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on interval a b
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+bolzano virustras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n sub k
+of the sequence x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the limit as k goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity
+of x of n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n sub k
+equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i claim that this x is actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim that this x is actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim that this x is actually in
+the interval a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since x of n sub k is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x of n sub k is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x of n sub k is a
+subsequence of x sub n which are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of x sub n which are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of x sub n which are in a
+sub b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub b
+or a comma b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have for all k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have for all k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have for all k
+x of n sub k is between a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n sub k is between a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n sub k is between a and b
+this implies by what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies by what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies by what we know about
+limits that limits respect inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that limits respect inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that limits respect inequalities
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and therefore a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a
+is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as k goes to infinity of x of n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as k goes to infinity of x of n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as k goes to infinity of x of n sub k
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+less than or equal to b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to b and
+this is x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is x so
+ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is between a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is between a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is between a and b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another way instead of going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way instead of going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way instead of going through
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+i believe we did in the assignment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe we did in the assignment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe we did in the assignment that
+an interval of this form is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of this form is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of this form is closed
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you prove that for a closed set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove that for a closed set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove that for a closed set
+so when i say interval of this form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i say interval of this form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i say interval of this form is
+closed i mean it's a closed set and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed i mean it's a closed set and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed i mean it's a closed set and you
+proved on the assignment that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved on the assignment that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved on the assignment that for a
+closed set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed set
+if i have a convergent sequence then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a convergent sequence then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a convergent sequence then the
+limit of that sequence has to belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of that sequence has to belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of that sequence has to belong to
+the set so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set so this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know really a consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really a consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really a consequence of the
+fact that this interval is a closed set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this interval is a closed set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this interval is a closed set
+okay so i have this subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i have this subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i have this subsequence
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x of n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n sub k
+it's converging to x which is in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's converging to x which is in a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's converging to x which is in a b
+and i know the function i haven't used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know the function i haven't used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know the function i haven't used
+anything about f yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about f yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about f yet
+and i'm assuming it's continuous so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm assuming it's continuous so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm assuming it's continuous so
+let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since f is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sub n sub k is converged to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as k goes to infinity i know by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as k goes to infinity i know by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as k goes to infinity i know by the
+theorem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh
+up top over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up top over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up top over there
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+f of x equals the limit of f of x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x equals the limit of f of x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x equals the limit of f of x sub
+x sub n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n sub k
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of x
+is equal to the limit as k goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the limit as k goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the limit as k goes to
+infinity of the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now f of x sub n is always bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now f of x sub n is always bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now f of x sub n is always bigger
+than or equal to n right that's how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to n right that's how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to n right that's how the
+x events were chosen we assumed that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x events were chosen we assumed that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x events were chosen we assumed that f
+is unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unbounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unbounded
+and therefore all of these x sub n's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore all of these x sub n's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore all of these x sub n's and
+a b were chosen so that f of x of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b were chosen so that f of x of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b were chosen so that f of x of n is
+bigger than or equal to n so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to n so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to n so this is
+bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these
+is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see how to write this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we'll write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll write it this way
+i don't want to write the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to write the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to write the limit of
+something equals infinity because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals infinity because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something equals infinity because we
+haven't said what it means for the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said what it means for the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said what it means for the limit
+of something something to equal infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then
+the limit as k goes to infinity of f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity of f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity of f of
+x sub n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n sub k
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+which implies that the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+a convergent sequence is always bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since n sub k is always less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since n sub k is always less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since n sub k is always less than or
+equal to f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to f of
+x of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of k
+and this is a bounded sequence this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a bounded sequence this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a bounded sequence this
+tells me that the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bounded but this is uh impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded but this is uh impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded but this is uh impossible
+remember to form a subsequence the n sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to form a subsequence the n sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to form a subsequence the n sub
+k's are increasing integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k's are increasing integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k's are increasing integers
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+which is a contradiction and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a contradiction and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a contradiction and this is
+always because n sub 1 is always less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always because n sub 1 is always less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always because n sub 1 is always less
+than n sub 2 is less than n 3 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n sub 2 is less than n 3 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n sub 2 is less than n 3 and so on
+so these are always getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are always getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are always getting bigger
+without bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and therefore
+we have our contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our contradiction
+okay so again here's the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again here's the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again here's the structure of
+the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+we have uh we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh we want to
+you know assume some property of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know assume some property of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know assume some property of f
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we assume not we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we assume not we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we assume not we get this
+kind of bad sequence of numbers in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bad sequence of numbers in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bad sequence of numbers in this
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and using bolzano virusdrost we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using bolzano virusdrost we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using bolzano virusdrost we get to
+pass to some sort of limit x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass to some sort of limit x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass to some sort of limit x
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know the continuity of f at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the continuity of f at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the continuity of f at x
+essentially breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially breaks
+the badness of the sequence x event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the badness of the sequence x event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the badness of the sequence x event
+okay and we'll we'll see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll we'll see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll we'll see another
+argument where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument where
+it's kind of the same same flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soon state that f always achieves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon state that f always achieves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon state that f always achieves uh
+kind of a maximum value and minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a maximum value and minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a maximum value and minimum
+value so let me first on the closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so let me first on the closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so let me first on the closed and
+bounded intervals so let me precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded intervals so let me precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded intervals so let me precisely
+define what these absolute mins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what these absolute mins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what these absolute mins and
+absolute maxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute maxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute maxes
+are select f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are select f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are select f
+be a function from s to r s is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function from s to r s is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function from s to r s is a
+non-empty subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty subset of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty subset of r
+we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f achieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f achieves
+f achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it this way
+absolute min at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute min at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute min at c
+and s if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s if
+uh f of c sits below f of x for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of c sits below f of x for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of c sits below f of x for all x
+and s all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s all right
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+for all x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f c is less than or equal to f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c is less than or equal to f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c is less than or equal to f of x
+okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a
+absolute min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at d and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at d and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at d and s
+if f of d sits above everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every x you stick into f if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every x you stick into f if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every x you stick into f if
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+x and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and s
+f of x is less than or equal to f of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is less than or equal to f of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x is less than or equal to f of d
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example so what's the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example so what's the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example so what's the picture
+that goes with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's imagine we're on a closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine we're on a closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine we're on a closed and
+bounded interval um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d so f achieves absolute max at d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so f achieves absolute max at d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so f achieves absolute max at d
+the graph of f sits below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of f sits below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of f sits below
+the value f of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value f of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value f of d
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sits above the value f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits above the value f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits above the value f of c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now absolute max and mins at points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now absolute max and mins at points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now absolute max and mins at points are
+so that the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the function
+uh is always sitting above f evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is always sitting above f evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is always sitting above f evaluated
+at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+quick warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is not to scale but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is not to scale but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is not to scale but
+let's say our function looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 halves
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then this function does not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this function does not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this function does not have an
+absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute max
+does not achieve an absolute max or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not achieve an absolute max or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not achieve an absolute max or
+achieve an absolute min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve an absolute min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve an absolute min
+on uh the set one two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you would like to say is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like to say is that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like to say is that one
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+f achieves an absolute min at one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f achieves an absolute min at one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f achieves an absolute min at one but
+the graph does not sit above f evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph does not sit above f evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph does not sit above f evaluated
+at 1. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1. okay
+just like over here the graph of f does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like over here the graph of f does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like over here the graph of f does
+not sit below f evaluated at 2 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sit below f evaluated at 2 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sit below f evaluated at 2 okay so
+absolute f achieves an absolute min at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute f achieves an absolute min at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute f achieves an absolute min at a
+point if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if
+the whole graph sits above f evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole graph sits above f evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole graph sits above f evaluated
+at that point not necessarily uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point not necessarily uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point not necessarily uh some
+number sits below the whole uh graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number sits below the whole uh graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number sits below the whole uh graph
+that's what boundedness means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what boundedness means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what boundedness means
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just want to
+clarify that distinction between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify that distinction between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify that distinction between you
+know the graph of a function being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the graph of a function being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the graph of a function being
+bounded below by a number and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded below by a number and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded below by a number and f
+achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving
+a min at a certain point so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a min at a certain point so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a min at a certain point so for example
+the graph of this function is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of this function is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph of this function is bounded
+below by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below by one
+but f does not achieve an absolute min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but f does not achieve an absolute min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but f does not achieve an absolute min
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+c equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equals one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+our next theorem is the min max theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+continuous functions which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions which is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f be a function from a b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous meaning
+it's continuous at every point in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolute min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a b
+okay so another way of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another way of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another way of uh
+stating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating this
+so let's just make this a mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just make this a mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just make this a mark
+that says that there exists c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that there exists c d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that there exists c d
+and a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b
+such that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f
+of a b is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c
+f of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an absolute max and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute max and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute max and
+uh the proof for the absolute min i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the proof for the absolute min i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the proof for the absolute min i'll
+leave to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave to you
+it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of change in the argument that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of change in the argument that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of change in the argument that's
+that's not too difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we're going to use this
+powerful tool bolzano virus truss that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool bolzano virus truss that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool bolzano virus truss that
+allows us to go from kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to go from kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to go from kind of an
+arbitrary sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary sequence
+in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b
+to a convergent subsequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals f from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f from a to b
+let me write it this way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this function is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this function is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this function is continuous
+then by what we've proven uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by what we've proven uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by what we've proven uh
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies
+f is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+the range of f so f of x where x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of f so f of x where x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of f so f of x where x is in
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this set is bounded above right if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is bounded above right if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is bounded above right if the
+absolute value of f of x is always less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of f of x is always less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of f of x is always less
+than or equal to some b then f x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to some b then f x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to some b then f x is
+always bounded above by b for all x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bounded above by b for all x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bounded above by b for all x and
+a b so this set is bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b so this set is bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b so this set is bounded above
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let l
+be the supremum of e which exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the supremum of e which exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the supremum of e which exists
+because the real numbers have the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the real numbers have the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the real numbers have the least
+upper bound property whenever we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property whenever we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property whenever we have a
+non-empty subset which is bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty subset which is bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty subset which is bounded above
+we can always find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always find a
+supremum now since l is the supremum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum now since l is the supremum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum now since l is the supremum of
+this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set
+we did this i think in an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes i definitely did an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i definitely did an assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i definitely did an assignment
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence
+of elements of this set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of this set e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of this set e
+converging to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to l
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and to express that that means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to express that that means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to express that that means there
+exists some sequence of elements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some sequence of elements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some sequence of elements so
+there exists a sequence of the form f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a sequence of the form f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a sequence of the form f of
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as n goes to infinity of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of f of x
+sub n equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n equals l
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+we would like to show that l is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to show that l is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to show that l is equal to
+f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of
+d for some number d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d for some number d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d for some number d
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and how we're gonna do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how we're gonna do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how we're gonna do that is
+well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is
+the x of n's are just some uh sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x of n's are just some uh sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x of n's are just some uh sequence
+in a b so we can pass to a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b so we can pass to a subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b so we can pass to a subsequence
+which converges to some number call it d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which converges to some number call it d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which converges to some number call it d
+and then we need to show that f of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to show that f of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to show that f of d
+equals l and that's where we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l and that's where we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l and that's where we use
+continuity and then that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity and then that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity and then that's the whole
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um which you know we saw a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you know we saw a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which you know we saw a little bit
+over here we passed a subsequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we passed a subsequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we passed a subsequence and
+then we get to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to say that the
+limit of this subsequence has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of this subsequence has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of this subsequence has
+kind of the same property as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same property as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the same property as the
+original sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by
+alzheimer's straws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alzheimer's straws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alzheimer's straws
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subsequence
+x of n sub k so this is a subsequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n sub k so this is a subsequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n sub k so this is a subsequence of
+the sequence x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+as before same argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before same argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before same argument
+you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and
+limit d but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as before d will be in the set a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+limit as k goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as k goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as k goes to infinity
+of x of n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n sub k
+equals d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we use bolzano virus straws to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we use bolzano virus straws to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we use bolzano virus straws to
+pass through the subsequence of the x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the subsequence of the x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the subsequence of the x of
+n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n's
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a convergent subsequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergent subsequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergent subsequence and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all of these x of n sub k's are between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these x of n sub k's are between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these x of n sub k's are between
+a and b so their limit d will be between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b so their limit d will be between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b so their limit d will be between
+a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+at d it's continuous at every point in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at d it's continuous at every point in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at d it's continuous at every point in a
+b so it's certainly continuous at d f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so it's certainly continuous at d f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so it's certainly continuous at d f of
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+the limit as k goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as k goes to infinity
+of f of x of n sub k since the x events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x of n sub k since the x events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x of n sub k since the x events
+of k's are converging to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k's are converging to d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k's are converging to d
+and now f of x of n sub k this is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now f of x of n sub k this is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now f of x of n sub k this is also a
+subsequence of the sequence f of x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of the sequence f of x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of the sequence f of x sub n
+and f of x of n is a convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of x of n is a convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of x of n is a convergence
+sequence so any subsequence has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so any subsequence has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so any subsequence has to
+converge to the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since f of x sub n converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f of x sub n converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since f of x sub n converges to l
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+f of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of n
+sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub k
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+is a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f of x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+remember what was l l was the super v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore for all x and a b f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for all x and a b f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore for all x and a b f of x
+is less than or equal to f of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to f of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to f of d
+which means f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the absolute min is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'll leave it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so just re-running through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just re-running through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just re-running through the
+proof um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof um
+you know we did use the fact that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we did use the fact that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we did use the fact that uh
+a continuous function is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function is bounded
+and we extracted the soup if you like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we extracted the soup if you like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we extracted the soup if you like of
+the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of
+f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and
+so which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which is
+you know by this exercise we did in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by this exercise we did in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by this exercise we did in one
+of the assignments means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assignments means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assignments means that this
+supremum is equal to the limit of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum is equal to the limit of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum is equal to the limit of f of x
+of n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n's
+we would like to show l is equal to f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to show l is equal to f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to show l is equal to f of
+d for some d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d for some d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d for some d
+so we passed a subsequence of the x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we passed a subsequence of the x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we passed a subsequence of the x of
+n's that does converge to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n's that does converge to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n's that does converge to something
+in the interval a b and we can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval a b and we can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval a b and we can show
+using the continuity of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the continuity of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the continuity of f
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+how this original sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this original sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this original sequence
+was chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was chosen
+that f at that point is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f at that point is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f at that point is actually equal
+to the supremum of that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the supremum of that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the supremum of that set
+and therefore f achieves an absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore f achieves an absolute max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore f achieves an absolute max
+of that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set
+as beginning students of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things we should be curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we should be curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we should be curious
+about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know what hypotheses are needed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what hypotheses are needed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what hypotheses are needed and
+what what are not in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are not in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are not in uh
+you know the statements of theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the statements of theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the statements of theorems
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+our main hypotheses we so we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main hypotheses we so we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main hypotheses we so we had two
+hypotheses really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses really um
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem that
+f is going from this closed and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is going from this closed and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is going from this closed and bounded
+interval to r and that f is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval to r and that f is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval to r and that f is continuous
+so what happens if we drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if we drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if we drop
+one of those hypotheses is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those hypotheses is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those hypotheses is the
+conclusion still true that f achieves an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion still true that f achieves an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion still true that f achieves an
+absolute max and absolute min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute max and absolute min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute max and absolute min
+so this example that i drew right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example that i drew right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example that i drew right here
+shows that we need to have uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that we need to have uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that we need to have uh the
+function be continuous in order for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be continuous in order for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be continuous in order for it
+to achieve an absolute max an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve an absolute max an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve an absolute max an absolute
+min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min
+on the closed and bounded interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the closed and bounded interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the closed and bounded interval
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it also needs to be on a closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also needs to be on a closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also needs to be on a closed and
+bounded interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we have some continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have some continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have some continuous function
+from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to r
+can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we
+drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+the assumption that s is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that s is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption that s is equal to this
+closed and bounded interval meaning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and bounded interval meaning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and bounded interval meaning uh
+could it be say an open interval does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be say an open interval does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be say an open interval does
+the same conclusion hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i.e let's say f is from an open interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is no
+a simple example is if i take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple example is if i take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple example is if i take the
+function f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of x equals
+for example 1 over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example 1 over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example 1 over x
+minus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over
+1 minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+the open interval 0 1 so what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open interval 0 1 so what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open interval 0 1 so what does this
+guy look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy look like
+here's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 0
+let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw
+dotted line there here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the graph shoots up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the graph shoots up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the graph shoots up to
+positive infinity as you approach zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinity as you approach zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinity as you approach zero
+and as you approach uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where does it equal zero i guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does it equal zero i guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does it equal zero i guess it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this function does not achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this function does not achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this function does not achieve a
+mat absolute min or absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat absolute min or absolute max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat absolute min or absolute max
+but it is continuous on this uh interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is continuous on this uh interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is continuous on this uh interval
+but because the interval's not closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because the interval's not closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because the interval's not closed
+and bounded uh this function does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bounded uh this function does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bounded uh this function does not
+achieve an absolute min and an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve an absolute min and an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve an absolute min and an absolute
+max so what i'm what i'm trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max so what i'm what i'm trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max so what i'm what i'm trying to say
+is that the assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the assumptions that
+two so there's two assumptions here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so there's two assumptions here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so there's two assumptions here that
+we're working on a closed and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on a closed and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on a closed and bounded
+interval and that f is continuous these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and that f is continuous these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and that f is continuous these
+two assumptions are necessary for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two assumptions are necessary for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two assumptions are necessary for the
+theorem to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to be true
+okay now they are not the most precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now they are not the most precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now they are not the most precise
+way of stating this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of stating this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of stating this theorem
+you could replace a closed and bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could replace a closed and bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could replace a closed and bounded
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+uh with what's called a compact set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with what's called a compact set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with what's called a compact set
+which maybe i'll put in the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe i'll put in the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe i'll put in the assignment
+or on the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the midterm
+depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on
+where there's room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's room
+but just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just uh
+you know in the setting of intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the setting of intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the setting of intervals
+the interval has to be closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval has to be closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval has to be closed and
+bounded and the function has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and the function has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and the function has to be
+continuous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous for
+this theorem to hold true okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem to hold true okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem to hold true okay so that's
+what uh what i wanted to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what we've proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as i said in this remark here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said in this remark here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said in this remark here
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um
+there exists two numbers c and d in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists two numbers c and d in a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists two numbers c and d in a b
+so that f of a b is contained in f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that f of a b is contained in f c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that f of a b is contained in f c
+f d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f d
+c would be where f achieves in absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c would be where f achieves in absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c would be where f achieves in absolute
+min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min
+d would be where f 2 achieves an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d would be where f 2 achieves an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d would be where f 2 achieves an
+absolute max okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute max
+so now the question becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question becomes
+um do i hit everything in between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do i hit everything in between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do i hit everything in between all
+right does this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does this uh
+inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion
+become equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become equality
+and you know i i gave the game away at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i i gave the game away at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i i gave the game away at
+the beginning of the lecture by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the lecture by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the lecture by saying
+yes it will but uh you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it will but uh you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it will but uh you know that's
+actually a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a theorem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was the min max theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the min max theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the min max theorem
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+i didn't call it that i should have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't call it that i should have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't call it that i should have it's
+actually called that in the notes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called that in the notes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called that in the notes but
+now we're going to move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to move on to the
+intermediate value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and first we're going to do what looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first we're going to do what looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first we're going to do what looks
+like a special case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we'll prove the general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which i'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm actually
+it's not called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the textbook but i'm going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook but i'm going to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook but i'm going to call it
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+which i'll call the bisection method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll call the bisection method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll call the bisection method
+is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following
+let f be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function from a b to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+f of a is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a is less than zero
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be continuous so we're always in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous so we're always in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be continuous so we're always in the
+continuous setting for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+f of a is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a is less than
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+if a b is bigger than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c in the interval a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c in the interval a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c in the interval a b
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f c equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f c equals zero
+okay so the picture that goes on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the picture that goes on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the picture that goes on with
+goes along with this is here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along with this is here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes along with this is here's a
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+here's f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's f of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's f of a
+f of b is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of b is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of b is positive
+and therefore if it's continuous and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if it's continuous and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore if it's continuous and you
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+the definition of a continuity is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a continuity is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a continuity is uh
+the fact that is that i don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that is that i don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that is that i don't have to
+pick up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up my
+piece of chalk it pains me to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of chalk it pains me to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of chalk it pains me to say this
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+that's again not the official definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again not the official definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again not the official definition
+but one you keep in your head since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one you keep in your head since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one you keep in your head since
+somebody probably told you that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody probably told you that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody probably told you that at some
+point if i don't have to pick up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if i don't have to pick up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if i don't have to pick up my
+piece of chalk then eventually i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of chalk then eventually i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of chalk then eventually i have to
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+the x-axis and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis and therefore
+at this point c f of c will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point c f of c will be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point c f of c will be zero
+okay now why do i call this theorem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why do i call this theorem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why do i call this theorem the
+bisection method as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection method as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection method as we'll see
+the way you determine this c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you determine this c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you determine this c
+is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by
+what in calculus books call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in calculus books call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in calculus books call the
+bisection method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection method
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+for the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we're going to define a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to define a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to define a sequence of
+numbers a and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers a and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers a and uh
+and b in with special properties so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b in with special properties so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b in with special properties so i'm
+first going to tell you what a1 and b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to tell you what a1 and b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to tell you what a1 and b1
+are a1 is just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a1 is just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a1 is just going to be a
+b1 is going to be b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 is going to be b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 is going to be b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so now i'm gonna tell you how to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm gonna tell you how to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm gonna tell you how to choose
+the next element in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next element in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next element in the sequence
+knowing the see the element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the see the element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the see the element in the
+sequence before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence before
+okay so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first to find two sequences a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and b in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b in
+so let me tell you how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me tell you how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me tell you how to do that
+and the way we're going to choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to choose this
+is so that f of a sub n is always less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that f of a sub n is always less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that f of a sub n is always less
+than 0 and f of b sub n is always bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 and f of b sub n is always bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0 and f of b sub n is always bigger
+than or equal to zero all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero all right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they're obtained from the previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obtained from the previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obtained from the previous uh
+two guys by taking the midpoint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys by taking the midpoint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys by taking the midpoint so
+bisecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisecting
+uh the ones before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ones before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ones before so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to get this started a1 will be just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this started a1 will be just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this started a1 will be just a
+b1 will be b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 will be b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 will be b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for
+in a natural number we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural number we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural number we're going to
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+so we know a1 so now i'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know a1 so now i'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know a1 so now i'm going to tell
+you how to define a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to define a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to define a2
+based on now you know a1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on now you know a1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on now you know a1 but
+what i'm about to write down will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm about to write down will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm about to write down will also
+tell you how to define a3 since you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to define a3 since you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to define a3 since you now
+know how to do a 2 so i'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do a 2 so i'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do a 2 so i'm going to write
+it this way for in a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing
+a sub n b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n b sub n
+we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define
+a sub n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus 1
+and b sub n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b sub n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b sub n plus 1
+as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of
+a sub n plus b sub n so the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus b sub n so the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus b sub n so the midpoint
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the two guys that i already know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two guys that i already know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two guys that i already know so
+if you like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like um
+take n to be one for for when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take n to be one for for when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take n to be one for for when you first
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+how to define a sub 2 say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to define a sub 2 say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to define a sub 2 say
+but what i'm writing down applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i'm writing down applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i'm writing down applies to
+every n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we take f of a sub n plus b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take f of a sub n plus b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take f of a sub n plus b sub n
+over 2 to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to b
+if this is bigger than or equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we define a sub n plus 1 to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we define a sub n plus 1 to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we define a sub n plus 1 to be a
+sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+b sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub
+n plus 1 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to be
+the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if of the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+a sub n plus one is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus one is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus one is going to be the
+midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+b sub n plus one will be the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n plus one will be the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n plus one will be the previous
+point okay so let me um in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so let me um in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so let me um in fact
+so this is how you define the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how you define the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how you define the sequence
+in general let's let's walk through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general let's let's walk through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general let's let's walk through what
+this means just for n equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means just for n equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means just for n equals two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that you see you get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you see you get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you see you get the idea
+maybe i should have done this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's uh let's draw a picture to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's draw a picture to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's draw a picture to go
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in fact i don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i don't need
+this axis i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b so and this is a sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so and this is a sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so and this is a sub 1
+this is b sub 1 right and then we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is b sub 1 right and then we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is b sub 1 right and then we look
+at the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the midpoint
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so we know that f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sub 1 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub 1 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub 1 is less than
+f of b sub 1 is bigger than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of b sub 1 is bigger than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of b sub 1 is bigger than 0
+which is certainly bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is certainly bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is certainly bigger than or equal
+to 0 if it's bigger than 0. now we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 if it's bigger than 0. now we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 if it's bigger than 0. now we look
+at the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the midpoint
+and based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on
+the sign of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of this guy
+will be how we define a2 and b2 so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be how we define a2 and b2 so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be how we define a2 and b2 so for
+the sake of me going through this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of me going through this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of me going through this let's
+suppose that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that uh
+f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of
+this thing is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is uh
+less than zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i take
+a2 will be a1 plus b1 over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 will be a1 plus b1 over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 will be a1 plus b1 over two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b2 will be b1 and now i look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b2 will be b1 and now i look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b2 will be b1 and now i look at the
+midpoint of these two guys so now i'm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of these two guys so now i'm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint of these two guys so now i'm at
+this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage
+f of a2 is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a2 is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a2 is less than zero
+if b2 is bigger than zero so i'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if b2 is bigger than zero so i'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if b2 is bigger than zero so i'm in the
+picture before except now i'm at half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture before except now i'm at half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture before except now i'm at half
+the distance between the two end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the two end points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the two end points
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and so i look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i look at this
+point now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now
+a two plus b two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two plus b two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two plus b two
+over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+and i look at the sign of that and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at the sign of that and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at the sign of that and let's
+suppose f of this thing is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose f of this thing is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose f of this thing is bigger than
+or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then i will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will take
+this point to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point to be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+and this point will now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this point will now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this point will now be
+b3 okay and what i have is f of a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b3 okay and what i have is f of a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b3 okay and what i have is f of a3
+is less than zero f of b3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero f of b3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero f of b3
+is bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the point is is that the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is is that the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is is that the left
+endpoint is always negative when i stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint is always negative when i stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint is always negative when i stick
+it into f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into f
+the right endpoint is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right endpoint is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right endpoint is always
+non-negative when i stick it into f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative when i stick it into f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative when i stick it into f
+okay and that the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that the distance between the
+two midpoints is always getting cut in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two midpoints is always getting cut in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two midpoints is always getting cut in
+half by the previous distance before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half by the previous distance before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half by the previous distance before
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but we're always in the the picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're always in the the picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're always in the the picture but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+kind of in the setting we were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the setting we were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the setting we were in the
+step before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step before
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have three properties of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three properties of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three properties of the sequence
+of ans and bns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for all n they're always bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all n they're always bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all n they're always bounded
+between the original two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the original two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the original two
+endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that
+uh the ace of n's are always moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ace of n's are always moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ace of n's are always moving to
+the right remember a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right remember a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right remember a sub
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+n is always getting replaced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is always getting replaced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is always getting replaced by the
+midpoint between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint between a
+and uh a sub n and b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a sub n and b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a sub n and b sub n
+okay possibly or it's staying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay possibly or it's staying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay possibly or it's staying the same
+so a sub n is always less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sub n is always less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sub n is always less than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+a sub n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+let me write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we always have a sub n is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have a sub n is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have a sub n is less than or
+equal to b sub n we always have a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b sub n we always have a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b sub n we always have a is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+a n plus 1 which is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n plus 1 which is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a n plus 1 which is less than or equal
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have so for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+all right i'm making a mess of what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm making a mess of what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'm making a mess of what i'm
+writing down so let's let's start this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down so let's let's start this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down so let's let's start this
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+so the first property i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first property i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first property i want to
+for all in natural numbers we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sub n is always less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n is always less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n is always less than or equal to
+a sub n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus one
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+b sub n plus one remember we're whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n plus one remember we're whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n plus one remember we're whenever
+if we're going to change b it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to change b it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going to change b it's always
+to change it to the midpoint between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change it to the midpoint between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change it to the midpoint between the
+previous guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous guy
+and the a from the previous step so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a from the previous step so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a from the previous step so this
+is always less than or equal to b submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is always equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always equal to
+half of the previous distance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the previous distance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the previous distance right
+because either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either
+one of these are getting changed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these are getting changed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these are getting changed to the
+midpoint so if it's a sub n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint so if it's a sub n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint so if it's a sub n plus one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+b sub n plus one minus a sub n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n plus one minus a sub n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n plus one minus a sub n plus one
+is b sub n minus a sub n plus b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b sub n minus a sub n plus b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b sub n minus a sub n plus b sub n
+over two which gives me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two which gives me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two which gives me this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw in a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw in a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw in a natural number
+and this is just based on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just based on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just based on how
+we are choosing we are doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are choosing we are doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are choosing we are doing this
+construction f of a sub n is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction f of a sub n is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction f of a sub n is less than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and f of b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of b sub n
+is bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to zero
+okay so i hope this clear i hope this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope this clear i hope this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope this clear i hope this is
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you know all of these if you like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of these if you like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of these if you like you
+could prove by um induction all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove by um induction all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove by um induction all right
+for n equals 1 this is certainly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equals 1 this is certainly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equals 1 this is certainly true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+assume it holds for n equals m and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it holds for n equals m and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it holds for n equals m and then
+prove all of these statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove all of these statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove all of these statements
+here for uh n equals n plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for uh n equals n plus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for uh n equals n plus 1.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but i'm i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i'm i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i'm i'm just
+stating it as clear from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating it as clear from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating it as clear from the
+construction and hopefully it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what does this give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this give us
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one
+the sequence is a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+bounded because they're always bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded because they're always bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded because they're always bounded
+between a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monotone sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotone sequences
+right a sub n is increasing b sub n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a sub n is increasing b sub n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a sub n is increasing b sub n is
+decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists uh
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm going to call them c and d but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call them c and d but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call them c and d but it
+has nothing to do with the the c and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the the c and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the the c and d
+from over here that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from over here that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from over here that's their
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i.e there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e there exists
+element c and d and a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element c and d and a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element c and d and a b
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the limit as n goes to infinity of a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of a sub
+n equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals c
+again the a sub n's and b sub n's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the a sub n's and b sub n's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the a sub n's and b sub n's are
+between a and b so their limits will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b so their limits will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b so their limits will
+also be between a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n
+equals d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals d
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i claim c equals d why should this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim c equals d why should this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i claim c equals d why should this
+not come as a surprise well the ans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come as a surprise well the ans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come as a surprise well the ans and
+b ends are getting very close they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b ends are getting very close they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b ends are getting very close they're
+always you know the distance between any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you know the distance between any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you know the distance between any
+two of them is always getting halved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them is always getting halved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them is always getting halved
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+a sub n minus b sub n this equals a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus b sub n this equals a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus b sub n this equals a sub
+n minus 1 minus b sub n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 minus b sub n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 minus b sub n minus 2
+over 2 which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 which equals
+1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+a sub n minus 2 minus b sub n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus 2 minus b sub n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus 2 minus b sub n minus 2
+dot dot and therefore this equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot and therefore this equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot and therefore this equals 1
+over 2 n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b sub 1 minus a sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals 1 over 2 to the n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over 2 to the n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over 2 to the n minus 1
+b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c minus d which is equal to the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minus d which is equal to the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minus d which is equal to the limit as
+n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n goes to infinity
+of a sub n minus b sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub n minus b sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub n minus b sub n
+equals the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the limit
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+of 1 over 2 to the n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over 2 to the n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over 2 to the n minus 1
+b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a
+1 over 2 to the n minus 1 is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 to the n minus 1 is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 to the n minus 1 is converging
+to 0 times this fixed number b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 times this fixed number b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 times this fixed number b minus a
+equals 0. and therefore these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0. and therefore these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0. and therefore these two
+numbers these two limits c and d equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these two limits c and d equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these two limits c and d equal
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this step here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this step here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this step here is
+by the second property here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we're essentially done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're essentially done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're essentially done
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+using the third property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three
+and continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at f of c
+since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh
+the a sub n's are converging to c this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a sub n's are converging to c this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a sub n's are converging to c this
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and f of a sub n is always less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of a sub n is always less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of a sub n is always less than
+zero so its limit is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so its limit is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so its limit is less than or equal
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now remember c is also equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember c is also equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember c is also equal to the
+limit of the b sub n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the b sub n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the b sub n's
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+by continuity f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to f of b sub n and the f of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to f of b sub n and the f of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to f of b sub n and the f of b
+sub n's are always non-negative so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n's are always non-negative so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n's are always non-negative so their
+limit is al also bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is al also bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is al also bigger than or equal to
+0. so i've shown that this number f c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. so i've shown that this number f c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. so i've shown that this number f c is
+all is less than or equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is less than or equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is less than or equal to zero and
+then it's also bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's also bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's also bigger than or equal to
+zero and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of c equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the
+why i put the bisection method here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i put the bisection method here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i put the bisection method here is
+because we used a bisection method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we used a bisection method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we used a bisection method to
+prove this theorem which looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem which looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem which looks like a
+kind of a special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a special case
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a certain intermediate value property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain intermediate value property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain intermediate value property
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i can always find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can always find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can always find something
+that if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i can always find something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can always find something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can always find something in the
+interval that achieves something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that achieves something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that achieves something in
+between f of a and f b in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between f of a and f b in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between f of a and f b in this case it's
+just 0 but i can in fact upgrade this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the following theorem due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to bolzano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bolzano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bolzano
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+bolzano's intermediate value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f from a to b
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y is between f b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is between f b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is between f b
+so meaning let's say so we're in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so meaning let's say so we're in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so meaning let's say so we're in one of
+two cases let's say f of a is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases let's say f of a is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases let's say f of a is less than
+f of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of b
+uh if y is between uh f of a and f of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a c
+and a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+f c equals y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+f of a is say bigger than f of b and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a is say bigger than f of b and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a is say bigger than f of b and we
+take something in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something in between
+the same conclusion holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so in short if i take anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in short if i take anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in short if i take anything
+between the value of the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the value of the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the value of the function that
+evaluated at the two endpoints a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the two endpoints a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the two endpoints a and b
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the function achieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function achieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function achieves
+that value at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value at some point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i take any y between here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take any y between here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take any y between here
+f has to cross this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f has to cross this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f has to cross this
+horizontal line and it's achieved at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line and it's achieved at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line and it's achieved at
+some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we'll deduce this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll deduce this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll deduce this from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this you know
+looks like a special case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a special case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a special case of this
+intermediate value theorem if f of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value theorem if f of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate value theorem if f of a is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know less than zero f of b is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know less than zero f of b is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know less than zero f of b is bigger
+than zero and y is equal to zero but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and y is equal to zero but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero and y is equal to zero but in
+fact you can reduce this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can reduce this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can reduce this general
+statement to that special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to that special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to that special case
+just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by
+a simple trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple trick
+so proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose f of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose f of a
+is less than f b so we're in this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than f b so we're in this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than f b so we're in this first
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+and y is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is in
+f of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a
+f b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's g of x
+b f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b f of x
+minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y
+okay this is not a function of x and y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is not a function of x and y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is not a function of x and y y
+is a fixed number between f of a and f b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a function going from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a function going from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a function going from a to b
+to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is continuous
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so sum of two continuous functions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sum of two continuous functions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sum of two continuous functions is
+continuous f is a continuous function by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous f is a continuous function by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous f is a continuous function by
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+this is just a constant minus y so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a constant minus y so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a constant minus y so their
+sum is also continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if we look at
+g of a this is equal to f of a minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now y is bigger than f of a since y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now y is bigger than f of a since y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now y is bigger than f of a since y is
+an f of a f b so this is less than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and g of b is equal to f of b minus y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g of b is equal to f of b minus y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g of b is equal to f of b minus y is
+bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem
+there exists a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a c
+in a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a b
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g of c equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of c equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g of c equals 0
+which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+i e f c equals y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i e f c equals y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i e f c equals y
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and uh the proof assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the proof assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the proof assuming
+f of a is bigger than f of b is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a is bigger than f of b is similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a is bigger than f of b is similar
+you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just
+now put y here minus f of x or you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put y here minus f of x or you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put y here minus f of x or you put
+now you define g of x to be y minus f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you define g of x to be y minus f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you define g of x to be y minus f of
+x okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay
+so let me just make a remark about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at g of x
+equals y minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+bolzano's intermediate value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any value between the function evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value between the function evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value between the function evaluated
+at the two endpoints then that value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the two endpoints then that value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the two endpoints then that value is
+achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved
+by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something
+in between a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this
+will in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in fact
+give us that f of a b is equal to f c f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us that f of a b is equal to f c f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us that f of a b is equal to f c f
+of d for some c and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d for some c and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d for some c and d
+right so this is a simple theorem from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a simple theorem from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a simple theorem from
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not local
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolute minute c and absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at d
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the image of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of f
+the image by f of a b is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image by f of a b is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image by f of a b is equal to
+f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of d
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and what's the proof well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+balzano's intermediate value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balzano's intermediate value theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balzano's intermediate value theorem
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+f now going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f now going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f now going from
+the possibly smaller interval cd it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibly smaller interval cd it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibly smaller interval cd it
+could be dc or cd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depending on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on if
+the thing that i have to stick into f to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that i have to stick into f to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that i have to stick into f to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+the min and the thing i have to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min and the thing i have to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min and the thing i have to stick
+into f to get the max is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into f to get the max is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into f to get the max is smaller than
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so apply the
+bolzano's intermediate value theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolzano's intermediate value theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolzano's intermediate value theorem to
+this function now just restricted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function now just restricted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function now just restricted to the
+smaller closed interval it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller closed interval it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller closed interval it's still
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+and that's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe i was a little too fast with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i was a little too fast with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i was a little too fast with
+that so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um
+let me let me just say a couple of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just say a couple of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just say a couple of more
+words about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+everything between the two values f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and f d is achieved by f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f d is achieved by f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f d is achieved by f
+uh on this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is a possibly smaller interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a possibly smaller interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a possibly smaller interval
+than a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a b
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is contained in the range of f now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f of this larger interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since we already know that f of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we already know that f of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we already know that f of a b
+is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in
+f of c f of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c f of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c f of d
+and now we've proven the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've proven the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've proven the reverse
+inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion
+this implies that f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that f of c
+f d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a b
+and that's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i think we'll stop there next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think we'll stop there next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think we'll stop there next time
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finish with a few remarks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with a few remarks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with a few remarks about
+kind of an application of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an application of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an application of the
+intermediate value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll move on to uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll move on to uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll move on to uniform
+continuity
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eF38136N_4c.txt b/eF38136N_4c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9535232d9df9cdcd48e389e139bdd2218315c210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eF38136N_4c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+James Cagney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Cagney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Cagney
+constantly relatively calmly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly relatively calmly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly relatively calmly
+looking at what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the first loss and its ticks off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first loss and its ticks off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first loss and its ticks off in
+tomb of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomb of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomb of
+public and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and frequency
+transmission going on in the defensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission going on in the defensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission going on in the defensive
+and the old-age pension knock it but knock knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the old-age pension knock it but knock knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the old-age pension knock it but knock knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the winter semester the BossHoss system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the winter semester the BossHoss system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the winter semester the BossHoss system
+frequency last passes politics how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency last passes politics how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency last passes politics how
+extremely youthful how don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely youthful how don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely youthful how don't have to
+consider special effect here she should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider special effect here she should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider special effect here she should be
+burdened whether the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burdened whether the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burdened whether the thing
+is very small okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relativistic axxelerate is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic axxelerate is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic axxelerate is known
+whose sister effect she lures with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose sister effect she lures with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose sister effect she lures with
+archive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive
+temple of the muses politics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive
+trainings of which the treatise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainings of which the treatise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainings of which the treatise
+blog is expecting text on the victories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog is expecting text on the victories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog is expecting text on the victories
+on it so Hustinx York still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so Hustinx York still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so Hustinx York still
+sinking of Caspar but clear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well as the first consequence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the first consequence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the first consequence in the
+discussion on GPS systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changing political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing political
+philosophical as the distance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical as the distance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical as the distance of the
+center of the earth she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got just the way you get form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got just the way you get form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got just the way you get form of
+because I the concept of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I the concept of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I the concept of the object
+satellite is in the orbit motion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite is in the orbit motion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite is in the orbit motion the
+beet office object it can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beet office object it can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beet office object it can also
+computing a few blows so it is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing a few blows so it is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing a few blows so it is nice
+effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the
+check can
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eQe0zaJRwgM.txt b/eQe0zaJRwgM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11d7be8a885209494a539fcbdd708f7dad56acb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eQe0zaJRwgM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where do we
+stand we gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand we gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand we gone
+uh long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh long
+way not yet uh done heat but we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way not yet uh done heat but we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way not yet uh done heat but we've done
+temperature and we introduced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we introduced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we introduced this
+diagram energy versus entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram energy versus entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram energy versus entropy
+that allows us to um represent most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to um represent most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to um represent most of
+the results that we have uh uh discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results that we have uh uh discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results that we have uh uh discussed
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+far so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so I want
+to do a little more with this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little more with this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little more with this um
+diagram notice that um it took us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram notice that um it took us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram notice that um it took us a
+while to get to temperature because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to get to temperature because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to get to temperature because in
+order to Define temperature we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to Define temperature we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to Define temperature we
+need uh the state principle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh the state principle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh the state principle the
+fundamental relation for the sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation for the sa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation for the sa
+equilibrium States because it's only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium States because it's only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium States because it's only for
+those states that we can Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states that we can Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states that we can Define the
+slope of this curve which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this curve which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this curve which is the
+temperature in other words states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in other words states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in other words states that
+are inside the region these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside the region these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside the region these are
+nonstable in general non equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonstable in general non equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonstable in general non equilibrium
+states there is no temperature defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is no temperature defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is no temperature defined
+there although we will see as we go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there although we will see as we go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there although we will see as we go on
+that uh we may be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we may be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we may be able
+to uh represent the system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh represent the system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh represent the system as a
+composite of several uh smaller systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite of several uh smaller systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite of several uh smaller systems
+for that are close to equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that are close to equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that are close to equilibrium so
+that somehow we can assign temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow we can assign temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow we can assign temperatures
+that's what we do in fluid mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do in fluid mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do in fluid mechanics
+that's an interesting application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting application of
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing okay we have seen that with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay we have seen that with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay we have seen that with this
+diagram we can if I have a generic State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we can if I have a generic State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we can if I have a generic State
+here and I want to uh presentent what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to uh presentent what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to uh presentent what I
+can do the best I can do in a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the best I can do in a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the best I can do in a weight
+process best in in the sense of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process best in in the sense of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process best in in the sense of trying
+to extract as much energy as possible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract as much energy as possible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract as much energy as possible uh
+from our system in such a way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our system in such a way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our system in such a way that we
+make uh um something useful uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh um something useful uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh um something useful uh like
+lifting a weight okay the maximum we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting a weight okay the maximum we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting a weight okay the maximum we can
+do we can do in a weight process is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we can do in a weight process is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we can do in a weight process is the
+adiabatic availability of that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability of that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability of that state
+which is represented here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is represented here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is represented here
+by the difference in energy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the difference in energy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the difference in energy on the
+vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+line uh and in fact the the final State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh and in fact the the final State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh and in fact the the final State
+when we reach when we do this maximum we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we reach when we do this maximum we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we reach when we do this maximum we
+have done the process reversibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done the process reversibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done the process reversibly
+otherwise you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you get
+less and in a weight in a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and in a weight in a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and in a weight in a reversible
+weight process the entropy remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process the entropy remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process the entropy remains
+constant we've seen as one of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we've seen as one of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we've seen as one of the uh
+theorems that we cited and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that we cited and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that we cited and
+so the process that it extracts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the process that it extracts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the process that it extracts the
+weight process that extracts diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process that extracts diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process that extracts diabetic
+availability moves vertically down until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability moves vertically down until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability moves vertically down until
+you reach the um lowest uh energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach the um lowest uh energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach the um lowest uh energy state
+with that entropy you cannot go below so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that entropy you cannot go below so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that entropy you cannot go below so
+you cannot exract more en more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot exract more en more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot exract more en more energy
+because there are no stat below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+we uh discussed the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh discussed the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh discussed the fact that the
+thermal Reservoir as constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and um you actually have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and um you actually have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and um you actually have in
+the homework um this uh discussion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework um this uh discussion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework um this uh discussion to
+try to reproduce it the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reproduce it the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to reproduce it the definition of
+temperature for a reservoir so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for a reservoir so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for a reservoir so for the
+reservoir the stable equum State curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir the stable equum State curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir the stable equum State curve
+is just a straight uh line the allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a straight uh line the allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a straight uh line the allowed
+states are onthel these are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are onthel these are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are onthel these are also
+reservoirs can have non equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs can have non equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs can have non equilibrium
+States but most of the times we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but most of the times we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but most of the times we are
+interested in their equilibrium stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in their equilibrium stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in their equilibrium stable
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ons and then we also constructed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons and then we also constructed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons and then we also constructed the
+available energy and I want to so do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energy and I want to so do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energy and I want to so do the
+somehow do this again on the Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow do this again on the Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow do this again on the Blackboard
+just so that we can uh um see together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that we can uh um see together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that we can uh um see together
+this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh
+construction I'm going to do it uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction I'm going to do it uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction I'm going to do it uh in a
+slightly different way so that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way so that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way so that uh
+so that uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so say that this is our system a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so say that this is our system a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so say that this is our system a and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is It's e sucess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram and this time let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and this time let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and this time let's
+do you see in in the view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see in in the view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see in in the view
+graph State A1 is to the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph State A1 is to the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph State A1 is to the left of the
+final Mutual equilib state to reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Mutual equilib state to reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Mutual equilib state to reservoir
+uh which is a so I'm going to do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is a so I'm going to do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is a so I'm going to do it uh
+just for a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for a change
+differently so I assume now that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so I assume now that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently so I assume now that the
+state is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and that
+the final State when I will uh reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final State when I will uh reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final State when I will uh reach
+Mutual equilibrium with the reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual equilibrium with the reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual equilibrium with the reservoir
+it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the
+reservoir is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir is this
+one because when they're in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because when they're in mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because when they're in mutual
+equilibrium the system and the reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the system and the reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the system and the reservoir
+have the same temperature we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same temperature we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same temperature we haven't
+proved that yet but uh we we do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that yet but uh we we do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that yet but uh we we do it uh
+hopefully today just after this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully today just after this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully today just after this example
+uh so let me draw below here also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me draw below here also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me draw below here also
+the E versus S diagram for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir
+look so you see that in order to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so you see that in order to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so you see that in order to go from
+here from this state to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state the system must decrease its uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the system must decrease its uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the system must decrease its uh uh
+its ENT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay definitely it cannot do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay definitely it cannot do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay definitely it cannot do it in a
+weight process because in a in a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process because in a in a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process because in a in a weight
+process the most you can do is keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the most you can do is keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the most you can do is keep the
+entropy constant but if you're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy constant but if you're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy constant but if you're not doing
+things reversibly you generate entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things reversibly you generate entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things reversibly you generate entropy
+so you going to move to the right not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you going to move to the right not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you going to move to the right not to
+the left so in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left so in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left so in order to do
+that this is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the reason
+why wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wanted
+to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we
+can use the reservoir because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the reservoir because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the reservoir because we're
+considering you're studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering you're studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering you're studying the
+uh a diabatic availability available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a diabatic availability available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a diabatic availability available
+energy is the diabatic availability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the diabatic availability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the diabatic availability of a
+composite system in which there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system in which there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system in which there is a
+reservoir so my initial state is here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir so my initial state is here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir so my initial state is here I
+have a reservar and what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reservar and what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reservar and what I want to do is
+lift the weight as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible so the reservoir is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so the reservoir is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so the reservoir is
+available to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to do this
+job we need to to remove entropy from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job we need to to remove entropy from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job we need to to remove entropy from uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+system so we can transfer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so we can transfer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so we can transfer that
+entropy from system a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the system must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the system must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the system must
+decrease its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease its uh
+entropy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy from
+S1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sr the reservoir can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sr the reservoir can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sr the reservoir can take
+it so okay so the reservoir as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so okay so the reservoir as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so okay so the reservoir as a as a
+stable equilibrium state with this slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium state with this slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium state with this slope
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um it must take and y so its entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it must take and y so its entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it must take and y so its entropy
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+increase so the initial state will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so the initial state will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so the initial state will be
+here like R1 and the final state will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like R1 and the final state will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like R1 and the final state will be
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R2 and the entropy uh of the resir will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and the entropy uh of the resir will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and the entropy uh of the resir will
+go from s1r to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from s1r to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from s1r to
+S1 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s2r now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you would like to give just entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would like to give just entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would like to give just entropy
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoir because look so far suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir because look so far suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir because look so far suppose
+you consider here this is the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider here this is the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider here this is the initial
+energy of a and this is the final energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a and this is the final energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a and this is the final energy
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a and we call uh Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we call uh Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we call uh Omega 1
+R uh the energy that we transfer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh the energy that we transfer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh the energy that we transfer to the
+weight so if we could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process um ex with without the um use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um ex with without the um use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um ex with without the um use
+the need of the reservoir it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need of the reservoir it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need of the reservoir it would be a
+weight process for system a and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process for system a and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process for system a and we would
+extract this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract this much
+energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay
+but we cannot do it in a weight process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we cannot do it in a weight process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we cannot do it in a weight process
+because we cannot uh subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we cannot uh subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we cannot uh subtract
+uh entropy cannot destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entropy cannot destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entropy cannot destroy
+entropy so we need to transfer it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so we need to transfer it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so we need to transfer it to the
+res so we need to give it to the resir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res so we need to give it to the resir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res so we need to give it to the resir
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+reservoir uh in order to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir uh in order to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir uh in order to accept
+entropy you see you would want to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy you see you would want to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy you see you would want to move
+this initial state of the reservoir to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial state of the reservoir to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial state of the reservoir to
+the right but there are no states to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right but there are no states to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right but there are no states to the
+right because that's the maximum entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's the maximum entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's the maximum entropy
+for that value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that value for the
+energy you need to give it also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you need to give it also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you need to give it also some
+energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy is the is the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the is the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the is the difference between
+uh E2 and E1 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh E2 and E1 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh E2 and E1 for the
+reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+E2 you last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 you last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 you last
+subract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and so all your so you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so all your so you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so all your so you take this
+segment you put it up here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment you put it up here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment you put it up here if you
+want and it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much I mean it's not precise in scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I mean it's not precise in scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I mean it's not precise in scale
+but this much is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this much is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this much is that
+much so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so you
+subtract from this energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from this energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from this energy difference
+this energy difference what and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy difference what and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy difference what and what you
+are left with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left with is
+again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see from this point to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see from this point to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see from this point to that
+point and that's Omega one R notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's Omega one R notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's Omega one R notice that
+this point is a geometrical construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is a geometrical construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is a geometrical construction
+it doesn't correspond to a state because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't correspond to a state because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't correspond to a state because
+it's below the stable equum State curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's below the stable equum State curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's below the stable equum State curve
+it's just the construction of bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the construction of bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the construction of bringing
+from uh mean translating this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh mean translating this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh mean translating this energy
+difference into there so that I subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference into there so that I subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference into there so that I subtract
+it from the segment that represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the segment that represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the segment that represents the
+difference in energy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in energy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in energy for the
+res and then all I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res and then all I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res and then all I have to do is
+remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+U the stable equilibrium State curve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the stable equilibrium State curve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the stable equilibrium State curve for
+Reservoir is a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir is a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir is a straight line
+so I can rewrite this as t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rewrite this as t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can rewrite this as t
+r time s2r minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s1r and then I also uh remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1r and then I also uh remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s1r and then I also uh remember that the
+amount of entropy that must take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of entropy that must take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of entropy that must take that
+the restor must take is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restor must take is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restor must take is equal to the
+decrease in entropy that I need for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in entropy that I need for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in entropy that I need for my
+system so S2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S1 uh is equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 uh is equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 uh is equal to uh
+s S1 a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s S1 a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s S1 a minus
+Sr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and so we finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so we finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so we finally
+get um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um the
+expression for the available energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the available energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the available energy that
+we have uh uh we we want we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh uh we we want we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh uh we we want we started with
+we wanted to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey so this brings us uh uh to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so this brings us uh uh to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey so this brings us uh uh to a very
+important concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concept
+the uh for applications for applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for applications for applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for applications for applications
+in engineering where you want to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering where you want to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering where you want to extract
+convert energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert energy from
+systems so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so you need
+to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and
+often the systems you start with are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the systems you start with are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the systems you start with are in
+stable equilibrium States maybe hot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium States maybe hot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium States maybe hot but
+still stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stable equilibrium
+States for example when you in in a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States for example when you in in a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States for example when you in in a uh
+uh steam power plant you just heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh steam power plant you just heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh steam power plant you just heat up
+water you make Steam and that steam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you make Steam and that steam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water you make Steam and that steam is
+some sort of a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a high
+temperature uh stable equilibrium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh stable equilibrium state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh stable equilibrium state
+in so here here's the state and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so here here's the state and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so here here's the state and you
+would like to extract as much energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to extract as much energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to extract as much energy as
+possible so you would like to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so you would like to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so you would like to go down
+but going down on the diagram it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but going down on the diagram it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but going down on the diagram it would
+be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any
+impossibility I mean a perpetual motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility I mean a perpetual motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility I mean a perpetual motion
+machine of the second count so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine of the second count so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine of the second count so it's
+impossible in order to go down in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible in order to go down in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible in order to go down in energy
+you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+subtract also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some but then you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some but then you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some but then you need a
+system that takes up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that takes up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that takes up that
+entropy and usually that role is played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and usually that role is played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and usually that role is played
+by the environment or maybe the nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the environment or maybe the nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the environment or maybe the nearby
+River or or lake or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sea or the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea or the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea or the air
+that is the system in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the system in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the system in which
+you dump the entropy that you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dump the entropy that you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dump the entropy that you must
+extract from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract from your
+system okay so it's like an you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so it's like an you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so it's like an you use the
+environment as an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as an entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as an entropy
+sync but the environment has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync but the environment has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync but the environment has its own
+needs uh it uh does not take entropy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs uh it uh does not take entropy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs uh it uh does not take entropy for
+free it takes entropy only if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it takes entropy only if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it takes entropy only if you give
+it also enough energy so that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also enough energy so that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also enough energy so that it can
+climb in the uh stable equilibrium State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb in the uh stable equilibrium State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb in the uh stable equilibrium State
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that energy that you are giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that energy that you are giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that energy that you are giving
+to the environment in in a in a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the environment in in a in a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the environment in in a in a typical
+uh Energy Systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Energy Systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Energy Systems
+application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is
+not uh a waste sometimes you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh a waste sometimes you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh a waste sometimes you say well
+I'm wasting energy no no it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wasting energy no no it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wasting energy no no it's it's not
+waste you use using the environment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste you use using the environment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste you use using the environment for
+a very important function you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important function you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important function you're using
+the energy there that's not where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy there that's not where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy there that's not where the
+inefficiency of our your power plant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency of our your power plant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency of our your power plant is
+the inefficiencies come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inefficiencies come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inefficiencies come from the
+internal irreversibilities that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal irreversibilities that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal irreversibilities that are in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+Machinery instead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery instead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery instead the
+role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+um the role of the of the r work here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the role of the of the r work here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the role of the of the r work here uh
+is uh is important because otherwise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is important because otherwise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is important because otherwise it
+wouldn't uh uh you you wouldn't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't uh uh you you wouldn't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't uh uh you you wouldn't be able
+to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything
+useful yeah we'll we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful yeah we'll we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful yeah we'll we'll come back to
+this when I do a quick review of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I do a quick review of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I do a quick review of heat
+engines uh and uh exy stuff in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines uh and uh exy stuff in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines uh and uh exy stuff in in a
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+lectures okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay but
+today I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I want
+to go into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into some
+details on how we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on how we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on how we um
+uh show that uh for systems to be mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh show that uh for systems to be mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh show that uh for systems to be mutual
+equilibrium you need the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you need the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you need the quality of
+temperatures when they can exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures when they can exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures when they can exchange
+energy you need the quality of pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you need the quality of pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you need the quality of pressures
+when they can exchange volume you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they can exchange volume you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they can exchange volume you need
+quality of chemical potentials of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of chemical potentials of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of chemical potentials of the
+various constituents for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various constituents for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various constituents for those
+constituents that can be transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents that can be transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents that can be transferred
+from one system to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one system to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one system to the
+other and the way we prove this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the way we prove this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the way we prove this is by
+means of the uh Max maimum entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of the uh Max maimum entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of the uh Max maimum entropy
+principle you remember that we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you remember that we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you remember that we proved
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U the stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the stable equilibrium
+state is the maximum entropy one among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the maximum entropy one among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the maximum entropy one among
+those states that have the same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states that have the same energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states that have the same energy
+and amounts and parameters I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amounts and parameters I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amounts and parameters I'm not going
+to repeat amounts and parameters let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat amounts and parameters let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat amounts and parameters let's
+keep them fixed for the entire day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them fixed for the entire day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them fixed for the entire day so
+how does we how do does the proof um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does we how do does the proof um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does we how do does the proof um um
+work you say all right let's start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you say all right let's start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you say all right let's start from
+two systems A and B that are in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two systems A and B that are in mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two systems A and B that are in mutual
+equilibrium therefore the composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium therefore the composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium therefore the composite
+system C this is the E versus S diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system C this is the E versus S diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system C this is the E versus S diagram
+of the composite system of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so the composite system is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the composite system is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the composite system is in
+um is on the stable State curve because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is on the stable State curve because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is on the stable State curve because
+um by definition of mutual equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by definition of mutual equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by definition of mutual equilibrium
+it's when the two systems the composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when the two systems the composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when the two systems the composite
+is inable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inable
+equili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equili
+okay so now what we do is all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we do is all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we do is all right
+let's construct another state we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's construct another state we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's construct another state we'll call
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+C1 is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy uh but a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh but a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh but a different
+state being a different state with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state being a different state with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state being a different state with the
+same energy it necessarily has a lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy it necessarily has a lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy it necessarily has a lesser
+entropy okay we have many choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay we have many choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay we have many choices for
+this other state C1 so we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other state C1 so we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other state C1 so we are going to
+choose one that is easy for us in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example here's my system a here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's my system a here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's my system a here's my
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+B uh in the mutual equilibrium state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh in the mutual equilibrium state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh in the mutual equilibrium state so
+now these are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are the the
+the partial the the local um energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial the the local um energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial the the local um energy
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+diagrams sometimes I forget to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams sometimes I forget to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams sometimes I forget to write the
+es because I give it for granted but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es because I give it for granted but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es because I give it for granted but I
+shouldn't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't all
+right uh so let's say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so let's say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so let's say that this is
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+t0 of system a and this is temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 of system a and this is temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 of system a and this is temperature
+t0 of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 of system
+B and we were going to we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we were going to we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we were going to we want to prove
+so I build it in already in the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I build it in already in the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I build it in already in the in this
+construction that the two temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that the two temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that the two temperatures
+must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+be okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+from uh them being in a stable equum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh them being in a stable equum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh them being in a stable equum
+State and then I consider another state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and then I consider another state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and then I consider another state
+which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one with the same energy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the same energy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the same energy for the
+composite but different for the parts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite but different for the parts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite but different for the parts so
+let's see uh I've put let me arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh I've put let me arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh I've put let me arbitrarily
+choose a a small amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a a small amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a a small amount of energy
+de and therefore assume that uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de and therefore assume that uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de and therefore assume that uh my
+system a I'll make it bigger so as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a I'll make it bigger so as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a I'll make it bigger so as to
+presentent it it's as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentent it it's as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentent it it's as an
+energy um Higher by by an amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um Higher by by an amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um Higher by by an amount
+de and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de and
+B as an energy smaller by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B as an energy smaller by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B as an energy smaller by the same
+amount so that since energy is additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so that since energy is additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so that since energy is additive
+the total energy remains constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy remains constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy remains constant and
+therefore the composite system it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the composite system it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the composite system it still
+has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same
+energy plus I mean I I have many choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus I mean I I have many choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus I mean I I have many choices
+on how to do this but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to do this but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to do this but I'm going to
+choose the easy way easy for our proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the easy way easy for our proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the easy way easy for our proof
+so that uh both system a and system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh both system a and system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh both system a and system
+B change their energies but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B change their energies but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B change their energies but the
+remaining stable equum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is how I construct State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is how I construct State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is how I construct State
+uh A1 and B1 so as to make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A1 and B1 so as to make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A1 and B1 so as to make up the
+composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C1 um since I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 um since I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 um since I want to do
+um also equality of pressure I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also equality of pressure I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also equality of pressure I want to
+prove also that think also of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume that changes so this become said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that changes so this become said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that changes so this become said
+three-dimensional surface I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional surface I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional surface I'm not going
+to represent it otherwise it gets too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent it otherwise it gets too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent it otherwise it gets too
+messy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but
+imagine um that in addition to changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um that in addition to changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um that in addition to changing
+the energy I'm also going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy I'm also going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy I'm also going to change the
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+so the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the partition
+between uh system A and B are is movable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh system A and B are is movable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh system A and B are is movable
+and let let's move the uh the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let let's move the uh the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let let's move the uh the partition
+to slightly to the right so that a gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slightly to the right so that a gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slightly to the right so that a gains
+a little volume DV and B uh yields a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little volume DV and B uh yields a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little volume DV and B uh yields a
+little volume DV okay so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little volume DV okay so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little volume DV okay so now we
+constructed this state C1 that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed this state C1 that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed this state C1 that has the
+same energy and also the same volume for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy and also the same volume for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy and also the same volume for
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+okay and what we want to uh um make use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we want to uh um make use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we want to uh um make use
+of is the fact that the maximum ENT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is the fact that the maximum ENT so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is the fact that the maximum ENT so
+that that the entropy of um of C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the entropy of um of C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the entropy of um of C in
+state zero is greater than that in say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state zero is greater than that in say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state zero is greater than that in say
+in C1 so that I can write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C1 so that I can write it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C1 so that I can write it this
+way S1 C minus S10 must be less than Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way S1 C minus S10 must be less than Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way S1 C minus S10 must be less than Z
+okay so we start we want to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we start we want to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we start we want to compute this
+and the end we end up uh uh imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end we end up uh uh imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end we end up uh uh imposing
+that it is it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is it must be
+negative okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay then
+the next steps are simply using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next steps are simply using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next steps are simply using the
+additivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy so in state initial and final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so in state initial and final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so in state initial and final
+State the entropy of C is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the entropy of C is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the entropy of C is the sum of the
+entropies of A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B just uh rearrange so that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B just uh rearrange so that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B just uh rearrange so that it's the
+additivity of the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity of the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additivity of the entropy
+differences and then because of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and then because of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and then because of our
+construction because we selected this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction because we selected this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction because we selected this
+particular stage that U uh uh still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage that U uh uh still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage that U uh uh still
+belong to the stable equilibrium State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the stable equilibrium State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the stable equilibrium State
+curve we can use a tailor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve we can use a tailor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve we can use a tailor series
+expansion of the fundamental relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the fundamental relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the fundamental relation
+which describes this curve to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which describes this curve to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which describes this curve to represent
+uh how the entropy changes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsystems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember um let's see yeah we had the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stable
+equilibrium is a function like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is a function like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is a function like that and
+if I want to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+uh the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the value of
+uh so this represents this curve so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this represents this curve so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this represents this curve so if I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+compute uh the difference of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the difference of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the difference of say
+S2 minus S one this being State one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 minus S one this being State one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 minus S one this being State one and
+this being state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being state
+two or actually sorry let let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or actually sorry let let's make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or actually sorry let let's make it
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so S1 minus s z right that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so S1 minus s z right that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so S1 minus s z right that's what we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I can do a stor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can do a stor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can do a stor series
+expansion uh around the initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh around the initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh around the initial State
+the initial point of the the function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial point of the the function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial point of the the function so
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e0 so it will be let me do it only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 so it will be let me do it only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 so it will be let me do it only for
+as if it were only a function of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it were only a function of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it were only a function of energy
+so this is like forget about these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like forget about these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like forget about these ones
+for the moment so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment so that would be
+S of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of uh
+e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0
+plus uh S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh S
+Prime of e0 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of e0 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of e0 times
+E1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 minus
+e0 plus s double Prime uh divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 plus s double Prime uh divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 plus s double Prime uh divided by
+two or two factorial whatever it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or two factorial whatever it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or two factorial whatever it's the
+same times E1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same times E1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same times E1 minus
+e0 squared plus dot dot dot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 squared plus dot dot dot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 squared plus dot dot dot and the
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continues of course in the limit as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues of course in the limit as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues of course in the limit as a as
+the E1 minus e0 is B the first uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E1 minus e0 is B the first uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E1 minus e0 is B the first uh the
+the dominant terms are the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant terms are the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant terms are the the first
+ones that you find in the expansion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you find in the expansion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you find in the expansion so
+that's what we are doing here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we are doing here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we are doing here with the
+notion that this S Prime is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that this S Prime is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that this S Prime is what we call
+the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and when you do this also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and when you do this also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and when you do this also in
+terms of the second variable is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the second variable is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the second variable is the
+volume that's what we called pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that's what we called pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that's what we called pressure
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+temperature so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the that expans f for system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that expans f for system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that expans f for system
+a the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives um let me write them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um let me write them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives um let me write them as
+D2 because it it contains several terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 because it it contains several terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 because it it contains several terms
+since I'm doing that in terms of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm doing that in terms of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm doing that in terms of two
+varibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varibles
+subsequent slide will have the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent slide will have the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent slide will have the details
+and we do the same for system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do the same for system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do the same for system
+B then we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we use the
+fact well then we combine terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact well then we combine terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact well then we combine terms
+and uh here is what we get 1 / T minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here is what we get 1 / T minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here is what we get 1 / T minus 1
+/ t for B A and D * D p/ T minus p/ t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ t for B A and D * D p/ T minus p/ t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ t for B A and D * D p/ T minus p/ t a
+DB plus the second uh differentials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB plus the second uh differentials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB plus the second uh differentials so
+as plus dos dos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as plus dos dos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as plus dos dos
+dos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what can we infer and this must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what can we infer and this must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what can we infer and this must
+be negative strictly negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative strictly negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative strictly negative
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+course notice and remember that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course notice and remember that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course notice and remember that when you
+do a series expansion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a series expansion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a series expansion the
+first the terms here like this one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the terms here like this one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the terms here like this one are
+evaluated at the initial State okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the initial State okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the initial State okay so
+they do not depend on uh how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not depend on uh how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not depend on uh how much you
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+so these terms in parenthesis and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these terms in parenthesis and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these terms in parenthesis and that
+term is s parenthesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is s parenthesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is s parenthesis is
+fixed by the initial state state zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by the initial state state zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed by the initial state state zero
+it's independent of how you move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's independent of how you move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's independent of how you move around
+to another state so it's dependent on De
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another state so it's dependent on De
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another state so it's dependent on De
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand you see here I could have chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you see here I could have chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you see here I could have chosen to
+give to like uh to choose another state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to like uh to choose another state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to like uh to choose another state
+of a with higher energy but also one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a with higher energy but also one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a with higher energy but also one
+with lower energy so I could have chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lower energy so I could have chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lower energy so I could have chosen
+de to be positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de to be positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de to be positive or
+negative large or small positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative large or small positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative large or small positive or
+negative whatever as long as of course b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative whatever as long as of course b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative whatever as long as of course b
+gets the opposite equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the opposite equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the opposite equal and
+opposite so that means that de and DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so that means that de and DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite so that means that de and DV
+can be chosen arbitrarily positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative and if if these terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and if if these terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and if if these terms in
+parenthesis were different than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis were different than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis were different than zero
+suppose they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose they were
+positive then I could choose a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then I could choose a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then I could choose a positive
+de and this would be a dominating term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de and this would be a dominating term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de and this would be a dominating term
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+series violating the fact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series violating the fact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series violating the fact that that
+sound must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound must be
+negative so the only possibility due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the only possibility due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so the only possibility due to
+the arbitrariness of the choice of DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitrariness of the choice of DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitrariness of the choice of DV
+and de is that these terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and de is that these terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and de is that these terms in
+parenthesis be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis be equal to
+zero and of course then the burden to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and of course then the burden to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and of course then the burden to
+keep the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the inequality
+satisfied is going to be shifted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied is going to be shifted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied is going to be shifted to the
+second order terms in the expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order terms in the expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order terms in the expansion
+which are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to be
+negative right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right
+so essentially what we proved here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what we proved here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what we proved here is
+that in order for that system here to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order for that system here to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order for that system here to be
+in a a stable equilibrium State the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a a stable equilibrium State the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a a stable equilibrium State the two
+temperatures must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures must be
+equal and also the two pressures must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal so above here is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so above here is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so above here is the same as
+before uh I simply wrote more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh I simply wrote more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh I simply wrote more
+explicitly the expression for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly the expression for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly the expression for the um
+second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differential which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential which
+is uh must be nonp positive so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh must be nonp positive so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh must be nonp positive so it's
+either zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or
+negative if it is zero it's the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if it is zero it's the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if it is zero it's the third
+order terms and fourth and and and go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms and fourth and and and go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms and fourth and and and go on
+uh that must uh obey must be take up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that must uh obey must be take up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that must uh obey must be take up uh
+uh uh and satisfy this Inequality For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and satisfy this Inequality For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and satisfy this Inequality For
+example see if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example see if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example see if I have a
+reservoir the second derivative is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir the second derivative is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir the second derivative is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero of the the fundamental relation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the the fundamental relation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the the fundamental relation so
+for this Reservoir I need that somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Reservoir I need that somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Reservoir I need that somewhere
+in along the the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in along the the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in along the the line
+uh the there is a derivative which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the there is a derivative which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the there is a derivative which is
+negative and uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a straight line isn't like that it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line isn't like that it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line isn't like that it means
+that the this straight line in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the this straight line in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the this straight line in practice
+is really an approximation so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really an approximation so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really an approximation so in other
+words a real Reservoir with a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a real Reservoir with a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a real Reservoir with a true
+straight line as a stable equum State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line as a stable equum State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line as a stable equum State
+curve cannot exist it would violate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve cannot exist it would violate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve cannot exist it would violate this
+so so the the the reservoir is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the the the reservoir is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the the the reservoir is is an
+approximation extremely good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation extremely good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation extremely good
+approximation if you make it uh uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation if you make it uh uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation if you make it uh uh like
+water at the triple point with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at the triple point with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water at the triple point with
+sufficient amount of water but if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient amount of water but if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient amount of water but if you go
+to small very small uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to small very small uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to small very small uh
+amounts uh then you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts uh then you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts uh then you may have
+difficulties uh constructing a real uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir
+okay so we proved the I mean equality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we proved the I mean equality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we proved the I mean equality of
+temperature and quality of pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and quality of pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and quality of pressure and
+we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved
+also the sign of the second derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the sign of the second derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the sign of the second derivatives
+of this uh of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh of the fundamental
+relation the reason why I have drawn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation the reason why I have drawn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation the reason why I have drawn the
+E sucess diagram this way and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E sucess diagram this way and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E sucess diagram this way and not the
+other way so with the concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so with the concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so with the concavity
+upward is now proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward is now proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward is now proved
+here the second derivative of s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the second derivative of s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the second derivative of s with
+respect to e is negative or zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to e is negative or zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to e is negative or zero
+negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or
+zero the same you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the same you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the same you can
+prove since this form differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove since this form differential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove since this form differential form
+must be negative for all possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be negative for all possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be negative for all possible values
+uh you uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you uh you
+need that the it's a it's a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that the it's a it's a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that the it's a it's a quadratic
+form and you need that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and you need that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and you need that the the
+coefficient The Matrix of coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient The Matrix of coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient The Matrix of coefficients
+be positive uh I meaning negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive uh I meaning negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive uh I meaning negative
+definite or actually non positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite or actually non positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite or actually non positive
+definite meaning that for example not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite meaning that for example not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite meaning that for example not
+only the terms on the diagonal which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the terms on the diagonal which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the terms on the diagonal which are
+these two but also so the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two but also so the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two but also so the determinant
+must be non negative I mean non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be non negative I mean non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be non negative I mean non
+positive okay so which gives us also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so which gives us also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay so which gives us also
+this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression
+here okay now uh we can do also but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now uh we can do also but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now uh we can do also but more
+quickly the proof for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the proof for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the proof for
+when instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when instead of
+um yeah here um instead of putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah here um instead of putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah here um instead of putting the
+the movable piston I should have um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movable piston I should have um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movable piston I should have um I
+must change this um um drawing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must change this um um drawing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must change this um um drawing this
+should be should be replaced with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be should be replaced with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be should be replaced with a
+porous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material not nonmovable so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material not nonmovable so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material not nonmovable so this is
+should be a porous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a porous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a porous
+material that would um allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that would um allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that would um allow the
+transfer of constituent I of so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of constituent I of so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of constituent I of so of
+molecules of atoms of typ I only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of atoms of typ I only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of atoms of typ I only one
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they are in mutual equilibrium at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are in mutual equilibrium at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are in mutual equilibrium at the
+big a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big a state
+zero and we construct a state uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we construct a state uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we construct a state uh another
+state with the same energy by shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with the same energy by shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with the same energy by shifting
+some energy from A to B and also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy from A to B and also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy from A to B and also some
+amounts so I I give a I take a with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so I I give a I take a with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts so I I give a I take a with some
+more uh particles all that type and Me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh particles all that type and Me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh particles all that type and Me
+by the less particle so it's like moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the less particle so it's like moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the less particle so it's like moving
+them from from B to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well exactly the same procedure I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well exactly the same procedure I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well exactly the same procedure I'm
+going to exploit the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exploit the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exploit the fact that the
+entropy of S1 must be less than that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of S1 must be less than that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of S1 must be less than that of
+S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+zero only that when I do the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only that when I do the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero only that when I do the series
+expansion okay for the energy it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion okay for the energy it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion okay for the energy it's still
+the same but um now I'm not I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but um now I'm not I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but um now I'm not I'm not
+changing the volume and changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the volume and changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the volume and changing the
+amount so instead of p/ T the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so instead of p/ T the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so instead of p/ T the partial
+derivative with respect to Amounts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Amounts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to Amounts is
+minus the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overt combine in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt combine in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overt combine in the same
+way and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and this
+term by the arbitrariness of our choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by the arbitrariness of our choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by the arbitrariness of our choice
+of system C1 of say of State C1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system C1 of say of State C1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system C1 of say of State C1 so the
+amounts dni the difference are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts dni the difference are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts dni the difference are
+arbitrary like the energy and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary like the energy and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary like the energy and therefore
+we find the same conclusion that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the same conclusion that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the same conclusion that these
+coefficients must be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and uh of course also that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh of course also that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh of course also that second
+uh order differential must must be non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh order differential must must be non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh order differential must must be non
+positive we prove therefore that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we prove therefore that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we prove therefore that we need
+the equality of temperature and equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality of temperature and equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality of temperature and equality
+of the chemical potentials of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chemical potentials of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chemical potentials of that
+constituent in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent in the two
+systems for Mutual equilibrium and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for Mutual equilibrium and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for Mutual equilibrium and we we
+prove some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove some
+other convexity or concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relations in fact if you do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations in fact if you do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations in fact if you do it for
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+variables you end up with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh all these second derivatives must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh all these second derivatives must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh all these second derivatives must
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero but more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but more than that
+uh this Matrix which is the H Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Matrix which is the H Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this Matrix which is the H Matrix of
+uh partial all the possible second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partial all the possible second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partial all the possible second order
+partial derivatives uh must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives uh must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives uh must
+be negative definite or negative semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative definite or negative semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative definite or negative semi
+definite and U and uh and therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and U and uh and therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and U and uh and therefore you
+can apply all your uh all that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply all your uh all that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply all your uh all that you know
+about positive definite matrices and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive definite matrices and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about positive definite matrices and so
+on and obtain the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and obtain the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and obtain the number of
+inequalities for example from some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities for example from some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities for example from some of
+these uh one of these inequalities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh one of these inequalities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh one of these inequalities that
+is is well known is that the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is well known is that the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is well known is that the specific
+heat of a substance which is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of a substance which is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of a substance which is related to
+the second derivative of s with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of s with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of s with respect
+to e uh must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+posit but as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posit but as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posit but as you see
+here the the there's only one result you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the there's only one result you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the there's only one result you
+can you could obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you could obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you could obtain
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now by the same
+technique to prove the inequalities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to prove the inequalities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to prove the inequalities we
+can also prove um another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also prove um another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also prove um another interesting
+relation which is known as the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which is known as the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which is known as the Y
+plus uh equation for a surface tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh equation for a surface tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh equation for a surface tension
+so let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do
+um this because um it's po so useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this because um it's po so useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this because um it's po so useful for
+those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of
+you who are in the fluid mechanics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are in the fluid mechanics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are in the fluid mechanics or
+mechanics of interfaces for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+system which is a which contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is a which contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is a which contains a
+drop so this stands for drop say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop so this stands for drop say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop so this stands for drop say of
+uh h of one phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h of one phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h of one phase
+in immerse or surrounded by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase and there are many examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and there are many examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and there are many examples here
+and just put three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just put three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just put three of
+them it could be let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it could be let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it could be let's start with the
+last one it could be liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one it could be liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one it could be liquid and
+Vapor so a drop of liquid and outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vapor so a drop of liquid and outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vapor so a drop of liquid and outside
+you got Vapor like water VAP or VAP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got Vapor like water VAP or VAP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got Vapor like water VAP or VAP of
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substance or or you you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance or or you you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance or or you you could have a
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+air on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air on the
+outside uh which is partially dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside uh which is partially dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside uh which is partially dissolved
+here's a drop of water in which there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a drop of water in which there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a drop of water in which there is
+some air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some air
+dissolved it's not air like CO2 or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved it's not air like CO2 or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved it's not air like CO2 or some
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+substance or you could have two liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance or you could have two liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance or you could have two liquids
+like oil and water that are not missible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oil and water that are not missible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oil and water that are not missible
+so in the bulk of each one you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the bulk of each one you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the bulk of each one you don't
+find uh any of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh any of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh any of the other
+but in the interfacial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the interfacial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the interfacial
+region they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region they
+must U live together these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules so in this region the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so in this region the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so in this region the
+properties of this layer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this layer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this layer which is
+generally very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally very
+thin and therefore you can uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and therefore you can uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and therefore you can uh these
+properties uh of the substance uh feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of the substance uh feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of the substance uh feel
+the different um forces intermolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different um forces intermolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different um forces intermolecular
+forces than any of the two BS because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces than any of the two BS because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces than any of the two BS because
+here you have just forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have just forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have just forces
+between the's say gray molecules here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the's say gray molecules here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the's say gray molecules here
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+U just intermolecular forces of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U just intermolecular forces of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U just intermolecular forces of the the
+dark molecules and here you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark molecules and here you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark molecules and here you have some
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+some so they are really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so they are really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so they are really different
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the fact that the the interface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that the the interface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that the the interface is
+interfacial region is is is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial region is is is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial region is is is generally
+very very thin allows you to model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thin allows you to model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thin allows you to model it
+you can model it of course in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can model it of course in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can model it of course in a
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+way but here we're going to do it uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but here we're going to do it uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but here we're going to do it uh uh
+like when you do Anga plus equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you do Anga plus equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you do Anga plus equation you
+model it in a much simpler way as if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it in a much simpler way as if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it in a much simpler way as if it
+was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just
+another very thin system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh when which which can exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when which which can exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when which which can exchange
+molecules uh on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh on both
+sides but on the right it can exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides but on the right it can exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides but on the right it can exchange
+only dark molecule on the left only gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dark molecule on the left only gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dark molecule on the left only gray
+molecules whereas the situation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules whereas the situation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules whereas the situation in which
+you have coexistence of the two can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have coexistence of the two can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have coexistence of the two can only
+move uh along the surface in a 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh along the surface in a 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh along the surface in a 2d
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+so it's it's only by moving along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's only by moving along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's only by moving along this
+um Circle here if it is if it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Circle here if it is if it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Circle here if it is if it is a
+spherical uh geometry that you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical uh geometry that you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical uh geometry that you can find
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+coexisting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation and it it's the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it it's the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it it's the same kind of
+idea when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea when you have
+a phase separation when you when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase separation when you when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phase separation when you when the
+system in order to reach stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in order to reach stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in order to reach stable
+equilibrium doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium doesn't
+um doesn't find it um um doesn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't find it um um doesn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doesn't find it um um doesn't find
+the maximum entropy state by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum entropy state by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum entropy state by by
+remaining homogeneous but it separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining homogeneous but it separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining homogeneous but it separates
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+molecules like to go uh to bump to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules like to go uh to bump to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules like to go uh to bump to each
+other and become a liquid on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and become a liquid on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and become a liquid on one side
+and on the other side you got the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the interface
+interfacial region is a very very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial region is a very very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial region is a very very thin
+region in which the density changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in which the density changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in which the density changes
+drastically now the factor of a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically now the factor of a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically now the factor of a thousand
+is the density difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the density difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the density difference between the
+liquid and the vapor like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the vapor like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the vapor like for example
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+water so the density drops in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so the density drops in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so the density drops in a
+matter of a uh few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of a uh few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of a uh few
+uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+nanometers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers uh
+drops uh it drops uh by a factor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops uh it drops uh by a factor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops uh it drops uh by a factor of a
+th all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th all right
+so if we have a system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's
+confined on a layer so its extension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined on a layer so its extension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined on a layer so its extension is
+not measured in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measured in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measured in terms of
+thickness but it's only in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness but it's only in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness but it's only in terms of the
+surface area where it can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area where it can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface area where it can uh
+develop so for that system the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop so for that system the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop so for that system the parameter
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical
+um container or or let's say mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um container or or let's say mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um container or or let's say mental
+container that uh where those mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container that uh where those mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container that uh where those mod
+molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules are
+confined uh is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined uh is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined uh is not the
+volume but it's it's the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but it's it's the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but it's it's the surface
+area or if you want it is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area or if you want it is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area or if you want it is still the
+volume but the volume can be split in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but the volume can be split in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but the volume can be split in
+the surface area and a very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layer so area of the surface becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so area of the surface becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so area of the surface becomes a
+parameter for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for that
+system which plays a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which plays a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which plays a parallel
+role all that played by volume for M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role all that played by volume for M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role all that played by volume for M
+systems and like we Define p over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and like we Define p over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and like we Define p over the
+the partial derivative of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of fundamental
+from the stable equilibrium state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stable equilibrium state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stable equilibrium state of
+fundamental relation with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental relation with respect to
+volume we call it P /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t for this particular
+system the derivative of s with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the derivative of s with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the derivative of s with respect
+to a we call it minus Sigma /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and if
+we invert the function we see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we invert the function we see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we invert the function we see that you
+can see like the for the bul system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see like the for the bul system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see like the for the bul system the
+pressure is minus the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is minus the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is minus the derivative of the
+uh energy with respect to to volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy with respect to to volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy with respect to to volume of
+the uh energy form of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh energy form of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh energy form of the fundamental
+relation and for the interface system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and for the interface system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and for the interface system
+it's the sigma the surface we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sigma the surface we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sigma the surface we call it
+surface tension is the partial of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface tension is the partial of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface tension is the partial of the
+energy with respect to a with without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to a with without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to a with without a
+minus sign that's why one is a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign that's why one is a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign that's why one is a pressure
+the other is a tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is a tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is a tension
+so okay so that that is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so that that is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so that that is for the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+so now we can play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can play the
+same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh
+role the same U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trick of applying the maximum entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of applying the maximum entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of applying the maximum entropy
+principle to see what happens at Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle to see what happens at Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle to see what happens at Mutual
+equilibrium between those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between those three
+phases those three systems b d and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases those three systems b d and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases those three systems b d and the
+interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+C and the trick is to construct another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the trick is to construct another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the trick is to construct another
+state we call it F1 because now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we call it F1 because now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we call it F1 because now I'm
+running out of letters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of letters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of letters so
+f is the composite system of B CD so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the composite system of B CD so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the composite system of B CD so
+this overall system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overall system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overall system is
+f I'm not using letter A because now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f I'm not using letter A because now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f I'm not using letter A because now a
+is the area so that's uh used up okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area so that's uh used up okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area so that's uh used up okay so
+uh so we need to construct another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we need to construct another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we need to construct another
+state and the way we do it is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the way we do it is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the way we do it is by
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+we do it in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it in a particular
+Way by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way by
+changing um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shape per perturbing the the the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape per perturbing the the the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape per perturbing the the the shape
+of the original uh drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and then we proceed in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then we proceed in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then we proceed in the same
+way we have uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have uh we
+we want to prove that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove that this thing is
+negative there is a yeah there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there is a yeah there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there is a yeah there is
+negative here is the minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative here is the minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative here is the minus the
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+sign we apply additivity we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we apply additivity we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we apply additivity we now have
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh B and D are like we done before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B and D are like we done before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B and D are like we done before but
+now we have also system C for which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have also system C for which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have also system C for which uh
+the Tor series expansion in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tor series expansion in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tor series expansion in the first
+terms in the expansion uh contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the expansion uh contain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the expansion uh contain the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+tension of course it's the value like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension of course it's the value like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension of course it's the value like
+the pressure evaluated at the um stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure evaluated at the um stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure evaluated at the um stable
+equum State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equum State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equum State
+F0 here the dots represent many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 here the dots represent many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 here the dots represent many things
+they represent also I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent also I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent also I should have
+written also but I didn't have space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written also but I didn't have space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written also but I didn't have space
+enough on The View graph the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on The View graph the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough on The View graph the derivative
+will check to the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms but in order to focus on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but in order to focus on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but in order to focus on on the
+interesting part new part let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part new part let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part new part let me
+choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+uh situation in which this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situation in which this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situation in which this very
+particular value state as1 in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I have U Already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have U Already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have U Already
+satisfied the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied the temperature
+equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+condition I already satisfied the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I already satisfied the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I already satisfied the the
+chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equality and so all I am interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and so all I am interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and so all I am interested in
+is changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing the
+volume okay so that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay so that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay so that allows us to
+essentially concentrate on these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially concentrate on these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially concentrate on these three
+terms this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms this one
+that one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and by getting rid of uh yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and by getting rid of uh yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and by getting rid of uh yeah there
+was there should be a one / T here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there should be a one / T here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there should be a one / T here that
+disappeared I have to fix also that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared I have to fix also that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared I have to fix also that on
+the do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do
+graph uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P because these temperatures are assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P because these temperatures are assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P because these temperatures are assumed
+to be equal so I'm left with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal so I'm left with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal so I'm left with this
+equation and this equation has to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this equation has to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this equation has to be uh
+NE negative strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative but as we will find out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but as we will find out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but as we will find out is
+that again because of the arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again because of the arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again because of the arbitrarily
+arbitrariness of uh the choices of U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness of uh the choices of U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness of uh the choices of U the
+change in in the geometry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in the geometry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in the geometry in the
+volume it will turn out to have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it will turn out to have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it will turn out to have to be
+zero and so the burden for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so the burden for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so the burden for the
+inequality will be uh uh carried by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality will be uh uh carried by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality will be uh uh carried by the
+extra uh additional terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra uh additional terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra uh additional terms
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right so yes uh again also here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yes uh again also here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yes uh again also here I have
+to fix the view graph so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix the view graph so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix the view graph so this is just
+smaller to make room for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller to make room for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller to make room for something
+else uh all right so now there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh all right so now there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh all right so now there is an
+easy way of proceeding here is assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way of proceeding here is assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way of proceeding here is assume a
+geometry if we assume a geometry just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry if we assume a geometry just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry if we assume a geometry just to
+see what what comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what comes out
+so if you assume for example spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you assume for example spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you assume for example spherical
+geometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drop and we assume that we uh change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and we assume that we uh change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and we assume that we uh change the
+volume so we we consider a perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so we we consider a perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so we we consider a perturbed
+state with a volume slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with a volume slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with a volume slightly
+increased by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by an
+amount if R was the radius of the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount if R was the radius of the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount if R was the radius of the drop
+it becomes R plus Dr or the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes R plus Dr or the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes R plus Dr or the Epsilon
+Epsilon to stress the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon to stress the fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon to stress the fact that it's
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+okay okay so the area of U of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the area of U of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so the area of U of the
+interface of the surface of the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of the surface of the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of the surface of the sphere
+is 4 pi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ the volume that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the if if I increase this the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if if I increase this the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if if I increase this the sphere
+from this solid light to the dash line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this solid light to the dash line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this solid light to the dash line
+the increase in volume is is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in volume is is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in volume is is equal to
+the surface the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface the area
+times uh the shift in so times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh the shift in so times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh the shift in so times the
+Epsilon so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so that's
+DV and that's what happens what appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and that's what happens what appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and that's what happens what appears
+in this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation also the since I am um going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation also the since I am um going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation also the since I am um going
+from small to large also the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small to large also the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from small to large also the area
+changes now the area changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes now the area changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes now the area changes
+because the radius uh is changed so I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the radius uh is changed so I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the radius uh is changed so I go
+from 4 pi r 2 to 4 pi r + D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 4 pi r 2 to 4 pi r + D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 4 pi r 2 to 4 pi r + D
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+and if I forget about the D Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I forget about the D Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I forget about the D Epsilon
+Square because it's small with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square because it's small with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square because it's small with respect
+to the put it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the put it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the put it to the
+others what I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others what I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others what I'm left
+is so one of these cancels with that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so one of these cancels with that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so one of these cancels with that I'm
+left left with 8 pi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V and this is the change in area that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and this is the change in area that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and this is the change in area that I
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+here still the the Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here still the the Epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here still the the Epsilon is
+arbitrary so that expression now becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary so that expression now becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary so that expression now becomes
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+expression and it should be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and it should be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and it should be equal to
+zero for I mean negative for arbitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for I mean negative for arbitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for I mean negative for arbitary
+values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the
+Epsilon they could have chosen also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon they could have chosen also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon they could have chosen also the
+Epsilon negative instead of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon negative instead of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon negative instead of positive
+and still that should be satisfied so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still that should be satisfied so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still that should be satisfied so
+essentially it's just what multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's just what multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's just what multiplies
+the Epsilon that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon that has to be
+zero so the 4 pi r squ r 4 pi r cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the 4 pi r squ r 4 pi r cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the 4 pi r squ r 4 pi r cancels
+and you get this expression here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this expression here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this expression here there
+is a two that uh emerges from the 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two that uh emerges from the 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two that uh emerges from the 8
+divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by
+four and so you find that the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so you find that the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so you find that the condition
+for Mutual equilibrium between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mutual equilibrium between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mutual equilibrium between those
+three systems is that the pressure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three systems is that the pressure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three systems is that the pressure in
+the inside the drop must differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside the drop must differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside the drop must differ
+must be greater than the pressure uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be greater than the pressure uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be greater than the pressure uh of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+outside by the surface tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside by the surface tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside by the surface tension
+multiplied by 2/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R now if you repeat that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R now if you repeat that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R now if you repeat that for a
+cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical
+shape we just keep that but here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape we just keep that but here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape we just keep that but here are the
+details uh you get a similar expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details uh you get a similar expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details uh you get a similar expression
+only with one / r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with one / r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with one / r
+okay but the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the true
+story is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we don't know this shape so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't know this shape so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't know this shape so we we
+shouldn't in principle assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't in principle assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't in principle assume that
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in principle who who tells us that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in principle who who tells us that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in principle who who tells us that uh
+the shape should be spherical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape should be spherical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape should be spherical or
+geometri or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometri or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometri or or
+cylindrical that is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical that is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical that is also a
+result of this maximum entropy principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this maximum entropy principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of this maximum entropy principle
+and the young La
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the young La
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the young La
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+it it's a bit complicated so Ian it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a bit complicated so Ian it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a bit complicated so Ian it took
+me days to construct this uh these u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me days to construct this uh these u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me days to construct this uh these u
+pictures so I'm not going to spend too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so I'm not going to spend too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so I'm not going to spend too
+much time on them but simply uh I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on them but simply uh I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on them but simply uh I assume
+that you know that if I have a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that if I have a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that if I have a surface
+space uh I can can define principal radi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh I can can define principal radi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh I can can define principal radi
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+curvature and uh there like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and uh there like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and uh there like in a
+sphere or in ellipsoid you could have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere or in ellipsoid you could have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere or in ellipsoid you could have uh
+the centers of curvature on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centers of curvature on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centers of curvature on the same
+side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the
+surface but in a subtle point or of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface but in a subtle point or of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface but in a subtle point or of your
+surface you could have the centers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you could have the centers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you could have the centers of
+cure on the two opposite sides so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure on the two opposite sides so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure on the two opposite sides so for
+example so suppose this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drop in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in this
+situation you have one Center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you have one Center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you have one Center of
+curvature inside the drop and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature inside the drop and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature inside the drop and one
+outside whereas here they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside and uh but you see this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and uh but you see this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and uh but you see this is a
+local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local
+picture if you have an arbitrary shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture if you have an arbitrary shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture if you have an arbitrary shape
+you suppose if you have a drop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose if you have a drop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suppose if you have a drop of
+arbitrary shape like for example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary shape like for example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary shape like for example when
+you have a a drop of water in gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a drop of water in gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a drop of water in gravity
+field uh you know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shape uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the local
+curvature and the the surface must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and the the surface must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and the the surface must be
+represented somehow by running over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented somehow by running over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented somehow by running over the
+entire surface with local variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire surface with local variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire surface with local variables and
+integrating so in order to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating so in order to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating so in order to calculate the
+entire area you have to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral of these uh local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of these uh local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of these uh local
+areas so here is a lot of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so here is a lot of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so here is a lot of uh uh
+Expressions that I hope are correct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions that I hope are correct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions that I hope are correct that
+allows you that um describe this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you that um describe this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you that um describe this um
+geometrical uh situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical uh situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical uh situations
+one for the system when the two centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the system when the two centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the system when the two centers
+are on the two sides of the surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the two sides of the surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the two sides of the surface and
+one for this the case in which they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for this the case in which they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for this the case in which they are
+on both on the same side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both on the same side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both on the same side
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+difference is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is it
+locally the the purpose of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally the the purpose of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally the the purpose of these
+formulas here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas here is to
+compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+ratio of the area change to the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the area change to the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the area change to the volume
+change as you shift to see remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as you shift to see remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as you shift to see remember that
+we were talking about this situation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about this situation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about this situation we
+want to um perturb the shape of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um perturb the shape of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um perturb the shape of of the
+drop and go to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and go to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and go to uh a
+another state and we comp we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state and we comp we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state and we comp we want to
+compute the volume and the area so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the volume and the area so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the volume and the area so the
+what is important is the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is important is the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is important is the ratio of the
+area change over the volume change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area change over the volume change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area change over the volume change and
+that's why here we uh we compute it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why here we uh we compute it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why here we uh we compute it for
+locally so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally so as I
+perturb uh the move the the surface that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb uh the move the the surface that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb uh the move the the surface that
+entails a Chang in volume Delta V and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails a Chang in volume Delta V and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails a Chang in volume Delta V and a
+changing surface area Delta a and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing surface area Delta a and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing surface area Delta a and they
+and this ratio is related to the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ratio is related to the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ratio is related to the inverse
+it's called the uh mean local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the uh mean local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the uh mean local
+curvature it's the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature it's the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature it's the sum of two
+contributions but it is an algebraic sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions but it is an algebraic sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions but it is an algebraic sum
+because one of the U when the radius out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the U when the radius out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the U when the radius out
+is on the other side it has a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the other side it has a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the other side it has a negative
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+front Okay so if we go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front Okay so if we go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front Okay so if we go back to our
+picture here and try TR to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here and try TR to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here and try TR to
+compute these areas and this uh changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these areas and this uh changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these areas and this uh changing
+volume we have to integrate somehow over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume we have to integrate somehow over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume we have to integrate somehow over
+the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+surface that's why I need a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that's why I need a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that's why I need a double
+integral over some variables so Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over some variables so Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over some variables so Theta
+one and Theta 2 maybe is a is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and Theta 2 maybe is a is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and Theta 2 maybe is a is a way to
+describe a local uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angles and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and uh
+and then if you okay if you go on and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you okay if you go on and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you okay if you go on and do
+all the the math you calculate again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the math you calculate again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the math you calculate again the
+change in area it's again R plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in area it's again R plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in area it's again R plus the
+Epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and
+R now it's plus or minus the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R now it's plus or minus the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R now it's plus or minus the Epsilon
+because when you when you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you when you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you when you move the
+surface on one side in this case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on one side in this case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on one side in this case uh
+um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one
+radius of curvature increases and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of curvature increases and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of curvature increases and the
+other decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other decrease
+phes by the amount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phes by the amount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phes by the amount the
+EP and so uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EP and so uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EP and so uh in the
+end you get a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you get a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you get a double
+integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+coordinates and the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and the D
+Epsilon now you you you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon now you you you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon now you you you can choose
+arbitrarily the D Epsilon at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily the D Epsilon at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily the D Epsilon at every
+location in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in the in the in the
+surface and that's arbitrary so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that's arbitrary so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that's arbitrary so that
+integral must be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral must be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral must be equal to
+zero for arbitrary choices of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for arbitrary choices of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for arbitrary choices of how you
+want to distribute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilons which says that therefore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons which says that therefore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons which says that therefore is
+the integrand that must be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and so you find that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so you find that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so you find that you can
+rewrite it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you find that therefore the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that therefore the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that therefore the sum of
+the of the inverse of the radi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the inverse of the radi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the inverse of the radi of
+curvature so the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature so the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature so the mean
+curvature which in principle could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature which in principle could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature which in principle could be
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+locally from point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally from point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally from point to
+point must be equal to this ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point must be equal to this ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point must be equal to this ratio of
+difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in
+pressure and different and surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and different and surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and different and surface
+tension which is something that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension which is something that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension which is something that uh
+that doesn't depend on location of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ccle so that means so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccle so that means so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccle so that means so this
+result means that the the average uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result means that the the average uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result means that the the average uh
+curvature must be uniform must be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature must be uniform must be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature must be uniform must be equal
+everywhere on the surface when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on the surface when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on the surface when you are
+in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere like in a cylindrical situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere like in a cylindrical situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere like in a cylindrical situation
+there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some
+other uh interesting surfaces if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh interesting surfaces if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh interesting surfaces if you
+look up in u the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up in u the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up in u the
+Wikipedia um surfaces of the uh constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia um surfaces of the uh constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia um surfaces of the uh constant
+mean curvature you find that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean curvature you find that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean curvature you find that somebody
+has found a very interesting shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where it's a more complicated than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a more complicated than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a more complicated than a
+than than a sphere all right Plus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than a sphere all right Plus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than a sphere all right Plus of
+course so this is the main result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so this is the main result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so this is the main result the
+uniformity of the mean curvature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity of the mean curvature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity of the mean curvature and
+this is the standard uh Yang plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard uh Yang plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard uh Yang plus
+equation for where system for a for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for where system for a for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for where system for a for a
+surface with the two uh different radi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with the two uh different radi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with the two uh different radi
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+curvish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so now we are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we are already
+for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next
+move we want to prove the Claus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move we want to prove the Claus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move we want to prove the Claus
+statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the
+second so we want to capitalize now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we want to capitalize now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we want to capitalize now on
+the fact that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+uh systems can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchange energy and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we would like to consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would like to consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would like to consider this
+particular situation two systems A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situation two systems A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situation two systems A and
+B initially in stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States uh for Simplicity for the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh for Simplicity for the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh for Simplicity for the moment
+we just consider fixed volume fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amounts and we want to transfer uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and we want to transfer uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts and we want to transfer uh some
+energy from one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other the question question is is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the question question is is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the question question is is it
+always possible or when is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible do I me do I need to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible do I me do I need to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible do I me do I need to transfer
+also some entropy in order to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some entropy in order to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some entropy in order to make it
+possible okay so that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay so that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay so that's the question
+answered by the Claus uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered by the Claus uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered by the Claus uh the the
+inequalities that we will uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that we will uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that we will uh that we
+will uh prove right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh prove right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh prove right
+now so look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so look
+it's again the same story as we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again the same story as we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again the same story as we started
+with if my system a starts in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if my system a starts in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if my system a starts in a stable
+equilibrium State here and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State here and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State here and I want to
+extract energy so that I give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract energy so that I give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract energy so that I give it to
+system B I need to go down in energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B I need to go down in energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B I need to go down in energy but
+in order to go down in energy I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to go down in energy I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to go down in energy I also
+need to go down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ENT so the so already from the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT so the so already from the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT so the so already from the picture
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+see a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a geometric
+proof we will we will have view graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we will we will have view graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we will we will have view graphs
+that do that more detail but also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do that more detail but also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do that more detail but also more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+uh but first let's do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but first let's do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but first let's do it with
+equations so how do we Model A system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so how do we Model A system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so how do we Model A system we
+make energy balances and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances and
+uh let's consider a small change in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's consider a small change in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's consider a small change in uh
+in a small amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small amount of energy
+transferred all right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred all right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred all right so if I
+make the energy balance for system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the energy balance for system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the energy balance for system a
+simply says that the rate I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that the rate I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that the rate I mean that
+the change in the energy of a is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the energy of a is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the energy of a is uh
+equal to uh minus the amount that I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh minus the amount that I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh minus the amount that I uh
+gave to B that I extracted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave to B that I extracted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave to B that I extracted from
+a and for system B its energy change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and for system B its energy change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and for system B its energy change is
+equal to the amount that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the amount that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the amount that it
+received notice the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the arrows tell you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the arrows tell you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the arrows tell you when
+these uh symbols are positive it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh symbols are positive it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh symbols are positive it means
+that the flow has been in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flow has been in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flow has been in the direction
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrow entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance the change in the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the change in the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the change in the entropy of
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+a okay as it goes uh to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay as it goes uh to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay as it goes uh to the left
+is equal to two contributions one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to two contributions one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to two contributions one is the
+entropy that has been transferred out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that has been transferred out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that has been transferred out of
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+a and the other if any is the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the other if any is the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the other if any is the entropy
+that has been produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been produced by
+irreversibility Within systa if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility Within systa if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility Within systa if the
+process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is
+irreversible if you do it reversibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible if you do it reversibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible if you do it reversibly
+this one isn't there but if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one isn't there but if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one isn't there but if you do it
+irreversibly this one this term must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibly this one this term must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibly this one this term must be
+greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero
+for system B the entropy balance says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for system B the entropy balance says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for system B the entropy balance says
+that the change in the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the change in the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the change in the entropy of
+B is equal to the entropy that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is equal to the entropy that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is equal to the entropy that it
+received from a plus if any the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received from a plus if any the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received from a plus if any the entropy
+that was generated Within Me by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RSE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSE
+now again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is State uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and we
+moved we extracted this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved we extracted this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved we extracted this much
+energy I call it Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I call it Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I call it Delta
+E A out of a it goes into B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if
+I I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I do not
+necessarily uh have to go to the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh have to go to the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh have to go to the stable
+equilibrium State I could go to any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State I could go to any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State I could go to any of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle well maybe maybe I cannot go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle well maybe maybe I cannot go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle well maybe maybe I cannot go
+all that far but that will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that far but that will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that far but that will depend
+because if I want to go this far I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I want to go this far I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I want to go this far I need
+a system on the other side that since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system on the other side that since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system on the other side that since I
+reduce the entropy I need a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the entropy I need a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the entropy I need a system that
+picks up that entropies it it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up that entropies it it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up that entropies it it has to
+have uh the ability to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the ability to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the ability to do
+that so at a certain stage we will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so at a certain stage we will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so at a certain stage we will uh
+see that we cannot go too far uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we cannot go too far uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we cannot go too far uh uh to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+left but in any case these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left but in any case these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left but in any case these are the
+possible changes of state of system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I know is that the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know is that the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know is that the stable
+equilibrium State for the new value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State for the new value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State for the new value of
+the energy is the one that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is the one that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is the one that has the
+highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest
+entr so gain maximum entropy PR so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entr so gain maximum entropy PR so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entr so gain maximum entropy PR so the
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+S2 of the find the entropy of State A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 of the find the entropy of State A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 of the find the entropy of State A2
+suppose that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that's this
+one is less then the uh maximum entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is less then the uh maximum entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is less then the uh maximum entropy
+corresponding to that value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that value of the
+energy which is the entropy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is the entropy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is the entropy of the
+stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium
+State corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State corresponding
+to the new value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the new value of the
+energy okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so here
+is uh the inequality and here the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the inequality and here the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the inequality and here the factor
+is the fundamental relation for which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fundamental relation for which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fundamental relation for which we
+can do as usual uh a series expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do as usual uh a series expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do as usual uh a series expansion
+around State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around State
+one it will have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it will have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it will have a linear
+term and let's keep also the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and let's keep also the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and let's keep also the second
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ter plus Dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter plus Dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter plus Dots
+Dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh you see this expression it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh you see this expression it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh you see this expression it's
+S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S1 but S2 is S1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DS so we can uh uh take the S1 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS so we can uh uh take the S1 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS so we can uh uh take the S1 on the
+left hand side here it becomes the S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side here it becomes the S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side here it becomes the S and
+uh here is the rewriting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is the rewriting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is the rewriting so
+DS is equal to d e over t plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS is equal to d e over t plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS is equal to d e over t plus the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+derivative plus Dots Dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative plus Dots Dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative plus Dots Dots
+Dots what do we know about the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dots what do we know about the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dots what do we know about the second
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+when we just proved that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we just proved that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we just proved that they are
+negative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay
+so if this is a negative number and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is a negative number and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is a negative number and this
+is a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a squared
+number this thing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtract therefore this will be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract therefore this will be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract therefore this will be less
+than just d e over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T there is an exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T there is an exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T there is an exception
+though if the system is a re were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if the system is a re were that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if the system is a re were that
+second derivative is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh so here we would have an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so here we would have an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so here we would have an equal
+sign for if a is s were and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign for if a is s were and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign for if a is s were and the same
+identical um treatment goes for system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay so now we can put these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so now we can put these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so now we can put these all
+together just uh shuffled things around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together just uh shuffled things around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together just uh shuffled things around
+up to here it's the same that we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to here it's the same that we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to here it's the same that we've seen
+so far now let me combine U those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations said we have 1 two 3 four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations said we have 1 two 3 four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations said we have 1 two 3 four five
+six we can eliminate four variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six we can eliminate four variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six we can eliminate four variables and
+the remain two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I let you do the algebra it's it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let you do the algebra it's it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I let you do the algebra it's it's um
+it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy
+enough and since I want to concentrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and since I want to concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and since I want to concentrate
+on the energy and entropy transfers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the energy and entropy transfers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the energy and entropy transfers so
+the Delta e and the Delta s uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta e and the Delta s uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta e and the Delta s uh these are
+the variables that I keep eliminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables that I keep eliminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables that I keep eliminate the
+other the other Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes so this is for system um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so this is for system um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so this is for system um for
+system a from the balances from system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a from the balances from system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a from the balances from system a
+and this is from system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B they both contain Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B they both contain Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B they both contain Delta
+s so I can combine these two in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so I can combine these two in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so I can combine these two in a single
+uh uh train of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh train of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh train of
+inequalities where Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities where Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities where Delta
+s the entropy exchange is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the entropy exchange is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the entropy exchange is at the
+center and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and it's
+less than if I add the and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than if I add the and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than if I add the and to be
+produced by reversibility and this must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by reversibility and this must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by reversibility and this must
+be less than Delta the energy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than Delta the energy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than Delta the energy over
+t1b and on the other side side this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1b and on the other side side this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1b and on the other side side this
+is greater than if I subtract something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than if I subtract something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than if I subtract something
+positive and it is in turn uh greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and it is in turn uh greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and it is in turn uh greater
+than the energy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the energy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the energy over
+T great all right so this is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T great all right so this is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T great all right so this is interesting
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+itself because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it says all right remember we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says all right remember we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says all right remember we started
+from our two systems in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our two systems in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our two systems in two different
+temper two different two states sa equum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper two different two states sa equum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper two different two states sa equum
+states with different temperature so T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with different temperature so T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with different temperature so T1
+a and t1b are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different and here we found uh uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and here we found uh uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and here we found uh uh we
+find a if you forget about if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a if you forget about if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a if you forget about if you look
+on only at the Central and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on only at the Central and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on only at the Central and the two
+extremes of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes of these
+inequalities it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities it
+says that definitely if you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that definitely if you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that definitely if you want to have
+a finite I mean not a finite but nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite I mean not a finite but nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite I mean not a finite but nonzero
+transfer of energy from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh you
+need an entropy change an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfer with some value that stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer with some value that stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer with some value that stays
+within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this
+interval of the energy transfer divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of the energy transfer divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of the energy transfer divided
+by uh the two temperatures of the two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me let me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is it I could write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it I could write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it I could write that
+inequality this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way take things on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way take things on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way take things on the left hand
+side and uh am I right if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yeah I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah I'm taking
+this all the way to the other side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the way to the other side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the way to the other side right
+okay so what does that tell me if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that tell me if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that tell me if I want
+Delta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+positive in other words if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in other words if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive in other words if I want to
+transfer energy from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B if this is positive that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if this is positive that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if this is positive that has to be
+negative if this has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if this has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if this has to be
+negative uh it means that the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh it means that the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh it means that the second
+term must be bigger than the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term must be bigger than the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term must be bigger than the first one
+okay okay uh so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay uh so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay uh so that means that the
+denominator must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator must be
+smaller so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so that
+implies t uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies t uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies t uh 1
+a greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater than
+t1b is that what we expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1b is that what we expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1b is that what we expected
+yeah we can transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we can transfer
+energies only in the direction from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies only in the direction from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies only in the direction from the
+hot to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot to the
+cold that's close your statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold that's close your statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold that's close your statement of the
+second law of course if you want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of course if you want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of course if you want this
+negative it can do it only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can do it only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can do it only in the
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+next and all right so that's uh so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and all right so that's uh so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and all right so that's uh so by
+looking at the two end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the two end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the two end
+parts you uh we proved that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts you uh we proved that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts you uh we proved that was a
+statement of the second law that uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the second law that uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the second law that uh uh
+energy cannot uh uh flow spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cannot uh uh flow spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cannot uh uh flow spontaneously
+and spontaneously is well while there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneously is well while there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneously is well while there
+are no other external effects you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no other external effects you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no other external effects you're
+considering a system in which this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a system in which this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a system in which this is a
+composite A and B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite A and B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite A and B is
+isolated so uh only can only occur from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated so uh only can only occur from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated so uh only can only occur from
+hot to cold high temperature to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot to cold high temperature to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot to cold high temperature to low
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a
+finite if the two systems initially are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite if the two systems initially are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite if the two systems initially are
+at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperatures it says that the there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures it says that the there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures it says that the there must
+be also an eltropy transfer between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and this entropy transfer must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this entropy transfer must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this entropy transfer must be
+contained between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extremes it doesn't have have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes it doesn't have have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes it doesn't have have to have a
+specific value as long as it is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific value as long as it is within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific value as long as it is within
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and
+clearly if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly if the
+temperatures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive as they are for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as they are for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as they are for the most
+systems uh that entropy transfer occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh that entropy transfer occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh that entropy transfer occurs
+in the same direction as the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction as the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction as the energy
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+so the sign of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sign of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sign of Delta
+S I mean if this is positive temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I mean if this is positive temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S I mean if this is positive temperature
+is positive so this is a positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive so this is a positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive so this is a positive number
+and Delta s must be greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s must be greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s must be greater than a
+positive number so it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two I need also to transfer entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I need also to transfer entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I need also to transfer entropy
+which is also uh the geometrical idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yeah D NM all what do it 2 a 3 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah D NM all what do it 2 a 3 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah D NM all what do it 2 a 3 y
+z yes yeah let's discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z yes yeah let's discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z yes yeah let's discuss
+that um this is just a way to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this is just a way to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this is just a way to identify
+the inequalities because I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequalities because I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequalities because I'm interested
+also in when are the strict equalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in when are the strict equalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in when are the strict equalities
+valid in these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situations and uh so I kept the trace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and uh so I kept the trace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and uh so I kept the trace of
+where they came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they came from
+for example one a comes from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one a comes from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one a comes from here
+if system a under go a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if system a under go a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if system a under go a reversible
+process so that the uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that the uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that the uh there's no
+entropy produced in a this becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced in a this becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced in a this becomes a
+strict equality okay and you and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict equality okay and you and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict equality okay and you and so this
+becomes here's one a so this becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes here's one a so this becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes here's one a so this becomes a
+strict equality when this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict equality when this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict equality when this is
+zero that Al so for system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that Al so for system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that Al so for system
+B then we have uh uh like 3 a oh no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we have uh uh like 3 a oh no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then we have uh uh like 3 a oh no I'm
+sorry 2 a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 2 a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 2 a is
+here when is the uh strict quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when is the uh strict quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when is the uh strict quality
+valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid
+okay remember there is is where we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember there is is where we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember there is is where we did
+the taor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion so if we if we remain on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so if we if we remain on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion so if we if we remain on the
+curve for the stable equilibrium stat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for the stable equilibrium stat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for the stable equilibrium stat so
+if state two of system a uh is stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if state two of system a uh is stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if state two of system a uh is stable
+equilibrium uh we have strict equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh we have strict equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh we have strict equality
+because we are in the maximum entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are in the maximum entropy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are in the maximum entropy uh
+State here if you instead go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State here if you instead go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State here if you instead go somewhere
+inside uh then you have an inequality a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside uh then you have an inequality a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside uh then you have an inequality a
+strict inequality so in other words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict inequality so in other words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict inequality so in other words that
+inequality measures how distance you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality measures how distance you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality measures how distance you are
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+okay so that means that if system a ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that if system a ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that if system a ends
+up in stable equilibrium State you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in stable equilibrium State you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in stable equilibrium State you have
+the equality here in 2 a them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality here in 2 a them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality here in 2 a them for
+2B ah 3 a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B are
+um okay when do I have equality there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay when do I have equality there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay when do I have equality there we
+said it if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it if we have a
+reservoir if we have a reservoir the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir if we have a reservoir the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir if we have a reservoir the
+second derivatives are zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives are zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivatives are zero and
+therefore this is equal uh so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is equal uh so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is equal uh so in order
+for the DS a to be strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the DS a to be strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the DS a to be strictly
+equal to D EA over T1 I need both these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D EA over T1 I need both these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D EA over T1 I need both these
+inequalities to be strict equalities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities to be strict equalities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities to be strict equalities so
+I need system a to end in a stable equum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need system a to end in a stable equum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need system a to end in a stable equum
+State and system a to be a resir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and system a to be a resir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and system a to be a resir
+even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+now it's clear also that since these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's clear also that since these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's clear also that since these two
+extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+values are different if I start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are different if I start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are different if I start from
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+temperatures okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures okay it's
+impossible that all the strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible that all the strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible that all the strict
+inequalities equalities apply at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities equalities apply at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities equalities apply at once
+otherwise I would have a situ in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I would have a situ in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I would have a situ in which
+one number is different from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number okay but for example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay but for example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay but for example suppose
+system a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a is a
+reservoir and suppose it does end in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir and suppose it does end in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir and suppose it does end in a
+stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium
+State and suppose that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and suppose that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and suppose that there is no
+entropy produced by reversibility within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by reversibility within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy produced by reversibility within
+a okay that is enough for this strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay that is enough for this strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay that is enough for this strict
+equality to apply and that strict equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality to apply and that strict equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality to apply and that strict equ
+quality to apply so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality to apply so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality to apply so that means that the
+amount of entropy that is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of entropy that is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of entropy that is uh uh
+extracted from a is equal to the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted from a is equal to the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted from a is equal to the amount
+of energy extracted divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy extracted divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy extracted divided by the
+temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+that's we're converging to the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're converging to the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're converging to the idea of a
+heat interaction because that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat interaction because that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat interaction because that will be a
+heat interaction when the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat interaction when the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat interaction when the ratio of the
+energy to the entropy exchanged is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the entropy exchanged is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the entropy exchanged is equal
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+uh the temperature of the system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the temperature of the system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the temperature of the system that
+gives the end the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy okay but so if if a is a resir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay but so if if a is a resir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay but so if if a is a resir
+and ends up in an an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends up in an an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends up in an an equilibrium
+State then suppose then either this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State then suppose then either this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State then suppose then either this one
+or the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other one
+must not be uh strict equal cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must not be uh strict equal cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must not be uh strict equal cannot be
+strict equality so uh either if system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict equality so uh either if system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict equality so uh either if system
+B if you insist that system B also ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if you insist that system B also ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if you insist that system B also ends
+in a stable equilibrium State and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stable equilibrium State and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a stable equilibrium State and maybe
+it's also a reservoir so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a reservoir so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a reservoir so now we have
+having two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoirs uh it means so this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs uh it means so this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs uh it means so this one is
+equal so it means that this one cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so it means that this one cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so it means that this one cannot
+be equal and therefore it means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal and therefore it means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal and therefore it means that you
+have you need to generate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you need to generate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you need to generate some
+entropy by reversibility in system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which we can
+uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we can picture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way oh no
+sorry I said worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I said worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I said worse
+we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it
+here system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay it just say A and B and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay it just say A and B and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay it just say A and B and you know
+what we mean energy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean energy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean energy versus
+Center so if I extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center so if I extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center so if I extract
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from
+a it ends up in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and no
+entropy production by irreversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production by irreversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy production by irreversibility
+here now system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now system
+B must take that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so somehow I should take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so somehow I should take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so somehow I should take a
+segment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much uh it receives an entropy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh it receives an entropy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh it receives an entropy which is
+equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+here so the effect of the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the effect of the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the effect of the interaction
+with a is to transfer this much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a is to transfer this much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a is to transfer this much energy
+and this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this much
+entropy to b b ends up in a non-e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy to b b ends up in a non-e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy to b b ends up in a non-e
+equilibrium State and if you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State and if you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State and if you want it to
+go to an equilibrium state it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an equilibrium state it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to an equilibrium state it needs to
+generate this entropy by reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibility all right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility all right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility all right so this is a
+complicated picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated picture that
+I it's another couple of days of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's another couple of days of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's another couple of days of uh uh
+playing with um PowerPoint but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provide a geometrical explanation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a geometrical explanation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a geometrical explanation of
+this uh train of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh train of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh train of
+inequalities essentially showing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities essentially showing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities essentially showing that um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+change or actually the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or actually the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or actually the entropy
+transferred is between a minimum and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred is between a minimum and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred is between a minimum and a
+maximum value that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value that is
+uh related to the slopes the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related to the slopes the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh related to the slopes the local
+slopes of the table stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes of the table stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes of the table stable equilibrium
+states of the two systems A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and I think there is also an even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I think there is also an even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and I think there is also an even more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um clus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement we proved it for incin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we proved it for incin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we proved it for incin
+decimal um amounts of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfer but what about you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer but what about you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer but what about you want to
+extract a finite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract a finite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract a finite amount of
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well finite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well finite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well finite amount of
+energy uh it is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh it is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh it is U
+again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we
+cannot reason this way I'm starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot reason this way I'm starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot reason this way I'm starting from
+system a in state A1 and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a in state A1 and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a in state A1 and I want to
+extract this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so as I said it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so as I said it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so as I said it could
+go in any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states system B starts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it receives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy and and in principle it can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and and in principle it can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and and in principle it can go in
+any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that means that if you give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that if you give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that if you give to
+be this much energy it is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this much energy it is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this much energy it is able to
+accommodate only this much entropy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate only this much entropy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate only this much entropy it
+cannot go to the right to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go to the right to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go to the right to the right
+because there are no states there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no states there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no states there so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+max the maximum amount of entropy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max the maximum amount of entropy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max the maximum amount of entropy that
+we can accommodate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can accommodate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can accommodate and
+therefore that's the maximum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that's the maximum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that's the maximum amount of
+entropy that a can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that a can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that a can
+decrease so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so that means that
+somehow uh uh a can only go uh down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh uh a can only go uh down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow uh uh a can only go uh down to
+here and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that is
+uh the meaning of this construction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the meaning of this construction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the meaning of this construction so
+uh there is a limited range of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a limited range of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a limited range of possible
+values and here is the is the analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and here is the is the analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and here is the is the analytic
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the Claus inequality let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Claus inequality let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Claus inequality let's call it
+Claus inequality for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh
+okay yeah we have 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes I think it's enough oops I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I think it's enough oops I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I think it's enough oops I know
+next yeah sorry I decided I I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next yeah sorry I decided I I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next yeah sorry I decided I I decided
+that I couldn't get this far but so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't get this far but so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't get this far but so I
+don't have VI graphs anymore so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have VI graphs anymore so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have VI graphs anymore so next
+time we'll do work and uh and heat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll do work and uh and heat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll do work and uh and heat but
+let me anticipate the idea first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me anticipate the idea first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me anticipate the idea first of all
+we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define
+work as an interaction in which there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as an interaction in which there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as an interaction in which there is
+no entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfer see that we we shifted the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer see that we we shifted the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer see that we we shifted the the
+order of of of typical presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of of of typical presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of of of typical presentation
+usually in fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh see here we are using entropy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see here we are using entropy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see here we are using entropy to
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other anything that transfers entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other anything that transfers entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other anything that transfers entropy is
+a non-w work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and if
+uh if there is an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there is an entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there is an entropy
+transfer is not necessarily always heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer is not necessarily always heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer is not necessarily always heat
+we're going to call heat a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call heat a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call heat a very special
+limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting
+situation essentially that limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation essentially that limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation essentially that limiting
+situation that is captured by this train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that is captured by this train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that is captured by this train
+of inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here when you squeeze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you squeeze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when you squeeze the
+interval in which the entropy transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in which the entropy transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in which the entropy transfer
+values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are
+confined and you squeeze that interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined and you squeeze that interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined and you squeeze that interval
+it becomes just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes just a single
+possibility how do you squeeze that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility how do you squeeze that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility how do you squeeze that
+interval by having the two systems begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval by having the two systems begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval by having the two systems begin
+at close temperatures close and close or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at close temperatures close and close or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at close temperatures close and close or
+actually in the limit in which the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the limit in which the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the limit in which the two
+systems have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems have the same
+temperature the the entropy transfer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the the entropy transfer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the the entropy transfer as
+a precise value it doesn't have any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precise value it doesn't have any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precise value it doesn't have any more
+in range just a precise single value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in range just a precise single value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in range just a precise single value
+which is equal to to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to to the energy
+transferred divided by the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred divided by the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred divided by the temperature
+of the two systems that's we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two systems that's we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two systems that's we call it
+heat and that's so energy we will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and that's so energy we will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and that's so energy we will call
+it Q so Q over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Q so Q over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Q so Q over
+T so the entropy transfer will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so the entropy transfer will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so the entropy transfer will be the
+heat over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat over the
+temperature which I'm sure is uh the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which I'm sure is uh the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which I'm sure is uh the way
+you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen
+uh probably the definition of entropy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably the definition of entropy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably the definition of entropy in
+previous uh courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yeah I think we can stop uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah I think we can stop uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah I think we can stop uh here
+for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eb-eRduYwZY.txt b/eb-eRduYwZY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e4fbf77a926dc84126c5b9d0486da68bb31f598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eb-eRduYwZY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+In this problem, we're given a
+random variable X which has a
+
+uniform distribution in the
+interval negative 1 to 1.
+
+In other words, if we were to
+draw out the PDF of X, we see
+
+that in the interval negative
+1 to 1, it has value 1/2.
+
+ 
+
+Now we're given a sequence
+random variables X1, X2, and
+
+so on, where each Xi has the
+same distribution as X and
+
+different Xi's are
+independent.
+
+For part a, we would like to
+know if the sequence Xi
+
+converges to some number--
+
+let's call it c--
+
+in probability as i
+goes to infinity--
+
+whether this is true.
+
+Let's first recall the
+definition of convergence in
+
+probability.
+
+If this does happen, then by
+definition, we'll have that
+
+for every epsilon greater than
+0, the probability Xi minus c
+
+greater equal to epsilon, this
+quantity will go to 0 in the
+
+limit of i going to infinity.
+
+In other words, with very high
+probability, we will find Xi
+
+to be very concentrated around
+the number c if this were to
+
+be the PDF of Xi.
+
+Now, can this be true?
+
+Well, we know that each Xi is
+simply a uniform distribution
+
+over negative 1 to 1.
+
+It doesn't really change
+as we increase i.
+
+So intuitively, the
+concentration around any
+
+number c is not going
+to happen.
+
+So we should not expect a
+convergence in probability in
+
+this sense.
+
+For part b, we would like to
+know whether the sequence Yi,
+
+defined as Xi divided by i,
+converges to anything in
+
+probability.
+
+Well, by just looking at the
+shape of Yi, we know that
+
+since the absolute value of Xi
+is less than 1, then we expect
+
+the absolute value of
+Yi is less than 1/i.
+
+So eventually, Yi gets
+very close to 0
+
+as i goes to infinity.
+
+So it's safe to bet that maybe
+Yi will converge to 0 in
+
+probability.
+
+Let's see if this is
+indeed the case.
+
+The probability of Yi minus 0
+greater equal to epsilon is
+
+equal to the probability of Yi
+absolute value greater equal
+
+to epsilon.
+
+Now, previously we know that the
+absolute value of Yi is at
+
+most 1/i by the definition
+of Yi.
+
+And hence the probability right
+here is upper bounded by
+
+the probability of 1i greater
+equal to epsilon.
+
+Notice in this expression,
+there is nothing random.
+
+i is simply a number.
+
+Hence this is either 1 if i is
+less equal to 1/epsilon, or 0
+
+if i is greater than
+1/epsilon.
+
+Now, this tells us, as long as
+i is great enough-- it's big
+
+enough compared to epsilon--
+
+we know that this quantity
+here is [INAUDIBLE]
+
+0.
+
+And that tells us in the limit
+of i goes to infinity
+
+probability of Yi deviating
+from 0 by more than
+
+epsilon goes to 0.
+
+And that shows that indeed, Yi
+converges to 0 in probability
+
+because the expression right
+here, this limit, holds for
+
+all epsilon.
+
+Now, in the last part of the
+problem, we are looking at a
+
+sequence Zi defined by Xi raised
+to the i-th power.
+
+Again, since we know Xi is some
+number between negative 1
+
+and 1, this number raised to the
+i-th power is likely to be
+
+very small.
+
+And likely to be small in the
+sense that it will have
+
+absolute value close to 0.
+
+So a safe guess will be the
+sequence Zi converges to 0 as
+
+well as i goes to infinity.
+
+How do we prove this formally?
+
+We'll start again with a
+probability that Zi stays away
+
+from 0 by more than epsilon
+and see how that evolves.
+
+And this is equal to the
+probability that Xi raised to
+
+the i-th power greater
+equal to epsilon.
+
+Or again, we can write this by
+taking out the absolute value
+
+that Xi is less equal to
+negative epsilon raised to the
+
+1 over i-th power or Xi greater
+equal to epsilon 1
+
+over i-th power.
+
+So here, we'll divide into two
+cases, depending on the value
+
+of epsilon.
+
+In the first case, epsilon
+is greater than 1.
+
+Well, if that's the case, then
+we know epsilon raised to some
+
+positive power is still
+greater than 1.
+
+But again, Xi cannot have any
+positive density be on the
+
+interval negative 1 or 1.
+
+And hence we know the
+probability above, which is Xi
+
+less than some number smaller
+than negative 1 or greater
+
+than some number bigger
+than 1 is 0.
+
+So that case is handled.
+
+Now let's look at a case where
+epsilon is less than 1,
+
+greater than 0.
+
+So in this case, epsilon to the
+1/i will be less than 1.
+
+And it's not that difficult
+to check that since Xi has
+
+uniform density between negative
+1 and 1 of magnitude
+
+1/2, then the probability here
+was simply 2 times 1/2 times
+
+the distance between epsilon
+to the 1 over
+
+i-th power and 1.
+
+So in order to prove this
+quantity converge to 0, we
+
+simply have to justify why
+does epsilon to the 1/i
+
+converge to 1 as i
+goes to infinity.
+
+For that, we'll recall
+the properties
+
+of exponential functions.
+
+In particular, if a is a
+positive number and x is its
+
+exponent, if we were to take the
+limit as x goes to 0 and
+
+look at the value of a to the
+power of x, we see that
+
+this goes to 1.
+
+So in this case, we'll let a be
+equal to epsilon and x be
+
+equal to 1/i.
+
+As we can see that as i goes to
+infinity, the value of x,
+
+which is 1/i, does go to 0.
+
+And therefore, in the limit i
+going to infinity, the value
+
+of epsilon to the 1 over
+i-th power goes to 1.
+
+And that shows if we plug this
+limit into the expression
+
+right here that indeed, the term
+right here goes to 0 as i
+
+goes to infinity.
+
+And all in all, this implies the
+probability of Zi minus 0
+
+absolute value greater equal to
+epsilon in the limit of i
+
+going to infinity converges to
+0 for all positive epsilon.
+
+And that completes our proof
+that indeed, Zi converges to 0
+
+in probability.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/etbY4_d3peg.txt b/etbY4_d3peg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d861a12f11e4b0e9b52e8ce8633f621c1e0e5f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etbY4_d3peg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3892 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So misconceptions.
+
+So misconceptions, alternative
+conceptions, understanding the
+
+student view of the world,
+why is that important?
+
+Well one of the best ways to
+introduce the importance of
+
+the idea is a story.
+
+Now I'm not 100% sure the story
+is true, but it's so
+
+good that it ought to be
+true even if it isn't.
+
+I think it is actually true.
+
+So this was two, let's say
+physics, TAs, physics grad
+
+students, who were in
+a philosophy class.
+
+And the teacher in the
+philosophy class said well--
+
+they were talking about things
+being relative, and morals
+
+being relatives, and relativity
+in philosophy--
+
+as an example of relativity,
+and things being relative
+
+depending on the situation, if
+you drop a pencil on the
+
+Earth, it will fall
+to the ground.
+
+But if you drop the pencil
+on the moon, it
+
+won't fall to the ground.
+
+It will just float.
+
+And so most of the people in
+the class just nodded,
+
+basically thinking, oh that's
+a good example.
+
+But the two physicists in the
+class were a bit shocked and
+
+said well wait a minute,
+wait a minute.
+
+That can't be true.
+
+Surely, something
+is wrong here.
+
+So they raised their hand.
+
+They said, well wait a minute.
+
+If you drop a pencil on the
+moon, surely it's going to
+
+fall to the ground, to the
+ground of the moon.
+
+And the other people in
+the class said, no,
+
+no, that's not right.
+
+That's not right.
+
+So they thought, OK, well we
+have some way of convincing
+
+them that the pencil's
+not going to float.
+
+And they said, OK well you all
+saw the pictures of the
+
+astronauts walking on
+the moon, right?
+
+And they said, oh yeah.
+
+Well, when the astronauts walk,
+did they just float
+
+away, or did they stay
+on the moon?
+
+Oh, they stayed on the moon.
+
+Well, how'd that happen?
+
+They thought, oh we
+have them now.
+
+And what was the response?
+
+The response was, oh, well
+that was because the
+
+astronauts were wearing
+heavy boots.
+
+So here was a chance to do a bit
+of educational research.
+
+So they thought, oh my god.
+
+Maybe is this just this class?
+
+Let's actually do a survey.
+
+So they took out the university
+phone directory and
+
+just randomly dialed people.
+
+And they called them up and
+said, OK if you drop a pencil
+
+on the moon, will
+it float away or
+
+will fall to the ground?
+
+And most of the people said,
+it's going to float away.
+
+So then they said, oh yeah, but
+what about the astronauts?
+
+And they gave them the
+whole thing about
+
+the astronauts again.
+
+And about half of the people
+said, oh yeah, that's because
+
+the astronauts were wearing
+heavy boots.
+
+So again, they were shocked
+and flabbergasted.
+
+And I think that reaction is
+a very healthy reaction.
+
+But what it shows is
+that the students--
+
+so in this case they weren't
+officially their students--
+
+but students--
+
+they could easily be
+your students--
+
+can have a very different view
+of the world, of the physical
+
+world, than you have.
+
+And if that's true, that means
+that as you're teaching them,
+
+what you're teaching is actually
+being interpreted in
+
+this completely different way.
+
+I think Goethe said that--
+
+he said that mathematicians,
+or maybe it was Frenchmen.
+
+It was either Frenchmen
+or mathematicians.
+
+Maybe it was mathematicians.
+
+They have their own language,
+and everything you tell them,
+
+they first translate into their
+own language, and only
+
+then do they understand it.
+
+So that's the same thing.
+
+The students are translating the
+things you're saying into
+
+their own language.
+
+But to understand what they're
+translating into, you have to
+
+know what their language is.
+
+So in other words, you have
+to understand not just the
+
+misconceptions, but in general
+the conceptions that students
+
+have, so that you can actually
+plan your teaching.
+
+And here is a diagram
+to illustrate that.
+
+So this is a model of teaching
+to see where all
+
+the pieces fit in.
+
+So here, this is the system,
+which is how students think.
+
+This is the output, which is
+what students can do after
+
+they go through our teaching.
+
+And this is the input, which
+is what we do, what kind of
+
+classroom structure we set up,
+what assignments we do.
+
+And by this, I mean how students
+think individually
+
+and collectively, how students
+work together, as well.
+
+So generally speaking
+the way--
+
+so this is the system.
+
+And call this the result.
+
+And this is the teaching.
+
+Our problem is trying to figure
+out the teaching.
+
+And how do you figure
+out the teaching?
+
+Well you start with figuring
+out what result you want.
+
+What do you want students
+to be able to do?
+
+What is your goal
+for the class?
+
+And then you have to run it
+back through the system.
+
+Right so you figure out the
+result, and you run it through
+
+the inverse of s.
+
+And then there's
+your teaching.
+
+That's the teaching equation
+let's call it.
+
+Now those of you from
+engineering fields know that
+
+basically the only thing
+you can do anything
+
+with is linear systems.
+
+And unfortunately anything
+that's even slightly non
+
+linear basically is a bag of
+tricks, and there's nothing
+
+you can do.
+
+And you're just hosed.
+
+Well unfortunately this system
+is incredibly non-linear.
+
+So it's probably kind of hard to
+work out s inverse, even if
+
+you can work out r.
+
+But it's hard, but it doesn't
+mean you can't start.
+
+And a necessary condition for
+even doing anything in this
+
+direction is you have to
+know what is in s,
+
+how do students think.
+
+Another necessary condition
+is you need to work out r.
+
+And that's actually
+something--
+
+what is the result you want?
+
+So that we're going to
+talk about in the
+
+session on course design.
+
+That's something that's often
+forgotten in teaching, and
+
+it's fundamentally important.
+
+That if you don't plan your
+goals, if you don't plan where
+
+you want to go, your chance of
+getting there is pretty low.
+
+So assume you've done that.
+
+The next thing you want to do is
+you want to understand how
+
+students think, so that you
+can plan your teaching to
+
+reach them, in other words,
+so you have some chance of
+
+working out s inverse.
+
+Now you can't actually write
+down some equation for s
+
+inverse, but you can invert
+it mentally in your head.
+
+And a necessary condition for
+doing that is to understand s.
+
+So you want to understand where
+students are coming
+
+from, so that you
+can work out t.
+
+So that's the signals and
+systems model of teaching.
+
+Now, an example again to show
+the importance of doing that
+
+and what happens if you don't
+actually understand where the
+
+student's are is yet another
+example from freshman physics.
+
+I'll leave this here.
+
+So this is one of the examples
+from the readings.
+
+So not everyone may have
+read that reading.
+
+It's the reading by Reif.
+
+And it's this problem.
+
+So this is a pendulum at
+five points in its arc.
+
+So these are the endpoints.
+
+And the question people were
+asked was to draw the
+
+acceleration vector at
+these five locations.
+
+So what's the acceleration
+right here, here,
+
+here, here, and here?
+
+So I'm not so interested in what
+the actual answer is as
+
+so much as how people
+did on this.
+
+So this is actually
+really shocking.
+
+So of students in intro
+physics who've had
+
+acceleration--
+
+so they'd done acceleration--
+
+zero out of 124 students
+could do that problem.
+
+So that's 0%.
+
+So of grad TAs, it was 15%.
+
+So these are grad TAs in physics
+who TA that course.
+
+And PhD students--
+
+so was PhD students on their
+qualifying exam.
+
+It went up to 22%.
+
+OK so now this is a
+fundamentally important idea,
+
+acceleration.
+
+But you'd expect PhD students
+on their qualifying
+
+exam to be at 100%.
+
+And you'd like the TAs in the
+course to be at 100%.
+
+Because there's no chance of
+them teaching the students an
+
+idea that they themselves
+don't understand.
+
+As Polya said, there's no
+method of teaching yet
+
+invented that will allow the
+students to understand what
+
+their teacher does not.
+
+And that's true.
+
+There's no amount of sort of
+trickery with style and things
+
+you can do to convey
+an understanding
+
+that you don't have.
+
+So this is a very shocking
+number to me.
+
+And--
+
+AUDIENCE: Who said that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: Who said that?
+
+PROFESSOR: George Polya.
+
+So Polya was a great mathematics
+teacher from
+
+Hungary and then eventually
+at Stanford.
+
+And he's written--
+
+I'll put references to his
+books on the website.
+
+But they are some of the
+best books on math
+
+teaching ever written.
+
+And so he said that in
+one of his books.
+
+And it's I think very true.
+
+So what this example shows is
+that, a, the teachers didn't
+
+understand it.
+
+But that really fundamental
+ideas can be completely
+
+skipped over for years
+and years and years.
+
+Yes, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a special
+example of some vague,
+
+conceptually difficult
+problem.
+
+I'm just wondering-- so
+I read the article.
+
+Did they focus on how to
+figure the answer out?
+
+Because a lot of physics
+majors don't.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so the
+question is, how
+
+difficult is this problem?
+
+It's an interesting problem,
+because it's difficult if you
+
+try to do it by just blasting
+out the equations.
+
+So they actually asked
+a bunch of faculty
+
+members the same question.
+
+And one of them just got
+completely tangled in knots,
+
+physics faculty, trying to write
+out the differential
+
+equation and figure
+out what the
+
+acceleration is by brute force.
+
+So yeah, it is hard if
+you do it that way.
+
+But if you actually
+understand--
+
+I'll show you--
+
+what the acceleration means,
+then it's no problem.
+
+So for example, here, the
+thing isn't moving.
+
+So it has v equals zero.
+
+But, what velocity is it going
+to have just a bit later.
+
+Well it's going to be
+going that way.
+
+So that means acceleration
+is that way.
+
+AUDIENCE: But were they given
+enough time to do this, to do
+
+this thinking problem?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so they were
+given quite a while.
+
+I think it was--
+
+when the study on the faculty
+members, I think it was a big
+
+long think aloud protocol.
+
+So they were given like
+half an hour.
+
+In fact, the time is
+what hurt them.
+
+Because they all thought,
+oh I have so much time.
+
+I'm going to just blast
+it out with equations.
+
+And if you were only given one
+minute, you might have
+
+actually had a chance.
+
+Because you realized, oh I
+have to think about this
+
+intuitively.
+
+So here, same thing
+by symmetry.
+
+And then this one is hard.
+
+And this one is hard.
+
+But this one right at the
+center is much easier.
+
+So this one catches
+a lot of people.
+
+But here it's moving in a
+circle, and it's at its
+
+maximum speed.
+
+So here it's moving at
+its maximum speed.
+
+So it's not going to be going
+faster that way or that way.
+
+So its speed is actually at a
+max, which means there's no
+
+change in speed.
+
+So you're not going to get any
+
+acceleration in that direction.
+
+But because it's moving
+in a circle,
+
+somebody's yanking it upwards.
+
+So it has to be accelerating
+upwards to move in a circle,
+
+because it was going this way.
+
+And then later, it's
+going that way.
+
+So it has to be accelerating
+upwards.
+
+So there's an acceleration
+vector upwards, like that.
+
+So this is a bit exaggerated.
+
+It's generally not that big.
+
+And then the question is, with
+these guys, well it's just
+
+interpolation.
+
+It's somewhere between
+that and that.
+
+So it's going to be something
+like that and something like
+
+that, depending on where
+exactly they are.
+
+But this is the one that tripped
+up a lot of people.
+
+And in fact, a lot of people
+got tripped up because they
+
+memorize the following thing,
+which is an object in simple
+
+harmonic motion has no
+acceleration at the
+
+equilibrium point.
+
+And that's true, except
+this isn't a
+
+simple harmonic motion.
+
+It's almost.
+
+But it's a pendulum.
+
+It's not a pure spring.
+
+So it has circular motion.
+
+So if you reason about it
+from the motion, it's
+
+actually very quick.
+
+But if you try to blast it out
+with equations, you're
+
+basically hosed.
+
+So I wanted to check also, how
+deep are these misconceptions?
+
+So I actually did a survey of
+students in Cambridge in the
+
+physics major.
+
+And so one of the questions I
+asked them was the following--
+
+so I made a survey of
+nine questions.
+
+And I wanted to see how they
+reasoned intuitively on these
+
+nine questions.
+
+And to force intuitive
+reasoning, I only gave a few
+
+minutes to get around
+the problem.
+
+So they knew that basically
+writing out a bunch of
+
+equations wasn't going to help,
+because you had no time
+
+to actually write
+them all out.
+
+So the question was, which
+is going to go
+
+faster down the plane?
+
+So these are two identical
+planes, inclined planes with
+
+angle alpha.
+
+And there is either going to be
+a disk like a coin rolling
+
+down the plane, or a ring, like
+somebody's wedding ring
+
+rolling down the plane.
+
+And the question is, which goes
+faster, or which has a
+
+bigger acceleration.
+
+So this we'll call the hoop,
+and this is the disk.
+
+And they're going down
+the same angle.
+
+AUDIENCE: The mass
+is the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: I didn't say that.
+
+The question is, is
+the mass the same?
+
+So I'm going to give
+you that choice.
+
+So the question is, which
+goes faster in
+
+acceleration or velocity?
+
+So the choices were the hoop--
+
+So to answer the question about
+mass, one of the choices
+
+is that it depends on mass.
+
+Depends upon radius or
+depends on alpha.
+
+So it could depend on the mass,
+the radius, or on alpha.
+
+It could be the same.
+
+The disk could be faster.
+
+Or the hoop could be faster.
+
+OK, so just for fun--
+
+and I realize this is not
+a physics class--
+
+but it's fun to actually try to
+guess the answer to this,
+
+even if you're not
+a physicist.
+
+So choose A, B, C, D, E,
+or F in cooperation
+
+with one or two neighbors.
+
+And then I'll talk about my
+analysis of this problem.
+
+OK, take another 30 seconds
+and collect a vote.
+
+Again, it doesn't really matter
+whether you get it
+
+right or not.
+
+I just want you to think about
+it, so you realize it is a
+
+subtle question.
+
+OK, so who votes for the
+hoop being faster?
+
+Who votes for the disk
+being faster?
+
+Who votes that they're
+the same?
+
+That it depends on the mass,
+you'd like to know the mass?
+
+Fair enough.
+
+That you'd like to
+know the radius?
+
+Maybe 12.
+
+That you'd like to know the
+inclined plane angle?
+
+Nobody like that one, OK.
+
+And now who's sure
+of their answer.
+
+OK, so that's a much
+lower number.
+
+So now I can show you what
+numbers came up when I asked
+
+the students this.
+
+So this was 11%.
+
+35%.
+
+13%.
+
+This one is 11% as well.
+
+Radius was 26%.
+
+And 3%.
+
+So kind of similar, kind of
+similar to your percentages.
+
+And again, only about a third
+of the people were sure of
+
+their answer.
+
+OK, so why is this
+interesting?
+
+Well first of all, all the
+students had the technical
+
+knowledge to do the problem.
+
+These were all physics majors in
+various years, one through
+
+four, so freshman
+through senior.
+
+But the freshman had seen the
+material to actually do this
+
+and calculate it if
+they need to.
+
+So now this problem illustrates
+well first of all
+
+that even an intuitive question
+like this can
+
+actually trip people up, even
+if they've done all the
+
+calculations.
+
+So the question is, how
+are they reasoning?
+
+Now in Cambridge I had the
+advantage of also doing
+
+tutorials, because that's how
+half the teaching goes.
+
+So in tutorials I actually
+I set this problem for my
+
+students, and I got a chance
+to talk to them about it.
+
+So I got to figure out, how are
+they reasoning about it?
+
+So I asked them, well what do
+you think is going to happen?
+
+And then please explain why,
+more than you can get just
+
+from multiple choice.
+
+And the answers were
+very revealing.
+
+What they said was, many of
+them said, well, just as
+
+heavier objects fall faster,
+so should heavier
+
+objects roll faster.
+
+So that was basically to justify
+they wanted to know
+
+either the radius or the mass,
+because that would affect the
+
+mass, and that would also
+affect the mass.
+
+So, let me put that up again,
+because that's a really
+
+interesting statement.
+
+So actually what I call this,
+this is like the American
+
+theory of the British accent.
+
+Some of you know my explanation
+of that.
+
+So the American theory of the
+British accent is that if you
+
+go to an English person and you
+step on their feet in the
+
+middle of the nigh, they'll
+actually cry out in an
+
+American accent.
+
+Which is to say that the
+American, sort of folk theory
+
+of the British accent is that
+the British accent is a fake
+
+that people just put on, and
+in moments of stress they
+
+forget to do the put on act.
+
+OK, so now why do
+I bring that up?
+
+Well because it's
+very similar.
+
+So if you ask the students--
+
+suppose you didn't tell
+them this question
+
+about inclined planes.
+
+You just say, do heavier
+objects fall faster?
+
+You don't know about air
+resistance or anything.
+
+They say, oh no definitely
+not.
+
+Galileo showed that.
+
+But what this shows is that in
+a new situation, in other
+
+words where they don't have
+their automatic reactions, all
+
+of a sudden the folk theory
+comes out again.
+
+They really do think heavier
+objects fall faster.
+
+Right, so how can you reconcile
+that with if you ask
+
+them, they'll say
+no they don't?
+
+Well that's because they had so
+much experience with every
+
+time they said that, someone
+said, whack.
+
+Heavier objects fall
+at the same speed.
+
+Galileo showed that, Leaning
+Tower of Pisa.
+
+So it becomes this linguistic
+string which hasn't actually
+
+been incorporated into their way
+of thinking about how the
+
+world works.
+
+They think force is related
+to velocity, heavier
+
+objects fall faster.
+
+And to get that to come out,
+you have to, for example,
+
+equivalent to stepping on them
+in the middle of a night,
+
+surprising them.
+
+So you surprise them with a
+completely new context, which
+
+is the rolling.
+
+Rolling, they haven't thought
+much about rolling.
+
+So all of a sudden, they're now
+thinking about rolling.
+
+And they're not thinking about
+all the policing rules that
+
+they were told about what
+happens to heavier objects.
+
+And so now their true way of
+looking at the world comes
+
+out, which is that heavier
+objects fall faster.
+
+So again, if you don't realize
+that that's what they're
+
+doing, your teaching is going
+to be completely pointless.
+
+And what's going to happen is
+the following, which is that
+
+here are two models.
+
+The students will develop
+two models of the
+
+world in their mind.
+
+One let's call it the
+school model.
+
+And another is their
+intuitive model.
+
+And let's say they start out a
+bit different from each other.
+
+And now you do a whole bunch
+more teaching, and you don't
+
+take account of the fact that
+this belongs in their
+
+intuitive model.
+
+And you teach a bunch of stuff
+about rolling down the plane.
+
+You do it with a bunch
+of equations.
+
+By the way, I should tell you
+what the right answer is.
+
+The right answer is this one.
+
+It actually doesn't matter how
+heavy they are, because it's a
+
+gravitation problem.
+
+But suppose you just
+calculated it out.
+
+Well what have you done?
+
+You've overlaid on top of this,
+you've put in-- so this
+
+is their intuitive model.
+
+You've done a whole bunch
+of calculations
+
+which contradict it.
+
+And the two models diverge
+farther and
+
+farther from each other.
+
+So now next time they have to
+solve a problem, they have to
+
+decide whether I'm going to use
+the school model or the
+
+intuitive model.
+
+And they learn, OK, well
+the intuitive model
+
+doesn't work very well.
+
+Let me use the school model.
+
+So the school model basically
+keeps diverging.
+
+And the intuitive model and the
+school model never meet
+
+again, which means that they
+can't use their intuition for
+
+solving any of the problems you
+give them, or that they're
+
+going to solve later.
+
+So that is an educational
+tragedy.
+
+So the divergence, and in my
+view, that is the fundamental
+
+reason why most teaching
+produces no
+
+results a year later.
+
+Because what you've done is
+you've developed the school
+
+model, the symbolic crunching,
+whatever it may be.
+
+But you haven't actually yanked
+the intuitive model and
+
+the school model together.
+
+You need to actually work on
+bringing them together.
+
+So now the natural question
+is, how do you do that?
+
+So let me give you another
+example of a similar
+
+misconception and a way of
+yanking the two together.
+
+Yes, question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Would you mind
+explaining why
+
+the disk rolls faster?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah,
+why is it the disk?
+
+Yeah, sure.
+
+So first of all, why doesn't
+it depend on
+
+let's say the mass?
+
+So that's one thing to
+clear up right away.
+
+And one way to reason about
+that, maybe the best way in a
+
+physics class is to do
+it by dimensions.
+
+But another way is the following
+thought experiment.
+
+Which is, suppose I
+have two disks--
+
+let's see, I might
+be poor today.
+
+I only have one disk
+in my pocket.
+
+Well here's two disks.
+
+The chalk is also a disk.
+
+So now, suppose I have one piece
+of chalk, and I want to
+
+roll it down the
+incline plane.
+
+And now I ask about a second
+piece of chalk.
+
+Let's say they're identical
+pieces of chalk.
+
+They're both going to go
+at the same speed.
+
+OK, so now suppose I stick a bit
+of glue on this chalk and
+
+that chalk, and I stick
+them together.
+
+They're going to go, again, at
+the same speed, as if the glue
+
+weren't there.
+
+Because the glue isn't
+being stressed.
+
+They're just moving
+identically.
+
+So what I've shown by that
+experiment is that a heavy
+
+piece of chalk moves
+just the same as a
+
+light piece of chalk.
+
+So it's quite plausible from
+that reasoning that mass
+
+doesn't matter.
+
+Why doesn't radius matter?
+
+Well you could do a couple of
+scaling arguments to show that
+
+the extra torque you get from
+being bigger is exactly
+
+canceled out by the extra mass
+because you're bigger.
+
+So the radius doesn't matter.
+
+Mass and radius don't matter.
+
+So then it's just a question
+of shape, which is a
+
+dimensionalist thing.
+
+And what it is intuitively is
+how concentrated is the mass
+
+near the center versus
+near the edge.
+
+So suppose I actually made a
+extreme version of the hoop.
+
+And actually I did this for
+the students in Cambridge.
+
+We manufactured--
+
+and you could actually
+imagine what it is.
+
+So imagine this were
+hollow inside.
+
+That would be your ring
+or your hoop.
+
+Well can you make anything that
+would move even slower?
+
+Because I'm planning the hoop
+moves slower than the disk.
+
+Yes, what you do is you put
+giant ears on the thing.
+
+So it rolls like those dumbbell
+things you do for
+
+weightlifting.
+
+So it rolls on this radius, but
+it has these giant ears.
+
+Well it's just going to move so
+slowly, because it's just
+
+being yanked by this
+really weak force.
+
+And it has to accelerate
+this giant mass.
+
+No chance.
+
+So it moves really slow.
+
+In fact, that thing it can take
+20 seconds to go down a
+
+meter long inclined plane.
+
+So that's an extreme version.
+
+So it rolls on this, and
+this is these big ears.
+
+So that's really slow.
+
+That's medium slow.
+
+And that's faster.
+
+And if you put all the mass
+right at the center, it would
+
+be even faster, because the
+rolling wouldn't suck up any
+
+of the energy.
+
+So that's the intuitive
+explanation.
+
+OK so now an example of a
+question showing a kind of
+
+similar misconception, a
+related misconception.
+
+But I'm going to show it to you
+to illustrate what you can
+
+do about this.
+
+So what can you do about it?
+
+So the question is
+the following.
+
+So that's a steel ball, which I
+have in my hand, and I drop
+
+on a steel table, say from
+a meter up high.
+
+Forget about air resistance.
+
+It bounces off the
+steel table.
+
+And the question is
+I'm interested in
+
+the forces on it.
+
+So what are the forces.
+
+So here's my table.
+
+So while it's falling, I'm
+interested in the forces on it
+
+at three different points
+in its flight.
+
+First while it's falling.
+
+I've let it go, and
+it hasn't yet hit.
+
+At the instant that it's
+stationary during its bounce.
+
+And while it's rising.
+
+So when you ask the students
+this-- and I've done this
+
+several times--
+
+mostly they know it's
+just gravity while
+
+it's falling, mg.
+
+So if you actually use this
+question, don't ask--
+
+this is chronologically next,
+but don't ask that next.
+
+Ask this one, when
+it's rising.
+
+And what you'll find--
+
+what do you think many students
+
+say, not all but many?
+
+What are the forces on
+it while it's rising?
+
+Yeah, [? Adrian. ?]
+
+AUDIENCE: So of them will
+say the force goes up.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, some will
+say the force goes up.
+
+They'll say mg up.
+
+I see people laughing, and
+that's a good reaction,
+
+because that shows you're
+learning something about how
+
+students think.
+
+That's kind of amazing.
+
+Why would they possibly
+say that?
+
+Well let's talk about this one,
+and you'll see that it's
+
+actually a similar mode
+of reasoning to this.
+
+So what you'll find
+is even students
+
+who get this correct--
+
+so this isn't right.
+
+It's mg down.
+
+But there's a deep seated
+misconception that if
+
+something's moving upwards,
+it has to have a
+
+force pushing it upwards.
+
+And then the force
+somehow gets used
+
+up, and then it stops.
+
+OK, well what about here?
+
+So now they'll agree that
+there's weight pushing down.
+
+So that's the mg.
+
+And then the question is,
+what's the other force?
+
+And they call it by
+different names.
+
+In America, it's called the
+normal force, which is a
+
+terrible name.
+
+And in England it's called the
+reaction force, which is a
+
+terrible name for
+another reason.
+
+Which is that it implies
+that it's the
+
+result, somehow a reaction.
+
+So it's a terrible name.
+
+But let's ask the students,
+how big is this force?
+
+OK, so it's upwards.
+
+Everyone agrees that
+it's upwards.
+
+But how big, r or n, depending
+on which country you're in?
+
+So take a minute or two and for
+yourself figure out how
+
+big the reaction force or the
+normal force is, in comparison
+
+with the weight.
+
+So this is a small steel ball
+dropped from say a meter and
+
+bouncing off a steel table.
+
+So two questions, first figure
+out what you think.
+
+And second, figure out what
+you think students
+
+are going to say.
+
+OK so you're doing both,
+trying to get
+
+into the student mind.
+
+Let's do a quick vote.
+
+So what's the ratio between
+that normal
+
+force and the weight?
+
+So who votes for equal?
+
+First we'll do what you think,
+and then we'll do what
+
+students think.
+
+So who thinks they're equal?
+
+Two to one?
+
+Greater than 10, but
+not quite 1,000?
+
+Greater than 1,000 to 1?
+
+OK now what do you think
+students say?
+
+How many say one to one?
+
+How many say two to one?
+
+How many say greater than 10?
+
+Greater than 1,000?
+
+And how many are not sure what
+the students are going to say?
+
+So actually when you ask the
+students it depends on the
+
+population.
+
+But generally, what I find is
+it's 90% for one to one, And
+
+about 10% for two to one.
+
+And no one says anything else.
+
+OK so now why would students
+say one to one?
+
+What's the reasoning going
+on in their mind?
+
+Has no velocity.
+
+So that is exactly the
+same reasoning as
+
+this, with mg upwards.
+
+But what's interesting is even
+the students who know it's mg
+
+downwards still say, well
+the velocity is zero.
+
+So v equals zero.
+
+Therefore, it's in
+equilibrium.
+
+Therefore, there's no
+forces acting on it.
+
+Therefore, the reaction force,
+or the normal force, and the
+
+weight have to cancel.
+
+N equals mg because
+it's stopped.
+
+So that what I call that is I
+call that the f equals mv
+
+theory of physics.
+
+Now maybe like in the linguistic
+books, I'll put a
+
+star by that saying
+don't say that.
+
+That's not how you translate
+that sentence into real life.
+
+But why f equals mv?
+
+Why is it so deep seeded?
+
+Well we have a gazillion hours
+of experience with it.
+
+Suppose I move a object,
+and I push it.
+
+Stop pushing it, and
+it stops moving.
+
+If I have a light object,
+I just push it a
+
+little less and it moves.
+
+And I stop pushing, and
+it stops moving.
+
+So f is related to m, and f is
+related to v. This seems to
+
+explain most of our world.
+
+It's hard to get around that.
+
+So the question is, how do you
+actually try to force the
+
+students to see that that's
+actually completely junk what
+
+they said, and that
+it can't be equal?
+
+And the way I want to do it is
+I want to do it in a way that
+
+recombines their intuitive model
+and their school model.
+
+I want to meld them together.
+
+So the way I do that
+is the following,
+
+which is I get a rock.
+
+So let's call this a rock.
+
+And I ask one of the
+students, could I
+
+please borrow your hand?
+
+And so somebody gives
+me their hand.
+
+And I say, OK, I'm going to
+put the rock in your hand.
+
+Now, what's the weight
+of the rock?
+
+mg.
+
+OK, great.
+
+So what's the force of the
+rock on your hand? mg.
+
+Great.
+
+Now I hold the rock about the
+same place I'm going to drop
+
+the steel ball, and I say, OK
+on the count of three, I'm
+
+going to drop the rock
+on your hand.
+
+One, two, and then I'm ready.
+
+What are they going to do?
+
+Like that.
+
+And soon as they try to do that,
+I grab their hand and
+
+say, wait a minute.
+
+Let's reason about this
+with physics.
+
+Why are you moving your hand?
+
+You just told me that when the
+thing bounces, it's still mg.
+
+The reaction force and the
+normal force is still mg.
+
+And you just showed me
+that mg on your hand
+
+didn't hurt your hand.
+
+You could hold the rock on
+your hand no problem.
+
+So why are you moving
+your hand?
+
+So then we'll have a discussion,
+and many of them
+
+will then change
+to two to one.
+
+They'll say, oh, well it's
+actually two to one.
+
+And I say OK, two to one, well
+I have an answer for that.
+
+Two rocks.
+
+So I have two rocks, and I
+put them on their hand.
+
+So now compared to the
+first rock, mg, 2mg.
+
+So now I take the first
+rock, and I'm going to
+
+drop it on your hand.
+
+And one, two, three.
+
+And they try to move.
+
+And I say wait, wait.
+
+You just told me 2mg was fine.
+
+This felt fine to you, right?
+
+And they say, I know it's
+going to hurt like hell.
+
+So now what they're doing is
+they now have some kind of
+
+contradiction that's evident
+between the school model and
+
+the intuitive model.
+
+And now is your opportunity to
+introduce and explain, yeah
+
+you're right.
+
+Your intuitive model is actually
+correct in this case.
+
+And your school model reasoning
+is incorrect.
+
+So actually what we're going
+to do is try to move the
+
+school model towards a piece of
+your intuitive model that
+
+is correct.
+
+We're trying to get away from
+the f equals mv part of the
+
+intuitive model and emphasize
+the part that does know.
+
+And the part that says, I don't
+want to have that rock
+
+in my hand is correct.
+
+So then they're very ready to do
+a school model calculation
+
+of how big the force is.
+
+And it turns out to be something
+like 100,000 or
+
+10,000 times the weight.
+
+So it's huge because the impact
+time is so short.
+
+And then to make that plausible
+to them, we can
+
+actually calculate the impact
+time or estimate it.
+
+But then you can actually say,
+look you already know this.
+
+You intuitively understand
+that.
+
+Because if you--
+
+again I'll stand on the table.
+
+Suppose you're going to jump off
+an object like this, what
+
+do you do when you land?
+
+What does everyone do?
+
+Bend your knees.
+
+Right, so you do that.
+
+And what does that do?
+
+That increases the
+contact time.
+
+And why are you increasing
+the contact time?
+
+Because that decreases
+the acceleration.
+
+The acceleration is a change
+in velocity divided by the
+
+contact time.
+
+So you can't affect the change
+in velocity very much.
+
+That's either v or 2v or
+something like that.
+
+But the content time
+you can change.
+
+So with the steel ball,
+contact time is
+
+actually very short.
+
+Because the speed of
+sound is so fast.
+
+So the impact force
+is really high.
+
+So yes, your intuitive
+model was correct.
+
+And now we're yanking the
+school model towards it.
+
+So you actually bring
+the two together.
+
+And you fight the divergence.
+
+So you want to look for
+examples like that
+
+whenever you can.
+
+And to summarize the lesson--
+because it was pointed out
+
+that I should summarize
+more often--
+
+the summary of the entire theme
+about misconceptions is
+
+that you need to understand
+that so that
+
+you can teach properly.
+
+Because there's no way to deduce
+this without doing
+
+that, which we're going
+to talk about later.
+
+But even knowing that, if you
+don't know this, you can't run
+
+the system backwards and figure
+out what goes here.
+
+And so then, how do you actually
+learn about this?
+
+Well you've done one way.
+
+You've done one way already.
+
+Let me write down two or
+three ways for you.
+
+So the question is, how
+to learn about s,
+
+the students' system.
+
+Well one way is to read.
+
+So in many fields, there's lots
+of research about what
+
+particular misconceptions
+students have.
+
+And I've given you some of those
+readings on the website.
+
+But there's a whole vast
+body of literature, and
+
+many fields have that.
+
+So you can look at that.
+
+Another way, and this is--
+
+so this is shut your mouth.
+
+Now why is that?
+
+Well there's no way to really
+understand what students are
+
+thinking unless you ask them.
+
+And if you don't let them talk,
+you're not going to
+
+actually hear what
+they're thinking.
+
+You'll actually put words
+into their mouth.
+
+Because you won't imagine that
+they think f equals mv.
+
+You never would imagine that.
+
+So you have to shut your
+mouth and listen.
+
+So office hours is a
+chance for that.
+
+And related to that is
+the feedback sheet.
+
+If students get in the habit of
+asking you questions about
+
+what was confusing, you start
+to build a model of the
+
+students' system, what worked
+and what didn't work and what
+
+was confusing for them.
+
+So all of these ways are ways to
+build models of s, which is
+
+absolutely necessary
+for deducing t.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK so if you could
+do two things.
+
+One is to spend one
+minute filling out
+
+the feedback sheet.
+
+And the other is everyone who
+has a homework equation
+
+treatment, please
+raise your hand.
+
+OK that's great.
+
+So now just find one person
+near you to swap with.
+
+Question?
+
+Yeah, OK.
+
+So that's great.
+
+So just find one person who has
+one near you to swap with
+
+and give each other comments.
+
+And then just write your name
+over the next week and bring
+
+it in next time with you.
+
+So basically this is a way--
+
+and if there's no one near
+you, or they've already
+
+swapped, just make
+a group of three.
+
+It's no big deal.
+
+Does anyone not have someone
+to swap with?
+
+OK great.
+
+And so introduce yourself
+to the other person.
+
+It doesn't matter if you're
+in different fields.
+
+It often can be an advantage,
+because you'll get a fresh set
+
+of eyes on it.
+
+And I'll give you some
+directions by email about what
+
+to look for and put
+it on the website.
+
+But generally just give each
+other suggestions and work
+
+together on what you
+thought was a good
+
+and what wasn't good.
+
+And just write your name on the
+person you commented on.
+
+And then you'll bring
+them both in.
+
+You'll bring the commented sheet
+from the other person in
+
+the next time.
+
+Or you'll just give it back
+to them and bring it.
+
+This is not a big
+police exercise.
+
+I just want you to meet
+somebody else and have
+
+practice discussing
+these things and
+
+learn from each other.
+
+So questions about that?
+
+So if you could finish filling
+out the sheets and bring the
+
+sheets either here or
+here, I'll pack up.
+
+And meanwhile we'll have any
+questions that people want to
+
+talk to me about individually
+outside, because I think
+
+there's another class that 's
+going to come streaming in
+
+with like 150 people.
+
+So remember, learn about
+the student system.
+
+It's probably the most important
+thing to do to make
+
+your teaching stand
+out and have long
+
+lasting, good effects.
+
+NARRATOR: Answers from lecture
+four to questions generated in
+
+lecture three.
+
+PROFESSOR: So first, questions
+from before.
+
+One of the comments--
+
+well, let's see, two of them
+were that could we have less
+
+time for questions, but also
+they're very helpful.
+
+So there's always
+a tension there.
+
+So what I'm going to try to do
+is shorten some of the total
+
+answers to the questions and
+then maybe put some answers to
+
+the questions towards the end
+of the lecture as well.
+
+I do like to try to answer
+most of the questions.
+
+And the reason being is that
+it provides also pacing.
+
+And you'll find that too.
+
+If you find yourself generating
+four times as many
+
+questions as you have time to
+answer the next time, it
+
+probably means you did way too
+much stuff the previous time.
+
+So it gives you feedback signal
+on how much material to
+
+discuss in the class time.
+
+And so that's one reason I'm
+reluctant to just put all the
+
+answers on the web.
+
+Because that's sort of like
+teaching with slides where you
+
+can just flip through all the
+equations really fast, and it
+
+seems like you got through
+a lot of equations.
+
+But actually no one really
+understood the equations.
+
+So it's sort of a symptomatic
+treatment for a more
+
+fundamental problem which may
+be that I'm doing too many
+
+things and not allowing enough
+time for questions in the
+
+class itself.
+
+A general question, which
+is, how do you
+
+evaluate your own teaching?
+
+When you feel good or bad about
+how class just went?
+
+And what metrics do I use
+popularity, covering what I
+
+set out to?
+
+How do I know?
+
+So one major way
+is I use these.
+
+It's not really that I say, oh
+did people hate it or like it?
+
+I mean, I want to know if people
+hated it or liked it.
+
+And I just I don't just add up
+the likes and the hates and
+
+say OK, 10 likes minus
+3 hates equals 7.
+
+That's great.
+
+You're batting 80%.
+
+But I try to get a sense from
+reading the comments of what
+
+people were confused about,
+what was interesting to
+
+people, and sort of integrate
+that up and imagine the whole
+
+class as one giant
+student mind.
+
+And I want to know how I connect
+the material to the
+
+collective student mind.
+
+So I evaluate it that way, sort
+of intuitively from the
+
+comments that people
+make on the sheet.
+
+Which is why I hand out the
+sheet every time, and I think
+
+the sheet is so valuable.
+
+Now another way, covering the
+materials I set out to.
+
+Well I'm probably sort of on one
+extreme of that, which I
+
+don't really care how much
+material I covered.
+
+But let me explain why
+I'm on that extreme.
+
+So some people only care about
+how much material is covered.
+
+And some people are
+more on my end.
+
+So I'll give you the reason.
+
+And most people I would
+say on this edge.
+
+So I don't need to really
+justify that, because you've
+
+heard lots of reasons
+for that.
+
+But it's the other side,
+why do I not care?
+
+Well I don't care so much just
+because I think class time and
+
+a lecture course is such a small
+part of a student's life
+
+that if you haven't connected
+to the students, if you
+
+haven't made it click for them
+and got them interested, made
+
+them want to continue studying,
+then you've lost
+
+most of the effect
+of the teaching.
+
+The effect of the teaching isn't
+really going to be so
+
+much in the class.
+
+Because what you can do is you
+can kindle interest, kindle a
+
+way of looking at the world.
+
+But it's really up to the
+students to carry that on
+
+afterwards.
+
+And if you've actually bored
+them, or they've decided that
+
+this whole material is
+useless, they're
+
+not going to do that.
+
+And then it's all just going
+to go away anyway.
+
+So actually what I'm much more
+interested in is how much I've
+
+kindled those interests.
+
+And that's what I try to
+judge using the sheets.
+
+And I think that's actually what
+produces the long term
+
+change in ways of thinking.
+
+Another comment was that the
+rock experiment rocked, which
+
+I thought was a good pun.
+
+If you're not willing to write
+out detailed derivations on
+
+the board, is it more important
+to have more detail
+
+published lecture notes?
+
+And yeah I think that's right.
+
+In fact, that's generally
+necessary.
+
+But it doesn't have to be your
+own published notes.
+
+It could just be a book
+you refer people to.
+
+So we've sort of gone backwards
+from Gutenberg.
+
+In the days before Gutenberg,
+everyone read out their notes.
+
+That was what monasteries did.
+
+You read out the bible.
+
+And at the end of a year or two
+of doing that, you had 50
+
+bibles, because everyone took
+notes on what you read.
+
+That was the old photocopier,
+back in say the year 1300.
+
+And then when Gutenberg came
+along the universities then
+
+did the same thing.
+
+That's what universities were.
+
+They basically grew out
+of the monasteries.
+
+Then Gutenberg came along and
+said, oh actually books are
+
+cheap now, well much cheaper
+than before.
+
+Books used to cost roughly
+say $5,000 a
+
+book in today's dollars.
+
+But then with Gutenberg and
+automatic printing, they could
+
+be much cheaper.
+
+So you can-- and we've developed
+printing technology
+
+much farther.
+
+So actually for a while until
+word processing came along and
+
+typesetting on your computer,
+people would actually just
+
+refer people to books and say,
+OK you're a student.
+
+You are expected to
+read these books.
+
+But now that people can make
+their own notes, people have
+
+sort of forgot how to tell
+people to use books.
+
+And instead people, the
+lecturers, just tend to write
+
+their own notes out.
+
+And the students actually seem
+for some crazy reason to
+
+basically except notes
+specifically for that topic
+
+and don't want to read books.
+
+So it gets really strange.
+
+You get in these bizarre cycles
+where you make notes.
+
+And as long as you have notes
+that seem like they're key to
+
+the lecture, that's great.
+
+Students will read them.
+
+And then you assemble all the
+notes for the very same
+
+lectures into a book,
+and now suppose
+
+the book gets published.
+
+The students will say, well
+now we want notes again.
+
+You can't say, well there's the
+book which was the notes.
+
+Because it's not specifically
+targeted.
+
+So part of the cure for
+that is reading memos.
+
+Or any way of teaching students
+to do reading is to
+
+shift back to taking advantage
+of Gutenberg.
+
+And then once we take advantage
+of Gutenberg, we can
+
+worry about taking advantage of
+all the web technology and
+
+word processing technology
+that we have.
+
+But yeah, it is important, to
+answer the question directly,
+
+to have the details somewhere
+for the students.
+
+And the best place generally
+is in printed material,
+
+whether in a book or in
+something you write.
+
+Because writing it on the
+board is very noisy.
+
+By which I mean that it's
+very easy to mis-copy.
+
+It's easy for you to
+make mistakes.
+
+It's easier for the student to
+make mistakes when they're
+
+taking notes.
+
+It's best to have it all in
+print, and also it's best to
+
+put the high level stuff in
+lecture, and have all the
+
+details with the students in
+their own comfortable space
+
+when they have time to
+go back and forth.
+
+OK, so then there were several
+questions about how do you
+
+meld the intuitive model
+and the school model?
+
+Are their general principles?
+
+So I talked about how for
+example with the rock example
+
+that the school model is that
+when the rock isn't moving,
+
+the force is zero because
+it's in equilibrium.
+
+So the net force is zero.
+
+So the reaction force
+equals the weight.
+
+So that's the school model.
+
+The intuitive model, somewhere
+in there is an intuitive model
+
+that you don't want the rock
+to fall on your hand.
+
+So what's a general
+ideas behind
+
+melding those two models?
+
+So that demonstration I showed
+of borrowing someone's hand
+
+and dropping a rock on it, well
+not quite dropping the
+
+rock on it, but threatening
+to, Is one way.
+
+But what are the general
+principles behind that?
+
+So the general principles are
+that you want to connect to
+
+where all the mental
+hardware is.
+
+So generally symbolic processing
+it's a sort of
+
+surface phenomenon
+in the brain.
+
+It's linguistic.
+
+It's only about 100,000 years
+old, whereas perceptual
+
+reasoning, visual reasoning,
+visceral reasoning, those are
+
+hundreds of millions
+of years old.
+
+Organisms have been seeing
+things for hundreds of
+
+millions of years.
+
+So there's a huge difference
+in the amount of
+
+hardware that we have.
+
+So symbolic hardware
+say has evolved for
+
+10 to the five years.
+
+And perceptual, rough estimates
+10 to the five
+
+versus 10 to eight years.
+
+So there's about 1,000 times
+more evolutionary help for
+
+these things.
+
+So if you want to meld--
+
+and this is basically where
+the intuitive model, the
+
+internal model lives.
+
+So if you want to change it, you
+have to connect to where
+
+the model lives.
+
+You have to do things
+that are perceptual.
+
+So visual arguments, visceral
+arguments, auditory
+
+demonstrations, things
+they create conflict.
+
+Somehow some kind of conflict
+is also another general
+
+principle, where you expose
+some kind of obvious
+
+contradiction.
+
+And that's so beneficial,
+because that's self teaching.
+
+As long as there's a
+contradiction, the students
+
+know that the problem
+isn't done.
+
+So in the rock example, there's
+a contradiction
+
+between, I don't want the
+rock dropping on my
+
+hand on the one hand--
+
+that's the perceptual view--
+
+with the symbolic one, which
+is net force is zero so the
+
+reaction force equals mg.
+
+So there's a contradiction.
+
+As long as you can't get the
+same answer by two different
+
+ways, you know you still
+have more to learn.
+
+So it's self-teaching.
+
+You don't have to wait
+for the teacher to
+
+say, oh wait a minute.
+
+That's not the right answer.
+
+You know on your own.
+
+So know on your own.
+
+You internally feel that there's
+something wrong.
+
+So you're tapping
+in, I would say
+
+contradictions and puzzles.
+
+They're somewhat symbolic, but
+they're also kind of visceral.
+
+You feel them like oh, my
+god that can't be right.
+
+So if you can tap into that as
+well that's another way of
+
+trying to meld the models.
+
+It's interesting.
+
+I think it's a fundamentally
+important point about teaching
+
+these two models.
+
+And I've never seen it
+discussed anywhere.
+
+So you're the sort of first
+people to hear it officially
+
+as far as I can tell.
+
+So any questions actually
+about that model?
+
+Because I think it
+is so important.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm just curious, what
+if you're in a field that
+
+doesn't lend itself
+to perceptual--
+
+like if you're in a field that
+tends to be more symbolic.
+
+And physics is really nice
+because it has this physical
+
+aspect to it.
+
+So I'm just curious if you've
+thought about other--
+
+PROFESSOR: So the question was,
+what happens if you're in
+
+a field that doesn't lend
+itself to perceptual
+
+reasoning so well?
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess I wouldn't
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah there's
+visual in everything.
+
+And I think it's hard to
+imagine a field that
+
+doesn't have it.
+
+Can you give an example?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, some
+computer science.
+
+And if you spend a lot of time
+with computers, then you start
+
+to develop it.
+
+But you could think, well I know
+that it's not possible
+
+that it could just randomly
+decide to give a wrong answer.
+
+There has to be a reason.
+
+How the program develops, you
+can develop intuition about
+
+where the bugs might be.
+
+But when you're just starting
+out, that's not something that
+
+we necessarily have built in
+to us in an intuitive way.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's true.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah so computers and
+programming and computer
+
+science was offered
+as an example.
+
+Yeah I agree with you.
+
+Some fields are harder.
+
+And what makes computer
+science harder is that
+
+computers are symbol
+processing devices.
+
+So it pushes them over here.
+
+But even there I think
+you can do stuff.
+
+Like for example, what
+you could do?
+
+Well there are some things
+like for example, loop
+
+invariants, and you can actually
+turn those into
+
+perceptions.
+
+So once you have get a way
+of looking at programs.
+
+You say, oh that can't be
+right because it has a
+
+fencepost error in it or it
+keeps keeps decrementing the
+
+counter, but there's
+nothing to stop it
+
+from having a floor.
+
+So you start to see problems
+like that.
+
+And you have tools like
+different kinds of magnifying
+
+glasses to look at programs.
+
+So you could actually
+shift it that way.
+
+And really good programmers
+actually do look at programs
+
+perceptually.
+
+AUDIENCE: See, that's
+encouragement to build up
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, so you want
+to encourage that.
+
+And it's true--
+
+pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not built in?
+
+PROFESSOR: I would say that the
+field itself pushes things
+
+towards symbolic.
+
+Just because it is a symbol
+manipulation device.
+
+So that's what makes computers
+so much better at what they do
+
+compared to humans.
+
+That's why we use computers.
+
+Because we're so bad at symbol
+manipulation, and computers
+
+are so good at it.
+
+So our ways of solving problems
+are going to be very
+
+different than computers.
+
+But the problem that we have
+when we're using computers, we
+
+have to solve with
+human hardware.
+
+So when the computer isn't doing
+what we want, we have to
+
+try to find some way of
+understanding what's going on.
+
+And it can't be just purely
+symbolic, because
+
+we're bad at that.
+
+So you can't--
+
+I mean in desperation sometimes
+you'll trace through
+
+every step of a program and
+see what went wrong.
+
+But generally that just
+overflows you
+
+with tons of data.
+
+It's much better to actually try
+to take a step back, break
+
+the program into parts, see big
+chunks, and make sure the
+
+big chunks work.
+
+And experts do that, not sort
+of automatically because
+
+they've been trained
+as experts.
+
+So in any field the experts
+see differently than the
+
+novices, because their
+perception is different.
+
+So yeah, when you're teaching
+computer science to students,
+
+you want to teach them ways
+that are perceptual.
+
+You want to teach them
+visceral feelings.
+
+So one way to do that for
+example is running time of
+
+algorithms.
+
+Different sorting algorithms
+take different times.
+
+So suppose you have-- for all
+the non CS people, a huge area
+
+of study in CS is sorting.
+
+Suppose you have a giant list
+of numbers or list of words
+
+you want to alphabetize.
+
+Text indexing uses it.
+
+All kinds of stuff
+using sorting.
+
+So how fast can you sort?
+
+Well the naive sort of simplest
+thing to program is
+
+called bubble sort.
+
+And if you have n numbers, it
+takes something times n
+
+squared, so flip operations.
+
+So time is of order n squared.
+
+But then there's merge sort,
+which is a divide and conquer
+
+algorithm, which
+takes n log n.
+
+Now you could just say that.
+
+But it's also very helpful for
+students to have a feel,
+
+because generally students don't
+have an understanding of
+
+functions is what I found.
+
+They don't have a good
+feel for what
+
+functions do and mean.
+
+So what's the difference between
+n squared and n log n?
+
+Well one way is to actually
+program a sort algorithm and
+
+then try it.
+
+Try both algorithms and make
+your list bigger and bigger.
+
+When do you get fed up waiting
+for the damn thing to finish?
+
+So that's a visceral feeling.
+
+And actually that will tell
+you that there's a huge
+
+difference between n log
+n and n squared.
+
+Because this guy, basically when
+n is around thousand--
+
+well, actually now computers are
+much faster, let's let's
+
+say 10,000--
+
+you're pretty much going
+to be fed up with that.
+
+Because that's 100 million
+sort operations.
+
+It's going to take five or 10
+seconds, maybe even bit longer
+
+if it's written in a higher
+level language.
+
+So maybe you're fed up around
+n equals 10,000.
+
+Here 10,000 times log n.
+
+Well, the log of anything is
+never bigger than 10, as a
+
+rough rule of thumb The reason
+being that if the log of the
+
+thing were bigger than 10, then
+n itself will be so big
+
+your computer couldn't
+even fit it.
+
+So you're not even dealing with
+numbers whose logs are
+
+bigger than 10.
+
+It depends on the base, but
+roughly speaking in base 10
+
+logarithm, it's never going
+to be bigger than 10.
+
+So this is say at most 10.
+
+And so if you have a 10,000
+only times a 10 here.
+
+Whereas here you have
+10,000 times 10,000.
+
+Here you can go up easily to a
+million before you get fed up.
+
+So the fed up is a connection
+to a visceral reasoning.
+
+And actually it then makes the
+difference between these
+
+really, really apparent.
+
+So there's ways you can
+do it even there.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think that in the
+science fields that, if you
+
+really understood what you're
+teaching, then you should be
+
+able to basically put it
+into a simplification.
+
+Because then it's basically
+summarizing everything, and
+
+it's just so much better
+and closer.
+
+I mean, if you write for example
+a term paper or a
+
+proposal or whatever, you can
+write a one page text
+
+basically, or you can make a
+figure or a nice sketch.
+
+It's the same information.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right so the comment
+was that if you really
+
+understand something, you can
+make a really compact
+
+pictorial representation.
+
+That's generally true.
+
+And that's why it takes really
+long time to make those.
+
+So when you're making talks,
+for example, when we talk
+
+about this later in the term,
+when you're making talks and
+
+slides, a really good model
+for making slides is--
+
+here's a slide.
+
+This is the four to three
+ratio sort of.
+
+So here is a sentence.
+
+So this is some assertion,
+some message
+
+you want to get across.
+
+And here is the evidence.
+
+The body of the slide
+is the evidence.
+
+And that's a picture.
+
+The best is to have some kind
+of visual evidence.
+
+But what you find when you do
+this-- and it is, I think, the
+
+best way to make slides--
+
+it takes a long time to really
+find the best picture.
+
+And even to find a good picture
+because it's just so
+
+tempting to write a bunch
+of words out.
+
+But actually if you look for
+that picture and you really
+
+try to capture the main idea in
+a picture, you will be much
+
+more successful at conveying
+the messages
+
+that you want to convey.
+
+So in general, try to talk
+to the perceptual system.
+
+Now there was a question related
+to that which is that
+
+maybe I'm too harsh or too
+negative about the symbolic
+
+ways of doing things.
+
+And the particular example was
+so if you remember last time,
+
+I gave this example.
+
+So this is a pendulum, and this
+is the extreme of the
+
+pendulum motion.
+
+And the question was what is
+the acceleration vector at
+
+these various points
+in motion.
+
+And I said, well the way to do
+it is to reason intuitively
+
+about it, to figure out what
+it is here and here,
+
+understand what acceleration
+is, and do this one by
+
+interpolation.
+
+And the comment was well, even
+if you can't do that, you can
+
+still use the Lagrangian.
+
+If I know the Lagrangian for
+the system, which for the
+
+non-physicist is sort
+of the elephant gun.
+
+You can solve pretty much
+anything with the Lagrangian.
+
+So you can solve it with the
+Lagrangian and work out the
+
+forces everywhere.
+
+And that's true.
+
+But I still maintain that
+it's better to have--
+
+I'm not saying it's bad to have
+a Lagrangian analysis.
+
+The more ways of doing
+things is better.
+
+But there's a fundamentally
+important reason why it's
+
+important to have the intuitive
+way of doing it.
+
+And that is a search argument.
+
+So if you remember
+from before, we
+
+talked about chunking.
+
+The experts have big
+chunks, and the
+
+novices have small chunks.
+
+Well we looked at the effect of
+that of perception, which
+
+is that one of the proxies for
+it was the chess masters could
+
+remember whole positions, and
+the novices couldn't.
+
+Because their chunks were too
+small, and if you remember
+
+only seven chunks, which is
+typical, you can't remember a
+
+whole position.
+
+Whereas the chess master's
+chunks are like three, four,
+
+five pieces.
+
+And they can easily fit a whole
+
+position in seven chunks.
+
+Well there's another, perhaps
+even more fundamental
+
+consequence of the different
+chunk size, and that is the
+
+exponential explosion
+in search space.
+
+So suppose you're here.
+
+This is your state now, and
+you're looking for a solution
+
+to the problem.
+
+So suppose the solution
+is here.
+
+But you don't know that yet.
+
+You're looking for
+the solution.
+
+Now if your chunk size
+is really big--
+
+well let's say suppose your
+chunk size is really big--
+
+you'll try a few possible
+chunks.
+
+OK, do any of those
+get me closer?
+
+Well this one looks
+a bit likely.
+
+Let me try expanding that
+one, maybe that one.
+
+Try this one.
+
+And then eventually you get
+your way over here.
+
+So here suppose there's four
+possible approaches you could
+
+try, and because the
+chunks are big,
+
+there's only three levels.
+
+So this gives you four to the
+three items to search.
+
+OK, now suppose you make your
+chunks really, really small.
+
+Suppose your chunks are
+only half the size.
+
+So you now at every half branch
+you have to search for
+
+possibilities.
+
+So this is the large chunk.
+
+So here we had one,
+two, three levels.
+
+Here we're going to have six
+levels, in other words, four
+
+to the six possibilities
+to search.
+
+So the difference doesn't show
+up in simple problems.
+
+Because you may have only one
+level to go through versus two
+
+levels to go through, and
+either method works.
+
+But when you're trying to
+solve interesting new
+
+problems, you want your chunks
+to be as large as possible so
+
+your search space collapses
+to something manageable.
+
+So you don't want to have to
+reason with the Lagrangian as
+
+the default mode.
+
+It's fine for that particular
+problem.
+
+But if that problem is embedded
+in a bigger problem,
+
+you want to just know what the
+answer's going to be roughly.
+
+So you can continue making
+progress and decide should I
+
+go this route or this route.
+
+So that's why I'm not negative
+on the standard ways.
+
+But I think the standard ways
+are actually genuinely bad for
+
+problem solving in
+new domains.
+
+And you want to augment your
+perception so that you guide
+
+your search in the right
+direction with big chunks.
+
+So that's fundamentally
+important.
+
+So I think that was sort of
+the main themes in the
+
+questions, and I'll look over
+them and see which ones to
+
+answer probably at the beginning
+of next time.
+
+I'll try to leave more time
+for questions today, so we
+
+don't generate so many questions
+next time to
+
+overflow it.
+
+OK, so before I continue, any
+questions about these general
+
+principles of thinking
+about your teaching?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So the approach is
+trying to focus more on the
+
+perceptual way to understand
+thing, but on the other hand,
+
+the symbolic manipulations
+are useful.
+
+So how do you make sure that the
+students will themselves
+
+engage in the symbolic.
+
+How do you encourage them to
+do the symbolic reasoning
+
+themselves without
+scaring them?
+
+PROFESSOR: So how do you
+encourage the students to do
+
+the symbolic reasoning?
+
+Because it is important.
+
+And I agree it is important.
+
+Just pure perception
+isn't quite enough.
+
+I think most courses I would
+say, and most teaching, is of
+
+99% symbolic and
+1% perceptual.
+
+And it depends on the field,
+but a rough estimate is I
+
+think it should be say something
+like 20% symbolic
+
+and maybe 80% perceptual
+initially.
+
+And then as you go to more and
+more advanced levels, if
+
+you've done it mostly perceptual
+earlier on, and
+
+you've developed the intuition,
+then you can
+
+increase the amount
+of symbolic.
+
+So I think the way you do it
+is you build it into the
+
+structure of the curriculum.
+
+So one particular course might
+just have one mix.
+
+And the more advanced students
+who got the perceptual
+
+material earlier are now
+ready for the symbolic.
+
+So there's actually a graph
+that I show for this.
+
+So that's the fraction
+of symbolic.
+
+And that's the fraction of
+perceptual material as you
+
+sort of go on in the major.
+
+So I think this is the ideal
+structure for a major.
+
+Because this is going beyond
+course design to whole design
+
+of a major in a curriculum.
+
+So early on, say for the
+freshmen, it should be mostly
+
+perceptual.
+
+And there's many reasons
+for that.
+
+First of all their symbolic
+capacities--
+
+we're all bad at symbolic
+capacities to start with.
+
+As freshmen, they're worse
+than the seniors.
+
+They haven't had time for
+example get sophisticated
+
+understanding of differential
+equations.
+
+Their algebra's rusty.
+
+It's not really practiced
+much.
+
+So don't rely on those
+modes of learning.
+
+Rely on the perceptual modes.
+
+And the perceptual modes give
+you the big chunks.
+
+And so then once you have the
+big chunks, well then sure
+
+they're ready for the symbolic
+more and more.
+
+Because the symbolic fits into
+the big chunks and helps guide
+
+the search.
+
+It helps actually
+do the search.
+
+I have to calculate this.
+
+Then I calculate this.
+
+Well each calculation you do
+you need the symbolic.
+
+So by the time they're graduate
+students, hopefully
+
+the perceptual stuff they've
+had it up here.
+
+It's really solid.
+
+And now they're ready for
+partial differential equations
+
+and things like that.
+
+But earlier on, you don't
+want to avoid partial
+
+differential equations.
+
+You want to solve them
+in intuitive ways.
+
+And an example of that is early
+on, when you're doing
+
+fluid mechanics, you would
+solve the cones using
+
+dimensional analysis,
+as we did before.
+
+You wouldn't solve the
+Navier-Stokes equations.
+
+And later on, for example,
+in a graduate class on
+
+computational fluid mechanics,
+you'd actually try to simulate
+
+that and figure out what
+the drag coefficient is
+
+numerically.
+
+So that's the mix between
+perception and symbolic that I
+
+think is a very good way to
+construct a whole curriculum.
+
+Does that answer
+your question?
+
+OK.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ff2hWbJAipY.txt b/ff2hWbJAipY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27c5ffb13809e8f445524642f2bac7089c05a620
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ff2hWbJAipY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're done here's the final data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're done here's the final data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're done here's the final data
+path for executing instructions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for executing instructions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for executing instructions and
+headley exceptions please take a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headley exceptions please take a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headley exceptions please take a moment
+to remind yourself of what each data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind yourself of what each data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind yourself of what each data
+path component does in other words why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path component does in other words why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path component does in other words why
+it was added to the data path similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was added to the data path similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was added to the data path similarly
+you should understand how the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand how the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand how the control
+signals affect the operation of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals affect the operation of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals affect the operation of the data
+path at least to my eye this seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path at least to my eye this seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path at least to my eye this seems like
+a very modest amount of hardware to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very modest amount of hardware to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very modest amount of hardware to
+achieve all this functionality it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve all this functionality it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve all this functionality it's so
+modest in fact that we'll ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest in fact that we'll ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest in fact that we'll ask you to
+actually complete the logic design for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually complete the logic design for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually complete the logic design for
+the beta in an upcoming lab assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta in an upcoming lab assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta in an upcoming lab assignment
+how does our design compare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does our design compare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does our design compare to the
+processor you're using to view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor you're using to view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor you're using to view this
+course online modern processors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course online modern processors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course online modern processors have
+many additional complexities to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many additional complexities to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many additional complexities to increase
+performance pipelined execution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance pipelined execution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance pipelined execution the
+ability to execute more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to execute more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to execute more than one
+instruction per cycle fancier memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction per cycle fancier memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction per cycle fancier memory
+systems to reduce average memory access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to reduce average memory access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to reduce average memory access
+time etc we'll cover some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time etc we'll cover some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time etc we'll cover some of these
+enhancements in upcoming lectures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancements in upcoming lectures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancements in upcoming lectures the
+bottom line the beta Hardware might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line the beta Hardware might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line the beta Hardware might
+occupy one or two square millimeters on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy one or two square millimeters on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy one or two square millimeters on
+a modern integrated circuit while a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern integrated circuit while a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern integrated circuit while a
+modern Intel processor occupies 300 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Intel processor occupies 300 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Intel processor occupies 300 to
+600 square millimeters clearly all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 square millimeters clearly all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 square millimeters clearly all that
+extra circuitry is there for a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra circuitry is there for a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra circuitry is there for a reason
+if you're curious I'd recommend taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're curious I'd recommend taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're curious I'd recommend taking a
+course on advanced processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on advanced processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on advanced processor
+architecture here we've gathered up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture here we've gathered up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture here we've gathered up all
+the control signal settings for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control signal settings for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control signal settings for each
+class of instructions including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of instructions including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of instructions including the
+settings needed for exceptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings needed for exceptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings needed for exceptions and
+during reset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during reset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during reset
+wherever possible we specified don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever possible we specified don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever possible we specified don't
+care for control signals whose value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for control signals whose value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care for control signals whose value
+does not affect the actions of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the actions of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not affect the actions of the data
+path needed for a particular instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path needed for a particular instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path needed for a particular instruction
+note that the memory write naval signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the memory write naval signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the memory write naval signal
+always has a defined value ensuring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has a defined value ensuring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has a defined value ensuring that
+we only write to the memory during store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only write to the memory during store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only write to the memory during store
+instructions similarly the right enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions similarly the right enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions similarly the right enable
+for the register file is well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the register file is well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the register file is well-defined
+except during reset when presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except during reset when presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except during reset when presumably
+we're restarting the processor and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're restarting the processor and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're restarting the processor and don't
+care about preserving any register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about preserving any register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about preserving any register
+values as mentioned previously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as mentioned previously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as mentioned previously a
+read-only memory index by the 6 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read-only memory index by the 6 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read-only memory index by the 6 bit
+opcode field is the easiest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode field is the easiest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode field is the easiest way to
+generate the appropriate control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the appropriate control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the appropriate control
+signals for the current instruction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals for the current instruction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals for the current instruction the
+Z and irq inputs to the control logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and irq inputs to the control logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and irq inputs to the control logic
+will affect the control signals and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect the control signals and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect the control signals and this
+can be accomplished with a small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accomplished with a small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accomplished with a small amount
+of logic to process the rom outputs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logic to process the rom outputs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logic to process the rom outputs one
+can always have fun with karnaugh maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always have fun with karnaugh maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always have fun with karnaugh maps
+to generate a minimal implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a minimal implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a minimal implementation
+using ordinary logic gates the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ordinary logic gates the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ordinary logic gates the result
+will be much smaller both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be much smaller both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be much smaller both in terms of
+size and propagation delay but requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and propagation delay but requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and propagation delay but requires
+a lot more design work my recommendation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more design work my recommendation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more design work my recommendation
+start with the rom implementation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the rom implementation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the rom implementation and
+get everything else working then come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everything else working then come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get everything else working then come
+back later when you feel like hacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back later when you feel like hacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back later when you feel like hacking
+logic gates so that's what it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic gates so that's what it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic gates so that's what it takes to
+design the hardware for a simple 32-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the hardware for a simple 32-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the hardware for a simple 32-bit
+computer of course we made the job easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer of course we made the job easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer of course we made the job easy
+for ourselves by choosing a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ourselves by choosing a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ourselves by choosing a simple
+binary encoding for our instructions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary encoding for our instructions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary encoding for our instructions in
+limiting the hardware functionality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting the hardware functionality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting the hardware functionality to
+efficiently executing the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently executing the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently executing the most common
+operations less common and more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations less common and more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations less common and more complex
+functionality can be left to software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality can be left to software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality can be left to software
+the exception mechanism gave us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exception mechanism gave us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exception mechanism gave us a
+powerful tool for transferring control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool for transferring control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool for transferring control
+to software when the hardware couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to software when the hardware couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to software when the hardware couldn't
+handle the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the task
+have fun completing the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun completing the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun completing the hardware
+designed if your beta thousands of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed if your beta thousands of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed if your beta thousands of MIT
+students have been enjoyed that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have been enjoyed that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have been enjoyed that yes
+moment when their design works for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when their design works for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when their design works for the
+first time for their efforts we reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time for their efforts we reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time for their efforts we reward
+them with the beta inside sticker you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with the beta inside sticker you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with the beta inside sticker you
+see here which you can see on laptops as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here which you can see on laptops as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here which you can see on laptops as
+you walk around the Institute good luck
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fz5sa6lFiS0.txt b/fz5sa6lFiS0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..734964070f3a0d52d7bbb09929f1158972e58af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fz5sa6lFiS0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so today um in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today um in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today um in particular the
+second half of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the lecture
+today we're going to do some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to do some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to do some of the
+hardest Concepts that we've done so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest Concepts that we've done so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest Concepts that we've done so far
+and also some of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also some of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also some of the most important
+Concepts that we've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that we've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that we've done so
+far so just want to give you a heads up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so just want to give you a heads up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so just want to give you a heads up
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+that all right so uh last time we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so uh last time we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so uh last time we had
+solved the schroer equation we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the schroer equation we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the schroer equation we had
+solved the schroer equation for The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the schroer equation for The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the schroer equation for The
+Binding energies of the electron uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energies of the electron uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energies of the electron uh to
+the nucleus that means if I write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus that means if I write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus that means if I write the
+generic Schrodinger equation down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic Schrodinger equation down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic Schrodinger equation down here
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+found was what this e was and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was what this e was and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was what this e was and we found
+that had a nice analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a nice analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a nice analytical
+form that uh the energies the allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that uh the energies the allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that uh the energies the allowed
+binding energies were Quant ized they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies were Quant ized they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies were Quant ized they
+were quantized by that principle quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quantized by that principle quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quantized by that principle quantum
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+n and so we can write those allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so we can write those allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so we can write those allowed
+energies as e subn is minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies as e subn is minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies as e subn is minus r
+subh Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh Over N
+squared all right so n is this principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all right so n is this principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared all right so n is this principal
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number and N runs from one two all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and N runs from one two all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and N runs from one two all the
+way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to
+Infinity all right today what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity all right today what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity all right today what we're
+going to do is we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to look at
+the solutions to the shring J equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to the shring J equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to the shring J equation
+for this for the wave function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for the wave function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for the wave function for the
+wave and remember we said that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and remember we said that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and remember we said that the wave
+in some way represents our electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way represents our electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way represents our electron and
+today we are going to talk about exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to talk about exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to talk about exactly
+what is the meaning of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of the wave function
+right but before we do that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but before we do that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but before we do that I have to
+tell you that when you go to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that when you go to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that when you go to solve the
+Schrodinger equation for the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation for the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation for the wave
+function here what happens is that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here what happens is that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here what happens is that two
+more quantum numbers pop out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quantum numbers pop out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quantum numbers pop out all
+right and one of the quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of the quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of the quantum numbers
+that pop out in the solution to the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pop out in the solution to the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pop out in the solution to the wave
+function for the wave function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the wave function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the wave function is a
+quantum number we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number we call
+l l is the angular momentum quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l l is the angular momentum quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l l is the angular momentum quantum
+number it's called the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's called the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's called the angular momentum
+quantum number because it INF fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number because it INF fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number because it INF fact
+determines how much angular momentum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how much angular momentum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how much angular momentum the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+has it is a quantum number which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it is a quantum number which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it is a quantum number which means
+it has allowed values very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has allowed values very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has allowed values very specific
+values the allowed values of L are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the allowed values of L are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the allowed values of L are the
+following they are zero unlike n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following they are zero unlike n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following they are zero unlike n the
+lowest value that L can have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest value that L can have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest value that L can have is
+zero zero one 2 three all the way up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero one 2 three all the way up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero one 2 three all the way up but
+it's got a limit L's got a limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a limit L's got a limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a limit L's got a limit the
+limit is n minus one so L can no long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is n minus one so L can no long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is n minus one so L can no long
+can never be larger than n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never be larger than n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never be larger than n minus one
+it's tied to the principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tied to the principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tied to the principal quantum
+number why is it tied to the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number why is it tied to the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number why is it tied to the principal
+quantum number well notice that only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number well notice that only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number well notice that only the
+principle quantum number tells you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle quantum number tells you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle quantum number tells you about
+the binding energy it tells you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy it tells you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy it tells you about
+the total energy of this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy of this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy of this electron
+interacting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the
+nucleus whereas the L the quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus whereas the L the quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus whereas the L the quantum number
+L the angular momentum quantum number it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the angular momentum quantum number it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the angular momentum quantum number it
+determines how much angular momentum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how much angular momentum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how much angular momentum the
+electron has and in a classical picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has and in a classical picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has and in a classical picture
+you may be familiar with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be familiar with the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be familiar with the fact that
+if something's got angular momentum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's got angular momentum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's got angular momentum it
+has rotational kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rotational kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rotational kinetic
+energy and since the total energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and since the total energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and since the total energy is
+that rotational kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rotational kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rotational kinetic energy
+plus potential energy well then L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus potential energy well then L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus potential energy well then L is
+never going to be as large as in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be as large as in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be as large as in because
+otherwise then the the electron would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise then the the electron would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise then the the electron would
+only have rotational kinetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have rotational kinetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have rotational kinetic energy and
+no potential energy and that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential energy and that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential energy and that wouldn't
+work right so that's why there's a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right so that's why there's a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right so that's why there's a limit
+here to L it is is as large as n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to L it is is as large as n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to L it is is as large as n minus
+one because you have to leave some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because you have to leave some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because you have to leave some
+energy to be potential energy here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be potential energy here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be potential energy here right
+okay and then um finally we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then um finally we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then um finally we have the
+third quantum number and that third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third quantum number and that third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third quantum number and that third
+quantum number we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number we call
+M and it's the magnetic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and it's the magnetic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and it's the magnetic quantum
+number and it's called mag magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's called mag magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's called mag magnetic
+because in fact it does determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact it does determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact it does determine the
+behavior of an atom in a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of an atom in a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of an atom in a magnetic field
+although we're actually not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we're actually not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we're actually not going to
+take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at
+that but more specifically what m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but more specifically what m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but more specifically what m
+is is the Z component of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the Z component of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the Z component of the angular
+momentum all right it's the Z component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum all right it's the Z component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum all right it's the Z component
+of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum and its allowed values are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and its allowed values are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and its allowed values are the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+its allowed values are m equals z all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its allowed values are m equals z all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its allowed values are m equals z all
+right so just like L it can have a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just like L it can have a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just like L it can have a value
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+zero +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero +
+one +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one +
+2 all the way up to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all the way up to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all the way up to plus
+L all right so hey look at this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L all right so hey look at this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L all right so hey look at this the
+magnetic quantum number is tied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic quantum number is tied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic quantum number is tied to the
+angular momentum quantum number why well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum quantum number why well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum quantum number why well
+because because this is the Z component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because this is the Z component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because this is the Z component
+of the angular momentum or it dictates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum or it dictates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular momentum or it dictates
+the Z component of the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z component of the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z component of the angular momentum
+L dictated the total angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L dictated the total angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L dictated the total angular
+momentum well the Z component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum well the Z component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum well the Z component of the
+angular momentum is never going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is never going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is never going to be
+bigger than the total angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the total angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the total angular momentum
+so that's why m is tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why m is tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why m is tied to
+L and of course when we talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and of course when we talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and of course when we talk about a
+component hey we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component hey we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component hey we're going to have a
+Direction here too and so these quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction here too and so these quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction here too and so these quantum
+number M can be zero plus or minus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number M can be zero plus or minus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number M can be zero plus or minus L
+plus or minus plus or minus one plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus plus or minus one plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus plus or minus one plus or
+minus two all the way down to plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two all the way down to plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two all the way down to plus or
+minus L all right so that is it we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L all right so that is it we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L all right so that is it we've
+got to have three quantum numbers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have three quantum numbers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have three quantum numbers here
+to uh to really explain our system all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to really explain our system all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to really explain our system all
+right the reason we have three quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the reason we have three quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the reason we have three quantum
+numbers is because we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is because we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is because we have a
+three-dimensional system so it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional system so it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional system so it a little
+bit makes sense that you've got to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit makes sense that you've got to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit makes sense that you've got to have
+three quantum numbers to really describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers to really describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers to really describe
+the the hydrogen atom here all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hydrogen atom here all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hydrogen atom here all right and
+then the consequence of having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the consequence of having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the consequence of having these
+three quantum numbers when you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers when you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers when you solve
+that differential equation remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differential equation remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differential equation remember we
+talked last time where those quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked last time where those quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked last time where those quantum
+numbers come from when you solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers come from when you solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers come from when you solve a
+differential equation as you will when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation as you will when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation as you will when
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+1803 right those quantum numbers come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 right those quantum numbers come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 right those quantum numbers come
+from imposing these boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from imposing these boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from imposing these boundary conditions
+on your differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your differential
+equation those boundary conditions make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation those boundary conditions make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation those boundary conditions make
+a generic or general differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic or general differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic or general differential
+equation specific to the problem you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation specific to the problem you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation specific to the problem you're
+working on and when you do that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on and when you do that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on and when you do that those
+quantum numbers fall right out all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers fall right out all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers fall right out all right
+and again we believe them to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we believe them to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we believe them to be true
+because they agree with our observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they agree with our observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they agree with our observations
+of nature all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nature all right
+okay so now we got to deal with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we got to deal with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we got to deal with three
+quantum numbers three quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers three quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers three quantum numbers
+that are going to have to then describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to have to then describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to have to then describe
+these states that we talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states that we talked about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states that we talked about last
+time so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so for
+example um we talked about the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um we talked about the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um we talked about the ground
+state n is equal to one here but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state n is equal to one here but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state n is equal to one here but what
+I'm saying to you now is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying to you now is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying to you now is that there are
+a few more quantum numbers that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more quantum numbers that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more quantum numbers that we have
+to add to to label that ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add to to label that ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add to to label that ground state
+correctly or to label it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly or to label it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly or to label it
+completely and I just said if n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and I just said if n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and I just said if n is equal
+to one well then we learned about L here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one well then we learned about L here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one well then we learned about L here
+L the largest value it can have is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the largest value it can have is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the largest value it can have is n
+minus one so we have a quantum number L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so we have a quantum number L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so we have a quantum number L
+that's tied here and that quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tied here and that quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tied here and that quantum number
+is zero L is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero L is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero L is equal to
+zero and we just learned that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we just learned that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we just learned that we have a
+third quantum number M and the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third quantum number M and the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third quantum number M and the greatest
+value that M can have is plus l so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that M can have is plus l so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that M can have is plus l so if
+L's zero then m is zero can you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's zero then m is zero can you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's zero then m is zero can you see
+that yeah okay and so therefore our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah okay and so therefore our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah okay and so therefore our
+ground state the label that we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state the label that we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state the label that we got to
+put to our ground state is the one z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put to our ground state is the one z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put to our ground state is the one z0
+state all right so we're expanding our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state all right so we're expanding our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state all right so we're expanding our
+def definition of the label of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def definition of the label of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def definition of the label of that
+state yes last time it was n equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state yes last time it was n equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state yes last time it was n equal one
+now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's
+now it's one0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's one0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's one0
+0 and then if we have an electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and then if we have an electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and then if we have an electron in
+that one zer0 state then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one zer0 state then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one zer0 state then we're going to
+have a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave
+function that describes that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that describes that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that describes that electron
+that electron is going to be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is going to be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is going to be represented
+by a wave function that wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a wave function that wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a wave function that wave function is
+s one0 0 right the energy of that one z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s one0 0 right the energy of that one z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s one0 0 right the energy of that one z0
+state is minus the ridberg constant over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is minus the ridberg constant over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is minus the ridberg constant over
+1 squared just like we had last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 squared just like we had last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 squared just like we had last
+time all right now suppose we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right now suppose we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right now suppose we have the
+first excited state which was n equal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excited state which was n equal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excited state which was n equal 2
+as we looked at last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we looked at last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we looked at last
+time if n is equal to two what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if n is equal to two what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if n is equal to two what is the
+smallest value that L can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value that L can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value that L can
+have smallest value that M and L can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smallest value that M and L can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smallest value that M and L can
+have zero and if L is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero and if L is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero and if L is equal to zero
+What's the only value M can have zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the only value M can have zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the only value M can have zero so
+we have now a state that is the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now a state that is the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now a state that is the two
+State and if you have an electron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and if you have an electron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and if you have an electron in the
+two State well we're going to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two State well we're going to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two State well we're going to describe
+that electron by a wave function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron by a wave function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron by a wave function that
+we're going to label s20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to label s20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to label s20
+0 and the energy of that state we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the energy of that state we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the energy of that state we saw
+last time minus the ridberg constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time minus the ridberg constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time minus the ridberg constant
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+four all right but if n is equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four all right but if n is equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four all right but if n is equal to two
+we also just saw that the quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also just saw that the quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also just saw that the quantum number
+L can have another value and that is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L can have another value and that is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L can have another value and that is one
+and if L is equal to one what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if L is equal to one what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if L is equal to one what is the
+largest value that M can have one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest value that M can have one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest value that M can have one and so
+we've got another state here it's the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got another state here it's the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got another state here it's the 2
+one Z 211 State and if you got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Z 211 State and if you got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Z 211 State and if you got an
+electron in the 211 State hey that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the 211 State hey that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the 211 State hey that
+electron is going to be describ by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is going to be describ by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is going to be describ by a
+wave function that we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that we're going to call
+the S 211 State the s one one wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S 211 State the s one one wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S 211 State the s one one wave
+function notice that the energy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function notice that the energy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function notice that the energy of this
+state is still minus the ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is still minus the ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is still minus the ridberg
+constant over four it is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over four it is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over four it is the same as the
+two State these two states are said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two State these two states are said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two State these two states are said to
+be degenerate degenerate means have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be degenerate degenerate means have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be degenerate degenerate means have the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+energy all right so if n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so if n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so if n is equal to
+two and then L of course can be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then L of course can be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then L of course can be equal to
+one what's the next smaller value that M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the next smaller value that M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's the next smaller value that M
+can have zero so we have a 2 one Z state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have zero so we have a 2 one Z state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have zero so we have a 2 one Z state
+if an electron is in that state the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an electron is in that state the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an electron is in that state the wave
+function describing that electron is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function describing that electron is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function describing that electron is 2
+one0 again the energy here is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 again the energy here is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 again the energy here is minus the
+ridberg constant over four same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg constant over four same energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg constant over four same energy
+because the energy is only dictated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy is only dictated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy is only dictated by
+the N quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N quantum
+number and then finally what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then finally what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then finally what's the
+smallest value M can be if you had Nal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value M can be if you had Nal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest value M can be if you had Nal 2
+Lal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lal
+1 1 so we have a 2 1ga 1 State the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 so we have a 2 1ga 1 State the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 so we have a 2 1ga 1 State the wave
+function describing that electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function describing that electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function describing that electron in
+that state is the side to one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state is the side to one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state is the side to one minus
+one's wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's wave
+function all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all
+right so now I described the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I described the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I described the electrons
+in these states by these wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these states by these wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these states by these wave function
+s but there is another language as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but there is another language as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but there is another language as I
+alluded to last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to last time
+another language that is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another language that is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another language that is used to
+describe the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the wave
+functions and that language is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that language is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that language is this
+orbital language right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital language right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital language right
+so we talked last time how an orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked last time how an orbital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked last time how an orbital is
+nothing other than a wave function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than a wave function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than a wave function right
+it is the solution to the schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the solution to the schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the solution to the schinger
+equation for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the hydrogen
+atom it is actually the spatial part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom it is actually the spatial part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom it is actually the spatial part of
+the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function
+meaning there's another part of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning there's another part of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning there's another part of the wave
+function called the spin part but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called the spin part but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called the spin part but we'll
+look at that a little bit later right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that a little bit later right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that a little bit later right
+okay and how are we going to label these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how are we going to label these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how are we going to label these
+wave functions in the orbital language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions in the orbital language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions in the orbital language
+well we're going to label them by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to label them by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to label them by the
+principal quantum number n and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number n and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number n and of course
+the angul momentum quantum number L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angul momentum quantum number L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angul momentum quantum number L and
+then the subscript here M for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the subscript here M for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the subscript here M for the
+magnetic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic quantum
+number but what we do is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but what we do is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but what we do is instead of
+using the actual value of L we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the actual value of L we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the actual value of L we have a
+code we got a letter code so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we got a letter code so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we got a letter code so for example
+if L is equal to zero we call that the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if L is equal to zero we call that the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if L is equal to zero we call that the S
+orbital so in the case of the one z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so in the case of the one z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so in the case of the one z0
+state if you have an electron in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if you have an electron in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if you have an electron in that
+state the wave function that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the wave function that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the wave function that describes
+that electron is the 1s orbital or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is the 1s orbital or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is the 1s orbital or the
+S10 Z wave function all right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S10 Z wave function all right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S10 Z wave function all right this is a
+principal quantum number this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number this is the
+code s for L is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code s for L is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code s for L is equal to
+zero and then likewise in the 20 0 State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then likewise in the 20 0 State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then likewise in the 20 0 State
+the wave function that describes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function that describes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function that describes that
+electron will be 2s because here's the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will be 2s because here's the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will be 2s because here's the N
+equal 2 and then our code for l equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 and then our code for l equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 and then our code for l equals 0
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+s now when L is equal to one again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now when L is equal to one again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s now when L is equal to one again we
+don't use L equal 1 we use a letter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use L equal 1 we use a letter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use L equal 1 we use a letter that
+letter is p we call that a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter is p we call that a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter is p we call that a p
+orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+so this state here the 211 state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this state here the 211 state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this state here the 211 state is
+going to be a 2p wave function or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a 2p wave function or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a 2p wave function or the
+electron in it is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in it is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in it is going to be
+represented by this 2p wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this 2p wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this 2p wave
+function same thing for this same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function same thing for this same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function same thing for this same thing
+for this state they're all 2 PS okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this state they're all 2 PS okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this state they're all 2 PS okay
+because L is equal to one for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because L is equal to one for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because L is equal to one for all these
+three states and N is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three states and N is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three states and N is equal to
+two now if I had here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now if I had here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now if I had here
+a angular momentum quantum number of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a angular momentum quantum number of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a angular momentum quantum number of two
+we'd call that a d orbital if I had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd call that a d orbital if I had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd call that a d orbital if I had one
+that L is equal to three I'd call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L is equal to three I'd call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L is equal to three I'd call that
+an F orbital and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an F orbital and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an F orbital and so on and so
+forth all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth all
+right but um now what I haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but um now what I haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but um now what I haven't said
+anything about yet is the m quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about yet is the m quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about yet is the m quantum
+number here all right and again we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here all right and again we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here all right and again we've
+got a code for this we're actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a code for this we're actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a code for this we're actually not
+going to use the number M we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the number M we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the number M we're going to
+use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some
+letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters
+and the code is that when m is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the code is that when m is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the code is that when m is equal to
+zero we're going to put a z subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're going to put a z subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're going to put a z subscript
+here on this p orbital designation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this p orbital designation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this p orbital designation when
+m is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is equal to
+zero when m is equal to one hey we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when m is equal to one hey we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when m is equal to one hey we're
+going to put an X subscript on this P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put an X subscript on this P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put an X subscript on this P
+designation and when m is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation and when m is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation and when m is equal to
+minus1 we're going to put a y subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 we're going to put a y subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 we're going to put a y subscript
+on this designation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this designation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this designation
+okay now I should tell you that what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I should tell you that what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I should tell you that what I
+just did here is not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did here is not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did here is not actually
+correct all right in other words m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct all right in other words m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct all right in other words m is
+equal to one isn't really the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one isn't really the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one isn't really the X
+subscript and M is equal to minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript and M is equal to minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript and M is equal to minus one
+isn't really the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really the Y
+subscript the reason is because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript the reason is because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript the reason is because these
+two P wave functions when m is one and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two P wave functions when m is one and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two P wave functions when m is one and M
+is minus one hey they're complex they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one hey they're complex they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one hey they're complex they're
+complex functions and what we do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex functions and what we do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex functions and what we do is that
+we do some linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some linear
+combination of the M1 and m equal minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the M1 and m equal minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the M1 and m equal minus1
+wave functions to get what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions to get what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions to get what we call the
+PX wave function and the py wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX wave function and the py wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX wave function and the py wave
+function one is a plus linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one is a plus linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one is a plus linear
+combination one's a negative linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination one's a negative linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination one's a negative linear
+combination you're not responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination you're not responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination you're not responsible for
+that therefore you're not responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that therefore you're not responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that therefore you're not responsible
+for knowing when m is equal to 1 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for knowing when m is equal to 1 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for knowing when m is equal to 1 we have
+an X and M is equal to minus one we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and M is equal to minus one we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and M is equal to minus one we have
+a y you are responsible for knowing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y you are responsible for knowing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y you are responsible for knowing when
+m is equal to zero you have a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is equal to zero you have a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is equal to zero you have a z
+subscript here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript here
+okay okay now I should make one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I should make one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I should make one other
+point here and that as you see I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and that as you see I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and that as you see I don't
+have a subscript here for M on the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a subscript here for M on the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a subscript here for M on the S
+orbitals well in an S State when L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals well in an S State when L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals well in an S State when L is
+equal to zero there's only one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero there's only one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero there's only one possible
+value of M which is zero right and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of M which is zero right and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of M which is zero right and so we
+just leave out that subscript we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave out that subscript we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave out that subscript we don't
+put a z here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a z here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a z here
+on the S uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the S uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the S uh
+designation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right so what does this mean the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this mean the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this mean the fact
+that we got these uh now these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got these uh now these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got these uh now these extra
+quantum numbers well it means we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers well it means we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers well it means we have
+extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+States and these states um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and these states um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and these states um actually
+though have the same energies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though have the same energies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though have the same energies that we
+saw last time all right but let's uh try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time all right but let's uh try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time all right but let's uh try
+to expand that a little bit and uh draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand that a little bit and uh draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand that a little bit and uh draw
+an energy level diagram so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy level diagram so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy level diagram so that we
+really understand what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand what's going
+on all right so here's my energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all right so here's my energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all right so here's my energy level
+diagram energy going up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram energy going up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram energy going up this
+way and when n is equal to one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and when n is equal to one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and when n is equal to one then
+right our quantum numbers the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right our quantum numbers the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right our quantum numbers the most
+complete description here is the n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description here is the n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete description here is the n is
+the one0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one0
+state and the electron in that uh state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the electron in that uh state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the electron in that uh state
+has a wave function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a wave function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a wave function that's
+describing that electron or that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing that electron or that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing that electron or that that
+represents that electron we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents that electron we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents that electron we call that
+the 1s wave function that's the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s wave function that's the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s wave function that's the energy
+all right when n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right when n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right when n is equal to
+two when n is equal to two you see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two when n is equal to two you see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two when n is equal to two you see now
+we've got four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got four different
+states four different states that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states four different states that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states four different states that are
+all the same energy 2s 2 py 2 pz 2 PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same energy 2s 2 py 2 pz 2 PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same energy 2s 2 py 2 pz 2 PX
+they have all the the same energy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have all the the same energy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have all the the same energy they
+are degenerate again degenerate means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are degenerate again degenerate means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are degenerate again degenerate means
+having the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same
+energy and in general what we've got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and in general what we've got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and in general what we've got is
+n squar degenerate States at each n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squar degenerate States at each n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squar degenerate States at each n okay
+so these have all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these have all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these have all the same
+energy they differ in how much angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they differ in how much angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they differ in how much angular
+momentum the electron has and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the electron has and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the electron has and how much
+angular momentum the electron has in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the electron has in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum the electron has in the
+Z direction if it were in the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z direction if it were in the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z direction if it were in the presence
+of a magnetic field okay but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a magnetic field okay but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a magnetic field okay but they have
+the same energy because energy is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same energy because energy is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same energy because energy is only
+dictated by the N quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by the N quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by the N quantum
+number all right so now when n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right so now when n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right so now when n is equal
+to three how many degenerate states do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three how many degenerate states do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three how many degenerate states do
+we have nine here they are right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nine here they are right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nine here they are right the
+energy is minus one nth the ridir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus one nth the ridir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus one nth the ridir
+constant here are the nine degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here are the nine degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here are the nine degenerate
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+3 S 3 py 3pz 3 PX hey that pattern just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 S 3 py 3pz 3 PX hey that pattern just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 S 3 py 3pz 3 PX hey that pattern just
+reproduces 2s 2py 2pz 2px so we won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces 2s 2py 2pz 2px so we won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces 2s 2py 2pz 2px so we won't go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+those right but now we've got some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right but now we've got some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right but now we've got some extra
+States here again their quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States here again their quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States here again their quantum numbers
+are all three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all three for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all three for
+n but um when n is three the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but um when n is three the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but um when n is three the largest
+value of L is two and so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L is two and so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L is two and so all of these
+states here have L is equal to two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here have L is equal to two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here have L is equal to two and
+our code for L is equal to two were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code for L is equal to two were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code for L is equal to two were
+these D States or these uh if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these D States or these uh if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these D States or these uh if you have
+an electron in those States it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in those States it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron in those States it's
+represented by a 3D wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a 3D wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a 3D wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay but now the the reason these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but now the the reason these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay but now the the reason these
+3D wave functions differ is because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D wave functions differ is because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D wave functions differ is because they
+have different amounts of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different amounts of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different amounts of angular
+momentum in the Z component they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Z component they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in the Z component they have
+different values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of
+M so if n is equal to 3 l is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so if n is equal to 3 l is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so if n is equal to 3 l is equal to
+two the smallest value that n can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the smallest value that n can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the smallest value that n can have
+is minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus two
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay and then I'm going to just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I'm going to just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I'm going to just call
+when m is equal to minus two I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m is equal to minus two I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m is equal to minus two I'm going
+to call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that the
+XZ XY here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ XY here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ XY here in the
+subscript when m is equal to minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript when m is equal to minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript when m is equal to minus one
+I'm going to put a YZ in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put a YZ in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put a YZ in this
+subscript when m is equal to zero I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript when m is equal to zero I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript when m is equal to zero I'm
+going to put a z sared in this subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a z sared in this subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a z sared in this subscript
+that's going to be my code for m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be my code for m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be my code for m is
+equal to zero in the case of the 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero in the case of the 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero in the case of the 3D
+orbitals the 3D wave functions I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the 3D wave functions I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the 3D wave functions I'm going
+to put a z sared in that subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a z sared in that subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a z sared in that subscript
+and then when m is equal to one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when m is equal to one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when m is equal to one I'm
+putting an XZ and when m is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an XZ and when m is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an XZ and when m is equal to 2
+an x^2 - y squared it's off the screen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x^2 - y squared it's off the screen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x^2 - y squared it's off the screen a
+little bit but I think it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but I think it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but I think it's in your
+notes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay
+again you are not responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you are not responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you are not responsible for
+knowing when m is minus 2 this is XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing when m is minus 2 this is XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing when m is minus 2 this is XY
+when m is minus one this is y z because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m is minus one this is y z because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m is minus one this is y z because
+it isn't strictly correct we again are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't strictly correct we again are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't strictly correct we again are
+got complex functions we're making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got complex functions we're making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got complex functions we're making them
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+and we're taking linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're taking linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're taking linear
+combinations you are responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations you are responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations you are responsible for
+knowing that when m is equal to zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that when m is equal to zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that when m is equal to zero in
+a 3D State this subscript here is z SED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3D State this subscript here is z SED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3D State this subscript here is z SED
+all right so when m is equal to zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so when m is equal to zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so when m is equal to zero in
+a twopiece state that's a z subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twopiece state that's a z subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twopiece state that's a z subscript
+when m is equal to zero in a 3D State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m is equal to zero in a 3D State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m is equal to zero in a 3D State
+that's a z^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a z^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a z^2
+subscript you will look at these 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript you will look at these 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript you will look at these 3D
+States more in detail when you talk when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States more in detail when you talk when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States more in detail when you talk when
+we talk with uh when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk with uh when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk with uh when we talk about
+transition medals in the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition medals in the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition medals in the second half of
+the course with Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course with Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course with Professor
+drenan all right so that's our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drenan all right so that's our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drenan all right so that's our energy
+level diagram everybody okay with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram everybody okay with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram everybody okay with this
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now
+um we found these two other quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we found these two other quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we found these two other quantum
+numbers we got three quantum numbers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we got three quantum numbers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we got three quantum numbers we
+know how to label the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to label the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to label the
+states and we know how to label the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and we know how to label the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and we know how to label the wave
+functions that describe the electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that describe the electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that describe the electrons in
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+states but now it's time to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but now it's time to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but now it's time to talk about
+what a wave function really means or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a wave function really means or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a wave function really means or
+how exactly does a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how exactly does a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how exactly does a wave function
+represent this particle this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this particle this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this particle this electron
+you know how do you how do you interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you how do you interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you how do you interpret
+the wave function all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function all
+right and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the answer
+is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you
+don't the answer is that that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the answer is that that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the answer is that that wave
+function is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay it is one of these Concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it is one of these Concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it is one of these Concepts that
+you can't or you don't have a ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't or you don't have a ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't or you don't have a ready
+classical analogy it's one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical analogy it's one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical analogy it's one of these
+Concepts that you don't experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that you don't experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that you don't experience in
+your everyday life and so you can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your everyday life and so you can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your everyday life and so you can't say
+it's like this right there's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this right there's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this right there's because
+within your everyday world there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your everyday world there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your everyday world there's
+nothing there's nothing to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's nothing to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's nothing to draw a
+correct analogy to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct analogy to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct analogy to all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+the wave function squared does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function squared does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function squared does
+have a physical interpretation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical interpretation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a physical interpretation that is
+Meaningful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaningful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaningful in
+your environment okay and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your environment okay and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your environment okay and that is that
+this wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function
+squared and let me just write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and let me just write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and let me just write it out
+here now in its full Glory remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now in its full Glory remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now in its full Glory remember this
+wave function we're going to denote by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we're going to denote by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we're going to denote by
+three quantum numbers n l and and M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers n l and and M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers n l and and M and
+it's a function of r Theta and F right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of r Theta and F right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of r Theta and F right
+if I take this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take this wave
+function and I Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I Square
+it the interpretation of that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the interpretation of that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the interpretation of that wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+squared is that it is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that is
+it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a
+probability per unit volume right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability per unit volume right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability per unit volume right a
+density is always per unit volume so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is always per unit volume so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is always per unit volume so
+it's a probability per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+okay where did that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where did that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where did that come
+from good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from good
+question you know soon after schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know soon after schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know soon after schinger
+wrote down his um wave equations there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down his um wave equations there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down his um wave equations there's
+a lot of discussion in this scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of discussion in this scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of discussion in this scientific
+Community about what did Sai what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community about what did Sai what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community about what did Sai what does
+SAI really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAI really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAI really
+mean what's the interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's the interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's the interpretation of
+Sai and there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sai and there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sai and there were a lot of
+interpretations given a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations given a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations given a lot of
+explanations given but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations given but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations given but
+finally one very um a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally one very um a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally one very um a very
+clever Scientist by the name of Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever Scientist by the name of Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever Scientist by the name of Max
+Bourne said you know if I think of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne said you know if I think of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne said you know if I think of size
+squared as a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared as a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared as a probability
+density well then I can understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density well then I can understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density well then I can understand the
+predictions that the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that the Schrodinger
+equation makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation makes
+okay so s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so s
+squared is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is an
+interpretation right he said if I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation right he said if I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation right he said if I think
+of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size
+squared as the probability per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared as the probability per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared as the probability per unit
+volume and then I go and analyze all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and then I go and analyze all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and then I go and analyze all of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+results of of solving the schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of of solving the schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of of solving the schinger
+equation in terms of that concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of that concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in terms of that concept that
+it's a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a probability
+density then things make sense and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density then things make sense and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density then things make sense and those
+predictions agree with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions agree with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions agree with my
+observations hey you know what that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations hey you know what that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations hey you know what that's it
+there's nothing there's no derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there's no derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing there's no derivation
+here of s squared s squared is just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of s squared s squared is just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of s squared s squared is just that
+it is assumption it is an onot it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is assumption it is an onot it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is assumption it is an onot it is an
+interpretation but you know what you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation but you know what you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation but you know what you use
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+interpretation and that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and that makes
+predictions that agree with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that agree with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that agree with our
+observations and there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and there are no
+observations that even hint that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that even hint that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that even hint that that
+interpretation isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation isn't
+correct okay but that's it you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay but that's it you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay but that's it you know you
+don't go any this this there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go any this this there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go any this this there's no
+derivation of this right this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this right this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this right this is an
+interpretation it's a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation it's a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation it's a probability
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+okay all right well this gentleman Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well this gentleman Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well this gentleman Max
+Bourne really very clever scientist Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne really very clever scientist Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne really very clever scientist Max
+Bourne is the same born of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne is the same born of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne is the same born of something
+called the borne Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the borne Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the borne Oppenheimer
+approximation that maybe some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that maybe some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that maybe some of you
+know about it's the same born of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it's the same born of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it's the same born of the
+distorted wave born approximation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted wave born approximation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted wave born approximation which
+you Pro probably nobody knows about okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Pro probably nobody knows about okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Pro probably nobody knows about okay
+but I got to tell you that uh despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I got to tell you that uh despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I got to tell you that uh despite
+the fact that Max born has all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Max born has all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Max born has all of these
+accomplishments the interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments the interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments the interpretation of
+size squared as the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size squared as the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size squared as the probability density
+the born Oppenheimer proximation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the born Oppenheimer proximation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the born Oppenheimer proximation the
+distorted wave born approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted wave born approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted wave born approximation
+despite all of those accomplishments he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite all of those accomplishments he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite all of those accomplishments he
+is best known for being the grandfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best known for being the grandfather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best known for being the grandfather
+of Olivia Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Olivia Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Olivia Newton
+John that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John that is is
+true they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a couple of weeks ago in the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a couple of weeks ago in the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a couple of weeks ago in the Boston
+Globe the Boston Globe and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Globe the Boston Globe and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Globe the Boston Globe and I guess
+papers throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers throughout the
+country has a uh a magazine called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country has a uh a magazine called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country has a uh a magazine called
+Parade Magazine and it actually had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parade Magazine and it actually had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parade Magazine and it actually had an
+article about Olivia Newton John Olivia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about Olivia Newton John Olivia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about Olivia Newton John Olivia
+Newton John somebody's going who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton John somebody's going who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton John somebody's going who's
+Olivia Newton John that's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia Newton John that's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia Newton John that's just an
+indication of how old I am right Olivia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of how old I am right Olivia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of how old I am right Olivia
+Newton John is a is a singer uh Greece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton John is a is a singer uh Greece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton John is a is a singer uh Greece
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+right it was interesting the losted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it was interesting the losted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it was interesting the losted
+globe a few weeks ago in Parade Magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe a few weeks ago in Parade Magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe a few weeks ago in Parade Magazine
+there was an article on her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an article on her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an article on her and
+mentioned that uh her grandfather was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that uh her grandfather was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that uh her grandfather was
+Max Bourn didn't say anything about Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max Bourn didn't say anything about Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max Bourn didn't say anything about Max
+borne after that but did mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne after that but did mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne after that but did mention that
+okay all right so now you know what size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now you know what size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now you know what size
+squared is it's a probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is it's a probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is it's a probability density
+hey you and I we can understand that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you and I we can understand that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you and I we can understand that s
+Square we can understand that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square we can understand that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square we can understand that it's a
+probability density but what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density but what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density but what I want to
+really emphasize here is that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really emphasize here is that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really emphasize here is that it is a
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+density it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density it is not
+probability it is probability per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it is probability per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it is probability per unit
+volume that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that's
+important in a moment we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a moment we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a moment we're going to
+look at a quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a quantity that
+is a probability ility but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a probability ility but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a probability ility but this is a
+probability density all right you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density all right you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density all right you got to
+get the units correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the units correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the units correct
+here all right so how can we use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so how can we use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so how can we use that to
+understand something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something
+about where the electron is in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the electron is in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where the electron is in an
+atom well let's uh let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom well let's uh let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom well let's uh let's do
+that on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the slide
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+we kill those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kill those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kill those
+lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights
+okay so probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to represent the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent the probability
+density here by a density dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density here by a density dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density here by a density dot
+diagram so I'm going to take my 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so I'm going to take my 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so I'm going to take my 1s
+orbital okay my 1s wave function or my S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital okay my 1s wave function or my S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital okay my 1s wave function or my S
+one0 wave function and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 wave function and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one0 wave function and I'm going to
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+it and then I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then I'm going to take the
+results of that squared function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of that squared function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of that squared function and
+plot it as a dot diagram here where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it as a dot diagram here where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it as a dot diagram here where the
+density of the dots is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the dots is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the dots is proportional to
+the probability density so the darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density so the darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density so the darker
+the dots the higher the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dots the higher the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dots the higher the probability
+density and as the dots get more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and as the dots get more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and as the dots get more and
+more uh dispersed right the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh dispersed right the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh dispersed right the probability
+density is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is getting
+smaller so I did that for my 1 s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so I did that for my 1 s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so I did that for my 1 s wave
+function squared the 1s wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared the 1s wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared the 1s wave function
+and plotted hit plotted it here on an XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plotted hit plotted it here on an XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plotted hit plotted it here on an XY
+Z yeah oh I got the X and the Y turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z yeah oh I got the X and the Y turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z yeah oh I got the X and the Y turned
+around okay that's all right I plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay that's all right I plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay that's all right I plotted
+it here what you can see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here what you can see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here what you can see is that the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+density is a maximum at the origin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is a maximum at the origin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is a maximum at the origin at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+nucleus and that it decays equally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and that it decays equally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and that it decays equally in
+all directions it's isotropic there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all directions it's isotropic there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all directions it's isotropic there's no
+angular dependence it's spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence it's spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence it's spherically
+symmetric and that you can also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and that you can also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and that you can also see
+nicely if you look at the actual plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely if you look at the actual plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely if you look at the actual plot of
+the wave function not s squar now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function not s squar now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function not s squar now the
+wave function which I'm plotting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function which I'm plotting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function which I'm plotting here
+this is the wave function and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wave function and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wave function and I'm
+plotting it versus R actually what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting it versus R actually what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting it versus R actually what I'm
+plotting it here is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting it here is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting it here is as
+R over this something called the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R over this something called the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R over this something called the a
+knot a Knot's a constant a knot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot a Knot's a constant a knot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot a Knot's a constant a knot is
+called the bore radius a knot is about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the bore radius a knot is about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the bore radius a knot is about a
+half an angstrom I'll explain to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an angstrom I'll explain to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an angstrom I'll explain to you
+where a knot comes from in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a knot comes from in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a knot comes from in a little bit
+but right now it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now it's just a
+constant here's the actual form of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here's the actual form of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here's the actual form of that
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+okay hey it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hey it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hey it's pretty
+simple this stuff right in here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this stuff right in here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this stuff right in here this
+stuff this is all a constant right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff this is all a constant right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff this is all a constant right just
+1 over Pi a cubed I said this was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over Pi a cubed I said this was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over Pi a cubed I said this was about
+a half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angstrom and then the important part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom and then the important part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom and then the important part is
+right here it's a decaying exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it's a decaying exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it's a decaying exponential
+in r e to the minus r over a KN and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in r e to the minus r over a KN and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in r e to the minus r over a KN and so
+the wave function starts out at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function starts out at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function starts out at some
+high finite value at R is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high finite value at R is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high finite value at R is equal to zero
+and it drops off exponentially is r goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it drops off exponentially is r goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it drops off exponentially is r goes
+to Infinity that's what we're plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity that's what we're plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity that's what we're plotting
+and you can see that reflected here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that reflected here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that reflected here when
+you square this you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square this you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square this you can see that
+reflected in that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in that probability
+density all right so what does it tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density all right so what does it tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density all right so what does it tell
+me it tells me that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it tells me that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it tells me that the probability
+density is highest at the nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is highest at the nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is highest at the nucleus and
+drops off in an exponential fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops off in an exponential fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops off in an exponential fashion
+equally in all directions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally in all directions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally in all directions this is
+spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically
+symmetric okay we're going to say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay we're going to say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay we're going to say some
+more about where's the electron in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about where's the electron in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about where's the electron in a
+moment after we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment after we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment after we go
+through not only 1 s but 2s and 3s all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through not only 1 s but 2s and 3s all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through not only 1 s but 2s and 3s all
+right so here I plotted the 2s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I plotted the 2s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I plotted the 2s wave
+function I took the 2s wave function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I took the 2s wave function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I took the 2s wave function I
+squared it and so I got values as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it and so I got values as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it and so I got values as a
+function of r and again the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r and again the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r and again the density of
+the dots is proportional to that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dots is proportional to that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dots is proportional to that wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+squared and again what do you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and again what do you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and again what do you see you
+see that the probability density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the probability density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the probability density is
+largest at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest at the
+origin and that it decays again equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and that it decays again equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and that it decays again equally
+in all directions because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all directions because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all directions because it's
+spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically
+symmetric and it decays so much that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and it decays so much that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and it decays so much that all
+of a sudden you get to some value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden you get to some value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden you get to some value of R
+and there's no probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no probability
+density and then as you get to larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then as you get to larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then as you get to larger
+values of R well the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R well the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R well the probability density
+increases again right here right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases again right here right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases again right here right and
+then it finally decays off decays as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it finally decays off decays as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it finally decays off decays as you
+get to larger values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to larger values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to larger values of
+R what this wave function has in it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R what this wave function has in it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R what this wave function has in it here
+is something called whoops is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called whoops is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called whoops is something
+called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a
+node there is a value of R right in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node there is a value of R right in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node there is a value of R right in here
+where there's no probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no probability
+density that value of R in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that value of R in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that value of R in terms of this
+constant a KN is 2 * a we call that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a KN is 2 * a we call that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a KN is 2 * a we call that a
+radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+node you can see that radial node very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node you can see that radial node very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node you can see that radial node very
+easily if you look at a plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if you look at a plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if you look at a plot of the
+actual wave function so not squaring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual wave function so not squaring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual wave function so not squaring the
+wave this is the wave function here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave this is the wave function here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave this is the wave function here it
+is here's the form for it at R is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's the form for it at R is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's the form for it at R is equal
+to zero it's some finite large value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it's some finite large value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it's some finite large value
+and it decreases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it decreases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it decreases it
+decreases till we get to a value of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases till we get to a value of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases till we get to a value of zero
+s is equal to zero let me um just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to zero let me um just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is equal to zero let me um just so
+that uh everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh everybody
+whoopsie let me just draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoopsie let me just draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoopsie let me just draw that
+here on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so I'm plotting here the side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm plotting here the side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm plotting here the side to
+z0 wave function the 2s wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 wave function the 2s wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 wave function the 2s wave function
+I'm plotting it as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting it as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting it as a function of
+r what it looks like is that at R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r what it looks like is that at R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r what it looks like is that at R is
+equal to zero starts out at some high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero starts out at some high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero starts out at some high
+finite value and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite value and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite value and it
+drops and it actually goes through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops and it actually goes through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops and it actually goes through a
+zero and it drops and it keeps dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it drops and it keeps dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it drops and it keeps dropping
+until some point and becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until some point and becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until some point and becomes
+negative and then it turns around and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then it turns around and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then it turns around and it
+approaches the zero again and so at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the zero again and so at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the zero again and so at very
+large R the wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large R the wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large R the wave function is
+zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+here right here right where this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right here right where this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right here right where this wave
+function becomes zero that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes zero that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes zero that's what we
+call a radial node r equal to a KN this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a radial node r equal to a KN this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a radial node r equal to a KN this
+is a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a radial
+node it is a value of r that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node it is a value of r that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node it is a value of r that makes the
+wave function be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function be equal to zero
+so if you wanted to solve for the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to solve for the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you wanted to solve for the radial
+node you would take simply take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node you would take simply take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node you would take simply take the
+functional form for 2s which is 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form for 2s which is 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form for 2s which is 1 over 1
+over 2 pi a cub to the 12 * 2 - R over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi a cub to the 12 * 2 - R over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi a cub to the 12 * 2 - R over a
+* e the minus r over 2 a KN if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* e the minus r over 2 a KN if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* e the minus r over 2 a KN if you
+wanted to solve for the value of r at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to solve for the value of r at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to solve for the value of r at
+which this node occurs you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this node occurs you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this node occurs you set
+everything equal to zero you solve for R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything equal to zero you solve for R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything equal to zero you solve for R
+this goes away this stuff is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes away this stuff is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes away this stuff is just a
+constant it goes away you have 2 - R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it goes away you have 2 - R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it goes away you have 2 - R
+over a KN hey that's equal to zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a KN hey that's equal to zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a KN hey that's equal to zero you
+can see when you solve this that R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see when you solve this that R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see when you solve this that R is
+equal to 2 a KN that's the value of r at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 a KN that's the value of r at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 a KN that's the value of r at
+which you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have a
+node all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node all
+right now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now notice
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+at R equals z i mean at r equal 2 a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at R equals z i mean at r equal 2 a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at R equals z i mean at r equal 2 a not
+the wave function changes sign it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function changes sign it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function changes sign it was
+positive up here it's negative down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive up here it's negative down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive up here it's negative down
+here that is a general characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is a general characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is a general characteristic
+when the wave function goes through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wave function goes through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wave function goes through a
+node the wave function changes sign hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the wave function changes sign hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node the wave function changes sign hey
+why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+important well have you I think maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well have you I think maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important well have you I think maybe in
+high school you we haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school you we haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school you we haven't talked about
+P orbitals yet but remember you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P orbitals yet but remember you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P orbitals yet but remember you put
+sometimes a plus sign on a p orbital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a plus sign on a p orbital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a plus sign on a p orbital and
+a minus sign on a p orbital right did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus sign on a p orbital right did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus sign on a p orbital right did
+you do that yeah well that plus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that yeah well that plus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that yeah well that plus and the
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+represented the amplitude the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented the amplitude the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented the amplitude the sign of
+the amplitude of the wave function plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the wave function plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the wave function plus
+meant it had a positive amplitude minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant it had a positive amplitude minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant it had a positive amplitude minus
+meant it had a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant it had a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant it had a negative
+amplitude that's what it meant sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that's what it meant sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude that's what it meant sometimes
+you may have called it the phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have called it the phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have called it the phase of the
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+function you know why that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you know why that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you know why that's important
+the phase of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of the wave
+function it's important because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's important because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's important because when you
+go to do chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to do chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to do chemical
+bonding when you bring up two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding when you bring up two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding when you bring up two
+atoms and you are overlapping two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and you are overlapping two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and you are overlapping two atoms
+and you're overlapping the way functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're overlapping the way functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're overlapping the way functions
+that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same
+sign hey you got constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign hey you got constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign hey you got constructive
+interference and you have chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and you have chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and you have chemical
+bonding if you come in and you overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding if you come in and you overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding if you come in and you overlap
+two wave functions that have opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wave functions that have opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wave functions that have opposite
+sign you got destructive interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you got destructive interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you got destructive interference
+and you've got no chemical bonding we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got no chemical bonding we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got no chemical bonding we're
+going to see that later but that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that later but that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that later but that's why
+that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so
+important okay is the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay is the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay is the amplitude of the
+wave function here and these nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function here and these nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function here and these nodes
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's look at the 3s wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's look at the 3s wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's look at the 3s wave function
+here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+are back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here plotted the 3s wave function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plotted the 3s wave function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plotted the 3s wave function the
+probability density of the 3s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of the 3s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of the 3s wave
+function again what do you see you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function again what do you see you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function again what do you see you see
+right in the center probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the center probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the center probability density
+is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the largest
+and then as R increases the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as R increases the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as R increases the probability
+density drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density drops
+off however you get to a value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off however you get to a value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off however you get to a value of R
+right here where you got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where you got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where you got another
+node another value of r that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node another value of r that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node another value of r that makes the
+way function be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way function be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way function be equal to
+zero right and then as you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and then as you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and then as you increase
+R the wave function again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the wave function again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the wave function again the
+probability density increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density increases
+right it increases because look right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it increases because look right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it increases because look right
+here right you're getting a more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you're getting a more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you're getting a more and
+more negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative
+value if you square a negative value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you square a negative value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you square a negative value
+what you're do you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're do you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're do you're going to get a
+large positive value that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large positive value that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large positive value that's what this
+high probability density reflects it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability density reflects it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability density reflects it
+reflects the fact that the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the fact that the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the fact that the wave function
+right in this area has a large negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this area has a large negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this area has a large negative
+value you square it you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you square it you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you square it you're going to get
+a large positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large positive
+value and then as you increase R again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then as you increase R again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then as you increase R again
+well again you get another value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again you get another value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again you get another value of R
+where you have a node the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a node the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a node the wave function
+goes to zero here's that point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero here's that point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero here's that point right
+there here's s equals zero wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here's s equals zero wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here's s equals zero wave function
+zero and then as you increase R well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then as you increase R well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then as you increase R well
+again as you increase R thank you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as you increase R thank you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as you increase R thank you again
+as you increase R right the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase R right the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase R right the probability
+density goes up why because the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes up why because the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes up why because the wave
+function increased right there see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function increased right there see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function increased right there see that
+square it it's going to go up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it it's going to go up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it it's going to go up and then
+it turns around goes to zero and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns around goes to zero and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns around goes to zero and this
+decays if you wanted to solve for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays if you wanted to solve for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays if you wanted to solve for this
+radial node and this radial node which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node and this radial node which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node and this radial node which
+I'll let you do you take the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you do you take the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you do you take the functional
+form set it equal to zero and solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form set it equal to zero and solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form set it equal to zero and solve for
+R that's easy all of this stuff is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's easy all of this stuff is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's easy all of this stuff is a
+constant this goes away it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this goes away it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this goes away it's just a
+quadratic and you're solving for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and you're solving for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic and you're solving for the
+roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we
+learned we've learned that the 1 s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned we've learned that the 1 s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned we've learned that the 1 s wave
+function 2s wave function 3s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 2s wave function 3s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 2s wave function 3s wave
+functions and in fact all swave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and in fact all swave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and in fact all swave
+functions all swave functions or L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all swave functions or L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all swave functions or L
+equals Z Wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Z Wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Z Wave
+functions all of them are spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all of them are spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all of them are spherically
+symmetric they have no angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric they have no angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric they have no angular
+dependence remember we said that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence remember we said that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence remember we said that in
+general the wave function depends on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the wave function depends on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the wave function depends on our
+Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and
+fi SWA functions have no Theta and fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi SWA functions have no Theta and fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi SWA functions have no Theta and fi
+dependence in them on like p-wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in them on like p-wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in them on like p-wave
+functions which we'll look at very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which we'll look at very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which we'll look at very soon
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right also very important here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right also very important here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right also very important here the
+probability density of all swave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of all swave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of all swave
+functions is a finite value at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is a finite value at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is a finite value at R equals
+Zer okay those are the two important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer okay those are the two important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer okay those are the two important
+things and you know how to solve now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you know how to solve now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you know how to solve now for
+a radial node you set the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial node you set the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial node you set the wave function
+equal to zero and solve for the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and solve for the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and solve for the value of
+r that makes the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay now we have to continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay now we have to continue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay now we have to continue this
+discussion so we can start to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so we can start to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so we can start to talk about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probability of finding an electron some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron some
+distance from the nucleus we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the nucleus we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the nucleus we just talked
+about probability density we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability density we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probability density we haven't
+talked about probability yet and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about probability yet and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about probability yet and here
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability we're going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we're going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we're going to plot
+something and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and we're going to talk about
+something called the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the radial probability
+distribution what's that well the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what's that well the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what's that well the radial
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+distribution is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the
+probability of finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an
+electron in a shell you know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a shell you know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a shell you know what a
+shell is a shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell is a shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell is a shell
+is a sphere but the sphere is hollow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sphere but the sphere is hollow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sphere but the sphere is hollow
+except that you know at the uh diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that you know at the uh diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that you know at the uh diameter
+right at or at the circumference you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at or at the circumference you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at or at the circumference you
+have a a thin um thin coating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a thin um thin coating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a thin um thin coating
+that thinness has got a Dr to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thinness has got a Dr to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thinness has got a Dr to
+it all right has a thickness to it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right has a thickness to it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right has a thickness to it I'm
+sorry it's a probability this radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's a probability this radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's a probability this radial
+probability distribution is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution is the
+probability of finding an electron in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron in a
+shell of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of radius
+R and A thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dr so let me try to explain that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr so let me try to explain that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr so let me try to explain that some
+more here is this gray part that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here is this gray part that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more here is this gray part that's my
+probability density that I drew before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density that I drew before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density that I drew before
+the the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the dot
+diagram this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is a
+1s uh wave function this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s uh wave function this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1s uh wave function this is the
+probability density for the 1s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for the 1s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for the 1s wave
+function s 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s 1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s 1 0 0
+squared this blue thing here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this blue thing here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this blue thing here is a
+spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+shell it has some uh radius here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell it has some uh radius here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell it has some uh radius here
+R it also has some thickness Dr you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it also has some thickness Dr you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R it also has some thickness Dr you see
+I cut away here this thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut away here this thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut away here this thickness
+Dr the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr the radial probability
+distribution is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the probability of
+finding this electron in this spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this electron in this spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this electron in this spherical
+shell that is of radius R and thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell that is of radius R and thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell that is of radius R and thickness
+Dr so it's the probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr so it's the probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr so it's the probability of finding
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+electron at some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at some distance
+R to r+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to r+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to r+
+Dr that's the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr that's the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr that's the radial probability
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+now I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want you to
+notice what is what is the volume here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what is what is the volume here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what is what is the volume here
+of this spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this spherical
+shell well that volume is Just 4 pi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell well that volume is Just 4 pi r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell well that volume is Just 4 pi r
+SAR the surface area of that spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR the surface area of that spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR the surface area of that spherical
+shell times the thickness which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell times the thickness which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell times the thickness which we're
+going to call Dr that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume so now if I wanted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so now if I wanted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so now if I wanted a
+probability of finding my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding my
+electron in a swaave function some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a swaave function some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a swaave function some
+distance from the nucleus some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the nucleus some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the nucleus some distance
+R to R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R to R plus
+Dr what am I going to do well I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr what am I going to do well I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr what am I going to do well I'm going
+to take my probability density which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take my probability density which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take my probability density which I
+said was size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was size
+squared probability per unit volume I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared probability per unit volume I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared probability per unit volume I'm
+going to multiply it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply it by a
+volume then I'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume then I'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume then I'm going to get a
+probability of finding my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding my
+electron some distance R to R plus Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron some distance R to R plus Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron some distance R to R plus Dr
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+nucleus and that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and that's what we're going to
+talk about on Monday is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about on Monday is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about on Monday is the probability
+the actual probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual probability of finding the
+electron from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the
+nucleus okay see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fzU7FpMSD30.txt b/fzU7FpMSD30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20937e6002f6b292cc4904c775668b2385539345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fzU7FpMSD30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6632 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop coreware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu we are exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we are exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we are exciting
+aband that uh uh so you're exciting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aband that uh uh so you're exciting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aband that uh uh so you're exciting from
+low vibrational levels to relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low vibrational levels to relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low vibrational levels to relatively
+High vibrational level and this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High vibrational level and this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High vibrational level and this then
+fluoresces very far to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresces very far to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresces very far to the
+red uh there'll also be some blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh there'll also be some blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh there'll also be some blue
+fluorescence from the two turning points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence from the two turning points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence from the two turning points
+and so uh going from one vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh going from one vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh going from one vibrational
+level to another the ratio of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to another the ratio of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to another the ratio of of of
+intensity in the blue and the red can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in the blue and the red can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in the blue and the red can
+change and so uh usually these effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so uh usually these effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and so uh usually these effects
+of the sensitivity range of the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sensitivity range of the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sensitivity range of the photo
+multiplier are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier are
+qualitative uh I mean quantitative they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative uh I mean quantitative they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative uh I mean quantitative they
+don't make a line disappear but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make a line disappear but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make a line disappear but they
+make the intensities of transitions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the intensities of transitions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the intensities of transitions that
+are that occur in the same region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that occur in the same region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that occur in the same region of the
+spectrum be different from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum be different from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum be different from what you
+expect can you ever use it to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect can you ever use it to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect can you ever use it to your
+advantage by having two fold multipliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage by having two fold multipliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage by having two fold multipliers
+and yes uh one often uses two fold pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes uh one often uses two fold pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes uh one often uses two fold pH
+multipliers and to uh usually use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers and to uh usually use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers and to uh usually use some
+kind of filter which would will sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of filter which would will sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of filter which would will sort of
+divide the Spectrum into two channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the Spectrum into two channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the Spectrum into two channels
+and the two channels the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two channels the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two channels the relationship
+between the two channels provide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two channels provide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two channels provide you
+with information a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information a way of
+sorting you can also have a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting you can also have a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting you can also have a local
+perturbation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation where
+uh so here's a a term value curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's a a term value curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's a a term value curve and
+here's another term value curve this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another term value curve this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another term value curve this is
+energy versus J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus J +
+one and suppose this state is bright it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and suppose this state is bright it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and suppose this state is bright it
+has a short lifetime it's the state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a short lifetime it's the state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a short lifetime it's the state that
+you're exciting to this is dark you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exciting to this is dark you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exciting to this is dark you
+can't excite you can't you can't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't excite you can't you can't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't excite you can't you can't have an
+allow transition from the initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow transition from the initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow transition from the initial State
+into this it has a long Lifetime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this it has a long Lifetime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this it has a long Lifetime and
+near where these levels cross you get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where these levels cross you get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where these levels cross you get uh
+an avoided Crossing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avoided Crossing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avoided Crossing like
+this oops and the states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oops and the states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oops and the states are
+schizophrenic the the levels have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic the the levels have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic the the levels have
+intermediate radi property and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate radi property and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate radi property and so you
+will end up seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up seeing
+uh uh lines with anomalous intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh lines with anomalous intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh lines with anomalous intensity
+with anomalous frequencies and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anomalous frequencies and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anomalous frequencies and maybe
+more lines than you expect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lines than you expect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lines than you expect so
+perturbations can also affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations can also affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations can also affect
+uh the uh signals so there's there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh signals so there's there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh signals so there's there are
+many uh effects that that corrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh effects that that corrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh effects that that corrupt the
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+intensities um and you could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities um and you could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities um and you could also be
+doing an experiment like resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an experiment like resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an experiment like resonance
+enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced
+multiphoton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiphoton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiphoton
+ionization so instead of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization so instead of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization so instead of looking at
+fluorescence one could be exciting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence one could be exciting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence one could be exciting to
+this some intermediate State and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some intermediate State and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some intermediate State and then
+with a second laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a second laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a second laser
+ion and that's also not uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and that's also not uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and that's also not uh uh
+indiscriminate so now instead of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminate so now instead of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminate so now instead of looking
+at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a
+photon uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon uh you're
+who this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who this
+is so you excite here and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you excite here and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you excite here and there's a
+laser always present that causes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser always present that causes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser always present that causes that
+state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to
+ionize and so if this state does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize and so if this state does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize and so if this state does
+something get goes away by flues by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something get goes away by flues by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something get goes away by flues by
+fluoresence or predissociation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence or predissociation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence or predissociation you can
+still have intensity anomalies due to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have intensity anomalies due to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have intensity anomalies due to uh
+Quantum being other than 100% so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum being other than 100% so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum being other than 100% so there's
+lots of ways in which the intensity in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways in which the intensity in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ways in which the intensity in a
+uh laser induced fluorescence or a Ry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh laser induced fluorescence or a Ry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh laser induced fluorescence or a Ry
+Spectrum where you're scanning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum where you're scanning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum where you're scanning the
+frequency of laser is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of laser is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of laser is different from
+just the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when you do a spectrum like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you do a spectrum like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you do a spectrum like an
+Lis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lis
+or a Rey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Rey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a Rey
+Spectrum uh you have the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh you have the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh you have the same problem
+you did with the uh classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did with the uh classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did with the uh classical
+Spectrum you get the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum you get the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum you get the whole
+Spectrum uh and there isn't any sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh and there isn't any sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh and there isn't any sorting
+so you don't really know how to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't really know how to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't really know how to assign
+it it's just as hard in fact it's harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just as hard in fact it's harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's just as hard in fact it's harder
+because instead of having a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of having a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of having a whole
+Spectrum all at once you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum all at once you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum all at once you you have to
+slowly scan your laser and you record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly scan your laser and you record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly scan your laser and you record
+the Spectrum and you're wasting a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum and you're wasting a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum and you're wasting a lot of
+time because instead of getting $100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because instead of getting $100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because instead of getting $100,000
+resolution elements in one shot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution elements in one shot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution elements in one shot uh
+you're getting a resolution element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a resolution element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a resolution element
+every second or so and uh uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second or so and uh uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second or so and uh uh but you
+still haven't done any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still haven't done any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still haven't done any
+sorting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting so
+there's a very simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple idea
+it's uh and that's dispersed fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh and that's dispersed fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh and that's dispersed fluoresence
+so you you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you have your
+laser populating some Upper State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser populating some Upper State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser populating some Upper State and
+you're not tuning the laser anymore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not tuning the laser anymore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not tuning the laser anymore you
+tune it to a fluoresence line and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune it to a fluoresence line and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune it to a fluoresence line and you
+stop and now you look at the fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and now you look at the fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and now you look at the fluoresence
+from this upper level and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this upper level and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this upper level and so this is a
+level which you would like to know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which you would like to know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level which you would like to know uh
+it's quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quantum
+numbers and all you know when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and all you know when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and all you know when you start
+is that you've excited it there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you've excited it there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you've excited it there's some
+fluoresence from a level and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence from a level and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence from a level and you might
+even have as you scann at your LF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have as you scann at your LF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have as you scann at your LF
+Spectrum you said oh this this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum you said oh this this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum you said oh this this looks
+like a nice sharp single line I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nice sharp single line I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nice sharp single line I'd like
+to know who is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and so you stop and you say okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so you stop and you say okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so you stop and you say okay now
+I'm going to do a new experiment I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do a new experiment I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do a new experiment I'm
+going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the
+fluoresence and put it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence and put it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence and put it into a
+monochrometer or spectrometer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer or spectrometer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer or spectrometer and
+measure the spectrum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the spectrum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the spectrum of the
+fluoresence and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence and so what you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of pairs of lines and what you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairs of lines and what you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairs of lines and what you see in
+the is nothing but combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is nothing but combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is nothing but combination
+differences so the thing that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so the thing that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so the thing that you have
+to work on uh in the classical spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on uh in the classical spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on uh in the classical spectrum
+is given to you on a silver platter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to you on a silver platter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to you on a silver platter that
+the Spectrum the dispersed fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum the dispersed fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spectrum the dispersed fluorescent
+Spectrum contains nothing but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum contains nothing but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum contains nothing but what you
+wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to
+know so it's a fantastic simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it's a fantastic simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it's a fantastic simplification
+and so you see a spectrum that normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see a spectrum that normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see a spectrum that normally
+looks like progression of pairs of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like progression of pairs of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like progression of pairs of lines
+and so these are P and R lines that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are P and R lines that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are P and R lines that come
+from a common J and from the spacing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a common J and from the spacing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a common J and from the spacing of
+them one one knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something you know that uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know that uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know that uh so this is
+this is the uh P let's call this J this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh P let's call this J this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the uh P let's call this J this
+is the PJ plus one line and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the PJ plus one line and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the PJ plus one line and this is
+the r j minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r j minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r j minus
+one yes so technically you still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yes so technically you still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yes so technically you still have to
+scan your uh monochrometer to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan your uh monochrometer to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan your uh monochrometer to get that
+same as you scan laser well let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as you scan laser well let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as you scan laser well let's see
+first you scan your laser to the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you scan your laser to the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you scan your laser to the line
+and then you stop and you scan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you stop and you scan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you stop and you scan the
+monochrometer unless you you have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer unless you you have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer unless you you have uh uh
+a u detector which is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u detector which is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u detector which is uh a
+two-dimensional detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional detector
+and that's wonderful because now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's wonderful because now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's wonderful because now what
+you're doing is you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're actually
+measuring the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the total
+intensity in each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity in each of the
+lines and the intensities are meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the intensities are meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the intensities are meaningful
+because it doesn't depend on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't depend on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't depend on what the
+laser was doing as you were scanning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser was doing as you were scanning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser was doing as you were scanning the
+the monochrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monochrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monochrometer
+so um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and
+most uh experiments disperse fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh experiments disperse fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh experiments disperse fluoresence
+experiments these days are not done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments these days are not done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments these days are not done by
+scanning the monochrometer they are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning the monochrometer they are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning the monochrometer they are done
+with a CCD detector edges this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a CCD detector edges this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a CCD detector edges this is a
+television camera and it says I see two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television camera and it says I see two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television camera and it says I see two
+lines and so did people ever do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so did people ever do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so did people ever do the
+first Spector with lasers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Spector with lasers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Spector with lasers and
+photographic plates yes I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plates yes I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plates yes I did
+that uh that's really stupid but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that's really stupid but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that's really stupid but it
+wasn't photographic plates you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't photographic plates you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't photographic plates you remember
+the polary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polary
+camera that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what so you know you waited a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so you know you waited a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so you know you waited a few
+seconds and you you develop this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and you you develop this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and you you develop this thing
+and you meure with a ruler on this still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you meure with a ruler on this still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you meure with a ruler on this still
+pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie
+of uh but it's much easier to I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh but it's much easier to I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh but it's much easier to I mean we
+also use chart recorders you you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use chart recorders you you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use chart recorders you you didn't
+even know what a chart recorder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what a chart recorder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what a chart recorder is
+D in fact one of the first things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D in fact one of the first things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D in fact one of the first things I
+bought at MIT uh was a two pen chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought at MIT uh was a two pen chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought at MIT uh was a two pen chart
+recorder because I wanted to record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder because I wanted to record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder because I wanted to record the
+Spectrum and the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum and the standard
+lines on the same thing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the same thing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the same thing no
+and in fact I think I had a four pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I think I had a four pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I think I had a four pin
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recorder now chart recorders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder now chart recorders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorder now chart recorders are
+notorious because the pens clock if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious because the pens clock if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious because the pens clock if you
+got four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four of
+them uh you know you're basically never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh you know you're basically never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh you know you're basically never
+taking data and it's because a stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking data and it's because a stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking data and it's because a stupid
+detector isn't working not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector isn't working not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector isn't working not because
+anything complicated like a laser or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything complicated like a laser or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything complicated like a laser or the
+molecular Source uh and so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Source uh and so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular Source uh and so this is where
+my conservatism about uh loading up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conservatism about uh loading up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conservatism about uh loading up an
+experiment with peripheral junk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with peripheral junk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with peripheral junk that
+might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not
+work uh you know the hard thing should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh you know the hard thing should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh you know the hard thing should
+be the laser and the source of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the laser and the source of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the laser and the source of molecules
+and everything else would be 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else would be 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else would be 100%
+reliable chart recorders made me made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable chart recorders made me made me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable chart recorders made me made me
+uh it ruined my perspective anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it ruined my perspective anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it ruined my perspective anyway so
+you get this progression of pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this progression of pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this progression of pairs of
+lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and
+so you can calculate uh uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can calculate uh uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can calculate uh uh from the
+rotational energy level formula that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy level formula that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy level formula that the
+spacing between between lines is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between between lines is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between between lines is going
+to be B Prime the rotational constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be B Prime the rotational constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be B Prime the rotational constant of
+the Lower State Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower State Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lower State Time
+4 J Prime + 2 the quantum number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 J Prime + 2 the quantum number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 J Prime + 2 the quantum number of the
+Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upper
+State and so if you know Bou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so if you know Bou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so if you know Bou
+Prime then you know J if you know J you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then you know J if you know J you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then you know J if you know J you
+know B Prime you don't know either when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know B Prime you don't know either when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know B Prime you don't know either when
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+start and so you do this you tune the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and so you do this you tune the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and so you do this you tune the
+laser to Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser to Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser to Al
+line and then you do the laer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then you do the laer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then you do the laer to the
+next line that looks like it belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next line that looks like it belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next line that looks like it belongs to
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+pattern so you want to look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so you want to look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so you want to look at two
+consecutive lines of a brench your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive lines of a brench your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive lines of a brench your eye
+tells you yeah that looks like a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you yeah that looks like a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you yeah that looks like a pattern
+I'm I believe it's a pattern I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I believe it's a pattern I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I believe it's a pattern I look at
+two consecutive lines and if the pr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two consecutive lines and if the pr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two consecutive lines and if the pr
+separations change by an amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separations change by an amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separations change by an amount
+reasonably reasonable for a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably reasonable for a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably reasonable for a change of
+4B then you say they were the same two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B then you say they were the same two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4B then you say they were the same two
+lines and you know 4B and you know J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you know 4B and you know J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you know 4B and you know J
+so two measurements you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two measurements you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two measurements you know you you
+look at the disperse floressence from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the disperse floressence from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the disperse floressence from
+one line and then what you think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line and then what you think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line and then what you think is the
+next line and if you're not unlucky then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next line and if you're not unlucky then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next line and if you're not unlucky then
+you have a complete rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a complete rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a complete rotational
+assignment that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+so these are rot give you the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are rot give you the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are rot give you the rotational
+constant of some vibrational State this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of some vibrational State this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of some vibrational State this
+is the Conant the next vibrational and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Conant the next vibrational and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Conant the next vibrational and
+so on and this is the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and this is the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and this is the vibrational
+frequency now you also don't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now you also don't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now you also don't know which
+vibrational quantum number it is and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational quantum number it is and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational quantum number it is and so
+there's another feature of the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another feature of the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another feature of the pattern
+that you have to dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to dig
+out now there are ways you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now there are ways you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now there are ways you can make
+vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+assignments and uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments and uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments and uh I'll
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'll say something briefly about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll say something briefly about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll say something briefly about that
+one is you see a progression like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you see a progression like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is you see a progression like
+this and you want to you want to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you want to you want to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you want to you want to follow
+that progression to the lowest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that progression to the lowest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that progression to the lowest possible
+vibrational level equals z so that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level equals z so that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level equals z so that will
+be following the progression to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be following the progression to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be following the progression to the
+blue and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and if the
+progression goes you know as a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression goes you know as a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression goes you know as a series of
+lines the blue and then ends abruptly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the blue and then ends abruptly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the blue and then ends abruptly as
+opposed to is dying out you're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to is dying out you're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to is dying out you're pretty
+sure you found V equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you found V equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you found V equal zero
+but if it's dying out you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's dying out you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's dying out you don't really
+know that you got to zero and uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you got to zero and uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you got to zero and uh but
+there are other patterns if uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other patterns if uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other patterns if uh if you
+look at a long vibrational progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a long vibrational progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a long vibrational progression
+which is presented to you on a silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is presented to you on a silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is presented to you on a silver
+platter as a you know nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platter as a you know nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platter as a you know nothing but
+combination differences you see all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences you see all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination differences you see all of
+these things are associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are associated with
+different vibration levels and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vibration levels and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vibration levels and you can
+say well this is a progression in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this is a progression in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this is a progression in the
+same electronic State well then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same electronic State well then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same electronic State well then you can
+see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the
+progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no and so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and so the number of
+nodes is very likely to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes is very likely to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes is very likely to be the
+vibrational quent number for the Upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State and there are other ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and there are other ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and there are other ways you can
+use this information but there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this information but there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this information but there's a huge
+once the Spectrum has been simplified to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the Spectrum has been simplified to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the Spectrum has been simplified to
+you know a simple thing associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a simple thing associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a simple thing associated with
+uh with each vibrational State you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with each vibrational State you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with each vibrational State you
+pretty much you can you can do fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you can you can do fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you can you can do fantastic
+things okay so we have now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so we have now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so we have now this
+progression we determined B from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression we determined B from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression we determined B from the
+change in the pr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the pr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the pr
+separation and in order to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and in order to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and in order to be able to
+make J assignments we need a resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make J assignments we need a resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make J assignments we need a resolution
+or Precision for PR separations which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Precision for PR separations which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Precision for PR separations which is
+roughly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly to
+be because you want to be be able to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because you want to be be able to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because you want to be be able to you
+know since they change in steps of 4B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know since they change in steps of 4B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know since they change in steps of 4B
+you want to be sure that your accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be sure that your accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be sure that your accuracy
+is one unit of J or better than a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one unit of J or better than a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one unit of J or better than a half
+unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of
+J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and
+uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+typical uh monochrometer that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh monochrometer that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh monochrometer that you would
+use for this would be something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for this would be something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for this would be something like a
+3/4 meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 meter
+uh instrument with a 12200 Grove per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instrument with a 12200 Grove per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instrument with a 12200 Grove per
+millim rating and that has a dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millim rating and that has a dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millim rating and that has a dispersion
+of about 10 enstrom per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+millimeter and uh so you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter and uh so you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter and uh so you can make the
+slits be about 10 microns before you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits be about 10 microns before you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits be about 10 microns before you're
+starting to uh kill yourself with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to uh kill yourself with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to uh kill yourself with you
+know when you make the slits too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you make the slits too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you make the slits too small
+uh you you smear out the image because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you smear out the image because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you smear out the image because
+of the fraction and so 10 microns is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fraction and so 10 microns is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fraction and so 10 microns is
+okay for visible ation so 10 microns is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for visible ation so 10 microns is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for visible ation so 10 microns is
+uh is 100th of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is 100th of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is 100th of a
+millim and so you can have a resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millim and so you can have a resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millim and so you can have a resolution
+a resolution on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attentive and what's an exra well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive and what's an exra well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive and what's an exra well at
+30,000 how do you make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 how do you make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 how do you make that
+calculation how does the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation how does the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation how does the size of the
+grading affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading affect the
+resolution I didn't say anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution I didn't say anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution I didn't say anything about
+the gra uh where is this is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gra uh where is this is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gra uh where is this is a typical
+number uh and I mean it comes from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh and I mean it comes from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh and I mean it comes from uh
+the defraction equation but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction equation but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction equation but it also
+comes from my uh my uh memory that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from my uh my uh memory that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from my uh my uh memory that you
+know typical monochrometer are either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know typical monochrometer are either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know typical monochrometer are either
+3/4 meters or 1 meter they have 1,200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 meters or 1 meter they have 1,200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 meters or 1 meter they have 1,200
+grp for millim grating and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grp for millim grating and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grp for millim grating and this is the
+number that you typically uh know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you typically uh know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you typically uh know I mean
+if you work in second order well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work in second order well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work in second order well then
+you get five exrs per millimeter or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get five exrs per millimeter or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get five exrs per millimeter or if
+you have a 2400 group rating it's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a 2400 group rating it's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a 2400 group rating it's five
+an per millimeter in first order now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an per millimeter in first order now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an per millimeter in first order now if
+it's a lot of groups it's a holographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of groups it's a holographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of groups it's a holographic
+rating and they don't work very well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating and they don't work very well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating and they don't work very well in
+second order uh so this is a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order uh so this is a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order uh so this is a you know a
+useful number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful number to
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+um and uh okay but the next number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh okay but the next number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh okay but the next number you
+know electronic transitions are let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electronic transitions are let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electronic transitions are let's
+say 30,000 wave numers three 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EGS uh well that's interesting there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EGS uh well that's interesting there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EGS uh well that's interesting there's a
+factor 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 10
+there so if you have a tenth of a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you have a tenth of a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you have a tenth of a an
+angstrom you have one reciprocal ctim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom you have one reciprocal ctim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom you have one reciprocal ctim
+resolution so that's typical uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so that's typical uh what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so that's typical uh what you
+can get with this sort of an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get with this sort of an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get with this sort of an instrument
+about one uh reciprocal centim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one uh reciprocal centim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one uh reciprocal centim
+resolution you can measure things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you can measure things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you can measure things to
+better than the resolution if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the resolution if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the resolution if they're
+not remember there these things there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not remember there these things there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not remember there these things there
+there's only two lines and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two lines and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two lines and they're
+relatively far apart and so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively far apart and so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively far apart and so you can do
+better than the resolution you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the resolution you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the resolution you can do
+better than the resolution by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the resolution by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the resolution by the
+resolution divided by the signal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution divided by the signal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution divided by the signal of
+noise if there's single symmetric lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise if there's single symmetric lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise if there's single symmetric lines
+and so you can with this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can with this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can with this sort of
+instrument have a uh a Precision on a PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument have a uh a Precision on a PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument have a uh a Precision on a PR
+separation of a few maybe two or 3/ t0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of a few maybe two or 3/ t0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of a few maybe two or 3/ t0
+of a uh reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uh reciprocal
+set and as long as B is larger than 6 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and as long as B is larger than 6 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and as long as B is larger than 6 T
+of a reciprocal CM you're it'll work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reciprocal CM you're it'll work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reciprocal CM you're it'll work but
+there are a lot of molecules with be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of molecules with be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of molecules with be
+smaller than that and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that and then you have to
+work a little harder so this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a little harder so this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a little harder so this is pretty
+good for most classes of experiments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for most classes of experiments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for most classes of experiments uh
+but it's right on the edge when you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's right on the edge when you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's right on the edge when you know
+B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but one of the things is that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one of the things is that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one of the things is that you you
+you have an interplay between this crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an interplay between this crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an interplay between this crude
+instrument the disp the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument the disp the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument the disp the the
+monochrometer and your laser your laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer and your laser your laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer and your laser your laser
+you can have a uh you can measure line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a uh you can measure line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a uh you can measure line
+CS uh to on the order of 3,000 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS uh to on the order of 3,000 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS uh to on the order of 3,000 of a
+w that's with a CW laser and again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w that's with a CW laser and again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w that's with a CW laser and again uh
+even with a pulse laser which has a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a pulse laser which has a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with a pulse laser which has a a
+resolution of 300 of a wag number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of 300 of a wag number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of 300 of a wag number you
+can get the 3,000 away Precision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the 3,000 away Precision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the 3,000 away Precision in
+spaces and so the dispersed fluoresence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and so the dispersed fluoresence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and so the dispersed fluoresence
+might not be quite uh precise enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be quite uh precise enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be quite uh precise enough to
+make rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make rotational
+assignments you can then scan through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments you can then scan through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments you can then scan through
+and uh the the the lines in question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the the the lines in question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the the the lines in question and
+you can uh uh use your laser Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh uh use your laser Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh uh use your laser Precision
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+monocom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monocom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monocom
+so this is a fantastic thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a fantastic thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a fantastic thing because
+just by doing a simple in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by doing a simple in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by doing a simple in this case a
+passive double resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive double resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive double resonance
+experiment the spectrum is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the spectrum is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the spectrum is completely
+sorted out and so instead of having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted out and so instead of having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted out and so instead of having to
+face the usual classical problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the usual classical problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the usual classical problem of
+being given everything and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being given everything and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being given everything and trying to
+find a tow hole to begin to unravel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a tow hole to begin to unravel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a tow hole to begin to unravel to
+take it apart it's you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it apart it's you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it apart it's you know from the
+very GetGo you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very GetGo you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very GetGo you have it
+sorted and so this means you can deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted and so this means you can deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted and so this means you can deal
+with much more complicated problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much more complicated problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much more complicated problems
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away okay now there are hybrid methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay now there are hybrid methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay now there are hybrid methods
+uh I said passive double resonance well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I said passive double resonance well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I said passive double resonance well
+I'm leading up to double resins where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm leading up to double resins where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm leading up to double resins where
+you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two
+lasers but you can also use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers but you can also use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers but you can also use the
+monochrometer in a way I think Sam asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer in a way I think Sam asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer in a way I think Sam asked
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+question suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you use the monochrometer not to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the monochrometer not to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the monochrometer not to look at
+disperse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disperse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disperse
+fluorescence but to only look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence but to only look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence but to only look at
+fluorescence that happens to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence that happens to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence that happens to occur
+within a relatively narrow uh spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a relatively narrow uh spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a relatively narrow uh spectral
+window and so here is uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and so here is uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and so here is uh here
+is a forra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a forra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a forra
+parabola and so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and so what is
+this um so in an ordinary Spectrum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so in an ordinary Spectrum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so in an ordinary Spectrum the
+Spectrum isn't spread out as a forra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum isn't spread out as a forra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum isn't spread out as a forra
+parabola it's a bunch of lines in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola it's a bunch of lines in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola it's a bunch of lines in a
+onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+uh array um and so uh in this uh the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh array um and so uh in this uh the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh array um and so uh in this uh the way
+this uh the way the figure in the electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the way the figure in the electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the way the figure in the electr
+notes is labeled uh this is wrong as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is labeled uh this is wrong as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is labeled uh this is wrong as far
+as Herzberg is concerned because red is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Herzberg is concerned because red is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Herzberg is concerned because red is
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+left um and so here's the P Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um and so here's the P Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left um and so here's the P Branch
+here's the r Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the r Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the r Branch
+region this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region this is
+red and what's going on here well uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and what's going on here well uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and what's going on here well uh a
+PE Branch always starts out going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE Branch always starts out going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE Branch always starts out going to the
+red and if there is a head in the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and if there is a head in the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and if there is a head in the P
+Branch uh then the P Branch will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch uh then the P Branch will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch uh then the P Branch will turn
+around and uh uh so here's the head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and uh uh so here's the head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and uh uh so here's the head and
+we'll continue out to the blue the AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll continue out to the blue the AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll continue out to the blue the AR
+Branch always starts out to the blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch always starts out to the blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch always starts out to the blue and
+so in this region there will be R lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this region there will be R lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this region there will be R lines
+and P lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P lines
+commingled and uh in this region uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commingled and uh in this region uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commingled and uh in this region uh you
+start out at at low J in the PE branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at at low J in the PE branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at at low J in the PE branch
+and with the higher J now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the higher J now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the higher J now there are
+lines uh the low J region of the PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh the low J region of the PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh the low J region of the PE
+branch is in the midst of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch is in the midst of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch is in the midst of a lot of
+traffic and so all right so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic and so all right so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic and so all right so there are
+two kinds of experiments you can do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can set your monochrometer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set your monochrometer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set your monochrometer to
+accept a a spectral window which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a a spectral window which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a a spectral window which is
+narrow maybe there's three or four lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow maybe there's three or four lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow maybe there's three or four lines
+uh in that window and you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that window and you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in that window and you can you can
+set the the monochrometer either to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the the monochrometer either to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the the monochrometer either to here
+or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to
+here okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so
+suppose uh you set your monochrometer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh you set your monochrometer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh you set your monochrometer to
+accept a window that's relatively near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a window that's relatively near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a window that's relatively near
+the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band
+head and then you scan your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and then you scan your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and then you scan your
+laser okay well one thing you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser okay well one thing you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser okay well one thing you would not
+want to do is scan the laser in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is scan the laser in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is scan the laser in the
+region where the monochrometer is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the monochrometer is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where the monochrometer is set
+because there'll be a lot of scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there'll be a lot of scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there'll be a lot of scattered
+light to go and so what you will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to go and so what you will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to go and so what you will do is
+scan the laser and when you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan the laser and when you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan the laser and when you go through
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+region which uh which is related which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which uh which is related which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which uh which is related which
+has our Branch lines related to the PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has our Branch lines related to the PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has our Branch lines related to the PE
+Branch lines you're excited over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch lines you're excited over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch lines you're excited over here
+you're going to see some fluoresence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see some fluoresence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see some fluoresence in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+window and so there'll be a few lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and so there'll be a few lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and so there'll be a few lines
+that appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear
+and uh they will be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they will be associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they will be associated with
+this now this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this also
+intersects uh this region here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects uh this region here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects uh this region here which
+might be a PE Branch uh at uh so the PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a PE Branch uh at uh so the PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a PE Branch uh at uh so the PE
+Branch starts out going like uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch starts out going like uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch starts out going like uh going
+like that and comes around so this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and comes around so this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and comes around so this might
+be very high J lines of the P Branch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very high J lines of the P Branch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very high J lines of the P Branch or
+it might be relatively low J lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be relatively low J lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be relatively low J lines of
+the ARB and so there'll be uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ARB and so there'll be uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ARB and so there'll be uh another
+region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that
+uh corresponds to the lines here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponds to the lines here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh corresponds to the lines here and so
+there'll be another group of lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be another group of lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be another group of lines and
+so you'll be selecting a few JS in the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll be selecting a few JS in the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll be selecting a few JS in the P
+Branch seeing them in the r Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch seeing them in the r Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch seeing them in the r Branch
+you'll be selecting something over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be selecting something over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be selecting something over here
+and you'll see them somewhere else so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see them somewhere else so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see them somewhere else so if
+you set the monochrometer at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the monochrometer at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the monochrometer at this point
+there'll be two little pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be two little pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be two little pieces of
+spectrum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you
+see and you know a fair amount about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and you know a fair amount about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and you know a fair amount about
+them because uh the you have laser laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because uh the you have laser laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because uh the you have laser laser
+precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision
+in measuring the lines and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in measuring the lines and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in measuring the lines and you know that
+they're far away from where you set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're far away from where you set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're far away from where you set the
+monometer and then of course you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer and then of course you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer and then of course you do the
+other other experiment you now set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other experiment you now set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other experiment you now set the
+monochrometer where these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were and then when you scan in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and then when you scan in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and then when you scan in this
+region you see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you see those
+lines which you know are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines which you know are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines which you know are related to
+these and you have laser Precision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and you have laser Precision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and you have laser Precision of
+them so you do two experiments and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you do two experiments and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you do two experiments and you
+get little pieces of the r&p branch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get little pieces of the r&p branch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get little pieces of the r&p branch that
+you know are related and you get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are related and you get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are related and you get them
+with laser precision and so it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with laser precision and so it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with laser precision and so it's it's a
+very very effective and simple way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very effective and simple way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very effective and simple way of
+doing uh lasered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh lasered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh lasered
+fluoresence where by using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence where by using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence where by using a
+monochrometer you sort the Spectrum Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer you sort the Spectrum Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer you sort the Spectrum Tim
+steinley uses this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steinley uses this a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steinley uses this a lot
+uh and uh I don't know who invented it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I don't know who invented it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I don't know who invented it I
+think we did but uh uh it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did but uh uh it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we did but uh uh it's a it's a
+it's a pretty simple technique and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty simple technique and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty simple technique and it
+sorts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts the
+Spectrum one thing that you've always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum one thing that you've always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum one thing that you've always
+warned me about using monomers is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warned me about using monomers is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warned me about using monomers is that
+you lose an awful lot of intensity sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose an awful lot of intensity sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose an awful lot of intensity sure
+through it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and
+so how much of a problem is it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much of a problem is it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much of a problem is it for
+different uses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uses of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uses of the
+monom well you know for this one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monom well you know for this one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monom well you know for this one you
+don't care that much about resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care that much about resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care that much about resolution
+the monochrometer slit can be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monochrometer slit can be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monochrometer slit can be pretty
+wide uh and so so uh uh well what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide uh and so so uh uh well what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide uh and so so uh uh well what does a
+monochrometer cost you uh you I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer cost you uh you I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer cost you uh you I mean in
+usual experiment you you're exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual experiment you you're exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual experiment you you're exciting
+fluoresence here and you have some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence here and you have some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence here and you have some kind
+of a lens and a photo multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lens and a photo multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lens and a photo multiplier
+here okay so what fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so what fraction of the
+fluorescence can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence can you
+intercept uh well you it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept uh well you it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept uh well you it's not
+unreasonable to say that you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable to say that you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable to say that you can have a
+2in diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2in diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2in diameter
+lens about 2 in away from the wet and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens about 2 in away from the wet and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens about 2 in away from the wet and so
+you can figure out what fraction what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out what fraction what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out what fraction what
+solid angle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle that
+is so uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so uh and then
+um if you're using a monochrometer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're using a monochrometer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're using a monochrometer or
+just a bare photo multiplier the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bare photo multiplier the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bare photo multiplier the quantum
+yield of the photo multiplier is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield of the photo multiplier is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield of the photo multiplier is the
+same so so what you really want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so so what you really want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so so what you really want to do is
+compare the F number of your optics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the F number of your optics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the F number of your optics for
+collecting simple fluoresence and the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting simple fluoresence and the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting simple fluoresence and the F
+number of the monochrometer the F number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the monochrometer the F number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the monochrometer the F number
+of a monochrometer is usually for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a monochrometer is usually for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a monochrometer is usually for this
+sort of thing is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing is usually
+10 F1 uh sometimes you get one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 F1 uh sometimes you get one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 F1 uh sometimes you get one that's
+got a bigger grading and maybe gets down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bigger grading and maybe gets down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bigger grading and maybe gets down
+to 7.5 or something like that the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 7.5 or something like that the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 7.5 or something like that the solid
+angle is the square is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is the square is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is the square is related to the
+square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of
+the so uh the you would with a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so uh the you would with a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so uh the you would with a photo
+multiplier close to your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier close to your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier close to your uh
+um your fluorescence region see roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your fluorescence region see roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your fluorescence region see roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more fluoresence now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more fluoresence now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more fluoresence now
+sometimes because you don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes because you don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes because you don't want to get
+scattered light you put a filter here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered light you put a filter here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered light you put a filter here to
+block the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the
+laser that cost you a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser that cost you a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser that cost you a factor
+10 you don't need a filter with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you don't need a filter with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you don't need a filter with the
+monochrometer because it's a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer because it's a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrometer because it's a super
+filter and so that takes you down to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and so that takes you down to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and so that takes you down to now
+then there's the issue of how efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the issue of how efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the issue of how efficient
+is the grading what you know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the grading what you know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the grading what you know is the
+gring 100% efficient well holographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gring 100% efficient well holographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gring 100% efficient well holographic
+ratings are very very high efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings are very very high efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings are very very high efficiency
+and but then there's the issue if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but then there's the issue if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but then there's the issue if you're
+uh is it a blaze grading and which order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it a blaze grading and which order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is it a blaze grading and which order
+you work so so roughly you know you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work so so roughly you know you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work so so roughly you know you use
+a monochrometer you're losing a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monochrometer you're losing a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monochrometer you're losing a factor
+of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10
+100 but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 but uh
+yeah but you can you can calculate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you can you can calculate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you can you can calculate I
+there's also how big is the slit and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also how big is the slit and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also how big is the slit and so
+on how big is the slit and how big is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how big is the slit and how big is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how big is the slit and how big is
+the pho multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can also do an active double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can also do an active double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can also do an active double
+resonance experiment I mean using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance experiment I mean using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance experiment I mean using the
+monometer it it satisfies my rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer it it satisfies my rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer it it satisfies my rule that
+you want something that always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want something that always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want something that always going to
+work because what is a monochrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because what is a monochrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because what is a monochrometer
+it's it's a grading in a box and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a grading in a box and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a grading in a box and again
+if the grading Drive isn't working well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the grading Drive isn't working well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the grading Drive isn't working well
+you knew that before you started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew that before you started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew that before you started the
+experiment and if the photo multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and if the photo multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and if the photo multiplier
+isn't working well it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't working well it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't working well it's the same thing
+you do with LF so uh it's it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with LF so uh it's it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with LF so uh it's it's a pretty
+C thing to work whereas especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C thing to work whereas especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C thing to work whereas especially in
+the 1960s and70s the laser was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s and70s the laser was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s and70s the laser was pretty
+pretty surely not going to work and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty surely not going to work and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty surely not going to work and if
+it was working you want to you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was working you want to you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was working you want to you know you
+want to get data and do something and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get data and do something and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get data and do something and uh
+so having two lasers that are working is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having two lasers that are working is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having two lasers that are working is
+was hard and so having a passive double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard and so having a passive double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hard and so having a passive double
+residence scheme is a great way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residence scheme is a great way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residence scheme is a great way to do
+business but you can also do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but you can also do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but you can also do something
+like this so you ex set here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you ex set here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you ex set here and that
+state selects that's the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state selects that's the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state selects that's the you know
+basically the same thing is the disperse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing is the disperse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing is the disperse
+fluoresence experiment and then you scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence experiment and then you scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence experiment and then you scan
+a second laser so this laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second laser so this laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second laser so this laser is
+fixed and now you scan this laser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and now you scan this laser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and now you scan this laser and
+you look either at dips in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look either at dips in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look either at dips in the
+fluoresence from this or is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence from this or is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence from this or is the
+appearance of fluoresence to the blue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of fluoresence to the blue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of fluoresence to the blue of
+what you would have gotten from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would have gotten from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would have gotten from here and
+you you see nothing but combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see nothing but combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see nothing but combination
+differences together and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences together and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences together and that's a
+fantastic thing and this is also better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic thing and this is also better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic thing and this is also better
+than dispersed fluoresence because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than dispersed fluoresence because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than dispersed fluoresence because you
+have laser resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have laser resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have laser resolution
+and this one has Doppler selected and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one has Doppler selected and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one has Doppler selected and so
+there's no Doppler with either and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Doppler with either and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Doppler with either and so
+it's much better than this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much better than this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much better than this first
+fluoresence but the problem is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence but the problem is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence but the problem is it
+requires two tunable lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires two tunable lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires two tunable lasers
+working and uh uh in the days of CW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and uh uh in the days of CW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and uh uh in the days of CW
+lasers that was always a problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers that was always a problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers that was always a problem in the
+days of Y pump die lasers it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of Y pump die lasers it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of Y pump die lasers it's not so
+much of a problem because they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a problem because they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a problem because they're both
+being pumped by the same gag laser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pumped by the same gag laser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pumped by the same gag laser and
+the dial lasers are pretty passive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dial lasers are pretty passive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dial lasers are pretty passive uh
+and so you can you can do double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can do double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can you can do double
+resonance and there are even people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and there are even people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance and there are even people who
+with CW lasers now do quadruple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with CW lasers now do quadruple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with CW lasers now do quadruple
+residents so it's you know it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents so it's you know it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents so it's you know it's not it's
+not impossible it's just asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not impossible it's just asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not impossible it's just asking for
+trouble so you can you can uh do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so you can you can uh do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble so you can you can uh do these
+new laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new laser
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+um there are many kinds of two laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many kinds of two laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many kinds of two laser
+experiments uh and and we'll maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh and and we'll maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh and and we'll maybe we'll
+talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that
+someday okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you have a technique that enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have a technique that enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have a technique that enables
+you to simplify the Spectrum so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to simplify the Spectrum so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to simplify the Spectrum so the
+assignment instead of being an elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment instead of being an elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment instead of being an elaborate
+exercise and pattern recognition is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and pattern recognition is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and pattern recognition is you
+have this on a silver platter so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this on a silver platter so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this on a silver platter so one of
+the things that you do is say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you do is say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you do is say okay I'm
+capable of dealing with a far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of dealing with a far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of dealing with a far more
+complicated Spectrum than I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Spectrum than I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Spectrum than I would have
+been by classical methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been by classical methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been by classical methods
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that's the you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the you know that's the
+masochistic approach that you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masochistic approach that you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masochistic approach that you know if
+you if you can if complexity is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you can if complexity is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you can if complexity is hard
+well I I strip away the complexity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I strip away the complexity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I strip away the complexity by
+doing double res now I go for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing double res now I go for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing double res now I go for new
+complexity which is much worse that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity which is much worse that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity which is much worse that's
+what I do okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do okay but
+uh let's talk about what kinds of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's talk about what kinds of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's talk about what kinds of new
+complexity you're going to encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you're going to encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you're going to encounter
+I mean everything I've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean everything I've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean everything I've been talking
+about up till now has sort of pretended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about up till now has sort of pretended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about up till now has sort of pretended
+that molecules are in electronic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecules are in electronic States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecules are in electronic States
+called Sigma Sigma plus states that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Sigma Sigma plus states that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Sigma Sigma plus states that they
+don't have any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any kind
+from and so we we haven't thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and so we we haven't thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and so we we haven't thought about
+details about what electronic state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details about what electronic state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details about what electronic state is
+we've only asked about what J is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only asked about what J is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only asked about what J is the
+transition and sometimes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and sometimes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and sometimes a little bit
+about what vibrational level but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what vibrational level but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what vibrational level but what
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+Symmetry uh and if you have a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry uh and if you have a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry uh and if you have a state
+that's not singlet Sigma plus there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not singlet Sigma plus there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not singlet Sigma plus there's
+going to be extra levels and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be extra levels and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be extra levels and those are
+going to make the problem more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the problem more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the problem more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+so we have Lambda which is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Lambda which is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Lambda which is the uh the
+orbital anger momentum projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital anger momentum projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital anger momentum projection of the
+inter nuclear axis and this is a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter nuclear axis and this is a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter nuclear axis and this is a source
+of confusion for a lot of people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confusion for a lot of people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of confusion for a lot of people because
+lamb is a projection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb is a projection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb is a projection of
+L the total you know the total total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the total you know the total total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L the total you know the total total
+orbital but this is not round this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital but this is not round this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital but this is not round this is a
+not round molecule L is quenched by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not round molecule L is quenched by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not round molecule L is quenched by the
+not roundness there is no l but the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not roundness there is no l but the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not roundness there is no l but the not
+roundness has a s you has a symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundness has a s you has a symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundness has a s you has a symmetry
+it's you have a unique axis and so or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have a unique axis and so or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have a unique axis and so or
+you can think of this as a stark effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as a stark effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as a stark effect
+where you you have a certain symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you have a certain symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you have a certain symmetry
+electric field it mixes all L's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field it mixes all L's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field it mixes all L's that
+preserves the projection quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves the projection quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves the projection quantum number
+which is Lambda so Lambda is is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Lambda so Lambda is is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Lambda so Lambda is is usually
+good and L is usually not uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and L is usually not uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and L is usually not uh even
+relevant uh and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant uh and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant uh and we have
+spin we have the projection of the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin we have the projection of the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin we have the projection of the spin
+so the spin unlike L the spin is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spin unlike L the spin is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spin unlike L the spin is not
+destroyed by the the lack of spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the the lack of spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the the lack of spherical
+Symmetry and that reflects the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and that reflects the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and that reflects the fact that
+spin there are no spatial coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin there are no spatial coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin there are no spatial coordinates
+for the spin the spin is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the spin the spin is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the spin the spin is just some
+mythical Beast that physicists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical Beast that physicists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythical Beast that physicists have
+invented for us and uh it doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented for us and uh it doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented for us and uh it doesn't know
+about space not being isotropic or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about space not being isotropic or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about space not being isotropic or the
+molecule not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule not being
+round so we have these quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so we have these quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so we have these quantum numbers
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Omega is Lambda + Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is Lambda + Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is Lambda + Sigma
+or uh uh let's call J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you might think this is a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and it isn't it's in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it isn't it's in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it isn't it's in some ways
+it's trivial but in some ways it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trivial but in some ways it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trivial but in some ways it's it's
+it's um special Lambda and sigma are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um special Lambda and sigma are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um special Lambda and sigma are
+electronic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic quantum
+numbers J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers J is
+from uh the rotational Quant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the rotational Quant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the rotational Quant the
+rotational wave function so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational wave function so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational wave function so we have this
+J Omega m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega m
+that that's something that's distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's something that's distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's something that's distinct
+from the electronic wave function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electronic wave function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electronic wave function it
+happens that Omega has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that Omega has to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that Omega has to be equal to
+Lambda plus Sigma but it really has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda plus Sigma but it really has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda plus Sigma but it really has two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sources and a lot of people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and a lot of people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and a lot of people don't
+understand that uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so we're going to have states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so we're going to have states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so we're going to have states
+that have additional quantum numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have additional quantum numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have additional quantum numbers and
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+um okay yes and so it would be nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay yes and so it would be nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay yes and so it would be nice to
+be able to record a spectrum in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to record a spectrum in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to record a spectrum in such a
+way that we can determine these quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can determine these quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can determine these quantum
+numbers for both the upper and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for both the upper and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for both the upper and lower
+electronic State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic State and
+the critical the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important method for making such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important method for making such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important method for making such
+assignments is finding the lowest J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments is finding the lowest J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments is finding the lowest J
+lines in each of the stal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+branches and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches and um
+so I'm going to talk about that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to talk about that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to talk about that for a
+while how much longer I have not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while how much longer I have not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while how much longer I have not very
+long not very long at all there's um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long not very long at all there's um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long not very long at all there's um so
+we make little diagrams that represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make little diagrams that represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make little diagrams that represent
+the energy levels now in the notes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels now in the notes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels now in the notes the
+diagram is a little simpler than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is a little simpler than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is a little simpler than this
+this is a single Sigma plus State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a single Sigma plus State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a single Sigma plus State and
+let's say this is a Sigma Pi state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is a Sigma Pi state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is a Sigma Pi state
+and so we put onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we put onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we put onto
+this labels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Par and now for pi we have Jal 1 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Par and now for pi we have Jal 1 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Par and now for pi we have Jal 1 and we
+have uh- 30 and plus 30 and for J 2 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh- 30 and plus 30 and for J 2 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh- 30 and plus 30 and for J 2 we
+have Plus 30-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a SLE Pi state is really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a SLE Pi state is really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a SLE Pi state is really two
+states and the lowest J is one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and the lowest J is one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and the lowest J is one and the
+parody alternates with j and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody alternates with j and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody alternates with j and they
+alternate in such a way that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate in such a way that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate in such a way that uh you know
+you have these two pair and the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these two pair and the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these two pair and the lower
+component uh and the upper component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component uh and the upper component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component uh and the upper component
+very this way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing you do the reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you do the reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you do the reason you
+draw these diagrams is it enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these diagrams is it enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these diagrams is it enables you to
+figure out what will be the lowest J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what will be the lowest J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what will be the lowest J
+lines I mean they're very very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines I mean they're very very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines I mean they're very very powerful
+things but uh as soon as you have parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but uh as soon as you have parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but uh as soon as you have parity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+J uh you can draw what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh you can draw what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh you can draw what will be the
+possible Transitions and so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Transitions and so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Transitions and so you have to
+go plus to minus or minus to plus so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go plus to minus or minus to plus so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go plus to minus or minus to plus so you
+have a transition there you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transition there you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transition there you have a
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh
+and uh you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you have a
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+there so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is
+r0 this is P2 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q1 those are the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 those are the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 those are the first
+lines and so for a single sign single Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so for a single sign single Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so for a single sign single Pi
+that's that's what you can see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what you can see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what you can see if you
+had a uh uh uh uh and you can work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh uh uh uh and you can work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh uh uh uh and you can work out
+how what the pattern of first lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what the pattern of first lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what the pattern of first lines
+would be for any symmetry now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be for any symmetry now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be for any symmetry now there's
+other things here plusus plusus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things here plusus plusus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things here plusus plusus minus
+plusus uh there is another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus uh there is another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus uh there is another way of
+labeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling the
+levels it's called e Symmetry and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels it's called e Symmetry and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels it's called e Symmetry and what
+happens is you take you you multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you take you you multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you take you you multiply the
+par by minus one to the J and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par by minus one to the J and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+par by minus one to the J and you
+regularize things so all of these levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularize things so all of these levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularize things so all of these levels
+are e and all of these levels are F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are e and all of these levels are F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are e and all of these levels are F and
+you discover is R and P branches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover is R and P branches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover is R and P branches are
+always D to e and Q branches are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always D to e and Q branches are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always D to e and Q branches are always
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+f as opposed to this less convenient I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f as opposed to this less convenient I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f as opposed to this less convenient I
+mean you can remember this diagram but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can remember this diagram but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can remember this diagram but
+this is much more useful for thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much more useful for thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much more useful for thinking
+about what inspect would so you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what inspect would so you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what inspect would so you make
+these little diagrams and they they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little diagrams and they they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little diagrams and they they tell
+you what to look for in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what to look for in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what to look for in order to make
+definite assignments and uh they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite assignments and uh they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite assignments and uh they also
+tell you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you uh
+that you'd like to be able to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like to be able to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like to be able to organize
+things according to patterns pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things according to patterns pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things according to patterns pattern
+forming quantum numbers and so uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming quantum numbers and so uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming quantum numbers and so uh if you
+look at the bottom of page five of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bottom of page five of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bottom of page five of the
+notes there's a transition between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there's a transition between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there's a transition between a
+case b triplet Sigma State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b triplet Sigma State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case b triplet Sigma State and the
+case a triplet Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a triplet Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a triplet Pi
+State and in a case b State the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and in a case b State the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and in a case b State the pattern
+forming quantum number is n and in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming quantum number is n and in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming quantum number is n and in case
+a state PN forming Quantum J the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state PN forming Quantum J the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state PN forming Quantum J the
+rotational energy models arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy models arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energy models arrange
+themselves according to B and N +1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves according to B and N +1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves according to B and N +1 in
+this state and be uh effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega here so we have the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega here so we have the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega here so we have the energy levels
+that are always expressed as uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are always expressed as uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are always expressed as uh a
+quantum number time a quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number time a quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number time a quantum number
+plus one time a constant and for case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one time a constant and for case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one time a constant and for case a
+you have a rotational constant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rotational constant which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rotational constant which is
+maybe slightly different for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe slightly different for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe slightly different for the the
+different Omega components but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Omega components but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Omega components but you have
+this way of pretending that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of pretending that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way of pretending that you have
+sing Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing Sigma
+States so you're reducing things to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so you're reducing things to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so you're reducing things to the
+the more fundamental unit and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more fundamental unit and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more fundamental unit and then you
+find the patterns you need and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the patterns you need and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the patterns you need and so that's
+a a rush version of uh how you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a rush version of uh how you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a rush version of uh how you use
+lasers to sort things out and uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers to sort things out and uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers to sort things out and uh next
+time we're going to actually be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to actually be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to actually be talking
+about states with non Zer s and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about states with non Zer s and Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about states with non Zer s and Lambda
+and buing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buing
+audience for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gRkUhg9Wb-I.txt b/gRkUhg9Wb-I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9c27be46bd4cb3b64c1d5b2147cc5897d6a30a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gRkUhg9Wb-I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today's lecture is going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture is going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture is going to be about
+causality who's heard about causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality who's heard about causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality who's heard about causality
+before raise your hand what's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before raise your hand what's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before raise your hand what's the number
+one thing that you hear about when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that you hear about when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that you hear about when when
+thinking about causality yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correlation does not imply causation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation does not imply causation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation does not imply causation
+anything else come to mind that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else come to mind that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else come to mind that's what I
+came to my mind anything else come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to my mind anything else come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to my mind anything else come to
+mind so up until now in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so up until now in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so up until now in the semester
+we've been talking about purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about purely
+predictive questions and for purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive questions and for purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive questions and for purely
+predictive questions one could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive questions one could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive questions one could argue
+that correlation is good enough right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correlation is good enough right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correlation is good enough right if
+we have some signs in our data that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some signs in our data that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some signs in our data that are
+predictive of some outcome of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive of some outcome of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive of some outcome of interest
+we want to be able to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to take advantage of
+that whether it's upstream downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whether it's upstream downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whether it's upstream downstream
+the causal directionality is irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal directionality is irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal directionality is irrelevant
+for that purpose although that even that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that purpose although that even that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that purpose although that even that
+isn't quite true right because I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite true right because I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite true right because I've been
+hinting throughout the semester people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinting throughout the semester people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinting throughout the semester people
+have been hinting throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been hinting throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been hinting throughout the
+semester that there are times when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester that there are times when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester that there are times when the
+data changes on you for example when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data changes on you for example when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data changes on you for example when you
+go from one institution to another or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one institution to another or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one institution to another or
+when you have non-stationarity and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have non-stationarity and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have non-stationarity and in
+those situations having a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those situations having a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those situations having a deeper
+understanding but the data might allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding but the data might allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding but the data might allow
+one to build an additional robustness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to build an additional robustness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to build an additional robustness to
+that type of data set shift but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type of data set shift but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type of data set shift but there
+are other reasons as well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other reasons as well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other reasons as well why
+understanding something about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding something about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding something about your
+underlying data generating process it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying data generating process it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying data generating process it
+could be really important it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really important it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really important it's because
+often the questions that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the questions that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the questions that we want to
+answer when it comes to health care are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer when it comes to health care are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer when it comes to health care are
+not predictive questions they're causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not predictive questions they're causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not predictive questions they're causal
+questions and so what I'll do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and so what I'll do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and so what I'll do now is
+I'll walk through a few examples of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll walk through a few examples of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll walk through a few examples of what
+I mean by this let's start out with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by this let's start out with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by this let's start out with what
+we saw in lecture four and problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in lecture four and problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in lecture four and problem set
+two where we looked at the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two where we looked at the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two where we looked at the question of
+how we can do early detection of type 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can do early detection of type 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can do early detection of type 2
+diabetes and you downloaded you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and you downloaded you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes and you downloaded you used
+trip and market scans data set to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip and market scans data set to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip and market scans data set to to
+build a risk stratification algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a risk stratification algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a risk stratification algorithm
+for detecting who's going to be newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detecting who's going to be newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detecting who's going to be newly
+diagnosed with diabetes one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with diabetes one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with diabetes one two three
+years from now and if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now and if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now and if you think about
+how one might then try to deploy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one might then try to deploy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one might then try to deploy that
+algorithm you might for example try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you might for example try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you might for example try to
+get patients into the clinic to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get patients into the clinic to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get patients into the clinic to get them
+diagnosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the next set of questions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the next set of questions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the next set of questions are
+usually about the so what question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually about the so what question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually about the so what question what
+are you going to do based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do based on that
+prediction once diagnosed how will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction once diagnosed how will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction once diagnosed how will you
+intervene and at the end of the day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene and at the end of the day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene and at the end of the day the
+interesting goal is not one of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting goal is not one of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting goal is not one of how do
+you find them early but how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find them early but how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find them early but how do you
+prevent them from developing diabetes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from developing diabetes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent them from developing diabetes or
+how do you prevent the patient from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you prevent the patient from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you prevent the patient from
+developing complications of diabetes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing complications of diabetes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing complications of diabetes and
+those are questions about causality now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are questions about causality now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are questions about causality now
+when we built our predictive models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we built our predictive models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we built our predictive models and
+we introspected at the weight we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introspected at the weight we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introspected at the weight we might
+have noticed some interesting things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed some interesting things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed some interesting things for
+example if you looked at the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you looked at the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you looked at the highest
+negative weights which I'm not sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weights which I'm not sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weights which I'm not sure if
+we did as part of the assignment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did as part of the assignment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did as part of the assignment but
+something that I did is part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I did is part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I did is part of my
+research study you see that gastric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research study you see that gastric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research study you see that gastric
+bypass surgery has the biggest negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass surgery has the biggest negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass surgery has the biggest negative
+weight does that mean that if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight does that mean that if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight does that mean that if you give
+an obese person gastric bypass surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obese person gastric bypass surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obese person gastric bypass surgery
+that will prevent them from delft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will prevent them from delft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will prevent them from delft
+developing type 2 diabetes that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing type 2 diabetes that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing type 2 diabetes that's an
+example of a causal question which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a causal question which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a causal question which is
+raised by this predictive model but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised by this predictive model but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised by this predictive model but just
+by looking at the weight alone as I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the weight alone as I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the weight alone as I'll
+show you this week you won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this week you won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this week you won't be able to
+correctly infer that there's a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly infer that there's a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly infer that there's a causal
+relationship and so part of what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and so part of what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and so part of what we will
+be doing is coming up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing is coming up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing is coming up with a
+mathematical language for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical language for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical language for thinking about
+how does one answer is there causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does one answer is there causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does one answer is there causal
+relationship here here's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here here's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here here's a second
+example right before spring break we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right before spring break we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right before spring break we had
+a series of lectures about diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of lectures about diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of lectures about diagnosis
+particularly diagnosis from imaging data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly diagnosis from imaging data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly diagnosis from imaging data
+a variety of kinds whether it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of kinds whether it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of kinds whether it be
+radiology or pathology and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiology or pathology and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiology or pathology and all the
+questions are of this sort right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are of this sort right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are of this sort right here is
+a woman's breast she has breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman's breast she has breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman's breast she has breast cancer
+maybe you have an associated pathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have an associated pathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have an associated pathology
+slide as well and you want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide as well and you want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide as well and you want to know what
+is the risk what what is the risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the risk what what is the risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the risk what what is the risk of
+this person dying in the next five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person dying in the next five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person dying in the next five years
+so one can take a deep learning model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one can take a deep learning model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one can take a deep learning model
+learn to predict what one observes so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to predict what one observes so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to predict what one observes so in
+the patients and your data set you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients and your data set you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patients and your data set you have
+the input you have that say survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input you have that say survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input you have that say survival
+time and you might use that to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you might use that to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you might use that to predict
+something about how long it takes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how long it takes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how long it takes from
+diagnosis to death and based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis to death and based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis to death and based on those
+predictions you might take actions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions you might take actions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions you might take actions for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+if you predict that a patient is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you predict that a patient is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you predict that a patient is not
+risky then you might conclude that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky then you might conclude that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky then you might conclude that they
+don't need to get treatment but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to get treatment but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to get treatment but that
+could be really really dangerous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll just give you one example of of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you one example of of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you one example of of why
+that can be dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these predictive models if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predictive models if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predictive models if you're
+learning them in this way the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning them in this way the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning them in this way the outcome
+this case that say time to death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that say time to death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that say time to death is
+going to be affected by what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be affected by what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be affected by what's happened
+in between so for example this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between so for example this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between so for example this patient
+might have been receiving treatment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been receiving treatment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been receiving treatment and
+because of them receiving treatment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of them receiving treatment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of them receiving treatment in
+between the time from diagnosis to death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the time from diagnosis to death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the time from diagnosis to death
+it might have prolonged their life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have prolonged their life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have prolonged their life and
+so for this patient in your data set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this patient in your data set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this patient in your data set you
+might have observed that they lived a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have observed that they lived a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have observed that they lived a
+very long time but if you ignore what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time but if you ignore what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time but if you ignore what
+happens in between and you simply learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in between and you simply learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in between and you simply learn
+to predict Y from X X being the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict Y from X X being the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict Y from X X being the input
+then a new patient comes along you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a new patient comes along you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a new patient comes along you
+predict that that new patient is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that that new patient is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that that new patient is gonna
+survive a long time and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive a long time and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive a long time and it would be
+completely the wrong conclusion to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely the wrong conclusion to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely the wrong conclusion to say
+that you don't need to treat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't need to treat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't need to treat that
+patient because in fact the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient because in fact the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient because in fact the only reason
+the patient's like them in the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's like them in the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's like them in the training
+data lived a long time is because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data lived a long time is because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data lived a long time is because they
+were treated and so when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were treated and so when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were treated and so when it comes to
+this field of machine learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field of machine learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field of machine learning in
+healthcare we need to think really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare we need to think really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare we need to think really
+carefully about these types of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about these types of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about these types of questions
+because an error in the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an error in the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an error in the way that we
+formalize our problem could kill people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize our problem could kill people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize our problem could kill people
+because of mistakes like this now other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of mistakes like this now other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of mistakes like this now other
+questions are one about not how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are one about not how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are one about not how do we
+predict outcomes but how do we guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict outcomes but how do we guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict outcomes but how do we guide
+treatment decisions so for example as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment decisions so for example as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment decisions so for example as
+data get data from pathology gets richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data get data from pathology gets richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data get data from pathology gets richer
+and richer and richer we might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and richer and richer we might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and richer and richer we might think
+that we can now use computers to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can now use computers to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can now use computers to try to
+better predict who is likely to benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better predict who is likely to benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better predict who is likely to benefit
+from a treatment then humans could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a treatment then humans could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a treatment then humans could do
+alone but the challenge with using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone but the challenge with using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone but the challenge with using
+algorithms to do that is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to do that is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to do that is that people
+respond differently to treatment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond differently to treatment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond differently to treatment and the
+data which is being used to guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is being used to guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is being used to guide
+treatment is biased based on existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is biased based on existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is biased based on existing
+treatment guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so similarly to the previous question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly to the previous question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly to the previous question we
+could ask what would happen if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask what would happen if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask what would happen if we
+trained predict past treatment decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained predict past treatment decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained predict past treatment decisions
+this would be the most naive way to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the most naive way to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the most naive way to try
+to use data to guide in treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use data to guide in treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use data to guide in treatment
+decisions so maybe you see David gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so maybe you see David gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so maybe you see David gets
+treatment a John gets trippin b1i gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment a John gets trippin b1i gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment a John gets trippin b1i gets
+treatment a and you might ask then okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment a and you might ask then okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment a and you might ask then okay
+a new patient comes in what should this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new patient comes in what should this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new patient comes in what should this
+new patient be treated way and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new patient be treated way and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new patient be treated way and if you
+just learned a model to predict from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned a model to predict from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned a model to predict from
+what you know about David the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about David the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about David the treatment
+that David is likely to get then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that David is likely to get then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that David is likely to get then the
+best that you could hope to do is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best that you could hope to do is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best that you could hope to do is to do
+as well as existing clinical practice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as existing clinical practice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as existing clinical practice so
+if we want to go beyond current clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to go beyond current clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to go beyond current clinical
+practice for example to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for example to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for example to recognize that
+there is heterogeneity in treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is heterogeneity in treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is heterogeneity in treatment
+response then we have to somehow change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then we have to somehow change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then we have to somehow change
+the Machine change the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Machine change the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Machine change the question that
+we're asking I'll give you one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking I'll give you one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking I'll give you one last
+example which is perhaps a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is perhaps a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is perhaps a more
+traditional question of does X cause Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional question of does X cause Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional question of does X cause Y
+for example does smoking caused lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example does smoking caused lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example does smoking caused lung
+cancer is a major question of societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer is a major question of societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer is a major question of societal
+importance now you might be familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance now you might be familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance now you might be familiar
+with the traditional way of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the traditional way of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the traditional way of trying to
+answer questions of this nature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions of this nature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions of this nature which
+would be to do a randomized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to do a randomized control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to do a randomized control
+trial except this isn't exactly the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial except this isn't exactly the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial except this isn't exactly the type
+of setting where you could do very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of setting where you could do very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of setting where you could do very much
+controlled trial right well how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled trial right well how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled trial right well how would
+you feel if you were a smoker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel if you were a smoker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel if you were a smoker and
+someone came up to you and said you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone came up to you and said you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone came up to you and said you have
+to stop smoking because I need to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop smoking because I need to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop smoking because I need to see
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+or what happened well how would you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what happened well how would you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what happened well how would you feel
+if you were a nonsmoker and someone came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a nonsmoker and someone came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a nonsmoker and someone came
+up to you and said you have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you and said you have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you and said you have to start
+smoking right that would be both not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking right that would be both not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking right that would be both not
+feasible and completely unethical and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and completely unethical and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and completely unethical and so
+if we want to try to answer questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to try to answer questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to try to answer questions
+like this from data we need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this from data we need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this from data we need to start
+thinking about how can we design using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how can we design using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how can we design using
+observational data ways of answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational data ways of answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational data ways of answering
+questions like this and the challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like this and the challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like this and the challenge is
+that there's going to be bias in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be bias in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be bias in the
+data because of who decides to smoke and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because of who decides to smoke and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because of who decides to smoke and
+who decides not to smoke so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who decides not to smoke so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who decides not to smoke so for example
+the most naive way you might try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most naive way you might try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most naive way you might try to
+answer this question would be to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question would be to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question would be to look at
+the conditional likelihood of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional likelihood of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional likelihood of getting
+lung cancer among smokers and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer among smokers and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer among smokers and getting
+lung cancer among non-smokers but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer among non-smokers but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer among non-smokers but those
+numbers as you'll see in next few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as you'll see in next few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as you'll see in next few slides
+can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very
+leading because there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading because there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading because there might be
+confounding factors factors that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would for example both cause people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would for example both cause people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would for example both cause people to
+to be a smoker and cause them to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a smoker and cause them to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a smoker and cause them to be to
+receive lung cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive lung cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive lung cancer
+which would allow which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would allow which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would allow which would
+differentiate between these two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between these two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between these two numbers
+and and we'll get will have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll get will have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll get will have a very
+concrete example of this in just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example of this in just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example of this in just a few
+minutes so the four properly answer all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so the four properly answer all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so the four properly answer all
+of these questions one needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions one needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions one needs to be
+thinking in terms of causal graphs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of causal graphs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of causal graphs so
+rather than the traditional set up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the traditional set up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the traditional set up in
+machine learning where you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning where you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning where you just have
+outcome inputs and outputs now we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome inputs and outputs now we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome inputs and outputs now we need
+to have triplets rather than having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have triplets rather than having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have triplets rather than having
+inputs and outputs we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs we need to be
+thinking above inputs interventions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking above inputs interventions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking above inputs interventions and
+outcomes or outputs so we now need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes or outputs so we now need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes or outputs so we now need to be
+having three quantities in mind and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having three quantities in mind and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having three quantities in mind and we
+have to start thinking about well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start thinking about well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start thinking about well what
+is the causal relationship between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the causal relationship between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the causal relationship between these
+three so for those of you who have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so for those of you who have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so for those of you who have taken
+more graduate level of machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more graduate level of machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more graduate level of machine learning
+classes you might be familiar with ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes you might be familiar with ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes you might be familiar with ideas
+such as Bayesian networks and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Bayesian networks and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Bayesian networks and when I
+went to to undergrad and grad school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to to undergrad and grad school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to to undergrad and grad school and
+I studied machine learning for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I studied machine learning for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I studied machine learning for the
+longest time I thought causal inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest time I thought causal inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest time I thought causal inference
+had to be had to do with learning causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be had to do with learning causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be had to do with learning causal
+graphs so this is what I thought causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so this is what I thought causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so this is what I thought causal
+inference was about you have data of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference was about you have data of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference was about you have data of the
+following nature one zero zero one dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following nature one zero zero one dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following nature one zero zero one dots
+I thought you know so here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you know so here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought you know so here there are
+four random variables I'm showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four random variables I'm showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four random variables I'm showing the
+realizations of those four binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of those four binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of those four binary
+variables one per row and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables one per row and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables one per row and you have a
+data set like this okay and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set like this okay and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set like this okay and I thought
+causal inference had to do with taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference had to do with taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference had to do with taking
+data like this and trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like this and trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data like this and trying to figure out
+is the underlying Bayesian network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the underlying Bayesian network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the underlying Bayesian network that
+created that data is it X 1 goes to X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that data is it X 1 goes to X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that data is it X 1 goes to X 2
+goes to X 3 to X 4 all right where I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to X 3 to X 4 all right where I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to X 3 to X 4 all right where I'll
+say this is X 1 that's X 2 X 3 and X 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is X 1 that's X 2 X 3 and X 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is X 1 that's X 2 X 3 and X 4
+or maybe the causal graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the causal graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the causal graph
+is X 1 to X 2 2 X 3 to X 4 and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X 1 to X 2 2 X 3 to X 4 and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X 1 to X 2 2 X 3 to X 4 and trying to
+distinguish between these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these different
+causal graphs from observational data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal graphs from observational data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal graphs from observational data is
+one type of question that one can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of question that one can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of question that one can ask
+and the one thing you learn in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one thing you learn in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one thing you learn in sort of
+traditional machine learning treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional machine learning treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional machine learning treatments
+of this is that sometimes you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is that sometimes you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is that sometimes you can't
+distinguish between these causal graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these causal graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these causal graphs
+from the data you have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data you have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data you have for example
+suppose you just had two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you just had two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you just had two random
+variables because any distribution could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because any distribution could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because any distribution could
+be represented by probability of X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented by probability of X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented by probability of X 1
+times probability of x2 given X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times probability of x2 given X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times probability of x2 given X 1
+according to the Bayes according to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the Bayes according to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the Bayes according to just
+rule conditional conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule conditional conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule conditional conditional probability
+and similarly any distribution can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly any distribution can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly any distribution can be
+represented as the opposite probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as the opposite probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as the opposite probability
+of X 2 times probability of X 1 given X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X 2 times probability of X 1 given X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X 2 times probability of X 1 given X
+2 which would look like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which would look like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which would look like this the
+statement that one would make is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that one would make is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that one would make is that if
+you just had data involving X 1 and X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had data involving X 1 and X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just had data involving X 1 and X 2
+you couldn't distinguish between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't distinguish between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't distinguish between these
+two causal graphs X 1 causes X 2 or X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two causal graphs X 1 causes X 2 or X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two causal graphs X 1 causes X 2 or X 2
+cause of X 1 and usually another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of X 1 and usually another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause of X 1 and usually another
+treatment would say okay but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment would say okay but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment would say okay but if you have
+a third variable and you have a V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third variable and you have a V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third variable and you have a V
+structure or something like X 1 goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or something like X 1 goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or something like X 1 goes to
+X 2 X 1 goes to X 3 this you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 X 1 goes to X 3 this you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 X 1 goes to X 3 this you could
+distinguish from let's say a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish from let's say a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish from let's say a chain
+structure and then the final answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then the final answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then the final answer to
+what is called inference from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called inference from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called inference from this
+philosophy would be something like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy would be something like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy would be something like okay
+if you're in a setting like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a setting like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a setting like this you
+can't distinguish when X 1 goes to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't distinguish when X 1 goes to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't distinguish when X 1 goes to cause
+X 2 X 2 causes X 1 then you do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 X 2 causes X 1 then you do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 X 2 causes X 1 then you do some
+interventions like you intervene on X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions like you intervene on X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions like you intervene on X 1
+and you look to see what happens to X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look to see what happens to X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look to see what happens to X 2
+and that'll help you disentangle these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll help you disentangle these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll help you disentangle these
+directions of causality none of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of causality none of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of causality none of this is
+what we're gonna be talking about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna be talking about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna be talking about today
+ok today we're gonna be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok today we're gonna be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok today we're gonna be talking about
+the simplest simplest possible setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest simplest possible setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest simplest possible setting
+you could imagine that graph shown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that graph shown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine that graph shown up
+there you have 3 sets of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have 3 sets of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have 3 sets of random
+variables X which is perhaps a vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X which is perhaps a vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X which is perhaps a vector so
+it's high dimensional a single random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high dimensional a single random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high dimensional a single random
+variable T and a single random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T and a single random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable T and a single random variable
+and we know the causal graph here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the causal graph here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know the causal graph here okay
+we're going to suppose that we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to suppose that we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to suppose that we know the
+directionality that we know that X might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality that we know that X might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality that we know that X might
+cause T and accent T might cause Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause T and accent T might cause Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause T and accent T might cause Y and
+the only thing we don't know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing we don't know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing we don't know is the
+strength of the edges all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the edges all right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the edges all right and so
+let's try to think through this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to think through this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to think through this in
+context to the previous examples yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context to the previous examples yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context to the previous examples yeah
+question correct that's the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question correct that's the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question correct that's the assumption
+we're going to make here all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make here all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make here all right so
+let's let's try to instantiate this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's try to instantiate this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's try to instantiate this so
+start with this example X might be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this example X might be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this example X might be what
+you know about the patient at diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the patient at diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the patient at diagnosis
+t I'm going to assume for the purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t I'm going to assume for the purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t I'm going to assume for the purposes
+of today's class is a decision between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's class is a decision between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's class is a decision between
+two different treatment plans and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different treatment plans and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different treatment plans and I'm
+going to simplify the state of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simplify the state of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simplify the state of the world
+I'm gonna say those treatment plans only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say those treatment plans only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say those treatment plans only
+depend on what you know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what you know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what you know about the
+patient at diagnosis so at diagnosis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient at diagnosis so at diagnosis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient at diagnosis so at diagnosis you
+decide I'm going to giving them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide I'm going to giving them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide I'm going to giving them this
+sequence of treatments at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of treatments at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of treatments at this
+three-month interval or this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-month interval or this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-month interval or this other
+sequence of treatments that may be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of treatments that may be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of treatments that may be that
+four month interval and you make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four month interval and you make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four month interval and you make that
+decision just based and diagnosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision just based and diagnosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision just based and diagnosis and
+you don't change it based on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't change it based on anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't change it based on anything
+you observe okay then the causal graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe okay then the causal graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe okay then the causal graph
+of relevance there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relevance there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relevance there is
+based on what you know about the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you know about the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what you know about the patient
+at diagnosis which I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at diagnosis which I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at diagnosis which I'm going to say
+access to vector because it's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to vector because it's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to vector because it's maybe
+maybe it's based on images your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's based on images your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's based on images your whole
+electronic health records a ton of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health records a ton of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health records a ton of data
+you have in the patient at diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the patient at diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the patient at diagnosis
+based on that you make some decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that you make some decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that you make some decision
+about a treatment plan I'm gonna call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a treatment plan I'm gonna call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a treatment plan I'm gonna call
+that T T could be binary choice between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that T T could be binary choice between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that T T could be binary choice between
+two treatments it could be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two treatments it could be continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two treatments it could be continuous
+maybe you're deciding the dosage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're deciding the dosage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're deciding the dosage of the
+treatment or could be maybe even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or could be maybe even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or could be maybe even a
+vector for today's lecture I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for today's lecture I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for today's lecture I'm going to
+suppose that T is just binary just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that T is just binary just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that T is just binary just
+involves two choices but most of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two choices but most of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two choices but most of what
+I'll tell you about will generalize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you about will generalize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you about will generalize to
+the setting where T is non binary as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting where T is non binary as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting where T is non binary as
+well but critically I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but critically I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but critically I'm going to make
+the assumption for today's lecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption for today's lecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption for today's lecture that
+you're not observing new things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not observing new things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not observing new things in
+between so for example in today and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so for example in today and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so for example in today and in
+this whole week's lecture the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole week's lecture the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole week's lecture the following
+scenario will not happen based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario will not happen based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario will not happen based on
+diagnosis you make you make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis you make you make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis you make you make a decision
+about treatment plan the treatment plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about treatment plan the treatment plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about treatment plan the treatment plan
+starts you get new observations based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts you get new observations based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts you get new observations based on
+those new observations you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new observations you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new observations you realize that
+treatment plan isn't working and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment plan isn't working and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment plan isn't working and change
+to another treatment plan and so on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another treatment plan and so on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another treatment plan and so on okay
+so that scenario goes by a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that scenario goes by a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that scenario goes by a different
+name which is called dynamic treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name which is called dynamic treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name which is called dynamic treatment
+regimes or off policy reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes or off policy reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes or off policy reinforcement
+learning and that we'll learn about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and that we'll learn about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and that we'll learn about next
+week okay so for in today's and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week okay so for in today's and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week okay so for in today's and then
+today's and Thursday's lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's and Thursday's lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's and Thursday's lecture we're
+going to suppose you based on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to suppose you based on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to suppose you based on what you
+know about the patient at this time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the patient at this time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the patient at this time you
+make a decision you actually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision you actually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision you actually get the
+decision and you look at some outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and you look at some outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and you look at some outcome
+okay so X causes T not the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so X causes T not the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so X causes T not the other way
+around right and that's pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right and that's pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right and that's pretty clear
+because of the way that that we because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way that that we because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way that that we because
+of our prior knowledge about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our prior knowledge about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our prior knowledge about this
+problem right it's not that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right it's not that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right it's not that the
+treatment effects what their diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects what their diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects what their diagnosis
+was and then there's the outcome Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then there's the outcome Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then there's the outcome Y and
+there again we suppose the outcome what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again we suppose the outcome what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again we suppose the outcome what
+happens to the patient may be survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the patient may be survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the patient may be survival
+time for example is a function of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example is a function of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for example is a function of what
+treatment they're getting and aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment they're getting and aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment they're getting and aspects
+about that patient all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that patient all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that patient all right so this is
+the causal graph we know it but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal graph we know it but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal graph we know it but we don't
+know does that treatment do anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know does that treatment do anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know does that treatment do anything to
+this patient for whom does this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient for whom does this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patient for whom does this patient
+to the street and help the most and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the street and help the most and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the street and help the most and
+those are the types of questions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the types of questions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the types of questions we're
+going to try to answer today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to answer today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to answer today
+is the setting clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now these questions are not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these questions are not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these questions are not new
+questions they've been studied for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they've been studied for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they've been studied for
+decades in fields such as political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades in fields such as political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades in fields such as political
+science economics statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science economics statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science economics statistics
+biostatistics and the reason why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biostatistics and the reason why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biostatistics and the reason why they're
+studying those other fields is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying those other fields is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying those other fields is because
+often you don't have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you don't have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you don't have the ability to
+intervene and one has to try to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene and one has to try to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene and one has to try to answer
+these questions from observational data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions from observational data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions from observational data
+right for example you might ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example you might ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for example you might ask what
+will happen to the US economy if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to the US economy if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to the US economy if the
+Federal Reserve raises US interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve raises US interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve raises US interest rates
+by 1% when's the last time you heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1% when's the last time you heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1% when's the last time you heard of
+the Federal Reserve doing a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federal Reserve doing a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federal Reserve doing a randomized
+control trial and even if they had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial and even if they had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial and even if they had done
+a randomized control trial for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomized control trial for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomized control trial for example
+flipped a coin to decide which way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped a coin to decide which way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped a coin to decide which way the
+interest rates would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates would go
+it wouldn't be comparable had they done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be comparable had they done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be comparable had they done
+that experiment today - if they had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment today - if they had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment today - if they had done
+that experiment two years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment two years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment two years from now
+because the state of the world has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the state of the world has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the state of the world has
+changed in those two in those years okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in those two in those years okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in those two in those years okay
+let's talk about political science I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about political science I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about political science I
+have close colleagues of mine at NYU who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have close colleagues of mine at NYU who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have close colleagues of mine at NYU who
+look at Twitter and they want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Twitter and they want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Twitter and they want to ask
+questions like how can we influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like how can we influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like how can we influence
+elections or how are in elections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections or how are in elections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections or how are in elections
+influenced so you might look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced so you might look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced so you might look at some
+unnamed actors possibly people supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnamed actors possibly people supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnamed actors possibly people supported
+by the Russian government who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Russian government who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Russian government who are
+posting to Twitter or their social media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting to Twitter or their social media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting to Twitter or their social media
+and you might ask the question of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might ask the question of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might ask the question of what
+did that actually influence the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that actually influence the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that actually influence the outcome
+of the previous presidential election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous presidential election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous presidential election
+again in that scenario it's one of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in that scenario it's one of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in that scenario it's one of what
+we have this data something happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this data something happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this data something happened in
+the world and we'd like to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and we'd like to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and we'd like to understand
+what was the effect of that action but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the effect of that action but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the effect of that action but
+we can't exactly go back and replay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't exactly go back and replay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't exactly go back and replay to
+do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something else
+right so these are fundamental questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are fundamental questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are fundamental questions
+that appear all across the sciences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear all across the sciences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear all across the sciences and
+of course they're extremely relevant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they're extremely relevant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they're extremely relevant in
+healthcare but yeah we don't teach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare but yeah we don't teach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare but yeah we don't teach them
+in our introduction to machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our introduction to machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our introduction to machine learning
+classes we don't teach them in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we don't teach them in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we don't teach them in our
+undergraduate computer science education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate computer science education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate computer science education
+all right and Ivy this has amazed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and Ivy this has amazed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and Ivy this has amazed your
+whole in education which is why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole in education which is why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole in education which is why we're
+spending two weeks on it in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending two weeks on it in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending two weeks on it in this course
+we're still not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now but what has changed between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but what has changed between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but what has changed between these
+fields rayon what is relevant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields rayon what is relevant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields rayon what is relevant in
+healthcare well the traditional way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare well the traditional way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare well the traditional way in
+which these questions were asked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these questions were asked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these questions were asked in
+statistics were ones where you took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics were ones where you took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics were ones where you took a
+huge amount of domain knowledge to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of domain knowledge to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of domain knowledge to first
+of all make sure you're setting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all make sure you're setting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all make sure you're setting up the
+problem correctly and that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem correctly and that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem correctly and that's always
+gonna be important but then to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be important but then to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be important but then to think
+through what are all of the factors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what are all of the factors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what are all of the factors that
+could influence the treatment decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could influence the treatment decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could influence the treatment decisions
+called the confounding factors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the confounding factors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the confounding factors and the
+traditional approach is one would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach is one would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach is one would write
+down ten twenty different things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down ten twenty different things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down ten twenty different things and
+make sure that you do some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you do some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you do some of the
+analyses including the analyses I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses including the analyses I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses including the analyses I'll
+show you about in today and Thursday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you about in today and Thursday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you about in today and Thursday's
+lecture using those ten or twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture using those ten or twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture using those ten or twenty
+variables but where this field is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but where this field is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but where this field is going
+is one of now having high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of now having high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of now having high dimensional
+data so I talked about how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I talked about how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I talked about how you might
+have imaging data for acts you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have imaging data for acts you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have imaging data for acts you might
+have the whole entire patient electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the whole entire patient electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the whole entire patient electronic
+health record data facts and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health record data facts and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health record data facts and the
+traditional approach is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach is that the
+statistics community used to work on no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics community used to work on no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics community used to work on no
+longer work in this high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer work in this high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer work in this high dimensional
+setting and so in fact it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and so in fact it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and so in fact it's actually a
+really interesting area for research one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting area for research one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting area for research one
+that my lab is starting to work on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my lab is starting to work on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my lab is starting to work on in
+many other labs where we could ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other labs where we could ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other labs where we could ask how
+can we bring machine learning algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we bring machine learning algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we bring machine learning algorithms
+that are designed to work with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are designed to work with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are designed to work with high
+dimensional data to answer these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data to answer these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data to answer these types
+of causal inference questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of causal inference questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of causal inference questions and
+today's lecture you'll see one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture you'll see one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture you'll see one example
+of a reduction from from causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reduction from from causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reduction from from causal
+inference to machine learning where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference to machine learning where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference to machine learning where
+we'll be able to use machine learning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to use machine learning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to use machine learning to
+answer one of those causal inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer one of those causal inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer one of those causal inference
+questions so the first thing we need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so the first thing we need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so the first thing we need is
+some language in order to form wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some language in order to form wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some language in order to form wise
+these notions so I will work within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notions so I will work within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notions so I will work within
+what's known as the Reuben diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the Reuben diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the Reuben diamond
+causal model where we talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal model where we talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal model where we talk about what
+are called potential outcomes what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called potential outcomes what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called potential outcomes what would
+have happened under this world or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened under this world or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened under this world or that
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+we'll call Y zero and often it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call Y zero and often it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call Y zero and often it'll be
+denoted as Y underscore zero sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted as Y underscore zero sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted as Y underscore zero sometimes
+they'll be noted as Y parentheses zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be noted as Y parentheses zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be noted as Y parentheses zero
+and sometimes it'll be denoted as Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it'll be denoted as Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it'll be denoted as Y
+given X comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X comma
+you y equals zero and all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you y equals zero and all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you y equals zero and all three of these
+notations are equivalent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations are equivalent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations are equivalent okay
+so Y is zero corresponds to what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y is zero corresponds to what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Y is zero corresponds to what would
+have happened to this individual if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened to this individual if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened to this individual if you
+gave them treatment to zero and y1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them treatment to zero and y1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them treatment to zero and y1 is
+the potential outcome of what would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome of what would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome of what would have
+happened to this individual how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this individual how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this individual how do you
+give them treatment 1 so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them treatment 1 so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them treatment 1 so you can think
+about y1 as being you know giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about y1 as being you know giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about y1 as being you know giving the
+blue pill and y0 is being given the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue pill and y0 is being given the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue pill and y0 is being given the red
+pill now once you can talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill now once you can talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill now once you can talk about these
+states of the world then one can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the world then one can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the world then one can start
+to ask questions of what's better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions of what's better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions of what's better the
+red pill or the blue pill and one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red pill or the blue pill and one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red pill or the blue pill and one can
+formalize that notion mathematically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that notion mathematically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize that notion mathematically in
+terms of what's called the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's called the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's called the conditional
+average treatment effect and this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect and this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect and this also
+goes by the name of individual treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by the name of individual treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by the name of individual treatment
+effect so it's going to take as input X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so it's going to take as input X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so it's going to take as input X
+I which I'm going to denote as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I which I'm going to denote as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I which I'm going to denote as you know
+you're the data that you had it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the data that you had it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the data that you had it at
+baseline for the individual it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline for the individual it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline for the individual it's the
+it's the covariates the features for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the covariates the features for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the covariates the features for the
+individual and one wants to know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and one wants to know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and one wants to know well
+what's the for this individual with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the for this individual with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the for this individual with what
+we know about them what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about them what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about them what's the difference
+between giving them treatment 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between giving them treatment 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between giving them treatment 1 or
+giving them treatment 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them treatment 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them treatment 0 so
+mathematically that corresponds through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that corresponds through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that corresponds through
+difference in expectations it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in expectations it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in expectations it's a
+difference in expectation of y1 from Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in expectation of y1 from Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in expectation of y1 from Y
+is 0 now the reason why I'm calling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 now the reason why I'm calling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 now the reason why I'm calling this
+an expectation is because I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation is because I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation is because I'm not going
+to assume that y 1 and y 0 deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that y 1 and y 0 deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that y 1 and y 0 deterministic
+because maybe there's some bad luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe there's some bad luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe there's some bad luck
+component like maybe a medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component like maybe a medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component like maybe a medication
+usually works for this type of person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually works for this type of person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually works for this type of person
+but with you know with a flip of a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with you know with a flip of a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with you know with a flip of a coin
+sometimes it doesn't work and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't work and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't work and so that's
+the randomness that I'm referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomness that I'm referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomness that I'm referring to
+when I talk about probability over y 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about probability over y 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about probability over y 1
+given X I and so the Kate looks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X I and so the Kate looks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X I and so the Kate looks at the
+difference in those two expectations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in those two expectations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in those two expectations and
+then one can form one can now talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one can form one can now talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one can form one can now talk about
+what the average treatment effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the average treatment effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the average treatment effect is
+which is the difference between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the difference between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the difference between those
+two so the average treatment effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the average treatment effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so the average treatment effect is
+now the expectation of I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the expectation of I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the expectation of I'll say
+expectation of the Kate over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the Kate over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the Kate over the
+distribution of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of people
+evacs now we're gonna go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacs now we're gonna go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacs now we're gonna go through this
+and four different ways in the next ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four different ways in the next ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four different ways in the next ten
+minutes and then you're going to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then you're going to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then you're going to go over
+at five more ways during your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at five more ways during your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at five more ways during your homework
+assignment and you'll go over two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and you'll go over two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and you'll go over two more
+ways on Friday in recitation so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways on Friday in recitation so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways on Friday in recitation so if you
+don't get it just yet stay with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it just yet stay with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it just yet stay with me
+you'll get it by the end of this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in the data that you observe all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the data that you observe all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the data that you observe all you
+see is for an it for an individual all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is for an it for an individual all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is for an it for an individual all
+you see is what happened under one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is what happened under one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is what happened under one of
+the interventions so for example if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interventions so for example if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interventions so for example if the
+if the I thin dividual in your data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the I thin dividual in your data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the I thin dividual in your data set
+received treatment TI equals one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment TI equals one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment TI equals one then
+what you observe weii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you observe weii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you observe weii
+is the potential outcome Y one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential outcome Y one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential outcome Y one another
+hand if the individual in your dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if the individual in your dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if the individual in your dataset
+receive treatment TI equals zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment TI equals zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment TI equals zero then
+what you observe for that individual is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you observe for that individual is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you observe for that individual is
+the potential outcome y zero alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome y zero alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome y zero alright so
+that's the that's the observe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the observe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the observe it
+observed factual outcome but one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed factual outcome but one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed factual outcome but one could
+also talk about the counterfactual of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about the counterfactual of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about the counterfactual of
+what would have happened to this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened to this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened to this person
+had the opposite treatment been done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the opposite treatment been done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the opposite treatment been done for
+them and notice that I just swapped each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and notice that I just swapped each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and notice that I just swapped each
+TI for one minus TI and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI for one minus TI and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI for one minus TI and so on
+now the key challenge in this field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the key challenge in this field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the key challenge in this field is
+that in your data set you only observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your data set you only observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your data set you only observe
+the factual outcomes and when you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factual outcomes and when you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factual outcomes and when you want a
+reason about the counterfactual that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about the counterfactual that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about the counterfactual that's
+where you have to impute this unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to impute this unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to impute this unobserved
+counterfactual outcome and that is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual outcome and that is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual outcome and that is known
+as the fundamental problem of causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the fundamental problem of causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the fundamental problem of causal
+inference that we only observe one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference that we only observe one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference that we only observe one of
+the two outcomes for any individual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two outcomes for any individual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two outcomes for any individual in
+the data set so let's look at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set so let's look at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set so let's look at a very
+simple example here individuals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example here individuals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example here individuals are
+characterized by just one feature their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by just one feature their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by just one feature their
+age and these two curves that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and these two curves that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and these two curves that I'm
+showing you are the potential outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you are the potential outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you are the potential outcomes
+of what would happen to this individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what would happen to this individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what would happen to this individuals
+blood pressure if you gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure if you gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure if you gave them
+treatment zero which is the blue curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero which is the blue curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero which is the blue curve
+versus treatment 1 which is the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus treatment 1 which is the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus treatment 1 which is the red
+curve all right so let's dig in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve all right so let's dig in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve all right so let's dig in a little
+bit deeper for the blue curve we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit deeper for the blue curve we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit deeper for the blue curve we see
+people who received the control what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who received the control what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who received the control what I'm
+calling treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling treatment zero
+their blood pressure was pretty low if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their blood pressure was pretty low if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their blood pressure was pretty low if
+the for the individuals for a low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the individuals for a low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the individuals for a low and
+for individuals whose age is high but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individuals whose age is high but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individuals whose age is high but
+for middle aged individuals their blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for middle aged individuals their blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for middle aged individuals their blood
+pressure on receiving treatment zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on receiving treatment zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on receiving treatment zero is
+sort of in the higher range another hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the higher range another hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the higher range another hand
+if for individuals who receive treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for individuals who receive treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for individuals who receive treatment
+one it's the red curve so young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's the red curve so young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's the red curve so young people
+have much higher let's say blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much higher let's say blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much higher let's say blood
+pressure under treatment one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure under treatment one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure under treatment one and
+similarly much older people so then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly much older people so then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly much older people so then one
+could ask well what about the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask well what about the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask well what about the difference
+between these two potential outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two potential outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two potential outcomes
+that is say the the Kate a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is say the the Kate a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is say the the Kate a conditional
+average treatment effect is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect is simply
+looking at the distance between the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the distance between the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the distance between the blue
+curve and the red curve for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and the red curve for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and the red curve for that
+individual right so for someone with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual right so for someone with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual right so for someone with a
+specific age let's say a young person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific age let's say a young person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific age let's say a young person or
+a very old person there's a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very old person there's a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very old person there's a very big
+difference between giving treatment 0-3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between giving treatment 0-3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between giving treatment 0-3
+giving treatment 1 whereas for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving treatment 1 whereas for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving treatment 1 whereas for a
+middle-aged person there's very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-aged person there's very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-aged person there's very little
+difference so for example if treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so for example if treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so for example if treatment
+one was was significantly cheaper than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was was significantly cheaper than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was was significantly cheaper than
+treatment zero then you might say we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero then you might say we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero then you might say we'll
+give soup in one even though you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give soup in one even though you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give soup in one even though you know
+it's not quite as good as treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite as good as treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite as good as treatment zero
+but it's so much cheaper and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so much cheaper and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so much cheaper and the
+difference between them is so small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between them is so small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between them is so small
+we'll give the other one but in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give the other one but in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give the other one but in order to
+make that type of policy decision one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that type of policy decision one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that type of policy decision one of
+course has to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course has to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course has to understand that
+conditional average treatment effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional average treatment effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional average treatment effect for
+that individual that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual that's something that
+we're going to want to predict using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to predict using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to predict using
+data now we don't always get the luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data now we don't always get the luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data now we don't always get the luxury
+of having personalized treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having personalized treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having personalized treatment
+recommendations sometimes we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations sometimes we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations sometimes we have to
+give a policy like for example I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a policy like for example I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a policy like for example I took
+this example out of my slides well give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example out of my slides well give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example out of my slides well give
+it you anyway the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you anyway the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you anyway the federal government
+might come out with a guideline saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come out with a guideline saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come out with a guideline saying
+that all men over the age of 50 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all men over the age of 50 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all men over the age of 50 I'm
+making it that number need to get annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it that number need to get annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it that number need to get annual
+prostate screening prostate cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostate screening prostate cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostate screening prostate cancer
+screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening
+all right that's an example of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's an example of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's an example of a very
+broad policy decision you might ask well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad policy decision you might ask well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad policy decision you might ask well
+what is the what is the effect of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the what is the effect of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the what is the effect of that
+policy now applied over the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy now applied over the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy now applied over the full
+population on let's say decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population on let's say decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population on let's say decreasing
+deaths due to prostate cancer and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths due to prostate cancer and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths due to prostate cancer and that
+would be an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example
+of asking about the average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asking about the average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asking about the average treatment
+effect so if you were to average the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so if you were to average the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so if you were to average the
+redline here to average the blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redline here to average the blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redline here to average the blue line
+you get those two dotted lines I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get those two dotted lines I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get those two dotted lines I show
+there and if you look at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you look at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if you look at the difference
+between them that is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that is the average
+treatment effect between giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect between giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect between giving the
+giving the red intervention or giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the red intervention or giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the red intervention or giving
+the blue intervention and if the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue intervention and if the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue intervention and if the average
+treatment effect is very is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is very is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is very is very
+positive you might say that on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you might say that on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you might say that on average
+this intervention is a good intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intervention is a good intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intervention is a good intervention
+if it's very negative you might say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's very negative you might say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's very negative you might say the
+opposite now the challenge about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite now the challenge about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite now the challenge about doing
+causal inference observational data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference observational data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference observational data is
+that of course we don't observe those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course we don't observe those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course we don't observe those
+red and those blue curves rather what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and those blue curves rather what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and those blue curves rather what we
+observe are data points that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe are data points that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe are data points that might be
+distributed all over the place like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all over the place like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all over the place like for
+example in this example the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this example the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this example the blue
+treatment happens to be given in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment happens to be given in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment happens to be given in the
+data more to young people and the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data more to young people and the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data more to young people and the red
+treatment happens to be given in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment happens to be given in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment happens to be given in the
+data more to older people and that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data more to older people and that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data more to older people and that could
+happen for a variety of reasons it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for a variety of reasons it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for a variety of reasons it could
+happen due to access to medication it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen due to access to medication it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen due to access to medication it
+could happen for socio-economic reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen for socio-economic reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen for socio-economic reasons
+it could happen because existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could happen because existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could happen because existing
+treatment guidelines say that old people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment guidelines say that old people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment guidelines say that old people
+should receive treatment 1 and young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should receive treatment 1 and young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should receive treatment 1 and young
+people should receive chicken 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should receive chicken 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should receive chicken 0 right
+these are all reasons why in your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all reasons why in your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all reasons why in your data
+who receives what treatment could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who receives what treatment could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who receives what treatment could be
+biased in some way and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased in some way and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased in some way and that's exactly
+what this edge from X to T is modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this edge from X to T is modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this edge from X to T is modeling
+but for each of those people you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for each of those people you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for each of those people you might
+want to know well what would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know well what would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know well what would have
+happened if if they had gotten the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if if they had gotten the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if if they had gotten the other
+treatment and that's asking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and that's asking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and that's asking about the
+counterfactual all right so these dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual all right so these dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual all right so these dotted
+circles are the counterfactual is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles are the counterfactual is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles are the counterfactual is for
+each of those observations and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those observations and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those observations and by the
+way you'll notice that those dots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you'll notice that those dots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you'll notice that those dots are
+not on the curves and the reasoning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the curves and the reasoning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the curves and the reasoning on
+the curve is come trying to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve is come trying to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve is come trying to point out
+that there could be some stochasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there could be some stochasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there could be some stochasticity
+in the outcome so the dotted lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outcome so the dotted lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outcome so the dotted lines are
+the expected potential outcomes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected potential outcomes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected potential outcomes and the
+circles are the realizations of them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles are the realizations of them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles are the realizations of them all
+right everyone take out a calculator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everyone take out a calculator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everyone take out a calculator or
+your computer or your phone I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer or your phone I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer or your phone I'll take
+out mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is not an opportunity go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an opportunity go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an opportunity go on
+Facebook just to be clear all you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook just to be clear all you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook just to be clear all you want
+to calculator my phone does oh my oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculator my phone does oh my oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculator my phone does oh my oh
+yeah how's a cow Claire good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how's a cow Claire good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how's a cow Claire good all right
+so we're gonna do a little exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a data set on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a data set on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a data set on the left hand side
+each each row is an individual we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each row is an individual we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each row is an individual we're
+observing their a the intervals aides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing their a the intervals aides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing their a the intervals aides
+gender whether they exercise regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender whether they exercise regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender whether they exercise regularly
+which I'll say is a 1 or a 0 and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll say is a 1 or a 0 and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll say is a 1 or a 0 and what
+treatment they got which is a or P on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment they got which is a or P on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment they got which is a or P on
+the far right hand side are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far right hand side are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far right hand side are they're
+absorbs herbed sugar glucose sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs herbed sugar glucose sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs herbed sugar glucose sugar
+levels let's say at the end of the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what we'd like to have it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we'd like to have it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we'd like to have it looks like
+this right so we'd like to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so we'd like to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so we'd like to know what
+would have happened to this person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have happened to this person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have happened to this person's
+sugar levels had they received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar levels had they received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar levels had they received
+medication a or had the receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication a or had the receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication a or had the receive
+medication B but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication B but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication B but if you look at the
+previous the previous slide we observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous the previous slide we observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous the previous slide we observed
+for each individual that they got either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each individual that they got either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each individual that they got either
+A or B and so we're only going to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A or B and so we're only going to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A or B and so we're only going to know
+one of these columns for each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these columns for each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these columns for each individual
+so the first row for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first row for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first row for example this
+individual received treatment a and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual received treatment a and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual received treatment a and so
+you'll see that that I've taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that that I've taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that that I've taken the
+observed sugar level for that individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed sugar level for that individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed sugar level for that individual
+and soon as they received you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soon as they received you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soon as they received you're in a
+that observed level represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that observed level represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that observed level represents the
+potential outcome Y a or Y zero okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome Y a or Y zero okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome Y a or Y zero okay and
+that's why I have a 6 which is bolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have a 6 which is bolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have a 6 which is bolded
+under y 0 and we don't know what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under y 0 and we don't know what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under y 0 and we don't know what their
+what would have happened to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened to that
+individual had they received treatment B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual had they received treatment B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual had they received treatment B
+so in this case some magical creature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case some magical creature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case some magical creature
+came to me and told me they their sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to me and told me they their sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to me and told me they their sugar
+levels would have been 5.5 but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels would have been 5.5 but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels would have been 5.5 but we don't
+actually know that that wasn't in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know that that wasn't in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know that that wasn't in the
+data all right let's look at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right let's look at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data all right let's look at the next
+line just to make sure we get what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line just to make sure we get what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line just to make sure we get what I'm
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+so the second individual actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second individual actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second individual actually
+received treatment B their reserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment B their reserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment B their reserves
+sugar level is six point five okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar level is six point five okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar level is six point five okay let's
+do a little survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little survey
+a that 6.5 number should it be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that 6.5 number should it be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that 6.5 number should it be in this
+column raise your hand or should it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column raise your hand or should it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column raise your hand or should it be
+in this column raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this column raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this column raise your hand
+all right about half of you fat right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right about half of you fat right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right about half of you fat right
+indeed it goes to the second column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it goes to the second column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it goes to the second column and
+again what we would have liked to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we would have liked to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we would have liked to know
+is the counterfactual what would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the counterfactual what would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the counterfactual what would have
+what would have been their sugar levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have been their sugar levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have been their sugar levels
+had they received medication a which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they received medication a which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they received medication a which we
+don't actually observe in our data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually observe in our data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually observe in our data but
+I'm going to hypothesize is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to hypothesize is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to hypothesize is you know
+suppose that someone told me it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that someone told me it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that someone told me it was
+seven then then you would see that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven then then you would see that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven then then you would see that value
+it filled in there that's the unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it filled in there that's the unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it filled in there that's the unobserved
+counterfactual all right first of all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual all right first of all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual all right first of all is
+it is the setup clear all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the setup clear all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the setup clear all right now
+here's what you use your calculators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you use your calculators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you use your calculators so
+we're going to now demonstrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now demonstrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now demonstrate the
+difference between a naive estimator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a naive estimator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a naive estimator of
+your average treatment effect and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average treatment effect and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average treatment effect and the
+true average treatment effect so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true average treatment effect so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true average treatment effect so what I
+want you to do right now is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do right now is to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do right now is to compute
+first what is the average sugar level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is the average sugar level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is the average sugar level of
+the individuals who got medication B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individuals who got medication B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individuals who got medication B so
+for that we're only going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we're only going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we're only going to be using
+the red lot the red ones okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red lot the red ones okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red lot the red ones okay so this is
+conditioning on receiving medication B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning on receiving medication B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning on receiving medication B
+and so we're only going to there this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're only going to there this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're only going to there this is
+equivalent to going back to this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to going back to this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to going back to this one and
+saying we're only going to take the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're only going to take the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're only going to take the rows
+where individuals receive medication B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where individuals receive medication B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where individuals receive medication B
+and we're going to average their observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to average their observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to average their observe
+sugar levels and everyone should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar levels and everyone should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar levels and everyone should do that
+what's the first number six point five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first number six point five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first number six point five
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm getting 7.87 five for the pub bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting 7.87 five for the pub bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting 7.87 five for the pub bill
+for this is for the average sugar given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is for the average sugar given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is for the average sugar given
+that they received medication B that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they received medication B that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they received medication B that is
+that what other people are getting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what other people are getting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what other people are getting all
+right what about this for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about this for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about this for the second
+number average sugar given a alright I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number average sugar given a alright I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number average sugar given a alright I'm
+gonna know I'm gonna I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna know I'm gonna I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna know I'm gonna I want you to
+compute it okay and I'm gonna ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it okay and I'm gonna ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it okay and I'm gonna ask
+everyone to say it out loud and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to say it out loud and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to say it out loud and in
+literally one minute and if you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally one minute and if you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally one minute and if you get it
+wrong of course you can be embarrassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong of course you can be embarrassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong of course you can be embarrassed
+so I'm gonna try myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay on the count of three I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the count of three I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the count of three I want
+everyone to read out what that third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to read out what that third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to read out what that third
+number is one two three seven point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is one two three seven point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is one two three seven point one
+two five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two five
+all right good we can all do arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright good so the this is the again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright good so the this is the again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright good so the this is the again
+we're just looking at the red numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just looking at the red numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just looking at the red numbers
+here okay just the red numbers so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay just the red numbers so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay just the red numbers so we
+just computed that difference which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just computed that difference which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just computed that difference which is
+point one 0.75 yeah that looks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one 0.75 yeah that looks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one 0.75 yeah that looks about
+right good all right so that's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good all right so that's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good all right so that's positive
+number now let's do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now let's do something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now let's do something different
+okay now let's compute the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's compute the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's compute the actual
+average treatment effect which is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect which is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect which is we're
+now going to average every number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to average every number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to average every number in
+this column and we're going to average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and we're going to average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column and we're going to average
+every number in this column right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every number in this column right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every number in this column right so
+this is the average sugar level under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the average sugar level under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the average sugar level under
+the potential outcome of had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome of had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome of had the
+individual received treatment B and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual received treatment B and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual received treatment B and this
+is the average sugar level under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average sugar level under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average sugar level under the
+potential outcome that individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome that individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome that individual
+received treatment a alright who's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment a alright who's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment a alright who's doing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+point seven five is what how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven five is what how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven five is what how do you know
+oh you're fast okay let's see if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're fast okay let's see if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're fast okay let's see if you're
+right actually don't know okay the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually don't know okay the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually don't know okay the first
+one to play seventy-five good we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to play seventy-five good we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to play seventy-five good we got
+that right I intentionally didn't post a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I intentionally didn't post a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I intentionally didn't post a
+slide to today's lecture and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide to today's lecture and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide to today's lecture and the second
+one is minus 0.75 all right so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is minus 0.75 all right so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is minus 0.75 all right so now let's
+put us in the shoes of a policymaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put us in the shoes of a policymaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put us in the shoes of a policymaker
+all right the policymaker has to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the policymaker has to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the policymaker has to decide
+is it a good idea to let's say it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a good idea to let's say it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a good idea to let's say it's an
+insurance company health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company health insurance
+company health insurance companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company health insurance companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company health insurance companies
+trying to decide should i reimburse for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide should i reimburse for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide should i reimburse for
+treatment B or not okay or should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment B or not okay or should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment B or not okay or should I
+simply say no I'm never gonna reimburse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply say no I'm never gonna reimburse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply say no I'm never gonna reimburse
+Woodrum because it doesn't work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodrum because it doesn't work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodrum because it doesn't work well
+alright so if they had done the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if they had done the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if they had done the naive
+estimator that you that that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator that you that that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator that you that that would have
+been the first example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the first example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the first example that
+it would look like medication B is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like medication B is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like medication B is sort
+of we want lower numbers here so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we want lower numbers here so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we want lower numbers here so it
+looked like medication B is worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like medication B is worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like medication B is worse than
+medication a and if you properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication a and if you properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication a and if you properly
+estimated what the actual average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated what the actual average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated what the actual average
+treatment effect is you get the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is you get the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect is you get the absolute
+opposite conclusion you conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite conclusion you conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite conclusion you conclude that
+medication B is much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication B is much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication B is much better than
+medication a that's just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication a that's just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication a that's just a simple
+example to really illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to really illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to really illustrate the
+difference between conditioning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between conditioning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between conditioning and
+actually computing that counterfactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as okay so hopefully now you're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as okay so hopefully now you're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as okay so hopefully now you're starting
+to get it and again you can have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it and again you can have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it and again you can have many
+more opportunities to work through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more opportunities to work through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more opportunities to work through these
+things in your homework assignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your homework assignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your homework assignment and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+okay so by now you should be starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by now you should be starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by now you should be starting to
+wonder how the hell could I do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder how the hell could I do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder how the hell could I do anything
+in this state of the world right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this state of the world right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this state of the world right because
+you don't actually observe those black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually observe those black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't actually observe those black
+numbers right these are all unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right these are all unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right these are all unobserved
+and clearly there's bias in what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly there's bias in what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly there's bias in what the
+values should be because of what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values should be because of what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values should be because of what I've
+been saying all along so what can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been saying all along so what can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been saying all along so what can we do
+well the first thing we have to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing we have to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing we have to realize
+is that typically this is an impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that typically this is an impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that typically this is an impossible
+problem to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve
+your instincts aren't wrong and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instincts aren't wrong and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instincts aren't wrong and we're
+gonna have to make a ton of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to make a ton of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to make a ton of assumptions
+in order to do anything here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do anything here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do anything here so the
+first assumption called sattva I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assumption called sattva I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assumption called sattva I'm not
+even talked about you can read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talked about you can read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talked about you can read about
+that in your readings I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your readings I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your readings I'll tell you
+about the two assumptions that are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two assumptions that are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the two assumptions that are a
+little bit easier to describe the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to describe the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier to describe the first
+critical assumption is that there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical assumption is that there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical assumption is that there are no
+unobserved confounding factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved confounding factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved confounding factors
+mathematically what that's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically what that's saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically what that's saying is
+that your potential outcomes Y naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your potential outcomes Y naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your potential outcomes Y naught
+and y 1 are conditionally independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y 1 are conditionally independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y 1 are conditionally independent of
+the treatment decision given what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment decision given what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment decision given what you
+observe on the individual acts now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe on the individual acts now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe on the individual acts now this
+could be a bit hard to - and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a bit hard to - and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a bit hard to - and that's
+called ignore ability and that's give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ignore ability and that's give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ignore ability and that's give me
+a bit hard to understand so let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit hard to understand so let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit hard to understand so let me draw
+a picture so actually your covariates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture so actually your covariates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture so actually your covariates
+T's your treatment decision and now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's your treatment decision and now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's your treatment decision and now I've
+drawn for you a slightly different graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn for you a slightly different graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn for you a slightly different graph
+right over here I said X goes to T X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over here I said X goes to T X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over here I said X goes to T X and
+T go to Y but now I don't have Y instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T go to Y but now I don't have Y instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T go to Y but now I don't have Y instead
+I have y 0 and y 1 I don't have any edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have y 0 and y 1 I don't have any edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have y 0 and y 1 I don't have any edge
+from T to them right and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from T to them right and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from T to them right and that's because
+now I'm actually using the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm actually using the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm actually using the potential
+Outcomes notation y0 is a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outcomes notation y0 is a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outcomes notation y0 is a potential
+outcome of what would have happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of what would have happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of what would have happened to
+this individual had the received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual had the received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual had the received
+treatment zero and y1 is what would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero and y1 is what would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero and y1 is what would have
+happened to this individual if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this individual if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this individual if they
+received treatment 1 and because do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment 1 and because do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment 1 and because do you
+already know what treatment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know what treatment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know what treatment the
+individuals received it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals received it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals received it doesn't make
+sense to talk about an edge from t2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to talk about an edge from t2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to talk about an edge from t2 to
+those values that's why there's no edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values that's why there's no edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values that's why there's no edge
+there so then you might wonder how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so then you might wonder how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so then you might wonder how could
+you possibly have with a violation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you possibly have with a violation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you possibly have with a violation of
+this conditional dependence assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional dependence assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conditional dependence assumption
+well before I give you that answer let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before I give you that answer let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before I give you that answer let
+me put some names to these things so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put some names to these things so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put some names to these things so we
+might think about acts as being the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about acts as being the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about acts as being the age
+gender weight diet and so on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender weight diet and so on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender weight diet and so on an
+individual t might be a medication like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual t might be a medication like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual t might be a medication like
+antihypertensive medication to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antihypertensive medication to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antihypertensive medication to try to
+lower a patient's blood pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower a patient's blood pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower a patient's blood pressure and
+these would be the potential outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be the potential outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be the potential outcomes
+after those two medications so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after those two medications so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after those two medications so an
+example of a violation of ignore ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a violation of ignore ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a violation of ignore ability
+is if there is something else some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if there is something else some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if there is something else some
+hidden variable H which is not observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden variable H which is not observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden variable H which is not observed
+and which affects both the decision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which affects both the decision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which affects both the decision of
+what treatment to the individual in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what treatment to the individual in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what treatment to the individual in your
+dataset receives and the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset receives and the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dataset receives and the potential
+outcomes right now it should be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes right now it should be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes right now it should be really
+clear that this would be a violation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that this would be a violation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that this would be a violation of
+that conditional independence assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conditional independence assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conditional independence assumption
+in this graph y naught and y 1 are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this graph y naught and y 1 are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this graph y naught and y 1 are not
+conditionally independent of T given X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally independent of T given X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally independent of T given X
+all right so what are these hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what are these hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what are these hidden
+confounders well they might be things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounders well they might be things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounders well they might be things
+for example which really affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example which really affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example which really affect
+treatment decisions so maybe there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment decisions so maybe there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment decisions so maybe there's a
+treatment guidelines saying that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment guidelines saying that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment guidelines saying that for
+diabetic patients they should receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic patients they should receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic patients they should receive
+treatment 0 that that's the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment 0 that that's the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment 0 that that's the right thing
+to do and so a violation of this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and so a violation of this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and so a violation of this would
+be if the fact that the patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if the fact that the patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if the fact that the patient's
+diabetic were not recorded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic were not recorded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic were not recorded in the
+electronic health record so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record so you don't
+know like that's not up there you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like that's not up there you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like that's not up there you don't
+know that in fact the reason their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in fact the reason their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in fact the reason their
+patients receive treatment E was because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients receive treatment E was because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients receive treatment E was because
+of this h factor and it's critically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this h factor and it's critically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this h factor and it's critically
+another assumption which is that H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another assumption which is that H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another assumption which is that H
+actually affects the outcome that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affects the outcome that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affects the outcome that's
+right which is why you have these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is why you have these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is why you have these edges
+from H to the wise if H were something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from H to the wise if H were something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from H to the wise if H were something
+which might have affected treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might have affected treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might have affected treatment
+decision but not the actual potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but not the actual potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but not the actual potential
+outcomes and that can happen of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and that can happen of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and that can happen of course
+things like gender can often affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like gender can often affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like gender can often affect
+treatment decisions but maybe maybe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment decisions but maybe maybe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment decisions but maybe maybe for
+some diseases might not affect outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some diseases might not affect outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some diseases might not affect outcomes
+in that situation it wouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation it wouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation it wouldn't be a
+confounding factor because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding factor because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding factor because it doesn't
+set it doesn't violate this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it doesn't violate this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it doesn't violate this assumption
+and in fact one would be able to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact one would be able to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact one would be able to come up
+with consistent estimators of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consistent estimators of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consistent estimators of average
+treatment effect under that assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect under that assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect under that assumption
+where things go to hell is when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things go to hell is when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things go to hell is when you have
+both of those edges alright so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those edges alright so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those edges alright so there
+can't be any of these ages you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be any of these ages you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be any of these ages you have to
+observe all things that affect both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe all things that affect both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe all things that affect both
+treatment and outcomes the second big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and outcomes the second big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and outcomes the second big
+assumption oh yet question of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption oh yet question of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption oh yet question of what I'm
+showing you here for hypertension I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here for hypertension I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here for hypertension I have
+no idea but but I think what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea but but I think what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea but but I think what you're
+really trying to get at here and asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to get at here and asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to get at here and asking
+your question how good of a model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question how good of a model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question how good of a model is
+this is well oh my god how do I know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well oh my god how do I know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is well oh my god how do I know if
+I've observed everything right alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've observed everything right alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've observed everything right alright
+and that's where you need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you need to start
+talking to main experts so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to main experts so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to main experts so this is the
+place where my starting place where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where my starting place where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where my starting place where I
+said no I'm not going to attempt to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no I'm not going to attempt to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no I'm not going to attempt to fit
+the causal graph I'm going to assume I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal graph I'm going to assume I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causal graph I'm going to assume I
+know the causal graph and just try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the causal graph and just try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the causal graph and just try to
+estimate the effects that's where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the effects that's where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the effects that's where this
+starts to become really relevant because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to become really relevant because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to become really relevant because
+you know if you notice this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you notice this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you notice this is another
+causal graph not the one I joined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal graph not the one I joined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal graph not the one I joined the
+board and so and so that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and so and so that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and so and so that's something
+we're really talking with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really talking with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really talking with them and
+experts will be relevant so if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts will be relevant so if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts will be relevant so if you say
+okay I'm gonna be studying hypertension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna be studying hypertension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna be studying hypertension
+and this is the data I've observed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the data I've observed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the data I've observed on
+patients well you could then go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients well you could then go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients well you could then go to a
+clinician maybe a primary care doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician maybe a primary care doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician maybe a primary care doctor
+who often treats patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who often treats patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who often treats patients with
+hypertension and you say okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension and you say okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension and you say okay what
+usually affects your treatment decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually affects your treatment decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually affects your treatment decisions
+and you get a set of variables out then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a set of variables out then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a set of variables out then
+you then you check to make sure do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you check to make sure do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you check to make sure do I
+have all of those am i observing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of those am i observing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of those am i observing all of
+those variables at least variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables at least variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables at least variables that
+would also affect two outcomes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also affect two outcomes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also affect two outcomes and so
+often there's gonna be a back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's gonna be a back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there's gonna be a back and forth
+in that conversation to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that conversation to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that conversation to make sure that
+you've set up your problem correctly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set up your problem correctly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set up your problem correctly and
+again this is one area where you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is one area where you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is one area where you see a
+critical difference between the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical difference between the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical difference between the way that
+we do causal inference from the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do causal inference from the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do causal inference from the way that
+we do machine learning machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do machine learning machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do machine learning machine learning
+if there's some Sun of unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some Sun of unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's some Sun of unobserved
+variables so what I mean may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what I mean may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what I mean may be a
+predictive accuracy isn't quite as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive accuracy isn't quite as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive accuracy isn't quite as good
+as it could have been but whatever here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it could have been but whatever here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it could have been but whatever here
+your conclusions could be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conclusions could be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conclusions could be completely
+wrong if you don't get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong if you don't get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong if you don't get those
+factors right now in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors right now in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors right now in some of the
+optional readings for Thursday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional readings for Thursday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional readings for Thursday's lecture
+and we'll touch on it very buthey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll touch on it very buthey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll touch on it very buthey and
+Thursday but but there's not much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday but but there's not much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday but but there's not much time
+in this course I'll talk about ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course I'll talk about ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course I'll talk about ways and
+you'll read about ways to try to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read about ways to try to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read about ways to try to assess
+robustness to violations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness to violations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness to violations of these
+assumptions and those go by the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and those go by the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and those go by the name of
+sensitivity analyses so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity analyses so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity analyses so for example the
+type of question you might ask is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of question you might ask is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of question you might ask is how
+would my conclusions have changed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would my conclusions have changed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would my conclusions have changed if
+there were a confounding factor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a confounding factor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a confounding factor which
+was blah strong and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was blah strong and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was blah strong and that's something
+that one could try to answer from data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but is really starting to hit beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but is really starting to hit beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but is really starting to hit beyond
+the scope of this course so I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of this course so I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of this course so I'll give
+you some readings on it but where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some readings on it but where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some readings on it but where I
+won't be able to talk about it in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to talk about it in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to talk about it in the in
+the lecture now the second major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture now the second major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture now the second major
+assumption that one needs is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that one needs is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that one needs is what's
+known as common support and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as common support and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as common support and by the way
+pay close attention here because at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay close attention here because at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay close attention here because at the
+end of today's lecture and if I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of today's lecture and if I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of today's lecture and if I forget
+someone must remind me I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone must remind me I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone must remind me I'm going to ask
+you where did these two assumptions come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where did these two assumptions come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where did these two assumptions come
+up and the proof that I'm about to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and the proof that I'm about to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and the proof that I'm about to give
+you okay the first one I'm gonna be give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay the first one I'm gonna be give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay the first one I'm gonna be give
+you a dead giveaway so I'm gonna answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a dead giveaway so I'm gonna answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a dead giveaway so I'm gonna answer
+to you wearing nor ability comes up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you wearing nor ability comes up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you wearing nor ability comes up but
+it's up to you to figure out where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you to figure out where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you to figure out where does
+come and support show up okay so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and support show up okay so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and support show up okay so what is
+common support well well common support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common support well well common support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common support well well common support
+says is that there always must be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that there always must be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that there always must be some
+stochasticity in the treatment decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity in the treatment decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity in the treatment decisions
+for example if in your data patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if in your data patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if in your data patients
+only receive treatment a and no patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only receive treatment a and no patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only receive treatment a and no patient
+receive treatment B then you would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment B then you would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment B then you would never
+be able to figure out the counterfactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to figure out the counterfactual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to figure out the counterfactual
+what would have happened if patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened if patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened if patients
+received tripping be right oh but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received tripping be right oh but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received tripping be right oh but what
+happens if it's not quite that Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if it's not quite that Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if it's not quite that Universal
+but maybe there's classes of people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's classes of people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's classes of people you
+know some individuals acts that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some individuals acts that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some individuals acts that say
+people with blue hair where people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with blue hair where people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with blue hair where people with
+blue hear blue hair always received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue hear blue hair always received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue hear blue hair always received
+treatment zero and they never see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero and they never see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero and they never see
+treatment one well for those people if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one well for those people if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one well for those people if
+for some reason something about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason something about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason something about them
+having blue hair was also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having blue hair was also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having blue hair was also going to
+affect how they would respond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect how they would respond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect how they would respond to the
+treatment then you wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment then you wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment then you wouldn't be able to
+answer anything about the counterfactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer anything about the counterfactual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer anything about the counterfactual
+for those individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those individuals
+this goes by the name of what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes by the name of what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes by the name of what's called a
+propensity score it's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score it's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score it's the probability of
+receiving some treatment for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving some treatment for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving some treatment for each
+individual and we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and we're going to assume
+that this propensity score is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this propensity score is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this propensity score is always
+bounded between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded between zero and one
+right so it's between 1 minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's between 1 minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's between 1 minus epsilon
+and epsilon for some small epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and epsilon for some small epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and epsilon for some small epsilon and
+violations of that assumption are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations of that assumption are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations of that assumption are going
+to completely invalidate all conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completely invalidate all conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completely invalidate all conclusions
+that we could draw from the data all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could draw from the data all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could draw from the data all
+right now in actual clinical practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in actual clinical practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in actual clinical practice
+you might wonder can this ever hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might wonder can this ever hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might wonder can this ever hold
+right because there are clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there are clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there are clinical
+guidelines well a couple of places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines well a couple of places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines well a couple of places where
+you'll see this are as follows first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this are as follows first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this are as follows first
+often their settings where we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often their settings where we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often their settings where we haven't
+the faintest idea how to treat patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faintest idea how to treat patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faintest idea how to treat patients
+like second line diabetes treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like second line diabetes treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like second line diabetes treatments
+right you know that the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know that the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know that the first thing we
+start with is metformin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with is metformin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with is metformin
+but if metformin doesn't help control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if metformin doesn't help control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if metformin doesn't help control
+the patient's glucose values there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's glucose values there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's glucose values there are
+several second line data treatments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several second line data treatments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several second line data treatments and
+right now we don't really know which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we don't really know which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we don't really know which one
+to try so a clinician might start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try so a clinician might start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try so a clinician might start with
+treatments from one class and if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments from one class and if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments from one class and if that's
+not working you try different class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working you try different class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working you try different class and
+so on and it's a bit random which class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and it's a bit random which class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and it's a bit random which class
+you start with for any one patient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with for any one patient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with for any one patient and
+other settings there might be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings there might be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings there might be good
+clinical guidelines but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical guidelines but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical guidelines but there's
+randomness in other ways for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in other ways for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in other ways for example
+clinicians who are trained in the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians who are trained in the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians who are trained in the on the
+west coast might be trained that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west coast might be trained that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west coast might be trained that this is
+the right way to do things and treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to do things and treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to do things and treatment
+if clinicians are trained in the East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if clinicians are trained in the East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if clinicians are trained in the East
+Coast might be trained to that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast might be trained to that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coast might be trained to that this is
+the right way to do things and so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to do things and so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to do things and so even
+if any one clinician is this treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any one clinician is this treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any one clinician is this treatment
+decisions are deterministic in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are deterministic in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are deterministic in some way
+you'll see some stochasticity now across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see some stochasticity now across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see some stochasticity now across
+clinicians and it's a bit subtle how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians and it's a bit subtle how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians and it's a bit subtle how to
+use that in your analyses but trust me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that in your analyses but trust me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that in your analyses but trust me
+it can be done okay so if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be done okay so if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be done okay so if you want to do
+causal inference from observational data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference from observational data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference from observational data
+you're gonna have to first start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to first start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to first start to
+formalize things mathematically in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize things mathematically in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize things mathematically in terms
+of what is your X what is your T what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is your X what is your T what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is your X what is your T what is
+your Y you have to think through do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Y you have to think through do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Y you have to think through do
+these choices satisfy these assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these choices satisfy these assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these choices satisfy these assumptions
+of ignore ability and overlap some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ignore ability and overlap some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ignore ability and overlap some of
+these things you can check in your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you can check in your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you can check in your data
+normally you can't explicitly check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can't explicitly check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you can't explicitly check in
+your data but overlap this thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data but overlap this thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data but overlap this thing you can
+test in your data by the way how nata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone else wasn't spoken today so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else wasn't spoken today so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else wasn't spoken today so you
+just think back to the previous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think back to the previous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think back to the previous example
+right you have this you have this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have this you have this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have this you have this table
+of these axes and keep an A or B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these axes and keep an A or B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these axes and keep an A or B and
+then sugar values how would you yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sugar values how would you yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sugar values how would you yep
+potestas you use a frequentist version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potestas you use a frequentist version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potestas you use a frequentist version
+just like count how many things show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like count how many things show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like count how many things show up
+but if they're zero then you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're zero then you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're zero then you could say
+that it's good right so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's good right so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's good right so you have this
+table right just go back to that table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table right just go back to that table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table right just go back to that table
+we have this table and you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this table and you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this table and you know this
+these are your axes and actually we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your axes and actually we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your axes and actually we'll
+go back to the previous slide where is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the previous slide where is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the previous slide where is a
+bit easier to see here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier to see here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier to see here we're going to
+ignore the outcome the sugar levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the outcome the sugar levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the outcome the sugar levels
+right because remember this only has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because remember this only has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because remember this only has to
+do with probability of treatment given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with probability of treatment given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with probability of treatment given
+your covariance the Y doesn't show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your covariance the Y doesn't show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your covariance the Y doesn't show up
+here at all so this thing on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at all so this thing on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at all so this thing on the right
+hand side the observed sugar levels even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the observed sugar levels even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side the observed sugar levels even
+is irrelevant for this question all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrelevant for this question all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrelevant for this question all we
+care about is what goes on over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is what goes on over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is what goes on over here so
+we look at this these are your axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this these are your axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this these are your axis and
+this is your treatment and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your treatment and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your treatment and you could
+look to see okay here you have 175 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see okay here you have 175 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to see okay here you have 175 year
+old male who does exercise frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old male who does exercise frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old male who does exercise frequently
+and receive treatment a is there anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receive treatment a is there anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receive treatment a is there anyone
+else in the data set who is 75 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the data set who is 75 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in the data set who is 75 years old
+male does exercise regularly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male does exercise regularly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male does exercise regularly but
+received treatment B yes or no no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment B yes or no no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment B yes or no no good
+okay so overlap is not satisfied here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so overlap is not satisfied here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so overlap is not satisfied here at
+least not empirically and now you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not empirically and now you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not empirically and now you might
+argue that I'm being a bit too coarse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that I'm being a bit too coarse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that I'm being a bit too coarse
+here right that I'm well what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that I'm well what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that I'm well what happens if
+the individual is 74 and received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual is 74 and received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual is 74 and received
+treatment B maybe that's close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment B maybe that's close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment B maybe that's close enough
+right so there starts to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there starts to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there starts to become
+subtleties and assessing these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties and assessing these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties and assessing these things
+when you have finite data but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have finite data but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have finite data but it is
+something at the fundamental level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at the fundamental level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at the fundamental level that
+you could start to assess using data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could start to assess using data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could start to assess using data as
+opposed to ignore ability which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to ignore ability which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to ignore ability which you
+cannot test using data right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot test using data right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot test using data right so you have
+to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do the art of these assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the art of these assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the art of these assumptions
+satisfied and only once you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and only once you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and only once you start to
+think through those questions can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through those questions can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through those questions can you
+start to do your now assess and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to do your now assess and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to do your now assess and so that
+now brings me to the the next part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now brings me to the the next part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now brings me to the the next part of
+this lecture which is how do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture which is how do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture which is how do we actually
+lets us nuts now believe David believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us nuts now believe David believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us nuts now believe David believe
+that these assumptions hold how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these assumptions hold how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these assumptions hold how do we do
+that causal inference so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causal inference so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causal inference so the question is
+what happens if you have a violation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you have a violation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you have a violation of
+overlap for example you have individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap for example you have individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap for example you have individuals
+who you know that in healthy individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know that in healthy individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know that in healthy individuals
+never receive any treatment should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never receive any treatment should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never receive any treatment should you
+remove them from your dataset well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them from your dataset well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them from your dataset well first
+of all it has to do with howdy formal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all it has to do with howdy formal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all it has to do with howdy formal is
+the question because not receiving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question because not receiving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question because not receiving a
+treatment is a treatment all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is a treatment all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is a treatment all right so
+that might be your control arm just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be your control arm just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be your control arm just to
+be clear now if you're asking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear now if you're asking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear now if you're asking about the
+difference between two treatments two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two treatments two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two treatments two
+different classes of treatment for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of treatment for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of treatment for a
+condition then often one defines sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then often one defines sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then often one defines sort of
+the relevant inclusion criteria in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant inclusion criteria in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant inclusion criteria in order
+to in order to have these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to have these conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to have these conditions
+hold for example we could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold for example we could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold for example we could try to
+redefine the set of individuals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine the set of individuals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine the set of individuals that
+we're asking about so that overlap does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking about so that overlap does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking about so that overlap does
+a hold but then in that situation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hold but then in that situation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hold but then in that situation you
+have to just make sure that your policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just make sure that your policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just make sure that your policy
+is also modified you say okay I conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also modified you say okay I conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also modified you say okay I conclude
+that the average treatment effect is bla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the average treatment effect is bla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the average treatment effect is bla
+for this type of people okay okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this type of people okay okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this type of people okay okay so how
+can we possibly compute the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we possibly compute the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we possibly compute the average
+treatment effect from data remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect from data remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect from data remember
+Irish human effect mathematically is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irish human effect mathematically is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irish human effect mathematically is the
+expectation between potential outcome y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation between potential outcome y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation between potential outcome y
+1 minus y 0 the key tool which we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus y 0 the key tool which we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus y 0 the key tool which we'll use
+in order to estimate that is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to estimate that is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to estimate that is what's
+known as the adjustment formula this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the adjustment formula this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the adjustment formula this
+goes by net many names and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by net many names and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by net many names and the
+statistics community such as the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics community such as the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics community such as the G
+formula as well here I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula as well here I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula as well here I'll give you
+derivation of it worst first going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of it worst first going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of it worst first going to
+recognize that this expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this expectation is
+actually 2 expectations in one it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 2 expectations in one it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 2 expectations in one it's the
+expectation over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation over and
+Jules axe and ass expectation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jules axe and ass expectation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jules axe and ass expectation over
+potential outcomes why given acts so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes why given acts so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes why given acts so I'm
+first just going to write it out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first just going to write it out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first just going to write it out in
+terms of those two expectations and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of those two expectations and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of those two expectations and I'll
+write the expectations like two acts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expectations like two acts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expectations like two acts on
+outside that goes by the name of law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that goes by the name of law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that goes by the name of law of
+total expectation not you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expectation not you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total expectation not you know this is
+this is it's trivial at the stage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it's trivial at the stage okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it's trivial at the stage okay
+and by the way I'm just writing out X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way I'm just writing out X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way I'm just writing out X
+fiction of y1 and in a few minutes I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction of y1 and in a few minutes I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction of y1 and in a few minutes I'll
+show you activation of y0 but it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you activation of y0 but it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you activation of y0 but it's gonna
+be exactly now I'll guess now the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly now I'll guess now the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly now I'll guess now the next
+step is where we use ignore ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is where we use ignore ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is where we use ignore ability
+alright so I told you I was gonna give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so I told you I was gonna give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so I told you I was gonna give
+that one away so remember we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one away so remember we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one away so remember we said that
+we're assuming that y1 is conditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that y1 is conditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that y1 is conditionally
+independent of the treatment T given ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the treatment T given ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the treatment T given ax
+what that means is probability of y 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is probability of y 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is probability of y 1
+given X is equal to probability of Y 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X is equal to probability of Y 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X is equal to probability of Y 1
+given X comma T equals whatever and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X comma T equals whatever and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X comma T equals whatever and this
+case all say T equals 1 alright this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all say T equals 1 alright this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all say T equals 1 alright this is
+implied by y1 being conditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by y1 being conditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by y1 being conditionally
+independent of T given X so I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of T given X so I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of T given X so I can just
+stick in comma T equals 1 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in comma T equals 1 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in comma T equals 1 here and
+that's explicitly because of ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's explicitly because of ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's explicitly because of ignore
+ability holding but now we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability holding but now we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability holding but now we're in a
+really good place because notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good place because notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good place because notice that
+and here I've just done some shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I've just done some shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I've just done some shorter
+notation I'm just gonna hide the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm just gonna hide the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm just gonna hide the this
+expectation and by the way you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and by the way you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and by the way you can do
+the same for y 0 y 1 y 0 and now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for y 0 y 1 y 0 and now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for y 0 y 1 y 0 and now notice
+that we can replace this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can replace this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can replace this average
+treatment effect with now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect with now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect with now this
+application the respect to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the respect to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the respect to all
+individuals acts of the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals acts of the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals acts of the expectation of
+y1 given a comma T equals 1 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 given a comma T equals 1 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 given a comma T equals 1 and so on
+and these are mostly quantities that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are mostly quantities that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are mostly quantities that we
+can now observe from our data so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now observe from our data so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now observe from our data so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can look at individuals who receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at individuals who receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at individuals who receive
+treatment 1 and for those individuals we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment 1 and for those individuals we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment 1 and for those individuals we
+know we have realizations of why 1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have realizations of why 1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have realizations of why 1 we
+can look at individuals who received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at individuals who received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at individuals who received
+treatment 0 and for those individuals we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment 0 and for those individuals we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment 0 and for those individuals we
+have realizations of why 0 and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have realizations of why 0 and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have realizations of why 0 and we could
+just average those realizations to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just average those realizations to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just average those realizations to get
+estimates of the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the corresponding
+expectations alright so these we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations alright so these we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations alright so these we can
+easily estimate from our data and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily estimate from our data and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily estimate from our data and so
+we've made progress we can now estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made progress we can now estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made progress we can now estimate
+some part of this from our data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some part of this from our data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some part of this from our data but
+notice there are some things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there are some things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there are some things that we
+can't yet directly a straight from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't yet directly a straight from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't yet directly a straight from our
+data in particular we can't estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in particular we can't estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in particular we can't estimate
+expectation of y 0 given ax comma T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of y 0 given ax comma T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of y 0 given ax comma T
+equals 1 because we have no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 because we have no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 because we have no idea what
+would have happened to this individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have happened to this individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have happened to this individual
+if who actually got treatment 1 if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if who actually got treatment 1 if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if who actually got treatment 1 if they
+had gotten treatment 0 so these we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten treatment 0 so these we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten treatment 0 so these we don't
+know and similarly so ok so these we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and similarly so ok so these we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and similarly so ok so these we
+don't know now what is the trick I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know now what is the trick I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know now what is the trick I'm
+planning on you wait how does it help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on you wait how does it help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on you wait how does it help
+that we can do this well the key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do this well the key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do this well the key point
+is that these quantities that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these quantities that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these quantities that we can
+estimate from data show up in that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate from data show up in that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate from data show up in that term
+in particular if you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if you look at these
+individuals acts that you've sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals acts that you've sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals acts that you've sampled
+from the full set of individuals P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the full set of individuals P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the full set of individuals P of X
+for that individual X for which in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that individual X for which in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that individual X for which in fact
+we observe T equals 1 then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe T equals 1 then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe T equals 1 then we can
+estimate expectation of y 1 given ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate expectation of y 1 given ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate expectation of y 1 given ax
+comma 2 equals 1 and similarly for y 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 2 equals 1 and similarly for y 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 2 equals 1 and similarly for y 0
+what we need to be able to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to be able to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to be able to do is to
+extrapolate because empirically we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate because empirically we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate because empirically we only
+have samples from P of x given t equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have samples from P of x given t equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have samples from P of x given t equals
+1 P of X given T equals 0 for those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 P of X given T equals 0 for those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 P of X given T equals 0 for those two
+potential outcomes correspondingly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes correspondingly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes correspondingly but
+we are going to also get samples of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to also get samples of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to also get samples of X
+such that for those individuals in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for those individuals in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for those individuals in your
+data set you might have risk you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set you might have risk you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set you might have risk you might
+have only observed T equals 0 and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only observed T equals 0 and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only observed T equals 0 and to
+compute this formula you have to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this formula you have to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this formula you have to answer
+for that X what would it have been if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that X what would it have been if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that X what would it have been if
+they got treatment equals 1 so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got treatment equals 1 so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got treatment equals 1 so we have
+they're going to be set of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be set of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be set of individuals
+that we have to extrapolate for in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to extrapolate for in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to extrapolate for in order
+to use this adjustment formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this adjustment formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this adjustment formula for
+estimate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate at
+yep because comes first true we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep because comes first true we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep because comes first true we'd have
+some patients that received each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some patients that received each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some patients that received each
+treatment or a given X yes but but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or a given X yes but but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or a given X yes but but now
+so you so yes that's true but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you so yes that's true but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you so yes that's true but that's a
+statement about infinite data and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about infinite data and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about infinite data and in
+reality one only has finite data and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality one only has finite data and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality one only has finite data and so
+although common support has to hold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although common support has to hold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although common support has to hold to
+some extent you can't just build on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent you can't just build on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent you can't just build on that
+to say that you always observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you always observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you always observe the
+counterfactual for every individual such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual for every individual such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual for every individual such
+as the pictures I showed you earlier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pictures I showed you earlier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pictures I showed you earlier so
+I'm gonna leave it I'm gonna leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna leave it I'm gonna leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna leave it I'm gonna leave this
+slide up for just one more second to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide up for just one more second to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide up for just one more second to let
+it sort of sink in see what it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we started out from the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started out from the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started out from the goal of
+computing the average treatment in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the average treatment in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the average treatment in fact
+expected value of y 1 minus y 0 using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y 1 minus y 0 using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y 1 minus y 0 using
+the adjustment formula we've gotten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjustment formula we've gotten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjustment formula we've gotten to
+now an equivalent representation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an equivalent representation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an equivalent representation which
+is now an expectation with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now an expectation with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now an expectation with respect to
+all of individuals sampling from P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of individuals sampling from P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of individuals sampling from P of X
+of expected value of y 1 given X comma T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expected value of y 1 given X comma T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expected value of y 1 given X comma T
+plus 1 expected value of y 0 given ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 expected value of y 0 given ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 expected value of y 0 given ax
+comma T equals 0 for some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma T equals 0 for some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma T equals 0 for some of the
+individuals you can observe this and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you can observe this and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you can observe this and for
+some of them you have to extrapolate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them you have to extrapolate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them you have to extrapolate so
+there are many attempts now many from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many attempts now many from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many attempts now many from
+here there are many ways that one can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are many ways that one can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are many ways that one can go
+hold your question for a little while so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold your question for a little while so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold your question for a little while so
+class types of causal inference methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class types of causal inference methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class types of causal inference methods
+that you will have heard of include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will have heard of include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will have heard of include
+things like Cove area justment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Cove area justment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Cove area justment
+propensity score awaiting EE robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score awaiting EE robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score awaiting EE robust
+estimators matching and so on and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators matching and so on and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators matching and so on and those
+are the tools of the cause one French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the tools of the cause one French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the tools of the cause one French
+trade and in this course we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and in this course we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and in this course we're only
+gonna talk about the first two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about the first two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about the first two and
+today's lecture we're only gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture we're only gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture we're only gonna talk
+about the first one kaveri adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first one kaveri adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first one kaveri adjustment
+and Thursday we'll talk about the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Thursday we'll talk about the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Thursday we'll talk about the second
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so covariant adjustment is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so covariant adjustment is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so covariant adjustment is a very
+natural way to try to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to try to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way to try to do that
+extrapolation what we're also goes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation what we're also goes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation what we're also goes by
+the name by the way of response service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name by the way of response service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name by the way of response service
+modeling what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling what we're going to do is we're
+going to learn a function f which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn a function f which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn a function f which takes
+as an input X and T and its goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input X and T and its goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input X and T and its goal is to
+predict Y so intuitively you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict Y so intuitively you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict Y so intuitively you should
+about f as this conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about f as this conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about f as this conditional probability
+distribution it's it's predicting Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's it's predicting Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it's it's predicting Y
+given X and T so T is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X and T so T is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given X and T so T is going to be an
+input to the machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the machine learning algorithm
+which is going to predict what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to predict what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to predict what would be
+the potential outcome Y for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome Y for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome Y for this
+individual described by features X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual described by features X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual described by features X 1
+through X D under intervention T so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through X D under intervention T so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through X D under intervention T so this
+is just for the previous slide and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just for the previous slide and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just for the previous slide and what
+we're going to do now are this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do now are this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do now are this is this
+is now where we get the reduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now where we get the reduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now where we get the reduction to
+machine learning is we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is we're going to use
+empirical risk minimization or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical risk minimization or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical risk minimization or maybe
+some regularized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regularized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some regularized
+empirical risk minimization to fit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical risk minimization to fit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical risk minimization to fit a
+function f which approximates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f which approximates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f which approximates the
+expected value of YT given capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of YT given capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of YT given capital T
+equals little T gamma X and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals little T gamma X and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals little T gamma X and then once
+you have that function we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that function we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that function we're going to be
+able to use that to estimate the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use that to estimate the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use that to estimate the average
+shape in effect by just comparing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape in effect by just comparing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape in effect by just comparing but
+just by just implementing now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by just implementing now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by just implementing now this
+formula here so we're going to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here so we're going to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here so we're going to first
+take an expectation with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an expectation with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an expectation with respect
+individuals in the data set right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the data set right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the data set right so
+this is we're going to approximate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we're going to approximate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we're going to approximate that
+with an empirical expectation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an empirical expectation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an empirical expectation where we
+sum over the little n individuals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over the little n individuals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over the little n individuals in
+your data set then what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data set then what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data set then what we're going to
+do is we're going to compute estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to compute estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to compute estimate
+the first term which is f of X I comma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term which is f of X I comma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term which is f of X I comma 1
+right because that's approximating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's approximating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's approximating the
+expected value of y1 given T comma ax T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y1 given T comma ax T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y1 given T comma ax T
+equals 1 comma X and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 comma X and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 comma X and we're going to
+approximate the second term which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the second term which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the second term which is
+just plugging now 0 for T instead of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plugging now 0 for T instead of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plugging now 0 for T instead of 1
+we're gonna take the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take the difference between
+them and that will be our estimator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that will be our estimator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that will be our estimator of
+the average treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a natural place to ask question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know one thing you might wonder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one thing you might wonder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one thing you might wonder is
+in your data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your data set
+you actually did observe something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually did observe something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually did observe something for
+that individual right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual right
+notice how your raw data doesn't show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how your raw data doesn't show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how your raw data doesn't show up
+in this at all because sorry I done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this at all because sorry I done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this at all because sorry I done
+machine learning and then I've thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and then I've thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and then I've thrown
+away the observed wise and I used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the observed wise and I used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the observed wise and I used this
+estimator so what you could have done an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator so what you could have done an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator so what you could have done an
+alternative formula which by the way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative formula which by the way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative formula which by the way is
+also a consistent estimator would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a consistent estimator would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a consistent estimator would have
+been to use the observed wife or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to use the observed wife or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to use the observed wife or
+whatever the factual is and the imputed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the factual is and the imputed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the factual is and the imputed
+why for the counterfactual using F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for the counterfactual using F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for the counterfactual using F and
+that would have been that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been that would have
+also been a consistent estimator for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also been a consistent estimator for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also been a consistent estimator for the
+average here in fact you could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average here in fact you could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average here in fact you could have done
+either okay so now sometimes you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay so now sometimes you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay so now sometimes you're not
+interested in just the average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in just the average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in just the average treatment
+effect but you're actually interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but you're actually interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but you're actually interested in
+understanding the heterogeneity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the heterogeneity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the heterogeneity in the
+population well this also now gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population well this also now gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population well this also now gives you
+an opportunity to try to explore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to try to explore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to try to explore that
+heterogeneity so for each individual x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity so for each individual x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity so for each individual x i
+you could look at just the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at just the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look at just the difference
+between what f predicts for ax at 4:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what f predicts for ax at 4:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what f predicts for ax at 4:00
+for chicken 1 and what F predicts given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chicken 1 and what F predicts given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chicken 1 and what F predicts given
+in treatment 0 and the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment 0 and the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treatment 0 and the difference
+between those is your estimate of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those is your estimate of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those is your estimate of your
+conditional average treatment effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional average treatment effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional average treatment effect so
+for example we want to figure out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we want to figure out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we want to figure out for
+this individual do we what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual do we what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual do we what is the
+optimal policy you might look to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy you might look to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal policy you might look to see is
+kate positive or negative or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate positive or negative or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate positive or negative or is it
+greater than some threshold for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than some threshold for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than some threshold for example
+so let's look at some pictures now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some pictures now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some pictures now what
+we're using is we're using that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using is we're using that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using is we're using that function
+f in order to impute those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in order to impute those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f in order to impute those
+counterfactuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactuals
+and now we have those observed and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have those observed and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have those observed and we
+can actually compute the Kate's and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually compute the Kate's and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually compute the Kate's and an
+averaging over those you can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over those you can estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over those you can estimate
+now the average treatment effect yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so where can this go wrong oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so where can this go wrong oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so where can this go wrong oh so
+what do you have a bias for us to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have a bias for us to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have a bias for us to ask
+something as we just in the paper we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as we just in the paper we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as we just in the paper we've
+take the vanilla and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the vanilla and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the vanilla and they
+yep oh thank you so much for bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep oh thank you so much for bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep oh thank you so much for bringing
+the back up so you're referring to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back up so you're referring to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back up so you're referring to one
+of the readings for the course from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings for the course from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings for the course from from
+several weeks ago where we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several weeks ago where we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several weeks ago where we talked about
+using just a pure machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using just a pure machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using just a pure machine learning
+algorithm to try to predict outcomes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to try to predict outcomes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to try to predict outcomes in
+a hospital setting particular what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital setting particular what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital setting particular what
+happens for patients who have pneumonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for patients who have pneumonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for patients who have pneumonia
+in the emergency department and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emergency department and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emergency department and and if
+you all remember there was this asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all remember there was this asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all remember there was this asthma
+example where patients with with asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where patients with with asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where patients with with asthma
+were predicted to have better outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were predicted to have better outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were predicted to have better outcomes
+than patients without asthma and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than patients without asthma and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than patients without asthma and you're
+calling that bias but remember when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that bias but remember when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that bias but remember when I
+taught about this I called it bias due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught about this I called it bias due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught about this I called it bias due
+to a particular thing what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a particular thing what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a particular thing what's the
+language I used I said bias due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intervention maybe is what I can't run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention maybe is what I can't run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention maybe is what I can't run
+exactly what I said right make it up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I said right make it up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I said right make it up now
+textbook will be written with advised by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook will be written with advised by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook will be written with advised by
+intervention okay so the problem there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention okay so the problem there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention okay so the problem there
+is that they didn't formalize that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they didn't formalize that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they didn't formalize that they
+didn't form eyes the prediction problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't form eyes the prediction problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't form eyes the prediction problem
+correctly right the question that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly right the question that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly right the question that they
+should have asked is for asthma patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have asked is for asthma patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have asked is for asthma patients
+right you what you really want to ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you what you really want to ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you what you really want to ask is
+the question of X and then Chi and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of X and then Chi and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of X and then Chi and why
+where T are the interventions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where T are the interventions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where T are the interventions that are
+done for asthmatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the failure of that paper is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the failure of that paper is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the failure of that paper is that it
+ignored the causal inference question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored the causal inference question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored the causal inference question
+which was hidden in the data and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was hidden in the data and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was hidden in the data and it just
+went to predict Y given ax marginalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to predict Y given ax marginalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to predict Y given ax marginalizing
+over T altogether so T does never in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T altogether so T does never in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T altogether so T does never in the
+predictor model and so differently they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor model and so differently they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor model and so differently they
+never asked counterfactual questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never asked counterfactual questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never asked counterfactual questions of
+what would have happened had you done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened had you done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened had you done a
+different T and then they still used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different T and then they still used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different T and then they still used it
+to try to guide some treatment decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to guide some treatment decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to guide some treatment decisions
+like for example should you send this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example should you send this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example should you send this
+person home which should you keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person home which should you keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person home which should you keep them
+for careful monitoring or so on so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for careful monitoring or so on so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for careful monitoring or so on so they
+were using this is go this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using this is go this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using this is go this is exactly
+the same example as I gave you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same example as I gave you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same example as I gave you in the
+beginning of the lecture where I said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture where I said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the lecture where I said if
+you just use a risk stratification model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use a risk stratification model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use a risk stratification model
+to make some decisions you run the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some decisions you run the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some decisions you run the risk
+that you're making the wrong decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making the wrong decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making the wrong decisions
+because those decisions because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those decisions because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those decisions because those
+predictions are biased by decisions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions are biased by decisions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions are biased by decisions in
+your data so that doesn't happen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data so that doesn't happen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data so that doesn't happen here
+because we're explicitly accounting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're explicitly accounting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're explicitly accounting for
+T in all of our analyses so how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in all of our analyses so how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in all of our analyses so how much
+treatment information is in mimic a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment information is in mimic a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment information is in mimic a ton
+so in fact one of the readings for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact one of the readings for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact one of the readings for next
+week is going to be about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week is going to be about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week is going to be about trying to
+understand how one could manage sepsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how one could manage sepsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how one could manage sepsis
+which is a condition caused by by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a condition caused by by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a condition caused by by an
+infection which is managed by for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection which is managed by for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection which is managed by for
+example giving broad-spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example giving broad-spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example giving broad-spectrum
+antibiotics giving fluids giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics giving fluids giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics giving fluids giving
+pressors and ventilators and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressors and ventilators and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressors and ventilators and all those
+are interventions all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interventions all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interventions all those
+interventions are recorded in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are recorded in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions are recorded in the data
+so that one could then ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one could then ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one could then ask
+counterfactual questions from the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual questions from the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfactual questions from the data
+like what would have happened if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would have happened if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would have happened if this
+patient had they received a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had they received a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient had they received a different
+set of interventions would we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of interventions would we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of interventions would we have
+prolong their life for example and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolong their life for example and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolong their life for example and and
+so in in an intensive care unit setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in an intensive care unit setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in an intensive care unit setting
+most the questions that we want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the questions that we want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the questions that we want to ask
+about not all but many of them or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not all but many of them or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not all but many of them or about
+dynamic treatments because it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic treatments because it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic treatments because it's not just
+a single treatment but really about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single treatment but really about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single treatment but really about a
+service sequence of treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service sequence of treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service sequence of treatments
+responding to the current patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to the current patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to the current patient
+condition and so that's where we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so that's where we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so that's where we'll
+really start getting into that material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really start getting into that material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really start getting into that material
+next week not in today's lecture yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a phenomenal question where were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a phenomenal question where were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a phenomenal question where were
+you this whole course thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this whole course thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this whole course thank you for
+asking it so I'll repeat it how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking it so I'll repeat it how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking it so I'll repeat it how do you
+know that your function f actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that your function f actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that your function f actually
+really learned something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learned something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learned something about the
+relationship between the between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the between the
+input X and your and the treatment T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X and your and the treatment T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input X and your and the treatment T and
+the outcome and and that really gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome and and that really gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome and and that really gets to
+the question of is my reduction actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of is my reduction actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of is my reduction actually
+valid all right so I've I've taken I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid all right so I've I've taken I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid all right so I've I've taken I've
+taken this problem and I've reduced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken this problem and I've reduced it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken this problem and I've reduced it
+to this machine learning problem where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this machine learning problem where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this machine learning problem where I
+I take my data and and literally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take my data and and literally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take my data and and literally just
+learn a function act to try to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a function act to try to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a function act to try to predict
+well the observationally and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the observationally and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the observationally and how do we
+know that that function f actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that function f actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that function f actually does
+a good job at estimating something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good job at estimating something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good job at estimating something like
+average shape and in fact in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average shape and in fact in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average shape and in fact in fact it
+might not and this is where things start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not and this is where things start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not and this is where things start
+to get really tricky particularly high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get really tricky particularly high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get really tricky particularly high
+dimensional data because it could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data because it could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data because it could happen
+for example that your treatment decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that your treatment decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that your treatment decision
+is only one of a huge number of factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only one of a huge number of factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only one of a huge number of factors
+that affect the outcome why and it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect the outcome why and it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect the outcome why and it could
+be that a much more important factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that a much more important factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that a much more important factor is
+hidden in acts and because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden in acts and because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden in acts and because you don't
+have much data and because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much data and because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much data and because you have to
+regularize your learning algorithm let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularize your learning algorithm let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularize your learning algorithm let's
+say with l1 or l2 regularization or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with l1 or l2 regularization or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with l1 or l2 regularization or
+maybe early stopping for using deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe early stopping for using deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe early stopping for using deep
+neural network your algorithm might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network your algorithm might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network your algorithm might
+never learn the actual dependence on T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never learn the actual dependence on T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never learn the actual dependence on T
+it might learn just to throw away T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might learn just to throw away T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might learn just to throw away T and
+just use X to predict Y and if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use X to predict Y and if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use X to predict Y and if that's
+the case you will never be able to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case you will never be able to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case you will never be able to infer
+these average treatment effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these average treatment effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these average treatment effects
+accurately you'll have huge errors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately you'll have huge errors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately you'll have huge errors and
+that gets back to one of the slides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets back to one of the slides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets back to one of the slides that
+I skipped where I started out from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I skipped where I started out from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I skipped where I started out from this
+picture this is the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is the machine learning
+picture saying okay so a reduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture saying okay so a reduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture saying okay so a reduction to
+machine learning is you know you add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is you know you add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is you know you add an
+additional feature which is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional feature which is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional feature which is your
+treatment decision and you learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment decision and you learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment decision and you learn that
+blackbox function f but this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox function f but this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox function f but this is where
+machine learning causal inference start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning causal inference start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning causal inference start
+to differ because we don't actually care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differ because we don't actually care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differ because we don't actually care
+about the quality of predicting Y right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quality of predicting Y right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quality of predicting Y right
+we can measure your root mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure your root mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure your root mean squared
+error in predicting Y giving your axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in predicting Y giving your axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in predicting Y giving your axes
+and T's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T's
+and that error might be low but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that error might be low but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that error might be low but you can
+run into these failure modes where just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into these failure modes where just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into these failure modes where just
+completely ignores T for example so T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ignores T for example so T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ignores T for example so T is
+special here right so really the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special here right so really the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special here right so really the picture
+we want to have in mind is that T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have in mind is that T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have in mind is that T is
+some parameter of interest right we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameter of interest right we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameter of interest right we want
+to learn a model F such that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn a model F such that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn a model F such that if we
+twiddle T we can see how there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle T we can see how there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle T we can see how there's a
+differential effect on Y based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential effect on Y based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential effect on Y based on
+twiddling T that's what we truly care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddling T that's what we truly care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddling T that's what we truly care
+about when we're using machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we're using machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we're using machine learning
+for causal inference and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for causal inference and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for causal inference and so that's
+really the gap right that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the gap right that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the gap right that's that's the
+gap in our understanding today and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in our understanding today and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap in our understanding today and it's
+really an active area of research to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an active area of research to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an active area of research to
+figure out how do you change the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how do you change the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how do you change the whole
+machine learning paradigm to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning paradigm to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning paradigm to recognize
+that when you're using machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're using machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're using machine learning
+for causal inference you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for causal inference you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for causal inference you're actually
+interested in something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in something a little bit
+different and by the way that's a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and by the way that's a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and by the way that's a major
+area of my labs research and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of my labs research and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of my labs research and we just
+published a series of papers trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a series of papers trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a series of papers trying to
+answer that question beyond the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question beyond the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question beyond the scope of
+this course but I'm happy to send you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course but I'm happy to send you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course but I'm happy to send you
+those papers if anyone's interested so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers if anyone's interested so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those papers if anyone's interested so
+that type of question is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type of question is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that type of question is extremely
+important it doesn't show up quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it doesn't show up quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it doesn't show up quite as
+much when your axes aren't very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much when your axes aren't very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much when your axes aren't very high
+dimensional and where things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and where things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and where things like
+regularization don't become important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization don't become important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization don't become important
+but once your ax becomes high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once your ax becomes high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once your ax becomes high
+dimensional and once you want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and once you want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and once you want to start
+to consider more and more complex s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider more and more complex s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider more and more complex s
+during your fitting like you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your fitting like you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your fitting like you want to use
+deep neural networks for example these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural networks for example these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural networks for example these
+differences in goals become extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in goals become extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in goals become extremely
+important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are other ways in which things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are other ways in which things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are other ways in which things
+can fail so I want to give you here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fail so I want to give you here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fail so I want to give you here an
+example where shoot I'm answering my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where shoot I'm answering my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where shoot I'm answering my
+question okay question no one saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay question no one saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay question no one saw that
+slide question where did the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide question where did the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide question where did the overlap
+assumption show up in our approach for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption show up in our approach for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption show up in our approach for
+estimating average treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating average treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating average treatment effect
+using Cove area just meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna go back to the formula someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go back to the formula someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna go back to the formula someone
+who hasn't spoken today hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hasn't spoken today hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hasn't spoken today hopefully you
+can be wrong it's fine yep in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe have an individual with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe have an individual with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe have an individual with some
+some age who's we're going to want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some age who's we're going to want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some age who's we're going to want to be
+able to look at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at the difference between
+what F predicts for that individual if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what F predicts for that individual if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what F predicts for that individual if
+they got treatment a versus treatment B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got treatment a versus treatment B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got treatment a versus treatment B
+or one or versus zero and let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one or versus zero and let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one or versus zero and let me try to
+lead this a little bit and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead this a little bit and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead this a little bit and it might
+happen in your data set that for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in your data set that for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in your data set that for that
+individual we own for individuals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual we own for individuals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual we own for individuals like
+them you only received you only have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you only received you only have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you only received you only have our
+observed shipment one and there's no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed shipment one and there's no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed shipment one and there's no one
+even remotely like them who you observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even remotely like them who you observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even remotely like them who you observed
+treatment zero so what's this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero so what's this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero so what's this function
+gonna output then when you input zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna output then when you input zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna output then when you input zero
+for that second argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that second argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that second argument
+everyone say outloud garbage right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone say outloud garbage right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone say outloud garbage right if
+you if if in your data set you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if if in your data set you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if if in your data set you never
+observed anyone even remotely similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed anyone even remotely similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed anyone even remotely similar to
+X I who received treatment zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I who received treatment zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I who received treatment zero then
+this function is basically under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is basically under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is basically under
+undefined for that individual I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined for that individual I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined for that individual I mean
+yeah your function will output something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your function will output something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your function will output something
+because you fit it but it's not gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you fit it but it's not gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you fit it but it's not gonna be
+the right answer right and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer right and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer right and so that's
+where this assumption starts to show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this assumption starts to show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this assumption starts to show up
+when one talks about the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one talks about the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one talks about the sample
+complexity of learning these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of learning these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of learning these functions
+have to do covariant adjustment and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do covariant adjustment and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do covariant adjustment and one
+one when one talks about the consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when one talks about the consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when one talks about the consistency
+of these arguments for example you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these arguments for example you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these arguments for example you'd
+like to be able to make claims that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to make claims that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to make claims that as
+the amount of data grows to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of data grows to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of data grows to let's say
+infinity that this is the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that this is the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that this is the right answer
+gives you the right estimate so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the right estimate so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the right estimate so that's
+the type of proof which is often given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of proof which is often given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of proof which is often given
+in the causal in French literature well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the causal in French literature well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the causal in French literature well
+if you have overlap then as the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have overlap then as the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have overlap then as the amount
+of data goes to infinity you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data goes to infinity you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data goes to infinity you will
+observe someone like the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe someone like the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe someone like the person who
+received treatment one you'll reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment one you'll reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment one you'll reserve
+someone who also received treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who also received treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who also received treatment zero
+I might have taken you a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have taken you a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have taken you a huge amount of
+data to get there because treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to get there because treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to get there because treatment zero
+might have been much less likely than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been much less likely than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been much less likely than
+tripping one but because the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripping one but because the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripping one but because the probability
+of treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treatment zero
+not zero eventually you'll see someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero eventually you'll see someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero eventually you'll see someone
+like that and so eventually you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so eventually you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so eventually you'll get
+enough data in order to extrapolate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data in order to extrapolate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data in order to extrapolate in
+order to learn a function which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn a function which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn a function which can
+extrapolate correctly for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate correctly for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate correctly for that
+individual all right and so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual all right and so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual all right and so that's where
+the consistency that's where overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consistency that's where overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consistency that's where overlap
+comes in and giving that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and giving that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and giving that type of
+consistency argument of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency argument of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency argument of course in
+reality you never have infinite data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you never have infinite data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you never have infinite data and
+so these questions about trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these questions about trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these questions about trade-offs
+between the amount of data you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the amount of data you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the amount of data you have and
+the and the fact that you never truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the fact that you never truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the fact that you never truly
+have have empirical overlap with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have empirical overlap with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have empirical overlap with a small
+amount of data and when and answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data and when and answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data and when and answering
+when can you extrapolate correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can you extrapolate correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when can you extrapolate correctly
+despite that is the critical question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that is the critical question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that is the critical question
+that one needs to answer but is by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one needs to answer but is by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one needs to answer but is by the
+way not studied very well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way not studied very well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way not studied very well in the
+literature because people don't usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature because people don't usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature because people don't usually
+think in terms of sample complexity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of sample complexity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of sample complexity in
+that field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field
+that's where computer scientists can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where computer scientists can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where computer scientists can
+start really to contribute to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start really to contribute to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start really to contribute to this
+literature and bringing things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and bringing things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and bringing things that we
+often think about in machine learning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often think about in machine learning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often think about in machine learning to
+this new topic so I've got a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new topic so I've got a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new topic so I've got a couple
+minutes left are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left are there any other
+questions or should I introduce some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or should I introduce some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or should I introduce some new
+material in one minute yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in one minute yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in one minute yep
+so you said the average treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said the average treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you said the average treatment effect
+estimator here is consistent but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator here is consistent but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator here is consistent but does
+that matter if we choose the wrong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter if we choose the wrong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter if we choose the wrong to
+choose some functional form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some functional form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some functional form of the
+features to the great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no you're asking all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no you're asking all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no you're asking all three
+questions good job today Ron so so no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good job today Ron so so no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good job today Ron so so no so
+if you think if you walk through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think if you walk through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think if you walk through that
+argument I made I assume two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I made I assume two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I made I assume two things
+first that you observe enough data such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that you observe enough data such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that you observe enough data such
+that you can have any chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have any chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have any chance of
+extrapolating correctly but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating correctly but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating correctly but then
+implicit in that statement is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in that statement is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in that statement is that
+you're choosing a function family which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing a function family which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing a function family which
+is powerful enough that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is powerful enough that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is powerful enough that it can
+extrapolate correctly so if your two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate correctly so if your two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate correctly so if your two
+function is none if the true function if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is none if the true function if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is none if the true function if
+you think back to this this figure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to this this figure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think back to this this figure I
+showed you here you know if if the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you here you know if if the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you here you know if if the true
+potential outcome functions are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome functions are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome functions are these
+quadratic functions and you're fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic functions and you're fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic functions and you're fitting
+them with a linear function then no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a linear function then no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a linear function then no
+matter how much data you have you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how much data you have you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how much data you have you're
+always gonna get wrong estimates all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gonna get wrong estimates all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gonna get wrong estimates all
+right so the type of cuz this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the type of cuz this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the type of cuz this is
+argument really requires that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument really requires that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument really requires that you're
+considering more and more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering more and more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering more and more complex
+non-linearity as as your amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity as as your amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity as as your amount of data
+grows all right so now here's a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows all right so now here's a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows all right so now here's a visual
+depiction of what can go wrong if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction of what can go wrong if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction of what can go wrong if you
+don't have overlap so now I've taken out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have overlap so now I've taken out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have overlap so now I've taken out
+you know previously I had one or two red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know previously I had one or two red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know previously I had one or two red
+points over here and one or two blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over here and one or two blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over here and one or two blue
+points over here but I've taken those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over here but I've taken those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points over here but I've taken those
+out so in your data all you have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so in your data all you have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so in your data all you have are
+these blue points and those red points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blue points and those red points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blue points and those red points
+so one kid attempt you know they so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one kid attempt you know they so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one kid attempt you know they so you
+all you have are the points and now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have are the points and now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have are the points and now one
+can learn as good functions and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn as good functions and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn as good functions and you
+could imagine to try to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine to try to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine to try to let's say
+minimize the mean squared error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the mean squared error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the mean squared error
+predicting these these blue points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting these these blue points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting these these blue points and
+minimize the mean squared error of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the mean squared error of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the mean squared error of
+predicting those red points and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting those red points and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting those red points and what you
+might get out is something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get out is something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get out is something you know
+maybe you'll decide on a linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll decide on a linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll decide on a linear function
+because that sort of you know as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that sort of you know as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that sort of you know as good as
+you can do if all you have are those red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do if all you have are those red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do if all you have are those red
+points and so you know even if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so you know even if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so you know even if you were
+willing to consider more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to consider more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to consider more and more
+complex hypothesis classes here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex hypothesis classes here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex hypothesis classes here you know
+if you tried to consider a more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tried to consider a more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tried to consider a more complex
+type other this class then then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type other this class then then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type other this class then then this
+line you probably just be overfitting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you probably just be overfitting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you probably just be overfitting to
+the data you have and so you decide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have and so you decide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have and so you decide on
+that line which because you had no data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line which because you had no data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line which because you had no data
+over here you don't even know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you don't even know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you don't even know that it's
+not a good fit to the data right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good fit to the data right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good fit to the data right and and
+then you notice that you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you notice that you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you notice that you're getting
+completely wrong estimates for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong estimates for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong estimates for example
+if you asked about the Kate for a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you asked about the Kate for a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you asked about the Kate for a young
+person it would have the wrong sign over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it would have the wrong sign over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it would have the wrong sign over
+here because they they flipped the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because they they flipped the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because they they flipped the two
+the two lines so that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two lines so that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two lines so that's an example of
+how one can start to get errors and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one can start to get errors and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one can start to get errors and when
+we begin on Thursday's lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin on Thursday's lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin on Thursday's lecture we're
+gonna pick up right where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pick up right where we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pick up right where we left off
+today and I'll talk about I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I'll talk about I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I'll talk about I'll talk
+about this issue a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this issue a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this issue a little bit more
+detail I'll talk about how if one were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I'll talk about how if one were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I'll talk about how if one were
+to learn a linear function how one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn a linear function how one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn a linear function how one could
+actually under the assumption that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually under the assumption that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually under the assumption that the
+true potential outcomes are linear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true potential outcomes are linear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true potential outcomes are linear how
+one could actually interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could actually interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could actually interpret the
+coefficients of that linear function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of that linear function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of that linear function in
+a causal way under the very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a causal way under the very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a causal way under the very strong
+assumption that the two potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the two potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the two potential
+outcomes are linear so that's what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are linear so that's what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are linear so that's what we'll
+return to on Thursday it's all
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gb60YssaSmI.txt b/gb60YssaSmI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb52002d5b8936c6aff841b9d7f06c16ad6416bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gb60YssaSmI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1856 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+Let's get started.
+We have a lot more chemistry to
+
+learn today.
+And, as you are probably
+
+becoming aware,
+the octahedron plays a very
+
+important role in the
+coordination chemistry of the
+
+d-block elements.
+So we are going to begin today
+
+also with the octahedron.
+And I just want to remind you
+
+of the approach that we were
+taking on Monday to understand
+
+how d-orbitals split under the
+influence of the presence of a
+
+set of ligands.
+And this splitting I am
+
+referring to is an energy
+splitting.
+
+We are talking once again about
+how we can use energy level
+
+diagrams to understand and
+interpret the properties of
+
+molecules.
+And today, in particular,
+
+we are going to be thinking
+about how we can go from the
+
+angular properties of the d
+orbitals all the way to some of
+
+the magnetic and spectroscopic
+or color properties of ions that
+
+contain these d-block transition
+elements.
+
+And so, you will remember last
+time on Monday,
+
+we looked at placing ligands at
+positions one through six on the
+
+octahedron in reference to our
+coordinate system that we had
+
+chosen, x, y,
+and z here, as specified.
+
+And what we were doing was,
+at each of these positions that
+
+corresponds to a ligand atom,
+evaluating each of the
+
+d-orbitals for the value of
+theta and phi that is found at
+
+that ligand position.
+And so, I am going to put up
+
+part of the table that we
+generated last time.
+
+And that part will correspond
+to ligand position,
+
+where we have ligands one,
+two, three, four,
+
+five, and six.
+Those six ligand positions.
+
+And two of the d orbitals here,
+d z squared and d x
+
+squared minus y squared,
+were found to give
+
+non-zero values at these six
+ligand positions that correspond
+
+to an octahedral complex.
+The other three d-orbitals gave
+
+zero at those positions because
+all six of these ligands lie on
+
+nodal planes of xz,
+yz, and xy.
+
+And what we are doing is just
+writing down,
+
+in tabular form,
+the relative magnitude of what
+
+you get if you evaluate the
+orbital at those ligand
+
+positions.
+We had one in positions one and
+
+six, which are on the big lobes
+of d z squared along
+
+the z-axis.
+And we set that to one because
+
+that is the largest value that
+we get when we evaluate any of
+
+the orbitals.
+And then, relative to that,
+
+these ligands two through five
+that are in the x,y-plane and
+
+which interact with the torus of
+the d z squared
+
+orbital in the x,y-plane,
+have a value of one-quarter of
+
+what it is along the z-axis.
+And then, d x squared minus y
+
+squared
+evaluated at positions one and
+
+six gave us a zero.
+And that is because positions
+
+one and six fall on the z-axis,
+which is actually an
+
+intersection of two nodal planes
+for the d x squared minus y
+
+squared orbital.
+And then, here we have at
+
+positions two through five,
+three-quarters.
+
+And if you are having trouble
+understanding what these numbers
+
+mean, remember that we started
+out with a sphere,
+
+so we are interested in seeing
+essentially, what the
+
+probability is in finding that
+electron in that particular d
+
+orbital at that point on the
+surface of the sphere.
+
+And so what this is saying is
+that, if you will,
+
+the radial probability of
+finding an electron in d z
+
+squared along the
+torus at some distance from the
+
+center is one-quarter what it is
+along the z-axis at the same
+
+distance from the center.
+And then, at that same
+
+distance, if we are in the
+x,y-plane along x or along y,
+
+because that is where the lobes
+of d x squared minus y squared
+
+extend,
+that probability drops to
+
+three-quarters relative to the
+two big lobes of d z squared
+
+along z.
+You can think of it as telling
+
+you about the size of the lobes.
+And, accordingly,
+
+the way that these lobes of the
+d-orbitals can interact with the
+
+ligands at these positions on
+the surface of the sphere coming
+
+right out of evaluating the
+angular parts of the wave
+
+function.
+And then, there are other
+
+important coordination
+geometries that we have to
+
+consider.
+Because coordination number
+
+six, which corresponds to the
+octahedron, is relatively
+
+common.
+But coordination number four is
+
+also quite common.
+And one of the important
+
+coordination geometries for
+coordination number four is a
+
+tetrahedral coordination
+geometry.
+
+The tetrahedron is not limited
+to being important in organic
+
+chemistry.
+It is also important for
+
+coordination chemistry.
+And you will recall that when
+
+we look at a tetrahedron we talk
+about ligands at alternating
+
+corners of a cube.
+And I will call these ligand
+
+positions seven,
+eight, nine,
+
+and ten.
+And, if we have a tetrahedral
+
+metal complex with four ligands,
+be they water ligands or
+
+chloride ligands and be the
+central metal ions,
+
+something like cobalt two
+or nickel two,
+
+a tetrahedral array
+like this is produced.
+
+And we can go ahead and
+evaluate the d orbital wave
+
+functions at theta and phi
+values that correspond to these
+
+positions, seven,
+eight, nine,
+
+and ten, all at the same
+distance from the center.
+
+And then we can generate a
+similar table,
+
+where we have our ligand
+position and our set of d
+
+orbitals.
+And I will start here with
+
+d(xz), d(yz) and d(xy),
+and over here,
+
+d z squared and d x
+squared minus y squared.
+
+And we need our ligands
+
+positioned at seven,
+eight, nine,
+
+and ten, which are these
+alternating corners of the cube,
+
+which is the tetrahedral
+geometry.
+
+And what we find,
+when we go through and evaluate
+
+for those theta and phi values
+that correspond to these ligand
+
+positions using our polar
+coordinate system and then
+
+scaling it the same way that we
+do over here for the octahedron,
+
+is that all of these values
+come out to be one-third.
+
+Notice that,
+in the case of the octahedron,
+
+we are interacting with some of
+the lobes, like the lobes of d z
+
+squared,
+the large ones,
+
+directly along the axis that
+makes it a pure sigma
+
+interaction, a cylindrically
+symmetric interaction.
+
+A big lobe of d z squared
+and a ligand coming
+
+in along the z-axis.
+But if you think of the
+
+positions of the lobes of the
+xz, yz, and xy orbitals relative
+
+to these ligand positions,
+seven, eight,
+
+nine, and ten,
+the interaction is kind of
+
+oblique.
+It is not zero.
+
+We are not on a node,
+but it is pretty small.
+
+The overlap is not going to be
+as good.
+
+And it evaluates to one-third
+for all of those positions.
+
+What we find is that while xz,
+yz, and xy were all zero over
+
+here for the octahedral case,
+over here, for the tetrahedral
+
+case, they are all the same
+again, but they are not at zero.
+
+They are at one-third.
+And then, for x squared minus y
+
+squared,
+remember x squared minus y
+
+squared has its lobes along x
+and y.
+
+What that means is that ligands
+seven, eight,
+
+nine, and ten actually lie on a
+nodal surface of the d x squared
+
+minus y squared orbital.
+And that means that this is
+
+zero, this is zero,
+this is zero,
+
+and this is zero.
+And the amazing thing about the
+
+math of the tetrahedral geometry
+is that these ligands,
+
+seven, eight,
+nine, and ten also lie on the
+
+nodal surface of d z squared.
+
+Remember that d z squared looks
+like this and has our opposite
+
+phase torus in the middle and
+then has a conical nodal
+
+surface.
+We actually went ahead and --
+
+If you set the equation for d z
+squared equal to zero
+
+and solved for it,
+we found this angle here.
+
+We found that angle.
+And you will remember that that
+
+was the arc cosine of root three
+over three.
+
+It turns out that that value is
+exactly half of the tetrahedral
+
+angle, which is the angel
+between seven,
+
+the center and eight.
+And, because of this,
+
+all ligands,
+seven, eight,
+
+nine, and ten lie on the
+conical nodal surface of d z
+
+squared,
+such that we get zeros here,
+
+too.
+One thing that relates very
+
+nicely, the orbital picture for
+the tetrahedral case for the
+
+octahedral case,
+is that z squared has the same
+
+energy as x squared minus y
+squared.
+
+When you sum over all the
+ligand positions,
+
+we are going to get three here,
+and we are going to get three
+
+here.
+And xz, yz, and xy all have
+
+zero.
+And over here xz,
+
+yz, and xy all have
+four-thirds.
+
+And z squared and x
+squared minus y squared
+
+both have zero.
+And so I will redraw that over
+
+here.
+
+What we are doing is drawing up
+d orbital splitting diagrams for
+
+two different possible
+coordination geometries for a
+
+coordination complex.
+Let me just make that very
+
+clear.
+
+And I have my energy units
+here, zero, one,
+
+two, three.
+And this energy level diagram
+
+looks like this for the
+octahedral.
+
+And we symbolize the octahedral
+geometry with this Oh for
+
+octahedral.
+And we have here an energy
+
+splitting.
+We have a triply degenerate set
+
+of orbitals which we recognize
+as xz, yz, and xy.
+
+And the name that we give to
+that triply degenerate set is
+
+t(2g).
+This t(2g) triply degenerate
+
+set, for this whole set,
+is the t(2g) set.
+
+If I use that label t(2g),
+you should remember the
+
+specific d orbitals that
+contribute to the t(2g) set and
+
+make up the t2g set.
+Up here we have the d z squared
+
+and the d x squared
+minus y squared
+
+at the same energy,
+which are three relative energy
+
+units here.
+And those two together
+
+constitute the e(g) set.
+And I will often write that
+
+with a star because we are going
+to find out later,
+
+when we do the molecular
+orbital theory of coordination
+
+complexes, that these are
+antibonding.
+
+And the reason they are
+antibonding is because,
+
+if you go over here and look at
+it, if you have a ligand that
+
+wants to act as a Lewis base
+with respect to d z squared,
+
+then putting an
+electron in d z squared
+
+leads to repulsion of
+that ligand, generating
+
+antibonding characters.
+You want your Lewis acid to
+
+have empty orbitals to receive
+lone pairs of electrons.
+
+And, if instead they are
+populated, that corresponds to
+
+antibonding character,
+much like we have talked about
+
+for other types of molecular
+orbital diagrams.
+
+This d-orbital splitting
+diagram for Oh is really a
+
+simplified molecular orbital
+diagram for the molecule in
+
+which we just look at those
+orbitals that derive from the
+
+set of five d orbitals on that
+metal ion.
+
+Because these are the orbitals,
+--
+
+-- and, together with the
+electrons that occupy them,
+
+they control the properties of
+color and magnetism that we will
+
+be talking about for the rest of
+today.
+
+And let me remind you here that
+we have a name for the magnitude
+
+of this splitting,
+which is called delta O for
+
+octahedral.
+And then, we also have the
+
+tetrahedral case.
+And how do we get the diagram
+
+from this?
+We just sum over the
+
+contributions from each of the
+ligand positions.
+
+In tetrahedral,
+there are only four ligands.
+
+For xz, yz, and zy we have to
+sum up four times one-third,
+
+and that gives us,
+for that set of three orbitals
+
+using the same energy scale as
+over there, three orbitals at a
+
+value of four-thirds and two
+orbitals down here at our zero
+
+of energy.
+And these will be d z squared,
+
+located on that
+node, and x squared minus y
+
+squared.
+Whereas, up here we have xz,
+
+yz, and zy.
+And these get the names e and
+
+t(2) in the tetrahedral
+geometry.
+
+And the splitting between the
+levels, the doubly degenerate
+
+and the triply degenerate pair
+of energy levels,
+
+is here referred to as delta t.
+And from the math of these two
+
+tables and the magnitude of this
+splitting being three relative
+
+to this one being four-thirds,
+you can easily derive the
+
+relation that delta t is equal
+to four-ninths of delta O.
+
+One of the neat things about
+
+this result qualitatively is
+that if you have more ligands,
+
+six versus four,
+you have a larger splitting of
+
+the energy levels.
+And that corresponds to putting
+
+more Lewis bases,
+more negative charges,
+
+around that sphere that we
+talked about,
+
+in the coordination sphere.
+And also, if you have
+
+interactions between ligands and
+metal d orbitals that are end-on
+
+sigma symmetry,
+directed at each other,
+
+you get bigger splitting
+because that leads to better
+
+overlap than the type of oblique
+overlap that you get if you have
+
+a ligand at a position such as
+seven relative to an orbital
+
+like d(xz).
+You can now see that to fully
+
+appreciate this,
+you really have to have a very
+
+good grasp of the nodal
+properties of the d orbitals.
+
+This is why I am going to
+re-emphasize that you should
+
+spend some time on the computer
+visualizing these things and
+
+rotating them around and seeing
+where these ligand positions for
+
+these different coordination
+geometries are with respect to
+
+each of the five d orbitals.
+That is quite important.
+
+Also, you are going to see that
+you could consider other
+
+possible coordination geometries
+that involve ligands at these
+
+positions or at other positions.
+For coordination number five,
+
+you could have a trigonal
+bipyramid coordination geometry.
+
+And you could go ahead and
+evaluate the d orbitals at the
+
+relevant positions.
+You would already have three of
+
+them here because in a trigonal
+bipyramid, you would have
+
+ligands at positions one and
+six, and two.
+
+And then two more back here at
+120 degrees to two,
+
+but in the x,y-plane.
+So you can do a trigonal
+
+bipyramid the same way and
+generate the d-orbital splitting
+
+diagram for it.
+You can also go ahead and do a
+
+d-orbital splitting diagram for
+a different geometry
+
+corresponding to coordination
+number four, which would be the
+
+square planar coordination
+geometry.
+
+If you just took ligand
+positions two,
+
+three, four,
+and five you could generate a
+
+diagram.
+And that diagram would be
+
+relevant for systems that do
+have square planar coordination
+
+around a metal center,
+and these are actually fairly
+
+common.
+Those are the four coordination
+
+geometries, octahedral,
+tetrahedral,
+
+trigonal bipyramid,
+and square planar that are all
+
+pretty commonly encountered and
+that you can actually interpret
+
+pretty nicely using the
+d-orbital splitting diagrams.
+
+Now, one of the properties that
+we are going to want to
+
+interpret will be the magnetism.
+
+And, in talking about the
+magnetism of coordination
+
+complexes, we are going to start
+by mentioning two terms that you
+
+have probably heard,
+but I would like to define
+
+explicitly today.
+One is paramagnetic.
+
+That term is given to
+substances that are attracted
+
+into a magnetic field.
+It is somehow a bulk phenomenon
+
+that we are going to relate to
+properties of d orbital
+
+splitting diagrams.
+
+And systems can also be
+described as diamagnetic.
+
+And there are many other types
+of magnetic behavior that we
+
+won't be discussing.
+I'm a little too close to the
+
+board, here.
+Diamagnetic.
+
+And that means that the
+substance is repelled out of or
+
+away from a magnetic field.
+And one thing that you should
+
+keep in mind is that the
+magnitude of paramagnetism is
+
+usually orders of magnitude
+greater than the magnitude of
+
+diamagnetism.
+So, this is much larger.
+
+And what this means is if a
+substance behaves as a
+
+paramagnet, you can often
+neglect its diamagnetism that
+
+also may be present,
+also must be present.
+
+The substances that are
+paramagnetic are also
+
+diamagnetic, but the
+paramagnetism is much larger in
+
+terms of its order of magnitude
+and wins out.
+
+If you want to measure one of
+these quantities for a system,
+
+that which is far more
+difficult to measure is the
+
+diamagnetism because it is a
+much smaller number.
+
+And then, I want to bring up
+this quantity S.
+
+This is the spin quantum
+number.
+
+And you can readily calculate S
+from looking at a populated d
+
+orbital spitting diagram because
+it will be the total number of
+
+electrons multiplied by
+one-half, which is the spin per
+
+electron.
+
+If you are confronted with a
+particular coordination complex,
+
+the kind of thought process you
+will need to go through is,
+
+what is the coordination
+number, what is the coordination
+
+geometry, what does the d
+orbital splitting diagram look
+
+like, how many electrons do I
+have with which to populate the
+
+d orbital splitting diagram?
+After I have figured out how to
+
+populate the d orbital splitting
+diagram, how many of those
+
+electrons are unpaired?
+That gives me this.
+
+I can then calculate S.
+And, if I have S,
+
+I can make a prediction about
+the value of something called
+
+the spin-only magnetic moment.
+
+Let me mention one more thing
+back here, and that would be the
+
+units.
+
+When we talk about magnetism,
+we are going to be using units.
+
+This is called the Bohr
+magneton.
+
+It is sometimes written as mu
+sub b.
+
+It is also sometimes written as
+capital B., capital M.
+
+That is the Bohr
+magneton.
+
+And it is equal to
+9.2741x10^-24 joules per tesla.
+
+This is the value of the Bohr
+magneton.
+
+And the Bohr magneton is the
+unit, also, of our magnetic
+
+moment.
+
+And in particular,
+today, I am going to be talking
+
+about the spin-only value of the
+magnetic moment.
+
+So we are going to be making
+predictions using spin-only
+
+considerations.
+And for those considerations,
+
+we need to be able to calculate
+S.
+
+And we can do that pretty
+quickly after we have it
+
+correctly populated,
+correctly chosen d orbital
+
+splitting diagram for the
+system.
+
+And so the spin-only value for
+the magnetic moment is given by
+
+this formula,
+which is mu is equal to 2.00
+
+times the square root of S times
+S plus one.
+
+And, in this formula,
+
+this part, this square root of
+S times S plus one,
+
+from the quantum mechanics,
+is the value of the angular
+
+momentum, the electron spin
+angular momentum.
+
+And this value 2.00,
+I am calling it 2.00.
+
+It is actually a number that
+differs only very slightly from
+
+two.
+So we can, for most purposes,
+
+use 2.00.
+This is called the gyromagnetic
+
+ratio of the electron.
+
+And, as its name implies,
+it is the ratio of the angular
+
+momentum to the magnetic moment
+for the electron.
+
+This is our conversion factor
+to go back and forth between
+
+angular momentum and magnetic
+moment.
+
+And that factor is the
+gyromagnetic ratio for the
+
+electron.
+You will see this as gamma,
+
+sometimes.
+And, for the free electron
+
+value, it is a number very close
+to two.
+
+And so, if you think about
+different ions that could be at
+
+the center of a coordination
+complex, you wonder,
+
+well, what are my possible
+values for the spin-only
+
+magnetic moment,
+as given by this formula?
+
+Well, we can make a table for
+that.
+
+We have the number of electrons
+that are unpaired,
+
+remember.
+And then, we will be able to
+
+calculate S.
+And then we will want to get
+
+mu, which is this spin-only
+value calculated according to
+
+that formula.
+And ions from the part of the
+
+Periodic Table that we may
+consider working with can have
+
+one, two, three,
+four, five, six,
+
+up to seven unpaired electrons.
+These numbers,
+
+like six and seven,
+are more important for the
+
+lanthanide ions in systems with
+f-electrons than for systems
+
+with d electrons.
+But, nonetheless,
+
+we can easily make these
+predictions the same way.
+
+And so S would be one-half for
+one electron,
+
+one, then three-halves,
+then two for four unpaired
+
+electrons, then five-halves for
+five unpaired electrons,
+
+then three, and then
+seven-halves finally for seven
+
+unpaired electrons.
+And if you put this into this
+
+formula, you would see that for
+one unpaired electron,
+
+it would be one-half times
+one-half plus one square root
+
+times two.
+That would be square root of
+
+three, so this would be a
+spin-only magnetic moment of
+
+1.73.
+And then for S equals one,
+
+we actually have a value of
+about 2.83.
+
+And then for three unpaired
+electrons, we have a value of,
+
+let's say approximately 3.87.
+And then for S equals two,
+
+or four unpaired electrons,
+we have a value of 4.90.
+
+For the spin-only magnetic
+moment, if you go through with
+
+these values of S,
+these numbers of unpaired
+
+electrons.
+Let's just make sure we are
+
+very clear on that.
+
+And then 5.92,
+6.93, 7.94 approximately.
+
+You can check those numbers,
+but they are approximately
+
+right.
+And in each case what you are
+
+seeing is the spin-only
+prediction for the magnetic
+
+moment is always,
+in units of Bohr magnetons,
+
+a little less than one plus the
+number of unpaired electrons.
+
+It is not like you have four
+unpaired electrons,
+
+so your spin-only magnetic
+moment is around four.
+
+It is actually a little less
+than five.
+
+And that is because of the
+quantum mechanics of the
+
+electron spin angular momentum.
+And this kind of consideration,
+
+here, leads you into thinking
+about what happens with
+
+different d^n counts for a
+particular type of metal
+
+complex.
+
+This means that we are going to
+attack and address the high
+
+spin/low spin problem.
+
+These systems are not so
+terribly difficult,
+
+but let's face it;
+--
+
+-- once you have been presented
+with a particular coordination
+
+complex, and you think you know
+the geometry,
+
+and you think you know the d
+orbital splitting diagram that
+
+corresponds to that geometry,
+and you think you know how many
+
+d electrons go into that
+diagram, there is one more
+
+thing.
+And that is sometimes you have
+
+to figure out if it is high spin
+or if it is low spin.
+
+And what that means is for a
+particular d^n count,
+
+there might be two possible
+choices over here,
+
+depending on how the electrons
+occupy the orbitals.
+
+And so let's look at an example
+of this.
+
+Here is energy.
+Again, we are really focusing a
+
+lot on energy level diagrams.
+Sometimes we focus on molecular
+
+orbital diagrams.
+Right now, we are using these d
+
+orbital splitting diagrams.
+And I will give you an example
+
+that is octahedral.
+And this is a species that we
+
+looked at in a recent
+demonstration in class,
+
+which is hexaaquo meaning six
+waters around an iron two plus
+
+in an octahedral array.
+
+This will be our metal complex
+for which we will draw the d
+
+orbital splitting diagram.
+It is an octahedral complex,
+
+so we draw our diagram like
+this.
+
+And of course,
+we have t(2g) and e(g)* levels
+
+that we can populate with our d
+electrons.
+
+And we are going to need to
+figure out how many d electrons
+
+we have to put into this diagram
+for the octahedral system.
+
+The oxidation state of the iron
+here is +2.
+
+And you can tell that because
+the way you tell oxidation state
+
+is to take into account both the
+charge on the ligands.
+
+Chlorides, for example,
+are minus one.
+
+Because water is a neutral
+molecule, it is simply neutral.
+
+And then, you have to also take
+into account the charge on the
+
+whole ion.
+So this is iron two plus.
+
+The iron in the plus two
+
+oxidation state with six neutral
+ligands.
+
+If I had six NH three
+ligands in the same charge on
+
+the ion, then it would still be
+iron plus two.
+
+And you are going to get some
+practice figuring out oxidation
+
+state because if you cannot do
+that correctly you cannot
+
+identify the number of d
+electrons to put into the
+
+diagram correctly.
+And this is iron plus two.
+
+You need to know that iron is
+
+in Group 8 of the periodic
+table.
+
+The equation for number of d
+electrons here is eight minus
+
+two equals six.
+If it is in Group 8,
+
+that means that an iron atom
+has eight valance electrons,
+
+the same way that carbon has
+four valance electrons or oxygen
+
+has six valance electrons.
+And in Group 8 of the periodic
+
+table, we are subtracting two
+from the eight valance electrons
+
+because there is a two plus
+charge on the system.
+
+That leaves six valance
+electrons on the iron.
+
+And that means this is what we
+call a d six system.
+
+By convention,
+we are considering all the
+
+valance electrons that remain
+after the metal has been
+
+oxidized to plus two as d
+electrons, meaning they are
+
+going to go into our d orbital
+splitting diagram.
+
+Now, the reason we do this,
+in fact, is because in ions
+
+like this, the d orbitals are
+the orbitals on the metal,
+
+on the iron,
+that are the lowest in energy.
+
+After, in the case of iron,
+iron has principle quantum
+
+number three.
+There is also a 4s and a 4p set
+
+of orbitals available to iron,
+but they are much higher in
+
+energy.
+We are simplifying the system
+
+and just looking at what happens
+with the five d orbitals,
+
+which are the lowest valance
+energy orbitals available to the
+
+iron.
+Just like a carbon has a 2s and
+
+a set of three 2p orbitals,
+an iron has a set of five 3d
+
+orbitals, a 4s,
+and three 4p orbitals.
+
+But those s and p ones are
+higher.
+
+We are just focusing on our d
+orbitals, here,
+
+using our d orbital only
+splitting diagrams with which we
+
+have six electrons for
+population of a diagram.
+
+And so what you see immediately
+is you will identify with the
+
+notion that there are two ways
+to populate this diagram with
+
+six electrons.
+
+Because we can do this.
+
+Here, we are following Hund's
+rule of maximum multiplicity,
+
+trying not to pair up any
+electrons until we run out of
+
+spots for them,
+and so we have to.
+
+There is one way to populate
+the diagram.
+
+Two electrons in e(g)*.
+Four electrons in t(2g).
+
+One of them,
+spin inverted relative to the
+
+other five because you cannot
+put two electrons in the same
+
+orbital unless they have
+different spins.
+
+And, finally,
+we could populate the diagram
+
+this way.
+The case on the left is what we
+
+call high spin.
+
+The case on the right is what
+we call low spin.
+
+And, as you think about it,
+you will realize that the high
+
+spin/low spin problem only
+arises for certain d^n counts.
+
+It doesn't arise,
+for example,
+
+for d one because we
+would just put one electron down
+
+here in t(2g) and that is not a
+problem.
+
+And you will see that,
+as you run through the d one
+
+all the way up to the d
+ten.
+
+d^n counts can go from d^0 to
+d^10, and that is the limit of
+
+the possibilities here.
+Zero, one, two,
+
+three, four,
+five, six, seven,
+
+eight, nine,
+and ten.
+
+Here I have chosen a d^6 case
+to illustrate the high spin
+
+versus low spin dichotomy.
+And you might wonder when do
+
+you --
+Well, let me get back to that
+
+in a moment.
+And let me just say here that
+
+we have four unpaired electrons
+in d^6 high spin.
+
+We have one,
+two, three, four.
+
+That makes this an s equals two
+case.
+
+And, over here,
+we have s equals zero.
+
+And so this one on the right,
+this low spin case is s equals
+
+zero.
+We would say that this is not
+
+paramagnetic.
+It is going to be only
+
+diamagnetic.
+It has no unpaired electrons to
+
+give it a magnetic moment
+according to the spin-only
+
+formula that we looked at over
+here.
+
+On the other hand,
+over here, we have an s equals
+
+two state that predicts a
+magnetic moment of 4.90 Bohr
+
+magnetons.
+And experimentally,
+
+mu was found for this system to
+be 5.1 Bohr magnetons.
+
+So we say this one turned out
+to be high spin.
+
+And in a little while,
+we will be talking more about
+
+what are the physical factors
+that determine whether a system
+
+is low spin or high spin.
+Remember, we have this delta O
+
+here.
+And there is not one value for
+
+delta O, and this is something I
+am going to emphasize again in a
+
+moment.
+Delta O varies according to a
+
+number of factors,
+and these factors include the
+
+specific nature of the ligands.
+It includes the charge on the
+
+metal center.
+It includes the specific metal
+
+that you are using.
+And at some point,
+
+if delta O gets bigger and
+bigger and bigger and bigger and
+
+exceeds what we call the pairing
+energy --
+
+This pairing energy is
+something I will talk more about
+
+later, but it is the energy
+required to put two electrons in
+
+the same d orbital.
+
+If you get to a condition where
+delta O is greater than this
+
+pairing energy,
+in other words,
+
+there is a big splitting
+between t(2g) and e(g)*,
+
+then the electrons will prefer
+to pair up down here in the
+
+t(2g).
+Whereas, if you think of it
+
+going to the limit of an
+infinitely small delta O,
+
+they would have S equals two
+because the gap between t(2g)
+
+and e(g)* in the limit of
+vanishing delta O,
+
+for example,
+when ligands go to an infinite
+
+distance away from the metal
+center, they would then,
+
+in that limit,
+have all five the same energy.
+
+And so your S would naturally
+equal two.
+
+If delta O is much greater than
+the pairing energy giving a
+
+large value of delta O,
+then that favors low spin.
+
+Factors that give rise to large
+values of delta O favor low
+
+spin, and I will talk about a
+few more factors like that in a
+
+moment.
+
+Here is a brief introduction to
+the magnetic properties of
+
+coordination complexes.
+And I want to show that we can
+
+use the same types of diagrams
+to talk about the colors of
+
+transition metal complexes.
+We looked at the color change
+
+in that demonstration I showed
+you.
+
+And one of the really
+fascinating aspects of
+
+transition metal chemistry is
+the colors that arise because of
+
+absorption of a photon
+coincident with promotion of an
+
+electron from t(2g) to e(g)*.
+And so we will talk briefly now
+
+about electronic / absorption
+spectroscopy.
+
+And the most important thing I
+want to impart to you here is a
+
+selection rule wherein delta S
+is equal to zero.
+
+This is the spin selection
+rule.
+
+And this means that when a
+photon comes in and interacts
+
+with d electrons in a system of
+the type we are discussing,
+
+that photon can be absorbed
+coincident with promotion of an
+
+electron from t(2g) to e(g)*,
+as long as it doesn't violate
+
+this spin selection rule.
+And that means that the number
+
+of unpaired electrons should be
+the same in the system before
+
+the photon is taken up,
+as it is after.
+
+And so here is an example of
+that, a simple example.
+
+Here is an octahedral system,
+titanium with six waters and a
+
+three plus charge.
+
+Titanium is in Group 4 of the
+periodic table.
+
+Our water ligands are neutral,
+with three plus charges to be
+
+subtracted from four.
+We have a d^1 system.
+
+This is one of the simplest
+cases for talking about
+
+electronic absorption
+spectroscopy and is the first
+
+thing that you encounter in your
+textbook.
+
+By the way, let me just remind
+you that right now you should be
+
+reading Chapter 16 in your
+textbook, that deals with
+
+coordination chemistry,
+electronic structure of d-block
+
+elements, colors and magnetism,
+and so forth.
+
+And the ground state,
+here, is one in which t(2g) has
+
+a single electron in it for this
+d^1 ion and e(g)* is vacant.
+
+And, if that system,
+in the case of titanium three
+
+aquo in aqueous solution,
+is a pale blue color,
+
+a pretty pale blue --
+If a photon comes in of the
+
+appropriate energy delta O to
+promote the electron into e(g)*,
+
+then that transforms this
+system into an excited state,
+
+as follows, with a
+configuration (t two g) zero and
+
+(e g star) one.
+
+These diagrams,
+just like the molecular orbital
+
+diagrams we developed for
+diatomic molecules,
+
+can be associated with
+configurations.
+
+And this transition can be
+written as( t two g) one (e g
+
+star) zero,
+photon in, electron promoted
+
+into e g star,
+t two g zero and e g star one
+
+now corresponding
+to the excited
+
+state.
+And this excited state is
+
+produced in a vibrationally
+excited manner.
+
+And it and the ground state
+interact with the environment in
+
+different ways,
+such that the absorption
+
+spectrum for a system of this
+type gives rise to not a sharp,
+
+but a broad peak.
+And, in fact,
+
+the spectrum would look
+something like this.
+
+Going from 200 to 700
+nanometers in wavelength,
+
+you would see a profile like
+this with one broad peak
+
+somewhere in the red,
+such that we would be behind
+
+the pale blue color of these
+solutions of aqueous titanium
+
+three. So this 
+would be an absorption
+
+spectrum, and this is
+wavelength, down here.
+
+And this is the peak for what
+we call this d-d transition,
+
+from t(2g) to e(g)*.
+There are a lot more subtleties
+
+on this, which is where I will
+begin on Monday.
+
+Have a great weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gpuvUU0Nl4k.txt b/gpuvUU0Nl4k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93a224c6e4172d8c11a45497c4ae3b9e9235fdab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gpuvUU0Nl4k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
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+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+to offer highquality educational
+ 
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+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
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+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
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+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's uh let's go ahead and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's go ahead and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's go ahead and get
+started we're actually uh we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we're actually uh we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we're actually uh we're not
+going to be joined by our uh our friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be joined by our uh our friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be joined by our uh our friends
+in Zer Goa today but we're still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Zer Goa today but we're still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Zer Goa today but we're still going
+to be recorded so still have to stay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be recorded so still have to stay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be recorded so still have to stay on
+our best behavior I guess so uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best behavior I guess so uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best behavior I guess so uh today
+we're going to go through uh life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through uh life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through uh life cycle
+assessment and talk about that and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and talk about that and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment and talk about that and how
+we use it to uh quantify environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use it to uh quantify environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use it to uh quantify environmental
+impacts of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts of uh
+products uh the goal today pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh the goal today pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh the goal today pretty simple
+first is to let you understand the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is to let you understand the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is to let you understand the steps
+in an LCA exactly what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an LCA exactly what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an LCA exactly what is the
+methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology
+uh how it's used uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how it's used uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how it's used uh you know the
+specific steps in it um and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific steps in it um and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific steps in it um and what they
+mean what sort of goes into each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what sort of goes into each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what sort of goes into each of them
+uh but really what we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but really what we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but really what we're also going to
+spend time on is understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on is understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time on is understanding the
+decisions that go into that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that go into that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that go into that that that
+using the uh the hand dryer uh study as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the uh the hand dryer uh study as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the uh the hand dryer uh study as
+sort of an example to go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an example to go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an example to go through and
+understand you know how you link all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know how you link all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know how you link all of
+these different steps together what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different steps together what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different steps together what it
+means in understanding you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in understanding you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in understanding you know the
+decisions that you have to make as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that you have to make as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that you have to make as a as
+a person doing this or as a company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person doing this or as a company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person doing this or as a company in
+terms of you know setting the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know setting the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know setting the boundary
+understanding what your goal is is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what your goal is is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what your goal is is and
+uh all the uncertainty that goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the uncertainty that goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the uncertainty that goes along
+with all the decisions and assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the decisions and assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the decisions and assumptions
+that you have to make along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make along the
+way so last time when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so last time when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so last time when we were talking
+about carbon footprinting we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon footprinting we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about carbon footprinting we were
+talking really about things that go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking really about things that go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking really about things that go on
+at at the corporate level um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the corporate level um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the corporate level um that
+they're within the boundar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within the boundar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within the boundar is
+essentially drawn around your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially drawn around your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially drawn around your
+organization and we talked about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and we talked about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and we talked about you
+know you could use those internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could use those internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could use those internally
+doing things like trying to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like trying to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like trying to evaluate
+different part departments in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part departments in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part departments in your
+organization uh tracking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization uh tracking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization uh tracking your
+performance setting up some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance setting up some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance setting up some kind of
+internal metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal metric
+uh all the all the standard sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the all the standard sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the all the standard sort of
+things you would do for financial cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you would do for financial cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you would do for financial cost
+you know quality uh sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quality uh sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quality uh sustainability
+really just one extension of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just one extension of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just one extension of that but
+also talking about it's relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talking about it's relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talking about it's relation to
+external uh you know you're publishing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh you know you're publishing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh you know you're publishing a
+corporate CSR report participating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate CSR report participating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate CSR report participating in
+programs like the carbon disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs like the carbon disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs like the carbon disclosure
+project uh reporting to Regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh reporting to Regulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh reporting to Regulators
+investors Etc and one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors Etc and one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors Etc and one of the things we
+talked about was that uh the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was that uh the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was that uh the difficulty
+in comparing between organizations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparing between organizations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comparing between organizations that
+might be doing different activities even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be doing different activities even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be doing different activities even
+though that they operate in sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that they operate in sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that they operate in sort of the
+same uh business bus space they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh business bus space they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh business bus space they might
+produce some of the same products it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some of the same products it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some of the same products it's
+very difficult to compare two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to compare two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to compare two
+organizations based on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations based on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations based on their
+organizational level reporting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational level reporting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational level reporting uh
+because they might control different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might control different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might control different
+aspects of the supply chain they may do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the supply chain they may do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the supply chain they may do
+uh different things even if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different things even if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different things even if they're
+producing the same product So today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the same product So today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the same product So today
+we're going to talk about sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about sort of the
+the the lower section here which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lower section here which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lower section here which is how
+we do a product or a supply chain level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a product or a supply chain level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a product or a supply chain level
+comparison and some of the same ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison and some of the same ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison and some of the same ideas
+still apply that there might be reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply that there might be reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply that there might be reasons
+to do this both internally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this both internally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this both internally and
+externally internally right trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally internally right trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally internally right trying to
+understand where in the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where in the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where in the supply chain
+your your uh environmental impact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your uh environmental impact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your uh environmental impact is
+what are the the things you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the the things you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the the things you might have
+control over that you might be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over that you might be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over that you might be willing
+to uh that you might be looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh that you might be looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh that you might be looking to
+change uh exploring especially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh exploring especially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh exploring especially uh
+differences in the design or changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the design or changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the design or changes
+that you might make to reduce those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might make to reduce those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might make to reduce those
+impacts but also it has an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts but also it has an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts but also it has an external
+component as well namely around things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component as well namely around things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component as well namely around things
+like product labeling or making claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like product labeling or making claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like product labeling or making claims
+environmental claims about your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental claims about your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental claims about your product
+right trying to convince consumers or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right trying to convince consumers or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right trying to convince consumers or uh
+your customers that your product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customers that your product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your customers that your product is
+better than ones that are uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than ones that are uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than ones that are uh on the
+market and again there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and again there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and again there's going to be
+some slight differences that go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slight differences that go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slight differences that go on
+between you know what you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know what you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you know what you're trying to
+do and how you might uh go about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with that we'll we'll we'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that we'll we'll we'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that we'll we'll we'll sort of
+start off with talking about this hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with talking about this hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with talking about this hand
+dryer study and then go through the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer study and then go through the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer study and then go through the the
+the bits and pieces of it individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits and pieces of it individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits and pieces of it individually
+that uh this really is getting into it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this really is getting into it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this really is getting into it's
+a pretty good example of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good example of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good example of something that
+gets at the the fundamental questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at the the fundamental questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at the the fundamental questions of
+how you compare different products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you compare different products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you compare different products and
+different things that uh we don't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that uh we don't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that uh we don't in
+this case we don't really care much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we don't really care much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we don't really care much
+about who owns Which piece of of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who owns Which piece of of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who owns Which piece of of each of
+these products right we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products right we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products right we're looking at
+the the product as a whole from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the product as a whole from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the product as a whole from
+beginning to end and trying to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end and trying to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end and trying to come up
+with way of uh comparing them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with way of uh comparing them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with way of uh comparing them and you
+know this is the the results and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the the results and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the the results and from
+some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of
+the material that came out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that came out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that came out of the
+publication of this study but uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of this study but uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of this study but uh right
+it requires a different type of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires a different type of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires a different type of analysis
+and sort of a different level of work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of a different level of work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of a different level of work so
+has has anybody in here done a life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has anybody in here done a life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has anybody in here done a life
+cycle assessment before if you what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment before if you what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment before if you what what
+kind of product or or what did you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of product or or what did you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of product or or what did you look
+at um I used to work at a company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um I used to work at a company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um I used to work at a company that
+made some food products and we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some food products and we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some food products and we looked at
+um three of our SKS that we made for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um three of our SKS that we made for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um three of our SKS that we made for
+Walmart they asked us to specifically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart they asked us to specifically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart they asked us to specifically do
+a life cycle assessment three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a life cycle assessment three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a life cycle assessment three different
+products there just to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products there just to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products there just to understand what
+the Yeah I mean one of the larger I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yeah I mean one of the larger I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yeah I mean one of the larger I mean
+they were working with us and numerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were working with us and numerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were working with us and numerous
+other companies but they were yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies but they were yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies but they were yeah
+trying to get a sense of what the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a sense of what the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a sense of what the larger
+impact of individual like items that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of individual like items that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of individual like items that
+They Carried was in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They Carried was in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They Carried was in different
+departments over the course of the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments over the course of the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments over the course of the and
+did you actually do the were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you actually do the were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you actually do the were you
+responsible for sort of I did a p like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for sort of I did a p like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for sort of I did a p like a
+large portion of the data collection for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large portion of the data collection for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large portion of the data collection for
+the stuff we were most directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we were most directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff we were most directly
+irresponsible for it was was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible for it was was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible for it was was kind of
+broken into chunks like so a major part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken into chunks like so a major part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken into chunks like so a major part
+was like Packaging and then there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like Packaging and then there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like Packaging and then there was
+like the food that went in the packaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the food that went in the packaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the food that went in the packaging
+and so I was kind of working with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I was kind of working with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I was kind of working with all
+the different groups who knew the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different groups who knew the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different groups who knew the most
+about those respective portions to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those respective portions to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those respective portions to then
+draw the data from them and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the data from them and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the data from them and put it
+together kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together kind of
+cohesively how about anybody else uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesively how about anybody else uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohesively how about anybody else uh
+anybody read previous studies like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody read previous studies like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody read previous studies like this
+before or or seen anything like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or or seen anything like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before or or seen anything like like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+before well I had actually read this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before well I had actually read this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before well I had actually read this one
+before uh we were working on the eslab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh we were working on the eslab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh we were working on the eslab
+project um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um and
+wanted wanted some guidance on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted wanted some guidance on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted wanted some guidance on the
+choice of materials so they said LCA but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of materials so they said LCA but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of materials so they said LCA but
+when when we got down to it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we got down to it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we got down to it it was
+actually just a material so it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a material so it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a material so it was not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+whole what were some of your impressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole what were some of your impressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole what were some of your impressions
+about it after after reading through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I thought it was strange of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I thought it was strange of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I thought it was strange of them in
+the beginning to say that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning to say that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning to say that they were
+going to do a full life cycle assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a full life cycle assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a full life cycle assessment
+including Transportation costs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Transportation costs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Transportation costs and then
+two sentences later later they said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sentences later later they said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sentences later later they said they
+were going to ignore the entire supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to ignore the entire supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to ignore the entire supply
+chain and just focus on doing like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and just focus on doing like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and just focus on doing like an
+Apples to Apples comparison of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples to Apples comparison of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples to Apples comparison of the
+performance and they sort of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and they sort of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and they sort of black
+booxed all of the dryers into uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booxed all of the dryers into uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booxed all of the dryers into uh the
+same sort of process in China and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of process in China and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of process in China and I
+thought that you know like we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that you know like we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that you know like we weren't
+necessarily getting who maybe was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily getting who maybe was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily getting who maybe was the
+real Champion between Dyson and Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Champion between Dyson and Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Champion between Dyson and Excel
+because if perhaps one of them happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if perhaps one of them happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if perhaps one of them happens
+to have uh Manufacturing in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh Manufacturing in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh Manufacturing in the United
+States and they're getting a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and they're getting a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and they're getting a large
+Transportation cost like led into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation cost like led into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation cost like led into the
+cycle that maybe doesn't exist so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that maybe doesn't exist so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that maybe doesn't exist so I
+don't I don't really know why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't really know why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't really know why they
+decided to go that route it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to go that route it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to go that route it seems like
+they went through all of the mash Antion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went through all of the mash Antion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went through all of the mash Antion
+for the paper towels so it wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the paper towels so it wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the paper towels so it wouldn't have
+been maybe that difficult to get it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been maybe that difficult to get it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been maybe that difficult to get it for
+the other companies as well so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other companies as well so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other companies as well so that they
+actually did the the real full life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did the the real full life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did the the real full life
+cycle cuz otherwise it seemed like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle cuz otherwise it seemed like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle cuz otherwise it seemed like they
+should have collapsed the scope if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have collapsed the scope if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have collapsed the scope if they
+only wanted to do performance and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only wanted to do performance and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only wanted to do performance and leave
+the the Upstream part of the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Upstream part of the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Upstream part of the supply
+chain out of it so right so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain out of it so right so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain out of it so right so they they
+didn't really ignore the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really ignore the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really ignore the supply chain
+they more just standardized it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they more just standardized it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they more just standardized it in a
+sense right because they they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right because they they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right because they they did
+include all of those things that go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all of those things that go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all of those things that go on
+but they didn't model the exact supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't model the exact supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't model the exact supply
+chain that each specific product might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that each specific product might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that each specific product might
+have taken right so what what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken right so what what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken right so what what was the
+reason for that they they mentioned why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that they they mentioned why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that they they mentioned why
+they did it in there they said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it in there they said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it in there they said they
+wanted to put them all on equal footing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to put them all on equal footing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to put them all on equal footing
+as part of the supply chain but it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the supply chain but it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the supply chain but it seems
+like not putting them on equal footing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not putting them on equal footing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not putting them on equal footing
+is sort of the purpose of the life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the purpose of the life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the purpose of the life cycle
+to see who's actually who actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see who's actually who actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see who's actually who actually has
+the better process right actually didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better process right actually didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better process right actually didn't
+matter uh they had a figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh they had a figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh they had a figure that
+explained if these you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained if these you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained if these you know these
+different um devices were manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um devices were manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um devices were manufactured
+in Malaysia us or China it it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Malaysia us or China it it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Malaysia us or China it it there's
+very little difference across them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little difference across them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little difference across them right
+we'll we'll talk back that because as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk back that because as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll talk back that because as we
+read through there there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through there there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through there there was a lot of
+assumptions that they had to make going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that they had to make going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that they had to make going
+along right so what uh what might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along right so what uh what might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along right so what uh what might have
+been one of the reasons they had to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been one of the reasons they had to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been one of the reasons they had to make
+that assumption about the about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption about the about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption about the about the
+supply chain about taking them as had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain about taking them as had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain about taking them as had
+the data available and they determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data available and they determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data available and they determined
+that you know they could spend a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they could spend a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know they could spend a year
+trying to find the data but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the data but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the data but in the end
+it would have made a difference and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have made a difference and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have made a difference and they
+want to go through the study you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through the study you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through the study you know
+and finish it anyways right in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finish it anyways right in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finish it anyways right in in
+essence that if you didn't have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence that if you didn't have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence that if you didn't have all of
+the information for all of the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information for all of the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information for all of the products
+then you you really had two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you really had two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you really had two choices
+which was to perhaps go spend the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to perhaps go spend the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to perhaps go spend the time
+trying to identify everything right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to identify everything right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to identify everything right the
+the exact path that all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact path that all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact path that all of those
+products took in their supply chain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products took in their supply chain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products took in their supply chain the
+other would be to try to ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other would be to try to ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other would be to try to ignore that
+piece and put them on a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and put them on a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and put them on a sort of
+standardized setting to to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized setting to to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized setting to to do the
+comparison with and then come back later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison with and then come back later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison with and then come back later
+and test some of those assumptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test some of those assumptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test some of those assumptions and
+that was the that was sort of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the that was sort of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the that was sort of the uh the
+approach that they took with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that they took with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that they took with this one
+what were what were some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were what were some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were what were some of the other
+areas that stood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that stood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that stood
+out the sensitivity analyses were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the sensitivity analyses were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the sensitivity analyses were
+majority of the paper yeah so so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the paper yeah so so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the paper yeah so so the the
+paper itself was like 25 pages and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper itself was like 25 pages and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper itself was like 25 pages and then
+there was like 80 pages of sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like 80 pages of sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like 80 pages of sensitivity
+analysis and whatnot at the end yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and whatnot at the end yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and whatnot at the end yeah and
+there were a lot of assumptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of assumptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of assumptions and
+understanding which of the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding which of the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding which of the assumptions
+had more risk uh and what I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more risk uh and what I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more risk uh and what I was really
+struck by too was the fact that so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by too was the fact that so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struck by too was the fact that so much
+of the data was coming from either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data was coming from either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data was coming from either the
+company themselves or from other studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company themselves or from other studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company themselves or from other studies
+and there was a point at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a point at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a point at the end of the
+paper that said they didn't have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that said they didn't have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that said they didn't have access
+to the writers authors or practitioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the writers authors or practitioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the writers authors or practitioners
+who prepared those studies so just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prepared those studies so just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prepared those studies so just think
+that the Gap they made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Gap they made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Gap they made a lot of
+assumptions based on gaps of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions based on gaps of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions based on gaps of information
+but even the information that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even the information that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even the information that they do
+have I called into questions some the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I called into questions some the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I called into questions some the
+viability or accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability or accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability or accuracy of
+it so access to data was something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so access to data was something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so access to data was something that
+that came up a number of times right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came up a number of times right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came up a number of times right you
+saw there were there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw there were there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw there were there are a number of
+previous studies that had been done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous studies that had been done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous studies that had been done and
+you kept probably noticing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kept probably noticing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kept probably noticing the
+references throughout the document of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references throughout the document of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references throughout the document of
+every time that there's there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that there's there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time that there's there's some
+assumption or some claim made most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption or some claim made most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption or some claim made most of
+them were being traced back to previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were being traced back to previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were being traced back to previous
+studies that had been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that had been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that had been done
+before even if you have access to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before even if you have access to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before even if you have access to data
+the thing also is that data changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing also is that data changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing also is that data changes and
+you get updates and you get more data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get updates and you get more data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get updates and you get more data so
+I felt that the LCA is true at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt that the LCA is true at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt that the LCA is true at some
+point but it's very it's Absol very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it's very it's Absol very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but it's very it's Absol very
+quickly MH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly MH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly MH
+yeah say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah say
+it's static right it's it's a snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's static right it's it's a snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's static right it's it's a snapshot
+of a point in time of a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a point in time of a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a point in time of a specific
+configuration of the supply genis my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the supply genis my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the supply genis my
+frustration with it was the single most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration with it was the single most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration with it was the single most
+important variable it's how long people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important variable it's how long people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important variable it's how long people
+take to dry their hands or how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to dry their hands or how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to dry their hands or how many
+paper towels they use and they had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper towels they use and they had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper towels they use and they had no
+real data on that right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data on that right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data on that right it's just
+completely made up because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely made up because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely made up because you can't
+really get that kind of data because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get that kind of data because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get that kind of data because you
+can't put cameras in a bathroom and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put cameras in a bathroom and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put cameras in a bathroom and you
+can't put someone in there without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put someone in there without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put someone in there without
+affecting their behavior something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting their behavior something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting their behavior something so
+that the joke that they had the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the joke that they had the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the joke that they had the study
+authors are here at Mi it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors are here at Mi it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors are here at Mi it and the
+material systems lab is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material systems lab is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material systems lab is that they
+thought about going out to the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about going out to the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about going out to the airport
+and just sort of standing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of standing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of standing in the
+bathroom with a notepad and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom with a notepad and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom with a notepad and you know
+tracking people but figured that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking people but figured that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking people but figured that might
+get them thrown out by security pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them thrown out by security pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them thrown out by security pretty
+pretty pretty quickly so yeah so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty quickly so yeah so the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty pretty quickly so yeah so the uh
+in some sense this comes back to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense this comes back to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense this comes back to the the
+idea of access to data right that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of access to data right that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of access to data right that they
+um uh you're making these assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you're making these assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you're making these assumptions
+because you you lack the data that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you lack the data that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you lack the data that if
+you had gone through and and done some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had gone through and and done some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had gone through and and done some
+of the studies and things like that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studies and things like that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studies and things like that uh
+actually observe people you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observe people you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observe people you might
+understand uh how exactly it is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh how exactly it is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh how exactly it is you know
+what is the aage hand drying times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the aage hand drying times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the aage hand drying times
+things like that the thing they talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that the thing they talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that the thing they talked
+about like the lifetime of the dryer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the lifetime of the dryer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the lifetime of the dryer
+which they had is 5 years and thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they had is 5 years and thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they had is 5 years and thought
+that seem kind of low like it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem kind of low like it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem kind of low like it seems like
+fers would be pretty frequent for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fers would be pretty frequent for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fers would be pretty frequent for you
+know a building manager to change out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a building manager to change out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a building manager to change out
+their dryers is that time Until It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dryers is that time Until It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dryers is that time Until It
+Breaks or is that the time until they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breaks or is that the time until they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breaks or is that the time until they
+recommended yeah did it said in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended yeah did it said in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended yeah did it said in there
+anybody notice why why they chose five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice why why they chose five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice why why they chose five
+years that's the that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's the that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's the that's what the
+warranty is so people throw it out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty is so people throw it out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty is so people throw it out if
+it's working fine yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going
+to one this goes back to uh your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one this goes back to uh your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one this goes back to uh your first
+point about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what they chose the configuration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what they chose the configuration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what they chose the configuration of
+the supply chain was important right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain was important right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain was important right so
+they had uh that that and and this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had uh that that and and this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had uh that that and and this goes
+back to if we're taking a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to if we're taking a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to if we're taking a static
+snapshot of something that uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of something that uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of something that uh all the
+different permutations and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different permutations and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different permutations and all the
+different combinations might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations might be
+difficult to do so you have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do so you have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do so you have to start
+making some judgments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some judgments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some judgments about the
+configuration of the supply chain and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the supply chain and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the supply chain and so
+they did that in this case by assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did that in this case by assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did that in this case by assuming
+they all came from China except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all came from China except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all came from China except for the
+the the towels which they came from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the towels which they came from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the towels which they came from the
+US because that's uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US because that's uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US because that's uh sort of the
+industry standard so um that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry standard so um that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry standard so um that that's the
+second one that you know these are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one that you know these are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one that you know these are sort
+of related to each other that uh as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related to each other that uh as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related to each other that uh as as
+you start digging into it you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start digging into it you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start digging into it you start
+running into all these areas that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running into all these areas that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running into all these areas that you
+could do right things differently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do right things differently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do right things differently and
+there's sort of all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of all these different
+variables that go into it at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that go into it at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that go into it at some point
+uh you have to start making some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to start making some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to start making some some
+assumptions and some limitations to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and some limitations to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and some limitations to to
+uh try to do better on it did any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to do better on it did any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to do better on it did any of you
+think any of these uh uh I mean they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of these uh uh I mean they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think any of these uh uh I mean they did
+some sensitivity analysis but uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sensitivity analysis but uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sensitivity analysis but uh which
+ones do you think would significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones do you think would significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones do you think would significantly
+have affected the outcome or were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any that usage data to me was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that usage data to me was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that usage data to me was just a
+huge Factor because if you looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Factor because if you looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Factor because if you looked at the
+the outputs I mean it was the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs I mean it was the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs I mean it was the overall
+ranking of the product was so largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking of the product was so largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking of the product was so largely
+driven by what was said what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by what was said what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by what was said what was
+estimated to be your usage so and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated to be your usage so and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated to be your usage so and that
+but that was again one of the least of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was again one of the least of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was again one of the least of
+effectively tracked or you know easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively tracked or you know easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively tracked or you know easily
+quantifiable metrics so to me that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable metrics so to me that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiable metrics so to me that was
+just sort of a pole yeah going along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of a pole yeah going along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of a pole yeah going along
+those lines I think that it was um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines I think that it was um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines I think that it was um the
+number of papers or the um the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of papers or the um the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of papers or the um the mass of
+the papers that that is used for um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers that that is used for um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers that that is used for um when
+usage um so that was that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage um so that was that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage um so that was that had a
+significant impact on how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant impact on how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant impact on how big the
+greenhouse the greenhouse um the gwp uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse the greenhouse um the gwp uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse the greenhouse um the gwp uh
+for the P towels uh have um compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the P towels uh have um compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the P towels uh have um compared to
+all the others um so that was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the others um so that was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the others um so that was a big
+assumption too they made some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption too they made some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption too they made some big
+assumptions on the uh the hand dryers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on the uh the hand dryers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on the uh the hand dryers
+but also the P Tow and this in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the P Tow and this in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the P Tow and this in in some
+sense this gets back to sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this gets back to sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this gets back to sort of the
+again right there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right there are different
+bathrooms have different types of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathrooms have different types of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathrooms have different types of paper
+towels and so identifying one paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels and so identifying one paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels and so identifying one paper
+towel uh that you're going to choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel uh that you're going to choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel uh that you're going to choose to
+be represented of could be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented of could be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented of could be quite
+difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to
+doer also called out the electric grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doer also called out the electric grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doer also called out the electric grid
+uh assumptions both in the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assumptions both in the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assumptions both in the manufacturing
+and the use they had pretty big impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the use they had pretty big impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the use they had pretty big impacts
+the manufacturing for the paper towels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing for the paper towels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturing for the paper towels
+so the paper towels if they weren't made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the paper towels if they weren't made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the paper towels if they weren't made
+in the United States and they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and they weren't
+made on the average that could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made on the average that could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made on the average that could have a
+huge impact and likewise the usage um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge impact and likewise the usage um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge impact and likewise the usage um
+depending on where it was being used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where it was being used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where it was being used the
+grid would have a big impact on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid would have a big impact on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid would have a big impact on the
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ders so if you were accelerator right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ders so if you were accelerator right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ders so if you were accelerator right
+which came in probably is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which came in probably is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which came in probably is the most
+similar in terms of products that it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in terms of products that it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in terms of products that it it
+would be competing with right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be competing with right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be competing with right I don't
+know if you you've used the accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you you've used the accelerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you you've used the accelerator
+dryer before I but it just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer before I but it just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer before I but it just really
+powerful uh heated air coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh heated air coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh heated air coming out
+a little bit different setup but right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different setup but right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different setup but right
+it it generally in the in the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it generally in the in the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it generally in the in the results
+showed as the the second best after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed as the the second best after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed as the the second best after the
+Dyson one but probably their direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson one but probably their direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson one but probably their direct
+competitor so what would your response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor so what would your response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor so what would your response
+be if you were accelerator and you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you were accelerator and you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you were accelerator and you saw
+Dyson sort of promoting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson sort of promoting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson sort of promoting this
+study accelerated was made in the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study accelerated was made in the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study accelerated was made in the US and
+Dyson was made in Malaysia so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson was made in Malaysia so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson was made in Malaysia so you could
+point out that you know Dyson doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that you know Dyson doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that you know Dyson doesn't
+have to be Dyson's using the El proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be Dyson's using the El proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be Dyson's using the El proof
+heel uses the US electric grid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel uses the US electric grid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heel uses the US electric grid for
+manufacturing but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prodct that's a big part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodct that's a big part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodct that's a big part of their
+marketing Le have a meting certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing Le have a meting certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing Le have a meting certified
+whatever that me for on their web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page also for accelerator the measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page also for accelerator the measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page also for accelerator the measured
+versus reported drying times were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus reported drying times were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus reported drying times were really
+different for Dyson they were exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for Dyson they were exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for Dyson they were exactly
+the same it was almost double for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same it was almost double for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same it was almost double for
+accelerator so they may want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator so they may want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator so they may want to get
+control of how much time they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of how much time they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of how much time they think
+people are spending and maybe make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are spending and maybe make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are spending and maybe make their
+machines a little more efficient because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines a little more efficient because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines a little more efficient because
+if they were to go 12 seconds which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were to go 12 seconds which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were to go 12 seconds which was
+the lower the difference between Dyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower the difference between Dyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower the difference between Dyson
+and accelerator wasn't that big but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accelerator wasn't that big but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accelerator wasn't that big but when
+you went with the 20 I think it was 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went with the 20 I think it was 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went with the 20 I think it was 20
+seconds that's where the difference was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds that's where the difference was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds that's where the difference was
+more s and so where did where did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more s and so where did where did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more s and so where did where did that
+measured drying time come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from so so because they were um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so so because they were um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so so because they were um for the
+measure they were following the NSF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure they were following the NSF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure they were following the NSF
+standards of like 1.1 G of water on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards of like 1.1 G of water on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards of like 1.1 G of water on the
+hands when they dry on the towel um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands when they dry on the towel um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands when they dry on the towel um but
+in actual fact I mean it's read your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actual fact I mean it's read your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actual fact I mean it's read your
+perceptions the the user doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptions the the user doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptions the the user doesn't
+actually measure .1 G of water on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure .1 G of water on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure .1 G of water on my
+hands before I stop using the dryer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands before I stop using the dryer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands before I stop using the dryer
+really perception issue M but that who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really perception issue M but that who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really perception issue M but that who
+so that that they had that NSF protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that they had that NSF protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that they had that NSF protocol
+right this is not not National Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is not not National Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is not not National Science
+Foundation it's National standards or NS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation it's National standards or NS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation it's National standards or NS
+national standards Institute something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national standards Institute something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national standards Institute something
+like that so they have a standards for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so they have a standards for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so they have a standards for a
+lot of things and in this case it's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things and in this case it's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things and in this case it's how
+how do you define dry hands right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you define dry hands right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you define dry hands right and so
+they it's whatever it was you know 0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it's whatever it was you know 0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it's whatever it was you know 0.01
+grams of moisture per whatever is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of moisture per whatever is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of moisture per whatever is how
+they defined it right so the idea would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they defined it right so the idea would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they defined it right so the idea would
+be that if you were to if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that if you were to if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that if you were to if you were
+trying to objectively make some Claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to objectively make some Claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to objectively make some Claim
+about how long it takes to dry the hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how long it takes to dry the hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how long it takes to dry the hands
+that might be one way to do it who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be one way to do it who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be one way to do it who
+actually did the the testing for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did the the testing for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did the the testing for that
+though there was some study at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there was some study at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there was some study at
+University of Florida don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Florida don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Florida don't really know
+how they came up with those numbers yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they came up with those numbers yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they came up with those numbers yeah
+so there I mean there I think they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there I mean there I think they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there I mean there I think they said
+I think it actually Dyson reported it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it actually Dyson reported it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it actually Dyson reported it
+right is that there right so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that there right so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that there right so it was
+coming from a document that Dyson had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a document that Dyson had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a document that Dyson had
+claiming that somebody had had done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that somebody had had done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that somebody had had done this
+uh test right and come up with it so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh test right and come up with it so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh test right and come up with it so um
+right so you see that starting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see that starting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see that starting to get
+this paper trail of going back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper trail of going back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper trail of going back of
+figuring out that that that so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out that that that so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out that that that so much of
+the study was dependent on on this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study was dependent on on this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study was dependent on on this value
+and that the person reporting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the person reporting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the person reporting these
+values comes is essentially Dyson is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values comes is essentially Dyson is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values comes is essentially Dyson is
+making the claim that it came from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the claim that it came from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the claim that it came from so
+even though we have sort of a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we have sort of a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we have sort of a standard
+and and that that uh makes sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that that uh makes sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that that uh makes sense in
+terms of okay if we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of okay if we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of okay if we're going to try to
+find some way to do this objectively uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some way to do this objectively uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some way to do this objectively uh
+it still would definitely leaves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still would definitely leaves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still would definitely leaves uh
+leaves some room open for accelerator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves some room open for accelerator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves some room open for accelerator to
+to probably take some issues with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably take some issues with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably take some issues with it
+was really concerned about the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really concerned about the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really concerned about the results
+of the study too um and something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the study too um and something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the study too um and something that
+I've never noticed using one of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never noticed using one of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never noticed using one of the air
+blades they said that it has a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades they said that it has a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blades they said that it has a digital
+motor so it has no spin down time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor so it has no spin down time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor so it has no spin down time so
+they didn't credit the Dyson with any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't credit the Dyson with any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't credit the Dyson with any uh
+1.5 Second Spin down whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 Second Spin down whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 Second Spin down whereas the
+accelerator was doing it at for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator was doing it at for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator was doing it at for you know
+for 750 watts and assumed 750 watts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 750 watts and assumed 750 watts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 750 watts and assumed 750 watts uh
+which I mean adds up over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I mean adds up over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I mean adds up over the
+350,000 uses so I guess if they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350,000 uses so I guess if they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350,000 uses so I guess if they wanted
+to borrow that idea and get rid of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow that idea and get rid of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow that idea and get rid of some
+energy consumption they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption they do
+that so if you were accelerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you were accelerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you were accelerator and
+you'd se you read this study and wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd se you read this study and wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd se you read this study and wanted
+to to respond to that what what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to respond to that what what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to respond to that what what might
+you go do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently I mean one you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I mean one you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I mean one you might
+commission your own study since this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission your own study since this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission your own study since this was
+commissioned by Dyson so I mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned by Dyson so I mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned by Dyson so I mean that's a
+pretty big starting point right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big starting point right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big starting point right that
+Dyson commissions and not to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson commissions and not to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson commissions and not to say that
+the researchers M did it weren't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers M did it weren't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers M did it weren't as
+objective as possible but as we noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective as possible but as we noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective as possible but as we noted
+there was a good deal of data that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a good deal of data that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a good deal of data that the
+study wasend on that came from Dyson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study wasend on that came from Dyson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study wasend on that came from Dyson and
+Dyson then commissioned the study with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson then commissioned the study with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson then commissioned the study with
+it so if I'm accelerator probably like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if I'm accelerator probably like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if I'm accelerator probably like
+to have a say that as well right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a say that as well right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a say that as well right so that
+that was one of the other issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one of the other issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one of the other issues with
+the N access right it's because Dyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N access right it's because Dyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N access right it's because Dyson
+was behind this they supplied the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was behind this they supplied the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was behind this they supplied the bill
+of materials and they supplied you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials and they supplied you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials and they supplied you know
+all the data about the the factory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data about the the factory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data about the the factory and
+things like that whereas all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that whereas all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that whereas all the other
+products they had to make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products they had to make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products they had to make use of
+publicly available information so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available information so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available information so they
+didn't have access to sort of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have access to sort of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have access to sort of that
+inside information so if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside information so if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside information so if you were
+accelerator and saw this and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator and saw this and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator and saw this and and
+disagreed with it right you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreed with it right you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreed with it right you could
+commission your own study you could now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission your own study you could now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission your own study you could now
+make use of the fact that you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of the fact that you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of the fact that you know about
+your supply chain all right and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supply chain all right and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supply chain all right and and you
+could start actually going in and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start actually going in and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start actually going in and doing
+the details you could go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details you could go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details you could go through the
+fact that you're actually made in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're actually made in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're actually made in the US
+so you might want to you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might want to you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might want to you might want to
+redo the study under that assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the study under that assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the study under that assumption
+that that you're going to uh look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you're going to uh look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you're going to uh look at it
+uh with your specific supply chain no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with your specific supply chain no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with your specific supply chain no
+longer considering say a generic supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer considering say a generic supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer considering say a generic supply
+chain from China uh so what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain from China uh so what would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain from China uh so what would you do
+to get around around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this because the that still sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the that still sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the that still sort of the
+the Crux of it was that you're you both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crux of it was that you're you both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crux of it was that you're you both
+claim same similar drying times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim same similar drying times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim same similar drying times but
+they're saying that uh in practice yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying that uh in practice yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying that uh in practice yours
+is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worse dat collection I know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse dat collection I know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse dat collection I know that you're
+limited in putting cameras or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in putting cameras or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in putting cameras or
+individuals uh in bathrooms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals uh in bathrooms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals uh in bathrooms but
+potentially building in some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially building in some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially building in some sort of
+like chip that enables you to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chip that enables you to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chip that enables you to see what
+actual times are for drying and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual times are for drying and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual times are for drying and then
+that could work in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could work in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could work in your
+favor I might actually I might go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor I might actually I might go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor I might actually I might go out
+and actually redo this study right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually redo this study right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually redo this study right that
+that that Dyson was reporting right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Dyson was reporting right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Dyson was reporting right to
+to if I use this nfsf study to go in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I use this nfsf study to go in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I use this nfsf study to go in uh
+and at least verify that they it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least verify that they it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least verify that they it really
+does take my machine 30 seconds versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does take my machine 30 seconds versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does take my machine 30 seconds versus
+their 12 seconds or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 12 seconds or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 12 seconds or something like that
+right so it's uh at MIT if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's uh at MIT if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's uh at MIT if you wanted to
+do that study of figuring out how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that study of figuring out how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that study of figuring out how long
+people actually dried it right you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually dried it right you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually dried it right you'd
+have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through
+the human subject uh ethics board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human subject uh ethics board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human subject uh ethics board and
+all of that so you might have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that so you might have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that so you might have trouble
+actually getting a study through where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting a study through where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting a study through where
+you actually went out and tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually went out and tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually went out and tried to
+observe it but you could at least try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe it but you could at least try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe it but you could at least try to
+reduce some of that uh that uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce some of that uh that uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce some of that uh that uncertainty
+that comes in the measurement since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes in the measurement since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes in the measurement since it's
+un unfavorable to you and not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un unfavorable to you and not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un unfavorable to you and not really
+much hard information out there about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much hard information out there about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much hard information out there about it
+so you might want to commission say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might want to commission say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might want to commission say a
+outside source to come in and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside source to come in and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside source to come in and sort of
+repeat that testing and see if they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that testing and see if they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that testing and see if they they
+really got it uh in in terms of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got it uh in in terms of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got it uh in in terms of of what
+they're actually doing so they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually doing so they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually doing so they actually
+have commissioned a study right to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have commissioned a study right to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have commissioned a study right to sort
+of to respond to follow up on this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to respond to follow up on this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to respond to follow up on this right
+so um because nobody's ever going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um because nobody's ever going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um because nobody's ever going to be
+happy with all the assumptions that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with all the assumptions that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with all the assumptions that go
+on in one of these so especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in one of these so especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in one of these so especially when
+they turn out to be right if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn out to be right if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn out to be right if you look at
+two of these big ones that are certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these big ones that are certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these big ones that are certainly
+unfavorable to to uh accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable to to uh accelerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable to to uh accelerator
+probably when you look at them uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably when you look at them uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably when you look at them uh it
+makes sense that maybe when you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense that maybe when you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense that maybe when you would
+want to come back in and and revisit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come back in and and revisit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come back in and and revisit
+this uh to try to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh to try to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh to try to make sure that the
+assumptions that your competitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that your competitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that your competitor is
+making that are unfavorable to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that are unfavorable to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that are unfavorable to you
+actually are you know grounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are you know grounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are you know grounded in
+reality or don't necessarily make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality or don't necessarily make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality or don't necessarily make a
+difference in in the final outcome but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in in the final outcome but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in in the final outcome but
+you probably don't want them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't want them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't want them uh
+releasing study that says you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing study that says you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing study that says you know this
+is your product and it's worse for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your product and it's worse for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your product and it's worse for the
+environment it takes longer to Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it takes longer to Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it takes longer to Etc
+without at least being prepared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without at least being prepared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without at least being prepared with
+some sort of follow-up to say to dispute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of follow-up to say to dispute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of follow-up to say to dispute
+that other than to just sort of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other than to just sort of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other than to just sort of uh uh
+you know ignore it or sort of claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ignore it or sort of claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ignore it or sort of claim that
+there's there's problems with it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's problems with it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's problems with it right
+you'd like to be able to come back with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to be able to come back with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to be able to come back with
+a uh some sort of response that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh some sort of response that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh some sort of response that's
+grounded in some data or have some facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded in some data or have some facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded in some data or have some facts
+for it so we're going to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so we're going to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so we're going to walk through
+this a little bit more in depth but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more in depth but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more in depth but uh
+in terms of looking at it within the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of looking at it within the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of looking at it within the the
+scope of the methodology of life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of the methodology of life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of the methodology of life cycle
+assessment but to start off with right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment but to start off with right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment but to start off with right
+just what is life assessment so uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what is life assessment so uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what is life assessment so uh and
+that's a good question to ask because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question to ask because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question to ask because it
+took some time for the industry itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some time for the industry itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took some time for the industry itself
+to figure out what exactly it was but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what exactly it was but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what exactly it was but
+there are a set of ISO standards that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a set of ISO standards that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a set of ISO standards that I
+think were produced in in 1997 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think were produced in in 1997 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think were produced in in 1997 the first
+version essentially he says this LCA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version essentially he says this LCA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version essentially he says this LCA is
+a technique for assessing environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technique for assessing environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technique for assessing environmental
+aspects and potential impacts with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects and potential impacts with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects and potential impacts with a
+product by first compiling an inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product by first compiling an inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product by first compiling an inventory
+of the inputs and outputs right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inputs and outputs right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inputs and outputs right so
+tracking what's coming in and out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking what's coming in and out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking what's coming in and out of the
+uh the environment second evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the environment second evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the environment second evaluating the
+potential impacts associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential impacts associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential impacts associated with the
+inputs and outputs so fig figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs so fig figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs so fig figuring out
+right now I know what I'm emitting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I know what I'm emitting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I know what I'm emitting to
+the air what I'm taking out of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air what I'm taking out of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air what I'm taking out of the the
+the environment actually figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment actually figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment actually figuring out
+what those impacts are and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those impacts are and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those impacts are and one of the
+the key points here is that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key points here is that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key points here is that uh it
+specifically mentions the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically mentions the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically mentions the potential
+environmental impacts right because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impacts right because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impacts right because some
+of these studies are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these studies are going to be
+forward-looking trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward-looking trying to figure out
+what happens when we make a change uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we make a change uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we make a change uh as
+opposed to some of these studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to some of these studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to some of these studies that
+are looking backwards and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking backwards and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking backwards and trying to
+figure out what the actual impact is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the actual impact is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the actual impact is so
+uh so that's a big one is that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a big one is that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a big one is that a lot of
+times we don't necessarily know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we don't necessarily know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we don't necessarily know what the
+exact environmental impact is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact environmental impact is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact environmental impact is we're
+trying to forecast ahead of time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to forecast ahead of time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to forecast ahead of time what
+it's going to be and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be and finally
+interpreting the results of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the results of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the results of the
+inventory analysis and impact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory analysis and impact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory analysis and impact uh
+assessment in relation to the objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment in relation to the objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment in relation to the objectives
+of the study so the big thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the study so the big thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the study so the big thing about this
+is that uh uh right that it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh uh right that it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh uh right that it's sort of
+fluid in terms of what an LCA is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid in terms of what an LCA is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid in terms of what an LCA is because
+you start off with creating some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start off with creating some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start off with creating some kind of
+objective of what you want to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of what you want to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of what you want to do with
+the study and all of the results that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study and all of the results that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study and all of the results that
+you generate are going to be interpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate are going to be interpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate are going to be interpreted
+back in terms of that scope and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in terms of that scope and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in terms of that scope and and that
+goal that you started with some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that you started with some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal that you started with some of the
+important things to remember is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to remember is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to remember is that it
+it takes a life cycle view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a life cycle view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a life cycle view of the
+product so raw materials all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so raw materials all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so raw materials all the way
+through to end of life right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to end of life right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to end of life right so it
+Cradle to grave is typically the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cradle to grave is typically the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cradle to grave is typically the uh the
+way that would be um uh talked about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that would be um uh talked about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that would be um uh talked about and
+uh while it specifically mentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while it specifically mentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while it specifically mentions
+products it can be mentioned uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products it can be mentioned uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products it can be mentioned uh for
+services as well right so we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services as well right so we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services as well right so we can think
+of the uh the hand drying example it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the hand drying example it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the hand drying example it's
+not necessarily comparing products it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily comparing products it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily comparing products it's
+more comparing a service right that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comparing a service right that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comparing a service right that of
+drying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+LCA generally credited to Coca-Cola as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA generally credited to Coca-Cola as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCA generally credited to Coca-Cola as
+being the first the first person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the first the first person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the first the first person to
+develop this back in 1969 when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this back in 1969 when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this back in 1969 when they
+commissioned a study that would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned a study that would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned a study that would look
+look at the environmental impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the environmental impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the environmental impact of
+using cans or glass bottles so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cans or glass bottles so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cans or glass bottles so this is
+when they were first thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were first thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were first thinking about
+going to Cans and they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Cans and they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Cans and they were trying to
+understand not just all of the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand not just all of the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand not just all of the economic
+and supply chain impacts but they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supply chain impacts but they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supply chain impacts but they wanted
+to consider the environmental impacts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the environmental impacts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the environmental impacts as
+well so they commissioned a study uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so they commissioned a study uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so they commissioned a study uh and
+actually hired some researchers to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hired some researchers to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hired some researchers to do it
+and essentially they came up with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially they came up with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially they came up with what
+would be uh and eventually become life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh and eventually become life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh and eventually become life
+cycle assessment in terms of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment in terms of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment in terms of that
+quantifying that environmental impact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying that environmental impact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying that environmental impact in
+some manner by looking at the inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some manner by looking at the inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some manner by looking at the inputs and
+outputs uh so that was in 1969 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs uh so that was in 1969 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs uh so that was in 1969 so it
+started to gain attention in the 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to gain attention in the 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to gain attention in the 70s
+were other uh there were other efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were other uh there were other efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were other uh there were other efforts
+going on in this area especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this area especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this area especially in
+Europe uh with the energy crisis there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh with the energy crisis there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh with the energy crisis there
+was a lot more uh concern about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot more uh concern about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot more uh concern about things
+like how much Energy Products we using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much Energy Products we using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much Energy Products we using
+uh Services about what it was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Services about what it was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Services about what it was going to
+mean as that started to fade away uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as that started to fade away uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as that started to fade away uh the
+energy crisis in the 80s uh it became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy crisis in the 80s uh it became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy crisis in the 80s uh it became a
+little bit more known for companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more known for companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more known for companies
+making environmental claims about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making environmental claims about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making environmental claims about their
+products so trying to use it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so trying to use it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so trying to use it in
+advertisements and things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements and things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements and things like that and
+gave rise to what they were referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave rise to what they were referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave rise to what they were referred to
+as Hired Gun studies which was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Hired Gun studies which was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Hired Gun studies which was basically
+as we saw there's a lot of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw there's a lot of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw there's a lot of assumptions
+and a lot of uh um uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of uh um uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of uh um uh you know
+questionable assumptions at times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionable assumptions at times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionable assumptions at times that
+go into doing one of these studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into doing one of these studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into doing one of these studies and
+what they were finding is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were finding is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were finding is that there
+were companies out there that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were companies out there that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were companies out there that you would
+hire them and they would construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire them and they would construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire them and they would construct a
+study in such a way that it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in such a way that it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in such a way that it said
+basically whatever you wanted reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically whatever you wanted reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically whatever you wanted reaching
+the point that 11 state attorney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that 11 state attorney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that 11 state attorney
+generals issued guidelines saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generals issued guidelines saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generals issued guidelines saying that
+you couldn't use life cycle assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't use life cycle assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't use life cycle assessment
+to make a claim or comparative uh Claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a claim or comparative uh Claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a claim or comparative uh Claim
+about the environmental impact of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environmental impact of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environmental impact of your
+product in an advertisement until LCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in an advertisement until LCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in an advertisement until LCA
+became standardized until a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became standardized until a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became standardized until a uniform
+methodology was developed so that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology was developed so that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology was developed so that sort
+of kicked it into gear of uh getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kicked it into gear of uh getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kicked it into gear of uh getting
+different companies different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies different
+organizations together to try to iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations together to try to iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations together to try to iron
+out what exactly a life cycle assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what exactly a life cycle assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what exactly a life cycle assessment
+was going to be ctec uh was probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be ctec uh was probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be ctec uh was probably the
+the uh the leading group in that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the leading group in that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the leading group in that it's
+something like this something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this something
+environmental toxicity in chemistry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental toxicity in chemistry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental toxicity in chemistry or
+Society for environmental toxicity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society for environmental toxicity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society for environmental toxicity and
+and chemistry I think something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemistry I think something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemistry I think something like
+that so it's a uh generally chemists uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's a uh generally chemists uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's a uh generally chemists uh
+um people study ecotoxicology things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people study ecotoxicology things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people study ecotoxicology things
+like that getting together and creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that getting together and creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that getting together and creating
+working groups generally of academics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working groups generally of academics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working groups generally of academics
+and practitioners trying to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practitioners trying to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practitioners trying to come up with
+sort of a uniform methodology that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a uniform methodology that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a uniform methodology that could
+be used for life cycle assessment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for life cycle assessment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for life cycle assessment and
+eventually this this developed into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this this developed into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this this developed into some
+standards uh from ISO uh 14040 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards uh from ISO uh 14040 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards uh from ISO uh 14040 is the
+main one but there are about four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main one but there are about four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main one but there are about four or
+five different offshoots from that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different offshoots from that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different offshoots from that that
+cover uh different aspects of it from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh different aspects of it from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh different aspects of it from uh
+you know the guidelines for how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the guidelines for how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the guidelines for how you do
+it to how you would use it to making uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to how you would use it to making uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to how you would use it to making uh
+claims or how you would use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims or how you would use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims or how you would use it for
+putting labels on products uh so it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting labels on products uh so it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting labels on products uh so it it's
+sort of grown quite a bit from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of grown quite a bit from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of grown quite a bit from from
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+Beginnings so essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beginnings so essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beginnings so essentially the
+methodology that they developed is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that they developed is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that they developed is going
+to consist of four stages the first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consist of four stages the first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consist of four stages the first of
+which is the goal and scope definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the goal and scope definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the goal and scope definition
+uh which comprised of a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which comprised of a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which comprised of a couple of things
+namely deciding what it is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely deciding what it is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely deciding what it is you're
+analyzing uh looking at uh what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing uh looking at uh what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing uh looking at uh what the the
+scope of the system is under under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of the system is under under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of the system is under under
+consideration uh identifying what Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration uh identifying what Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration uh identifying what Falls
+within your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your system
+boundary the second step is referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary the second step is referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary the second step is referred to
+as the inventory analysis this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the inventory analysis this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the inventory analysis this is where
+you're identifying and quantifying all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're identifying and quantifying all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're identifying and quantifying all
+the things that come in raw materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that come in raw materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that come in raw materials
+that are coming in from the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming in from the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming in from the environment
+all the emissions that are going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the emissions that are going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the emissions that are going back
+out whether it's to air or water or land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether it's to air or water or land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether it's to air or water or land
+uh all the other products that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the other products that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the other products that you might
+be using uh all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using uh all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using uh all of the
+inputs and essentially creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and essentially creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and essentially creating an
+inventory of those right identifying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory of those right identifying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory of those right identifying how
+much there are uh the third step is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much there are uh the third step is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much there are uh the third step is the
+impact analysis this is where we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact analysis this is where we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact analysis this is where we go from
+the inventory from identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventory from identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventory from identifying
+everything that's going in to figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's going in to figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's going in to figuring
+out what exactly the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what exactly the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what exactly the uh the
+environmental impact from that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact from that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact from that is going
+to be and what methodologies you used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and what methodologies you used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and what methodologies you used to
+do that and then finally as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then finally as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then finally as we talked
+about uh interpretation is the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh interpretation is the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh interpretation is the fourth
+step so we want to go back and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we want to go back and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we want to go back and after
+we've set the goal of the study and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set the goal of the study and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set the goal of the study and
+identified the scope and gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the scope and gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the scope and gone through
+and quantifi the environmental impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantifi the environmental impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantifi the environmental impact
+how do we take these results and relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we take these results and relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we take these results and relate
+them back to all of the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back to all of the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back to all of the things that we
+we we set out from the beginning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we set out from the beginning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we set out from the beginning that
+were our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goals so if we start off the goal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so if we start off the goal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so if we start off the goal and
+scope dep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope dep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope dep
+right the first thing is to decide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first thing is to decide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first thing is to decide the
+uh the product that you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the product that you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the product that you're going to be
+studying and what the purpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and what the purpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying and what the purpose of the
+study is so and that includes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is so and that includes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is so and that includes two
+question or three three points what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or three three points what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or three three points what is
+the intended application of the study so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intended application of the study so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intended application of the study so
+what are you trying to do with it what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you trying to do with it what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you trying to do with it what's
+your reason for carrying it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reason for carrying it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reason for carrying it out and
+third for whom are the the results going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third for whom are the the results going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third for whom are the the results going
+to be used so if we look at the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used so if we look at the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used so if we look at the study
+that we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at
+today uh if you WR that you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh if you WR that you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh if you WR that you'll notice
+when the the study was laid out as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the the study was laid out as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the the study was laid out as you
+read it it was actually laid out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it it was actually laid out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it it was actually laid out in
+sections that followed along from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that followed along from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that followed along from our
+from our four step so uh let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our four step so uh let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our four step so uh let's talk
+about the the product to be studied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the product to be studied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the product to be studied and
+the purpose of the study what did what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of the study what did what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they claim were the reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they claim were the reasons for
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first off what was the product that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first off what was the product that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+studied right so it's not it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied right so it's not it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied right so it's not it's not a
+Dyson airblade and it's not a uh a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson airblade and it's not a uh a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson airblade and it's not a uh a paper
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel what they set up was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel what they set up was
+a right per pair of dri Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think right so this is what we would
+
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+think right so this is what we would
+ 
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+think right so this is what we would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as as the functional unit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as as the functional unit this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually this is actually what we're
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+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is actually what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is actually what we're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to study and everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done throughout the study is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this right so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this right so this is this is
+going to be our unit of analysis it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our unit of analysis it's
+ 
+
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+going to be our unit of analysis it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how we're going to compare
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be how we're going to compare
+all of these different options
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+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different options
+from uh so what was the uh and what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh so what was the uh and what did
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh so what was the uh and what did
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say the intended application of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what were they trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right so they actually had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uses and what was the what was the
+
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+uses and what was the what was the
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+
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+target audience for
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+ align:start position:0%
+target audience for
+this all right so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once right so if we look at it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once right so if we look at it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once right so if we look at it in terms
+of this
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+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+right so uh one group of people that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh one group of people that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh one group of people that the
+results were for were the Dyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results were for were the Dyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results were for were the Dyson
+Engineers right they wanted to go
+
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+Engineers right they wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers right they wanted to go
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and understand uh where were the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and understand uh where were the
+impact what was the reason was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact what was the reason was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact what was the reason was to
+identify the impacts associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the impacts associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the impacts associated with the
+air blade so that the engineers could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air blade so that the engineers could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air blade so that the engineers could
+take a look at that and start figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that and start figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at that and start figuring
+out ways to to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out ways to to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out ways to to reduce
+it what was the other what was the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+enviral related to that so if all I
+
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+enviral related to that so if all I
+ 
+
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+enviral related to that so if all I
+wanted to do was note was identify for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was note was identify for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was note was identify for
+my Engineers right where the the impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Engineers right where the the impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Engineers right where the the impacts
+of the air blade is would I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air blade is would I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air blade is would I need to
+consider paper towels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider paper towels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider paper towels and the
+accelerator and things like that no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator and things like that no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator and things like that no so
+that that's our second reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right was comparative they wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right was comparative they wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right was comparative they wanted to go
+through and say uh here's here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and say uh here's here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and say uh here's here's the
+environmental impact associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact associated with a
+dry Pair of Hands when you use the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry Pair of Hands when you use the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry Pair of Hands when you use the air
+blade and here it is when you Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade and here it is when you Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade and here it is when you Associated
+it with one of the other the other
+
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+it with one of the other the other
+ 
+
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+prodct under consideration right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodct under consideration right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prodct under consideration right so they
+actually they had the uh air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blade what else did they study they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade what else did they study they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade what else did they study they had
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accelerator yeah so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator yeah so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator yeah so they
+had two versions of the paper towel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two versions of the paper towel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two versions of the paper towel and
+they had uh right they had two versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had uh right they had two versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had uh right they had two versions
+of the air blade too right they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air blade too right they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air blade too right they had the
+aluminum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and the
+plastic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+standard right cotton roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+towels right so this gets back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels right so this gets back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels right so this gets back
+to right our choice of a functional unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right our choice of a functional unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right our choice of a functional unit
+was the dry pair van so this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the dry pair van so this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the dry pair van so this gives us
+sort of the basis that we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the basis that we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the basis that we're going to do
+these comparisons on but in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comparisons on but in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comparisons on but in terms of the
+goal and scope that's important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and scope that's important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and scope that's important because
+if I just wanted to use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just wanted to use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just wanted to use something
+internally then I would never go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally then I would never go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally then I would never go to the
+TR right there's no need to go to to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR right there's no need to go to to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR right there's no need to go to to all
+of the trouble to do all of this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trouble to do all of this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trouble to do all of this so the
+big thing that that drove a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing that that drove a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing that that drove a lot of this
+is the idea that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea that it's going to be
+comparative that they actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative that they actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative that they actually want to
+make a comparison between what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comparison between what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comparison between what happens
+when you use the air blade to when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use the air blade to when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use the air blade to when you
+use some of these other systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some of these other systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some of these other systems
+right and it's going to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's going to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's going to come back
+because right once they did this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right once they did this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right once they did this then
+they had to start making a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to start making a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to start making a lot of
+assumptions about how these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about how these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about how these other
+systems worked right since they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems worked right since they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems worked right since they didn't
+necessarily have the data to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have the data to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have the data to that and
+then because you're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because you're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because you're doing that
+comparison you sort of uh right part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison you sort of uh right part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison you sort of uh right part of
+it is they're going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is they're going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is they're going to make this
+available externally right they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available externally right they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available externally right they said
+that part of it might be to use this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of it might be to use this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of it might be to use this for
+making claims and so once you've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making claims and so once you've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making claims and so once you've decided
+that you're going to start making uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to start making uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to start making uh
+using it for public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it for public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it for public
+claims you definitely want to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims you definitely want to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims you definitely want to be a
+little bit more rigorous in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more rigorous in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more rigorous in your in your
+application in your approach right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in your approach right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in your approach right
+because you know as soon as you publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know as soon as you publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know as soon as you publish
+this and start making claims that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and start making claims that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and start making claims that
+accelerator and all the other companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator and all the other companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator and all the other companies
+are going to look at this and think well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to look at this and think well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to look at this and think well
+why didn't you do this why this uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't you do this why this uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't you do this why this uh so
+that this sort of drives a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sort of drives a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sort of drives a lot of what
+goes on in the next few steps that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on in the next few steps that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on in the next few steps that by
+doing this now we've expanded the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this now we've expanded the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this now we've expanded the scope
+of our study from just looking at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our study from just looking at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our study from just looking at my
+supply chain which I have pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain which I have pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain which I have pretty good
+visibility to to starting to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility to to starting to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility to to starting to look at a
+lot of different other products and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different other products and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different other products and this
+brings a right this brings a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings a right this brings a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings a right this brings a lot of
+extra complexity to it because I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra complexity to it because I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra complexity to it because I have a
+number of different studies and if each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different studies and if each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different studies and if each
+of these has different configurations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these has different configurations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these has different configurations or
+different uh assumptions that I make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh assumptions that I make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh assumptions that I make the
+uh the the complexity starts to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the complexity starts to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the complexity starts to really
+balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon
+up uh so system boundary what what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh so system boundary what what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh so system boundary what what did
+they choose for the system boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the
+L so they they start off by saying right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so they they start off by saying right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L so they they start off by saying right
+this is a life cycle assessment so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a life cycle assessment so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a life cycle assessment so we're
+going to do Cradle to grave right so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do Cradle to grave right so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do Cradle to grave right so and
+you can think about that uh uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about that uh uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about that uh uh that that
+that idea that you're doing cradle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea that you're doing cradle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea that you're doing cradle
+degrave creates a lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrave creates a lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrave creates a lot of problems
+because they mentioned right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they mentioned right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they mentioned right the the
+there's you know how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know how many different
+screws were there in the you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws were there in the you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws were there in the you know in the
+air blade you can think that now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air blade you can think that now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air blade you can think that now you
+need to trace each of these little parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to trace each of these little parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to trace each of these little parts
+right all the way up through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the way up through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the way up through their
+supply chain so they started making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain so they started making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain so they started making some
+uh definitions about where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh definitions about where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh definitions about where they were
+going to sort of consider things outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of consider things outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of consider things outside
+of the outside of the the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outside of the the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outside of the the system
+boundary so uh there were a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so uh there were a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so uh there were a couple
+issues that go into that so one was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that go into that so one was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that go into that so one was uh
+cutof off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutof off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutof off
+rules right so what did they use as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules right so what did they use as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules right so what did they use as a
+cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule right and so this creates uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule right and so this creates uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule right and so this creates uh what's
+the issue here if I had less less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue here if I had less less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue here if I had less less than
+1% of the total impact they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% of the total impact they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% of the total impact they would
+exclude it right so what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude it right so what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude it right so what's what's the
+issue with with using this as a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with with using this as a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with with using this as a rule
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+exclusions it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusions it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusions it's part of
+it how do you know that something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do you know that something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do you know that something that
+only contributes 1% of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only contributes 1% of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only contributes 1% of the total
+impact right it's like a chicken in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact right it's like a chicken in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact right it's like a chicken in the
+egg problem if if you've Quantified it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg problem if if you've Quantified it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg problem if if you've Quantified it
+to identify that it's less than 1% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify that it's less than 1% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify that it's less than 1% of
+the impact you know why wouldn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact you know why wouldn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact you know why wouldn't you
+include it so what they what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it so what they what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it so what they what they
+actually done is is right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done is is right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done is is right so
+for all those little things they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those little things they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those little things they've
+they've done some basically right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done some basically right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done some basically right back
+of the envelope or or some other type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope or or some other type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope or or some other type of
+of high level estimate to try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high level estimate to try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high level estimate to try to figure
+out what they are without going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they are without going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they are without going to the
+trouble of digging down uh deep into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of digging down uh deep into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of digging down uh deep into the
+level of it to try to identify what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of it to try to identify what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of it to try to identify what it
+was they mentioned some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they mentioned some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was they mentioned some of the other
+right since they were using a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right since they were using a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right since they were using a lot of
+information from other previous studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from other previous studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from other previous studies
+they mentioned some of the other rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mentioned some of the other rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mentioned some of the other rules
+that some of the other studies would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the other studies would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the other studies would use
+remember what some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what some of those
+were also on that didn't they limit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also on that didn't they limit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also on that didn't they limit it
+to no more than like 5% the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no more than like 5% the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no more than like 5% the total
+product with all this 1% assumption so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with all this 1% assumption so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product with all this 1% assumption so
+they couldn't like say like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't like say like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't like say like every
+screwed didn't matter right so if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed didn't matter right so if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed didn't matter right so if we do
+any individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any individual
+process that was less than 1% and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that was less than 1% and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that was less than 1% and in
+total everything that I excluded had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total everything that I excluded had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total everything that I excluded had to
+be less than 5% of the total so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than 5% of the total so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than 5% of the total so
+um this these are pretty common rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this these are pretty common rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this these are pretty common rules
+right so you can think about it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can think about it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can think about it this is
+if you if you had a bunch of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you had a bunch of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you had a bunch of things that
+were less than 1% but then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less than 1% but then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less than 1% but then when you
+estimated the total imp impact they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated the total imp impact they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated the total imp impact they were
+only covering 90% what you would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only covering 90% what you would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only covering 90% what you would just
+start adding more and more of those back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding more and more of those back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start adding more and more of those back
+into the system boundary until you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system boundary until you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system boundary until you hit
+that 95% point so some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 95% point so some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 95% point so some of the other
+studies used a slightly different rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies used a slightly different rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies used a slightly different rule
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+impact right so some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used did this based on physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used did this based on physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used did this based on physical
+quantities right so anything that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities right so anything that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities right so anything that was
+less than 1% of the mass I think uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% of the mass I think uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% of the mass I think uh one
+of the studies was excluded all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studies was excluded all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studies was excluded all right so
+um this tends to be easier because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this tends to be easier because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this tends to be easier because you
+don't actually have to go to the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have to go to the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have to go to the trouble
+of estimating what the impact is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimating what the impact is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimating what the impact is right
+you can you can start saying well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can start saying well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can start saying well I'm
+just going to exclude all of the tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to exclude all of the tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to exclude all of the tiny
+little things that go uh but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things that go uh but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things that go uh but you're
+making an assumption that those don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an assumption that those don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an assumption that those don't
+contribute big right so if that got a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute big right so if that got a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute big right so if that got a I
+don't know some uranium in it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know some uranium in it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know some uranium in it or
+something else it's radioactive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it's radioactive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it's radioactive right
+that may have a very high impact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may have a very high impact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may have a very high impact in
+terms of certain categories uh even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of certain categories uh even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of certain categories uh even if
+they don't contribute much to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't contribute much to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't contribute much to the
+overall weight so generally this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall weight so generally this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall weight so generally this would
+be preferred we would like to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be preferred we would like to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be preferred we would like to make a
+ballpark estimate of what the impact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark estimate of what the impact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark estimate of what the impact is
+and then go through and uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go through and uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go through and uh and uh
+exclude based on that rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude based on that rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude based on that rather than
+basically just using one of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just using one of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just using one of these uh
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+quantities um there were some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities um there were some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities um there were some other
+things that they cut out us on from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they cut out us on from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they cut out us on from the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+boundary this is B something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary this is B something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary this is B something about
+excluding raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material so I think they included that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so I think they included that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so I think they included that
+or they should have at least um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they should have at least um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they should have at least um I think
+it was mentioned earlier we had capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mentioned earlier we had capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was mentioned earlier we had capital
+goods we not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+included so this this is also a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included so this this is also a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included so this this is also a fairly
+common uh exclusion right things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh exclusion right things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh exclusion right things that
+have a multiple year lifetime um not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multiple year lifetime um not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multiple year lifetime um not to
+include those in right so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include those in right so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include those in right so you could
+include them in the same way that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include them in the same way that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include them in the same way that when
+they made the decision to do a dry Pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made the decision to do a dry Pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made the decision to do a dry Pair
+of Hands they had to start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hands they had to start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Hands they had to start making
+assumptions about the lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about the lifetime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about the lifetime of the
+product how many uses it was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product how many uses it was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product how many uses it was going to
+get made and then you allocated they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get made and then you allocated they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get made and then you allocated they
+allocated a portion of that to the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated a portion of that to the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated a portion of that to the life
+sign right they included things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right they included things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign right they included things like the
+the bins and the the liners that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bins and the the liners that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bins and the the liners that we're
+using for paper towels and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for paper towels and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for paper towels and things like
+that so you you could include capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you you could include capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you you could include capital
+goods you'd have to start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods you'd have to start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods you'd have to start making
+assumptions about how many years it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about how many years it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about how many years it
+existed right how many products right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed right how many products right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed right how many products right uh
+if you were to include the trucks or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to include the trucks or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to include the trucks or the
+ships that move the goods you could how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships that move the goods you could how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships that move the goods you could how
+many trips in a year does it make how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many trips in a year does it make how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many trips in a year does it make how
+many containers does it move you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many containers does it move you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many containers does it move you could
+start doing that um it tend to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing that um it tend to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing that um it tend to be uh
+pretty low right if you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low right if you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low right if you're already
+including the you're including say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the you're including say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the you're including say the
+uh the transportation piece of the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the transportation piece of the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the transportation piece of the ocean
+so you're capturing all of the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're capturing all of the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're capturing all of the fuel
+that's being burned but you're just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being burned but you're just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being burned but you're just not
+capturing the what goes into building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the what goes into building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing the what goes into building
+the ship so that that's a another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship so that that's a another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ship so that that's a another one
+that's a pretty common one so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty common one so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty common one so they they
+mentioned in the study that some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the study that some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the study that some of the
+studies they used had excluded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies they used had excluded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies they used had excluded the
+capital goods and so they chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital goods and so they chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital goods and so they chose to
+exclude capital goods in this as well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude capital goods in this as well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude capital goods in this as well in
+order to maintain that consistency so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to maintain that consistency so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to maintain that consistency so in
+this case they might have otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they might have otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they might have otherwise
+chosen to include those but because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to include those but because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to include those but because they
+were relying on past data they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were relying on past data they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were relying on past data they went
+ahead and included them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and included them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and included them
+anyway what about with the paper towels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what about with the paper towels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what about with the paper towels
+this was specifically one of the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was specifically one of the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was specifically one of the issues
+that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+previous recycling right so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous recycling right so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous recycling right so this this is
+another big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one specifically what was it about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one specifically what was it about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one specifically what was it about this
+this type of recycling that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of recycling that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of recycling that that was
+difficult remember what the term they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult remember what the term they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult remember what the term they
+used for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was open
+loop right so this is the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop right so this is the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop right so this is the problem with
+things like paper is that uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like paper is that uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like paper is that uh something
+that is a paper towel if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a paper towel if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a paper towel if you were to
+collect it and recycle it usually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect it and recycle it usually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect it and recycle it usually that
+right that the strength of the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that the strength of the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that the strength of the paper
+that you get from the Recycled Fiber is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from the Recycled Fiber is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from the Recycled Fiber is
+not as strong as it was when it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as strong as it was when it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as strong as it was when it started
+so if it started off as a paper towel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it started off as a paper towel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it started off as a paper towel
+when you recycled it it's usually no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you recycled it it's usually no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you recycled it it's usually no
+longer strong enough to be a paper towel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer strong enough to be a paper towel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer strong enough to be a paper towel
+and so it might get made into toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it might get made into toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it might get made into toilet
+paper or newsprint or whatever else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or newsprint or whatever else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or newsprint or whatever else is
+is on down the line so you get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on down the line so you get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on down the line so you get into the
+the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation
+where you have the product and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have the product and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have the product and you
+recycle it and then it's going to go get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle it and then it's going to go get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle it and then it's going to go get
+turned into some other product that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into some other product that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into some other product that has
+its own life cycle and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own life cycle and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own life cycle and it's going
+through as opposed to a closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as opposed to a closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as opposed to a closed loop
+recycling that product would just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling that product would just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling that product would just get
+turned right back into an input and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned right back into an input and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned right back into an input and if I
+were to do that then I can draw my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do that then I can draw my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do that then I can draw my
+system boundary around this and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary around this and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary around this and I don't
+have to I don't have to worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I don't have to worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to I don't have to worry about it
+because it'll get included in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll get included in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll get included in this
+system boundary but when I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary but when I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system boundary but when I'm doing this
+I'm start getting into multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm start getting into multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm start getting into multiple
+different types of products right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of products right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of products right and
+that that uh and this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh and this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh and this is a problem
+because the uh the input right if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh the input right if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh the input right if uh
+when it mentioned the uh they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it mentioned the uh they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it mentioned the uh they had the
+two types of paper towels right some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of paper towels right some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of paper towels right some
+were made from Virgin fibers and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made from Virgin fibers and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made from Virgin fibers and some
+were made from recycled fibers if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made from recycled fibers if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made from recycled fibers if it's
+made from a Recycled Fiber it had its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from a Recycled Fiber it had its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from a Recycled Fiber it had its
+whole whole life cycle before it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole life cycle before it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole life cycle before it became
+a paper towel right when it was a um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper towel right when it was a um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper towel right when it was a um you
+know maybe copy paper or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe copy paper or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe copy paper or something
+similar to that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that so
+uh that usually means you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that usually means you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that usually means you're going to
+have to make you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make you're going to have to
+make some decision about where to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some decision about where to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some decision about where to draw
+the line in terms of how far we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line in terms of how far we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line in terms of how far we go
+chasing all of these other products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing all of these other products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing all of these other products that
+it might have been turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again with the
+goal right so this is this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal right so this is this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal right so this is this comes
+directly from the uh from what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the uh from what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the uh from what they
+wrote in the report compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote in the report compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote in the report compare the
+environmental impact of Hand Dry systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of Hand Dry systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of Hand Dry systems
+uh evaluate how they have the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh evaluate how they have the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh evaluate how they have the impact
+under different manufacturing and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under different manufacturing and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under different manufacturing and use
+scenarios so this is part of it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios so this is part of it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios so this is part of it is that
+they rather than consider it within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rather than consider it within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rather than consider it within the
+context of just one scenario they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of just one scenario they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of just one scenario they wanted
+to try a couple of those scenarios uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try a couple of those scenarios uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try a couple of those scenarios uh
+this related back to the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this related back to the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this related back to the assumptions
+that they had to make uh to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had to make uh to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had to make uh to identify
+impact drivers and ways to Target those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact drivers and ways to Target those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact drivers and ways to Target those
+um with the idea to inform product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the idea to inform product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the idea to inform product
+decisions um all right so this is and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions um all right so this is and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions um all right so this is and we
+mentioned this comparative assertion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this comparative assertion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this comparative assertion so
+this is sort of the important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the important one
+because that lets us know this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that lets us know this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that lets us know this is going
+to go to an external audience uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to an external audience uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to an external audience uh this
+brings its own set of requirements so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings its own set of requirements so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings its own set of requirements so if
+you're going to use something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use something for
+comparative assertions the ISO standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative assertions the ISO standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative assertions the ISO standards
+generally require you to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally require you to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally require you to have a
+third-party evaluation of it right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third-party evaluation of it right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third-party evaluation of it right so uh
+if you look through in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look through in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look through in one of the
+appendices they had they mentioned uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendices they had they mentioned uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appendices they had they mentioned uh uh
+the the results of their thirdparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the results of their thirdparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the results of their thirdparty
+essentially review of it and so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially review of it and so they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially review of it and so they had
+a panel of three experts uh go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a panel of three experts uh go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a panel of three experts uh go through
+and review the initial draft of the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review the initial draft of the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review the initial draft of the life
+cycle assessment study and then they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment study and then they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle assessment study and then they had
+to go back and usually you get critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and usually you get critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and usually you get critical
+it's like a submitting something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a submitting something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a submitting something for
+peerreview at a at a academic journal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peerreview at a at a academic journal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peerreview at a at a academic journal or
+something similar uh where you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar uh where you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar uh where you would get
+back comments about what you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back comments about what you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back comments about what you might want
+to change and what you might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change and what you might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change and what you might want to do
+so once you start making some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you start making some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you start making some of these
+selections upfront about the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selections upfront about the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selections upfront about the goal of
+your study uh that's going to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your study uh that's going to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your study uh that's going to drive
+extra requirements and and make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra requirements and and make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra requirements and and make some
+complications for what you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications for what you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications for what you need to do
+down the road uh finally right they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the road uh finally right they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the road uh finally right they they
+mentioned internal and external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned internal and external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned internal and external
+audiences with the goal the the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences with the goal the the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences with the goal the the big
+thing to keep track of is there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep track of is there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep track of is there's really
+two types of life cycle assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of life cycle assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of life cycle assessment
+studies and they go by different names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and they go by different names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and they go by different names
+attributional vers consequential is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributional vers consequential is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributional vers consequential is one
+of them uh one I've heard is accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh one I've heard is accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them uh one I've heard is accounting
+based that would be the attributional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based that would be the attributional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based that would be the attributional
+and this would be change oriented uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be change oriented uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be change oriented uh
+really these are little diagrams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these are little diagrams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these are little diagrams that
+somebody created that are are useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody created that are are useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody created that are are useful to
+think of it the distributional one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it the distributional one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it the distributional one which
+is what they've done in this paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they've done in this paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what they've done in this paper is
+essentially right it's taking a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially right it's taking a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially right it's taking a system
+and trying to figure out what portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure out what portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure out what portion of
+that system's environmental impact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system's environmental impact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system's environmental impact is
+related to whatever you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to whatever you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to whatever you're looking at
+right so it's taking a static snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's taking a static snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's taking a static snapshot
+of something and trying to ATT attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and trying to ATT attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and trying to ATT attribute
+the uh the various environmental impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the various environmental impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the various environmental impacts
+to your product system uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your product system uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your product system uh the
+consequential of the change oriented is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequential of the change oriented is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequential of the change oriented is
+going to take a system and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a system and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a system and it's going to
+try to model what happens when you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to model what happens when you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to model what happens when you make
+changes to it right so the big thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it right so the big thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it right so the big thing of
+that is that it's not static that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that it's not static that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that it's not static that the
+picture is going to change you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to change you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is going to change you might
+reduce impact in certain areas but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce impact in certain areas but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce impact in certain areas but it
+might increase it in other areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might increase it in other areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might increase it in other areas and
+so this attributional style is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this attributional style is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this attributional style is generally
+things that are backwards looking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are backwards looking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are backwards looking uh
+whether it be uh making a estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be uh making a estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be uh making a estimating the
+environmental impact of one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of one of your
+products if you want to say do a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products if you want to say do a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products if you want to say do a carbon
+label or to meet some certain standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label or to meet some certain standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label or to meet some certain standard
+to get a Eco label uh to to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a Eco label uh to to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a Eco label uh to to estimate the
+environmental impacts of of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impacts of of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impacts of of different
+systems as they are now is the big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as they are now is the big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as they are now is the big thing
+the consequential is going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequential is going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequential is going to look at
+what happens when we make a change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we make a change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we make a change so
+usually what this means is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what this means is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what this means is that that
+that could that could involve very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could that could involve very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could that could involve very big
+changes in the system right that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the system right that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the system right that if you
+make certain decisions uh they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make certain decisions uh they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make certain decisions uh they're going
+to impact that things might look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impact that things might look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impact that things might look this
+way now if I look at just the system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now if I look at just the system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now if I look at just the system as
+it is but if say my demand is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but if say my demand is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is but if say my demand is starting
+to increase and I start to have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase and I start to have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase and I start to have to start
+making different changes uh that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making different changes uh that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making different changes uh that could
+shift the way it would be so one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the way it would be so one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the way it would be so one one
+good example of this would be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of this would be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of this would be looking at
+say the impact of of ethanol if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the impact of of ethanol if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the impact of of ethanol if you look
+at say US policy on ethanol right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say US policy on ethanol right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say US policy on ethanol right if you
+just look at a static snapshot of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at a static snapshot of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at a static snapshot of say
+where we're at right now or or the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're at right now or or the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're at right now or or the way
+it exists right now you look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists right now you look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists right now you look at the uh
+the life cycle for say corn ethanol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle for say corn ethanol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle for say corn ethanol and
+you measure its environmental impact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure its environmental impact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure its environmental impact and
+then you compare that to say uh what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you compare that to say uh what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you compare that to say uh what it
+takes to produce gasoline or diesel fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to produce gasoline or diesel fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to produce gasoline or diesel fuel
+and you come up with an environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you come up with an environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you come up with an environmental
+impact and so that generally would tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and so that generally would tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and so that generally would tell
+you that ethanol is slightly better on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that ethanol is slightly better on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that ethanol is slightly better on
+say a greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a greenhouse gas
+perspective but when you start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but when you start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but when you start looking
+at the at what happens when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at what happens when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at what happens when you start
+making big shifts as we start converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making big shifts as we start converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making big shifts as we start converting
+crop land from other uses in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop land from other uses in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop land from other uses in order to
+turn turn it into corn in order to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn turn it into corn in order to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn turn it into corn in order to turn
+that into ethanol you start getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into ethanol you start getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into ethanol you start getting a
+Cascade of changes that go on right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade of changes that go on right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade of changes that go on right so
+in the in the case of the us we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the case of the us we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the case of the us we've
+switched a lot of Farmland over to corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched a lot of Farmland over to corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched a lot of Farmland over to corn
+and so that has left a gap in wheat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that has left a gap in wheat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that has left a gap in wheat and
+soybeans and other crops that used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soybeans and other crops that used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soybeans and other crops that used to
+grow on land that were corn so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow on land that were corn so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow on land that were corn so now we
+don't have as much to export to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have as much to export to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have as much to export to other
+countries so those countries have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so those countries have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries so those countries have to
+convert some of their land to uses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert some of their land to uses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert some of their land to uses to
+grow to make up for our our sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to make up for our our sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to make up for our our sort of
+wheat shortage and once you start and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat shortage and once you start and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat shortage and once you start and so
+then they may end up clearing rainforest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they may end up clearing rainforest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they may end up clearing rainforest
+right or or some other sort of uh bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or or some other sort of uh bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or or some other sort of uh bad
+impact in order to turn that into land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact in order to turn that into land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact in order to turn that into land
+to grow these crops on so once you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow these crops on so once you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow these crops on so once you start
+looking at this Cascade of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this Cascade of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this Cascade of system
+effects uh people think that ethanol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh people think that ethanol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh people think that ethanol is
+no longer preferable that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer preferable that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer preferable that once you
+include the indirect effects uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the indirect effects uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the indirect effects uh it's
+better so in that case that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so in that case that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so in that case that's what
+happen when you start looking forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you start looking forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you start looking forward
+looking at what happens when I start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what happens when I start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what happens when I start to
+make a change to this and so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change to this and so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change to this and so if you look
+at the characteristics of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the characteristics of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the characteristics of these
+different types of systems uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of systems uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of systems uh they're
+going to have differences in what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have differences in what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have differences in what you
+going to do part of that is the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do part of that is the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do part of that is the choice
+of data right these we tend to base on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data right these we tend to base on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data right these we tend to base on
+average dat data right because we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average dat data right because we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average dat data right because we look
+at the average electricity Grid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the average electricity Grid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the average electricity Grid in the
+US you're usually not making and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US you're usually not making and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US you're usually not making and we're
+not looking at something that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking at something that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking at something that that
+creates enough change in the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates enough change in the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates enough change in the system to
+really worry about whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worry about whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worry about whether it's
+impacting things at the margins but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting things at the margins but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting things at the margins but once
+you start looking at uh energy policy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start looking at uh energy policy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start looking at uh energy policy or
+some of these big areas uh if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these big areas uh if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these big areas uh if you start
+looking at what if we were to shift a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what if we were to shift a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what if we were to shift a
+significant portion of steel production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of steel production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of steel production
+to aluminum production which might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aluminum production which might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aluminum production which might be
+much more electricity intensive then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more electricity intensive then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more electricity intensive then we
+start needing more power plants well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start needing more power plants well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start needing more power plants well
+maybe those new power plants come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those new power plants come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those new power plants come on
+line are gas powered right as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line are gas powered right as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line are gas powered right as opposed to
+Coal Fired and so the actual electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coal Fired and so the actual electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coal Fired and so the actual electricity
+the actual emissions impact is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual emissions impact is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual emissions impact is less than
+if you looked at the average of the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at the average of the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at the average of the grid
+so these are the ideas between what type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the ideas between what type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the ideas between what type
+of study are you looking at it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study are you looking at it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study are you looking at it's going
+to drive some of these choices and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive some of these choices and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive some of these choices and where
+you get the data uh what the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the data uh what the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the data uh what the system
+boundary is one of the nice things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is one of the nice things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary is one of the nice things about
+doing a change oriented LCA right is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a change oriented LCA right is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a change oriented LCA right is if
+I have things that didn't change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have things that didn't change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have things that didn't change right
+I'm comparing two systems of before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm comparing two systems of before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm comparing two systems of before and
+after and I have pieces of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and I have pieces of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and I have pieces of it that
+didn't change at all I can ignore those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change at all I can ignore those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change at all I can ignore those
+pieces right because they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right because they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right because they're not going
+to affect their I'm just looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect their I'm just looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect their I'm just looking at the
+changes that happen so I can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that happen so I can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that happen so I can sort of
+exclude all of those from the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude all of those from the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude all of those from the system
+boundary whereas with this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary whereas with this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary whereas with this type of
+assessment where I have to trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment where I have to trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment where I have to trace
+everything all the way up and back I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all the way up and back I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all the way up and back I
+have to make sure that it's it's fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that it's it's fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that it's it's fully
+complete to make sure that I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete to make sure that I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete to make sure that I'm really
+getting that share of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that share of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that share of the
+emissions mention the power grids is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions mention the power grids is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions mention the power grids is
+there to your knowledge any effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to your knowledge any effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to your knowledge any effort to
+track specifically which type of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track specifically which type of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track specifically which type of power
+is being used at the plant in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being used at the plant in question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being used at the plant in question
+for example if something's made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if something's made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if something's made in
+Pennsylvania it's probably coal but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania it's probably coal but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania it's probably coal but if
+it's made in Idaho it's almost exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's made in Idaho it's almost exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's made in Idaho it's almost exclusive
+ly hydraulic when ever account for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly hydraulic when ever account for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly hydraulic when ever account for that
+yeah so you you can definitely get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you you can definitely get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you you can definitely get at
+that level um even even in things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level um even even in things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that level um even even in things like
+the the greenhouse gas protocol when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the greenhouse gas protocol when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the greenhouse gas protocol when we
+were talking about corporate level once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about corporate level once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about corporate level once
+um if you go and look at the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you go and look at the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you go and look at the tools that
+they have for measuring the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have for measuring the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have for measuring the electric
+impact of electricity you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of electricity you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of electricity you can get
+Regional specific factors right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional specific factors right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional specific factors right one
+thing to remember with the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember with the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember with the electricity
+it's it's on the grid so even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's on the grid so even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's on the grid so even though you
+may locally be supplied by a nuclear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may locally be supplied by a nuclear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may locally be supplied by a nuclear or
+coal plant you're part of usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal plant you're part of usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal plant you're part of usually a
+regional grid so they tend to break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional grid so they tend to break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional grid so they tend to break it
+out into inter Regional ones but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into inter Regional ones but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into inter Regional ones but you can
+get further down emissions factors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get further down emissions factors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get further down emissions factors and
+start looking um we did a study with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking um we did a study with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking um we did a study with
+Chita looking at bananas right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chita looking at bananas right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chita looking at bananas right and so
+for that we went uh part of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we went uh part of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we went uh part of that is
+right they're grown in Central and South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're grown in Central and South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're grown in Central and South
+America so you can go out and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America so you can go out and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America so you can go out and look at
+the different electricity factors that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different electricity factors that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different electricity factors that a
+country level there and they can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country level there and they can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country level there and they can make
+quite a bit of of difference um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of of difference um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of of difference um but
+there are definitely you can one you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are definitely you can one you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are definitely you can one you can
+a lot of people already do that two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people already do that two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people already do that two is
+that uh you can tend to be able to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you can tend to be able to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you can tend to be able to model
+that by looking at the percentage mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by looking at the percentage mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by looking at the percentage mix of
+coal versus nuclear versus uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal versus nuclear versus uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal versus nuclear versus uh you know
+gas that might be used in in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that might be used in in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that might be used in in any
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+area um it gets into a really it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um it gets into a really it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area um it gets into a really it's a
+really tricky question when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tricky question when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tricky question when you start
+thinking about what happens as I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what happens as I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what happens as I start
+to change things because then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change things because then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change things because then you get
+into where is the power going to and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into where is the power going to and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into where is the power going to and you
+know which plants come online as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which plants come online as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which plants come online as as
+demand starts to Surge and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand starts to Surge and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand starts to Surge and things like
+that but that's definitely an area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's definitely an area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's definitely an area that
+that people look at usually the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people look at usually the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people look at usually the big
+question is whether right if you looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether right if you looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether right if you looked
+at if I did some small change where say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if I did some small change where say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if I did some small change where say
+I moved my Corporate Offices from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved my Corporate Offices from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved my Corporate Offices from one
+location to another right you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location to another right you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location to another right you probably
+wouldn't want to use the marginal data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to use the marginal data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to use the marginal data
+on the electricity if you move from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electricity if you move from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the electricity if you move from one
+region to the other because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region to the other because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region to the other because you're not
+really large enough to have an effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large enough to have an effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large enough to have an effect on
+what's going on with the Grid at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with the Grid at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with the Grid at that
+sort of level so maybe it's better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of level so maybe it's better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of level so maybe it's better off
+to stick with with averages and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with with averages and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with with averages and things
+like that so there's there's some gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so there's there's some gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so there's there's some gray
+area in there in determining when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in there in determining when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in there in determining when it's
+right to use what which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to use what which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to use what which
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we covered this right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we covered this right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we covered this right the the
+the functional unit is a pair of dried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional unit is a pair of dried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional unit is a pair of dried
+hands right once you made that right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands right once you made that right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands right once you made that right it
+makes sense because it doesn't while it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because it doesn't while it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because it doesn't while it
+it uh as we saw it's in the use right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh as we saw it's in the use right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh as we saw it's in the use right is
+where the impact comes from so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the impact comes from so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the impact comes from so the the
+question becomes it does you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question becomes it does you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question becomes it does you don't
+really want to compare a air Blade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to compare a air Blade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to compare a air Blade
+versus an accelerator you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus an accelerator you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus an accelerator you want to
+compare what happens over the the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what happens over the the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what happens over the the use
+and definitely when you start including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and definitely when you start including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and definitely when you start including
+things that are not a onetoone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not a onetoone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not a onetoone
+correspondence right comparing paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence right comparing paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence right comparing paper
+towels versus an air blade you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels versus an air blade you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels versus an air blade you want to
+put them on a on a uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on a on a uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on a on a uh uh
+a unit of analysis that makes sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of analysis that makes sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of analysis that makes sense but
+once you start doing that you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start doing that you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start doing that you start
+getting other right so that that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting other right so that that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting other right so that that's sort
+of the the one of the things you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the one of the things you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the one of the things you decide
+up front and then that sort of creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front and then that sort of creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front and then that sort of creates
+sort of a Cascade of decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a Cascade of decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a Cascade of decisions about
+what you're going to have to do later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to have to do later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to have to do later on
+uh amongst that right making assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amongst that right making assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amongst that right making assumptions
+about the length how many hands get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the length how many hands get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the length how many hands get
+dried the the lifespan of it uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried the the lifespan of it uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried the the lifespan of it uh all the
+the inary and secondary products that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inary and secondary products that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inary and secondary products that go
+along with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it
+so it's the kind of thing you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the kind of thing you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the kind of thing you want to
+decide up front because it creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide up front because it creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide up front because it creates
+consequences for what you do down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for what you do down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for what you do down the
+line and that's why it's usually one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and that's why it's usually one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and that's why it's usually one of
+the the first things that you'll do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first things that you'll do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first things that you'll do in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+study scope we had uh right seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study scope we had uh right seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study scope we had uh right seven
+different systems cradle degrave uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems cradle degrave uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems cradle degrave uh they
+mentioned this within there right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this within there right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this within there right that
+they included packaging right so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they included packaging right so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they included packaging right so the the
+cardboard that they come in or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard that they come in or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard that they come in or or the
+plastic wrap when it's there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic wrap when it's there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic wrap when it's there and the
+bins and liners and dispensers so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins and liners and dispensers so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bins and liners and dispensers so you
+want to be clear when you're setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be clear when you're setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be clear when you're setting the
+scope about what things you're including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope about what things you're including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope about what things you're including
+and what not right so they they include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what not right so they they include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what not right so they they include
+the packaging but they don't say include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packaging but they don't say include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packaging but they don't say include
+the pallets that they get shipped on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pallets that they get shipped on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pallets that they get shipped on
+things like that capital goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that capital goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that capital goods
+Etc and with the system boundary um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and with the system boundary um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and with the system boundary um all
+right so we covered some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we covered some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we covered some of the
+allocation uh what it means so you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation uh what it means so you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation uh what it means so you had
+the uh end of life we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh end of life we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh end of life we talked about
+co-products right if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-products right if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-products right if you have a
+manufacturing plant or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plant or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing plant or some other
+facility that's producing a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility that's producing a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility that's producing a number of
+different Goods um you usually are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Goods um you usually are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Goods um you usually are going
+to run into that same allocation problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run into that same allocation problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run into that same allocation problem
+uh where you're going to have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you're going to have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you're going to have to make
+you're going to have to figure out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to figure out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to figure out some
+way of apportioning the the impacts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of apportioning the the impacts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of apportioning the the impacts of
+the production process to the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production process to the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production process to the different
+uh Products that come out and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Products that come out and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Products that come out and again
+there's various rules for that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various rules for that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various rules for that um
+usually they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they're going to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um right simple things like mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right simple things like mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right simple things like mass
+energy or economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impact right so if if I uh the uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact right so if if I uh the uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact right so if if I uh the uh right
+if if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I'm
+uh example in the textbook I have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh example in the textbook I have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh example in the textbook I have is a
+uh right a chicken processing plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right a chicken processing plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right a chicken processing plant
+you're taking in chickens and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking in chickens and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking in chickens and you're
+producing breasts thighs wings like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing breasts thighs wings like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing breasts thighs wings like all
+these different products right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different products right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different products right you can
+divide up the the the impact of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up the the the impact of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up the the the impact of what it
+takes to produce a chicken right to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to produce a chicken right to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to produce a chicken right to to
+to to raise it to give it feed uh all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to raise it to give it feed uh all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to raise it to give it feed uh all of
+that but at the end you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at the end you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but at the end you have all these
+different types of products that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of products that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of products that all
+come from that same input and to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from that same input and to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from that same input and to figure
+out how to divide those those impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to divide those those impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to divide those those impacts
+amongst the different products that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the different products that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the different products that are
+coming out so mass or energy would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out so mass or energy would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out so mass or energy would be
+one way to do it I just weigh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it I just weigh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it I just weigh the
+different products and I'll assign them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different products and I'll assign them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different products and I'll assign them
+each a share of that burden based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each a share of that burden based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each a share of that burden based on
+their weight um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their weight um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their weight um but
+again this may work well for some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this may work well for some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this may work well for some things
+but not for others right especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not for others right especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not for others right especially when
+you have some products that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some products that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some products that are coming
+out that are of very high value since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that are of very high value since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that are of very high value since
+those tend to drive right the decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tend to drive right the decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tend to drive right the decisions
+that you make so maybe you want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make so maybe you want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make so maybe you want to do it
+on an economic basis instead which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an economic basis instead which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an economic basis instead which is to
+say I'm going to I'm going to portion my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm going to I'm going to portion my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm going to I'm going to portion my
+uh my my impacts based on the share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my my impacts based on the share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my my impacts based on the share of
+the value that each of these items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that each of these items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that each of these items
+generate uh and these tend to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate uh and these tend to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate uh and these tend to come back
+down to accounting so in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to accounting so in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to accounting so in the same way
+that our um our corporate sort of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our um our corporate sort of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our um our corporate sort of carbon
+Fant last week followed sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fant last week followed sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fant last week followed sort of our
+financial accounting rules this is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial accounting rules this is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial accounting rules this is much
+more in the vein of managerial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the vein of managerial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the vein of managerial
+accounting where I'm trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting where I'm trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting where I'm trying to make
+certain decisions that reflect what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain decisions that reflect what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain decisions that reflect what's
+actually going on as opposed to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on as opposed to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on as opposed to just
+necessarily following some rules um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily following some rules um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily following some rules um
+cutof rules we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutof rules we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutof rules we
+covered uh one thing with the the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered uh one thing with the the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered uh one thing with the the end of
+life so this was back in the uh this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so this was back in the uh this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so this was back in the uh this was
+back in the appendix of the document but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the appendix of the document but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the appendix of the document but
+this is essentially illustrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially illustrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially illustrating the
+four different cutoff rules that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different cutoff rules that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different cutoff rules that they
+could apply uh for the waste manag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply uh for the waste manag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply uh for the waste manag of
+the uh the paper towels right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the paper towels right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the paper towels right so the
+base scenario used essentially this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base scenario used essentially this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base scenario used essentially this this
+cut off rule so what they're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off rule so what they're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off rule so what they're saying is
+that right you have the first product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you have the first product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you have the first product
+that takes the Virgin material in uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes the Virgin material in uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes the Virgin material in uh you
+produce it you use it right then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce it you use it right then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce it you use it right then it goes
+back to repulping right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to repulping right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to repulping right so it's
+essentially recycled and turned into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially recycled and turned into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially recycled and turned into a
+second product again has its own life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second product again has its own life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second product again has its own life
+cycle you might repul it a third time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you might repul it a third time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you might repul it a third time it
+again it has its own life cycle and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it has its own life cycle and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it has its own life cycle and then
+maybe it's reached the end of its useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's reached the end of its useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's reached the end of its useful
+life and it's going to go to waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and it's going to go to waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and it's going to go to waste
+management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+right so all of these are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all of these are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all of these are essentially
+the same supply chain but we can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same supply chain but we can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same supply chain but we can divide
+up the impacts between the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the impacts between the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the impacts between the three
+different product life cycles uh based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different product life cycles uh based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different product life cycles uh based
+on how we divide up who gets credit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how we divide up who gets credit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how we divide up who gets credit uh
+for which of these burdens right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which of these burdens right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which of these burdens right so I
+think they use the the cutof rule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they use the the cutof rule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they use the the cutof rule in
+this one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which is
+they the first product took credit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the first product took credit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the first product took credit or
+took the impact for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the impact for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the impact for all of the
+production of the Virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of the Virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of the Virgin
+material uh and all of the use but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh and all of the use but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh and all of the use but then
+once it moved off into the recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it moved off into the recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it moved off into the recycling
+system all of that impact was associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all of that impact was associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all of that impact was associated
+with the products that that went on down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the products that that went on down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the products that that went on down
+the line the second product took care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line the second product took care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line the second product took care of
+all of that repulping the burden that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that repulping the burden that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that repulping the burden that go
+went on there and the third product took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on there and the third product took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on there and the third product took
+that second set of repulping and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second set of repulping and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second set of repulping and the
+final waste management disposal right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final waste management disposal right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final waste management disposal right so
+if it you think of this is comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it you think of this is comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it you think of this is comes from
+the original forestry and paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original forestry and paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original forestry and paper
+production and this is the final when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and this is the final when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and this is the final when it
+gets thrown away in the landfill it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets thrown away in the landfill it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets thrown away in the landfill it's
+deciding who went to those V who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding who went to those V who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding who went to those V who got
+those various uh impacts and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those various uh impacts and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those various uh impacts and you can see
+that they've drawn right depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've drawn right depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've drawn right depending on
+where you want to draw the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to draw the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to draw the impact
+there's a lot of different rules you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different rules you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different rules you can
+apply and it's really mainly a judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and it's really mainly a judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and it's really mainly a judgment
+call which one you think makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call which one you think makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call which one you think makes sense
+since it's not entirely clear that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's not entirely clear that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's not entirely clear that one
+is better than the other these decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than the other these decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than the other these decisions
+are in essence always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+okay so that was the the first step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was the the first step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was the the first step the
+goal and scope right the second step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and scope right the second step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and scope right the second step is
+the inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventory
+analysis right so this is when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right so this is when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis right so this is when you have
+to go out and identify and quantify uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out and identify and quantify uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out and identify and quantify uh
+all of those impacts from the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those impacts from the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those impacts from the uh the
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+system so in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so in this case it's
+really it's a pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's a pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's a pretty straightforward
+process but not easy so simple but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but not easy so simple but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but not easy so simple but not
+easy so the first is you build a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so the first is you build a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so the first is you build a model
+of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system
+so this is sort of their stylized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of their stylized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of their stylized
+version of what the model of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what the model of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what the model of the system
+is if you look at a uh at a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at a uh at a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at a uh at a more
+detailed uh lifestyle assessment study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed uh lifestyle assessment study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed uh lifestyle assessment study
+that's really getting down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really getting down into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really getting down into the
+production process uh you might see a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process uh you might see a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process uh you might see a of
+say hundreds of different processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hundreds of different processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hundreds of different processes
+right and drawn out in a flow diagram uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and drawn out in a flow diagram uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and drawn out in a flow diagram uh
+a lot of the reason for this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the reason for this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the reason for this is that
+it's coming from people from a a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from people from a a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from people from a a science
+background that have done this right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that have done this right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that have done this right so
+it tends to follow like a mass or energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to follow like a mass or energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to follow like a mass or energy
+flow where every time something comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow where every time something comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow where every time something comes in
+you have to trace it and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to trace it and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to trace it and figure out
+where it exits the system or where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it exits the system or where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it exits the system or where it's
+going into with the idea being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into with the idea being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into with the idea being that
+nothing should be getting lost along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing should be getting lost along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing should be getting lost along the
+way if I have 100 kilograms of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if I have 100 kilograms of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if I have 100 kilograms of material
+coming in as input and 86 kgrs of it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in as input and 86 kgrs of it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in as input and 86 kgrs of it go
+into the production system then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the production system then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the production system then that
+other 14 kogs better get traced where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other 14 kogs better get traced where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other 14 kogs better get traced where
+it's going whether it's getting turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going whether it's getting turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going whether it's getting turned
+off into waste or burned or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into waste or burned or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into waste or burned or whatever
+happens to it uh so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to it uh so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to it uh so that's that's
+generally the first part right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the first part right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the first part right and this
+building a model of the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a model of the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a model of the system is
+something that goes on right by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that goes on right by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that goes on right by looking
+at who are my suppliers what are my what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at who are my suppliers what are my what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at who are my suppliers what are my what
+are my inputs where do I get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my inputs where do I get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my inputs where do I get different
+things from where am I uh where's energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from where am I uh where's energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from where am I uh where's energy
+coming into the system electricity all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the system electricity all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the system electricity all
+of that um you know where are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that um you know where are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that um you know where are things
+being transported between where are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transported between where are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transported between where are my
+different facilities located uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different facilities located uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different facilities located uh right
+interviews uh studying the the bill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews uh studying the the bill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews uh studying the the bill of
+materials looking at your procurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials looking at your procurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials looking at your procurement
+analyzing where your customers all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing where your customers all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing where your customers all right
+this this tends to be going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this tends to be going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this tends to be going through the
+the records of trying to figure out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the records of trying to figure out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the records of trying to figure out and
+map out the supply chain so from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out the supply chain so from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map out the supply chain so from that
+standpoint um right it's pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint um right it's pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint um right it's pretty simple
+understanding what's going on not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what's going on not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what's going on not
+necessarily always easy to do since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always easy to do since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily always easy to do since this
+tends to be very data and labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be very data and labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be very data and labor
+intensive to go through and figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive to go through and figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive to go through and figure this
+out uh the even worst part is that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh the even worst part is that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh the even worst part is that once
+you've identified all these processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've identified all these processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've identified all these processes
+it's identifying the inputs and outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's identifying the inputs and outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's identifying the inputs and outputs
+so on the inputs we have raw materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the inputs we have raw materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the inputs we have raw materials
+and other products that are coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other products that are coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other products that are coming in
+and on the on the output it's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the on the output it's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the on the output it's our
+emissions to air to water and to waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions to air to water and to waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions to air to water and to waste
+right so everything that comes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so everything that comes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so everything that comes into the
+system and everything that goes out I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and everything that goes out I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and everything that goes out I'm
+essentially right drawing a a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially right drawing a a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially right drawing a a boundary
+around my system which inside it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around my system which inside it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around my system which inside it may
+have a number of different processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of different processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of different processes
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and what I'm looking for is once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and what I'm looking for is once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and what I'm looking for is once I've
+mapped out that process I need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped out that process I need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped out that process I need to go
+through and identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and identify
+where are all my inputs and outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are all my inputs and outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are all my inputs and outputs
+right this is my system boundary these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is my system boundary these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is my system boundary these
+should all be raw materials coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be raw materials coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be raw materials coming in
+energy coming in and all of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy coming in and all of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy coming in and all of the uh the
+emissions going out uh and so right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions going out uh and so right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions going out uh and so right one
+way to do that is to go through step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that is to go through step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do that is to go through step by
+step this is a production facility start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this is a production facility start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this is a production facility start
+tracking all right what what energy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking all right what what energy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking all right what what energy are
+they're using uh you know how many units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using uh you know how many units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using uh you know how many units
+did they produce things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they produce things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they produce things like that
+so this tends to be the timec consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tends to be the timec consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tends to be the timec consuming
+part of it um but pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it um but pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it um but pretty straightforward
+in terms of what you need to do so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what you need to do so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what you need to do so in
+terms of the study that we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the study that we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the study that we looked at
+right how did they go about doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how did they go about doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how did they go about doing this
+they talk a little bit about it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk a little bit about it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk a little bit about it it's
+it's kind of vague in some areas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of vague in some areas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of vague in some areas but
+they talk about the the main process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about the the main process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about the the main process
+that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use what did they start with for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what did they start with for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what did they start with for the for
+the Dyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dyson
+system Bill materials yeah so the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Bill materials yeah so the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Bill materials yeah so the bill
+of materials right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials right so
+uh are you familiar with the bill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are you familiar with the bill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are you familiar with the bill of
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically right or the bom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right or the bom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right or the bom the
+bomb this is basically just a listing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb this is basically just a listing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb this is basically just a listing of
+all the parts that are going into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts that are going into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts that are going into it
+right so if they were to look at it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if they were to look at it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if they were to look at it uh
+if you were to look at it at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to look at it at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to look at it at a higher
+level uh right you might look at it as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh right you might look at it as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh right you might look at it as I
+don't know the fan the motor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the fan the motor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the fan the motor the
+housing Etc right these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing Etc right these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing Etc right these are the
+different parts that go into it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts that go into it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts that go into it and
+these in themselves may have right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in themselves may have right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in themselves may have right a
+number of other different m materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other different m materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of other different m materials
+that go into them so if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into them so if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into them so if you look at it
+it's sort of a a diagram that uh uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a a diagram that uh uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a a diagram that uh uh it
+sort of spreads out right where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of spreads out right where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of spreads out right where you have
+a uh you have one piece here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh you have one piece here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh you have one piece here and it
+might have a couple of inputs and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a couple of inputs and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a couple of inputs and those
+might in turn have their own inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might in turn have their own inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might in turn have their own inputs and
+essentially it's going to expand out I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's going to expand out I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's going to expand out I'm
+going to have a big list of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a big list of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a big list of all of the
+materials that I have so in this case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that I have so in this case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that I have so in this case uh
+they went through and took the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went through and took the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went through and took the data that
+Dyson gave them and said we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson gave them and said we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson gave them and said we have the
+bill of materials for all of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill of materials for all of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill of materials for all of this and
+the trick was to turn that into the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick was to turn that into the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick was to turn that into the life
+cycle inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle inventory
+right and so what they did is they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what they did is they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what they did is they took
+the bill of materials data and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill of materials data and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill of materials data and they
+called it the bill of activities because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it the bill of activities because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it the bill of activities because
+they also had data about the activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also had data about the activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also had data about the activities
+that are going on like the the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going on like the the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going on like the the energy
+use that's going on in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that's going on in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that's going on in the in the
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+phase and they matched it up with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and they matched it up with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and they matched it up with with
+inventory data so in this case right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory data so in this case right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory data so in this case right you
+can think of of the work that would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of of the work that would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of of the work that would go
+on to actually go and do one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to actually go and do one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to actually go and do one of these
+right especially because you think of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right especially because you think of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right especially because you think of uh
+um you know they mentioned in there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they mentioned in there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know they mentioned in there uh
+and some like that the the optic housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some like that the the optic housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some like that the the optic housing
+that was on in one of them right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on in one of them right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on in one of them right you
+might that that was that detects when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that that was that detects when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that that was that detects when
+the hand goes in and when it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand goes in and when it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand goes in and when it comes out
+right and you think that has a a lens it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you think that has a a lens it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you think that has a a lens it
+has a microprocessor it has whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a microprocessor it has whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a microprocessor it has whatever
+else goes into it right and all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else goes into it right and all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else goes into it right and all of those
+products have their own complex supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products have their own complex supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products have their own complex supply
+chain so the minute that we mention one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so the minute that we mention one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so the minute that we mention one
+of these right if we're taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these right if we're taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these right if we're taking this
+cradle degrave approach then we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cradle degrave approach then we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cradle degrave approach then we need to
+start tracking each of those products up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start tracking each of those products up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start tracking each of those products up
+all the way through their suppliers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through their suppliers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through their suppliers and
+so they're buying that assembly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're buying that assembly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're buying that assembly from
+some from some supplier who in turn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some from some supplier who in turn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some from some supplier who in turn is
+buying a processor from this company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a processor from this company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a processor from this company and
+they're buying a lens from this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying a lens from this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying a lens from this company
+and they're buying you know a plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're buying you know a plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're buying you know a plastic
+housing from this company and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing from this company and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing from this company and that
+company does some kind of injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company does some kind of injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company does some kind of injection
+molding and they buy raw plastic from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding and they buy raw plastic from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding and they buy raw plastic from
+here and right so you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and right so you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and right so you can imagine
+they're going to have to start tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have to start tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have to start tracing
+all of that up what a what a labor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that up what a what a labor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that up what a what a labor that
+would be to try to do that for a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to try to do that for a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to try to do that for a complex
+product or even a relatively simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or even a relatively simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or even a relatively simple
+product so what they've done is they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so what they've done is they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so what they've done is they've
+gone out and found this inventory data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone out and found this inventory data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone out and found this inventory data
+which comes from generally comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from generally comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from generally comes from
+thirdparty sources right so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdparty sources right so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdparty sources right so if you look
+at how you would do one of these uh life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how you would do one of these uh life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how you would do one of these uh life
+cycle inventories usually there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle inventories usually there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle inventories usually there there's
+a couple of big uh software vendors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of big uh software vendors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of big uh software vendors that
+that make tools that help you do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make tools that help you do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make tools that help you do this uh
+semapro Gabby are some of the big ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semapro Gabby are some of the big ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semapro Gabby are some of the big ones
+they in turn licens databases from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in turn licens databases from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they in turn licens databases from other
+companies uh Eco invent was the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh Eco invent was the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh Eco invent was the one that
+was used in this study and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used in this study and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used in this study and they
+mentioned that in here right so Eco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that in here right so Eco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that in here right so Eco
+invent is a company that goes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent is a company that goes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent is a company that goes out and
+actually tries to do that work they try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tries to do that work they try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tries to do that work they try
+to go out and look for common products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out and look for common products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out and look for common products
+and go out and examine what types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go out and examine what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go out and examine what types of
+inputs do they have what goes on at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs do they have what goes on at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs do they have what goes on at the
+factory how much energy does it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory how much energy does it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory how much energy does it take to
+make it uh what all the inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh what all the inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh what all the inputs and
+outputs to the environment and they sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to the environment and they sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to the environment and they sort
+of start building up these so then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start building up these so then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start building up these so then they
+have a database that tells you things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a database that tells you things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a database that tells you things
+like uh this type of Steel has this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh this type of Steel has this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh this type of Steel has this sort
+of impact here are its inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impact here are its inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impact here are its inputs and
+outputs different types of plastic Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs different types of plastic Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs different types of plastic Etc
+and you go through and you match those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go through and you match those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go through and you match those
+up so now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so now it
+says I don't necessarily need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I don't necessarily need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I don't necessarily need to go
+through and do all of this tracing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and do all of this tracing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and do all of this tracing of
+everything for me the software the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for me the software the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything for me the software the
+database that I'm using is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that I'm using is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that I'm using is going to have
+some of that in there and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that in there and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that in there and I'm going to
+it's enough for me to say that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough for me to say that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough for me to say that uh this
+particular piece is say right uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece is say right uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular piece is say right uh uh you
+know 2.3 pounds of this type of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 2.3 pounds of this type of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 2.3 pounds of this type of material
+and I'm G to go out and match that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm G to go out and match that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm G to go out and match that up
+with the database to do all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the database to do all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the database to do all of that
+Upstream tracking and tracing of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream tracking and tracing of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream tracking and tracing of what's
+going on right now they talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right now they talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right now they talk about this
+in the study though right because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the study though right because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the study though right because this
+this is going to run into some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to run into some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to run into some problems
+what are some of the issues that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the issues that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the issues that they
+had with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's a lot of different
+products that go into it right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that go into it right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that go into it right so um
+what what do you do when you run into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you do when you run into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do you do when you run into a
+product that's not in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base they didn't have specific data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base they didn't have specific data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base they didn't have specific data on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+different material covers for the hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different material covers for the hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different material covers for the hair
+ders they just like average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ders they just like average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ders they just like average
+thing yeah so that that um that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah so that that um that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah so that that um that was in
+that case that was a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case that was a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case that was a slightly different
+issue but related right because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but related right because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but related right because that
+that one they were relying on a uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one they were relying on a uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one they were relying on a uh um
+they were taking the information from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were taking the information from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were taking the information from a
+third party that was um that had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party that was um that had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third party that was um that had done
+the study already and had just already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study already and had just already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study already and had just already
+averaged the impact of the housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged the impact of the housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged the impact of the housing
+together um rather than not being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um rather than not being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um rather than not being able
+to find the well I suppose it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the well I suppose it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the well I suppose it probably
+fits in there right there's there nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in there right there's there nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in there right there's there nobody
+had done this study and said here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done this study and said here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had done this study and said here is the
+impact for a accelerator housing made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact for a accelerator housing made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact for a accelerator housing made of
+plastic or made of aluminum so it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic or made of aluminum so it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic or made of aluminum so it is is
+probably the same some of the stuff they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the same some of the stuff they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the same some of the stuff they
+they like there was no uh galvanized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like there was no uh galvanized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like there was no uh galvanized
+seal right they they said there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal right they they said there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal right they they said there were
+there was none of this there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was none of this there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was none of this there was no
+um I forget which type there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I forget which type there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I forget which type there was some
+type of bleached paper that they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of bleached paper that they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of bleached paper that they didn't
+have right and this was related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right and this was related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right and this was related to the
+recycled paper towels and some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled paper towels and some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled paper towels and some of these
+issues so essentially they had a they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so essentially they had a they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so essentially they had a they
+had a list of maybe I don't know 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a list of maybe I don't know 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a list of maybe I don't know 20
+different materials or so uh that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials or so uh that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials or so uh that they
+that were listed in these bill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were listed in these bill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were listed in these bill of
+materials uh or that were included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh or that were included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh or that were included in
+the system that they didn't have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that they didn't have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that they didn't have data
+for and so they had to go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and so they had to go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and so they had to go through and
+sort of create their own version of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of create their own version of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of create their own version of some
+of these right so they said well uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these right so they said well uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these right so they said well uh so
+one thing you can do is use proxy dat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you can do is use proxy dat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you can do is use proxy dat so
+they said we don't have this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we don't have this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we don't have this specific
+type of bleach paper so we'll just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of bleach paper so we'll just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of bleach paper so we'll just use
+as a substitute this type of of bleach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a substitute this type of of bleach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a substitute this type of of bleach
+paper or they said we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or they said we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or they said we don't have
+galvanized steel but we have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanized steel but we have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanized steel but we have you know
+regular this type of Steel and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular this type of Steel and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular this type of Steel and then
+we're going to add to that the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add to that the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add to that the impact
+that would go with this process of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would go with this process of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would go with this process of you
+know applying the the coding to it so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know applying the the coding to it so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know applying the the coding to it so uh
+even with this inventory data you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with this inventory data you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with this inventory data you're
+going to run into trouble finding all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run into trouble finding all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run into trouble finding all of
+the products that you need to do to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products that you need to do to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products that you need to do to do
+this right and so it's generally not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and so it's generally not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and so it's generally not
+something um you're you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um you're you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um you're you're going to have
+to make some compromises as you go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some compromises as you go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some compromises as you go in
+terms of uh figuring out what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh figuring out what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh figuring out what you can
+include and how to get around some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include and how to get around some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include and how to get around some of
+these limitations that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these limitations that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these limitations that you might
+have now once they did that right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now once they did that right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now once they did that right they
+went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went
+through they sort of had uh they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through they sort of had uh they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through they sort of had uh they had
+this chart in here right which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart in here right which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chart in here right which was
+showing essentially what they had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing essentially what they had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing essentially what they had this
+is the assumptions that they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the assumptions that they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the assumptions that they used to
+generate the inventories right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the inventories right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the inventories right because
+part of it was that they had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was that they had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was that they had to go
+through the manufacturing and identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the manufacturing and identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the manufacturing and identify
+how much energy sort of per unit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy sort of per unit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy sort of per unit and
+then they had to to go through and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they had to to go through and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they had to to go through and then
+base on this right how the life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base on this right how the life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base on this right how the life cycle
+how many times would it draw uh they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times would it draw uh they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times would it draw uh they had
+to go through and capture how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through and capture how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through and capture how much
+material was going into each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material was going into each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material was going into each of
+these right one of the assumptions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right one of the assumptions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right one of the assumptions they
+had to make was data about the scrappage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to make was data about the scrappage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to make was data about the scrappage
+rates right because part of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates right because part of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates right because part of this is that
+the goal is to understand right all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to understand right all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to understand right all of
+those inputs that come out of this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inputs that come out of this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inputs that come out of this or
+into the system and the emissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system and the emissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system and the emissions and
+then what is my useful output so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is my useful output so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is my useful output so if I
+take in 100 kg of plastic but only 85 kg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in 100 kg of plastic but only 85 kg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in 100 kg of plastic but only 85 kg
+of plastic end up in the final unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plastic end up in the final unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plastic end up in the final unit
+because the other 15 goes to waste you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other 15 goes to waste you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other 15 goes to waste you
+have to make sure to allocate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure to allocate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure to allocate the the
+emissions related to that 15 kgs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions related to that 15 kgs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions related to that 15 kgs of
+waste to those final product so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste to those final product so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste to those final product so it's not
+enough just to look at the end bill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough just to look at the end bill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough just to look at the end bill of
+materials they had to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they had to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they had to make some
+assumptions about what goes on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about what goes on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about what goes on in the
+manufacturing process and how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process and how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process and how that
+relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and so at the end once they've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so at the end once they've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so at the end once they've gone
+through of this they they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through of this they they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through of this they they they have
+enough to move on to the next Edge I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to move on to the next Edge I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to move on to the next Edge I'm
+going to skip this piece here and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip this piece here and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip this piece here and uh
+talk about our next stage which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about our next stage which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about our next stage which is the
+uh the impact anal is right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the impact anal is right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the impact anal is right so this is
+where they go through and finally now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they go through and finally now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they go through and finally now
+that they have for each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have for each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have for each of those
+different product systems they've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different product systems they've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different product systems they've made
+all of these assumptions they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these assumptions they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these assumptions they put
+together the impact uh they're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the impact uh they're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the impact uh they're ready to
+go ahead and determine what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and determine what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and determine what the
+environmental impact of each of those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of each of those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of each of those uh
+products was right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products was right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products was right so there's
+essentially two steps that go on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two steps that go on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two steps that go on in the
+impact assessment referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact assessment referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact assessment referred to as
+classification and characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and characterization
+right so classification the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so classification the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so classification the first one
+essentially right that that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially right that that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially right that that that uh
+inventory analysis you have is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory analysis you have is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory analysis you have is going to
+list things like all of the output to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list things like all of the output to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list things like all of the output to
+right all of my emissions to air how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all of my emissions to air how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all of my emissions to air how
+much carbon dioxide how much carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much carbon dioxide how much carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much carbon dioxide how much carbon
+monoxide all right all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide all right all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoxide all right all of these
+different types of gases but if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of gases but if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of gases but if I'm
+interested in the global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the global warming
+potential I really only need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential I really only need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential I really only need to know
+which of these are the greenhouse gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these are the greenhouse gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these are the greenhouse gases
+right so I'm going to go through in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to go through in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm going to go through in the
+classification step and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification step and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification step and I'm going to
+look at all of these different outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of these different outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of these different outputs
+that I have to the atmosphere and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to the atmosphere and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to the atmosphere and I'm
+going to gather together the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to gather together the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to gather together the ones that
+are contribute to global warming right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contribute to global warming right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contribute to global warming right
+so that that would be the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that would be the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that would be the first step
+that would be the classification step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the classification step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the classification step
+and you're going to need to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to need to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to need to do that for
+each of the different environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the different environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the different environmental
+impact categories that you might have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact categories that you might have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact categories that you might have so
+so uh they'll go through and do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh they'll go through and do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh they'll go through and do that and
+the second one is the characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is the characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is the characterization
+so if we looked at it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we looked at it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we looked at it in terms of the
+global uh the the the global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global uh the the the global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global uh the the the global warming
+potential right after I've classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right after I've classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right after I've classified
+and gotten together my listing of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten together my listing of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten together my listing of okay
+how much carbon dioxide how much methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much carbon dioxide how much methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much carbon dioxide how much methane
+how much nitrous oxide characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much nitrous oxide characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much nitrous oxide characterization
+is when we apply those global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we apply those global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we apply those global warming
+potentials and actually turn that into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and actually turn that into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and actually turn that into a
+a unit of output right carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of output right carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of output right carbon dioxide
+equivalence and this applies to a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and this applies to a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and this applies to a wide
+range of different environmental impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of different environmental impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of different environmental impacts
+that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might
+study so what were some of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so what were some of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so what were some of the uh
+impacts that they chose to study in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one they had a couple of basic ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they had a couple of basic ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they had a couple of basic ones and
+then some more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones and I didn't really understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and I didn't really understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and I didn't really understand how
+they did water but they said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did water but they said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did water but they said they
+included water and then they said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included water and then they said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included water and then they said they
+didn't so I don't really understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so I don't really understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so I don't really understand what
+went on there yeah so they had they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on there yeah so they had they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on there yeah so they had they
+mentioned a couple things in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so
+right we had the global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we had the global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we had the global warming
+potential right they had the the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right they had the the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right they had the the carbon
+footprint essentially they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had water
+use occation so that we we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use occation so that we we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use occation so that we we'll get to
+that in a second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second the
+uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I
+had they called it CED cumulative energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they called it CED cumulative energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they called it CED cumulative energy
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+um and then they had remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then they had remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then they had remember what the
+name of the the more complex one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wasal so they had yes so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasal so they had yes so they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasal so they had yes so they had
+something called impact 2002 plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called impact 2002 plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called impact 2002 plus I
+think it was called right so and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was called right so and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was called right so and what
+they did when they when they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did when they when they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did when they when they went
+through this they made a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this they made a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this they made a distinction
+about some of these right so so global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of these right so so global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of these right so so global
+warming potential is an environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming potential is an environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming potential is an environmental
+it's an impact category right because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an impact category right because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an impact category right because it
+it it basically does these two steps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it basically does these two steps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it basically does these two steps I
+gather my greenhouse gases and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather my greenhouse gases and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather my greenhouse gases and then I
+characterize the impact using their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the impact using their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the impact using their
+global warming potentials uh the Water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global warming potentials uh the Water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global warming potentials uh the Water
+use and cumulative energy demand aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and cumulative energy demand aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and cumulative energy demand aren't
+really impact categories right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impact categories right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impact categories right they're
+treated as such by a lot of people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as such by a lot of people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as such by a lot of people but
+they made the point in the study they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made the point in the study they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made the point in the study they're
+not technically impact areas and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not technically impact areas and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not technically impact areas and the
+reason for that is that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that there's no
+actual characterization that goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual characterization that goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual characterization that goes on
+right so for water use and commu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for water use and commu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for water use and commu of
+energy demand they just went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy demand they just went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy demand they just went through
+went back through the inventory and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back through the inventory and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back through the inventory and said
+right during all these steps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right during all these steps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right during all these steps in the
+process I'll just sum up how much water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'll just sum up how much water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'll just sum up how much water
+was used at each stage at the end I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used at each stage at the end I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used at each stage at the end I get
+a total amount of water use but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total amount of water use but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total amount of water use but there's
+no attempt to turn that into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no attempt to turn that into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no attempt to turn that into something
+more complicated right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated right there's no
+attempt to rate um right you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to rate um right you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to rate um right you can think
+of whether I was if I'm using uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether I was if I'm using uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether I was if I'm using uh you
+know good clean drinking water if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know good clean drinking water if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know good clean drinking water if I'm
+using salt water from the ocean uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using salt water from the ocean uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using salt water from the ocean uh you
+might think that those would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that those would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that those would have
+different environmental impacts because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environmental impacts because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environmental impacts because
+most people don't care if I'm if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't care if I'm if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't care if I'm if I'm
+using up the the the right the salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using up the the the right the salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using up the the the right the salt
+water as opposed to using up the clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as opposed to using up the clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as opposed to using up the clean
+water so you could think they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so you could think they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so you could think they're not
+actually really investigating the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really investigating the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really investigating the impact
+of those they're just calculating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those they're just calculating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those they're just calculating them
+so you can see how much water and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see how much water and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see how much water and how
+much energy they use and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy they use and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy they use and specifically
+for the cumulative energy demand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cumulative energy demand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cumulative energy demand they
+they mentioned that it's a proxy for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mentioned that it's a proxy for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mentioned that it's a proxy for a
+lot of other things right the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other things right the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other things right the more
+energy intensive the production process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy intensive the production process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy intensive the production process
+is uh that's tied to a lot of other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that's tied to a lot of other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that's tied to a lot of other uh
+environmental impact categories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact categories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact categories so
+they're sort of used as a proxy but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of used as a proxy but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of used as a proxy but not
+really an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an impact
+category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+um all right so we had the single use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so we had the single use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so we had the single use
+indicators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators
+uh cumulative energy Demand on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cumulative energy Demand on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cumulative energy Demand on the side
+and global warming potential right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and global warming potential right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and global warming potential right and
+we can go through and they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go through and they've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go through and they've done
+they've calculated the carbon footprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've calculated the carbon footprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've calculated the carbon footprint
+for each of these different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these different products
+right based on that inventory analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right based on that inventory analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right based on that inventory analysis
+and broken it up into the the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broken it up into the the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and broken it up into the the different
+stages of life and you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of life and you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of life and you can do the same
+thing for the cumulative energy demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the cumulative energy demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the cumulative energy demand
+where in this case they're measuring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in this case they're measuring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in this case they're measuring it
+and how many kles of energy they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many kles of energy they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many kles of energy they use
+right those are pretty simple but the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are pretty simple but the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are pretty simple but the uh
+the more complicated ones were this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more complicated ones were this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more complicated ones were this one
+like impact 2002 right and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like impact 2002 right and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like impact 2002 right and in this case
+that's because it has a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it has a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it has a number of
+different factors going in and it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factors going in and it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factors going in and it's sort
+of divided up into a two-stage approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divided up into a two-stage approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divided up into a two-stage approach
+which is right the first thing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right the first thing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right the first thing you have
+right just like with global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like with global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like with global warming
+potential they started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential they started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential they started with the
+inventory results right but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory results right but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory results right but then they
+went through and created what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through and created what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through and created what they
+called a number of midpoint categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a number of midpoint categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a number of midpoint categories
+so if you look at what impact 2002 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at what impact 2002 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at what impact 2002 is
+right it's divided up into all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's divided up into all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's divided up into all of these
+different things that are counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that are counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that are counting
+everything from carcinogens to Ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from carcinogens to Ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from carcinogens to Ozone
+depletion to Mineral right how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion to Mineral right how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion to Mineral right how much
+mineral extraction you're doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mineral extraction you're doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mineral extraction you're doing um
+aquatic acidification right so a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquatic acidification right so a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquatic acidification right so a number
+of different environmental impacts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different environmental impacts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different environmental impacts so
+this is getting at a lot more broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting at a lot more broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting at a lot more broader
+scope than what we would get if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope than what we would get if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope than what we would get if we just
+looked at energy or global warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at energy or global warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at energy or global warming
+potential and so it goes through sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so it goes through sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so it goes through sort of
+the same process that you have before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same process that you have before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same process that you have before
+which is right now I'm going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right now I'm going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right now I'm going to look at
+my inventory and I'm going to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my inventory and I'm going to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my inventory and I'm going to classify
+all of my emissions that are carcinogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my emissions that are carcinogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my emissions that are carcinogens
+and I'm going to group them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to group them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to group them together and
+figure out how much I have of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much I have of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much I have of each
+different type you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type you're going to go
+through this for each of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this for each of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this for each of these different
+uh different midpoint categories right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different midpoint categories right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different midpoint categories right
+and then what they've done is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they've done is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they've done is that
+they've combined these then into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've combined these then into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've combined these then into a a
+second set right so they figured out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set right so they figured out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set right so they figured out how
+many of the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the different types of
+carcinogens how many of these and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens how many of these and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens how many of these and then
+there relating these again to overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there relating these again to overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there relating these again to overall
+indicators that capture a broads set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators that capture a broads set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators that capture a broads set
+right all of these are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all of these are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all of these are things that
+impact human health so they're grouping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact human health so they're grouping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact human health so they're grouping
+these together and one they're calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together and one they're calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together and one they're calling
+human health they're grouping all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human health they're grouping all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human health they're grouping all of
+these together into ecosystem quality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together into ecosystem quality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together into ecosystem quality uh
+climate change is its own and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is its own and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is its own and then they
+have resources all right and so that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have resources all right and so that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have resources all right and so that in
+itself is a pretty complicated process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a pretty complicated process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a pretty complicated process
+because if you look if you if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look if you if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look if you if you read
+about it or or looked into some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it or or looked into some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it or or looked into some of these
+charts right this is what happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts right this is what happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts right this is what happened is
+that they right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they right
+and I'm not even sure how you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not even sure how you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not even sure how you do this
+right so the carcinogens are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the carcinogens are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the carcinogens are being
+measured in I don't I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in I don't I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in I don't I don't know what
+that is I I need to brush up on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I I need to brush up on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I I need to brush up on my
+chemistry but it's some kind of grams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry but it's some kind of grams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry but it's some kind of grams of
+some chemical equivalent right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chemical equivalent right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chemical equivalent right so
+they've taken all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken all of the different
+outputs that they have that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs that they have that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs that they have that are
+carcinogens and they've found a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens and they've found a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens and they've found a way to
+to measure them in terms of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure them in terms of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure them in terms of some
+equivalent unit so right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent unit so right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent unit so right so this is
+producing I assume this is producing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing I assume this is producing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing I assume this is producing the
+same amount of carcinogens is 0277 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of carcinogens is 0277 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of carcinogens is 0277 grams
+of whatever that that uh compound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever that that uh compound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever that that uh compound is
+right so that's how they've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how they've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how they've gone through
+and for each of these categories they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each of these categories they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each of these categories they've
+created some measure that they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created some measure that they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created some measure that they're going
+to use some equivalent right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some equivalent right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some equivalent right so
+respiratory inorganics right I can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory inorganics right I can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory inorganics right I can we
+can assume that these have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that these have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that these have the same
+impact as it would if you produced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact as it would if you produced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact as it would if you produced this
+many grams of particulate matter 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many grams of particulate matter 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many grams of particulate matter 2.5
+millimeter particular matter right so or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter particular matter right so or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter particular matter right so or
+whatever that is so they've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is so they've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is so they've gone through
+and for each of these categories they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each of these categories they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each of these categories they've
+come up with a way to do this right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a way to do this right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a way to do this right and
+so this is pretty complex and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty complex and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty complex and probably
+nobody on Earth is enough of an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody on Earth is enough of an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody on Earth is enough of an expert
+to be an expert on each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an expert on each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an expert on each of these
+categories right so what they've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories right so what they've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories right so what they've done is
+they've gathered together experts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gathered together experts from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gathered together experts from
+all of these different areas to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different areas to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these different areas to figure
+out how you would go through and judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how you would go through and judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how you would go through and judge
+each of these and they actually go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these and they actually go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these and they actually go a
+step further from this actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further from this actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further from this actually two
+steps further from this right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps further from this right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps further from this right so you can
+see for each of these products we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for each of these products we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for each of these products we're
+going to get all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get all of these different
+ratings and the question is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings and the question is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings and the question is how do we
+put all of these together in terms of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all of these together in terms of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all of these together in terms of of
+an indicator right um because I can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicator right um because I can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indicator right um because I can look
+at right what the value is for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right what the value is for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at right what the value is for an
+airblade aluminum and I compare that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airblade aluminum and I compare that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airblade aluminum and I compare that to
+Cotton roll towels and I see well cotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cotton roll towels and I see well cotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cotton roll towels and I see well cotton
+roll towels have less carcinogens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll towels have less carcinogens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll towels have less carcinogens so
+does that make them better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make them better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make them better than the
+Dyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson
+airblade and the question is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airblade and the question is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airblade and the question is that
+depends right because if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends right because if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends right because if you start
+looking at some of these other impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some of these other impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some of these other impact
+categories you find ones where well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories you find ones where well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories you find ones where well that
+actually contributes higher a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually contributes higher a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually contributes higher a higher
+value 290 to 118 in terms of terrestrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 290 to 118 in terms of terrestrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 290 to 118 in terms of terrestrial
+ecotoxicity so then you have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecotoxicity so then you have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecotoxicity so then you have to come
+back through and figure out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through and figure out a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through and figure out a way to
+balance all of these different impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance all of these different impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance all of these different impacts
+together and that's what that impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that's what that impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that's what that impact
+system does because it essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system does because it essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system does because it essentially
+produces two things so first they group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces two things so first they group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces two things so first they group
+all of those together right they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those together right they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those together right they took
+all those human health impacts together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those human health impacts together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those human health impacts together
+and created a single indicator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created a single indicator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created a single indicator so
+they're bringing together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bringing together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bringing together the
+carcinogens uh right all the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens uh right all the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens uh right all the uh the
+inorganic uh um inspiration all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic uh um inspiration all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic uh um inspiration all of these
+different types of of of impacts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of of of impacts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of of of impacts that
+they said impacts human health and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said impacts human health and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said impacts human health and they
+put them all on a single unit of measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all on a single unit of measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all on a single unit of measure
+which I believe they is disability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I believe they is disability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I believe they is disability
+adjusted life years right so if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted life years right so if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted life years right so if any of
+you following Healthcare right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you following Healthcare right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you following Healthcare right that's
+how you that's how you measure when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you that's how you measure when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you that's how you measure when
+should we pay for this type of uh health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we pay for this type of uh health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we pay for this type of uh health
+care or not right this is one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or not right this is one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care or not right this is one of the the
+things that you do you try to judge what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you do you try to judge what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you do you try to judge what
+the consequences of it will be right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of it will be right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of it will be right and
+then you have to make some trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to make some trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to make some trade-offs
+about would it be better to be blind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about would it be better to be blind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about would it be better to be blind in
+one eye or walked with a limp and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye or walked with a limp and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one eye or walked with a limp and all of
+these things right so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right so it's very
+complicated and requires a lot of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and requires a lot of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and requires a lot of value
+judgments to get into to some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments to get into to some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments to get into to some of these
+levels right so the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right so the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right so the nice thing about
+these these categories like impact 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these categories like impact 2002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these categories like impact 2002
+is that they have what would hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have what would hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have what would hopefully
+be a panel of expt going through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a panel of expt going through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a panel of expt going through and
+doing this in sort of a peer-reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in sort of a peer-reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in sort of a peer-reviewed
+fashion and they're coming up and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and they're coming up and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and they're coming up and so now
+this is giving me a human health right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is giving me a human health right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is giving me a human health right
+comparison of these different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of these different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of these different products
+so it's bringing together all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's bringing together all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's bringing together all of those
+different you know seven or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know seven or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know seven or eight
+different indicators they had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different indicators they had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different indicators they had that
+impacted human health and put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted human health and put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted human health and put them
+together on one scale and they do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on one scale and they do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on one scale and they do the
+same thing for ecosystem quality and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for ecosystem quality and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for ecosystem quality and in
+fact you can take it a stage farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can take it a stage farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can take it a stage farther
+which is that you can put these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you can put these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you can put these all
+together in terms of Eco points right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in terms of Eco points right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in terms of Eco points right so
+then that makes the balance between how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that makes the balance between how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that makes the balance between how
+much human health would you be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much human health would you be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much human health would you be willing
+to trade off against how much ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade off against how much ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade off against how much ecosystem
+quality right and so the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality right and so the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality right and so the important thing
+to remember about this is that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember about this is that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember about this is that as you
+start right so that's very nice when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right so that's very nice when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right so that's very nice when I
+have something like impact 2002 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like impact 2002 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like impact 2002 because
+theoretically I can compare these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically I can compare these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically I can compare these
+systems and I can get a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and I can get a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and I can get a picture of the
+overall Environmental Quality not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall Environmental Quality not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall Environmental Quality not just
+looking at one single issue like global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one single issue like global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one single issue like global
+warming potential and not having to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming potential and not having to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming potential and not having to look
+simultaneously at 27 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously at 27 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously at 27 different
+indicators and decide how I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators and decide how I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators and decide how I want to
+trade it off I've hopefully got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it off I've hopefully got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it off I've hopefully got some
+experts out there that have that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts out there that have that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts out there that have that have
+done that already and I can summ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that already and I can summ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that already and I can summ
+everything up in terms of say one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up in terms of say one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up in terms of say one unit
+of ego points but the important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ego points but the important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ego points but the important thing to
+remember is that when you do that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that when you do that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that when you do that you're
+making value judgments right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making value judgments right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making value judgments right that's
+built into the system that scores that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the system that scores that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the system that scores that
+it's deciding how much you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deciding how much you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deciding how much you're willing to
+trade off these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off these different
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so finally the the last uh step we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so finally the the last uh step we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so finally the the last uh step we
+do is the interpretation phase right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is the interpretation phase right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is the interpretation phase right so
+uh this was actually the uh the long one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was actually the uh the long one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was actually the uh the long one
+when we when we looked at the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we looked at the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we looked at the study
+overall because they went through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall because they went through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall because they went through and
+trying to interpret all of those earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to interpret all of those earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to interpret all of those earlier
+results in terms of what the goal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in terms of what the goal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in terms of what the goal in the
+study was and essentially to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was and essentially to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was and essentially to do that
+they wanted they had to go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted they had to go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted they had to go through and
+do all sorts of uncertainty analysis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all sorts of uncertainty analysis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all sorts of uncertainty analysis on
+that to make sure all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to make sure all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to make sure all of those
+assumptions they made along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions they made along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions they made along the way
+right were still valid when they tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right were still valid when they tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right were still valid when they tried
+to go back and interpret if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and interpret if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and interpret if you wanted
+to come back and make a claim that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back and make a claim that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back and make a claim that the
+Dyson air blade was better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson air blade was better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson air blade was better than the
+others you better make sure that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you better make sure that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you better make sure that all of
+the limitations in the study aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations in the study aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations in the study aren't
+going to impact that right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to impact that right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to impact that right so they
+essentially did three types uh they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially did three types uh they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially did three types uh they did
+a sensitivity analysis they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitivity analysis they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensitivity analysis they did
+uncertainty analysis which was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty analysis which was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty analysis which was really
+two different types one was a scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different types one was a scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different types one was a scenario
+uncertainty and the other was a bill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and the other was a bill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and the other was a bill of
+activities analysis so in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities analysis so in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities analysis so in terms of what
+they did right the sensitivity analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did right the sensitivity analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did right the sensitivity analysis
+was pretty straightforward they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty straightforward they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty straightforward they they
+basically went through all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically went through all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically went through all of those
+assumptions they made and they they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions they made and they they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions they made and they they had
+a lot of them there were probably 12 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them there were probably 12 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them there were probably 12 or
+15 different uh major assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 different uh major assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 different uh major assumptions that
+they made and they did a one factor at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made and they did a one factor at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made and they did a one factor at a
+time change to test the impact of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time change to test the impact of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time change to test the impact of that
+right so they went through and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they went through and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they went through and some of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is right that they tested right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right that they tested right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right that they tested right there's
+a when the when it goes to waste there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when the when it goes to waste there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when the when it goes to waste there's
+a percentage of that that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percentage of that that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percentage of that that gets
+incinerated so they tested how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incinerated so they tested how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incinerated so they tested how that
+changed right in different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed right in different countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed right in different countries
+that have different uh Waste Systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different uh Waste Systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different uh Waste Systems and
+different ways of of taking care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of of taking care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of of taking care of the
+waste will do that differently so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste will do that differently so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste will do that differently so they
+went back and tested the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back and tested the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back and tested the impact of
+changing that percentage on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing that percentage on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing that percentage on the
+scenarios right and if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios right and if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios right and if we look at the
+scenarios right none of these really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios right none of these really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios right none of these really get
+changed because they're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because they're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because they're not really
+sending much to waste it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending much to waste it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending much to waste it's getting
+burned and these change a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned and these change a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned and these change a little bit but
+overall looking at these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall looking at these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall looking at these different
+scenarios you get a very similar picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios you get a very similar picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios you get a very similar picture
+than you did before so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you did before so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you did before so it's not
+particularly sensitive to the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sensitive to the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sensitive to the assumption
+that we have here the other one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have here the other one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have here the other one has to
+do with the uh uh intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the uh uh intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the uh uh intensity of the
+drying time on the system right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying time on the system right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying time on the system right and so
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+case right you get you start to get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right you get you start to get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right you get you start to get a a
+very different picture between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different picture between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different picture between different
+scenarios where you have some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios where you have some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios where you have some of these
+that are getting uh definitely higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are getting uh definitely higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are getting uh definitely higher
+impact and changing as that we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and changing as that we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and changing as that we go
+through so the sensitivity analysis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so the sensitivity analysis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so the sensitivity analysis was
+pretty straightforward go through one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward go through one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward go through one at
+a time right changing those factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time right changing those factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time right changing those factors
+between some different values seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some different values seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some different values seeing
+what impact it has on the system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what impact it has on the system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what impact it has on the system right
+so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it
+identified right the two things we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified right the two things we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified right the two things we said
+it identified were the the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it identified were the the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it identified were the the electricity
+and the uh the drying time like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh the drying time like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh the drying time like the
+which which drying time scenario you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which drying time scenario you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which drying time scenario you
+used right so it identifies those two as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used right so it identifies those two as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used right so it identifies those two as
+sort of the major ones that can affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the major ones that can affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the major ones that can affect
+the system but one of the things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but one of the things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but one of the things it
+doesn't doesn't really capture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't really capture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't really capture is that
+it does all this one at a time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does all this one at a time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does all this one at a time and
+especially those two are related right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially those two are related right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially those two are related right
+so if I'm off on how long I dry and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm off on how long I dry and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm off on how long I dry and I'm
+also also often my assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also also often my assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also also often my assumption about the
+intensity of the electricity those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the electricity those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the electricity those two
+factors might compound together to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors might compound together to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors might compound together to make
+my results right even worse so this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my results right even worse so this only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my results right even worse so this only
+captures what happens when they did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures what happens when they did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures what happens when they did it
+one at a time so they went through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time so they went through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time so they went through and
+did a scenario uncertainty analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a scenario uncertainty analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a scenario uncertainty analysis and
+essentially they had I don't know 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they had I don't know 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they had I don't know 20
+different parameters and they had sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters and they had sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters and they had sort
+of a range for each of them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a range for each of them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a range for each of them and they
+assumed a distribution uh right uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed a distribution uh right uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed a distribution uh right uniform
+or or of some other type and they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or of some other type and they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or of some other type and they went
+through and did a Monte caros simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and did a Monte caros simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and did a Monte caros simulation
+where they did 20,000 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they did 20,000 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they did 20,000 different
+simulation runs where each time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation runs where each time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation runs where each time they
+picked a different right r ly picked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a different right r ly picked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a different right r ly picked a
+value from that distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from that distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from that distribution and
+calculated the the uh the impact on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the the uh the impact on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the the uh the impact on each
+of the different product systems so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different product systems so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different product systems so this
+is global warming potential and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is global warming potential and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is global warming potential and you get
+some sort of distribution about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of distribution about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of distribution about what the
+uh the impact of the different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the impact of the different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the impact of the different products
+looked like so uh you can see sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like so uh you can see sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like so uh you can see sort of
+how it changes uh based on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it changes uh based on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it changes uh based on all the
+different assumptions and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assumptions and what the
+possible range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible range
+was and one of the important things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and one of the important things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and one of the important things they
+did with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did with this
+is right you get you get some overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right you get you get some overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right you get you get some overlap
+right that if we look at that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that if we look at that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that if we look at that the
+airblade is definitely the lowest uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airblade is definitely the lowest uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airblade is definitely the lowest uh you
+know in terms of where it shifted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in terms of where it shifted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in terms of where it shifted but
+there's definitely some overlap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely some overlap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely some overlap between
+some of these other systems and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other systems and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other systems and one of
+the things they did is they went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things they did is they went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things they did is they went back
+and checked is that um just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checked is that um just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checked is that um just because
+there's overlap doesn't mean that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's overlap doesn't mean that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's overlap doesn't mean that that
+accelerator was lower than this it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator was lower than this it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator was lower than this it just
+means in certain scenarios the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in certain scenarios the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in certain scenarios the
+accelerator was lower than what the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator was lower than what the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator was lower than what the air
+blade had in certain scenarios so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade had in certain scenarios so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blade had in certain scenarios so what
+they did is they they did a check right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they they did a check right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they they did a check right
+because you can think that some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think that some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think that some of the
+assumptions might affect only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions might affect only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions might affect only one
+product or the other right that if the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or the other right that if the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or the other right that if the I
+may have underestimated the drying time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have underestimated the drying time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have underestimated the drying time
+on the accelerator and overestimated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the accelerator and overestimated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the accelerator and overestimated the
+drying time on my product and that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying time on my product and that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying time on my product and that may
+cause the products to shift in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the products to shift in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the products to shift in terms of
+which was preferred some of the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was preferred some of the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was preferred some of the others
+like if the the average electricity mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the the average electricity mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the the average electricity mix
+at the grid I wouldn't expect those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the grid I wouldn't expect those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the grid I wouldn't expect those to
+be different between one product and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different between one product and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different between one product and the
+other right they're both using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right they're both using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right they're both using the same
+electrical supply so my assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical supply so my assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical supply so my assumptions
+about the the impact of the grid should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the impact of the grid should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the impact of the grid should
+be the same between them so they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same between them so they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same between them so they made
+sure they did that check by each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they did that check by each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they did that check by each time
+they ran one of these scenarios they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ran one of these scenarios they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they ran one of these scenarios they
+compared did the air blade have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared did the air blade have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared did the air blade have a better
+uh performance than say the accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh performance than say the accelerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh performance than say the accelerator
+and went through and even though you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went through and even though you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went through and even though you get
+this overlapping like this they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overlapping like this they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overlapping like this they still
+found something like 98% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found something like 98% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found something like 98% of the
+scenarios the the um air blade was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios the the um air blade was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios the the um air blade was
+better and finally the last thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and finally the last thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and finally the last thing they
+do did was looking at the bill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do did was looking at the bill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do did was looking at the bill of
+activities so for every emissions Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities so for every emissions Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities so for every emissions Factor
+essentially and for every input to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and for every input to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and for every input to each
+of those systems they assigned an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those systems they assigned an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those systems they assigned an
+uncertainty level to it and assumed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty level to it and assumed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty level to it and assumed a
+distribution and did another simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and did another simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and did another simulation
+so they get a range of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get a range of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get a range of different
+products like this so these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products like this so these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products like this so these are just
+three different types of analysis they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different types of analysis they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different types of analysis they
+went went through to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went went through to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went went through to try to figure out
+how much those assumptions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much those assumptions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much those assumptions and then
+uncertainty impacted what the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty impacted what the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty impacted what the results
+were so the big thing though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so the big thing though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so the big thing though is that
+even after they went through with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after they went through with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after they went through with that
+right they shed the the Dyson air blade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they shed the the Dyson air blade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they shed the the Dyson air blade
+still showed the lowest impact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still showed the lowest impact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still showed the lowest impact in
+general that even that under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that even that under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that even that under certain
+scenarios it may be that the accelerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios it may be that the accelerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios it may be that the accelerator
+performs better but under most scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs better but under most scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs better but under most scenarios
+they were pretty confident that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pretty confident that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pretty confident that the
+Dyson showed up with better and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson showed up with better and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyson showed up with better and they
+they had some um right they they broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some um right they they broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some um right they they broke
+it out by different types of scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out by different types of scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out by different types of scenarios
+and said when one was going to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said when one was going to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said when one was going to be better
+than the other uh but so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other uh but so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other uh but so in the
+conclusion they identified right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion they identified right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion they identified right what
+are the most sensitive parameters uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most sensitive parameters uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most sensitive parameters uh
+what was the key driver of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the key driver of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the key driver of the
+environmental impact uh and what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact uh and what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact uh and what was the
+General overall environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General overall environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General overall environmental
+performance comparing the two taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance comparing the two taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance comparing the two taking
+into account all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account all of that
+sensitivity okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gv1aMp4YxyA.txt b/gv1aMp4YxyA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35c855a8ab23cc1a1a6b5daedc5f49e34138f31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gv1aMp4YxyA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+today on chalk radio making calculus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on chalk radio making calculus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on chalk radio making calculus a
+little less abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less abstract
+we put together a lot of problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put together a lot of problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put together a lot of problems that
+come from concepts that we see in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from concepts that we see in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from concepts that we see in real
+life if it's connected with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life if it's connected with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life if it's connected with something
+which is more real you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more real you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more real you
+are more willing to work through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more willing to work through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more willing to work through that
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm your host sarah hansen
+calculus has an intimidating reputation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus has an intimidating reputation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus has an intimidating reputation
+but our guest today has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our guest today has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our guest today has been
+experimenting with creative new ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with creative new ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with creative new ways to
+teach this complex subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this complex subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this complex subject
+giliola staffilani is a professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giliola staffilani is a professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giliola staffilani is a professor of
+mathematics and one of the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and one of the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and one of the lead
+instructors of introductory course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors of introductory course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors of introductory course
+calculus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus one
+and she's found that with a little help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's found that with a little help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's found that with a little help
+students often find calculus to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students often find calculus to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students often find calculus to be more
+intuitive than they first expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive than they first expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive than they first expect
+i feel like calculus actually gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like calculus actually gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like calculus actually gets
+introduced without students really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced without students really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced without students really
+knowing about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing about it
+like when they start doing algebra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when they start doing algebra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when they start doing algebra and
+they start talking about functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start talking about functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start talking about functions and
+also by watching movies documentaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by watching movies documentaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by watching movies documentaries
+and so on you often learn about function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you often learn about function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on you often learn about function
+velocity and you learn that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and you learn that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and you learn that there is a
+direction there is a magnitude which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there is a magnitude which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there is a magnitude which is
+a speed and it's kind of like going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speed and it's kind of like going to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speed and it's kind of like going to a
+foreign country and if you just live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign country and if you just live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign country and if you just live
+there for a little bit after a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a little bit after a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a little bit after a couple of
+weeks you pick up few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks you pick up few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks you pick up few words
+but then it's only when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's only when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's only when you actually
+take a class that you put all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a class that you put all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a class that you put all this
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+but sometimes students get stuck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes students get stuck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes students get stuck in
+translation when moving across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation when moving across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation when moving across
+disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+us mathematicians like to use we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us mathematicians like to use we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us mathematicians like to use we have a
+common language like for example most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common language like for example most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common language like for example most
+common notation for a variable is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common notation for a variable is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common notation for a variable is x
+sometimes we ask why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we ask why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we ask why
+the function is always an f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is always an f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is always an f
+we're just very familiar in using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just very familiar in using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just very familiar in using that
+and it's very common among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very common among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very common among
+mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians
+but i realized for example that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i realized for example that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i realized for example that it's not
+a common notation for the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common notation for the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common notation for the same kind of
+question when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when you
+read books that comes from chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read books that comes from chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read books that comes from chemistry
+in math it just you wanted to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in math it just you wanted to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in math it just you wanted to reduce
+everything to a mathematical concept you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to a mathematical concept you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to a mathematical concept you
+don't want to be distracted with names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be distracted with names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be distracted with names
+and maybe cumbersome type of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe cumbersome type of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe cumbersome type of notation
+you just don't want that to distract you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't want that to distract you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't want that to distract you
+but chemistry the name of the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but chemistry the name of the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but chemistry the name of the variable
+is important because you probably need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important because you probably need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important because you probably need
+to remember what that means in within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what that means in within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what that means in within a
+certain reaction or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain reaction or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain reaction or something like that
+it is very hard i think for a student to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very hard i think for a student to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is very hard i think for a student to
+when he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he or she
+starts taking a different class after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts taking a different class after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts taking a different class after
+calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+realize that actually no already what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that actually no already what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that actually no already what
+they are supposed to know they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are supposed to know they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are supposed to know they just
+think that they don't because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they don't because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they don't because the
+notation is completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is completely different
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to help students get grounded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help students get grounded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help students get grounded in the
+world of calculus giliola and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of calculus giliola and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of calculus giliola and her
+colleagues have brought visual learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have brought visual learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues have brought visual learning
+methods into the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods into the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods into the classroom
+when we put together the calculus class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put together the calculus class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put together the calculus class
+that we have on mitx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have on mitx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have on mitx
+it was very important for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very important for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very important for us to
+give a tool to the students to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a tool to the students to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a tool to the students to actually
+draw pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pictures
+in calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculus
+it's very important to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to understand the
+relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between
+the formula so the analysis what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula so the analysis what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula so the analysis what we call
+mathematical analysis so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical analysis so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical analysis so there is a
+formula written with variables and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula written with variables and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula written with variables and what
+that formula represents so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula represents so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula represents so for example
+we can write a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write a line
+with an equation but we also can draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an equation but we also can draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an equation but we also can draw a
+line and we need to understand why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and we need to understand why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and we need to understand why the
+two objects are exactly the same and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects are exactly the same and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects are exactly the same and if
+we change a parameter how that line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change a parameter how that line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change a parameter how that line or
+other kind of curve changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of curve changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of curve changes
+sometimes those methods might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those methods might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those methods might look like
+a demonstration in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demonstration in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demonstration in class
+one that i have used in my class at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that i have used in my class at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that i have used in my class at some
+point which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is really
+very hard to grasp is lagrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to grasp is lagrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to grasp is lagrange
+multipliers this is a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers this is a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers this is a method
+that we use to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to find
+maximum minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum minimum
+with constraints let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constraints let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constraints let's think about
+sphere for example when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere for example when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere for example when you have
+a surface that grows so the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface that grows so the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface that grows so the maximum
+radius until the sphere touches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius until the sphere touches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius until the sphere touches the
+boundary of a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of a square
+when that touching happens then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that touching happens then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that touching happens then you know
+the two orthogonal vectors are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two orthogonal vectors are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two orthogonal vectors are going to
+be parallel that's really what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be parallel that's really what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be parallel that's really what the
+system tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system tells you
+if like me you're not a mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like me you're not a mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like me you're not a mathematician
+you might be a little lost in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be a little lost in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be a little lost in all these
+technical terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical terms
+but just wait until giliola describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just wait until giliola describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just wait until giliola describes
+how she turns these abstract ideas into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how she turns these abstract ideas into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how she turns these abstract ideas into
+a physical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical example
+so i usually bring a balloon that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i usually bring a balloon that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i usually bring a balloon that i
+start inflating and box and then when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start inflating and box and then when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start inflating and box and then when it
+touches the box it's clear that the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the box it's clear that the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the box it's clear that the side
+of the box is totally tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box is totally tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box is totally tangent to the
+side of my surface and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of my surface and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of my surface and that's what the
+normal vectors are orthogonal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vectors are orthogonal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vectors are orthogonal to each
+other so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so this is
+intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively
+visible and it tells you that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and it tells you that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and it tells you that really
+these vectors are parallel so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors are parallel so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors are parallel so then
+setting up the system becomes more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the system becomes more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the system becomes more like
+a writing down what it means to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a writing down what it means to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a writing down what it means to have
+these two vectors in a parallel y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two vectors in a parallel y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two vectors in a parallel y
+instead of just remembering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just remembering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just remembering the
+algorithm i have to take all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm i have to take all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm i have to take all this
+derivatives that equals zero and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives that equals zero and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives that equals zero and things
+like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so
+it is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very important
+whenever you have the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have the opportunity to
+visualize an object it is uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize an object it is uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize an object it is uh important
+to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+except that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that as
+you become more and more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become more and more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become more and more sophisticated
+in mathematics that becomes harder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics that becomes harder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematics that becomes harder and
+harder but whenever you can anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder but whenever you can anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder but whenever you can anything you
+can use is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use is good
+juliola and her colleagues have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juliola and her colleagues have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juliola and her colleagues have
+incorporated digital applets to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated digital applets to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated digital applets to bring
+these kinds of visual representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of visual representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of visual representations
+into learning experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into learning experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into learning experiences
+applets are also expanding the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applets are also expanding the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applets are also expanding the kinds of
+problems they're able to challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they're able to challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they're able to challenge
+students with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with
+so some problems are like a yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some problems are like a yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some problems are like a yes or no
+question or like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or like a
+plug in a number and some other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in a number and some other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in a number and some other problems
+in particular in calculus have some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in calculus have some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular in calculus have some kind
+of a complicated formula or a drawing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complicated formula or a drawing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complicated formula or a drawing or
+something which is not easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is not easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is not easy to
+grade or to decide whether it's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade or to decide whether it's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade or to decide whether it's correct
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+so the sketching tool was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sketching tool was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sketching tool was
+very important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important because
+there are problems in calculus in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems in calculus in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are problems in calculus in which
+you don't need to be extremely precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to be extremely precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to be extremely precise
+but with a drawing you can show us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a drawing you can show us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a drawing you can show us
+whether you understand the concept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you understand the concept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you understand the concept or
+not but then of course my drawing might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but then of course my drawing might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but then of course my drawing might
+be different than your drawing although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different than your drawing although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different than your drawing although
+they're both correct they both reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both correct they both reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both correct they both reflect
+what we ask you to do and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we ask you to do and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we ask you to do and this was a
+complicated type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated type of
+problem and a very difficult problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and a very difficult problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and a very difficult problem to
+grade so the sketching tool i think gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade so the sketching tool i think gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade so the sketching tool i think gave
+us a way of grading questions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a way of grading questions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a way of grading questions and the
+possibility to the student to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to the student to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to the student to solve
+questions in a way which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in a way which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in a way which was
+exactly what we want them to do instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we want them to do instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we want them to do instead
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a complicated cumbersome way for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated cumbersome way for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated cumbersome way for us to
+decide whether you understand or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether you understand or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether you understand or not
+as she experiments with new teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she experiments with new teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she experiments with new teaching
+tools for calculus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for calculus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for calculus one
+gigliola has also grappled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigliola has also grappled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigliola has also grappled with
+inequities in the field of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities in the field of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities in the field of mathematics
+we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+giving the chance the student to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the chance the student to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the chance the student to solve
+the problem kind of like a little video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem kind of like a little video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem kind of like a little video
+games or things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games or things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games or things like that
+but it's just really complicated to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just really complicated to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just really complicated to to
+do that we also thought that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we also thought that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we also thought that would have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+not a fair way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fair way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fair way of
+dealing with this because i think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this because i think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this because i think there
+are studies on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studies on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studies on that
+that the boys tend to do video games or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the boys tend to do video games or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the boys tend to do video games or
+work on video game much more than girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on video game much more than girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on video game much more than girls
+so if we set up something like that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we set up something like that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we set up something like that then
+we were afraid that the girls will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were afraid that the girls will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were afraid that the girls will not
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+interested in it and so we decide not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it and so we decide not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it and so we decide not to
+even go that way so to make it fair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go that way so to make it fair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even go that way so to make it fair and
+make it interesting for all not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it interesting for all not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it interesting for all not just for
+a category of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a category of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a category of people
+and as a mother she's witnessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a mother she's witnessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a mother she's witnessed
+firsthand how biases are formed years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand how biases are formed years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand how biases are formed years
+before students even reach the college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before students even reach the college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before students even reach the college
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+i have twins a boy and a girl and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have twins a boy and a girl and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have twins a boy and a girl and now
+they are 16 and a witness from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are 16 and a witness from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are 16 and a witness from
+from the time they were in middle school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the time they were in middle school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the time they were in middle school
+how different they were treated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how different they were treated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how different they were treated because
+one was a boy one was a girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a boy one was a girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a boy one was a girl
+and the reaction that they have to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reaction that they have to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reaction that they have to the
+way they are treated right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are treated right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they are treated right so
+my son for example is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my son for example is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my son for example is kind of
+i wouldn't say shows off but he likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't say shows off but he likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wouldn't say shows off but he likes to
+be taught as somebody that picks hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taught as somebody that picks hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taught as somebody that picks hard
+classes and my daughter who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and my daughter who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and my daughter who
+is just as good as he is and she likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as good as he is and she likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as good as he is and she likes
+her classes but she hides it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her classes but she hides it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her classes but she hides it completely
+she doesn't say that she's taking her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't say that she's taking her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't say that she's taking her
+classes because that's not considered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes because that's not considered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes because that's not considered to
+be attractive for a young woman or older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attractive for a young woman or older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attractive for a young woman or older
+woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman
+while for boys it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for boys it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for boys it's okay
+so there's a lot of social pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of social pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of social pressure and
+also a lot of different reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of different reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a lot of different reactions to
+the behavior from the teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior from the teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior from the teachers
+so it's very acceptable if a girls is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very acceptable if a girls is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very acceptable if a girls is
+not really putting too much effort in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really putting too much effort in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really putting too much effort in
+science and math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and math
+and it's less acceptable for boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's less acceptable for boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's less acceptable for boys
+so yeah unfortunately from that early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah unfortunately from that early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah unfortunately from that early on
+women young women and young men are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women young women and young men are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women young women and young men are
+treated differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated differently
+and i think it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it really
+takes a lot of effort for the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot of effort for the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot of effort for the young
+women who wants to do more science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who wants to do more science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who wants to do more science and
+more math because i think they just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more math because i think they just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more math because i think they just have
+to go against very high social pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go against very high social pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go against very high social pressure
+so then by the time i see them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then by the time i see them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then by the time i see them you know
+i undergrad at mit we know it's about 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i undergrad at mit we know it's about 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i undergrad at mit we know it's about 49
+women 51 percent men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women 51 percent men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women 51 percent men
+in the math department i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the math department i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the math department i think it's
+around 30 percent women and math major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 30 percent women and math major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 30 percent women and math major
+and then when you go to grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you go to grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you go to grad school
+there are maybe 18 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are maybe 18 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are maybe 18 20
+women and when you go to faculty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and when you go to faculty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and when you go to faculty well
+there are four of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four of us
+is there one small thing that educators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there one small thing that educators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there one small thing that educators
+could do to try to make this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to try to make this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to try to make this situation
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+yeah i think being aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think being aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think being aware
+that they themselves have implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they themselves have implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they themselves have implicit
+biases would be already a big step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases would be already a big step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases would be already a big step
+and i do have implicit biases myself i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do have implicit biases myself i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i do have implicit biases myself i i
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+but i'm aware of it so i'm trying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm aware of it so i'm trying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm aware of it so i'm trying to go
+in the opposite direction i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite direction i will
+actually be tempted to go without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be tempted to go without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be tempted to go without
+thinking about it so i think being aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it so i think being aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it so i think being aware
+of the issue being aware that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the issue being aware that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the issue being aware that when you
+ask a question new math class you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question new math class you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question new math class you might
+be a woman teacher you look at the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a woman teacher you look at the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a woman teacher you look at the boys
+the girls which is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls which is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls which is something that
+happens very often being aware of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very often being aware of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very often being aware of that
+that's already a big step so next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already a big step so next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already a big step so next time
+you try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to do
+you know 50 50. i mean if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 50 50. i mean if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 50 50. i mean if all the
+problems are about baseball players who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are about baseball players who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are about baseball players who
+and soccers and well now the girl do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soccers and well now the girl do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soccers and well now the girl do
+soccer they are even better than men so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer they are even better than men so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer they are even better than men so
+that's great but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great but you know
+there were problems that were written 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were problems that were written 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were problems that were written 15
+years ago and they were all for boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and they were all for boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and they were all for boys
+because those those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those those are the
+people that will take those classes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that will take those classes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that will take those classes so
+being aware of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being aware of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being aware of this
+and what difference could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what difference could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what difference could make
+if you just you phrase the problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just you phrase the problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just you phrase the problem you
+know in a different way i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a different way i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a different way i think it's
+very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important
+at the end of the day deliola hopes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day deliola hopes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day deliola hopes that
+students will feel invested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will feel invested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will feel invested in the
+questions they're answering in calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they're answering in calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they're answering in calculus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+we put together a lot of problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put together a lot of problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put together a lot of problems that
+come from concepts that we see in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from concepts that we see in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from concepts that we see in real
+life that really helps i think also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that really helps i think also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that really helps i think also in
+accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting
+the difficulties that you face when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulties that you face when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulties that you face when you
+actually have to solve a problem if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to solve a problem if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to solve a problem if it's
+connected with something which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with something which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with something which is more
+real you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you
+are more willing to work through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more willing to work through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more willing to work through that
+so for example one problem that i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example one problem that i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example one problem that i like
+which actually has to do with solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually has to do with solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually has to do with solving
+some linear equations is a question on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear equations is a question on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear equations is a question on
+how many bagels i'm supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bagels i'm supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bagels i'm supposed to
+buy and versus how many croissan and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and versus how many croissan and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and versus how many croissan and how
+many if the classes want a certain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many if the classes want a certain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many if the classes want a certain you
+know likes more sweets or salty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know likes more sweets or salty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know likes more sweets or salty or
+things like that so it's a it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so it's a it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so it's a it's a simple
+problem but then when you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but then when you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but then when you have to
+translate into math and find a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into math and find a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into math and find a solution
+you have to use relatively sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use relatively sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use relatively sophisticated
+tools to do that if there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to do that if there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to do that if there's more than
+one variable so right with an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable so right with an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable so right with an important
+outcome too yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome too yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome too yeah right
+i usually bring that stuff in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually bring that stuff in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually bring that stuff in class
+afterwards crosstalk and bagels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards crosstalk and bagels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards crosstalk and bagels and
+donuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts
+and then i try to say how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i try to say how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i try to say how would you
+attack this how would you do this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack this how would you do this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack this how would you do this or
+maybe some questions from biology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some questions from biology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some questions from biology or
+from question from chemistry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from question from chemistry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from question from chemistry or
+something that has at least the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has at least the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has at least the first
+step which one can understand using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step which one can understand using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step which one can understand using
+calculus to give the idea that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to give the idea that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus to give the idea that this is
+not like some abstract nonsense that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like some abstract nonsense that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like some abstract nonsense that we
+force you to take at mit but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you to take at mit but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you to take at mit but it's
+something that's very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very important to
+like i said from the very beginning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said from the very beginning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said from the very beginning it's
+a language that you need to acquire in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language that you need to acquire in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language that you need to acquire in
+order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+attack any basic questions that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack any basic questions that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack any basic questions that might
+come up in science in general which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in science in general which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in science in general which has
+not already been answered right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not already been answered right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not already been answered right which is
+something that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they
+love to be in the position of doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to be in the position of doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to be in the position of doing in
+your new life right to answer a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your new life right to answer a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your new life right to answer a new
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+if you're interested in teaching with g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in teaching with g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in teaching with g
+leola's calculus materials head over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leola's calculus materials head over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leola's calculus materials head over to
+mit's open learning library site where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's open learning library site where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's open learning library site where
+you'll find her single variable calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find her single variable calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find her single variable calculus
+moocs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moocs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moocs
+thank you so much for listening until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening until
+next time signing off from cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time signing off from cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time signing off from cambridge
+massachusetts i'm your host sarah hansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts i'm your host sarah hansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts i'm your host sarah hansen
+from mit open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mit chalk radio's producers include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit chalk radio's producers include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit chalk radio's producers include
+myself brett pache and dave lashansky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself brett pache and dave lashansky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself brett pache and dave lashansky
+our script writers are nidhishastri and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our script writers are nidhishastri and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our script writers are nidhishastri and
+aubry callaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aubry callaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aubry callaway
+show notes for this episode were written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show notes for this episode were written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show notes for this episode were written
+by peter chipman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by peter chipman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by peter chipman
+we're funded by mit open learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're funded by mit open learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're funded by mit open learning and
+supporters like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hnAqRae1nTM.txt b/hnAqRae1nTM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3046d8fc5fc14a13078accdd44cf8fb02401022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hnAqRae1nTM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so some of you have already started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of you have already started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of you have already started
+contacting me about project topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting me about project topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting me about project topics and
+that's great we already decided we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great we already decided we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great we already decided we
+decided a couple of projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided a couple of projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided a couple of projects
+or we order direction or email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we order direction or email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we order direction or email
+so i encourage all of you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i encourage all of you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i encourage all of you to
+start doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+user interaction is a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interaction is a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interaction is a lot of fun
+so you're welcome to do a project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're welcome to do a project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're welcome to do a project in
+that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but avoid the list of boring fci topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but avoid the list of boring fci topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but avoid the list of boring fci topics
+that are presented in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are presented in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are presented in the class
+using some intelligent lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some intelligent lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some intelligent lighting
+um this one is a lot of fun i think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one is a lot of fun i think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one is a lot of fun i think if
+you can convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert
+a um the photo detector of a flatbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um the photo detector of a flatbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um the photo detector of a flatbed
+scanner and do something really clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner and do something really clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner and do something really clever
+with it because it's like a 2000 hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it because it's like a 2000 hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it because it's like a 2000 hertz
+camera with 4000 pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera with 4000 pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera with 4000 pixels
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so matt is doing something with it ankit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so matt is doing something with it ankit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so matt is doing something with it ankit
+has a lot of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of experience
+ripping open uh flatbed scanners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping open uh flatbed scanners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping open uh flatbed scanners
+and master is also playing with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and master is also playing with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and master is also playing with it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+think of some cool projects in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of some cool projects in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of some cool projects in that
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+tomography i actually have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography i actually have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomography i actually have a question
+for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them
+it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like
+almost everything you can do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everything you can do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everything you can do with a
+flatbed scanner has been done like i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatbed scanner has been done like i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatbed scanner has been done like i i
+had some ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some ideas and
+people have done so much stuff okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done so much stuff okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done so much stuff okay is
+it possible i mean if there is a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible i mean if there is a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible i mean if there is a project
+out there that we'd like to do but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that we'd like to do but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that we'd like to do but it's
+already been done by somebody else it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been done by somebody else it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been done by somebody else it's
+still possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still possible to
+pursue it or it's useless then i hope by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue it or it's useless then i hope by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue it or it's useless then i hope by
+the end of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class
+you'll always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll always say
+people have done a lot of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done a lot of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done a lot of things but
+they're very boring i mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very boring i mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very boring i mean there's
+always a little twist on it but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a little twist on it but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a little twist on it but it's not
+like fundamentally but what we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fundamentally but what we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fundamentally but what we'll do
+with the radical in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the radical in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the radical in you
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because we're combining hardware with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're combining hardware with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're combining hardware with
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+uh even on cell phone today you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even on cell phone today you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even on cell phone today you can't
+buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+you know a simple app that will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a simple app that will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a simple app that will do
+panoramic stitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panoramic stitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panoramic stitching
+it's mind blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mind blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mind blowing
+because it requires some computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it requires some computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it requires some computation
+um like all the apps i have downloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like all the apps i have downloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like all the apps i have downloaded
+so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far
+don't allow me to do panoramic stitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't allow me to do panoramic stitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't allow me to do panoramic stitching
+it's fine it's just amazing they charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine it's just amazing they charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine it's just amazing they charge
+you a couple of dollars for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of dollars for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple of dollars for it and
+people just don't do computation people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't do computation people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't do computation people
+are really good at hardware hacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at hardware hacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at hardware hacking
+uh you know it's like that i told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's like that i told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's like that i told you
+there was the era of fixing cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the era of fixing cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the era of fixing cars and
+there was an era fixing building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an era fixing building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an era fixing building
+electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics
+and now it's the era of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's the era of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's the era of computation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah i think you'll be able to find lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think you'll be able to find lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think you'll be able to find lots
+of cool things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool things you can do
+by taking the hardware and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the hardware and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the hardware and
+applying new methods to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying new methods to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying new methods to it
+but you know send me send me your ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know send me send me your ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know send me send me your ideas
+and we'll refine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll refine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll refine them
+uh talk to ankit talk to other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk to ankit talk to other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk to ankit talk to other people
+who are here to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are here to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are here to help us
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah don't go with the floor don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah don't go with the floor don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah don't go with the floor don't
+follow the hype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh tomography for internals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tomography for internals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tomography for internals
+uh doug was talking just talking to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doug was talking just talking to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doug was talking just talking to me
+he's interested in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's interested in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's interested in thinking about
+thinking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that
+always a fun project um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a fun project um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a fun project um
+doug who's going to talk next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doug who's going to talk next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doug who's going to talk next week
+did this really cool project on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this really cool project on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this really cool project on
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+you know taking an area of lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know taking an area of lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know taking an area of lights
+putting an object in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an object in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an object in the middle
+capturing you know photos of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing you know photos of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing you know photos of that and
+from that creating 3d models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that creating 3d models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that creating 3d models
+um but you can talk to professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can talk to professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you can talk to professor
+mukaigawa who's back there and he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mukaigawa who's back there and he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mukaigawa who's back there and he's very
+interested in this kind of projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this kind of projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this kind of projects
+there's the pictures taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the pictures taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the pictures taken
+in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um no there's a camera that's looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no there's a camera that's looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no there's a camera that's looking at
+the screen basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen basically
+but uh it seems that there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it seems that there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it seems that there are several
+cameras you know say above and below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras you know say above and below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras you know say above and below the
+light source no these are all lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source no these are all lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source no these are all lights
+there are no cameras that's also lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are all lights so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all lights so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all lights so we have this
+setup downstairs if anybody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup downstairs if anybody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup downstairs if anybody wants to
+play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+and there's a single photo from that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a single photo from that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a single photo from that you
+can recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover
+3d models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d models
+but you can do this for tomographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do this for tomographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do this for tomographic
+reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction
+uh structure light for 3d scanning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh structure light for 3d scanning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh structure light for 3d scanning is
+always a lot of fun n5 doug again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a lot of fun n5 doug again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a lot of fun n5 doug again
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+all the notes on different ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the notes on different ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the notes on different ways you can
+scan objects in 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan objects in 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan objects in 3d
+so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just
+look that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um using uh fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using uh fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using uh fluorescence
+for transparent material you know adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transparent material you know adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transparent material you know adding
+some objects so think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some objects so think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some objects so think about you know
+scanning 3d objects of cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning 3d objects of cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning 3d objects of cell phone
+cameras using other spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras using other spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras using other spectrum
+maybe a camera using wi-fi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a camera using wi-fi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a camera using wi-fi so
+maybe you saw this project called wi-fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you saw this project called wi-fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you saw this project called wi-fi
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+um where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where they're
+basically in that case they just took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in that case they just took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in that case they just took a
+tube metallic tube and put a wi-fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube metallic tube and put a wi-fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube metallic tube and put a wi-fi
+detector in it and just scanned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector in it and just scanned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector in it and just scanned the
+whole world by scanning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world by scanning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world by scanning it
+kind of a boring project but fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but maybe you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you can just
+create that as a rightful camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that could be a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+visible and thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and thermal
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a lot of interesting things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interesting things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of interesting things you can do
+with it mike might be able to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it mike might be able to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it mike might be able to give us
+some thermal cameras to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thermal cameras to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thermal cameras to play with
+depending on how things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how things go
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+thermal ir and visible to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal ir and visible to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal ir and visible to do
+segmentation for example you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation for example you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation for example you know that
+glass is completely black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass is completely black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass is completely black
+but invisible is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but invisible is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but invisible is not
+uh and it you know things look different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it you know things look different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it you know things look different
+thermal versus visible so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal versus visible so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal versus visible so you can
+combine the two to something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the two to something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the two to something interesting
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+thermal i have your human face looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal i have your human face looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal i have your human face looks
+very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different
+so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+uh there's some interesting things there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's some interesting things there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's some interesting things there
+multispectral camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multispectral camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multispectral camera
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+today will talk a lot about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will talk a lot about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will talk a lot about uh
+color and wavelength and spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and wavelength and spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and wavelength and spectrum
+um and we might be able to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we might be able to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we might be able to create
+cameras you know for example that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras you know for example that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras you know for example that can
+distinguish camels from sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish camels from sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish camels from sand
+and uh i'm sure michael has overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i'm sure michael has overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i'm sure michael has overcome
+other more motivating applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more motivating applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more motivating applications of
+distinguishing color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing color
+uh some other simple projects um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some other simple projects um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some other simple projects um let's
+say you want to create a six color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want to create a six color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you want to create a six color
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+uh you can just take an ordinary rgb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can just take an ordinary rgb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can just take an ordinary rgb
+camera and put two filters in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and put two filters in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and put two filters in front of
+it filter one take a photo filter two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it filter one take a photo filter two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it filter one take a photo filter two
+take a photo and from those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a photo and from those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a photo and from those two
+photographs you can create possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs you can create possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs you can create possibly
+a different spectrum response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different spectrum response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different spectrum response
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+um this is this is a fun project also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is this is a fun project also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is this is a fun project also to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+to see underwater or fog or freshness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see underwater or fog or freshness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see underwater or fog or freshness of
+skin or vegetables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin or vegetables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin or vegetables
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+you can convert ordinary camera into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert ordinary camera into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert ordinary camera into
+multi-spectral camera so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-spectral camera so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-spectral camera so we're going to
+see this particular toy you can buy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this particular toy you can buy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this particular toy you can buy for
+two dollars imagine if you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars imagine if you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars imagine if you can put
+something like this in front of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this in front of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this in front of your
+camera phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera phone
+and convert your camera into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert your camera into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert your camera into one
+spectral camera and work is interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral camera and work is interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral camera and work is interested
+in doing that so you can work with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing that so you can work with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing that so you can work with him
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+multiflash camera you're doing it for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiflash camera you're doing it for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiflash camera you're doing it for an
+assignment but instead of one camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but instead of one camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but instead of one camera and
+four flashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four flashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four flashes
+maybe you have multiple cameras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have multiple cameras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have multiple cameras and
+multiple flashes or multiple cameras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple flashes or multiple cameras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple flashes or multiple cameras and
+cameras and one flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and one flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras and one flash
+you know are there some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are there some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are there some interesting
+things you can do there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do there
+um clear and photography um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you can look at thermal effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can look at thermal effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can look at thermal effects
+we saw it earlier um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it earlier um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it earlier um
+again a lot of fun there let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a lot of fun there let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a lot of fun there let's see if
+there's an image so creating this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an image so creating this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an image so creating this is
+this i believe soldering down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i believe soldering down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i believe soldering down here and
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+see the changes in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so mike for example is going to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mike for example is going to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mike for example is going to explore
+clearance photography with thermal ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance photography with thermal ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance photography with thermal ir
+cameras i thought that was just a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras i thought that was just a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras i thought that was just a great
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+strobing and color strobing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobing and color strobing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strobing and color strobing
+you can do a lot of crazy things you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a lot of crazy things you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a lot of crazy things you may
+have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen
+waterfalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfalls
+if you strobe the light just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you strobe the light just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you strobe the light just at the
+right rate the waterfall becomes steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right rate the waterfall becomes steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right rate the waterfall becomes steady
+and if you start strobing at a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you start strobing at a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you start strobing at a slightly
+slower rate the water actually starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower rate the water actually starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower rate the water actually starts
+going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all kinds of interesting effects and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of interesting effects and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of interesting effects and if
+you do color strobing then the waterfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do color strobing then the waterfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do color strobing then the waterfall
+looks like it's a rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's a rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's a rainbow
+and if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the
+faster color strobing the waterfall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster color strobing the waterfall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster color strobing the waterfall
+looks like it's moving up in a colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's moving up in a colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's moving up in a colored
+rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainbow
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+all kinds of crazy things we just had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of crazy things we just had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of crazy things we just had a
+cigarette paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette paper on
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+vocal folds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal folds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal folds
+using using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using using a
+lacquer underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacquer underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacquer underscore
+using stroking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using stroking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using stroking
+and uh if you're interested in playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you're interested in playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you're interested in playing
+in this space so we use compressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space so we use compressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space so we use compressor
+sensing with strobing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing with strobing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing with strobing
+uh you can talk about showcasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can talk about showcasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can talk about showcasing
+reliable photos it's kind of a holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable photos it's kind of a holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable photos it's kind of a holy
+grail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grail
+of computational photography how can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational photography how can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational photography how can i
+take a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a photo
+and then change the lighting post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then change the lighting post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then change the lighting post
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+so we saw the abovex demos your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw the abovex demos your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw the abovex demos your first
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+but there's maybe there's something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's maybe there's something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's maybe there's something more
+you can do in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-imaging sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-imaging sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-imaging sensor
+and combining that so you know combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combining that so you know combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combining that so you know combining
+a gyro or a gps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gyro or a gps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gyro or a gps
+or online photo collections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or online photo collections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or online photo collections
+lots of cool ideas there um also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cool ideas there um also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cool ideas there um also some
+cool ideas in what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool ideas in what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool ideas in what if
+two cameras actually talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cameras actually talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cameras actually talk to each other
+so kevin has been exploring a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kevin has been exploring a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kevin has been exploring a little bit
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know if two cameras at the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if two cameras at the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if two cameras at the time of
+capture communicate with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture communicate with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture communicate with each other
+optically or some other mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically or some other mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically or some other mechanism
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+have more information there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more information there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more information there
+any questions on all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on all these
+topics so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optics is just wide open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics is just wide open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics is just wide open
+light fields core exposure to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fields core exposure to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fields core exposure to an
+aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture
+again doug had this project on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again doug had this project on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again doug had this project on
+placing interesting apertures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing interesting apertures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing interesting apertures
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apertures that are that have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures that are that have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures that are that have different
+colors and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and different
+shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here the traditional blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the traditional blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the traditional blur
+but here the aperture is shaped eight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the aperture is shaped eight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the aperture is shaped eight so
+all the highlights have a letter eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the highlights have a letter eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the highlights have a letter eight
+in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+bio inspired vision you know trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio inspired vision you know trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio inspired vision you know trying to
+mimic some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic some of the
+biological imaging whether it's optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological imaging whether it's optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological imaging whether it's optics
+or sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sensing
+uh we did a project where we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did a project where we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did a project where we used
+this professor hura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this professor hura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this professor hura
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+compound eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound eyes
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+fill eye with multiple lenses here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill eye with multiple lenses here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill eye with multiple lenses here
+but you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think of
+trying to imitate the biological vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to imitate the biological vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to imitate the biological vision
+of any creature so mantis shrimp for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any creature so mantis shrimp for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any creature so mantis shrimp for
+example it's been the news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's been the news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's been the news
+it's always in the news because it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always in the news because it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always in the news because it uses
+polarization and mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization and mirrors
+maybe we can create a camera that mimics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can create a camera that mimics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can create a camera that mimics
+a shrimp or a lobster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shrimp or a lobster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shrimp or a lobster
+or a scallop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a scallop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a scallop
+three of them have completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them have completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them have completely different
+mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+for sensing an image so that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sensing an image so that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sensing an image so that'll be
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know some some dreams like how can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some dreams like how can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some dreams like how can i
+change zoom without moving parts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change zoom without moving parts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change zoom without moving parts you can
+talk it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk it
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what can you do if you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do if you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do if you're allowed to
+move sensor while the photo photos being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move sensor while the photo photos being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move sensor while the photo photos being
+taken so ankit had this project where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken so ankit had this project where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken so ankit had this project where
+you can take a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a picture
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+like a cell phone camera very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cell phone camera very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cell phone camera very tiny
+aperture but by shaking the sensor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture but by shaking the sensor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture but by shaking the sensor and
+the lens while taking the picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens while taking the picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens while taking the picture you
+can create a shallower depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a shallower depth of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a shallower depth of field
+so it starts behaving more like an slr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts behaving more like an slr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts behaving more like an slr
+so you know how can you create a slr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know how can you create a slr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know how can you create a slr
+like image quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like image quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like image quality
+from a tiny aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a tiny aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a tiny aperture
+this is achieved by using shift of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is achieved by using shift of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is achieved by using shift of
+sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+at c cell they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at c cell they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at c cell they used
+sensor motion for supporting motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor motion for supporting motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor motion for supporting motion
+deploying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploying
+uh time lapse photos always fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time lapse photos always fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time lapse photos always fun
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we saw this project where you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this project where you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this project where you can take
+a nighttime photo and and convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nighttime photo and and convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nighttime photo and and convert that
+but there are many many other groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many many other groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many many other groups
+that are doing really fascinating work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing really fascinating work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing really fascinating work
+with time lapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays
+so displays are definitely part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so displays are definitely part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so displays are definitely part of
+computational photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational photography
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+after all these great photos we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all these great photos we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all these great photos we create
+are we going to experience them or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to experience them or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to experience them or just
+on a flat 2d screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a flat 2d screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a flat 2d screen
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a
+display that's aware of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display that's aware of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display that's aware of temperature
+aware of you know can you blow out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of you know can you blow out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of you know can you blow out the
+candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle
+blow out the lcd shake aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow out the lcd shake aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow out the lcd shake aware
+going beyond what matt did for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond what matt did for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond what matt did for his
+biodash screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodash screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodash screen
+you know how can you convert a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how can you convert a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how can you convert a big
+screen lcd into a camera that does even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen lcd into a camera that does even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen lcd into a camera that does even
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+scientific imaging microscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific imaging microscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific imaging microscopy
+so a new trend is that instead of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a new trend is that instead of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a new trend is that instead of trying
+to build a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a microscope
+you can just take the sensor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just take the sensor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just take the sensor of
+a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera
+and because pixels are shrinking down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because pixels are shrinking down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because pixels are shrinking down to
+one micrometer now they're approaching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micrometer now they're approaching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micrometer now they're approaching a
+resolution of a traditional microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of a traditional microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of a traditional microscope
+so you can picture it directly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can picture it directly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can picture it directly on the
+sensor you can just put an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor you can just put an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor you can just put an object
+directly on the sensor and shine light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on the sensor and shine light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on the sensor and shine light
+at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+and i can take a picture on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can take a picture on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can take a picture on the on the
+flat sensor first of all it's very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat sensor first of all it's very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat sensor first of all it's very large
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+it's very cheap very fast very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cheap very fast very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cheap very fast very simple
+optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics
+so there are very interesting things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are very interesting things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are very interesting things you
+can do in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in that space
+so think about all the light field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about all the light field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about all the light field and
+all the lighting tricks we did and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lighting tricks we did and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lighting tricks we did and today
+we are learning about color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are learning about color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are learning about color
+how can you combine that with microscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you combine that with microscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you combine that with microscopy
+because it's a completely new regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a completely new regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a completely new regime
+doing microscopy without a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microscope using smarter lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope using smarter lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope using smarter lighting
+confocal illumination we'll study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confocal illumination we'll study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confocal illumination we'll study that
+next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week
+for looking at samples layer by layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking at samples layer by layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking at samples layer by layer
+and scattering free or scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scattering free or scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scattering free or scattering
+however imaging if you have a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however imaging if you have a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however imaging if you have a sample
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that scatters light how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scatters light how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scatters light how do you
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+without the scattering reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the scattering reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the scattering reference
+and then listeners you should picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then listeners you should picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then listeners you should picture
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a lot of ideas floating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a lot of ideas floating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a lot of ideas floating in
+the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you still have two three days to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have two three days to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have two three days to
+propose your three ideas they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose your three ideas they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose your three ideas they could be
+any one of these or something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these or something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these or something that
+you're thinking about on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about on your own
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and talk to me or professor kagawa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to me or professor kagawa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to me or professor kagawa
+professor oliveira ankit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor oliveira ankit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor oliveira ankit
+and ashok is not here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ashok is not here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ashok is not here but
+and other people i mentioned here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people i mentioned here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people i mentioned here like
+ror ken doug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ror ken doug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ror ken doug
+and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+sounds good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j9GZjr05Heg.txt b/j9GZjr05Heg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36c7e3ddca59e495ef80f531a33b0a63ec8a4942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j9GZjr05Heg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome back to recitation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to recitation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to recitation so
+in this problem we have we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem we have we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem we have we're
+considering a function f of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a function f of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a function f of three
+variables f of X Y Z and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables f of X Y Z and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables f of X Y Z and it's
+differentiable and we don't know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and we don't know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and we don't know we're
+not told a formula for F we just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not told a formula for F we just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not told a formula for F we just know
+that it's differentiable at this point P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's differentiable at this point P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's differentiable at this point P
+which is 1 minus 1 1 and we're told that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus 1 1 and we're told that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus 1 1 and we're told that
+the gradient of F at that point is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of F at that point is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of F at that point is this
+particular vector 2i plus J minus 3k at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vector 2i plus J minus 3k at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vector 2i plus J minus 3k at
+that point P so all we understand about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point P so all we understand about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point P so all we understand about
+F is is how it looks around the point P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is is how it looks around the point P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is is how it looks around the point P
+and now we we also have this relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we we also have this relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we we also have this relation
+between the variables so XY and Z aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the variables so XY and Z aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the variables so XY and Z aren't
+aren't unrelated they're they're related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't unrelated they're they're related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't unrelated they're they're related
+by this constraint that Z is x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this constraint that Z is x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this constraint that Z is x squared
+plus y plus 1 so with this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y plus 1 so with this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y plus 1 so with this information
+we want to compute the gradient of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to compute the gradient of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to compute the gradient of a new
+function G and the new function G is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G and the new function G is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G and the new function G is a
+function of two variables and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two variables and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two variables and this
+function G is obtained from F by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G is obtained from F by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function G is obtained from F by just
+plugging in our relation for Y so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in our relation for Y so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in our relation for Y so we can
+use our constraint to solve for y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our constraint to solve for y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our constraint to solve for y and
+then this function G is just F with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this function G is just F with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this function G is just F with with
+that constraint applied and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constraint applied and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constraint applied and what we
+really want to do is we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do is we want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do is we want to find the
+gradient of G at the point 1 1 so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of G at the point 1 1 so notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of G at the point 1 1 so notice
+that when G is equal to 1 1 that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when G is equal to 1 1 that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when G is equal to 1 1 that means
+that sorry when the input of G is 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry when the input of G is 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry when the input of G is 1 1
+that means the input of F is is P ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the input of F is is P ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the input of F is is P ok so
+why don't you pause the video and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video and work
+this out for yourself check back with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out for yourself check back with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out for yourself check back with me
+and we'll work it out together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay welcome back so let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this problem may not look like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this problem may not look like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this problem may not look like it's a
+problem about partial derivatives with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about partial derivatives with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about partial derivatives with
+constraints but that's what that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but that's what that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but that's what that's what
+it's really going to boil down to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really going to boil down to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really going to boil down to so
+which is to say that when we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that when we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that when we want to
+compute so when we want to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so when we want to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so when we want to answer this
+question by computing the gradient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by computing the gradient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question by computing the gradient the
+first thing we're going to want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we're going to want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we're going to want to do is
+compute the partial derivative of G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the partial derivative of G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the partial derivative of G and
+its variable X and from the way we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variable X and from the way we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variable X and from the way we set
+up the problem that's just the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the problem that's just the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the problem that's just the same as
+computing the partial derivative of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the partial derivative of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the partial derivative of F
+with respect to X and keeping Z constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and keeping Z constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X and keeping Z constant
+now remember when we do partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember when we do partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember when we do partial
+derivatives with constraints what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with constraints what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with constraints what what's
+important about the notation is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about the notation is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about the notation is what's
+missing the variable Y is missing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing the variable Y is missing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing the variable Y is missing and
+that's because we are going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we are going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we are going to use the
+constraint to get rid of it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint to get rid of it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint to get rid of it and that's
+exactly how we define G so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we define G so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we define G so this is this
+is a this is the the key observation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is the the key observation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is the the key observation so
+computing the gradient of G is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the gradient of G is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the gradient of G is just
+going to be computing these partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be computing these partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be computing these partial
+derivatives with constraints so so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with constraints so so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with constraints so so we'll
+do that in a moment and and I'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just write that the partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write that the partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write that the partial derivative
+of G in the Z Direction is partial F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G in the Z Direction is partial F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G in the Z Direction is partial F
+partial Z now keeping X constraint all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Z now keeping X constraint all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Z now keeping X constraint all
+right so so we need to do these we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so we need to do these we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so we need to do these we need
+to compute these partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute these partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute these partial derivatives
+with constraints and so so you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constraints and so so you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constraints and so so you remember
+how how this goes we need to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how this goes we need to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how this goes we need to the way
+that I prefer to do this is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I prefer to do this is to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I prefer to do this is to compute
+the total differentials so let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total differentials so let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total differentials so let's compute
+over here the total differential DF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total differential of F is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total differential of F is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total differential of F is just the
+partials of F in the x-direction F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials of F in the x-direction F in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials of F in the x-direction F in
+the y-direction F in the Z direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-direction F in the Z direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-direction F in the Z direction and
+each of these is multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is multiplied by the
+corresponding differential and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding differential and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding differential and we don't
+know F so we can't compute the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know F so we can't compute the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know F so we can't compute the partial
+derivatives of it in general but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of it in general but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of it in general but we do
+know that these partial derivatives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these partial derivatives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that these partial derivatives at
+this point and so in the problem we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and so in the problem we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and so in the problem we were
+given that this is so - DX plus dy minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that this is so - DX plus dy minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that this is so - DX plus dy minus
+3 DZ so this is just using the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 DZ so this is just using the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 DZ so this is just using the fact that
+the gradient of F we were given is 2 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of F we were given is 2 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of F we were given is 2 1 -
+3 ok so now so that's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 ok so now so that's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 ok so now so that's the total
+differential of F and now we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of F and now we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of F and now we have this
+constraint and remember when we do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and remember when we do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and remember when we do these
+partial derivatives with constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives with constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives with constraints
+that the trick is to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the trick is to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the trick is to take the
+differential of the constraint so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the constraint so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of the constraint so we had
+this equation Z equals x squared plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation Z equals x squared plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation Z equals x squared plus y
+plus 1 and what we need to do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and what we need to do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and what we need to do is take
+its differential so we have DZ is 2x DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its differential so we have DZ is 2x DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its differential so we have DZ is 2x DX
+plus dy so that's our constraint and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus dy so that's our constraint and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus dy so that's our constraint and now
+here we have this variable X but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have this variable X but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have this variable X but we're
+not we're not varying X in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we're not varying X in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we're not varying X in this problem
+we're only focused on the point P and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only focused on the point P and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only focused on the point P and at
+the point P X is 1 so in fact DZ is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point P X is 1 so in fact DZ is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point P X is 1 so in fact DZ is just
+is just 2 DX plus dy ok so now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 2 DX plus dy ok so now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 2 DX plus dy ok so now what we
+need to do is we need to combine the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is we need to combine the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is we need to combine the the
+constraint equation and the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equation and the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint equation and the total
+differential for F into one equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential for F into one equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential for F into one equation and
+so this is just linear algebra now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just linear algebra now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just linear algebra now so
+I'll just come over here and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just come over here and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just come over here and so we can
+rewrite so we can rewrite our different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite so we can rewrite our different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite so we can rewrite our different
+our total differential for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total differential for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our total differential for the
+constraint as saying that D Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint as saying that D Y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint as saying that D Y is equal
+to DZ minus 2 DX and then we can plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DZ minus 2 DX and then we can plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DZ minus 2 DX and then we can plug
+that back into our total differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back into our total differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back into our total differential
+for F and so we get that DF is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for F and so we get that DF is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for F and so we get that DF is equal to
+2 DX plus now I plug in dy here so DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DX plus now I plug in dy here so DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DX plus now I plug in dy here so DZ
+minus 2 DX and then finally minus 3 DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 DX and then finally minus 3 DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 DX and then finally minus 3 DZ
+so altogether I get a minus 2dz because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so altogether I get a minus 2dz because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so altogether I get a minus 2dz because
+this and this cancel ok you get a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this cancel ok you get a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this cancel ok you get a minus
+2 DZ so what does that tell us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DZ so what does that tell us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DZ so what does that tell us about
+what does that tell us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that tell us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that tell us about the
+gradient so remember that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so remember that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so remember that the the
+differential now of G in its variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential now of G in its variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential now of G in its variables
+is is is a partial G partial X DX plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is a partial G partial X DX plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is a partial G partial X DX plus
+partial G partial Z DZ and remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial G partial Z DZ and remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial G partial Z DZ and remember the
+trick about partial derivatives in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick about partial derivatives in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick about partial derivatives in their
+relation to total differentials is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to total differentials is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to total differentials is that
+the partial derivative is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative is just this
+coefficient so so the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so so the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient so so the fact that we
+computed DF and we found that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed DF and we found that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed DF and we found that it was
+minus 2dz that tells us that that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2dz that tells us that that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2dz that tells us that that tells
+us that DG so that the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that DG so that the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that DG so that the thing that we
+need to use is that G remember is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use is that G remember is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use is that G remember is just
+the specialization of F so DG is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specialization of F so DG is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specialization of F so DG is equal
+to DF in this case because G is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DF in this case because G is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DF in this case because G is just a
+special case of f with constraints so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of f with constraints so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of f with constraints so
+when we computed DF here we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we computed DF here we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we computed DF here we were
+imposing exactly the constraints that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing exactly the constraints that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing exactly the constraints that we
+used to define DG and so what this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to define DG and so what this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to define DG and so what this tells
+us is that we can just compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that we can just compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is that we can just compare the
+coefficients here and so our gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here and so our gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here and so our gradient
+is 0-2 so the zero is because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0-2 so the zero is because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0-2 so the zero is because there is
+no dependence anymore on X at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dependence anymore on X at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dependence anymore on X at this point
+there wasn't a DX term there could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't a DX term there could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't a DX term there could have
+been then there wasn't and the minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been then there wasn't and the minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been then there wasn't and the minus two
+is because that's the dependence on Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because that's the dependence on Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because that's the dependence on Z
+okay so this is a bit complicated so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a bit complicated so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a bit complicated so why
+don't we review what we did so going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we review what we did so going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we review what we did so going
+back over to the problem statement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over to the problem statement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over to the problem statement we
+first we first needed to realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we first needed to realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we first needed to realize that
+saying that G was a function saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that G was a function saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that G was a function saying that
+G was a special case of of F where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G was a special case of of F where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G was a special case of of F where we
+use our constraints to solve for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our constraints to solve for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our constraints to solve for y
+that's what put us in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what put us in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what put us in the context of
+problems with constraints so the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with constraints so the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with constraints so the fact
+that the dependence on on Y was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dependence on on Y was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dependence on on Y was so
+simple that we could just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that we could just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple that we could just use the
+constraint okay and so then the so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay and so then the so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay and so then the so then
+what that allowed us to do is it allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that allowed us to do is it allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that allowed us to do is it allowed
+us to say that the partial derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to say that the partial derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to say that the partial derivative of
+G and the X Direction is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and the X Direction is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and the X Direction is just the
+partial derivative in the x-direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative in the x-direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative in the x-direction
+subject to the constraint and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the constraint and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the constraint and that's
+what we did here and so then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did here and so then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did here and so then the next
+step that we did are the same steps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that we did are the same steps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that we did are the same steps that
+we would always do to compute partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would always do to compute partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would always do to compute partial
+derivatives with constraints and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with constraints and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with constraints and so we
+finally got a relationship that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally got a relationship that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally got a relationship that said
+that subject to these constraints DF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subject to these constraints DF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subject to these constraints DF is
+equal to minus 2dz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 2dz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 2dz
+and the point is that G is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that G is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that G is just a
+function f with those constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f with those constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f with those constraints
+imposed and so DG and D F are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed and so DG and D F are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed and so DG and D F are the same
+and so in particular DG is minus 2dz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular DG is minus 2dz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular DG is minus 2dz
+and then we remember that that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we remember that that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we remember that that you can
+always read off partial derivatives from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always read off partial derivatives from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always read off partial derivatives from
+the total differential they're just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total differential they're just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total differential they're just the
+coefficients and so in the end we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and so in the end we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and so in the end we got
+that the gradient was 0 minus 2 I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gradient was 0 minus 2 I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gradient was 0 minus 2 I think
+I'll leave it at that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jttAlg60TXw.txt b/jttAlg60TXw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..063fe1460584fa0d38ce600a0e5a6370e2664f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jttAlg60TXw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+just finishing up the introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finishing up the introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finishing up the introductory
+lectures before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures before we
+start discussing neurons in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've talked about now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about now these
+three major types of goals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major types of goals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major types of goals of
+people trying to explain behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to explain behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to explain behavior
+neurological terms and i want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurological terms and i want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurological terms and i want to say
+more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the
+modern subsystems approach today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as i mentioned last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i mentioned last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i mentioned last time
+as we go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go through this
+sometimes difficult to keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neurons are a lot more complex than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are a lot more complex than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are a lot more complex than our
+little diagrams of reflexes indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to introduce the use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to introduce the use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to introduce the use of the
+subsystems approach i want to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems approach i want to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems approach i want to go back to
+carl wernicke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carl wernicke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carl wernicke
+and show you how we can put his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you how we can put his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you how we can put his
+theory into an information flow diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory into an information flow diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory into an information flow diagram
+it was 1874
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 1874
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 1874
+and this is the picture i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the picture i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the picture i showed you
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's can you see how this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's can you see how this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's can you see how this is really a
+reflexological model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexological model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexological model
+of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for speaking a word that you see reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for speaking a word that you see reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for speaking a word that you see reading
+in other words reading aloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words reading aloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words reading aloud
+how is this a reflex model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this a reflex model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this a reflex model
+starts every reflex model starts with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts every reflex model starts with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts every reflex model starts with a
+stimulus what's the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus what's the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus what's the stimulus
+it's visual you see the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's visual you see the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's visual you see the word
+okay he doesn't depict it all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he doesn't depict it all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he doesn't depict it all the way
+from the eye here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eye here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the eye here
+but he shows here the primary visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he shows here the primary visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he shows here the primary visual
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+and he shows information so information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he shows information so information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he shows information so information
+is reaching the primary visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reaching the primary visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reaching the primary visual cortex
+the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word
+okay now let's just follow it across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's just follow it across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's just follow it across
+to the our side the response side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the our side the response side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the our side the response side
+visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he doesn't there may be several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he doesn't there may be several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he doesn't there may be several
+synapses there but when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses there but when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses there but when you do
+information flow diagrams you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow diagrams you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow diagrams you're not
+necessarily concerned with anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily concerned with anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily concerned with anatomical
+detail okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay
+information is flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is flowing
+to this posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this posterior
+we call it a posterior association area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it a posterior association area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it a posterior association area
+of the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neocortex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then reaches
+another association area that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another association area that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another association area that has been
+named after carl wernicke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after carl wernicke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after carl wernicke
+because it's so critical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so critical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so critical for
+understanding speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding speech
+wernicke's area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wernicke's area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wernicke's area
+that information information flows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information information flows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information information flows from
+that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area
+to broca's area and that that connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to broca's area and that that connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to broca's area and that that connection
+is well known to neuroanatomists to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well known to neuroanatomists to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well known to neuroanatomists to the
+arcuate fasciculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcuate fasciculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcuate fasciculus
+okay so some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some of these
+all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+arrows here we can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here we can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here we can give
+on their anatomical reality too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their anatomical reality too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their anatomical reality too
+involving various numbers of synapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving various numbers of synapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving various numbers of synapses
+then from broca's area the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from broca's area the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from broca's area the information
+now has to reach the motor system and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has to reach the motor system and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now has to reach the motor system and it
+does that by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that by going
+to the pre-motor and motor areas of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pre-motor and motor areas of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pre-motor and motor areas of the
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+and information then goes from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and information then goes from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and information then goes from there
+to the brain stem and spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain stem and spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain stem and spinal cord
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+articulate the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate the word
+so that's a reflexological model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a reflexological model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a reflexological model
+from stimulus to response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes this is very we're simplifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is very we're simplifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is very we're simplifying the
+problem here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's
+presented here two very simple types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented here two very simple types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented here two very simple types of
+things where you hear hear a word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you hear hear a word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where you hear hear a word and
+speak it or you see a word and speak it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak it or you see a word and speak it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak it or you see a word and speak it
+but as you just pointed out speech is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you just pointed out speech is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you just pointed out speech is
+really a lot more complex than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a lot more complex than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a lot more complex than that
+what is what else is wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what else is wrong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what else is wrong with this
+well that's one of the things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's one of the things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's one of the things we're
+going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+what's wrong with the reflex model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with the reflex model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with the reflex model in
+general it is actually a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it is actually a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it is actually a pretty good
+model and it's helped explain lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's helped explain lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's helped explain lesion
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+when you give this some anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you give this some anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you give this some anatomical
+reality as this is tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality as this is tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality as this is tried to do
+so let's go a little further with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we do we'll just note a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do we'll just note a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do we'll just note a few of
+these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems
+the connections are not always from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections are not always from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections are not always from
+stimulus to response in the wernicke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus to response in the wernicke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus to response in the wernicke
+model there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there
+there are connections that go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are connections that go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are connections that go from the
+frontal lobe back to the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobe back to the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobe back to the posterior
+association areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association areas
+okay this probably is almost as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this probably is almost as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this probably is almost as many
+connections going in that direction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections going in that direction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections going in that direction as
+as there is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there is in
+what you could call the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could call the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could call the forward
+direction from a reflex point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they also go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also go from
+sensory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cortex
+not to the motor system but down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to the motor system but down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to the motor system but down to the
+sensory side the input side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory side the input side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory side the input side of the
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+we know that the connections can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the connections can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the connections can be
+excitatory and inhibitory that's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory and inhibitory that's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitatory and inhibitory that's often
+not shown in these information flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shown in these information flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not shown in these information flow
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+they often leave out various modulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often leave out various modulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they often leave out various modulating
+influences diffuse connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences diffuse connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences diffuse connections
+chemical environment changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical environment changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical environment changes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+generally they don't deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally they don't deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally they don't deal with the
+possibility that cells can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that cells can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that cells can be
+spontaneously active they can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously active they can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously active they can generate
+their own activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's not just draw a reflex an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not just draw a reflex an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's not just draw a reflex an
+information flow diagram i showed it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow diagram i showed it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow diagram i showed it to
+you at the end of the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the end of the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the end of the last class
+and then we'll talk about some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about some other
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+simple explanations for motivation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple explanations for motivation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple explanations for motivation and
+tension and higher control in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and higher control in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and higher control in more
+general terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's an information flow diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an information flow diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an information flow diagram of
+the reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflex
+stimulus response with something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus response with something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus response with something in
+between which we know is the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between which we know is the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between which we know is the central
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+okay and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and remember
+this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept
+was already well known to descartes he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already well known to descartes he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already well known to descartes he
+was the first one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first one to
+describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it
+accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately
+even though his knowledge of anatomy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though his knowledge of anatomy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though his knowledge of anatomy was
+not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good
+and who is the first one to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who is the first one to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who is the first one to actually
+show a connection all the way from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a connection all the way from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a connection all the way from the
+stimulus side to the response side with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus side to the response side with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus side to the response side with
+everything in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in between
+ramoni kahal and he did it using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramoni kahal and he did it using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramoni kahal and he did it using the
+golgi method he was able to actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golgi method he was able to actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golgi method he was able to actually to
+see it and draw it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i know that some people have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know that some people have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know that some people have not
+thought the anatomy was even necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the anatomy was even necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the anatomy was even necessary
+like skinner for example question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the golgi method is a method for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golgi method is a method for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golgi method is a method for an
+anatomical method for looking at neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical method for looking at neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical method for looking at neurons
+you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+silver solution to the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver solution to the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver solution to the tissue
+that's been fixed with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been fixed with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been fixed with a particular
+fixative and certain cells will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take up the silver and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up the silver and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up the silver and become
+when you apply it subsequent steps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply it subsequent steps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply it subsequent steps in
+the method to precipitate the silver it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method to precipitate the silver it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method to precipitate the silver it
+will become totally black but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become totally black but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become totally black but if the
+reason the method is useful is that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the method is useful is that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the method is useful is that only
+stain some cells like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain some cells like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain some cells like that
+five percent or fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent or fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five percent or fewer
+and uh that's why we can see them if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's why we can see them if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's why we can see them if it
+stained every cell the whole brain would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stained every cell the whole brain would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stained every cell the whole brain would
+just be black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be black
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it was a very useful method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a very useful method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was a very useful method for
+looking at neurons and kahal used it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at neurons and kahal used it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at neurons and kahal used it to
+basically establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically establish
+what we call the neuron doctrine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the neuron doctrine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the neuron doctrine that
+neurons are the basic functional element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are the basic functional element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are the basic functional element
+of the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nervous system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we can now start to break that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can now start to break that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can now start to break that
+model down and add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model down and add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model down and add some
+what we know about the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about the kind of
+processing information processing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing information processing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing information processing that
+must be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be happening
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+that some of the connections don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the connections don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the connections don't go
+directly from the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the input
+to the motor apparatus in the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the motor apparatus in the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the motor apparatus in the spinal
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+but they go through various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they go through various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they go through various kinds of
+sensory analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory analysis
+and in fact we know anatomically we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we know anatomically we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we know anatomically we can
+we know these are separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know these are separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know these are separate
+right within the spinal cord we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right within the spinal cord we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right within the spinal cord we know
+that there's sensory analysis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's sensory analysis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's sensory analysis in the
+dorsal horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lower motor apparatus is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower motor apparatus is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower motor apparatus is in the
+ventral horn okay you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral horn okay you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral horn okay you don't know what
+i'm talking about don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about don't worry about it
+we're gonna see it all very soon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see it all very soon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see it all very soon okay
+right now i just want you to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i just want you to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i just want you to understand
+the logic okay but we're still it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic okay but we're still it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic okay but we're still it's
+still a reflex model we're still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a reflex model we're still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a reflex model we're still going
+from stimulus to response we're just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stimulus to response we're just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stimulus to response we're just now
+subdividing the type type of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdividing the type type of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdividing the type type of information
+handling that's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling that's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling that's going on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can
+make it a little more complicated we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little more complicated we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little more complicated we'll
+keep our direct connections because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our direct connections because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our direct connections because we
+know anatomically there are such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anatomically there are such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anatomically there are such
+connections and here's the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and here's the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and here's the previous
+model but now we're also going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but now we're also going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but now we're also going to add
+additional intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional intermediate
+circuitry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry
+with some connections going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some connections going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some connections going back
+in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction
+but it's still basically the same model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still basically the same model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still basically the same model
+we're just adding a little complexity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just adding a little complexity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just adding a little complexity to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+based on findings that such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on findings that such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on findings that such
+circuitry has to exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can use such a model to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use such a model to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use such a model to talk about
+simple behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple behaviors
+we know when certain stimuli occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know when certain stimuli occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know when certain stimuli occur
+stimuli presented to an animal and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli presented to an animal and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli presented to an animal and they
+reach a certain threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a certain threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a certain threshold
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+responses can be triggered we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses can be triggered we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses can be triggered we call them
+fixed action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns
+where almost every member of a species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where almost every member of a species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where almost every member of a species
+will show them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show them
+if his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this if this animal is in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this animal is in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this animal is in the right
+motivational state every animal when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational state every animal when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational state every animal when you
+present the adequate stimulus and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the adequate stimulus and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the adequate stimulus and you
+see exceed the threshold through neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exceed the threshold through neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exceed the threshold through neurons
+we sometimes call command neurons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sometimes call command neurons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sometimes call command neurons we
+will get fixed action patterns we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get fixed action patterns we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get fixed action patterns we call
+these movements instinctive movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these movements instinctive movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these movements instinctive movements
+we have them too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't say that they're not plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say that they're not plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say that they're not plastic
+we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from
+since the time of pavlov that such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the time of pavlov that such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the time of pavlov that such
+circuits are subject to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits are subject to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits are subject to change
+sometimes we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call that
+shaping by the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping by the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping by the environment
+it's also a term used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a term used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a term used in
+training of animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's ask well what more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's ask well what more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's ask well what more
+when we have a brain and not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a brain and not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a brain and not just a
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem
+what more does the brain do let's show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what more does the brain do let's show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what more does the brain do let's show
+the concept of high reflex arcs which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of high reflex arcs which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of high reflex arcs which
+was a way to talk about brain function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way to talk about brain function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way to talk about brain function
+and still preserve the reflexological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still preserve the reflexological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still preserve the reflexological
+model and this was the model used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this was the model used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this was the model used in
+russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russia
+at the time of pavlov and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time of pavlov and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time of pavlov and
+it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became
+sort of almost a political doctrine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost a political doctrine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost a political doctrine in
+the old soviet union i went to a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old soviet union i went to a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old soviet union i went to a meeting
+in the late 60s in moscow when i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 60s in moscow when i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 60s in moscow when i was
+i won some prizes a young neuroscientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won some prizes a young neuroscientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won some prizes a young neuroscientist
+and went to moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went to moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went to moscow
+and i found out that every time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i found out that every time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i found out that every time a
+russian gave a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russian gave a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+russian gave a talk
+he had to talk about pavlov and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to talk about pavlov and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to talk about pavlov and the
+reflex model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex model
+it was required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was required
+they would laugh about it behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would laugh about it behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would laugh about it behind the
+scenes but it was required because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes but it was required because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes but it was required because there
+were people there watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people there watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people there watching
+them and that was politically necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that was politically necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that was politically necessary
+so we'll talk about that first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about that first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll talk about that first of all
+and then i'll talk about gating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll talk about gating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll talk about gating
+mechanisms if we have time a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms if we have time a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms if we have time a little bit
+about evolution of higher control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evolution of higher control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about evolution of higher control
+so this was the idea of a hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the idea of a hierarchy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the idea of a hierarchy of
+reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes
+this would be the spot the lower level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the spot the lower level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the spot the lower level
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+then we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know
+sensory input passes up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory input passes up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory input passes up to
+brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem
+even up to the far brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even up to the far brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even up to the far brain
+but we can and sensory inputs also come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can and sensory inputs also come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can and sensory inputs also come
+in at different levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in every case to affect a movement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every case to affect a movement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every case to affect a movement you
+have to reach the motor apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reach the motor apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reach the motor apparatus
+connected to the spinal cord if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the spinal cord if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the spinal cord if we're
+talking about limb movements at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about limb movements at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about limb movements at least
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+every one of these somehow had to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these somehow had to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these somehow had to come
+down to the response side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the response side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the response side
+so this is just a simple way to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a simple way to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a simple way to detect
+depict a reflex hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depict a reflex hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depict a reflex hierarchy
+and extend the reflexological model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extend the reflexological model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extend the reflexological model to
+higher function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk a little bit about
+gating mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can imagine this here's here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine this here's here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine this here's here's our
+reflex model that we showed you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex model that we showed you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex model that we showed you before
+now let's imagine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's imagine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's imagine some
+mechanism in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in the brain
+that is influenced perhaps by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is influenced perhaps by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is influenced perhaps by
+motivational states or perhaps by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational states or perhaps by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational states or perhaps by
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+alters thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alters thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alters thresholds
+in these boxes okay can excite them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these boxes okay can excite them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these boxes okay can excite them or
+can inhibit them it serves as a gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inhibit them it serves as a gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inhibit them it serves as a gate
+okay it can block information coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it can block information coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it can block information coming
+through here or it can enhance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here or it can enhance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here or it can enhance it
+that would be a gating mechanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a gating mechanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a gating mechanism and
+that could account be a reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could account be a reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could account be a reflex
+you could still keep to the reflex model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could still keep to the reflex model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could still keep to the reflex model
+and if you add this you can account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add this you can account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add this you can account for
+attention okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention okay
+you can also account for motivation by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also account for motivation by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also account for motivation by a
+very simple similar kind of connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple similar kind of connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple similar kind of connection
+if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this
+inputs here say are responding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs here say are responding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs here say are responding to the
+state of the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the blood
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in indicating energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indicating energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indicating energy levels
+when this reaches a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this reaches a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this reaches a certain point
+corresponds to hunger what does it do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to hunger what does it do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to hunger what does it do it
+enhances reflexes involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances reflexes involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances reflexes involved with
+searching for food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for food
+opening of the jaw and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening of the jaw and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening of the jaw and so forth
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and it's actually a very good model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a very good model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a very good model to
+account for say the hunger of a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for say the hunger of a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for say the hunger of a human
+infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant
+nursing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursing
+okay very simple changes in threshold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very simple changes in threshold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very simple changes in threshold of
+the rooting reflex and the suckling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rooting reflex and the suckling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rooting reflex and the suckling
+reflex are what occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex are what occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex are what occur
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now i'm just going to present you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i'm just going to present you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i'm just going to present you a
+way to think about higher control that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about higher control that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about higher control that
+complicates this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates this whole thing
+some of you will have a little trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you will have a little trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you will have a little trouble
+understanding my logic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding my logic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding my logic here
+and i'm sorry i had to make this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sorry i had to make this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sorry i had to make this so
+small i did it with powerpoint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small i did it with powerpoint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small i did it with powerpoint so
+this should be huge up here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be huge up here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be huge up here because this
+corresponds to forebrain and here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to forebrain and here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to forebrain and here's our
+reflex circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex circuit
+and now i've divided the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've divided the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've divided the information
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+into slightly different models i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into slightly different models i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into slightly different models i go
+through a sensory analyzer here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a sensory analyzer here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a sensory analyzer here and
+here's the motor apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the motor apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the motor apparatus
+and in between i'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between i'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in between i'm showing
+a mechanism that's acting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanism that's acting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mechanism that's acting as
+a comparator it's comparing the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparator it's comparing the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comparator it's comparing the inputs
+coming in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here
+with something coming down from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something coming down from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something coming down from the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+what's coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember i'm talking about the logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i'm talking about the logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i'm talking about the logic of
+the system not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system not about
+necessarily actual connections though we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily actual connections though we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily actual connections though we
+know there are this type of connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents
+the two major kinds of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two major kinds of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two major kinds of functions
+of the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neocortex
+in higher animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher animals
+the formation of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of images
+and of plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of plants
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you can think of the entire posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of the entire posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of the entire posterior
+neocortex as involved in images that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex as involved in images that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex as involved in images that's
+where the sensory inputs come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sensory inputs come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sensory inputs come in
+auditory symmetry sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory symmetry sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory symmetry sensory
+visual primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual primarily
+okay and we form images we form visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we form images we form visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we form images we form visual
+memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories
+and it's those visual memories i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's those visual memories i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's those visual memories i'm
+particularly interested because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested because they
+represent images of the world around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent images of the world around us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent images of the world around us
+if i shut my eyes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i shut my eyes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i shut my eyes here
+i can still walk around i actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can still walk around i actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can still walk around i actually can
+still see you i don't know if all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see you i don't know if all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see you i don't know if all of you
+can do that but i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that but i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that but i have a
+visual persistence from ireland so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual persistence from ireland so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual persistence from ireland so i can
+continue to see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to see something
+you know and i stepped here and i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and i stepped here and i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and i stepped here and i know
+there's somebody right there but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody right there but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody right there but not
+here because i could remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because i could remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because i could remember it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+how am i doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am i doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am i doing that
+i'd like to give you all a test to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to give you all a test to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to give you all a test to see
+how many of you have that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have that function
+because we're studying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're studying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're studying it
+okay but i'll i'll try to remember to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i'll i'll try to remember to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i'll i'll try to remember to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in the next few classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few classes
+that involves the posture your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves the posture your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves the posture your name
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+it's in you could call it a model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in you could call it a model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in you could call it a model of the
+world that we all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that we all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that we all have
+how do you know you have to have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know you have to have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know you have to have such a
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+well think of your dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well think of your dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well think of your dreams
+where's that coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that coming from
+it's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from
+your nervous system and your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nervous system and your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nervous system and your memory
+and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet
+there's a whole world in there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in some cases it can be so vivid and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases it can be so vivid and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases it can be so vivid and so
+accurate that you can't even distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate that you can't even distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate that you can't even distinguish
+it from reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from reality
+if any of you have had hypnagogic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you have had hypnagogic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you have had hypnagogic
+imagery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery
+which i've had a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've had a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've had a few times
+i've literally had to pinch myself try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've literally had to pinch myself try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've literally had to pinch myself try
+to wake myself up because i couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wake myself up because i couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wake myself up because i couldn't
+distinguish i couldn't tell for sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish i couldn't tell for sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish i couldn't tell for sure if
+this was real or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+these models that we have are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models that we have are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models that we have are extremely
+well formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well formed
+and they represent the world around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they represent the world around us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they represent the world around us
+but it's all from memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all from memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's all from memory
+we always when we're looking around we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always when we're looking around we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always when we're looking around we
+expect certain things these are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect certain things these are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect certain things these are they're
+sometimes called expectancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called expectancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called expectancies
+these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models
+the frontal cortex is involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frontal cortex is involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frontal cortex is involved with
+movement and planning for movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and planning for movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and planning for movement
+the motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor cortex
+controls the movement pre-motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the movement pre-motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the movement pre-motor cortex
+plans and executes through the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and executes through the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and executes through the motor
+cortex a more complex movement in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex a more complex movement in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex a more complex movement in front
+of that you simply have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you simply have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you simply have
+plans of a more distant sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+including areas that if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including areas that if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including areas that if you don't have
+you'll never buy an insurance policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never buy an insurance policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never buy an insurance policy
+because you won't anticipate the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you won't anticipate the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you won't anticipate the future
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+images and plans now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and plans now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and plans now let's look at the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+here's what this suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what this suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what this suggests
+if the model is anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the model is anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the model is anticipating
+the input that's going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it will block the reflex and control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will block the reflex and control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will block the reflex and control the
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+through the foreground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we don't anticipate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't anticipate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't anticipate it
+there will be a mismatch here two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a mismatch here two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a mismatch here two things
+will happen the reflex will occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen the reflex will occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen the reflex will occur
+and we will disturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will disturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will disturb
+the forebrain and alter it so it alters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain and alter it so it alters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain and alter it so it alters
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+the images and plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images and plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images and plans
+that's all this all this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all this all this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all this all this shows
+there is direct evidence for that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is direct evidence for that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is direct evidence for that kind
+of thing i can describe some of it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing i can describe some of it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing i can describe some of it from
+my animal work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my animal work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my animal work
+but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's
+when you think about it all it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it all it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it all it does is
+describe what we know psychologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what we know psychologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what we know psychologically
+what's happening now there's a talk here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening now there's a talk here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening now there's a talk here
+coming up i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up i think it's
+i don't know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if it's
+this friday or next friday woman talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this friday or next friday woman talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this friday or next friday woman talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+perception perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as an anticipation of natural scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an anticipation of natural scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an anticipation of natural scenes
+she's going to present evidence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to present evidence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to present evidence of the
+sort okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort okay
+she's a psychologist okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's a psychologist okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's a psychologist okay
+that this is giving that kind of notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+putting it into them into an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it into them into an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it into them into an engineering
+type model okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just give a brief introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't have the printout for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the printout for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the printout for this
+but this will be the next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess i had already opened it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what we're going to be doing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to be doing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to be doing now
+in the next few classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next few classes
+first we'll be talking about what i call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll be talking about what i call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll be talking about what i call
+primitive cellular mechanisms they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive cellular mechanisms they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive cellular mechanisms they're
+mechanisms expressed in the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms expressed in the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms expressed in the properties
+of single neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single neurons
+single cells in fact even single-celled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cells in fact even single-celled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cells in fact even single-celled
+organisms and we're going to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and we're going to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and we're going to show how
+those are expressed in neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll basically be doing properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll basically be doing properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll basically be doing properties
+of neurons in their membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons in their membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons in their membranes
+and the specializations of nerve cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we finish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we finish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we finish that
+i'll say some things about evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll say some things about evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll say some things about evolution of
+multicellular organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular organisms
+these are ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ideas
+of others and mine on that are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of others and mine on that are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of others and mine on that are based on
+comparing many different species of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing many different species of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing many different species of
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+i will introduce you to neuroanatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will introduce you to neuroanatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will introduce you to neuroanatomy
+more generally give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally give you a
+schematic outline of major connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic outline of major connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic outline of major connections
+in vertebrate brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the mechanisms we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the mechanisms we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the mechanisms we'll be
+talking about now in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now in the next
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irritability and conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritability and conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritability and conduction
+irritability means the resp cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritability means the resp cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritability means the resp cell is
+responding by changing when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding by changing when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding by changing when it's
+there's some input to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some input to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some input to it
+like if you tweak an amiibo what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you tweak an amiibo what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you tweak an amiibo what does it
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+well if you tweak it hard it shrivels up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you tweak it hard it shrivels up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you tweak it hard it shrivels up
+and pulls back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pulls back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pulls back
+if you do it very lightly it responds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it very lightly it responds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it very lightly it responds in
+a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way
+the membrane is irritable and responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane is irritable and responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane is irritable and responds
+to input from the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to input from the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to input from the outside
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the amoeba can flow around something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amoeba can flow around something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amoeba can flow around something
+and ingest it or it can pull away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ingest it or it can pull away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ingest it or it can pull away
+that's because it's an irritable cell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it's an irritable cell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because it's an irritable cell it
+responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not only that the membrane doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that the membrane doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that the membrane doesn't just
+respond locally but that response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond locally but that response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond locally but that response
+affects the whole cell so it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the whole cell so it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the whole cell so it has to be
+conducted to other parts of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that happens in single cell organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that happens in single cell organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that happens in single cell organisms
+and the neuron is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neuron is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neuron is particularly
+specialized for conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized for conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized for conduction
+and we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that
+we'll say a little bit about movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say a little bit about movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say a little bit about movement
+too much and secretion a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and secretion a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much and secretion a major
+function of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of cells
+and neurons in particular and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neurons in particular and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neurons in particular and other
+cells in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the body
+and then the very specializations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the very specializations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the very specializations of the
+membrane for irritability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane for irritability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane for irritability
+the sensory transduction mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory transduction mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory transduction mechanisms
+and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll
+say more about endogenous activity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about endogenous activity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about endogenous activity which
+we've mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned before
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most of the things on movement i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the things on movement i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the things on movement i will
+defer until we talk about development so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defer until we talk about development so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defer until we talk about development so
+after i talk about evolution give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i talk about evolution give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i talk about evolution give you an
+outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline
+of the vertebrate brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertebrate brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertebrate brain
+then we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will talk about
+development of the nervous system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start here
+with the next class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/k2IFe0n3uvI.txt b/k2IFe0n3uvI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db16cfa2e647c819274364d2f46865053f569d89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/k2IFe0n3uvI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to continue with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue with some
+neuroanatomy today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leading up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to the
+next anatomy unit we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next anatomy unit we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next anatomy unit we've been talking
+about what happens when you remove large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when you remove large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when you remove large
+parts of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the brain
+like the whole forebrain the chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole forebrain the chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole forebrain the chronic
+decelerated animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a little bit about
+corpus triadum what about the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triadum what about the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triadum what about the limbic
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh
+let me get my pen up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this shows the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the uh
+the shmu brain i put the outline there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shmu brain i put the outline there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shmu brain i put the outline there
+of the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neocortex
+which is what we're adding now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're adding now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're adding now
+but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here
+i've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've put
+limbic system structures in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system structures in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system structures in red
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+so you know what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the
+close connection to the olfactory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close connection to the olfactory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close connection to the olfactory system
+this is representing olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is representing olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is representing olfactory
+cortex and cortex closely connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and cortex closely connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and cortex closely connected with
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+behind the behind the basal forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the behind the basal forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the behind the basal forebrain
+there is the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the hypothalamus
+and we define the limbic system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we define the limbic system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we define the limbic system as
+structures that are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are we
+closely connected with the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected with the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected with the hypothalamus
+which is really the highest part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really the highest part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really the highest part of the
+the brain of our our ancestral brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain of our our ancestral brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain of our our ancestral brain
+here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limbic system is generally concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system is generally concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system is generally concerned
+with motivation and emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whenever we experience something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we experience something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we experience something
+rewarding either positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding either positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding either positive or negative
+pleasures and pains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures and pains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures and pains
+we activate that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there are there is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are there is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are there is part of the
+corpus tree atom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus tree atom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus tree atom that
+is pretty closely tied to the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty closely tied to the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty closely tied to the limbic
+system also but we think of the striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system also but we think of the striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system also but we think of the striatum
+more in terms of regulation of movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in terms of regulation of movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in terms of regulation of movement
+and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially
+what we call implicit learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call implicit learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call implicit learning
+habit formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but today we want to add to the shmu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we want to add to the shmu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we want to add to the shmu
+brain we want to add a neocortex to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain we want to add a neocortex to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain we want to add a neocortex to it
+talk about the major ascending and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the major ascending and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the major ascending and
+descending connections that appeared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections that appeared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections that appeared for
+the evolution of neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of neocortex
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+give a general view of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a general view of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a general view of functions
+question in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the corpus tree atom is in brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corpus tree atom is in brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corpus tree atom is in brain
+okay it's above the diencephalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+when the distance receptor pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the distance receptor pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the distance receptor pathways
+other than olfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than olfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than olfaction
+began to invade the end brain it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to invade the end brain it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to invade the end brain it was the
+corpus triadon that they were projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triadon that they were projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triadon that they were projecting
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+okay and even in our brains we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and even in our brains we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and even in our brains we still
+have such projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have such projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have such projections
+okay although that's not we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay although that's not we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay although that's not we think about
+thalamus is projecting to neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus is projecting to neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus is projecting to neocortex
+but actually there's an old thalamus too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually there's an old thalamus too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually there's an old thalamus too
+that gets sensory inputs and projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets sensory inputs and projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets sensory inputs and projects to
+corpus christm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left over from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over from that
+earlier period in evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's
+the true brain that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true brain that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true brain that you
+this is what i want you to know i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what i want you to know i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what i want you to know i don't
+expect you to remember everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to remember everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to remember everything in
+there although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there although
+the type of connections i've shown are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of connections i've shown are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of connections i've shown are
+pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple
+so here's the shmu 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the shmu 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the shmu 2
+i've numbered these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should be able to tell me where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to tell me where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to tell me where all
+those are let's see how many you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are let's see how many you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are let's see how many you can
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+there's number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's number one
+what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that
+spinal cord okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord okay
+above the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the spinal cord
+there's i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's i have two
+and three there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody said cerebellum that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said cerebellum that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said cerebellum that's right
+that cerebellum which is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cerebellum which is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cerebellum which is part of
+the hindbrain or robin cellphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain or robin cellphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain or robin cellphone
+okay and above that number four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and above that number four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and above that number four
+the midbrain or mesencephalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain or mesencephalon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain or mesencephalon
+okay so everything rostral to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everything rostral to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everything rostral to the
+midbrain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain here
+is forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forebrain
+and we've got it now divided into even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got it now divided into even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got it now divided into even
+more divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more divisions
+the two major ones we usually talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two major ones we usually talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two major ones we usually talk about
+all those actually four divisions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those actually four divisions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those actually four divisions of the
+diencephalon are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephalon are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephalon are what
+thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus
+and hypothalamus what's that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the pituitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the pituitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the pituitary
+the part connected to the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part connected to the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part connected to the nervous system
+the neural hypothesis or neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural hypothesis or neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural hypothesis or neural
+pituitary and then the glandular part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary and then the glandular part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary and then the glandular part
+which is often called the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often called the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often called the anterior
+pituitary over the way i've drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary over the way i've drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary over the way i've drawn it
+here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's
+both anterior and ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both anterior and ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both anterior and ventral
+okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then
+above the tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+corpus triadum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triadum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triadum
+okay see i've drawn it as a subcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see i've drawn it as a subcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see i've drawn it as a subcortical
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+okay and then what is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number nine olfactory bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number nine olfactory bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number nine olfactory bulb
+and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a few more things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more things here
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+and nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine
+belong together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong together
+they're all part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all part of what
+the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic
+system of the end brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the end brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the end brain
+closely connected to hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected to hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected to hypothalamus
+okay but ate this part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but ate this part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but ate this part is the
+hippocampal formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal formation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that
+if we go to the very edges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go to the very edges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go to the very edges of the
+neocortex this is neocortex now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex this is neocortex now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex this is neocortex now
+we go to the very fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the very fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the very fringes
+we're in limbic system there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in limbic system there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in limbic system there
+and at this end too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this end too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this end too
+okay and if even if we look at a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if even if we look at a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if even if we look at a cross
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+of the cortex that same thing will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cortex that same thing will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cortex that same thing will be
+true as we go to the fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true as we go to the fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true as we go to the fringes
+we're in the limbic system in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the limbic system in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the limbic system in fact the
+word limbic means the fringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word limbic means the fringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word limbic means the fringe
+it's like the hem of the skirt okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is the picture we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the picture we saw before
+you should be able to relate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to relate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to relate this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+of smooth to directly to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smooth to directly to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smooth to directly to this one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only
+difficulty will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty will be
+where's the corpus triatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the corpus triatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the corpus triatum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's because the corpus triatum really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the corpus triatum really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the corpus triatum really
+was a thickening of the ventral part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a thickening of the ventral part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a thickening of the ventral part and
+i've done done this as a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done done this as a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done done this as a horizontal
+section further up but where would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section further up but where would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section further up but where would you
+find limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find limbic system
+let's put it in right here remember i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it in right here remember i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it in right here remember i
+said at the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the edges
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this would this would be limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would this would be limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would this would be limbic
+cortex here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex here
+at the very edges of the cortex and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very edges of the cortex and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very edges of the cortex and so
+would this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this is all neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay on both sides of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so neocortex and limbic cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to talk about
+two major long pathways that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major long pathways that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major long pathways that we
+associate with neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lemniscle pathway the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lemniscle pathway the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lemniscle pathway the sensory
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+called the neoliminiscus as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the neoliminiscus as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the neoliminiscus as opposed to
+the spinophilamic tract which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinophilamic tract which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinophilamic tract which is the
+paleo or olamiscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleo or olamiscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paleo or olamiscus
+the dorsal column in the limbiscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal column in the limbiscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal column in the limbiscus
+pathway and then the descending pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and then the descending pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and then the descending pathway
+comes from neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from neocortex
+now there are many descending pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are many descending pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are many descending pathways
+coming from neocortex all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from neocortex all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from neocortex all the
+neocortical areas or most of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortical areas or most of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortical areas or most of them have
+descending actually all of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending actually all of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending actually all of them have
+descending pathways many of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending pathways many of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending pathways many of them have
+very long pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long pathways
+the one we often think of is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we often think of is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we often think of is the one
+that goes most directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes most directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes most directly
+to the spinal cord many connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the spinal cord many connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the spinal cord many connections
+directly to motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to motor neurons
+corticospinal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal tract
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at the dorsal column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the dorsal column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the dorsal column
+medial lemniscus pathway first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we start here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+primary sensory neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neuron
+and we can follow it in and we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can follow it in and we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can follow it in and we see that
+some of those neurons have branches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those neurons have branches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those neurons have branches that
+go all the way up to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way up to the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way up to the top of the
+court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court
+they follow the dorsal columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they follow the dorsal columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they follow the dorsal columns
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one there
+you see is dorsal columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just make it a little more just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it a little more just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it a little more just to
+emphasize it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's how it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how it starts
+and you should know that we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know that we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know that we'll see it
+also in cross sections and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in cross sections and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in cross sections and so forth
+so it's different from the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's different from the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's different from the spinal
+thalamic tract how is it different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well spinothalamic tract contacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spinothalamic tract contacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spinothalamic tract contacted
+secondary sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory neurons
+right away as the pathway came into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away as the pathway came into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away as the pathway came into the
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+whereas this one the primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this one the primary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this one the primary sensory
+neurons axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons axon
+goes up the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up the spinal cord
+to the very top in fact some people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very top in fact some people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very top in fact some people say
+that the dorsal column nuclei there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dorsal column nuclei there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dorsal column nuclei there
+number two there in the diagram nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two there in the diagram nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two there in the diagram nuclei
+of the dorsal columns they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dorsal columns they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dorsal columns they
+say they're in the caudal end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're in the caudal end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're in the caudal end of the
+hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now it puts them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it puts them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it puts them in the
+rostral end of the spinal cord so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral end of the spinal cord so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral end of the spinal cord so
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+in between there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'll just use another blue here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just use another blue here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just use another blue here we'll
+put the next neuron and that those axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the next neuron and that those axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the next neuron and that those axons
+make synapses with the secondary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make synapses with the secondary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make synapses with the secondary sensory
+cells now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells now
+are there in the dorsal column nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in the dorsal column nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in the dorsal column nuclei
+and that acts on decase this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that acts on decase this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that acts on decase this is the
+decussation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is called the decussation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is called the decussation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is called the decussation
+of the media lemniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the media lemniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the media lemniscus
+why would it get such a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would it get such a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would it get such a name
+remember what lemniscus means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't draw the whole axe on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the word lemniscus mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the word lemniscus mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the word lemniscus mean
+ribbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon
+it's a ribbon of fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ribbon of fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ribbon of fibers
+the medial it's medial because of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial it's medial because of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial it's medial because of its
+position as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position as it
+where i've got the number three there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've got the number three there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've got the number three there
+is it goes along the ventral part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it goes along the ventral part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it goes along the ventral part of the
+hindbrain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain okay
+travels in the medial part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels in the medial part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels in the medial part of the
+ventral hinge so we call it the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral hinge so we call it the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral hinge so we call it the medial
+lenniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenniscus
+so this pathway often gets called in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pathway often gets called in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this pathway often gets called in the
+dorsal column medial limniscus pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal column medial limniscus pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal column medial limniscus pathway
+that's the nail in this case it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the nail in this case it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the nail in this case it's a
+rapidly conducting pathway it reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly conducting pathway it reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly conducting pathway it reaches
+that same structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same structure
+in the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thalamus
+the ventral basal nucleus or the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral basal nucleus or the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral basal nucleus or the part of
+it we call the nucleus ventralis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we call the nucleus ventralis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we call the nucleus ventralis
+posterior it's the ventral the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior it's the ventral the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior it's the ventral the posterior
+part of the ventral nucleus the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ventral nucleus the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ventral nucleus the film
+and that's where we find the cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we find the cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we find the cells that
+go to the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the neocortex
+as i show there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neurons going right up to this medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons going right up to this medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons going right up to this medicine
+stream cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream cortex
+okay so that's the dorsal column the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the dorsal column the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the dorsal column the
+luminiscus pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do the same thing
+on this view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this view
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we did the same thing for spinopalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the same thing for spinopalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the same thing for spinopalamic
+track now we'll do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track now we'll do it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track now we'll do it here
+so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+there's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our
+secondary sensory neuron i show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory neuron i show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory neuron i show it
+coming from a bikini and corpuscle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a bikini and corpuscle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a bikini and corpuscle in
+the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin
+okay it branches goes up and down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it branches goes up and down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it branches goes up and down the
+cord but the long branch follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord but the long branch follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord but the long branch follows the
+dorsal calms it moves more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal calms it moves more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal calms it moves more and more
+medial as it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial as it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial as it goes up
+and terminates in the dorsal column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and terminates in the dorsal column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and terminates in the dorsal column
+nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synapses with cells there now i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses with cells there now i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses with cells there now i know
+you see that there's two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there's two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there's two of them
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+input is coming into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is coming into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is coming into the
+caudal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal
+enlargement of the cord innervating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement of the cord innervating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement of the cord innervating the
+limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs
+okay so that could be coming from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that could be coming from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that could be coming from our
+foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot
+those axons accidents from there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those axons accidents from there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those axons accidents from there are
+going to terminate in the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to terminate in the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to terminate in the medial
+nucleus of the dorsal columns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the dorsal columns okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the dorsal columns okay
+it's also called the slender nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called the slender nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called the slender nucleus
+nucleus crystallus you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus crystallus you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus crystallus you don't have to
+learn that now just remember that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that now just remember that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that now just remember that these
+are the dorsal column nuclei and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the dorsal column nuclei and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the dorsal column nuclei and they're
+secondary sensory cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells
+okay and those axons then cross over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those axons then cross over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those axons then cross over so
+there's the decussation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the decussation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the decussation
+and there's travels medially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's travels medially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's travels medially in the
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+okay i'm following the wrong one aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm following the wrong one aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm following the wrong one aren't
+i okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in there oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there it goes medially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there it goes medially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there it goes medially in the
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+all the way up as we followed it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up as we followed it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up as we followed it before
+to the next synapse in the ventral basal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next synapse in the ventral basal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next synapse in the ventral basal
+nucleus eventually increase the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus eventually increase the thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus eventually increase the thalamus
+which then projects to neocortex as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then projects to neocortex as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then projects to neocortex as we
+saw in the previous diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the previous diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the previous diagram
+so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again
+this is coming from the left foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming from the left foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming from the left foot
+the left foot would be represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left foot would be represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left foot would be represented in
+the right somatosensory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right somatosensory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right somatosensory cortex
+in one part of it remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one part of it remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one part of it remember the the
+homunculus the map of the world there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homunculus the map of the world there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homunculus the map of the world there
+so one part of that cortex so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one part of that cortex so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one part of that cortex so it's going
+to get input from the foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this were coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this were coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this were coming from
+if this were coming let's just for fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were coming let's just for fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were coming let's just for fun
+here do that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the upper part of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper part of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper part of the body
+we'll draw another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw another one
+comes in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminates in the lateral nucleus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates in the lateral nucleus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates in the lateral nucleus the
+dorsal columns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal columns okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal columns okay
+that accent similarly crosses over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the sounds also into the dorsal into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sounds also into the dorsal into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sounds also into the dorsal into
+the ventral nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral nucleus
+and that again would have an accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that again would have an accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that again would have an accent
+going up to the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to the cortex
+but to another part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to another part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to another part
+because it's a topographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a topographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a topographic
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+one would go more eventual in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the dorsal column any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the dorsal column any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the dorsal column any
+luminiscus pathway seen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiscus pathway seen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiscus pathway seen in the
+top view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i note here that the decussation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i note here that the decussation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i note here that the decussation of the
+medial meniscus is some they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial meniscus is some they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial meniscus is some they're
+sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the
+internal arcuate fibers you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal arcuate fibers you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal arcuate fibers you don't have
+to remember that it's just in term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that it's just in term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that it's just in term
+anatomists give it because the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists give it because the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists give it because the way they
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+in a fiber stain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're going to follow the cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to follow the cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to follow the cortical
+spinal tract in that same diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal tract in that same diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal tract in that same diagram
+you practically have to bring your color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you practically have to bring your color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you practically have to bring your color
+pins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these diagrams i used to think i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagrams i used to think i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagrams i used to think i've
+simplified these to the ultimate degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified these to the ultimate degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified these to the ultimate degree
+and then students said these are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then students said these are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then students said these are much
+too complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated
+so it helps now to trace these pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it helps now to trace these pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it helps now to trace these pathways
+with colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colors
+remember each of the thing i'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember each of the thing i'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember each of the thing i'm drawing
+here represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents
+thousands of accents okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of accents okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of accents okay
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+we're going to start up here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start up here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start up here in the
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would be a pyramidal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a pyramidal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a pyramidal tract
+it's a primal neuron sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a primal neuron sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a primal neuron sorry
+giving rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to pyramidal tract and note that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pyramidal tract and note that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pyramidal tract and note that it
+descends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descends
+it connects to all levels of the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects to all levels of the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects to all levels of the nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+it crosses over it right at the cluddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses over it right at the cluddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses over it right at the cluddle
+into the hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hind brain
+about the same place the medial meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same place the medial meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same place the medial meniscus
+crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses
+and the axon ends then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the axon ends then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the axon ends then
+in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we're in the
+in the foot area of the motor cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the foot area of the motor cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the foot area of the motor cortex
+that neuron it would end in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more caudal part of the spinal cord what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more caudal part of the spinal cord what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more caudal part of the spinal cord what
+we call the lumbar enlargement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the lumbar enlargement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the lumbar enlargement
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note that i have that accent ending here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that i have that accent ending here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that i have that accent ending here
+in the thalamus i have an ending in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thalamus i have an ending in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thalamus i have an ending in the
+midbrain there would be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain there would be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain there would be other
+terminations here in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminations here in the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminations here in the hindbrain
+before it gets to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it gets to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it gets to the
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now i draw another descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i draw another descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i draw another descending
+accent on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent on the other side
+that's also part of the corticospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also part of the corticospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also part of the corticospinal
+tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have that trouble if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have that trouble if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have that trouble if you have a
+tablet and you have the trouble i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet and you have the trouble i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tablet and you have the trouble i was
+just having it's because you're pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having it's because you're pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having it's because you're pressing
+on the button and it makes it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the button and it makes it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the button and it makes it's like
+clicking on the right mouse button on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking on the right mouse button on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking on the right mouse button on
+your computer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer okay
+all i'm showing with that other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm showing with that other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm showing with that other one is
+that there are pathways the desks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are pathways the desks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are pathways the desks
+descend and go to the sensory side not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend and go to the sensory side not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend and go to the sensory side not
+only motorcycle it actually connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only motorcycle it actually connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only motorcycle it actually connects
+there and the ventral thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the ventral thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the ventral thalamus
+it also connects in the midbrain then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also connects in the midbrain then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also connects in the midbrain then
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+it connects to the dorsal column nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects to the dorsal column nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects to the dorsal column nuclei
+and also connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also connects
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+that same region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same region of the
+spinal cord that gets sensory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord that gets sensory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord that gets sensory input
+the dorsal horn right among sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal horn right among sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal horn right among sensory
+secondary sensory cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that's all corticospinal tract it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's all corticospinal tract it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's all corticospinal tract it
+refers to all those descending axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now
+focus on that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to review some things now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to review some things now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to review some things now from
+the earlier part of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have
+people easily get confused about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people easily get confused about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people easily get confused about the
+diocese phenomenon so let's just go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diocese phenomenon so let's just go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diocese phenomenon so let's just go over
+that a little bit before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit before
+we and then i might be able to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and then i might be able to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and then i might be able to start
+lecture 12 today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 12 today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 12 today
+for those of you with tablets lecture 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you with tablets lecture 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you with tablets lecture 12
+is only up on powerpoint on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only up on powerpoint on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only up on powerpoint on the web
+this one though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one though is
+is there in general format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so diasthesis is the term used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diasthesis is the term used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diasthesis is the term used to
+describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe
+quantitative effects of large lesions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative effects of large lesions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative effects of large lesions it
+refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to
+effects of d afferentiation what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of d afferentiation what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of d afferentiation what does
+that word mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word mean
+d afferentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d afferentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d afferentation
+it's easy for me to skip right over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy for me to skip right over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy for me to skip right over this
+i don't even remember if i put that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't even remember if i put that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't even remember if i put that term
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+flash cube program yet yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the afferentiation means lesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the afferentiation means lesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the afferentiation means lesions
+yeah you cut something but what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you cut something but what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you cut something but what did you
+cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't mean you cut the axon doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean you cut the axon doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean you cut the axon doesn't
+mean you cut the dendrites it means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you cut the dendrites it means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you cut the dendrites it means you
+cut off inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off inputs
+to the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cells
+afferents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afferents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afferents
+refer to inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to inputs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if we talk about the afferents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we talk about the afferents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we talk about the afferents of the
+ventral posterior nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral posterior nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral posterior nucleus
+we're referring to those inputs i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're referring to those inputs i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're referring to those inputs i just
+talked about the afferents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the afferents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the afferents of the
+ventral posterior nucleus are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral posterior nucleus are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral posterior nucleus are the
+spinothalamic tract and the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinothalamic tract and the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinothalamic tract and the medial
+meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meniscus
+the afferents of the somatosensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the afferents of the somatosensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the afferents of the somatosensory
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+many of them are come from the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are come from the thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are come from the thalamus
+from the ventral posture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a quantitative effect so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a quantitative effect so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a quantitative effect so if the
+leash if the relative if the removal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leash if the relative if the removal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leash if the relative if the removal of
+afferents is not quantitatively great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afferents is not quantitatively great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afferents is not quantitatively great
+you won't get much depression to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't get much depression to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't get much depression to
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+you probably none that you will notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably none that you will notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably none that you will notice
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it depends on how many well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it depends on how many well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it depends on how many well we'll
+get to that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that now
+i'm going to show you the pictures i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you the pictures i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you the pictures i
+referred to spinal shock as a dia as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to spinal shock as a dia as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to spinal shock as a dia as a
+diaschesis phenomenon do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaschesis phenomenon do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaschesis phenomenon do you remember
+what spinal shock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's very specific meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very specific meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very specific meaning
+okay an animal or a person suffers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay an animal or a person suffers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay an animal or a person suffers a
+lesion in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion in the spinal cord
+say in the middle mid thoracic region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the middle mid thoracic region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the middle mid thoracic region
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+he hasn't lost the connections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hasn't lost the connections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hasn't lost the connections of
+reflexes in his legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are reflexes in the legs well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are reflexes in the legs well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are reflexes in the legs well if we
+burn the foot the foot will withdraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it'll hurt too and you say well of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll hurt too and you say well of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll hurt too and you say well of
+course you'll withdraw yes but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you'll withdraw yes but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you'll withdraw yes but you'll
+withdraw without thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw without thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw without thinking about it
+you'll withdraw even if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll withdraw even if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll withdraw even if you didn't
+notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it
+it's a it's a reflex the withdrawal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a reflex the withdrawal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a reflex the withdrawal
+reflex and we'll be talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex and we'll be talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex and we'll be talking about it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+you pinch the foot the same thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pinch the foot the same thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pinch the foot the same thing that's
+a spinal reflex it doesn't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spinal reflex it doesn't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spinal reflex it doesn't require
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+above the spinal cord in fact it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the spinal cord in fact it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the spinal cord in fact it's a
+segmental reflex it only requires local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental reflex it only requires local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental reflex it only requires local
+reflex connections and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex connections and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex connections and yet
+it was spinal shock i suffered a lesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was spinal shock i suffered a lesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was spinal shock i suffered a lesion
+up here i lose the reflex controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here i lose the reflex controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here i lose the reflex controlled by
+the more caudal part of the cord why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more caudal part of the cord why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more caudal part of the cord why
+so we call it spinal shock the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call it spinal shock the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call it spinal shock the spinal
+cord is in shock it's the afferented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord is in shock it's the afferented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord is in shock it's the afferented
+it's something somehow not functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something somehow not functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something somehow not functioning
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's depressed
+functionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally
+but over time you get recovery and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over time you get recovery and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over time you get recovery and i
+reviewed these two mechanisms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed these two mechanisms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed these two mechanisms for
+recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery
+which i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've
+shown again here but let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown again here but let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown again here but let's just go
+through the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i show a very simple diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i show a very simple diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i show a very simple diagram of
+corticospinal connections in two species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know now that the cortex connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know now that the cortex connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know now that the cortex connects
+directly to spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to spinal cord
+so i can show it in this very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can show it in this very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can show it in this very simple
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+showing spinal reflexes at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it could be a monosynaptic reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a monosynaptic reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a monosynaptic reflex
+like the stretch reflex you suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the stretch reflex you suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the stretch reflex you suddenly
+like the knee jerk you suddenly stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the knee jerk you suddenly stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the knee jerk you suddenly stretch
+a muscle you get a contraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a muscle you get a contraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a muscle you get a contraction of the
+same muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same muscle
+so we can just deal with that simple one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just deal with that simple one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just deal with that simple one
+involving only one snaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're showing two different species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're showing two different species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're showing two different species
+here one with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one with a lot of
+neocortex one with less neocortex okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex one with less neocortex okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex one with less neocortex okay
+and this is the lesion we cut those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the lesion we cut those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the lesion we cut those
+accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents
+it could be in a lesion of the cells up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be in a lesion of the cells up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be in a lesion of the cells up
+here it could just be of the accent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it could just be of the accent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it could just be of the accent okay
+so we cut them we remove a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we cut them we remove a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we cut them we remove a lot of
+excitatory connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a little odd because when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little odd because when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little odd because when it
+printed from when it printed the journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed from when it printed the journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed from when it printed the journal
+it didn't translate this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't translate this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't translate this picture
+entirely correctly but it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely correctly but it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely correctly but it's mostly
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+these cells have lost less input than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells have lost less input than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells have lost less input than
+these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells
+if we get rid of these connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get rid of these connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get rid of these connections
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all these terminals are degenerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these terminals are degenerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these terminals are degenerated
+here and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here
+these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells
+having lost so many excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lost so many excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lost so many excitatory
+connections are functionally depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are functionally depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are functionally depressed
+that's what the hysteresis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the hysteresis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the hysteresis is
+and then with collateral sprouting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with collateral sprouting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with collateral sprouting we
+get some recovery we know that that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some recovery we know that that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some recovery we know that that will
+happen within two weeks time you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within two weeks time you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within two weeks time you'll get
+a lot of sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sprouting
+at least you will notice the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you will notice the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you will notice the functional
+effects of sprouting within two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of sprouting within two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of sprouting within two weeks
+and i'm showing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing here
+formation of new collaterals replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of new collaterals replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of new collaterals replacing
+some of the lost connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the lost connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the lost connections
+and it happens more in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it happens more in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it happens more in the case
+of the animal with larger cortex because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the animal with larger cortex because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the animal with larger cortex because
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+more synaptic connections have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more synaptic connections have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more synaptic connections have been
+lost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and
+that will stimulate this sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will stimulate this sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will stimulate this sprouting
+phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+so you'll get more excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get more excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get more excitatory
+connections we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections we know
+there is anatomical and physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is anatomical and physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is anatomical and physiological
+evidence for that happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for that happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for that happening in the
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+and i'm just representing derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just representing derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just representing derivation
+supersensitivity is a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersensitivity is a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersensitivity is a change in the
+surface of the neurons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the neurons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the neurons here
+increased receptors which will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased receptors which will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased receptors which will happen
+more in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the larger cortex more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with more denervation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more denervation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more denervation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just a little more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little more about this
+when we talk about behavioral recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about behavioral recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about behavioral recovery
+we usually mean a return to normal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually mean a return to normal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually mean a return to normal but
+it's not generally true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+especially in the case of spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the case of spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the case of spinal
+reflexes because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes because these
+recovery effects go too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery effects go too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery effects go too far
+and you get hypersensitivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get hypersensitivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get hypersensitivity of the
+spinal reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's less known about that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less known about that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's less known about that kind of
+hypersensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypersensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypersensitivity
+over activity of pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over activity of pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over activity of pathways
+in the brain it probably occurs there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain it probably occurs there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain it probably occurs there
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+because we know we have diastasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know we have diastasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know we have diastasis
+effects happening in many parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects happening in many parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects happening in many parts of the
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now those long pathways we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now those long pathways we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now those long pathways we talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+this in the pathways going towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the pathways going towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the pathways going towards the
+cortex are very rapidly conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was the major one we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
+was also called the neoliniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also called the neoliniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also called the neoliniscus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's
+we now have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have uh
+pretty direct pathways from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex to the spinal motor mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as well as to the sensory side i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as to the sensory side i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as to the sensory side i
+depicted that in the diagram there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted that in the diagram there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted that in the diagram there
+projections coming from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections coming from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections coming from both
+motor cortex smith sensory cortex i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex smith sensory cortex i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex smith sensory cortex i put
+the one from motor cortex in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one from motor cortex in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one from motor cortex in blue
+remember the ones sensory and orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the ones sensory and orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the ones sensory and orange
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit about done yes questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+severe diastasis as you have in spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe diastasis as you have in spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe diastasis as you have in spinal
+shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock
+or in the human if you just lose a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the human if you just lose a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the human if you just lose a lot
+of motor cortex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motor cortex you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motor cortex you
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+spinal reflexes will all become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal reflexes will all become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal reflexes will all become
+depressed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed okay
+now it's true you might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's true you might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's true you might have some
+reflexes that don't depend much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes that don't depend much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes that don't depend much on
+cortex but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but in
+in animals like us with large neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in animals like us with large neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in animals like us with large neocortex
+but all our functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all our functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all our functions
+seem to be influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be influenced by
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain
+and when we lose those those influences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to such a marked degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such a marked degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such a marked degree
+quantitatively large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively large
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+the spinal reflexes become depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal reflexes become depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal reflexes become depressed
+now it just reflexes below the level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it just reflexes below the level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it just reflexes below the level the
+deaf rented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaf rented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaf rented
+reflexes depending on neurons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes depending on neurons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes depending on neurons that are
+now have lost a lot of their inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's really not as mysterious as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not as mysterious as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not as mysterious as many
+people make it out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why well we know neurons need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well we know neurons need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well we know neurons need a lot of
+spatial summation to fire right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial summation to fire right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial summation to fire right
+so if it's getting a lot of excitatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's getting a lot of excitatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's getting a lot of excitatory
+input from multiple sources and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from multiple sources and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input from multiple sources and we
+remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove
+you know more than 50 percent of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more than 50 percent of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more than 50 percent of that
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+it's going to take the cells well now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take the cells well now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take the cells well now to
+recover the state where they can fire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the state where they can fire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the state where they can fire to
+the remaining inputs that's really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining inputs that's really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining inputs that's really what
+we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with
+and we know they do recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know they do recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know they do recover
+by these kinds of mechanisms we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these kinds of mechanisms we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these kinds of mechanisms we're
+talking about collateral sprouting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about collateral sprouting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about collateral sprouting and
+generation supersensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now when i talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now when i talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now when i talk about a
+projection what am i meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean the outputs from a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean the outputs from a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean the outputs from a group of
+neurons via their long axons usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons via their long axons usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons via their long axons usually
+so we talk about the projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about the projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about the projection of the
+retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina
+where does the retina connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the retina connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the retina connect
+in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+the projection of the motor cortex where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of the motor cortex where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of the motor cortex where
+does the motor cortex project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the motor cortex project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the motor cortex project
+so that we say it projects to the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we say it projects to the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we say it projects to the spinal
+cord it just means axons run from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord it just means axons run from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord it just means axons run from there
+to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a term i'll use a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a term i'll use a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a term i'll use a lot in the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+so we talk about the projection from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about the projection from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talk about the projection from
+motor cortex and spinal cord that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex and spinal cord that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor cortex and spinal cord that's the
+corticospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal
+tract there's a lot of things in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract there's a lot of things in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract there's a lot of things in their
+anatomy it has more than one name it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy it has more than one name it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy it has more than one name it's
+also called the pyramidal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the pyramidal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the pyramidal tract
+why would it get such a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would it get such a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would it get such a name
+well because the cross section has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the cross section has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because the cross section has a
+parabola shape when it goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola shape when it goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola shape when it goes through the
+hindbrain so anatomists have called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain so anatomists have called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain so anatomists have called it
+the pyramidal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyramidal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyramidal tract
+okay but they are corticospinal axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they are corticospinal axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they are corticospinal axons
+in the pyramidal tract there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pyramidal tract there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pyramidal tract there are also
+cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical
+projections to the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cortico robin cephalic accents okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because primal track refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because primal track refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because primal track refers to the
+entire bundle corticospinal just refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire bundle corticospinal just refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire bundle corticospinal just refers
+to all those axons heading towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all those axons heading towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all those axons heading towards the
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+so if we talked about spinotectal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we talked about spinotectal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we talked about spinotectal
+we mean from spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean from spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean from spinal cord
+to something called the tectum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something called the tectum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something called the tectum and the
+tectum almost always refers to the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum almost always refers to the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum almost always refers to the roof
+tectum means roof it means the roof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum means roof it means the roof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum means roof it means the roof of
+the midbrain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll talk about spinal technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about spinal technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about spinal technical
+projections binoctyl pathway their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections binoctyl pathway their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections binoctyl pathway their
+accents from the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents from the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents from the cord
+they come by way of the spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come by way of the spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come by way of the spinal thalamic
+tract to the midbrain tectum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract to the midbrain tectum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract to the midbrain tectum okay
+this is just the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the use of
+words in anatomy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have a few more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i didn't print this journal for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i didn't print this journal for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i didn't print this journal for a
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+i have to use this powerpoint because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to use this powerpoint because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to use this powerpoint because
+i'm going to show you some video clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you some video clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you some video clips
+i'm going to get far enough today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get far enough today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get far enough today to
+show you the video clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the video clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the video clips
+but i you can print it this journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i you can print it this journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i you can print it this journal
+yourself or i can put it up later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or i can put it up later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or i can put it up later
+in that format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is really for next time but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really for next time but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really for next time but and
+i'll go over this again next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a
+a little more detail look at the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more detail look at the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more detail look at the spinal
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry yeah we did have this hand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry yeah we did have this hand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry yeah we did have this hand out
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we'll do this again next time if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll do this again next time if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll do this again next time if you
+don't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to look at spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at spinal cord
+structure and the autonomic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the autonomic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the autonomic nervous
+system we'll start with some embryology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we'll start with some embryology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we'll start with some embryology
+looking at development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at development
+i'll survey the adult human spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll survey the adult human spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll survey the adult human spinal cord
+and then we'll cover the autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll cover the autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll cover the autonomic
+nervous system and i hope you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and i hope you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and i hope you're reading
+about those things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we'll look at
+formation of the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of the neural tube
+from the embryonic ectoderm the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the embryonic ectoderm the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the embryonic ectoderm the surface
+of the embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the embryo
+we'll show how we divide that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show how we divide that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show how we divide that into
+dorsal and ventral parts the alar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal and ventral parts the alar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal and ventral parts the alar and
+basal plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basal plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basal plates
+and then we'll talk what will define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk what will define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk what will define
+neural crest cells that form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural crest cells that form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural crest cells that form the
+autonomic nervous system okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system okay now
+these are cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cross sections
+of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh
+embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic
+of the embryo right along the back i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the embryo right along the back i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the embryo right along the back i
+can't draw on this i'm forgetting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't draw on this i'm forgetting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't draw on this i'm forgetting here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here's the where the notochord is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the where the notochord is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the where the notochord is
+remember in all chordates they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in all chordates they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in all chordates they have this
+cartilage in this rod that forms along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage in this rod that forms along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage in this rod that forms along
+the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and just above it is the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just above it is the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just above it is the surface
+layer the notochord forms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the notochord forms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the notochord forms in the
+mesoderm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesoderm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesoderm
+okay the same part of the embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the same part of the embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the same part of the embryonic
+nervous system that forms our bone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system that forms our bone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system that forms our bone and
+muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the vertebrae the vertebral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vertebrae the vertebral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vertebrae the vertebral
+arches the bones will form around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arches the bones will form around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arches the bones will form around that
+as development proceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as development proceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as development proceeds
+above the notochord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the notochord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the notochord
+the ectoderm at a certain stage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ectoderm at a certain stage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ectoderm at a certain stage in
+development begins to thicken and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development begins to thicken and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development begins to thicken and we
+call that the neural plate because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the neural plate because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the neural plate because it is
+going to form the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form the central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form the central nervous system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and i show that here as cells that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i show that here as cells that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i show that here as cells that have
+become a little longer it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a little longer it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a little longer it's just one
+cell thick but they're becoming thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell thick but they're becoming thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell thick but they're becoming thicker
+that's the neural plate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the neural plate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the neural plate okay
+and then something very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then something very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then something very interesting
+starts to happen there's an invagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to happen there's an invagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to happen there's an invagination
+of that thickened ectoderm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that thickened ectoderm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that thickened ectoderm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we call that the neural groove there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the neural groove there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the neural groove there's a
+little groove that appears along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little groove that appears along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little groove that appears along the
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+of the embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the invagination proceeds to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invagination proceeds to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invagination proceeds to the point
+where the two lips here come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two lips here come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two lips here come together
+and you end up with a tube okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with a tube okay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with a tube okay there's
+some cells there at the edges that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cells there at the edges that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cells there at the edges that don't
+get included in the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get included in the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get included in the tube
+okay they remain outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they remain outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they remain outside
+that's called the neural crest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the neural crest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the neural crest
+those are the cells that will form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the cells that will form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the cells that will form the
+peripheral nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now a lot of these processes depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of these processes depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a lot of these processes depend on
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+that come from the notochord that induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from the notochord that induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from the notochord that induce
+these changes okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes okay yes
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+this is all the same thing here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all the same thing here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all the same thing here no
+record no record no record okay these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record no record no record okay these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record no record no record okay these
+are three different stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three different stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three different stages of
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here we just have the ectoderm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just have the ectoderm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just have the ectoderm
+and the underlying mesoderm including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the underlying mesoderm including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the underlying mesoderm including
+the notochord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notochord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notochord
+then we have this invagination occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this invagination occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this invagination occurring
+and now what used to be this thickened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what used to be this thickened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what used to be this thickened
+ectoderm here has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ectoderm here has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ectoderm here has become
+the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural tube
+and the neural crest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neural crest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neural crest
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are pictures from your book a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are pictures from your book a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are pictures from your book a
+little complicated but you can see they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complicated but you can see they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complicated but you can see they
+show a section there through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a section there through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a section there through the
+through the embryo and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the embryo and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the embryo and this is really
+meant to show you the same thing i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to show you the same thing i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to show you the same thing i've
+just been showing you they show it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been showing you they show it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been showing you they show it here
+18 to 20 days and then when it's gone a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 to 20 days and then when it's gone a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 to 20 days and then when it's gone a
+little further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further
+the extra things i didn't show here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra things i didn't show here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra things i didn't show here are
+the somi's forming going to form muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somi's forming going to form muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somi's forming going to form muscle
+and bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bone
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+just take a look now at this animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look now at this animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look now at this animation
+i want you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to look
+you can look at either one or both it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at either one or both it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at either one or both it's
+slow enough you can look at both here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow enough you can look at both here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow enough you can look at both here is
+a dorsal view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dorsal view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dorsal view
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the purple there is the neural plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purple there is the neural plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purple there is the neural plate
+so you see like in my picture here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see like in my picture here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see like in my picture here the
+only thing different from my picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing different from my picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing different from my picture is
+they're showing the somites there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing the somites there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing the somites there okay
+so there's the notochord there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the notochord there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the notochord there's the
+neural plate and the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural plate and the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural plate and the rest of the
+ectoderm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now it's proceeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's proceeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's proceeding
+you see the neural groove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the neural groove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the neural groove
+is formed there you see it there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed there you see it there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed there you see it there and
+there's the neural crest cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the neural crest cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the neural crest cells that are
+not are staying outside the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you see the coming together of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see the coming together of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see the coming together of the
+lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as it closes note that it's closing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it closes note that it's closing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it closes note that it's closing in
+the middle first it closes first in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle first it closes first in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle first it closes first in the
+cervical spinal cord now it's zipping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical spinal cord now it's zipping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical spinal cord now it's zipping up
+rosterly and cuddly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosterly and cuddly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosterly and cuddly
+the very last place to close will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last place to close will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last place to close will be
+here in the tail region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the tail region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the tail region
+you already see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already see the
+the brain forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain forming
+a larger neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's happened here now cells of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened here now cells of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened here now cells of the
+dorsal root ganglia are out here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal root ganglia are out here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal root ganglia are out here this is
+the autonomic ganglia and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic ganglia and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic ganglia and then there's
+some other cells that are moving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cells that are moving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other cells that are moving away
+from the neural crest these form pigment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the neural crest these form pigment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the neural crest these form pigment
+cells in the skin for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the skin for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the skin for example
+now they show this view they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they show this view they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they show this view they showed
+turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning
+and there you see the umbilical cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see that again next time now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that again next time now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that again next time now this
+is an actual film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an actual film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an actual film
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+xenopus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xenopus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xenopus
+okay the clawed frog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the clawed frog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the clawed frog
+and i want you to just to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to just to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to just to look at the
+egg here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg here
+look at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the surface
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+little embryo as it forms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there you see the knurl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see the knurl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see the knurl
+you look right there we'll look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look right there we'll look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look right there we'll look at it
+again you see it in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you see it in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you see it in all of these
+you see the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the neural
+groove there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove there
+pretty hard to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hard to see the
+narrow plate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow plate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow plate but
+you see it zipping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's neurally that whole process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's neurally that whole process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's neurally that whole process is
+called narration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called narration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called narration
+okay neurorelation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those neural crest cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neural crest cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neural crest cells
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i took this from carolyn moran is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took this from carolyn moran is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took this from carolyn moran is
+a scientist in england and she puts this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scientist in england and she puts this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scientist in england and she puts this
+on her website she's been studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her website she's been studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her website she's been studying the
+fate of neural crest cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fate of neural crest cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fate of neural crest cells
+and she's looked not only at the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's looked not only at the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's looked not only at the neural
+crest cells in the spinal cord region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crest cells in the spinal cord region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crest cells in the spinal cord region
+but also in the head region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in the head region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in the head region
+and she's noted here the various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's noted here the various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's noted here the various things
+that it forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we talked mainly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked mainly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked mainly about
+the sensory cells which are the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory cells which are the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory cells which are the dorsal
+root ganglia but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root ganglia but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root ganglia but also
+the autonomic nervous system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic nervous system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic nervous system okay
+the schwann cells what are schwann cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schwann cells what are schwann cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schwann cells what are schwann cells
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well they cover the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they cover the axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they cover the axons
+of the of the motor neuron axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the motor neuron axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the motor neuron axons
+but they all cells they're the glial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all cells they're the glial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all cells they're the glial
+cells that form the myelin sheath but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that form the myelin sheath but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that form the myelin sheath but
+not only emotive neurons but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only emotive neurons but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only emotive neurons but also the
+sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+and not the spinal cord it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the spinal cord it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the spinal cord it's only
+in the periphery okay schwarm cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periphery okay schwarm cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the periphery okay schwarm cells are
+in the peripheral nervous system they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the peripheral nervous system they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the peripheral nervous system they
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+they surround the axons the peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they surround the axons the peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they surround the axons the peripheral
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now the neural crest also forms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the neural crest also forms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the neural crest also forms the
+adrenal cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not actually only the adrenal medullary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually only the adrenal medullary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually only the adrenal medullary
+cells that secrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that secrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that secrete
+epinephrine or adrenaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine or adrenaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine or adrenaline
+but other cells there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other cells there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other cells there too
+they form melanocytes i showed you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form melanocytes i showed you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form melanocytes i showed you some
+of those cells that were migrating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cells that were migrating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cells that were migrating in
+dorsally into the skin form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally into the skin form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally into the skin form the
+melanocytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melanocytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melanocytes
+they also form other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also form other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also form other parts of the
+autonomic nervous system that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic nervous system that we'll be
+talking about in the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the head
+they form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form
+sensory ganglia in the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory ganglia in the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory ganglia in the head
+also the schwann cells peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the schwann cells peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the schwann cells peripheral
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+and some other structures too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now so then we have the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so then we have the neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so then we have the neural tube
+i'm trying the dorsal root ganglia here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying the dorsal root ganglia here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying the dorsal root ganglia here
+outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and
+the next big thing that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next big thing that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next big thing that's going to
+happen that we're concerned about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that we're concerned about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that we're concerned about is
+these axons are going to grow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these axons are going to grow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these axons are going to grow okay
+initially when they form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially when they form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially when they form
+there's no axons but now this cell will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no axons but now this cell will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no axons but now this cell will
+take this bipolar shape and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this bipolar shape and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this bipolar shape and it will
+start this little growth cone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this little growth cone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start this little growth cone will
+appear very active growth tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear very active growth tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear very active growth tip
+will appear going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear going
+out into the periphery and towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the periphery and towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the periphery and towards the
+spinal cord okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord okay
+and meanwhile very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meanwhile very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meanwhile very early
+you'll find some cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find some cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find some cells in the
+ventral part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral part here
+of the neural tube will send axons out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neural tube will send axons out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neural tube will send axons out
+those are the motor neurons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't even have to take any notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even have to take any notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even have to take any notes
+now we're going to do this all next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do this all next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do this all next time
+anyway i just want you to get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i just want you to get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i just want you to get used to
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+spinal cord we're almo almost finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord we're almo almost finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord we're almo almost finished
+for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today
+this cross section of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross section of the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross section of the spinal cord
+and a myelin stain you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a myelin stain you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a myelin stain you'll see the
+myelinated axons around the outside in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelinated axons around the outside in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myelinated axons around the outside in
+the spinal cord we always have the gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord we always have the gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord we always have the gray
+matter in the center that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the center that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter in the center that's what
+happened to all those cells of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to all those cells of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to all those cells of the
+neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they now end up the axons collect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they now end up the axons collect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they now end up the axons collect on the
+outside the original neural tube is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the original neural tube is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the original neural tube is
+you see right there and just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see right there and just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see right there and just about the
+size of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of my
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+dot there okay and then it got bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot there okay and then it got bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot there okay and then it got bigger
+and bigger and bigger and bigger as all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger and bigger and bigger as all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger and bigger and bigger as all
+the cells proliferated and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells proliferated and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells proliferated and a lot of
+mitosis and they form the axons and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis and they form the axons and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis and they form the axons and it
+ends up looking like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up looking like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up looking like this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+dorsal part is where the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal part is where the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal part is where the secondary
+sensory cells are the ventral part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells are the ventral part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells are the ventral part is
+where the motor neurons are in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the motor neurons are in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the motor neurons are in the right
+side it shows collections of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it shows collections of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it shows collections of motor
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here
+just the outline of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the outline of the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the outline of the spinal cord
+at many different levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at many different levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at many different levels
+and note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note
+huge amount of white matter here those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of white matter here those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of white matter here those
+are the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the axons
+here they show it as white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they show it as white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they show it as white
+here it's a mile and stains we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a mile and stains we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a mile and stains we're
+staining the mile in black and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining the mile in black and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining the mile in black and here
+they're showing the gray matter in dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing the gray matter in dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're showing the gray matter in dark
+i just want you to notice a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to notice a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to notice a couple
+things quite a lot of white matter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things quite a lot of white matter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things quite a lot of white matter here
+getting less and less and less and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting less and less and less and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting less and less and less and less
+as we go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go down
+why it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's very easy
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+as we go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go up
+remember more and more fibers are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember more and more fibers are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember more and more fibers are in the
+dorsal columns all the secondary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal columns all the secondary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal columns all the secondary sensory
+cells more and more axons the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells more and more axons the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells more and more axons the spinal
+thalamic tract they're being added at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract they're being added at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract they're being added at
+all levels of the body so the further up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all levels of the body so the further up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all levels of the body so the further up
+the cord we get we have more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cord we get we have more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cord we get we have more and more
+axons in the dorsal columns the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons in the dorsal columns the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons in the dorsal columns the lateral
+columns and similarly the descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and similarly the descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and similarly the descending
+pathways coming from the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways coming from the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways coming from the brain
+those fibers are entering the gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fibers are entering the gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fibers are entering the gray
+matter and the further down you go more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and the further down you go more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and the further down you go more
+and more of them have disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of them have disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of them have disappeared
+because they've already terminated so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've already terminated so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've already terminated so we
+get less and less white matter but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get less and less white matter but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get less and less white matter but just
+by looking at a cross section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at a cross section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at a cross section of the
+cord you can tell about what level it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord you can tell about what level it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord you can tell about what level it is
+the other thing to note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing to note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing to note here
+is that the gray matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the gray matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the gray matter
+is much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much bigger
+in the cervical region here and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cervical region here and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cervical region here and here
+again in the lumbar region those of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the lumbar region those of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the lumbar region those of the
+enlargements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements
+correspond to limb innervation okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to limb innervation okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to limb innervation okay we
+need a lot more neurons to innervate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a lot more neurons to innervate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a lot more neurons to innervate our
+limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's why there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why there's
+those are the cervical and lumbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the cervical and lumbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the cervical and lumbar
+enlargement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement
+okay and i summarize that here and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i summarize that here and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i summarize that here and we'll
+go through this again next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kZ1EqqnUw6M.txt b/kZ1EqqnUw6M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f02a130f798ee56087eb00515ca062603d3e839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kZ1EqqnUw6M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back
+to fintech shaping the financial world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fintech shaping the financial world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fintech shaping the financial world
+this is our last time together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our last time together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our last time together
+and so we're going to try to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to try to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to try to summarize
+up what the semester's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what the semester's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what the semester's been
+and some thoughts going forward as all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some thoughts going forward as all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some thoughts going forward as all
+of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you
+go forth and try to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forth and try to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go forth and try to think about this
+intersection of technology and finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of technology and finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of technology and finance
+and again we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we've
+we've taught it from that point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taught it from that point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've taught it from that point of view
+not necessarily just about startups but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily just about startups but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily just about startups but
+how technology and finance come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how technology and finance come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how technology and finance come together
+in the world of finance and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of finance and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of finance and it's been
+shaping it really for centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping it really for centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping it really for centuries
+but the dominant sort of themes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the dominant sort of themes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the dominant sort of themes that
+we've been talking about is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about is the new
+technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+that in the last five to 15 years have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the last five to 15 years have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the last five to 15 years have
+really been transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been transfer
+forming finance around artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming finance around artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming finance around artificial
+intelligence and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and machine learning
+natural language processing having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing having
+dramatic changes but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic changes but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic changes but also
+open api and the access to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open api and the access to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open api and the access to data
+through um technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um technological
+connections sometimes done by commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections sometimes done by commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections sometimes done by commerce
+sometimes the official sector has sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the official sector has sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the official sector has sort
+of moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moved
+uh and pressed against it and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and pressed against it and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and pressed against it and then of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+data and all the different forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and all the different forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and all the different forms of
+alternative data some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data some
+off of just traditional means like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of just traditional means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of just traditional means like
+whether we pay our rent on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we pay our rent on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we pay our rent on time
+some from social media and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some from social media and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some from social media and then when we
+looked at in short tech that i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in short tech that i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in short tech that i know
+really lifted the class up uh this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lifted the class up uh this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lifted the class up uh this look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+insurance and finance but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and finance but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and finance but then
+also telematics meaning all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also telematics meaning all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also telematics meaning all the
+all the data that a car brings on us or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data that a car brings on us or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data that a car brings on us or
+wearables if we wear a fitbit or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearables if we wear a fitbit or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearables if we wear a fitbit or a
+or a watch or something or the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a watch or something or the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a watch or something or the internet
+of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things
+and then we've talked even about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've talked even about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've talked even about some
+technologies that haven't yet come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that haven't yet come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that haven't yet come into
+the technology stack like blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology stack like blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology stack like blockchain
+technology and will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and will it
+it's already been a catalyst for change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already been a catalyst for change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already been a catalyst for change
+but will it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will it sort of
+come in and dramatically change finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and dramatically change finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and dramatically change finance
+so as we normally do if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we normally do if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we normally do if we can
+try to be part of the community and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be part of the community and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be part of the community and have
+our videos on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our videos on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our videos on
+i still see some with it off i know 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still see some with it off i know 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still see some with it off i know 12
+lectures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures in
+and it's early morning but i think if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's early morning but i think if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's early morning but i think if we
+can just try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just try to
+close out together with our videos on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close out together with our videos on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close out together with our videos on
+and if you have questions raising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have questions raising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have questions raising the
+little zoom blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zoom blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zoom blue
+blue hands are going into the chat room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue hands are going into the chat room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue hands are going into the chat room
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+romaine is going to take a close look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine is going to take a close look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine is going to take a close look
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+try to have a dialogue here i do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have a dialogue here i do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have a dialogue here i do have
+some slides to put up i'm still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slides to put up i'm still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slides to put up i'm still the same
+faculty member of the other 11 classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member of the other 11 classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member of the other 11 classes
+but let me share some slides and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me share some slides and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me share some slides and we'll
+get going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get going
+so we're gonna we're gonna talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna we're gonna talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna we're gonna talk a little
+bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about
+this finance technology stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finance technology stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finance technology stack
+and how i see these technologies fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how i see these technologies fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how i see these technologies fitting
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the actors again and then a review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors again and then a review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors again and then a review of
+the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+key areas machine learning open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key areas machine learning open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key areas machine learning open api
+credit scoring alternative data and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scoring alternative data and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scoring alternative data and the
+question marks around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question marks around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question marks around
+blockchain technology and then a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology and then a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology and then a quick
+sort of sector review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sector review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sector review
+and bringing those all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bringing those all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bringing those all together and
+uh wrapping it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrapping it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrapping it up
+the study questions was really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study questions was really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study questions was really about
+what is fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is fintech
+and so i don't know if anybody just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i don't know if anybody just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i don't know if anybody just
+wants to have an easy hit the ball out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to have an easy hit the ball out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to have an easy hit the ball out
+of the park moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the park moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the park moment
+uh but to you all what what is fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but to you all what what is fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but to you all what what is fintech
+and how might it shape the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the last class and your last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last class and your last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last class and your last
+opportunity to shine guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't you love house romaine sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you love house romaine sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you love house romaine sort of
+pulls it all out of you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls it all out of you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls it all out of you so
+so readily easily this is the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so readily easily this is the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so readily easily this is the last class
+danielle go ahead uh the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danielle go ahead uh the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danielle go ahead uh the application of
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+to financial services um and how might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to financial services um and how might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to financial services um and how might
+it shape the future of money and finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shape the future of money and finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shape the future of money and finance
+in unlimited ways an optimist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unlimited ways an optimist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unlimited ways an optimist
+i like that about you danny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like that about you danny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like that about you danny
+unlimited ways so do you think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited ways so do you think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited ways so do you think that you
+think we'll have banks in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll have banks in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll have banks in the future
+let's go right to the heart of it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go right to the heart of it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go right to the heart of it will
+we have commercial banks in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have commercial banks in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have commercial banks in the future
+um i think yes i think it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think yes i think it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think yes i think it's hard to
+dislodge institutions with that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislodge institutions with that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislodge institutions with that much
+um inertia but they may not look the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inertia but they may not look the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inertia but they may not look the way
+they look they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look they may
+you know get slightly more agile adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get slightly more agile adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get slightly more agile adapt
+and have digital currency they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have digital currency they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have digital currency they might
+pull in some of the disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull in some of the disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull in some of the disrupt
+or fintech disruptors so yes we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fintech disruptors so yes we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fintech disruptors so yes we'll have
+commercial banks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks but
+um they may not look precisely like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they may not look precisely like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they may not look precisely like they
+do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today
+i too think that we'll have commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i too think that we'll have commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i too think that we'll have commercial
+banks and i think it's more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks and i think it's more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks and i think it's more than just
+inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia
+i think that there's certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that there's certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that there's certain uh
+network effects that we've seen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects that we've seen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network effects that we've seen for
+centuries about bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries about bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries about bringing
+depositors and borrowers together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositors and borrowers together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositors and borrowers together and
+forming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming that
+intersection sort of like a neck of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection sort of like a neck of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection sort of like a neck of an
+hourglass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass
+but forming that intersection where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but forming that intersection where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but forming that intersection where the
+grains of sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains of sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains of sand
+money and risk flow between depositors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and risk flow between depositors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and risk flow between depositors
+who have money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have money
+but want to save it and borrowers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but want to save it and borrowers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but want to save it and borrowers who
+want to borrow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to borrow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to borrow it
+and then commercial banks bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then commercial banks bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then commercial banks bring that
+together peer-to-peer lending has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together peer-to-peer lending has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together peer-to-peer lending has been
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+now for some 15 years this concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for some 15 years this concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for some 15 years this concept that
+we don't need an intermediary in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need an intermediary in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need an intermediary in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+and then maybe borrowers and lenders can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe borrowers and lenders can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe borrowers and lenders can
+come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together
+on a technology platform and it's had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a technology platform and it's had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a technology platform and it's had
+some success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some success
+not just here in the us but it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just here in the us but it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just here in the us but it started
+in in europe it's been here in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in europe it's been here in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in europe it's been here in the u.s
+it's been in china with great uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been in china with great uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been in china with great uh uh
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+and some some challenges as well but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some some challenges as well but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some some challenges as well but i
+think what we've seen is by and large we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we've seen is by and large we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we've seen is by and large we
+still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have
+some centralized marketplaces to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some centralized marketplaces to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some centralized marketplaces to come
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+now that's not the only reason i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not the only reason i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not the only reason i think
+commercial banking will be around but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banking will be around but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banking will be around but i
+think there are significant network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are significant network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are significant network
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+pulling uh at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling uh at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling uh at the center
+um how do you best access the viability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you best access the viability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you best access the viability
+of a fintech project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fintech project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fintech project
+carlos would you like to take a step at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos would you like to take a step at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos would you like to take a step at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry sure um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sure um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sure um so
+i mean i think there's a couple there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i think there's a couple there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i think there's a couple there's
+a couple elements one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple elements one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple elements one is
+the you know how what what to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know how what what to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know how what what to what
+degree is it an improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is it an improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is it an improvement
+relative to a traditional product um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a traditional product um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a traditional product um
+how much more convenient is it for users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more convenient is it for users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more convenient is it for users
+and how much more accessible is it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much more accessible is it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much more accessible is it i
+think those are important factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think those are important factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think those are important factors
+um of course there's a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course there's a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course there's a financial
+viability right like you have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability right like you have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability right like you have to look at
+the actual unit economics of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual unit economics of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual unit economics of the product
+to see whether or not it's scalable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether or not it's scalable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether or not it's scalable
+above all and whether it makes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all and whether it makes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above all and whether it makes and
+whether it makes sense to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it makes sense to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it makes sense to have it
+at a large degree and then ultimately i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a large degree and then ultimately i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a large degree and then ultimately i
+mean i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i think
+we've seen right in the sins especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen right in the sins especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen right in the sins especially
+the last five years whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last five years whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last five years whether
+fintech companies can actually become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech companies can actually become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech companies can actually become
+publicly owned companies how they handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly owned companies how they handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly owned companies how they handle
+themselves in the stock market etc so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in the stock market etc so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in the stock market etc so i
+think there's been several phases to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's been several phases to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's been several phases to the
+evolution and it's it's continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and it's it's continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and it's it's continuing
+so let's just take a very helpful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just take a very helpful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just take a very helpful in
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+so first carlos said uh fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first carlos said uh fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first carlos said uh fundamentally
+you have to have a value proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a value proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a value proposition
+i'm using my words but sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using my words but sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using my words but sort of
+translating it if that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating it if that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating it if that's all right
+carlos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlos
+so what pain points are you addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what pain points are you addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what pain points are you addressing
+what gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gap
+in the current system of finance and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current system of finance and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the current system of finance and it
+might be about user interface and user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be about user interface and user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be about user interface and user
+experience and as mobile phones came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and as mobile phones came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and as mobile phones came
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+as we move from online banking on online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move from online banking on online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move from online banking on online
+trading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading to
+mobile banking and mobile trading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile banking and mobile trading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile banking and mobile trading that
+creates opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates opportunities
+many of those opportunities have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those opportunities have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those opportunities have already
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+they're not all done but many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all done but many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all done but many of those
+opportunities of that transition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities of that transition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities of that transition from
+bricks and mortar to the internet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and mortar to the internet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and mortar to the internet to
+mobile phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phones
+have happened but they create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened but they create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have happened but they create
+opportunities of user experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities of user experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities of user experience
+and user interface but it has to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and user interface but it has to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and user interface but it has to address
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+pain point do something quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain point do something quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain point do something quicker
+cheaper better it's an old saw in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper better it's an old saw in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper better it's an old saw in terms
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+strategy um but then carlos is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy um but then carlos is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy um but then carlos is also
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+we need to uh have financial viability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to uh have financial viability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to uh have financial viability
+at some point in time you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in time you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in time you have to be
+able to build a model where revenues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to build a model where revenues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to build a model where revenues are
+more than costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than costs
+a lot of these startups are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these startups are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these startups are looking for
+that sweet spot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sweet spot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sweet spot that
+sort of nirvana moment when you build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nirvana moment when you build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nirvana moment when you build a
+platform where platform economics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform where platform economics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform where platform economics and
+the network effects take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network effects take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network effects take off
+but carlos said you still have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but carlos said you still have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but carlos said you still have to have
+some financial viability at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some financial viability at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some financial viability at some point
+in time i think there was another hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time i think there was another hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time i think there was another hand
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i think to kind of build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think to kind of build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think to kind of build on
+congress's point like another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress's point like another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress's point like another thing that
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+it might make or break a project as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might make or break a project as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might make or break a project as like
+potential for fraud or the risk profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for fraud or the risk profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for fraud or the risk profile
+increased on a specific area like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased on a specific area like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased on a specific area like if
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+i don't know one thing we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know one thing we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know one thing we're kind of
+talking about as their group was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about as their group was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about as their group was uh
+alternative uh scoring and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative uh scoring and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative uh scoring and that's
+something that we're just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're just not
+super we're not sure if we're hot on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super we're not sure if we're hot on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super we're not sure if we're hot on or
+not just because of like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because of like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because of like what
+can taking is taking alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can taking is taking alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can taking is taking alternative data
+like actually going to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually going to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually going to increase the
+reduced risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced risk
+uh moving forward well so michael i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moving forward well so michael i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moving forward well so michael i
+think what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what you're
+saying is you still have to live within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you still have to live within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you still have to live within
+regulatory constraints and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory constraints and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory constraints and social
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+in terms of there's there's normative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of there's there's normative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of there's there's normative
+behavior and this is a highly regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this is a highly regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this is a highly regulated
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+uh and for good reason we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and for good reason we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and for good reason we're dealing
+with trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trust
+and trust is at the center of finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trust is at the center of finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trust is at the center of finance
+we're also dealing with other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also dealing with other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also dealing with other people's
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+and livelihood and savings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and livelihood and savings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and livelihood and savings and
+investments and so there's investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments and so there's investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments and so there's investor
+protection there's consumer protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection there's consumer protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection there's consumer protection
+and in terms of alternative data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of alternative data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of alternative data the
+basic tenants around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tenants around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tenants around the globe
+that when you extend credit or offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you extend credit or offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you extend credit or offer
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+insurance it should be done fairly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance it should be done fairly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance it should be done fairly and
+unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased
+and so how do we ensure that the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do we ensure that the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do we ensure that the use of
+alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data
+still stays within those social and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stays within those social and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still stays within those social and
+legal norms about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal norms about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal norms about
+offering credit and insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering credit and insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering credit and insurance
+in an unbiased and fair way i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an unbiased and fair way i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an unbiased and fair way i think
+that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're
+get you're chatting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you're chatting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you're chatting about
+yeah kind of i was just thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kind of i was just thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah kind of i was just thinking about
+also like the lack of adoption of crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like the lack of adoption of crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like the lack of adoption of crypto
+it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+if it's just gonna um kind of attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just gonna um kind of attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just gonna um kind of attract
+scammers and fraudulent activity like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scammers and fraudulent activity like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scammers and fraudulent activity like
+the technology is gonna have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is gonna have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is gonna have a hard time
+being adopted right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being adopted right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being adopted right right
+so of course we want to protect against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course we want to protect against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course we want to protect against
+fraud in the capital markets we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud in the capital markets we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud in the capital markets we also
+want to protect against manipulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to protect against manipulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to protect against manipulation and
+ensure for investor protection and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure for investor protection and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure for investor protection and we've
+seen particularly in some fields like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen particularly in some fields like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen particularly in some fields like
+cryptocurrencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies
+that they're rife with fraud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're rife with fraud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're rife with fraud and
+manipulation and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and sort of
+uh quick buck artists frankly around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quick buck artists frankly around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quick buck artists frankly around the
+globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+and so to ensure that any long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to ensure that any long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to ensure that any long-term
+viability of a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability of a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability of a project
+real viability comes within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real viability comes within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real viability comes within
+investor protection consumer protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection consumer protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection consumer protection
+norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms
+as well as norms about fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as norms about fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as norms about fairness
+inclusiveness explainability and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusiveness explainability and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusiveness explainability and the
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+in most nations these are embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most nations these are embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most nations these are embedded in
+various regulations and laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various regulations and laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various regulations and laws
+so standing up a new effort whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so standing up a new effort whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so standing up a new effort whether it's
+inside of an incumbent inside a big tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of an incumbent inside a big tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of an incumbent inside a big tech
+or a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a startup
+uh you've got to look at the regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've got to look at the regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've got to look at the regulatory
+context but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but
+michael's putting out also you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michael's putting out also you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michael's putting out also you've got to
+go a little further and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a little further and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go a little further and make sure that
+you're really serving your public and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really serving your public and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really serving your public and
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+your community um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your community um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your community um
+and then the last question is i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last question is i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last question is i mean i
+hope that we've met the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that we've met the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that we've met the
+the goals of the class but i do i do ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goals of the class but i do i do ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goals of the class but i do i do ask
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh today and over the next few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today and over the next few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today and over the next few weeks
+write me write me at gensler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write me write me at gensler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write me write me at gensler
+uh at mit.edu and tell me you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at mit.edu and tell me you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at mit.edu and tell me you know
+what we could do uh better this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do uh better this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do uh better this is the
+first year we've stood this up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year we've stood this up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year we've stood this up this
+class is also going to be shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is also going to be shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is also going to be shown
+publicly in mit's open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly in mit's open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly in mit's open courseware
+so those of you that might be watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of you that might be watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of you that might be watching
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+publicly write me and tell me what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly write me and tell me what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly write me and tell me what we
+can do in this class going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in this class going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in this class going forward
+and how we can make it a better product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we can make it a better product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we can make it a better product
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm kind of curious whether it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of curious whether it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of curious whether it's made
+some folks more bullish or more bearish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some folks more bullish or more bearish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some folks more bullish or more bearish
+on fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fintech
+and um i'm going to ask this at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um i'm going to ask this at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um i'm going to ask this at the end
+of class as well but if there's anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class as well but if there's anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class as well but if there's anybody
+who wants to chat now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to chat now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to chat now
+uh romaine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody want to take the bullish side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to take the bullish side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to take the bullish side or
+the bearish side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bearish side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bearish side
+daniella has her hand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i think it depends on um which hat i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it depends on um which hat i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think it depends on um which hat i
+have on if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on if i'm
+an investor or entrepreneur the classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor or entrepreneur the classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor or entrepreneur the classes
+may be more bullish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be more bullish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be more bullish
+lots of opportunities out there um if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of opportunities out there um if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of opportunities out there um if i
+have my citizen hat on i think i net out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my citizen hat on i think i net out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my citizen hat on i think i net out
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+bearish um not so much on the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearish um not so much on the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearish um not so much on the industry
+but more on its impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more on its impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more on its impact
+for me i'm certainly thrilled at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me i'm certainly thrilled at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me i'm certainly thrilled at the
+ability to access different forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to access different forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to access different forms of
+payment and lending but ultimately i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment and lending but ultimately i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment and lending but ultimately i
+think the long-term costs in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the long-term costs in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the long-term costs in terms of
+the data these companies will have on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data these companies will have on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data these companies will have on me
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the just immense role in and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just immense role in and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just immense role in and control
+over my life i i net out at bearish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my life i i net out at bearish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my life i i net out at bearish
+and then if i'm the government i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if i'm the government i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if i'm the government i'm
+probably netting out it bearish as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably netting out it bearish as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably netting out it bearish as well
+because this is going to mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is going to mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is going to mean a
+um gnarly set of regulations and laws to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gnarly set of regulations and laws to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gnarly set of regulations and laws to
+navigate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate that
+means a lot more work for me very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a lot more work for me very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a lot more work for me very
+interesting very nuanced answer i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting very nuanced answer i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting very nuanced answer i see
+some other hands up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other hands up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other hands up
+silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe you've got your mute one still yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've got your mute one still yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've got your mute one still yes
+we can't hear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then let's move on to let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i'm uh taking a lot of more bullish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm uh taking a lot of more bullish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm uh taking a lot of more bullish
+for me one of the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me one of the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me one of the interesting thing
+interesting trends i see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting trends i see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting trends i see is
+serving the underserved whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving the underserved whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving the underserved whether that's
+in crypto you know trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crypto you know trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crypto you know trying to
+serve the population that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the population that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the population that doesn't have
+access to bc or whether it's in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to bc or whether it's in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to bc or whether it's in like
+insurance there you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance there you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance there you have all these
+trends where people are creating kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends where people are creating kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends where people are creating kind of
+more nuanced products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nuanced products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nuanced products
+to really target you know populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really target you know populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really target you know populations
+that are underserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are underserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are underserved
+and all these different kinds of and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these different kinds of and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these different kinds of and new
+innovations around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations around that
+inspired me so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired me so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired me so we've got
+we've got uh bullish on as an investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got uh bullish on as an investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got uh bullish on as an investor
+uh from danny we've got bullish for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from danny we've got bullish for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from danny we've got bullish for
+economic inclusion and product inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic inclusion and product inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic inclusion and product inclusion
+uh just now from lambie but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just now from lambie but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just now from lambie but
+there was some bearishness from danny on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some bearishness from danny on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some bearishness from danny on
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and and and the industry knowing so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the industry knowing so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the industry knowing so much
+more about us was there anybody else uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about us was there anybody else uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about us was there anybody else uh
+romaine that wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine that wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine that wanted to
+add in maybe celie for microphone works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in maybe celie for microphone works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in maybe celie for microphone works
+and luke great and then we'll move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and luke great and then we'll move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and luke great and then we'll move on
+we'll take luke and setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take luke and setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take luke and setting
+yeah um my internet connection is poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um my internet connection is poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um my internet connection is poor
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um i think i'd like to echo i miss part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think i'd like to echo i miss part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think i'd like to echo i miss part
+of remedies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remedies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remedies
+but my thing was uh financial inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my thing was uh financial inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my thing was uh financial inclusion
+um so really entering um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so really entering um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so really entering um
+i think also it's in the benefit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think also it's in the benefit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think also it's in the benefit of the
+government too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government too
+um i know that right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i know that right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i know that right the
+there are some concerns there but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some concerns there but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some concerns there but i
+think if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you're
+thinking about it from an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it from an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it from an economic
+growth perspective there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth perspective there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth perspective there's a lot of
+opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+through fintech that would inevitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through fintech that would inevitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through fintech that would inevitably
+benefit the entire economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the entire economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit the entire economy
+so um i think that there's an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i think that there's an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i think that there's an argument
+for the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the government
+to have interest in taking more bullish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have interest in taking more bullish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have interest in taking more bullish
+approach as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach as well
+even though there are risks involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there are risks involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there are risks involved
+so so you accept a little bit that danny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you accept a little bit that danny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you accept a little bit that danny
+was saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying that
+for the government the official sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the government the official sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the government the official sector
+some of the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the challenges
+to use her words were gnarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use her words were gnarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use her words were gnarly
+but though there's challenges you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but though there's challenges you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but though there's challenges you think
+to the extent that it promotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that it promotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent that it promotes
+inclusion and economic activity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion and economic activity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion and economic activity that
+innovation is a net good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is a net good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is a net good
+and competition if i can insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competition if i can insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competition if i can insert
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+what fintech does is it provides an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fintech does is it provides an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fintech does is it provides an
+opportunity both for incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity both for incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity both for incumbents
+and startups and big competitors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and startups and big competitors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and startups and big competitors like
+big tech to start to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech to start to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech to start to bring
+competitive challenges we saw this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive challenges we saw this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive challenges we saw this in
+china when alipay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china when alipay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china when alipay
+and wechat pay bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wechat pay bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wechat pay bring
+economic challenges to the banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic challenges to the banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic challenges to the banking
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+and now dominate the retail payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now dominate the retail payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now dominate the retail payment
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+but for a while all of that inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a while all of that inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a while all of that inclusion
+creates economic opportunity i say for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates economic opportunity i say for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates economic opportunity i say for a
+while because at some point in time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while because at some point in time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while because at some point in time then
+they too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too
+become up a bit of an oligopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become up a bit of an oligopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become up a bit of an oligopoly
+and they can charge at over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can charge at over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can charge at over time
+economic threats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic threats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic threats
+but that is certainly brought a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is certainly brought a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is certainly brought a lot of
+inclusion a lot of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion a lot of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion a lot of growth
+a lot of economic opportunity uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of economic opportunity uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of economic opportunity uh to
+underserved populations in that case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underserved populations in that case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underserved populations in that case in
+china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+and elsewhere in asia we've also seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elsewhere in asia we've also seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and elsewhere in asia we've also seen
+that across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that across
+the u.s and in europe with competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s and in europe with competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s and in europe with competition
+from challenger banks and neo banks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from challenger banks and neo banks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from challenger banks and neo banks and
+payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+uh companies long ago like paypal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh companies long ago like paypal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh companies long ago like paypal
+started 20 years ago or more recently by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started 20 years ago or more recently by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started 20 years ago or more recently by
+many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the
+payment innovators in the space whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment innovators in the space whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment innovators in the space whether
+they're data aggregators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're data aggregators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're data aggregators
+or direct payment solutions like toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or direct payment solutions like toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or direct payment solutions like toast
+in the restaurant business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the restaurant business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the restaurant business
+but as danny said also the plaids which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as danny said also the plaids which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as danny said also the plaids which
+are the data aggregators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the data aggregators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the data aggregators
+or even the credit karma is giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even the credit karma is giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even the credit karma is giving us
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+access to our credit reports or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to our credit reports or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to our credit reports or
+robinhood giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinhood giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinhood giving us
+free access to trading online brokerage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free access to trading online brokerage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free access to trading online brokerage
+also then are collecting significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then are collecting significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then are collecting significant
+amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data
+and whether they're commercializing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether they're commercializing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether they're commercializing that
+data in ways we understand appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in ways we understand appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in ways we understand appreciate
+and want danny is sort of raising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and want danny is sort of raising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and want danny is sort of raising that
+makes her a little uncomfortable as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes her a little uncomfortable as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes her a little uncomfortable as well
+and i think we're going to close it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we're going to close it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we're going to close it out
+with luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with luke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with luke
+yeah so i'm bullish in the long term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i'm bullish in the long term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i'm bullish in the long term and
+in in in the sense that two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the sense that two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in the sense that two conditions
+are met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are met
+the convenience and then technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convenience and then technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convenience and then technology
+acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance
+in terms of blockchain you teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of blockchain you teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of blockchain you teach
+blockchain and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and money
+and if people accept blockchain as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if people accept blockchain as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if people accept blockchain as
+technology as a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology as a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology as a core
+to fintech it has a lot of potentials if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fintech it has a lot of potentials if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fintech it has a lot of potentials if
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+this is nothing more than making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nothing more than making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nothing more than making any
+status quo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status quo
+in industry more convenient and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in industry more convenient and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in industry more convenient and more
+accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible
+so a little better you're bullish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little better you're bullish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little better you're bullish and
+one of the reasons you're bullish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons you're bullish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons you're bullish is
+you feel that blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel that blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel that blockchain technology
+uh uh is is is a positive and is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh is is is a positive and is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh is is is a positive and is that
+positive because you feel it's pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because you feel it's pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because you feel it's pushing
+at the side of central banks pushing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the side of central banks pushing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the side of central banks pushing at
+the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of
+of central payment processors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of central payment processors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of central payment processors and the
+rest of finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of finance
+uh which i would share that view i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i would share that view i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i would share that view i think
+it's a catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a catalyst
+and and it's part of why we've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's part of why we've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's part of why we've seen a
+lot of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of innovation
+even even at our u.s federal reserve who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even at our u.s federal reserve who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even at our u.s federal reserve who
+was thinking about doing 24-hour days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about doing 24-hour days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about doing 24-hour days
+seven day a week payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven day a week payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven day a week payment systems
+is rolling out something called fed now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rolling out something called fed now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rolling out something called fed now
+i think that's in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's in part
+because of this catalyst for change but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this catalyst for change but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this catalyst for change but
+do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you
+also think that it will be a mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think that it will be a mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think that it will be a mainstream
+product offering and that blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product offering and that blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product offering and that blockchain
+technology will roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will roll
+into uh the what i call the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh the what i call the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh the what i call the technology
+stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack
+in finance well i believe in evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance well i believe in evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance well i believe in evolution
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in 10 years or whatever years that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 years or whatever years that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 years or whatever years that may
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+this is indeed the best technology if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indeed the best technology if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indeed the best technology if
+everyone accepts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone accepts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone accepts it
+so i don't see why not however it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't see why not however it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't see why not however it will
+take tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take tremendous amount of
+time and energy and effort for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and energy and effort for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and energy and effort for everyone
+to accept it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept it and
+understand it either it takes crisis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it either it takes crisis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it either it takes crisis or
+it takes governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes governmental
+interruption right you may be right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruption right you may be right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruption right you may be right i
+still haven't been convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still haven't been convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still haven't been convinced
+but you may be right i think that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you may be right i think that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you may be right i think that it is
+uh i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm
+i'm i'm sort of a middle of the road i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm sort of a middle of the road i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm sort of a middle of the road i'm
+neither a minimalist or a maximalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither a minimalist or a maximalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither a minimalist or a maximalist
+on blockchain technology but it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on blockchain technology but it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on blockchain technology but it hasn't
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+because of the dominant challenges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the dominant challenges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the dominant challenges of
+governance how do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance how do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance how do you have
+multiple parties sharing a ledger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parties sharing a ledger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parties sharing a ledger and
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+issues of governance are not new they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of governance are not new they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of governance are not new they're
+just in this context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in this context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in this context of
+of blockchain technology but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blockchain technology but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blockchain technology but the
+opportunity to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to have
+a new data structure a shared data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new data structure a shared data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new data structure a shared data
+structure amongst multiple parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure amongst multiple parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure amongst multiple parties
+i think you're probably right will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're probably right will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're probably right will come
+into you somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you somewhere
+the question is how how broadly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how how broadly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how how broadly because
+you have at the central really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have at the central really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have at the central really
+uh danny used the word gnarly but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh danny used the word gnarly but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh danny used the word gnarly but maybe
+if i use that here gnarly set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i use that here gnarly set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i use that here gnarly set of
+governance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance
+issues how you have a shared data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues how you have a shared data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues how you have a shared data
+structure a shared ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a shared ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a shared ledger
+and then of course in crypto currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course in crypto currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course in crypto currencies
+is another set of challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another set of challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another set of challenges
+is a private sector currency needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a private sector currency needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a private sector currency needed
+well if fiat currencies are well managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if fiat currencies are well managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if fiat currencies are well managed
+if monetary policy and fiscal policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if monetary policy and fiscal policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if monetary policy and fiscal policies
+are well managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well managed
+probably not but then again the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not but then again the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not but then again the history
+of nations the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nations the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nations the history of
+finance and money is it of 200 countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and money is it of 200 countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and money is it of 200 countries
+there tends to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there tends to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there tends to be one
+to three at any given time that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three at any given time that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three at any given time that aren't
+managing their fiat currencies well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing their fiat currencies well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing their fiat currencies well
+so there you go one last note is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go one last note is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go one last note is only
+when government's interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when government's interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when government's interest
+aligns with the blockchain because fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligns with the blockchain because fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligns with the blockchain because fiat
+currency is centralized and blockchains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency is centralized and blockchains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency is centralized and blockchains
+decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized
+would we have the wide acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we have the wide acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we have the wide acceptance
+of blockchain correct that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blockchain correct that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blockchain correct that's a good
+that's a good point that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point that that
+uh the sovereign currency is is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sovereign currency is is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sovereign currency is is probably
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+unless there's some uh collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's some uh collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's some uh collaboration
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the central authorities and the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central authorities and the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central authorities and the use of
+the technology as your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology as your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology as your point
+so we're going to we're going to dive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to we're going to dive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to we're going to dive in
+a little bit and just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and just sort of
+summarizing i talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing i talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing i talk about
+the the technology stack and the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the technology stack and the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the technology stack and the cloud
+mobile the internet were important parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile the internet were important parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile the internet were important parts
+that were added to the finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were added to the finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were added to the finance
+technology stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack
+really from the 1990s all the way till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really from the 1990s all the way till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really from the 1990s all the way till
+now and if you look at big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and if you look at big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and if you look at big
+finance all using the internet of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance all using the internet of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance all using the internet of course
+from the late 90s and into the naughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the late 90s and into the naughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the late 90s and into the naughts
+all pretty much rolling out mobile uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pretty much rolling out mobile uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pretty much rolling out mobile uh
+applications particularly in the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications particularly in the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications particularly in the last 10
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+often because of the pressures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often because of the pressures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often because of the pressures from
+startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups
+not so much all have rolled in the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much all have rolled in the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much all have rolled in the cloud
+and many big finance companies are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many big finance companies are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many big finance companies are still
+having their centralized data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having their centralized data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having their centralized data structures
+but more and more using the cloud what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more and more using the cloud what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more and more using the cloud what's
+important about the cloud though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about the cloud though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important about the cloud though is that
+it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives
+startups a real chance to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups a real chance to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups a real chance to sort of
+rent versus build so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent versus build so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent versus build so you don't have to
+build your own data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own data structure
+put it in microsoft azure put it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in microsoft azure put it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in microsoft azure put it in in
+amazon aws put it in baidu's equivalents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon aws put it in baidu's equivalents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon aws put it in baidu's equivalents
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+um so those were all earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those were all earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those were all earlier
+technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+fully in the finance technology stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully in the finance technology stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully in the finance technology stack
+what we've talked a lot about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've talked a lot about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've talked a lot about in this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+machine learning natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning natural language
+processing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the
+critical pieces really in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical pieces really in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical pieces really in the last
+call it's seven to ten years that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's seven to ten years that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's seven to ten years that that
+computational power and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational power and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational power and the
+ability to analyze data and extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to analyze data and extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to analyze data and extract
+correlations and what machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and what machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and what machine learning
+at its core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its core
+does best it's remarkable at extracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does best it's remarkable at extracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does best it's remarkable at extracting
+correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations
+pattern recognition if you wish and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition if you wish and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition if you wish and that
+pattern recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern recognition
+on data has started to really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data has started to really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data has started to really be
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+in this field we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field we'll talk a little bit
+more about it but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it but it's also
+access to data and digital interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to data and digital interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to data and digital interfaces
+through open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through open
+application program interfaces or api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application program interfaces or api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application program interfaces or api
+and you could have machine learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could have machine learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could have machine learning and
+natural language processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing
+without open api but open api is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without open api but open api is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without open api but open api is a
+really important piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important piece of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important piece of this
+particularly as startups try to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as startups try to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly as startups try to get into
+the space and as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and as we talked about
+some of that's because the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that's because the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that's because the official
+sector says thou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector says thou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector says thou
+shall do this some of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall do this some of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall do this some of it is
+technologically facilitated by companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically facilitated by companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically facilitated by companies
+that provided that access and then many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provided that access and then many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provided that access and then many
+of the incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incumbents
+wanted to provide it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to provide it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to provide it as well
+and then of course there's a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course there's a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course there's a whole bunch
+of things that have been in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that have been in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that have been in the
+technology stack for decades or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack for decades or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack for decades or
+centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries
+we took those as givens and i think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took those as givens and i think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took those as givens and i think at
+some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+when this course is taught in the 2030s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this course is taught in the 2030s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this course is taught in the 2030s
+machine learning will just be taken as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning will just be taken as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning will just be taken as a
+given open api will be a given and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given open api will be a given and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given open api will be a given and
+there'll be new technologies beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be new technologies beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be new technologies beyond that
+now we talked about one that's really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we talked about one that's really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we talked about one that's really in
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+and i kid the class a little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i kid the class a little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i kid the class a little bit because
+i know the interest has been more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the interest has been more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the interest has been more in
+payments and in challenger banks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and in challenger banks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and in challenger banks and
+neobacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neobacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neobacks
+but why i find insurance so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why i find insurance so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why i find insurance so interesting
+is it's starting to lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's starting to lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's starting to lay
+a new technology into the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new technology into the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new technology into the technology
+stack we don't see this as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack we don't see this as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack we don't see this as much
+in the challenger banks and in credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the challenger banks and in credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the challenger banks and in credit
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+sensor data telematics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor data telematics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor data telematics and the
+automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles
+wearables and the like all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearables and the like all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearables and the like all that
+remarkable amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable amount of data
+to assess and underwrite insurance risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assess and underwrite insurance risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assess and underwrite insurance risk
+whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's
+on an automobile whether it's on a home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an automobile whether it's on a home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an automobile whether it's on a home
+will that come into the technology stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that come into the technology stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that come into the technology stack
+of banks and credit card companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of banks and credit card companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of banks and credit card companies
+we haven't yet seen it but other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't yet seen it but other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't yet seen it but other than
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+social norms and regulatory reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms and regulatory reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social norms and regulatory reasons
+why wouldn't we see that that wealth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't we see that that wealth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't we see that that wealth of
+data from your automobile from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from your automobile from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from your automobile from your
+wearables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearables
+uh from internet of things sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from internet of things sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from internet of things sensors
+wouldn't start to in in influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't start to in in influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't start to in in influence
+and one might say infiltrate into how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one might say infiltrate into how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one might say infiltrate into how
+credit decisions are made again within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit decisions are made again within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit decisions are made again within
+within the regulatory construct and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the regulatory construct and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the regulatory construct and so
+forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so
+one of the reasons why i find insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why i find insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why i find insurance
+so fascinating because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fascinating because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fascinating because there
+there's sort of another technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of another technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of another technology that
+they're starting to use to collect data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting to use to collect data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting to use to collect data
+really important and then lastly we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and then lastly we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and then lastly we've
+talked a lot about blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about blockchain technology
+i teach it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i teach it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i teach it as well
+i find it a fascinating area but just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find it a fascinating area but just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find it a fascinating area but just as
+that back and forth with luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back and forth with luke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back and forth with luke
+i put question marks will it come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put question marks will it come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put question marks will it come into
+that full technology stack it's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that full technology stack it's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that full technology stack it's most
+definitely been a catalyst for change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely been a catalyst for change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely been a catalyst for change
+it's pushing at the edges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pushing at the edges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pushing at the edges of
+finance it's starting to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance it's starting to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance it's starting to make
+each institution whether it's jp morgan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each institution whether it's jp morgan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each institution whether it's jp morgan
+thinking about a new way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a new way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a new way
+to do payments with something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do payments with something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do payments with something called
+jpmorgan coin or a whole collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jpmorgan coin or a whole collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jpmorgan coin or a whole collection
+of incumbent banks around a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incumbent banks around a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incumbent banks around a project
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+finality or utility settlement coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finality or utility settlement coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finality or utility settlement coin
+we've of course seen how facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've of course seen how facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've of course seen how facebook
+caught a great deal of attention in 2019
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught a great deal of attention in 2019
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught a great deal of attention in 2019
+and 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2020
+with their facebook libra project a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their facebook libra project a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their facebook libra project a
+consortium to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consortium to
+roll out a new global currency both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out a new global currency both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll out a new global currency both
+multibasket and single currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multibasket and single currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multibasket and single currency
+so incumbents and big tech are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so incumbents and big tech are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so incumbents and big tech are taking
+very close look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close look at this
+and then you have the central bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the central bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the central bank of
+china people's bank of china doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china people's bank of china doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china people's bank of china doing
+something called a digital currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a digital currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a digital currency
+electronic payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic payments
+program it's not using blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it's not using blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it's not using blockchain
+technology but for sure it's inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but for sure it's inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but for sure it's inspired by
+cryptocurrencies it's for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies it's for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrencies it's for sure
+uh put a higher emphasis for all central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put a higher emphasis for all central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put a higher emphasis for all central
+banks around the globe to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks around the globe to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks around the globe to consider
+what's called central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called central bank digital
+currencies so i put some question marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies so i put some question marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies so i put some question marks
+because we know it's already been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know it's already been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know it's already been a
+catalyst for change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst for change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst for change
+but will it actually be incorporated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will it actually be incorporated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will it actually be incorporated in
+the technology stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology stack
+uh romaine any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's wait just another second yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's wait just another second yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's wait just another second yes
+hassan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah i just have a question now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah i just have a question now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah i just have a question now when
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+i mean at the beginning of the slide he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean at the beginning of the slide he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean at the beginning of the slide he
+said internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said internet
+mobile and then cloud i mean what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile and then cloud i mean what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile and then cloud i mean what do you
+mean exactly by i mean did it move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean exactly by i mean did it move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean exactly by i mean did it move from
+internet to cloud or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet to cloud or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet to cloud or
+is this like a new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this like a new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this like a new technology
+i'm sure because your your voice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure because your your voice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure because your your voice is
+fading out are you asking whether i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fading out are you asking whether i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fading out are you asking whether i
+think these are new technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are new technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are new technologies
+i think they were new when they rolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they were new when they rolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they were new when they rolled
+out the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the internet
+fundamentally in the mid to late 90s for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally in the mid to late 90s for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally in the mid to late 90s for
+most of finance had to take notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of finance had to take notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of finance had to take notice
+but i assure you having lived it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i assure you having lived it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i assure you having lived it in the
+early 90s the internet was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s the internet was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s the internet was not
+in the in the technology stack meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the technology stack meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the technology stack meaning
+most of big finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of big finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of big finance
+and startups of the time didn't use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and startups of the time didn't use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and startups of the time didn't use it
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+many of the startups by the late 90s had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the startups by the late 90s had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the startups by the late 90s had
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+amazon started in 1995 and they embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon started in 1995 and they embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon started in 1995 and they embedded
+they embedded uh the internet in it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they embedded uh the internet in it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they embedded uh the internet in it of
+course it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it was
+what made amazon so successful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made amazon so successful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made amazon so successful um
+paypal started in 1997 or 1998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paypal started in 1997 or 1998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paypal started in 1997 or 1998
+for instance um now you can't survive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance um now you can't survive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance um now you can't survive if
+you don't use the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use the internet
+so that's that's what i'm saying there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what i'm saying there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what i'm saying there
+and mobile phones similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mobile phones similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mobile phones similarly
+by and large finance at first was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large finance at first was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large finance at first was
+providing things online or shall i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing things online or shall i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing things online or shall i say
+on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet
+but not necessarily on a mobile app and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily on a mobile app and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily on a mobile app and
+the first mobile apps were fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mobile apps were fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mobile apps were fundamentally
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh the same that you could do online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same that you could do online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same that you could do online
+and then you have to give a better user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to give a better user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to give a better user
+interface a more adaptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface a more adaptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface a more adaptable
+you know in essence something for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in essence something for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in essence something for the
+small screen that our fingers can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small screen that our fingers can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small screen that our fingers can do
+easily and readily on this rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and readily on this rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and readily on this rather than
+on a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a laptop
+so i'm saying that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm saying that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm saying that today
+whether you're big tech big finance or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're big tech big finance or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're big tech big finance or a
+start-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start-up
+you have to do these things you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do these things you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do these things you have to
+do them well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them well
+or you can't compete fundamentally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can't compete fundamentally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can't compete fundamentally um
+but maybe i don't understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe i don't understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe i don't understand the
+question hassan no i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question hassan no i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question hassan no i mean
+and and i mean when you move to cloud is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i mean when you move to cloud is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i mean when you move to cloud is
+it is it like supporting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it like supporting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it like supporting the
+the the mobile application or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mobile application or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mobile application or
+or i mean does it have a different use i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i mean does it have a different use i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i mean does it have a different use i
+think it it does a number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it it does a number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it it does a number of things
+great question the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question the cloud
+i think facilitates greater competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think facilitates greater competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think facilitates greater competition
+both as a support function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as a support function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as a support function and
+also a cost function a lot of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a cost function a lot of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a cost function a lot of a lot of
+finances about trust embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances about trust embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances about trust embedded in
+finances trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances trust
+and we give data to financial firms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we give data to financial firms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we give data to financial firms we
+want that data to be protected now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that data to be protected now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that data to be protected now
+earlier danny raised the underbelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier danny raised the underbelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier danny raised the underbelly
+about how they use the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they use the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they use the data
+but we want it protected so by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want it protected so by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want it protected so by using the
+cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud
+any financial competitor can better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any financial competitor can better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any financial competitor can better
+insure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insure
+for cyber security i mean one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cyber security i mean one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cyber security i mean one of the
+the dominant things about the cloud is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant things about the cloud is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant things about the cloud is
+it can lower cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can lower cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can lower cost
+it can provide a standardized form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can provide a standardized form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can provide a standardized form of
+data security or cyber security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data security or cyber security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data security or cyber security
+and i think it somewhat levels the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it somewhat levels the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it somewhat levels the field
+of competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competition
+but it's a supporting role you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a supporting role you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a supporting role you're right
+it's not something necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something necessarily
+that's there for the users for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there for the users for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there for the users for you and
+me to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to see
+but we couldn't use we couldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we couldn't use we couldn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we couldn't use we couldn't use
+credit carmo we couldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit carmo we couldn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit carmo we couldn't use
+robinhood we couldn't use many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinhood we couldn't use many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinhood we couldn't use many of the
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+apps if those venture capitalists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps if those venture capitalists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps if those venture capitalists and
+entrepreneurs behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs behind it
+had decided to build their own data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had decided to build their own data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had decided to build their own data
+centers they wouldn't have been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers they wouldn't have been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers they wouldn't have been able to
+stand up with the same scalability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up with the same scalability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up with the same scalability and
+same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+frames and at the same cost so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and at the same cost so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and at the same cost so it's
+facilitated a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitated a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitated a tremendous amount of
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+thank you um so sometimes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um so sometimes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um so sometimes an
+infrastructure technology i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure technology i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure technology i might
+consider the cloud an infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the cloud an infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the cloud an infrastructure
+technology rather than a user-facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology rather than a user-facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology rather than a user-facing
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+but as an infrastructure technology it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as an infrastructure technology it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as an infrastructure technology it's
+darn important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn important
+thank you um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um and so
+in that context i've also sort of said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context i've also sort of said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context i've also sort of said
+well there's the customer interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the customer interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the customer interface
+and and and chat bots and open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and chat bots and open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and chat bots and open api
+or what we've been talking about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we've been talking about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we've been talking about in this
+in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+but it all builds on that which came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it all builds on that which came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it all builds on that which came
+right before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before it
+mobile phones the internet as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phones the internet as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phones the internet as we just
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+and and and we've dominantly focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and we've dominantly focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and we've dominantly focused on
+customer interface and risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer interface and risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer interface and risk management
+risk management what we've focused on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk management what we've focused on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk management what we've focused on in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+machine learning dominantly sensors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning dominantly sensors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning dominantly sensors and
+telematics in the insurance field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telematics in the insurance field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telematics in the insurance field
+peer-to-peer lending is in their risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer lending is in their risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer lending is in their risk
+management side but all of this built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management side but all of this built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management side but all of this built
+and could not have been built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could not have been built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could not have been built
+without the asset-backed securitization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the asset-backed securitization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the asset-backed securitization
+and like the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the cloud
+earlier hassan if i can use that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier hassan if i can use that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier hassan if i can use that the
+cloud is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud is an
+infrastructure technology the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure technology the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure technology the technology
+of risk management that you could take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk management that you could take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk management that you could take a
+pool of mortgages a pool of credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool of mortgages a pool of credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool of mortgages a pool of credit card
+receivables a pool of auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivables a pool of auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivables a pool of auto
+loans and take those and sell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and take those and sell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and take those and sell them
+into the securities markets has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the securities markets has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the securities markets has
+facilitated a number of startups to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitated a number of startups to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitated a number of startups to say
+look i don't need to use balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i don't need to use balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i don't need to use balance sheet
+i can maybe sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can maybe sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can maybe sell
+these pull of receivables and loans into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pull of receivables and loans into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pull of receivables and loans into
+the marketplace i could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketplace i could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketplace i could be
+more like a broker more on the front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a broker more on the front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a broker more on the front end
+and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give
+great customer interface and then sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great customer interface and then sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great customer interface and then sell
+into the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the market
+so some risk management tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some risk management tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some risk management tools
+that were inventions and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were inventions and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were inventions and new
+technologies of the 1970s to the 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies of the 1970s to the 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies of the 1970s to the 1990s
+allows then this build here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows then this build here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows then this build here
+and so one of the central themes of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the central themes of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the central themes of this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+class that i want you to take away is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that i want you to take away is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that i want you to take away is
+not necessarily how machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily how machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily how machine learning
+works not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works not
+necessarily how open api works but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily how open api works but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily how open api works but how
+new technologies come along in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies come along in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies come along in the past
+and they will in the future every 5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will in the future every 5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will in the future every 5 to
+15 years there's gonna be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years there's gonna be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years there's gonna be some
+new technology we 7 billion humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology we 7 billion humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology we 7 billion humans
+haven't stopped coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't stopped coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't stopped coming
+up with innovations that are relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with innovations that are relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with innovations that are relevant to
+the financial world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial world
+and as they do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as they do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as they do think
+about how to it opens a crack how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to it opens a crack how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to it opens a crack how it
+creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates
+an opportunity and if you're at a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity and if you're at a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity and if you're at a big
+incumbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent
+if you're a bank of america or mitsui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a bank of america or mitsui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a bank of america or mitsui
+bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank
+think about how it's going to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how it's going to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how it's going to create an
+opportunity not only for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity not only for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity not only for you
+but your competitors and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your competitors and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your competitors and if you don't
+act upon that new technology somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act upon that new technology somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act upon that new technology somebody
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+there'll be a new transferwise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a new transferwise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a new transferwise or
+revolut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolut
+or robin hood or alipay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or robin hood or alipay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or robin hood or alipay
+that comes along to use that technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes along to use that technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes along to use that technology
+and i think they will be dominantly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think they will be dominantly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think they will be dominantly in
+these two areas customer interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two areas customer interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two areas customer interface
+and then risk management but just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then risk management but just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then risk management but just like
+the cloud there could be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud there could be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud there could be also
+things that are pure infrastructure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are pure infrastructure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are pure infrastructure and
+the cloud created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud created
+opportunity and moved uh financial law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and moved uh financial law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and moved uh financial law
+so that's kind of the central sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the central sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the central sort of
+conceptual framework that i bring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework that i bring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework that i bring to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and i think that finance has a fertile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that finance has a fertile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that finance has a fertile
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+and the important opportunities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important opportunities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important opportunities in
+finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+digitization of money money is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitization of money money is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitization of money money is now
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+i mean money itself is but a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean money itself is but a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean money itself is but a social
+construct but we used to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct but we used to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct but we used to think about it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+physical ways before a few decades ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical ways before a few decades ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical ways before a few decades ago
+it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all
+really physical paper money or gold or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really physical paper money or gold or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really physical paper money or gold or
+solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar
+but frankly we're in the 2020s we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but frankly we're in the 2020s we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but frankly we're in the 2020s we're
+living through this coronavirus crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living through this coronavirus crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living through this coronavirus crisis
+we will have accentuated that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have accentuated that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have accentuated that there's a
+wide public acceptance of new tech and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide public acceptance of new tech and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide public acceptance of new tech and
+each time there's a new tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time there's a new tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time there's a new tech
+a new way to interface though finance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way to interface though finance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new way to interface though finance is
+a world of trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world of trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a world of trust
+we tend to have a lot of trust in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to have a lot of trust in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to have a lot of trust in new
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+um now there's often it's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there's often it's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there's often it's the new
+generation it's going to be the gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation it's going to be the gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation it's going to be the gen
+z's and and and and the millennials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z's and and and and the millennials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z's and and and and the millennials
+before it's going to be folks in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's going to be folks in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's going to be folks in my
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+but there's still a wide acceptance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's still a wide acceptance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's still a wide acceptance of
+new tech look at all of us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tech look at all of us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tech look at all of us in the
+coronavirus crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus crisis
+using zoom and online it's not as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using zoom and online it's not as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using zoom and online it's not as good
+as being in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being in the classroom
+i have to tell you this is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to tell you this is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to tell you this is definitely
+not as good as being in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as good as being in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as good as being in the classroom
+but we're learning how to use this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're learning how to use this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're learning how to use this new
+tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech
+and the interface and the processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interface and the processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interface and the processing
+systems of the legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of the legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of the legacy
+incumbent leaves opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent leaves opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent leaves opportunities for
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+and of course we've talked about data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we've talked about data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we've talked about data
+i'm pausing romaine in case there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pausing romaine in case there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pausing romaine in case there are
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's give it a few more seconds we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give it a few more seconds we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give it a few more seconds we have
+a question from luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh quick question what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quick question what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quick question what do you think
+about encrypting attack to money via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about encrypting attack to money via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about encrypting attack to money via
+blockchains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains
+so that we can um kind of see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can um kind of see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can um kind of see where the
+public money spending can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public money spending can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public money spending can be
+uh public money is spent um i.e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh public money is spent um i.e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh public money is spent um i.e
+korea is actually trying to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+korea is actually trying to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+korea is actually trying to think about
+doing that you mentioned china's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you mentioned china's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you mentioned china's
+thinking about doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about doing that
+this is more possible in more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more possible in more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more possible in more of the
+east asian countries versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east asian countries versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east asian countries versus
+very very high individual rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high individual rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very high individual rights
+countries such as u.s where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries such as u.s where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries such as u.s where
+they might be more allergic to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be more allergic to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be more allergic to it so
+you've you've embedded a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've embedded a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've embedded a whole bunch of
+parts in there but let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in there but let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in there but let me just say
+blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+has um a positive attribute that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um a positive attribute that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um a positive attribute that it's a
+shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared
+public ledger on some level you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public ledger on some level you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public ledger on some level you can make
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+on that ledger public you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that ledger public you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that ledger public you can also
+encrypt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt it
+and make it not necessarily public so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it not necessarily public so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it not necessarily public so
+it depends on the architecture but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the architecture but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the architecture but a
+blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain
+technology with a shared ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology with a shared ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology with a shared ledger
+is what's often is called tamper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's often is called tamper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's often is called tamper
+resistant tamper resistant some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant tamper resistant some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant tamper resistant some people
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+immutable which isn't quite technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable which isn't quite technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable which isn't quite technically
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+and so uh a government or even a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh a government or even a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh a government or even a private
+sector firm could use it to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector firm could use it to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector firm could use it to say
+that's a record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a record
+of truth that's a record that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of truth that's a record that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of truth that's a record that's
+is tamper resistant i haven't seen any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tamper resistant i haven't seen any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tamper resistant i haven't seen any
+government doing that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government doing that yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government doing that yet
+uh uh but it certainly can be done it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but it certainly can be done it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but it certainly can be done it's
+been done more in the private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done more in the private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done more in the private sector
+you'd still have to trust in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd still have to trust in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd still have to trust in the
+protocol you'd have to trust in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you'd have to trust in whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you'd have to trust in whatever
+uh nodes or network maintain that ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nodes or network maintain that ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nodes or network maintain that ledger
+um but it's a possibility going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's a possibility going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's a possibility going forward
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+um so who are the actors in fintech who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so who are the actors in fintech who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so who are the actors in fintech who
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+who are the broad actors what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the broad actors what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the broad actors what we've
+talked about them big finance i like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about them big finance i like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about them big finance i like to
+quote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the
+central bank governor of brazil who gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank governor of brazil who gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank governor of brazil who gave
+me this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this little
+saying where he said big finances like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying where he said big finances like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying where he said big finances like
+fortresses they have moats and towers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortresses they have moats and towers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortresses they have moats and towers
+and sovereign affiliations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sovereign affiliations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sovereign affiliations
+um and i thought it had i mean it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i thought it had i mean it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i thought it had i mean it breaks
+down a little bit too but it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit too but it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit too but it has some
+app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app
+parts of it being the towers are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it being the towers are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it being the towers are big
+finians are dominant in payments they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finians are dominant in payments they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finians are dominant in payments they
+have their balance sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their balance sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their balance sheets
+they too collect data and they're vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too collect data and they're vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too collect data and they're vast
+corporate structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate structures
+often of of of a thousand to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often of of of a thousand to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often of of of a thousand to five
+thousand legal entities around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand legal entities around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand legal entities around the globe
+but there's challenges to big finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's challenges to big finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's challenges to big finance
+particularly in payments and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in payments and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in payments and some of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+are now even incumbents themselves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now even incumbents themselves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now even incumbents themselves like
+paypal and square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paypal and square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paypal and square
+and and stripe and the like startups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and stripe and the like startups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and stripe and the like startups of
+just 10 and 20 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 10 and 20 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 10 and 20 years ago
+now they feel a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they feel a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they feel a little bit like
+incumbents as well but i think big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents as well but i think big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents as well but i think big
+finances we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances we
+talked earlier with danny i think big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked earlier with danny i think big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked earlier with danny i think big
+finance we will still have banks in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance we will still have banks in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance we will still have banks in 10
+and 30 years because there's network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 30 years because there's network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 30 years because there's network
+economics around balance sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics around balance sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics around balance sheets
+there's there's just uh any study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diversification would tell you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification would tell you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification would tell you if you
+have a balance sheet that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a balance sheet that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a balance sheet that has
+thousands of loans on it rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of loans on it rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of loans on it rather than a
+single loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single loan
+you can lower the risk just through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lower the risk just through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lower the risk just through the
+diversification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification of the
+underwriting and the risk allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting and the risk allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting and the risk allocation
+also big finance has data but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also big finance has data but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also big finance has data but there's
+challenges to big finance for sure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges to big finance for sure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges to big finance for sure from
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+tech and the bank of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech and the bank of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech and the bank of international
+settlement talks about big tech in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement talks about big tech in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement talks about big tech in terms
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+data networks and activities now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data networks and activities now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data networks and activities now the
+data is a little different than big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is a little different than big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is a little different than big
+finance because it includes data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance because it includes data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance because it includes data
+outside of the financial world so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the financial world so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the financial world so they
+get a picture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a picture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a picture on
+all of our activity in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our activity in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our activity in a different way
+i mean google has google chrome it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean google has google chrome it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean google has google chrome it has
+google maps it has gmail it has so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google maps it has gmail it has so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google maps it has gmail it has so many
+ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to
+assess data uh phone companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess data uh phone companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess data uh phone companies like
+apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple
+have a lot of how to have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of how to have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of how to have a lot of
+sensor data as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor data as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor data as well
+that sensor data is currently being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensor data is currently being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sensor data is currently being used
+in insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in insurance
+but will it start to be used in credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will it start to be used in credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will it start to be used in credit
+and payment systems and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and payment systems and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and payment systems and the like
+and then the startups and i don't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the startups and i don't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the startups and i don't count
+the startups out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups out
+but i think to think about fintech just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think to think about fintech just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think to think about fintech just
+about startups is too narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about startups is too narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about startups is too narrow
+and it's why i think of fintech around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's why i think of fintech around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's why i think of fintech around
+these three sets of actors but startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three sets of actors but startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three sets of actors but startups
+disruptive innovators if if you throw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive innovators if if you throw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive innovators if if you throw up
+a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+finance startups or fintech startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance startups or fintech startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance startups or fintech startups
+two to five of them are just gonna break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to five of them are just gonna break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to five of them are just gonna break
+through i mean there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through i mean there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through i mean there's some
+odds to this that some will break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds to this that some will break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds to this that some will break
+through and they have flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and they have flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and they have flexibility
+and they're a bit of asymmetric risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're a bit of asymmetric risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're a bit of asymmetric risk
+takers they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takers they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takers they don't have
+business models to support and protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models to support and protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models to support and protect
+and it's often big finance is protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's often big finance is protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's often big finance is protecting
+a business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business model
+credit cards in the us are dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards in the us are dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards in the us are dominated by
+seven big companies and those seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven big companies and those seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven big companies and those seven
+big companies that dominate in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big companies that dominate in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big companies that dominate in the us
+they want to protect some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to protect some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to protect some of their
+profit and revenue models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and revenue models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and revenue models
+and so that gives an opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that gives an opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that gives an opportunity for
+companies like toast to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like toast to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like toast to get into the
+into the restaurant business it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the restaurant business it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the restaurant business it's a
+little harder for a big actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder for a big actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder for a big actor
+to to go into those individual sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to go into those individual sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to go into those individual sectors
+and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+they also have a bit of asymmetric risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have a bit of asymmetric risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have a bit of asymmetric risk
+as it relates to regulation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it relates to regulation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it relates to regulation and this is
+what danny was saying earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what danny was saying earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what danny was saying earlier
+it's it's neither good nor bad it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's neither good nor bad it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's neither good nor bad it's just
+an observation that startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observation that startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observation that startups
+often have a little bit of an attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have a little bit of an attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have a little bit of an attitude
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+you know try it out if it breaks some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try it out if it breaks some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try it out if it breaks some
+rules somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules somewhere
+clean it up work in good faith with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it up work in good faith with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it up work in good faith with the
+regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators
+and and and the like and because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the like and because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the like and because they're
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+often regulators around the globe have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often regulators around the globe have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often regulators around the globe have
+decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided
+to give a little forbearance through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a little forbearance through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a little forbearance through
+something called regulatory sandboxes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called regulatory sandboxes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called regulatory sandboxes to
+promote innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote innovation
+if they were larger there would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were larger there would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were larger there would be more
+systemic and customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic and customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic and customer
+facing problems and then fourthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing problems and then fourthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing problems and then fourthly
+there's the official sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the official sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the official sector
+and so while finance tech and startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so while finance tech and startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so while finance tech and startups
+are competing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competing and
+and sort of trying to provide better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of trying to provide better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of trying to provide better
+products and better opportunities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and better opportunities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and better opportunities and
+user interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interfaces
+the official sector cares about economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official sector cares about economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official sector cares about economic
+growth but they also care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth but they also care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth but they also care about
+financial stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability
+and sometimes there are a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes there are a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes there are a little bit in
+conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict
+uh also guarding against illicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also guarding against illicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also guarding against illicit
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+promoting inclusion and the tenants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting inclusion and the tenants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting inclusion and the tenants of
+investor and consumer protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and consumer protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and consumer protection
+um so what were the big technologies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what were the big technologies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what were the big technologies we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+uh and unless romain i'm going to pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and unless romain i'm going to pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and unless romain i'm going to pause
+to see if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there are
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still there yes yes i don't see any so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there yes yes i don't see any so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there yes yes i don't see any so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+i just didn't want to make i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just didn't want to make i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just didn't want to make i want to
+make sure my internet connection didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure my internet connection didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure my internet connection didn't
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+so right now in finance where we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now in finance where we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now in finance where we've seen
+machine learning this extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning this extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning this extraordinary
+ability to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to extract
+patterns extract correlations out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns extract correlations out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns extract correlations out of
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+we've seen it primarily in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen it primarily in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen it primarily in the middle
+here around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here around
+fraud detection and prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud detection and prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud detection and prevention
+regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory
+that a lot of the credit card companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the credit card companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the credit card companies
+and big banks are using it to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big banks are using it to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big banks are using it to extract
+correlations to better do fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations to better do fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations to better do fraud
+protection and better do what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and better do what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and better do what's called
+any money laundering and compliance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money laundering and compliance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money laundering and compliance so
+if that big bucket is compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that big bucket is compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that big bucket is compliance
+i'd say the second most developed area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd say the second most developed area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd say the second most developed area
+is around natural language processing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around natural language processing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around natural language processing or
+cost centers chat bots robo advising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost centers chat bots robo advising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost centers chat bots robo advising
+we all have studied together robo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all have studied together robo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all have studied together robo
+advising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advising
+in investments like around firms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in investments like around firms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in investments like around firms like
+betterment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment and
+and uh um wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um wealth
+front i think it's called um and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front i think it's called um and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front i think it's called um and others
+but robo advising both in the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but robo advising both in the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but robo advising both in the credit
+space investing space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space investing space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space investing space
+as well and bank of america has their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and bank of america has their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and bank of america has their
+voice uh assistant called erica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice uh assistant called erica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice uh assistant called erica
+uh you know the the series and alexas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the series and alexas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the series and alexas
+of finance are gonna be uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finance are gonna be uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finance are gonna be uh be
+built out in the 2020s um but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built out in the 2020s um but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built out in the 2020s um but i think
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+interesting area which is not frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting area which is not frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting area which is not frankly
+used that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that much
+yet it's being used but not a lot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet it's being used but not a lot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet it's being used but not a lot is
+around the underwriting decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the underwriting decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the underwriting decisions
+underwriting and insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting and insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting and insurance
+underwriting and credit basically how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting and credit basically how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting and credit basically how do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+allocate and extend and price credit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate and extend and price credit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate and extend and price credit or
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+this is at the core of finance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at the core of finance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at the core of finance because
+the core finance that sort of neck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core finance that sort of neck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core finance that sort of neck of
+the hourglass is standing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hourglass is standing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hourglass is standing between
+savers and borrowers or standing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savers and borrowers or standing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savers and borrowers or standing between
+those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who
+have a risk and those who are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a risk and those who are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a risk and those who are willing to
+bear a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear a risk
+and as you're at that neck of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you're at that neck of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you're at that neck of the
+hourglass if you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass if you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass if you can use
+machine learning to better allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning to better allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning to better allocate
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+and extend credit or insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you're going to use that technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to use that technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to use that technology
+and extracting patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extracting patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extracting patterns
+is an important part to do that now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important part to do that now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important part to do that now you
+need to do it within the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do it within the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do it within the law
+you need to do it within these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do it within these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do it within these questions
+of fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fairness
+and explainability but i think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explainability but i think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explainability but i think we're
+going to see this grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see this grow
+dramatically in the by the mid 2020s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically in the by the mid 2020s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically in the by the mid 2020s
+it's already there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already there
+i'm not saying it's not there i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying it's not there i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying it's not there i'm just
+saying we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we will see
+machine learning used much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning used much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning used much more
+especially around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially around
+alternative data we've seen it a bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data we've seen it a bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative data we've seen it a bit in
+asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset
+management and trading but frankly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and trading but frankly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and trading but frankly not
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+dominating the trading floors yet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating the trading floors yet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating the trading floors yet it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+dominating the hedge funds yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating the hedge funds yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating the hedge funds yet
+and a lot of folks in the hedge fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of folks in the hedge fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of folks in the hedge fund
+community in high frequency trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in high frequency trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in high frequency trading
+communities say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities say
+that their algorithms their linear their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their algorithms their linear their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their algorithms their linear their
+linear sort of type of regressions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear sort of type of regressions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear sort of type of regressions and
+classic statistics are doing well enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic statistics are doing well enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic statistics are doing well enough
+but i think we'll see this dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think we'll see this dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think we'll see this dramatically
+shift and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and i think
+at times the real question is will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times the real question is will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times the real question is will
+machine learning be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning be
+better than a classic set of regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than a classic set of regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than a classic set of regression
+analyses a classic set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses a classic set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses a classic set
+of statistics that you can do the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statistics that you can do the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statistics that you can do the answer
+is if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it's not
+you'll stick with the classic statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll stick with the classic statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll stick with the classic statistics
+it's not as if you have to throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as if you have to throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as if you have to throw away
+the classic data analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic data analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic data analysis
+this is just a stronger tool in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a stronger tool in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a stronger tool in certain
+circumstances to add on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances to add on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances to add on top of it
+romaine questions all right let's give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine questions all right let's give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaine questions all right let's give
+it a few seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a few seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a few seconds
+one two three no questions gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three no questions gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three no questions gary
+there's this debate sometime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this debate sometime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this debate sometime is
+artificial intelligence machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence machine learning
+a tool or a service is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool or a service is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool or a service is it
+is it itself an industry or not i find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it itself an industry or not i find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it itself an industry or not i find
+myself thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself thinking
+more and more it's frankly a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more it's frankly a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more it's frankly a tool
+dominantly but it is also a service at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominantly but it is also a service at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominantly but it is also a service at
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+it is a tool that is already being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a tool that is already being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a tool that is already being used
+and will be used more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be used more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be used more and more
+inside of big finian's big tech and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of big finian's big tech and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of big finian's big tech and this
+disruptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptors
+but that's not to say it's not also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not to say it's not also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not to say it's not also a
+service at time it can be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service at time it can be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service at time it can be something
+like i'm showing here as a compliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm showing here as a compliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i'm showing here as a compliant
+software so you can stand up a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so you can stand up a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software so you can stand up a company
+that does one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does one of these things
+going back you can stand up a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back you can stand up a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back you can stand up a company
+that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does
+fraud detection better than the banks do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud detection better than the banks do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud detection better than the banks do
+right now or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now or
+stands up something around credit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands up something around credit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands up something around credit or
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+as a number of startups have done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a number of startups have done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a number of startups have done in the
+insurance field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance field
+that can take data in access data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can take data in access data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can take data in access data and
+maybe you're a data aggregator from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're a data aggregator from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're a data aggregator from the
+payment space like plaid or a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment space like plaid or a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment space like plaid or a data
+aggregator and insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregator and insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregator and insurance
+it's taking in all that telematic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taking in all that telematic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taking in all that telematic data
+from automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from automobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from automobiles
+and taking that data you can use ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking that data you can use ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking that data you can use ai
+as a service and some of these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a service and some of these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a service and some of these like
+anti-fraud softwares like feature space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-fraud softwares like feature space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-fraud softwares like feature space
+and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+are tractable which is doing insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tractable which is doing insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tractable which is doing insurance
+claims processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims processing
+are doing ai as a service i think you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing ai as a service i think you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing ai as a service i think you'll
+see though that the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see though that the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see though that the dominant
+way we're going to be thinking about ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're going to be thinking about ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're going to be thinking about ai
+within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a
+really already now but within a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really already now but within a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really already now but within a few
+years it's a tool that if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's a tool that if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's a tool that if you don't have
+it in your toolkit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in your toolkit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in your toolkit
+if you don't use machine learning to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't use machine learning to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't use machine learning to do
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+data analytics you're going to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analytics you're going to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analytics you're going to fall
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+somewhere whether it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere whether it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere whether it's in your
+compliance side or whether it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance side or whether it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliance side or whether it's in your
+underwriting side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting side
+and others who use machine learning will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others who use machine learning will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others who use machine learning will
+have a more nuanced more flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more nuanced more flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more nuanced more flexible
+and ultimately higher revenue potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately higher revenue potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately higher revenue potential
+lower cost potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cost potential
+underwriting of insurance or credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting of insurance or credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting of insurance or credit
+but i think about it as both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think about it as both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think about it as both ways
+natural language processing a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language processing a form of
+artificial intelligence but important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence but important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence but important
+slipstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipstream
+it's really about taking human words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about taking human words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really about taking human words
+and computer language and doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer language and doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer language and doing the
+interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+content generation content summarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content generation content summarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content generation content summarization
+and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like
+and so what are we already using it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what are we already using it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what are we already using it for
+in finance a lot of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance a lot of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance a lot of ways
+customer service there's chat bots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer service there's chat bots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer service there's chat bots and
+the erica's of bank of america and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the erica's of bank of america and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the erica's of bank of america and the
+robo advisors and the like we're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robo advisors and the like we're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robo advisors and the like we're already
+that's a big piece but that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big piece but that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big piece but that's going to
+continue to be facilitated and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be facilitated and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to be facilitated and go
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+where where one day we'll get on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where one day we'll get on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where one day we'll get on the
+phone and we won't quite know are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and we won't quite know are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and we won't quite know are we
+talking to a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a human
+or a chatbot on the other time chat bots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a chatbot on the other time chat bots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a chatbot on the other time chat bots
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+can't deal with sarcasm too well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't deal with sarcasm too well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't deal with sarcasm too well
+so you can kind of suss it out still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can kind of suss it out still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can kind of suss it out still a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+with a little bit of sarcasm um but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of sarcasm um but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of sarcasm um but i
+don't know in a number of years what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know in a number of years what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know in a number of years what it
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+uh basic process automation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basic process automation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basic process automation
+and an area that asset managers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an area that asset managers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an area that asset managers are
+using more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using more and more
+still just a little bit but using more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just a little bit but using more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just a little bit but using more
+and more sentiment analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more sentiment analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more sentiment analysis
+analyzing vast amount of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing vast amount of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing vast amount of of
+spoken words written words and seeing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken words written words and seeing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken words written words and seeing if
+they can assess a sentiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can assess a sentiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can assess a sentiment
+that might be important investing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be important investing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be important investing in the
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we spent a fair amount of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we spent a fair amount of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we spent a fair amount of time on
+open api and open banking and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open api and open banking and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open api and open banking and the
+critical thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing here
+is really access to data and an ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really access to data and an ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really access to data and an ability
+to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build
+software on top of platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software on top of platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software on top of platforms
+so in this case think of big finance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case think of big finance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case think of big finance as
+the platforms just like you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the platforms just like you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the platforms just like you might think
+of facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of facebook
+as a platform can you build can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a platform can you build can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a platform can you build can you
+build some software on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some software on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some software on top of it
+maybe it's software to do one small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's software to do one small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's software to do one small
+aspect of finance better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of finance better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of finance better
+than the big platform is doing right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the big platform is doing right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the big platform is doing right now
+just like you can build one small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you can build one small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you can build one small
+application on top of facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application on top of facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application on top of facebook
+and say we can do something better now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say we can do something better now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say we can do something better now
+facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook
+and other technology platforms sought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other technology platforms sought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other technology platforms sought to
+facilitate this through open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate this through open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate this through open api
+saying developers can build on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying developers can build on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying developers can build on top of
+our platforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our platforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our platforms
+big finance was of mixed minds some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big finance was of mixed minds some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big finance was of mixed minds some of
+big finance wanted to promote it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big finance wanted to promote it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big finance wanted to promote it some
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+the official sector stepped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official sector stepped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official sector stepped in
+particularly in europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in europe
+with the payment systems directive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the payment systems directive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the payment systems directive and
+other directives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directives
+in the united kingdom around open api
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united kingdom around open api
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united kingdom around open api
+but then around the globe brazil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then around the globe brazil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then around the globe brazil and
+other countries as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries as we talked about
+said no we've got to promote some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no we've got to promote some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no we've got to promote some
+competition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition here
+and and share data in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and share data in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and share data in essence
+the shared data is permissioned by us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shared data is permissioned by us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shared data is permissioned by us
+that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we
+say yes you can have my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes you can have my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes you can have my data
+it's sitting there at bank of america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sitting there at bank of america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sitting there at bank of america
+but you can have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can have it
+the alternatives and this is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternatives and this is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternatives and this is kind of an
+interesting technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting technological
+competition the alternatives was i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition the alternatives was i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition the alternatives was i could
+permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission
+an application like credit karma to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application like credit karma to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application like credit karma to go
+get my data at bank of america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my data at bank of america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my data at bank of america
+and if bank of america did not provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if bank of america did not provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if bank of america did not provide
+an open api to credit karma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open api to credit karma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open api to credit karma
+or an open api possibly to plaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an open api possibly to plaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an open api possibly to plaid
+which is a data aggregator that plaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a data aggregator that plaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a data aggregator that plaid
+then created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then created
+data to credit karma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to credit karma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to credit karma
+if bank of america said no then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if bank of america said no then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if bank of america said no then maybe
+credit karma would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma would go
+and do something called screen scraping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something called screen scraping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something called screen scraping
+literally taking pictures of screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally taking pictures of screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally taking pictures of screens
+using technology to get that data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using technology to get that data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using technology to get that data or
+reverse engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineering and
+robotic process automation so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic process automation so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic process automation so there is a
+little bit of a competition that open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a competition that open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a competition that open
+api is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api is also a
+safer more secure way to do it a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer more secure way to do it a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer more secure way to do it a more
+standardized way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized way to
+do it so what we've seen is banks kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so what we've seen is banks kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so what we've seen is banks kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+kind of a little bit a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little bit a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little bit a little bit
+disappointing to their business model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing to their business model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing to their business model
+but banks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but banks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but banks kind of
+coming into this as i said many banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into this as i said many banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into this as i said many banks
+thought it was a good idea to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a good idea to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a good idea to be more
+like facebook and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like facebook and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like facebook and let
+let startups build apps on top of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let startups build apps on top of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let startups build apps on top of them
+some banks said no the official sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some banks said no the official sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some banks said no the official sector
+got involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got involved
+but also technological competition got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also technological competition got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also technological competition got
+involved this screen scraping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved this screen scraping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved this screen scraping and
+reverse process automation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse process automation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse process automation um
+romaine i'm going to pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see if the class has any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i ensure you that more opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i ensure you that more opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i ensure you that more opportunity
+has been created around open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been created around open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been created around open
+api and open banking uh than we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api and open banking uh than we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+api and open banking uh than we could
+ever talk about in a semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever talk about in a semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever talk about in a semester
+and it's usually uh it's sort of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's usually uh it's sort of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's usually uh it's sort of thought
+of as a little bit infrastructure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a little bit infrastructure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a little bit infrastructure a
+little bit back office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit back office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit back office
+but there's rarely a central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's rarely a central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's rarely a central bank
+governor around the globe that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor around the globe that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor around the globe that isn't
+talking about this thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this thinking about this
+how to promote competition within their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to promote competition within their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to promote competition within their
+banking sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking sectors
+uh in in their countries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in their countries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in their countries um
+we don't have any hands up so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have any hands up so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have any hands up so we can
+continue guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue guarantee
+i mentioned robotic process automation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned robotic process automation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned robotic process automation
+some of robotic process automation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of robotic process automation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of robotic process automation is
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+the startups using it to compete and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups using it to compete and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups using it to compete and get
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+in a close closed or more resilient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a close closed or more resilient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a close closed or more resilient
+system that doesn't want to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that doesn't want to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that doesn't want to give them
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+in some countries you can't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some countries you can't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some countries you can't get it
+easily through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily through
+the market structures or the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market structures or the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market structures or the official
+sanction open api but it's also being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanction open api but it's also being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanction open api but it's also being
+used by incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by incumbents
+just to open accounts and onboarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to open accounts and onboarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to open accounts and onboarding
+it's basically taking something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically taking something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically taking something that
+humans were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans were doing
+and automating it and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and automating it and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and automating it and it's called
+robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic
+process automation but just think of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process automation but just think of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process automation but just think of any
+process it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it can be
+reading documents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading documents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading documents and
+and onboarding a client so how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and onboarding a client so how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and onboarding a client so how does a
+big wealth management company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big wealth management company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big wealth management company
+how does an online broker or mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does an online broker or mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does an online broker or mobile
+broker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker
+online us now and that you can literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online us now and that you can literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online us now and that you can literally
+just scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scan
+the documents it reads it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents it reads it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents it reads it
+and voila we're in that we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voila we're in that we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voila we're in that we don't have to
+go to some bricks and mortar place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to some bricks and mortar place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to some bricks and mortar place
+and get physical documents uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get physical documents uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get physical documents uh
+any longer so it's an important piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer so it's an important piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer so it's an important piece of
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+and lowering costs also and enhancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lowering costs also and enhancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lowering costs also and enhancing
+user interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me talk about a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about a little bit about
+credit scores and alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scores and alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit scores and alternative data
+the fair isaac company found in about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fair isaac company found in about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fair isaac company found in about 50
+to 60 years ago by a couple of stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60 years ago by a couple of stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60 years ago by a couple of stanford
+graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+named fair and isaac so thus fico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named fair and isaac so thus fico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named fair and isaac so thus fico
+it's used in 32 countries there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used in 32 countries there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used in 32 countries there are many
+countries that don't use it but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that don't use it but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that don't use it but it is a
+dominant way to think about credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant way to think about credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant way to think about credit
+scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring
+in the latter part of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the latter part of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the latter part of the 20th century
+and even the early 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the early 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the early 21st century
+and here's the ratios that the 30 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the ratios that the 30 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the ratios that the 30 to
+this and 35 percent of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and 35 percent of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and 35 percent of that
+it's very static it's been updated about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very static it's been updated about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very static it's been updated about
+eight times there's a roll out of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight times there's a roll out of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight times there's a roll out of a new
+um fico score this this summer of 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fico score this this summer of 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fico score this this summer of 2020
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+but alternative data might give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but alternative data might give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but alternative data might give us a
+better picture on somebody and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture on somebody and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better picture on somebody and whether
+they're going to default on a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to default on a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to default on a loan
+or whether they're the right insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they're the right insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they're the right insurance
+risk and so the first sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and so the first sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and so the first sort of
+rudimentary level of alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary level of alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary level of alternative data
+that goes beyond fico score is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond fico score is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes beyond fico score is your
+employment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment or
+income or or whether you even paid your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income or or whether you even paid your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income or or whether you even paid your
+rent on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent on time
+see fico score traditionally hasn't used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see fico score traditionally hasn't used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see fico score traditionally hasn't used
+even whether you're paying your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even whether you're paying your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even whether you're paying your
+utilities or rent checks on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities or rent checks on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities or rent checks on time
+or as ali pay and wechat pay can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as ali pay and wechat pay can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as ali pay and wechat pay can do
+look at a small business and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a small business and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a small business and look at
+your whole cash flow picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole cash flow picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole cash flow picture
+your revenues and your costs or here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your revenues and your costs or here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your revenues and your costs or here in
+the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+into it which intuit is a company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it which intuit is a company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it which intuit is a company that
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+turbo tax and has more recently bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo tax and has more recently bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbo tax and has more recently bought
+some fintech startups as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fintech startups as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fintech startups as well
+that intuit can see the whole cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuit can see the whole cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuit can see the whole cash flow
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+around you and so why is intuit starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you and so why is intuit starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you and so why is intuit starting
+to think about credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about credit
+because they can get a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can get a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can get a really good
+picture around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture around you
+but there's also everything we do online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also everything we do online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also everything we do online
+our consumption and purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our consumption and purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our consumption and purchase
+transactional data think visa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactional data think visa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactional data think visa and
+mastercard and what they know about us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastercard and what they know about us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastercard and what they know about us
+or what our bank knows about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what our bank knows about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what our bank knows about our
+consumption and purchase data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and purchase data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and purchase data
+using that to say if we buy one product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that to say if we buy one product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that to say if we buy one product
+versus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another
+are we a better credit risk or a lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we a better credit risk or a lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we a better credit risk or a lesser
+credit rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit rate
+risk in an earlier era one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in an earlier era one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in an earlier era one of the things
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people would look at and this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would look at and this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would look at and this is just a
+narrow slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow slice
+is whether you replaced your automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether you replaced your automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether you replaced your automobile
+tires on a regular basis with new tires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires on a regular basis with new tires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires on a regular basis with new tires
+or whether you bought retreads literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether you bought retreads literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether you bought retreads literally
+putting rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting rubber
+on the old tires and it was found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the old tires and it was found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the old tires and it was found that
+new tire purchasers on a regular basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tire purchasers on a regular basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tire purchasers on a regular basis
+were better credits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were better credits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were better credits
+than if you bought retreads we'll expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you bought retreads we'll expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you bought retreads we'll expand
+that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+what purchase history would tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what purchase history would tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what purchase history would tell you
+that somebody's a little less or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody's a little less or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody's a little less or a
+little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+capable to to hold alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable to to hold alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable to to hold alone
+going forward but app usage browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward but app usage browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward but app usage browsing
+history emails etc your geolocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history emails etc your geolocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history emails etc your geolocation
+and in china we see this being used in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in china we see this being used in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in china we see this being used in a
+social credit scoring system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social credit scoring system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social credit scoring system
+where the government in coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the government in coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the government in coordination
+with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many
+online services including alipay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online services including alipay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online services including alipay and
+wechat pay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wechat pay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wechat pay but
+even extended to social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even extended to social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even extended to social
+uh networking sites like dating apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh networking sites like dating apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh networking sites like dating apps
+literally the dating apps are feeding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the dating apps are feeding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the dating apps are feeding in
+some information into the social credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information into the social credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information into the social credit
+scoring system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring system
+in china that then can be used about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china that then can be used about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china that then can be used about
+extension of credit or not and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of credit or not and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of credit or not and then
+thirdly particularly out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly particularly out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly particularly out of the
+insurance field and in short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance field and in short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance field and in short
+tech but my question is how will this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech but my question is how will this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech but my question is how will this be
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+all the way into credit extension as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way into credit extension as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way into credit extension as
+well is the information being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is the information being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is the information being
+collected through drones and internet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected through drones and internet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected through drones and internet of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and sensors throughout society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sensors throughout society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sensors throughout society
+and we're moving into a world now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're moving into a world now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're moving into a world now where
+where we'll go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll go from
+tens of billions of sensors around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of billions of sensors around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of billions of sensors around the
+globe and that's the rough measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe and that's the rough measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe and that's the rough measurement
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+to hundreds of billions of sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hundreds of billions of sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hundreds of billions of sensors
+around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe
+and whether it's in our refrigerators at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it's in our refrigerators at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it's in our refrigerators at
+home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+whether it's in our automobiles whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in our automobiles whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in our automobiles whether
+it's wearables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wearables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wearables
+whether frankly one day it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether frankly one day it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether frankly one day it's in the
+paint we paint their houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint we paint their houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint we paint their houses
+literally that type of sensor technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally that type of sensor technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally that type of sensor technology
+then how's it feed back into first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how's it feed back into first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how's it feed back into first in
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+our homeowners insurance our automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homeowners insurance our automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homeowners insurance our automobile
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+our health insurance from a wearable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our health insurance from a wearable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our health insurance from a wearable but
+how that data analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that data analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that data analytics
+then moves into our credit scoring as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moves into our credit scoring as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then moves into our credit scoring as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+now all of this has to be done somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of this has to be done somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of this has to be done somehow
+within social norms and laws about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within social norms and laws about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within social norms and laws about
+fairness and explainability and guarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and explainability and guarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and explainability and guarding
+against biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against biases
+and those are real and important issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are real and important issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are real and important issues
+but i think that's where we're headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that's where we're headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that's where we're headed
+with a lot of this alternative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of this alternative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of this alternative data
+questions this is the stuff danny gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions this is the stuff danny gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions this is the stuff danny gets a
+little nervous about i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and daniel i knew i would i would spark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and daniel i knew i would i would spark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and daniel i knew i would i would spark
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+well since you asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since you asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since you asked
+so there is a international framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a international framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a international framework of
+laws around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws around
+the right to privacy that from the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to privacy that from the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to privacy that from the human
+rights space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights space
+that are applicable to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are applicable to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are applicable to some of the
+emerging ways in which we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging ways in which we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging ways in which we're seeing
+data be collected and i'm just curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data be collected and i'm just curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data be collected and i'm just curious
+your thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts on
+whether you see that ever really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you see that ever really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you see that ever really getting
+traction particularly in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction particularly in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction particularly in the u.s
+um in terms of impacting regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of impacting regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of impacting regulations
+around how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around how
+data is collected how it's used um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is collected how it's used um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is collected how it's used um
+yeah i realize it's quite an open-ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i realize it's quite an open-ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i realize it's quite an open-ended
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+i think that this is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that this is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that this is going to be an
+ongoing uh public policy debate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing uh public policy debate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing uh public policy debate and
+cultural debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural debate
+and and it's not something that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's not something that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's not something that will
+settle down in just two or three years i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down in just two or three years i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down in just two or three years i
+think this is a multi-decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a multi-decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a multi-decade
+sort of how we feel about this that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how we feel about this that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how we feel about this that as
+as sensors particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sensors particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sensors particularly
+we'll go from an you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+20 30 billion or so sensors are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 billion or so sensors are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 billion or so sensors are already
+maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's
+maybe it's even further than that now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's even further than that now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's even further than that now to
+hundreds of billions of sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of billions of sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of billions of sensors
+as if they become truly ubiquitous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they become truly ubiquitous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they become truly ubiquitous and
+and cameras and in the in the homes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cameras and in the in the homes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cameras and in the in the homes and
+the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like
+that data is going to be collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data is going to be collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data is going to be collected
+analyze stored assessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze stored assessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze stored assessed
+and used in some way to underwrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used in some way to underwrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used in some way to underwrite
+insurance and extend credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and extend credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance and extend credit
+i think that's the the large cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's the the large cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's the the large cultural
+trend and technological and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend and technological and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend and technological and financial
+trend we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend we're on
+so then how do we deal with that how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then how do we deal with that how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then how do we deal with that how do
+we feel about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel about that
+coupled with all the data that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with all the data that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with all the data that's being
+collected as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected as
+we are online in our geo locations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are online in our geo locations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are online in our geo locations with
+their cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cell phones
+so we've seen some jurisdictions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen some jurisdictions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen some jurisdictions like
+europe pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe pass
+a general data protection regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general data protection regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general data protection regulation
+gdpr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdpr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gdpr
+we've seen in the u.s it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in the u.s it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in the u.s it's more
+state-based california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-based california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-based california
+but even years ago illinois put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even years ago illinois put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even years ago illinois put
+something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+place around photographs of our face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place around photographs of our face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place around photographs of our face
+that are unique to us and so forth um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unique to us and so forth um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unique to us and so forth um
+so a handful of states and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a handful of states and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a handful of states and so forth
+i think we're going to keep trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're going to keep trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're going to keep trying to
+figure out what's the right balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the right balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the right balance and
+and even this crisis we're living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even this crisis we're living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even this crisis we're living
+through right now the coronavirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through right now the coronavirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through right now the coronavirus
+uh crisis about contact tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crisis about contact tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crisis about contact tracing
+uh if we can save lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we can save lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we can save lives
+and we can and legitimately really save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can and legitimately really save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can and legitimately really save
+lives and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives and have
+better health care outcomes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better health care outcomes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better health care outcomes by
+tracing our contacts out not just who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing our contacts out not just who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing our contacts out not just who
+we've seen in the last two days but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in the last two days but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in the last two days but the
+last 14 days and who they've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 14 days and who they've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 14 days and who they've seen
+and how some countries like south korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how some countries like south korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how some countries like south korea
+and even vietnam and elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even vietnam and elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even vietnam and elsewhere
+have used contact tracing to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used contact tracing to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used contact tracing to some
+success it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success it's still
+there's a lot of research to be done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research to be done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research to be done to
+see how that's uh truly playing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that's uh truly playing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that's uh truly playing out
+will we shift this this debate a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we shift this this debate a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we shift this this debate a little
+bit will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit will we
+all say look i'll give up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all say look i'll give up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all say look i'll give up a little bit
+of my civil liberties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my civil liberties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my civil liberties
+a little bit of my privacy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of my privacy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of my privacy for the
+the good of the community and the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good of the community and the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good of the community and the good
+of health care and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health care and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health care and so forth so
+i think this is going to play out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is going to play out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is going to play out for
+quite some time danny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time danny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite some time danny and
+i also think technology can provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also think technology can provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also think technology can provide
+solutions and some of it can be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and some of it can be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and some of it can be around
+blockchain technology where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology where
+luke and we were talking earlier about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luke and we were talking earlier about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luke and we were talking earlier about
+encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption
+you can have data on on an immutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have data on on an immutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have data on on an immutable
+record record really a tamper resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record record really a tamper resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record record really a tamper resistant
+record on the blockchain technology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record on the blockchain technology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record on the blockchain technology that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+fully public but you can also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully public but you can also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully public but you can also use
+various encryption methods called zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various encryption methods called zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various encryption methods called zero
+knowledge proofs and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge proofs and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge proofs and others
+uh to to sort of lock it down and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to sort of lock it down and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to sort of lock it down and make
+it harder to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it harder to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it harder to see
+and there's great work on this being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's great work on this being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's great work on this being
+done at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at mit
+by uh faculty members like sandy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh faculty members like sandy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh faculty members like sandy
+pentland and sylvia mccally and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentland and sylvia mccally and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentland and sylvia mccally and the like
+so i think technology can help in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think technology can help in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think technology can help in this
+debate as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate as well
+it might be that we share things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that we share things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that we share things in
+certain circumstances and we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain circumstances and we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain circumstances and we sort of
+protect it in other circumstances um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect it in other circumstances um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect it in other circumstances um
+so i'm sorry you're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm sorry you're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm sorry you're going to end up
+being a little nervous for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little nervous for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little nervous for a while
+uh i think technology can help us but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think technology can help us but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think technology can help us but i
+do think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think we're
+we're going to be sharing a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be sharing a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be sharing a lot more
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we talked about blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about blockchain technology
+the the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big
+question to me is adoption rest on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to me is adoption rest on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to me is adoption rest on
+addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing
+what's its viability what what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its viability what what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its viability what what's its
+comparative viability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative viability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative viability
+and value proposition do we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and value proposition do we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and value proposition do we really need
+a private currency or is the fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private currency or is the fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private currency or is the fiat
+currency working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency working
+just fine there's been private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine there's been private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine there's been private
+currencies for centuries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies for centuries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies for centuries
+and bitcoin has shown that it can live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bitcoin has shown that it can live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bitcoin has shown that it can live
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+now about a dozen years uh as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about a dozen years uh as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about a dozen years uh as a
+speculative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative
+digital store of value but can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital store of value but can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital store of value but can
+other cryptocurrencies take hold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cryptocurrencies take hold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cryptocurrencies take hold in
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ecosystems whether it's on gaming sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems whether it's on gaming sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems whether it's on gaming sites
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+an an industry that's nearly a 175
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an industry that's nearly a 175
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an industry that's nearly a 175
+200 billion dollar industry around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 billion dollar industry around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 billion dollar industry around the
+globe can it take hold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe can it take hold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe can it take hold in
+online gambling in a legal way not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online gambling in a legal way not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online gambling in a legal way not in
+some of the sketchier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sketchier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sketchier
+fraud oriented ways can private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud oriented ways can private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud oriented ways can private
+currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies
+in gambling be like casino chips but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gambling be like casino chips but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gambling be like casino chips but
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+in a hopefully legal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hopefully legal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a hopefully legal way
+could it have some broader applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it have some broader applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it have some broader applications
+and blockchain technology has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain technology has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain technology has
+a shared database structure a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared database structure a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared database structure a shared
+ledger can it promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger can it promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger can it promote
+standardization can it promote some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization can it promote some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization can it promote some
+competition where some infrastructure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition where some infrastructure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition where some infrastructure is
+shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared
+and then companies compete on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then companies compete on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then companies compete on top of it
+like in trade finance and elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in trade finance and elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in trade finance and elsewhere
+i think school's still out we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think school's still out we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think school's still out we don't know
+yet beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet beyond
+sort of this thing that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this thing that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this thing that we've already
+seen that it's been a heck of a catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that it's been a heck of a catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that it's been a heck of a catalyst
+for change it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change it is
+is pushing up against big finance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pushing up against big finance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pushing up against big finance and
+central banks to think about payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks to think about payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks to think about payment
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+i think in a more uh inclusive more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in a more uh inclusive more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think in a more uh inclusive more
+24 hour a day seven day a week away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hour a day seven day a week away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hour a day seven day a week away
+i think it's making payment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's making payment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's making payment system
+providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers
+central banks and big tech think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks and big tech think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks and big tech think about
+new ways to do cross-border remittances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways to do cross-border remittances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ways to do cross-border remittances
+and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think
+facebook has both sort of put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook has both sort of put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook has both sort of put
+some nervousness in central bankers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nervousness in central bankers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nervousness in central bankers
+but hopefully also promote them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully also promote them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully also promote them to do
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+uh payment uh solutions in a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh payment uh solutions in a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh payment uh solutions in a better way
+for the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the public
+so it's been a catalyst for change but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been a catalyst for change but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's been a catalyst for change but i
+think school's still out about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think school's still out about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think school's still out about how
+how much mainstream adoption we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much mainstream adoption we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much mainstream adoption we'll see
+and the payment system we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the payment system we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the payment system we're going to
+quickly do some of the sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do some of the sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do some of the sectors
+these were some of the pain points we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were some of the pain points we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were some of the pain points we
+talked about who were the players that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about who were the players that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about who were the players that
+we've seen well big financer players in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen well big financer players in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen well big financer players in
+every one of these sectors i won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these sectors i won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these sectors i won't
+repeat this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this line
+but never count big finance out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but never count big finance out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but never count big finance out
+most of these companies are spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these companies are spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these companies are spending
+multiple billions of dollars a year on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple billions of dollars a year on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple billions of dollars a year on
+their technology budgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their technology budgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their technology budgets
+most of these companies that you see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these companies that you see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these companies that you see on
+the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen
+the bank of america's the cap ones the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank of america's the cap ones the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank of america's the cap ones the
+uh vanguards have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vanguards have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vanguards have
+not hundreds but maybe thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hundreds but maybe thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hundreds but maybe thousands of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+in their data analytics machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their data analytics machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their data analytics machine learning
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+and nearly all of them are using robo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nearly all of them are using robo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nearly all of them are using robo
+advisors or chat bots by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors or chat bots by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors or chat bots by now
+so big finance is incorporating as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so big finance is incorporating as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so big finance is incorporating as much
+of this technology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this technology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this technology in
+but they have a legacy business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have a legacy business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have a legacy business models
+they have legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have legacy
+tech stacks they have legacy approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech stacks they have legacy approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech stacks they have legacy approaches
+and so that provides opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that provides opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that provides opportunities
+for big tech and and startups so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big tech and and startups so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for big tech and and startups so in the
+payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment
+space we talked about it alipay and m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we talked about it alipay and m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we talked about it alipay and m
+pesa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pesa
+in in kenya and africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in kenya and africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in kenya and africa
+really got in there and then amazon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got in there and then amazon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got in there and then amazon and
+google and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google and so forth
+and in south korea pay have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in south korea pay have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in south korea pay have really
+rolled in and in certain countries like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled in and in certain countries like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled in and in certain countries like
+in africa in asia big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in africa in asia big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in africa in asia big
+tech fundamentally dominates the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech fundamentally dominates the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech fundamentally dominates the payment
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+startups got in often around data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups got in often around data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups got in often around data
+aggregation like plaid and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation like plaid and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation like plaid and others
+and open api but also got in around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open api but also got in around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open api but also got in around
+sectors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors like
+toast in the restaurant business or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast in the restaurant business or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast in the restaurant business or some
+just did the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did the job
+a little better than big finance and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better than big finance and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better than big finance and had
+enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time
+some got in also around cross-border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some got in also around cross-border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some got in also around cross-border
+remittances like transferwise and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances like transferwise and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remittances like transferwise and the
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+so countries like brazil have seen pax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so countries like brazil have seen pax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so countries like brazil have seen pax
+agora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agora
+and pay tm in india so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pay tm in india so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pay tm in india so it's not
+it's not isolated to develop countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not isolated to develop countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not isolated to develop countries
+it's not isolated to asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not isolated to asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not isolated to asia
+it's around the globe the payment space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around the globe the payment space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around the globe the payment space
+has been very dynamic area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been very dynamic area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been very dynamic area
+credit markets credit markets we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit markets credit markets we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit markets credit markets we've
+talked about the market design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the market design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the market design
+has a lot of features and thus a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of features and thus a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of features and thus a lot of
+gaps and a lot of pain points whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps and a lot of pain points whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps and a lot of pain points whether
+it's around data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around data
+funding marketing channels i think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding marketing channels i think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding marketing channels i think a lot
+of what we've seen in the credit area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've seen in the credit area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we've seen in the credit area
+has been about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been about
+enhanced user experience and user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced user experience and user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced user experience and user
+interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface
+but then using alternative data and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then using alternative data and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then using alternative data and on
+the funding side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funding side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funding side
+trying to find an issuer bank partner or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find an issuer bank partner or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find an issuer bank partner or
+securitizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securitizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securitizing
+by and large the startups haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large the startups haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large the startups haven't said
+it's our balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's our balance sheet
+um that's sort of like a comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's sort of like a comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's sort of like a comparative
+advantage for now of the big financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage for now of the big financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage for now of the big financial
+firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms
+um and you could be in any part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you could be in any part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you could be in any part of this
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+value chains all the way from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chains all the way from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chains all the way from the
+brokerage and origination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokerage and origination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokerage and origination
+all the way down to collecting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to collecting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to collecting and
+foreclosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreclosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreclosing
+you'd have to pick sort of where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to pick sort of where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to pick sort of where you're
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+competition's been fierce in big tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition's been fierce in big tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition's been fierce in big tech
+not only does amazon have amazon pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does amazon have amazon pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does amazon have amazon pay
+they have amazon lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have amazon lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have amazon lending
+apple has an apple credit card now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple has an apple credit card now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple has an apple credit card now
+partnering up with goldman sachs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering up with goldman sachs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnering up with goldman sachs and
+mastercard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastercard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastercard
+keiko banked on top of keiko pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and often the the the theory of the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often the the the theory of the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often the the the theory of the case
+was build a payment infrastructure get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was build a payment infrastructure get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was build a payment infrastructure get
+in the payment side and then put credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the payment side and then put credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the payment side and then put credit
+on top of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of it
+but then there's been a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's been a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's been a bunch of
+startups that have said we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups that have said we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups that have said we're not going
+to build the payment space that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the payment space that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the payment space that's
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+that's already pretty darn competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already pretty darn competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already pretty darn competitive
+we're just going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to come
+into the credit side and i've just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the credit side and i've just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the credit side and i've just sort
+of thrown up the logos of 20 or 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thrown up the logos of 20 or 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thrown up the logos of 20 or 25
+credit startups that are tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit startups that are tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit startups that are tend to be
+unicorns i don't know if they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicorns i don't know if they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicorns i don't know if they're still
+worth over a billion dollars in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth over a billion dollars in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth over a billion dollars in the
+middle of the corona crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the corona crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the corona crisis
+but there's a lot of different models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of different models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of different models
+here some are just going straight at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some are just going straight at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some are just going straight at the
+banking model like revolut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking model like revolut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking model like revolut
+and other neo banks some have come at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other neo banks some have come at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other neo banks some have come at it
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+credit card space some have done it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card space some have done it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card space some have done it from
+low-cost credit um uh reports like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost credit um uh reports like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost credit um uh reports like
+credit karma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit karma
+so there's a lot of different angles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of different angles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of different angles to
+how to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to break
+into the credit space all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the credit space all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the credit space all of it
+fundamentally going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally going back to
+some slice of market design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slice of market design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slice of market design
+that if you're looking at one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're looking at one of these
+businesses if you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses if you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses if you're thinking about
+being employed by one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being employed by one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being employed by one of these
+businesses think what's their business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses think what's their business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses think what's their business
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+is their business model fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their business model fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their business model fundamentally
+about a better user experience is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a better user experience is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a better user experience is it
+about somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about somehow
+doing alternative data in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing alternative data in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing alternative data in a way that's
+different or better than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or better than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or better than others
+is it about one slice of the rolls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about one slice of the rolls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about one slice of the rolls and
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+they're the best and they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the best and they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the best and they're trying to
+be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best
+at the front-end brokerage we've seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the front-end brokerage we've seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the front-end brokerage we've seen in
+the mortgage space for 20 years now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgage space for 20 years now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgage space for 20 years now
+this take off but particularly post the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take off but particularly post the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take off but particularly post the
+2008 crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 crisis
+that quicken loan and penny mac and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quicken loan and penny mac and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quicken loan and penny mac and
+others now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now
+dominate the front end of mortgages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the front end of mortgages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the front end of mortgages
+now partly they're able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now partly they're able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now partly they're able to do that
+because our government here in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our government here in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our government here in the u.s
+is so involved with conforming loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so involved with conforming loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so involved with conforming loan
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+and fannie mae and freddie mac and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fannie mae and freddie mac and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fannie mae and freddie mac and the
+what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the
+government-sponsored enterprises and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-sponsored enterprises and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-sponsored enterprises and we
+have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really
+large developed 10 trillion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large developed 10 trillion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large developed 10 trillion dollar
+market nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market nearly
+on mortgage securitizations so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mortgage securitizations so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mortgage securitizations so you can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+quick and loan and be at the front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and loan and be at the front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and loan and be at the front end
+and say just like i might rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say just like i might rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say just like i might rent
+data storage in the cloud i'm kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data storage in the cloud i'm kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data storage in the cloud i'm kind of in
+essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence
+renting balance sheet by securitizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting balance sheet by securitizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting balance sheet by securitizing
+the mortgages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgages
+a little tougher in some other fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tougher in some other fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tougher in some other fields
+but you've seen a real takeoff in the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've seen a real takeoff in the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've seen a real takeoff in the us
+of the personal loan marketplace i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the personal loan marketplace i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the personal loan marketplace i think
+you can sort of envision that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of envision that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of envision that's going to
+keep competing with the credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep competing with the credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep competing with the credit card
+space as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as well
+we talked about capital markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about capital markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about capital markets and
+particularly this move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this move to
+zero commissions and late in 2019
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero commissions and late in 2019
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero commissions and late in 2019
+we saw the sort of the kindly the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the sort of the kindly the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the sort of the kindly the final
+part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a
+20 one might even say 50-year history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 one might even say 50-year history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 one might even say 50-year history
+of commissions coming down and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commissions coming down and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commissions coming down and down
+starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with
+the early 1970s when laws were changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1970s when laws were changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1970s when laws were changed
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+allow for competition and commissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for competition and commissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for competition and commissions
+but it really took a startup named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really took a startup named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really took a startup named
+robinhood to get to about 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinhood to get to about 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinhood to get to about 10 million
+users a free commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users a free commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users a free commission
+app robinhood just started a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app robinhood just started a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app robinhood just started a few years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+sort of got competing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of got competing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of got competing with
+earlier fintech startups earlier fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier fintech startups earlier fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier fintech startups earlier fintech
+startups like ameritrade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups like ameritrade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups like ameritrade and
+e-trade and and and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-trade and and and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-trade and and and the like
+and last fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last fall
+of 2019 zero commission but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2019 zero commission but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2019 zero commission but i
+i like this slide which is this iceberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like this slide which is this iceberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like this slide which is this iceberg
+there's a lot of other ways to earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other ways to earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other ways to earn
+revenues revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues revenues
+around selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around selling
+the order flow as robinhood does or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order flow as robinhood does or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order flow as robinhood does or
+earning fees on managing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning fees on managing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning fees on managing in the
+custodial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custodial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custodial
+side of the balance sheets for investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the balance sheets for investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the balance sheets for investors
+so i think there's a competition going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think there's a competition going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think there's a competition going
+on to what might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to what might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to what might look like
+zero commissions or zero fees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero commissions or zero fees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero commissions or zero fees
+and then there'll be other revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there'll be other revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there'll be other revenue
+models below it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models below it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models below it
+we also have seen robo advising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have seen robo advising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have seen robo advising and
+betterment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment and
+and wealthfront and others have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wealthfront and others have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wealthfront and others have really
+gotten significantly into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten significantly into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten significantly into
+in robo advising 2020 already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in robo advising 2020 already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in robo advising 2020 already
+50 60 million accounts that have robo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 60 million accounts that have robo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 60 million accounts that have robo
+advising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advising
+in in there and so the capital markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in there and so the capital markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in there and so the capital markets
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+this is the fintech startups remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fintech startups remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fintech startups remember
+vanguard and fidelity are not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanguard and fidelity are not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanguard and fidelity are not just
+sleeping or t rowe price they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping or t rowe price they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping or t rowe price they're
+moving into robo advising as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into robo advising as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into robo advising as well and
+robin hood pushing to zero fees also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robin hood pushing to zero fees also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robin hood pushing to zero fees also
+moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ameritrade and vanguard infidelity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameritrade and vanguard infidelity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameritrade and vanguard infidelity and
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+into a more competitive space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more competitive space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more competitive space
+and they're building on top of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're building on top of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're building on top of another
+technology called exchange traded funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology called exchange traded funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology called exchange traded funds
+which was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was an
+earlier era fintech as well these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier era fintech as well these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier era fintech as well these
+low-cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost
+asset management funds we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset management funds we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset management funds we talked about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+asset management side itself acorn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset management side itself acorn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset management side itself acorn and
+betterment and wealthfront and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment and wealthfront and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betterment and wealthfront and the like
+these are just some of the unicorns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just some of the unicorns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just some of the unicorns in
+the capital market space as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital market space as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital market space as well
+we have a bunch of crypto exchanges but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bunch of crypto exchanges but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bunch of crypto exchanges but
+it's not just crypto exchanges a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just crypto exchanges a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just crypto exchanges a few of
+these companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies are
+outside of that and then insurance i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that and then insurance i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that and then insurance i
+know it didn't light up the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it didn't light up the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it didn't light up the class
+but i kind of think insurance brings so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i kind of think insurance brings so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i kind of think insurance brings so
+much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this
+together and i think it's worthwhile to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and i think it's worthwhile to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and i think it's worthwhile to
+study in short tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in short tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in short tech
+even if your keen interest is over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your keen interest is over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your keen interest is over in
+credit tech or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit tech or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit tech or
+payment tech if i might say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment tech if i might say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment tech if i might say because
+what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in
+short tech is the opportunities are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short tech is the opportunities are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short tech is the opportunities are real
+the user interfaces the user experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user interfaces the user experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user interfaces the user experiences
+are a little bit frankly more staid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit frankly more staid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit frankly more staid and
+a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more
+clunkier if they feel from an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clunkier if they feel from an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clunkier if they feel from an earlier
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+when you take out an insurance policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take out an insurance policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take out an insurance policy
+the underwriting has a lot of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underwriting has a lot of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underwriting has a lot of the same
+issues but also the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but also the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but also the data
+you can pull from a lot more data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull from a lot more data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull from a lot more data as
+we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+and the current sector just like payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current sector just like payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the current sector just like payment
+sector has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector has
+pain points the insurance sector has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain points the insurance sector has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain points the insurance sector has a
+lot of challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of challenges
+from the fee structures the between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fee structures the between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fee structures the between
+eight and fifteen percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and fifteen percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and fifteen percent of the
+revenues go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues go
+back to the agents and broker fees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the agents and broker fees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the agents and broker fees to
+the claims administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claims administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claims administration
+a lot of significant operating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of significant operating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of significant operating and
+expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses
+and we hear this debate around health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hear this debate around health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hear this debate around health
+care policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care policy
+we hear it about just how do we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hear it about just how do we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hear it about just how do we sort of
+take the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the costs
+out of the system in insurance so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the system in insurance so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the system in insurance so for
+every dollar that you pay in premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dollar that you pay in premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dollar that you pay in premium
+a higher percentage of that dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher percentage of that dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher percentage of that dollar
+dollar goes back and claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar goes back and claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar goes back and claims
+now we will always have some cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will always have some cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will always have some cost of
+claims management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims management
+and agents and brokers and the like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and agents and brokers and the like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and agents and brokers and the like but
+how do we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we sort of
+compress claims management how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress claims management how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress claims management how do we
+compress the selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress the selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress the selling
+so that a higher percentage of premiums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a higher percentage of premiums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a higher percentage of premiums
+ultimately goes to uh claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately goes to uh claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately goes to uh claims
+um and so we've seen a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we've seen a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we've seen a lot of
+competition in property and casualty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in property and casualty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in property and casualty
+health benefit administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health benefit administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health benefit administration
+more around property and casualty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more around property and casualty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more around property and casualty
+because this is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is around
+automobile insurance and household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile insurance and household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile insurance and household
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+most of the insurance startups are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the insurance startups are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the insurance startups are
+focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+the retail sector but that's also true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail sector but that's also true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail sector but that's also true
+in credit products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in credit products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in credit products
+think about where most of the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about where most of the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about where most of the payment
+and credit startups they're focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit startups they're focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and credit startups they're focusing on
+you and me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and me
+and small businesses they're not trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and small businesses they're not trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and small businesses they're not trying
+to take away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away the
+the payment and credit allocation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment and credit allocation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment and credit allocation to
+ford motor company they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford motor company they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford motor company they're trying to
+help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help
+us help the broad public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us help the broad public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us help the broad public
+with a better user interface and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a better user interface and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a better user interface and a
+better product offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better product offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better product offering
+and in in this area these auto insurers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in this area these auto insurers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in this area these auto insurers
+like root insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like root insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like root insurance
+can actually give us insurance based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually give us insurance based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually give us insurance based
+upon the telematics and how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the telematics and how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the telematics and how we're
+driving in that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving in that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving in that car
+now that might scare danny a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that might scare danny a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that might scare danny a little bit
+that they know exactly where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they know exactly where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they know exactly where you're
+driving and how you're driving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and how you're driving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and how you're driving and
+whether you put your foot on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you put your foot on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you put your foot on your
+brake too often or not in their data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brake too often or not in their data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brake too often or not in their data
+analytics model i'm not trying to judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics model i'm not trying to judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics model i'm not trying to judge
+how often danny puts her foot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often danny puts her foot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often danny puts her foot on the
+brake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brake
+but but in their data analytics model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but in their data analytics model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but in their data analytics model
+they might think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might think so
+um or an india policy bazaar that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or an india policy bazaar that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or an india policy bazaar that really
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+kind of like the expedia of insurance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the expedia of insurance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the expedia of insurance in
+india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+where you can compare and contrast uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can compare and contrast uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can compare and contrast uh
+insurance there's a lot of exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance there's a lot of exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance there's a lot of exciting
+things here i am going again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here i am going again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here i am going again
+trying to get you excited about insure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you excited about insure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you excited about insure
+tech but i would study in short tech to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech but i would study in short tech to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech but i would study in short tech to
+say okay what can i learn from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay what can i learn from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay what can i learn from it
+to move back to the rest of fintech what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move back to the rest of fintech what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move back to the rest of fintech what
+i might call credit tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might call credit tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might call credit tech
+or invest tech or payment tech if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or invest tech or payment tech if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or invest tech or payment tech if you
+wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish
+um because i think a lot that's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because i think a lot that's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because i think a lot that's going on
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will will influence back or you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will influence back or you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will influence back or you might
+say it's already happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's already happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's already happened
+some of what's happening insurance tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what's happening insurance tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what's happening insurance tech
+is a little later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little later
+but has already happened elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we closed out this semester because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we closed out this semester because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we closed out this semester because
+we've lived it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've lived it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've lived it
+the coronavirus crisis and i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coronavirus crisis and i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coronavirus crisis and i think the
+coronavirus crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus crisis
+beyond all the huge challenges we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond all the huge challenges we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond all the huge challenges we have
+from a healthcare and economic point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a healthcare and economic point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a healthcare and economic point of
+view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+just putting it back in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just putting it back in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just putting it back in the context of
+financial technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial technology
+i think startups are going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think startups are going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think startups are going to have to
+focus and are already focusing on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and are already focusing on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and are already focusing on what
+we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call
+runway their burn rates their cash their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway their burn rates their cash their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway their burn rates their cash their
+revenue their adoption and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue their adoption and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue their adoption and so forth
+initial public offerings are in hold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial public offerings are in hold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial public offerings are in hold in
+2020 probably well into 2021.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 probably well into 2021.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2020 probably well into 2021.
+venture capital investments already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital investments already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital investments already
+slowed and will continue to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed and will continue to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed and will continue to slow
+and valuations thus just inevitably need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and valuations thus just inevitably need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and valuations thus just inevitably need
+to decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decline
+in this environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this environment and
+consolidation is likely to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation is likely to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation is likely to increase
+there's clearly going to be winners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's clearly going to be winners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's clearly going to be winners and
+losers i'm not saying anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers i'm not saying anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers i'm not saying anything
+terribly important there but the sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly important there but the sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly important there but the sectors
+matter some sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter some sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter some sectors
+related to compliance that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to compliance that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to compliance that might be
+pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good
+but if you're you're a sector related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're you're a sector related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're you're a sector related to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+travel or entertainment or restaurants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel or entertainment or restaurants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel or entertainment or restaurants
+probably pretty bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty bad
+i mean so beyond the sectors it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean so beyond the sectors it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean so beyond the sectors it's really
+back to runway now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to runway now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to runway now there are
+opportunities serving the various fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities serving the various fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities serving the various fiscal
+stimulus and loan programs in europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and loan programs in europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and loan programs in europe
+the u.s asia elsewhere i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s asia elsewhere i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s asia elsewhere i think the
+challenges are going to amount in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are going to amount in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are going to amount in the
+next six to 18 months around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next six to 18 months around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next six to 18 months around
+delinquencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delinquencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delinquencies
+we haven't seen this hit hard yet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't seen this hit hard yet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't seen this hit hard yet in the
+household sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household sector
+but it's inevitable as this crisis moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's inevitable as this crisis moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's inevitable as this crisis moves
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+that the household sector is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the household sector is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the household sector is going to
+have to repair their balance sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to repair their balance sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to repair their balance sheets
+and and frankly too many people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and frankly too many people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and frankly too many people will
+have to declare bankruptcy or be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to declare bankruptcy or be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to declare bankruptcy or be in
+default or delinquency the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default or delinquency the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default or delinquency the small
+business sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business sector
+that a lot of fintech startups uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of fintech startups uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of fintech startups uh
+supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported
+will have to either repair their balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to either repair their balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to either repair their balance
+sheets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets or
+or go into delinquency and default so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or go into delinquency and default so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or go into delinquency and default so
+a lot of challenges around the startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of challenges around the startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of challenges around the startup
+field but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but and
+i say this for my time at goldman sachs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say this for my time at goldman sachs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say this for my time at goldman sachs
+challenging times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging times
+also present opportunities um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also present opportunities um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also present opportunities um for
+for all of us for you as individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of us for you as individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of us for you as individuals and
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+and for these companies i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for these companies i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for these companies i'm going to
+close on something that ben franklin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close on something that ben franklin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close on something that ben franklin
+said long ago about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said long ago about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said long ago about
+money and it's about paying it forward i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and it's about paying it forward i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and it's about paying it forward i
+do not pretend to give such a deed i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not pretend to give such a deed i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not pretend to give such a deed i
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+lend it when you meet with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend it when you meet with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend it when you meet with another
+honest man in similar distress you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest man in similar distress you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest man in similar distress you must
+pay me by lending this some to him or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me by lending this some to him or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me by lending this some to him or
+her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+in joining her to discharge the debt by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in joining her to discharge the debt by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in joining her to discharge the debt by
+a like operation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like operation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like operation when
+she shall be able and shall meet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she shall be able and shall meet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she shall be able and shall meet with
+another opportunity this is benjamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another opportunity this is benjamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another opportunity this is benjamin
+franklin on money i would say it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franklin on money i would say it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franklin on money i would say it was
+fintech of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fintech of the
+1770s to 1790s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1770s to 1790s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1770s to 1790s
+i hope it may thus go through many hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope it may thus go through many hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope it may thus go through many hands
+before it meets with a nave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it meets with a nave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it meets with a nave
+nave is an old english word to say full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nave is an old english word to say full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nave is an old english word to say full
+meet with a nave that will stop its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with a nave that will stop its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with a nave that will stop its
+progress this is a trick of mine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress this is a trick of mine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress this is a trick of mine of
+doing a deal of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a deal of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a deal of good
+with a little money so take this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little money so take this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little money so take this little
+homage this little saying of benjamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homage this little saying of benjamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homage this little saying of benjamin
+franklin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franklin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franklin
+late 18th century i call it fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 18th century i call it fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 18th century i call it fintech
+and i ask you just to do a little good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i ask you just to do a little good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i ask you just to do a little good
+pr not just because we're in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pr not just because we're in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pr not just because we're in these
+coronavirus times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus times but
+i've so enjoyed being with the 80 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've so enjoyed being with the 80 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've so enjoyed being with the 80 or so
+of you these last 12 sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you these last 12 sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you these last 12 sessions
+do me the favor six months from now 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do me the favor six months from now 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do me the favor six months from now 12
+months from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months from now
+write me tell me where you are tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write me tell me where you are tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write me tell me where you are tell me
+you're just safe and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just safe and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just safe and well
+if you're graduating tell me that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're graduating tell me that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're graduating tell me that you
+got a job if you didn't get a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a job if you didn't get a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a job if you didn't get a job
+ask career advice if you're working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask career advice if you're working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask career advice if you're working in
+the fintech space tell me what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fintech space tell me what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fintech space tell me what you're
+doing in the fintech space i'd love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the fintech space i'd love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the fintech space i'd love to
+learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+i've learned so much being your faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've learned so much being your faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've learned so much being your faculty
+member
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kd_6bwynBj8.txt b/kd_6bwynBj8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35ca04fcbce15ed8c6f392ee7253466e5ef477e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kd_6bwynBj8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so thank you for waiting so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so thank you for waiting so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so thank you for waiting so this
+lecture is an introduction uh to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is an introduction uh to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is an introduction uh to some
+basic principles in thermodynamics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles in thermodynamics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles in thermodynamics it's
+meant to be fun normally our lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be fun normally our lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be fun normally our lecture on
+the board um this is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board um this is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board um this is much more
+interactive you're all holding um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive you're all holding um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive you're all holding um the
+text for today which is um statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text for today which is um statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text for today which is um statistical
+physics for babies by Chris fairy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics for babies by Chris fairy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics for babies by Chris fairy and
+then two demos an instant hot pack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then two demos an instant hot pack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then two demos an instant hot pack and
+an instant cold pack that we'll use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instant cold pack that we'll use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instant cold pack that we'll use so
+wait wait until I tell you and we'll all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait until I tell you and we'll all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait wait until I tell you and we'll all
+pop those hot and cold packs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop those hot and cold packs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop those hot and cold packs in the
+context so so I want to start by reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so so I want to start by reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so so I want to start by reading
+from the text so I'll just read this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the text so I'll just read this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the text so I'll just read this to
+you and you can read along with me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you can read along with me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you can read along with me okay
+this is a great book all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great book all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great book all right so this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ball this ball is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left now it's on the move so we gave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left now it's on the move so we gave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left now it's on the move so we gave it
+some thermal energy so it's moving okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thermal energy so it's moving okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thermal energy so it's moving okay
+now it's on the right so it moved over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's on the right so it moved over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's on the right so it moved over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we have six balls all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have six balls all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have six balls all right
+so we have six balls here in a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have six balls here in a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have six balls here in a space
+that's divided by a dash line in two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's divided by a dash line in two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's divided by a dash line in two so
+it's clear that the balls can go left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear that the balls can go left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear that the balls can go left
+and they can go right and we gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can go right and we gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can go right and we gave them
+some thermal energy so now they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thermal energy so now they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thermal energy so now they're on
+the move so they're bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around so sometimes you might find more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so sometimes you might find more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so sometimes you might find more
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+left right and sometimes you might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right and sometimes you might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right and sometimes you might find
+more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but you'll almost never find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you'll almost never find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you'll almost never find them
+all on one side right that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on one side right that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on one side right that would be
+pretty surprising it doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty surprising it doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty surprising it doesn't seem
+impossible but it'd be surprising if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but it'd be surprising if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but it'd be surprising if
+things are random we all agree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are random we all agree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are random we all agree with that
+okay so we normally find them like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we normally find them like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we normally find them like this
+right it looks pretty evenly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it looks pretty evenly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it looks pretty evenly distributed
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay so now that was the first 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so now that was the first 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so now that was the first 10
+pages now I'm gonna I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages now I'm gonna I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages now I'm gonna I'm
+gonna lecture a little bit on that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna lecture a little bit on that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna lecture a little bit on that so
+let me let me give you a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me give you a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me give you a slightly more
+scientific uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific uh
+explanation of what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read oh chock was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so just for today when I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just for today when I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just for today when I have
+slides I get squished over to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I get squished over to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I get squished over to the right
+hand side board normally I lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side board normally I lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side board normally I lecture on
+the board right in the middle so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board right in the middle so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board right in the middle so I
+apologize today these lection notes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize today these lection notes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize today these lection notes are
+going to be posted they are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be posted they are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be posted they are already
+posted at Stellar if you have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted at Stellar if you have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted at Stellar if you have trouble
+seeing so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing so what we're going to do is
+we're going to draw a cartoon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to draw a cartoon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to draw a cartoon of
+non-interacting gas molecules in a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interacting gas molecules in a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interacting gas molecules in a box
+so we're going to start like this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to start like this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to start like this we're
+going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a
+box and the box has a divider on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and the box has a divider on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and the box has a divider on the
+right hand side is vacuum and the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is vacuum and the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is vacuum and the left
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+side are six gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are six gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side are six gas
+molecules and I'm going to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and I'm going to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and I'm going to give them
+some thermal energy so they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thermal energy so they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thermal energy so they have a
+finite temperature they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite temperature they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite temperature they're kind of
+zooming around and they don't interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming around and they don't interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming around and they don't interact
+with each other they just bounce off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other they just bounce off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other they just bounce off the
+walls so the first thing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls so the first thing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls so the first thing we're going to
+do is we're going to remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to remove the
+partition so I'm going to draw a dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so I'm going to draw a dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so I'm going to draw a dash
+line where the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was and at the instant we remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and at the instant we remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and at the instant we remove the
+partition they're still over here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition they're still over here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition they're still over here on
+this side bouncing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side bouncing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side bouncing around
+so remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partition right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition right so
+we remove the partition Okay now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remove the partition Okay now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remove the partition Okay now what's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen yeah okay so so this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah okay so so this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah okay so so this is what's
+going to happen so what I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so what I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so what I'm going to say
+is the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next
+step is we just wait we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is we just wait we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is we just wait we don't do
+anything we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we just
+wait and we probably don't have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait and we probably don't have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait and we probably don't have to wait
+very long right we don't have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long right we don't have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long right we don't have to wait
+very long before the gas molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long before the gas molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long before the gas molecules
+are randomly distributed around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are randomly distributed around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are randomly distributed around the
+space zooming this way and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you all buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you all buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you all buy
+this so let me tell you what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me tell you what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let me tell you what happened in
+thermodynamic speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a key word in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a key word in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a key word in
+thermodynamics this happen spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics this happen spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics this happen spontaneously
+the volume of the system here at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the system here at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the system here at this
+moment when I remov the partition was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when I remov the partition was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment when I remov the partition was
+small and spontaneously without us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and spontaneously without us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and spontaneously without us
+having to do anything thing it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do anything thing it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do anything thing it got
+bigger so all we had to do was wait it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so all we had to do was wait it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so all we had to do was wait it
+was a spontaneous process so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a spontaneous process so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a spontaneous process so you could
+say the volume spontaneously adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the volume spontaneously adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the volume spontaneously adjusted
+within the limits that we imposed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the limits that we imposed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the limits that we imposed that
+is the box is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the box is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the box is still
+there to increase the amount of disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to increase the amount of disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to increase the amount of disorder
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+system okay so now I'll ask you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the probability is higher than number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is higher than number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is higher than number
+combinations it's there's greater number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations it's there's greater number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations it's there's greater number
+of than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of than that
+the okay that's exactly where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay that's exactly where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay that's exactly where we're
+heading let me rephrase that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading let me rephrase that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading let me rephrase that that was
+the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer because the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the more disordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likely so we're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely so we're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely so we're using a
+frequentist definition of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequentist definition of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequentist definition of statistical
+likelihood all right back to the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood all right back to the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood all right back to the book
+okay so now uh he does a better job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh he does a better job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh he does a better job
+explaining this than I did so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this than I did so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining this than I did so let's go
+back to the book all right so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the book all right so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the book all right so now we're
+on page 11 where the balls now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 11 where the balls now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page 11 where the balls now have
+different colors okay so so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors okay so so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors okay so so now we have
+six balls now each ball is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six balls now each ball is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six balls now each ball is a different
+color right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color right
+so there's only one way you can have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only one way you can have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only one way you can have all
+the balls on one side that way is have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balls on one side that way is have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balls on one side that way is have
+all the balls on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the balls on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the balls on one
+side what if we want to put five balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side what if we want to put five balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side what if we want to put five balls
+on the left and one ball on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and one ball on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and one ball on the right
+how many different ways can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different ways can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different ways can we do
+that six different ways right the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that six different ways right the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that six different ways right the ball
+on the right can be the red yellow blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right can be the red yellow blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right can be the red yellow blue
+orange green or purple ball so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange green or purple ball so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange green or purple ball so there are
+six ways to do that now if you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six ways to do that now if you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six ways to do that now if you started
+counting up the different ways to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting up the different ways to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting up the different ways to have
+two balls on the right and three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two balls on the right and three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two balls on the right and three and
+four balls on the left you would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four balls on the left you would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four balls on the left you would find
+there are 15 different ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 15 different ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 15 different ways to do
+that but what was the most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what was the most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what was the most likely
+situation three and three right it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation three and three right it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation three and three right it was
+sort of even so if you count up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of even so if you count up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of even so if you count up all the
+different ways you can have three balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can have three balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can have three balls
+on the left and three balls on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and three balls on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and three balls on the
+right you'll find that there are 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'll find that there are 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'll find that there are 20
+ways so so it was 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1520 so that seems too simple right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1520 so that seems too simple right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1520 so that seems too simple right but
+that's the answer the reason why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer the reason why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the answer the reason why this is
+the expectation this is our expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation this is our expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation this is our expectation
+from everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everyday
+life is because it's more likely there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is because it's more likely there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is because it's more likely there
+are more different combinations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more different combinations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more different combinations that
+look like this than any other type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this than any other type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this than any other type of
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and you know in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know this has a is one combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this has a is one combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this has a is one combination
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and 20 combinations like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and 20 combinations like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and 20 combinations like this so
+you would say there's like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say there's like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say there's like something
+like a one in 20 roughly 5% chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a one in 20 roughly 5% chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a one in 20 roughly 5% chance of
+finding all the balls on the left that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding all the balls on the left that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding all the balls on the left that
+doesn't sound that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound that small
+right you take odds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you take odds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you take odds on
+that but when you start doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but when you start doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but when you start doing this
+calculation for a mole of atoms or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for a mole of atoms or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for a mole of atoms or a
+mole of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll find that the likelihood is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that the likelihood is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that the likelihood is uh
+geometrically small meaning it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically small meaning it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically small meaning it's never
+going to happen so we later on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so we later on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so we later on in the
+course much later we're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course much later we're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course much later we're going to come
+back to these Concepts and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to these Concepts and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to these Concepts and do
+calculation with something like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with something like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with something like what is
+thehood of finding all the air in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thehood of finding all the air in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thehood of finding all the air in this
+room suddenly over here right um none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room suddenly over here right um none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room suddenly over here right um none of
+us would be very happy about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us would be very happy about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us would be very happy about that
+fortunately the likelihood is so small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately the likelihood is so small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately the likelihood is so small
+you'd have to wait you know many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to wait you know many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to wait you know many many
+many many ages of many universes long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many ages of many universes long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many ages of many universes long
+and you still probably would would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still probably would would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still probably would would never
+see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+happen Okay so so we okay with that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so so we okay with that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so so we okay with that um
+so physicist but I should say scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physicist but I should say scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physicist but I should say scientists
+because this book was written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this book was written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this book was written by
+physicist so there's an implicit bias in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist so there's an implicit bias in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist so there's an implicit bias in
+here physicists call the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here physicists call the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here physicists call the number of
+different combinations entropy so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations entropy so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combinations entropy so that's
+what entropy is so a state with a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what entropy is so a state with a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what entropy is so a state with a low
+number of combinations is a low entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combinations is a low entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combinations is a low entropy
+State like a state with all the balls on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State like a state with all the balls on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State like a state with all the balls on
+the left is a low entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is a low entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is a low entropy
+State a state with a high number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a state with a high number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a state with a high number of
+combinations is a higher entropy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so even if the balls all start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even if the balls all start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even if the balls all start on
+one side as in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side as in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side as in my
+example they're going to end up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they're going to end up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they're going to end up here
+because this is more likely right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is more likely right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is more likely right it's
+an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy so the second law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so the second law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so the second law of
+Thermodynamics says that things move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermodynamics says that things move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermodynamics says that things move
+from low entropy to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from low entropy to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from low entropy to high
+entropy we'll rephrase that later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy we'll rephrase that later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy we'll rephrase that later on in
+a couple weeks I'd be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple weeks I'd be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple weeks I'd be a little more
+technical about it but that is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical about it but that is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical about it but that is you know
+one form of the second law that entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of the second law that entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of the second law that entropy
+always increases in the universe never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always increases in the universe never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always increases in the universe never
+decreases so that explains why we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so that explains why we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so that explains why we see
+these more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more likely
+scenarios in order you can if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in order you can if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios in order you can if you like
+push all the molecules back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push all the molecules back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push all the molecules back into the
+left but the key word there was push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left but the key word there was push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left but the key word there was push
+right to do that would take some work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to do that would take some work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to do that would take some work so
+you can do work on a system and decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do work on a system and decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do work on a system and decrease
+its entropy right you can clean your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its entropy right you can clean your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its entropy right you can clean your
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+right so you can decrease the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can decrease the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can decrease the entropy of
+a of a finite system but in so doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a finite system but in so doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a finite system but in so doing
+you're still increasing the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still increasing the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still increasing the entropy of
+the universe you're just shifting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around okay so things naturally go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay so things naturally go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay so things naturally go from
+organized to messy just like my kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized to messy just like my kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized to messy just like my kids
+rooms and now you know statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and now you know statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and now you know statistical
+physics okay so do you feel like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics okay so do you feel like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics okay so do you feel like you
+know statistical physics I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know statistical physics I love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know statistical physics I love this
+book now we're going to fill in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book now we're going to fill in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book now we're going to fill in some of
+these Concepts on the board any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts on the board any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts on the board any
+questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the
+reading it's yours now so if anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it's yours now so if anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it's yours now so if anyone
+didn't get I think I ow how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get I think I ow how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get I think I ow how many people
+did not get a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not get a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not get a copy
+one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two
+three Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Thomas
+four anyone else okay all right so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four anyone else okay all right so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four anyone else okay all right so we'll
+get more copies for you so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more copies for you so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more copies for you so now we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um talk about um Solutions okay so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh we'll we'll cover this in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll we'll cover this in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll we'll cover this in a couple
+weeks but the quick answer is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks but the quick answer is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks but the quick answer is that the
+entropy of a system left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of a system left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of a system left
+alone never decreases it either stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone never decreases it either stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone never decreases it either stays
+the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same or
+increases but if a system is not left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases but if a system is not left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases but if a system is not left
+alone if it if it actually can interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone if it if it actually can interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone if it if it actually can interact
+with its surroundings entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its surroundings entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its surroundings entropy is
+something that can be exchanged so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be exchanged so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be exchanged so I can
+actually if I were a system I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if I were a system I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if I were a system I could
+lower my entropy by giving some to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower my entropy by giving some to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower my entropy by giving some to
+you or you could decrease my entropy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or you could decrease my entropy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or you could decrease my entropy by
+taking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking some
+that's so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you
+what the work you're doing um generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the work you're doing um generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the work you're doing um generates
+heat you cool off that generates entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you cool off that generates entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat you cool off that generates entropy
+the most famous example of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous example of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous example of this is
+Maxwell's demon it's a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's demon it's a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's demon it's a thought
+experiment you can fall down quite an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can fall down quite an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can fall down quite an
+internet Rabbit Hole or a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet Rabbit Hole or a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet Rabbit Hole or a textbook
+Rabbit Hole reading philosophical style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabbit Hole reading philosophical style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rabbit Hole reading philosophical style
+treaties on Maxwell demon Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaties on Maxwell demon Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaties on Maxwell demon Maxwell's
+demon is a little demon that sits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon is a little demon that sits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon is a little demon that sits in
+between this box and only lets gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this box and only lets gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this box and only lets gas
+molecules go to the left and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules go to the left and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules go to the left and so
+Maxwell's demon is like a little Turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's demon is like a little Turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's demon is like a little Turn
+Style for gas molecules and it's CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Style for gas molecules and it's CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Style for gas molecules and it's CS
+Maxwell's demon because it was thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's demon because it was thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's demon because it was thought
+of as a thought experiment to disprove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a thought experiment to disprove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a thought experiment to disprove
+the second law and there have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law and there have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law and there have been a
+hundred plus years of physics papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred plus years of physics papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred plus years of physics papers
+showing that the for example there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that the for example there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that the for example there's an
+information Theory approach to Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theory approach to Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theory approach to Maxwell's
+demon that Maxwell's demon has to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon that Maxwell's demon has to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon that Maxwell's demon has to know
+that the molecule is approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the molecule is approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the molecule is approaching
+therefore it has to receive at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it has to receive at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it has to receive at least one
+photon you can calculate the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon you can calculate the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon you can calculate the physics of
+the entropy generation of that Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy generation of that Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy generation of that Photon
+generation and absorption by the demon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and absorption by the demon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and absorption by the demon
+so we can make the decision to open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can make the decision to open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can make the decision to open the
+gate you can't get around the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate you can't get around the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate you can't get around the second law
+so we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get
+there um I don't know if that exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I don't know if that exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I don't know if that exactly
+answered your question but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered your question but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered your question but it was a
+little you know we'll get there again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know we'll get there again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know we'll get there again um
+in more with more time to spare in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more with more time to spare in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more with more time to spare in a
+couple lectures so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um just Google Maxwell's demon it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just Google Maxwell's demon it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just Google Maxwell's demon it's kind
+of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun
+okay so now we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to talk about
+Solutions uh so here comes the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demo maybe the last demo there aren't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo maybe the last demo there aren't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo maybe the last demo there aren't a
+lot of Demos in this class but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Demos in this class but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Demos in this class but this one
+is so easy I did the same demo in 31 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so easy I did the same demo in 31 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so easy I did the same demo in 31 so
+many of you were in 31 so I'm sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you were in 31 so I'm sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you were in 31 so I'm sorry I'm
+ripping myself off here but it's topical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping myself off here but it's topical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping myself off here but it's topical
+so all right so there is water there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so there is water there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so there is water there's
+water in the dish you can't see it um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in the dish you can't see it um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in the dish you can't see it um so
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+make a solution I'm going to mix two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a solution I'm going to mix two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a solution I'm going to mix two
+substances one substance is food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances one substance is food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances one substance is food
+coloring which is of course also water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring which is of course also water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring which is of course also water
+but pretend this is like some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pretend this is like some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pretend this is like some other
+substance it's food it's water like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance it's food it's water like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance it's food it's water like it's
+some D molecule solvated so ins solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some D molecule solvated so ins solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some D molecule solvated so ins solution
+and the other substance is water right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other substance is water right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other substance is water right
+so I'm going to mix them and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to mix them and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to mix them and you see
+what happens okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see okay so while this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so while this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so while this is
+going you guys know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you guys know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you guys know what's going to
+happen right just it's sort of it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right just it's sort of it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen right just it's sort of it's sort
+of I find kind of fun and calming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I find kind of fun and calming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I find kind of fun and calming to
+watch it happen all right so over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it happen all right so over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it happen all right so over here
+we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about
+um Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so we're going to talk about
+solutions for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for the case of
+non-interacting molecules so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interacting molecules so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interacting molecules so I'm going
+to draw some pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let me see uh three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me see uh three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me see uh three four
+five six seven 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
+okay so here's the starting condition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the starting condition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the starting condition we
+have some uniform material it's made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some uniform material it's made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some uniform material it's made of
+some molecules I don't know right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some molecules I don't know right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some molecules I don't know right so
+here it is here's the uniform material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is here's the uniform material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is here's the uniform material
+in a box and these are the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box and these are the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box and these are the molecules
+that make up the material and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up the material and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up the material and its
+properties are uniform okay so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are uniform okay so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are uniform okay so now what
+we're going to do is going to lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a we're going to label certain molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we're going to label certain molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we're going to label certain molecules
+can you guys see that barely we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you guys see that barely we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you guys see that barely we're
+labeling certain molecules so what's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling certain molecules so what's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling certain molecules so what's one
+way you could label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules physically
+yes no what I mean is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no what I mean is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes no what I mean is we're going to
+make a physical change to the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a physical change to the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a physical change to the molecule
+so it's carrying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's carrying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's carrying a
+label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+H some kind of florescent tag you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H some kind of florescent tag you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H some kind of florescent tag you could
+make it a different isotope there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a different isotope there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a different isotope there's
+different ways to label right or just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to label right or just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to label right or just as
+a thought experiment you just go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought experiment you just go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought experiment you just go in and
+you take let's say five of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take let's say five of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take let's say five of these
+molecules and color them blue to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and color them blue to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and color them blue to pick a
+color right which is kind of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color right which is kind of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color right which is kind of what we're
+doing one two three four five okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one two three four five okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one two three four five okay so I
+went in and I labeled those molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in and I labeled those molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in and I labeled those molecules
+and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait what do I expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yes
+please yeah you kind of expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yeah you kind of expect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please yeah you kind of expect it to
+even out right for the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even out right for the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even out right for the case of
+non-interacting molecules initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interacting molecules initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interacting molecules initially
+everything looked even and then we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looked even and then we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looked even and then we did
+something we made it uneven and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we made it uneven and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we made it uneven and now you
+kind of expect it to even out so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expect it to even out so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expect it to even out so I'm
+going to draw again want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+15 and you kind of expect the labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and you kind of expect the labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and you kind of expect the labeled
+molecules to spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out maybe like that right okay they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out maybe like that right okay they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out maybe like that right okay they're
+not all on one side anymore you get it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all on one side anymore you get it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all on one side anymore you get it I
+didn't want to spend all day up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to spend all day up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to spend all day up here
+drawing circles it's more convincing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing circles it's more convincing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing circles it's more convincing if
+I do like 20 or 30 circles but I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do like 20 or 30 circles but I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do like 20 or 30 circles but I decided
+to stop at 15 circles so what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop at 15 circles so what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop at 15 circles so what's actually
+happening right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right um
+I mean you understand that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you understand that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you understand that and you
+believe that I'm just going to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that I'm just going to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that I'm just going to describe
+that in thermodynamics language so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in thermodynamics language so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in thermodynamics language so what
+happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusion Okay so the process by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion Okay so the process by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion Okay so the process by which
+this concentrated um area of labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concentrated um area of labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concentrated um area of labeled
+molecules becomes diffuse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules becomes diffuse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules becomes diffuse is
+diffusion um and it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um and it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um and it happens
+spontaneously right I don't have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously right I don't have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously right I don't have to go
+over there with my Atomic tweezers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there with my Atomic tweezers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there with my Atomic tweezers and
+move the blue food coloring molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the blue food coloring molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the blue food coloring molecules
+until they all look even I think by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they all look even I think by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they all look even I think by the
+end of this course period it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this course period it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this course period it will be
+uniformly blue takes about half an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly blue takes about half an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly blue takes about half an hour
+or so at the temperature of an overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so at the temperature of an overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so at the temperature of an overhead
+projector okay so that's the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector okay so that's the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector okay so that's the diffusion
+process say and again that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process say and again that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process say and again that word
+spontaneously it's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously it's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously it's happening
+spontaneously and it's mixing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously and it's mixing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously and it's mixing the
+labeled molecules so um what can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled molecules so um what can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled molecules so um what can you say
+about the entropy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the entropy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the entropy of this
+situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is the entropy from the second frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the entropy from the second frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the entropy from the second frame
+to the third frame is it going up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the third frame is it going up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the third frame is it going up or
+down it's going up something's becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's going up something's becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's going up something's becoming
+more disordered right that's true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disordered right that's true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disordered right that's true the
+entropy is going up there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is going up there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is going up there's more
+different configurations that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configurations that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configurations that look like
+this all mixed up than configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all mixed up than configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all mixed up than configurations
+that like this everything on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like this everything on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like this everything on one
+side right so it's more likely it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy all right so now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy all right so now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy all right so now I'm going to
+erase this board and redo it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this board and redo it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this board and redo it for the
+case of molecules and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of molecules and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of molecules and now we're going to
+interact with each other yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+yeah instantaneously or no it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah instantaneously or no it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah instantaneously or no it doesn't
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+instantaneously exactly that's right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously exactly that's right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously exactly that's right it
+does not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean
+instantaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously
+um there are many good examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many good examples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many good examples of this
+um of systems that are out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of systems that are out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of systems that are out of
+equilibrium that are slowly relaxing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that are slowly relaxing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that are slowly relaxing if
+you go to very ancient Cathedrals you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to very ancient Cathedrals you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to very ancient Cathedrals you'll
+see that the windows appear to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the windows appear to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the windows appear to be
+pooling at the bottom of the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling at the bottom of the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling at the bottom of the window
+frames they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slowly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly like
+flowing right things seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing right things seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing right things seem
+static in the case of gas molecules it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static in the case of gas molecules it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static in the case of gas molecules it'd
+be about hundreds of NS and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about hundreds of NS and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about hundreds of NS and in a
+reasonable space so the time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable space so the time scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable space so the time scales
+might vary yeah that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might vary yeah that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might vary yeah that's a good question
+it doesn't mean instantaneously it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean instantaneously it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean instantaneously it just
+means without without outside influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means without without outside influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means without without outside influence
+right thank you okay so now let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case my favorite example here is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case my favorite example here is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case my favorite example here is there's
+a there's a there's a something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a there's a something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a there's a something called
+the tar drop experiment and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tar drop experiment and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tar drop experiment and this is a
+university in Australia where they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university in Australia where they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university in Australia where they took
+some tar and they put it in a vessel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tar and they put it in a vessel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tar and they put it in a vessel and
+they poked a hole in the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they poked a hole in the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they poked a hole in the bottom of the
+vessel and they put a video camera on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and they put a video camera on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and they put a video camera on it
+and it's been running for decades and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been running for decades and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been running for decades and I
+don't remember about once every eight or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember about once every eight or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember about once every eight or
+nine years um a drop you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine years um a drop you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine years um a drop you get a
+drop and it's there's a webcam for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and it's there's a webcam for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and it's there's a webcam for this
+thing you can go and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can go and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can go and watch
+it you know so spontaneously it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know so spontaneously it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know so spontaneously it's
+dripping but it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dripping but it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dripping but it's pretty
+slow okay so now we're going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow okay so now we're going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow okay so now we're going to do the
+case of interacting molecules so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of interacting molecules so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of interacting molecules so the
+previous example and the example you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example and the example you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example and the example you're
+watching over there um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching over there um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching over there um there's
+effectively no interaction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively no interaction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively no interaction between the
+labeled molecules and between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled molecules and between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled molecules and between the
+labeled molecules and the unlabeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled molecules and the unlabeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled molecules and the unlabeled
+molecules there's not not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules there's not not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules there's not not a lot of
+intermolecular forces in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces in between the
+blue dye and um let's say uh a distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dye and um let's say uh a distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dye and um let's say uh a distant
+water molecule or between two distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule or between two distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule or between two distant
+blue dye molecules not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dye molecules not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dye molecules not a lot of
+interaction so what about when there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so what about when there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so what about when there is
+interaction let's let's do the cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction let's let's do the cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction let's let's do the cartoon
+case and then and then we'll start um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then and then we'll start um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then and then we'll start um
+this is this is how we get towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is how we get towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is how we get towards the
+hot and cold PCS so we have a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material all right 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material all right 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material all right 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+11 12 13 14 15 all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 12 13 14 15 all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 12 13 14 15 all right so we're
+starting again with the uniform material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting again with the uniform material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting again with the uniform material
+and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to
+uh let's see I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+label some right so just as before I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label some right so just as before I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label some right so just as before I'm
+going to label some this time the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to label some this time the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to label some this time the ones
+I'm going to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are all right I'm going to label them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all right I'm going to label them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all right I'm going to label them in
+a way that is sort of more like what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that is sort of more like what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that is sort of more like what you
+would expect from the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect from the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect from the equilibrium
+situation for the non-interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for the non-interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for the non-interacting
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+okay label some okay so now I've labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay label some okay so now I've labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay label some okay so now I've labeled
+them I've labeled them quas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I've labeled them quas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I've labeled them quas
+randomly and now I'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and now I'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and now I'm going to make a
+caveat label some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat label some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat label some
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attract so I'm going to I've labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract so I'm going to I've labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract so I'm going to I've labeled
+these with some sort of a molecular tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these with some sort of a molecular tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these with some sort of a molecular tag
+that likes to be close to other like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that likes to be close to other like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that likes to be close to other like
+molecular tags there's an attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular tags there's an attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular tags there's an attraction
+here so now we're talking about forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now we're talking about forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now we're talking about forces
+and interactions between molecules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interactions between molecules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interactions between molecules so
+what happens if I label these so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I label these so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I label these so that
+they interact and then I wait what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interact and then I wait what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interact and then I wait what do
+you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen they only attracting yeah they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen they only attracting yeah they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen they only attracting yeah they're
+only attracting so like it would be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only attracting so like it would be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only attracting so like it would be as
+if the blue Dy molecule were attracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the blue Dy molecule were attracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the blue Dy molecule were attracted
+to other blue Dy molecules in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other blue Dy molecules in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other blue Dy molecules in that
+case separ right okay so if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case separ right okay so if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case separ right okay so if they're
+attracted to each other and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to each other and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to each other and there's no
+other forces in this um let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might
+expect after waiting for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time that now the molecules have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clustered okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered okay
+so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interatomic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic or
+molecular if these are atoms I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular if these are atoms I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular if these are atoms I would
+talk about inter Atomic forces if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about inter Atomic forces if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about inter Atomic forces if
+they're molecules also inter molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're molecules also inter molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're molecules also inter molecular
+forces same thermodynamics interatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces same thermodynamics interatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces same thermodynamics interatomic
+or molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unmixing right so we talked about mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmixing right so we talked about mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmixing right so we talked about mixing
+and now it's unmixing so this can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's unmixing so this can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's unmixing so this can happen
+too and there'll be plenty of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and there'll be plenty of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and there'll be plenty of examples
+maybe you're already familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some okay and you could also I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some okay and you could also I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some okay and you could also I won't
+draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could also consider the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could also consider the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could also consider the case of
+repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive
+interactions so let's say that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so let's say that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so let's say that those
+molecules instead of attracting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules instead of attracting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules instead of attracting each
+other were repelled from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other were repelled from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other were repelled from each
+other think about how you sit in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other think about how you sit in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other think about how you sit in a
+lecture room when it's an exam when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture room when it's an exam when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture room when it's an exam when we
+told you not to sit next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you not to sit next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you not to sit next to
+anybody you become completely disordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody you become completely disordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody you become completely disordered
+or more ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more ordered you become more ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ordered you become more ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ordered you become more ordered
+because if I have a person I know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have a person I know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have a person I know that I
+only have to go two CH or to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to go two CH or to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to go two CH or to find
+another person and I go two ches over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person and I go two ches over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person and I go two ches over to
+find another person that's order right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find another person that's order right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find another person that's order right
+so is that increase in entropy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that increase in entropy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is that increase in entropy or
+decrease in entropy that's a duon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in entropy that's a duon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in entropy that's a duon
+entropy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy right
+so from this Central frame to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this Central frame to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this Central frame to the right
+hand frame is that an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand frame is that an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand frame is that an increase in
+entropy or decrease in entropy decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy or decrease in entropy decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy or decrease in entropy decrease
+it's a decrease in entropy and the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a decrease in entropy and the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a decrease in entropy and the case
+of the students taking an exam in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students taking an exam in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the students taking an exam in a
+lecture hall that's also a decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture hall that's also a decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture hall that's also a decrease in
+entry be relative to say right now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry be relative to say right now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry be relative to say right now where
+you look more disordered than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look more disordered than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look more disordered than that
+there's some clusters there's some loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some clusters there's some loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some clusters there's some loan
+people right it's sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right it's sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right it's sort of more
+disordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered
+okay yes please so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance not quite but balance is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance not quite but balance is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance not quite but balance is the key
+thing we're heading exactly towards this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're heading exactly towards this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're heading exactly towards this
+idea of balance so thank you for saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of balance so thank you for saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of balance so thank you for saying
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+okay so um now everyone let's see so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um now everyone let's see so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um now everyone let's see so you
+got this idea of disorder and a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this idea of disorder and a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this idea of disorder and a basic
+notion of entropy and now we starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of entropy and now we starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of entropy and now we starting to
+introduce the fact that molecules can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the fact that molecules can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the fact that molecules can
+interact with each other and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other and an
+interaction is typically characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is typically characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is typically characterized
+by an energy of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an energy of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an energy of any
+interaction so there's energy involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so there's energy involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so there's energy involved
+and I think these are Concepts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think these are Concepts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think these are Concepts which
+you're already familiar with so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already familiar with so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already familiar with so we're
+going to now review endothermic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now review endothermic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now review endothermic and
+exothermic reactions right right in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reactions right right in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reactions right right in this
+context so who's here heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so who's here heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so who's here heard of
+endothermic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic and
+exothermic all right everybody raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic all right everybody raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic all right everybody raises
+their hand except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+um all right so so now we get to now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so so now we get to now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so so now we get to now we
+get to play with the hot packs but wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to play with the hot packs but wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to play with the hot packs but wait
+wait till I say you play with the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till I say you play with the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till I say you play with the hot
+all right so we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to start with
+endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process endothermic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example okay so an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so an example of an
+endothermic process is ammonium nitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic process is ammonium nitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic process is ammonium nitrate
+dissolving in water so I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving in water so I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving in water so I'm going to draw
+it like this n moles of ammonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrate plus m m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate plus m m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate plus m m
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+water are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+react and the reaction product is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react and the reaction product is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react and the reaction product is going
+to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+okay um so even though this kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so even though this kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so even though this kind of just
+looks like you dissolved or you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you dissolved or you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you dissolved or you just
+mixed you can still talk about it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed you can still talk about it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed you can still talk about it as a
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+so this over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this over here is
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+solid so this is what we call in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so this is what we call in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so this is what we call in
+thermodynamics a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics a pure
+material and it's in its standard State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it's in its standard State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it's in its standard State
+ammonium nitrate um will sit in a jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium nitrate um will sit in a jar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium nitrate um will sit in a jar
+it's a solid at room temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solid at room temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solid at room temperature and
+atmospheric pressure all right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure all right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure all right and this
+over here is a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid okay so this is a pure solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid okay so this is a pure solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid okay so this is a pure solid and
+this is a pure liquid and what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pure liquid and what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pure liquid and what's what's
+this on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side it's a mixture it's a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's a mixture it's a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's a mixture it's a liquid
+solution in thermodynamics and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in thermodynamics and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in thermodynamics and this is
+something as this terminology have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as this terminology have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as this terminology have to
+get used to it the word solution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to it the word solution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to it the word solution and the
+word mixture are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word mixture are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word mixture are basically
+interchangeable solution to us does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable solution to us does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable solution to us does not
+mean it's a liquid solutions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a liquid solutions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a liquid solutions can be
+liquid gas or solid in fact in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid gas or solid in fact in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid gas or solid in fact in this
+class usually they're solid so just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class usually they're solid so just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class usually they're solid so just get
+used to it there's no way around it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it there's no way around it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it there's no way around it so
+this is a but this is a liquid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a but this is a liquid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a but this is a liquid solution
+in this case it's a liquid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a liquid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a liquid solution
+or mixer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mixer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mixer if you
+like liquid solution okay so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like liquid solution okay so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like liquid solution okay so I need to
+uh get more board space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this process absorbs a finite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process absorbs a finite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process absorbs a finite amount of
+heat from the surroundings it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from the surroundings it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from the surroundings it's an
+endothermic process so it absorbs an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic process so it absorbs an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic process so it absorbs an
+energy Q This is a units of Jews it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Q This is a units of Jews it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Q This is a units of Jews it's an
+energy from the surroundings sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the surroundings sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the surroundings sometimes
+this is called the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution later on in this class we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution later on in this class we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution later on in this class we'll
+show that this is um related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this is um related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this is um related to the
+enthalpy of solution we'll start using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of solution we'll start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of solution we'll start using
+the word enthalpy but for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word enthalpy but for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word enthalpy but for today's
+lecture it's enough to think about heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it's enough to think about heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it's enough to think about heat
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay
+so in going from left to right does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in going from left to right does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in going from left to right does the
+energy of the system increase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decrease it increases because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease it increases because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease it increases because it's
+endothermic it got energy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic it got energy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic it got energy from the
+surroundings right does the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings right does the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings right does the entropy
+increase or decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it increases and it's okay if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it increases and it's okay if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it increases and it's okay if you didn't
+have an intuition for that now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an intuition for that now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an intuition for that now the
+reason it increased is because on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it increased is because on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it increased is because on the
+left hand you had a solid phase and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand you had a solid phase and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand you had a solid phase and then
+every n moles of that solid went into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every n moles of that solid went into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every n moles of that solid went into a
+liquid phase and liquids tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase and liquids tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase and liquids tend to have
+much higher entropy than solids they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher entropy than solids they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher entropy than solids they're
+more disorted right a solid is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disorted right a solid is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disorted right a solid is like
+everyone at every other chair a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone at every other chair a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone at every other chair a liquid
+is somehow more disordered so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow more disordered so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow more disordered so that was
+right so in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase okay so um before we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase okay so um before we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase okay so um before we learned
+that uh nature likes to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh nature likes to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh nature likes to increase the
+entropy of the system so that would seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the system so that would seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the system so that would seem
+to drive the reaction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive the reaction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive the reaction to the
+right but if you've taken a physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you've taken a physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you've taken a physics
+class you were probably told that nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you were probably told that nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you were probably told that nature
+likes to decrease the energy which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to decrease the energy which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to decrease the energy which would
+drive the reaction to the left right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the reaction to the left right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the reaction to the left right and
+both of those things are true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those things are true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those things are true in the
+right context so what gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right context so what gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right context so what gives
+all right so we're going to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to find out
+what gives okay so um open your uh take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives okay so um open your uh take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives okay so um open your uh take
+your instant cold packs which is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instant cold packs which is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instant cold packs which is the uh
+not the one that says warm relief the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the one that says warm relief the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the one that says warm relief the
+one that's blue all right so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's blue all right so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's blue all right so okay so
+this is a dinx instant call pack this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dinx instant call pack this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dinx instant call pack this is
+a a snapshot from the safety data sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a snapshot from the safety data sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a snapshot from the safety data sheet
+dinx instant cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinx instant cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinx instant cold
+pack if you're ever looking for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack if you're ever looking for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack if you're ever looking for your
+first choice for gloves I guess it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice for gloves I guess it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice for gloves I guess it's the
+tilletson Healthcare Corporation all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilletson Healthcare Corporation all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilletson Healthcare Corporation all
+right so this is the SDS and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the SDS and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the SDS and this is
+telling you that it's um made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that it's um made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that it's um made of
+ammonium n pellets surrounded by a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium n pellets surrounded by a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium n pellets surrounded by a small
+rupturable plastic bag filled with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupturable plastic bag filled with water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rupturable plastic bag filled with water
+so we're going to figure this out does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to figure this out does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to figure this out does
+this reaction stay on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction stay on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction stay on the left hand side
+or does it go spontaneously of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does it go spontaneously of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does it go spontaneously of the right
+hand side so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so what do you
+think everyone who thinks it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think everyone who thinks it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think everyone who thinks it's going to
+go to the right shout or raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the right shout or raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the right shout or raise your hand
+yay okay so squeeze together here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay okay so squeeze together here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yay okay so squeeze together here so
+here we go I'm going to squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go I'm going to squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go I'm going to squeeze
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+okay ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+cold all right so is it cold yeah so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold all right so is it cold yeah so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold all right so is it cold yeah so is
+it spontaneously went to the right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spontaneously went to the right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spontaneously went to the right or
+the left where does it go it goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left where does it go it goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left where does it go it goes to the
+right so it's absorbing heat from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's absorbing heat from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's absorbing heat from your
+hands right you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands right you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands right you feel
+cold all right so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold all right so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold all right so in this case
+um in this case entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case entropy
+right it spontaneously went to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it spontaneously went to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it spontaneously went to the right
+which means entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means entropy
+increased but the energy also increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased but the energy also increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased but the energy also increased
+so it's like we weren't what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like we weren't what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like we weren't what was going
+to happen but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen but in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy drives I'm being really SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy drives I'm being really SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy drives I'm being really SL
+sloppy here sorry entropy drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy here sorry entropy drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy here sorry entropy drives the
+reaction it's the entropy consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it's the entropy consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction it's the entropy consideration
+nature thinks about it figures out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature thinks about it figures out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature thinks about it figures out the
+right balance and say ENT is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right balance and say ENT is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right balance and say ENT is going to
+win we're going to make a solution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win we're going to make a solution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win we're going to make a solution okay
+so um so then then okay so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so then then okay so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so then then okay so now we're
+going to do the opposite case which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the opposite case which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the opposite case which is
+exothermic exothermic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was satisfying right I like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was satisfying right I like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was satisfying right I like that so
+exothermic process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+crystallization of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate
+from from a solution so we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a solution so we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from a solution so we started with
+a solution and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution and we're going to
+crystallize sodium acetate so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize sodium acetate so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallize sodium acetate so C
+H3 Co n a let's see the way I wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H3 Co n a let's see the way I wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H3 Co n a let's see the way I wrote this
+was like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like this
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H2O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O
+Z see reacts the reaction is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z see reacts the reaction is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z see reacts the reaction is like this
+it goes with some heat q and it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes with some heat q and it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes with some heat q and it becomes
+C H3 Co n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C H3 Co n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C H3 Co n
+a y I'm going to put a little solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y I'm going to put a little solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y I'm going to put a little solid
+there because it came out of solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it came out of solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it came out of solution
+formed a solid Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed a solid Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed a solid Crystal
+and then um and then C H3 Co n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um and then C H3 Co n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um and then C H3 Co n
+a xus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a xus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a xus y
+H2O okay so someone tell me um uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O okay so someone tell me um uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O okay so someone tell me um uh well
+okay so I told you this is a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I told you this is a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I told you this is a solution
+right this is a this is a solution it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a this is a solution it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a this is a solution it's
+a liquid solution of x moles of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid solution of x moles of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid solution of x moles of sodium
+acetate into Z moles of water all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate into Z moles of water all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate into Z moles of water all right
+what is someone repeat for me what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is someone repeat for me what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is someone repeat for me what is
+this material what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material what is this
+phase solid sodium acate all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase solid sodium acate all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase solid sodium acate all right and
+what is this material over here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this material over here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this material over here this
+phase it's liquid is a pure material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase it's liquid is a pure material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase it's liquid is a pure material
+soltion it's still a solution right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soltion it's still a solution right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soltion it's still a solution right so
+we have Solutions on both sides but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Solutions on both sides but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Solutions on both sides but they
+have different concentration we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different concentration we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different concentration we've
+conserved moles right we haven't created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved moles right we haven't created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved moles right we haven't created
+a destroyed matter all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a destroyed matter all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a destroyed matter all right so this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+liquid it's a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid it's a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid it's a liquid
+solution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in the hot pack the in the hot pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the hot pack the in the hot pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the hot pack the in the hot pack
+we're about to use it's super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to use it's super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to use it's super
+saturated so ask me questions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated so ask me questions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated so ask me questions in a
+minute about what that means we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute about what that means we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute about what that means we'll come
+back to that concept later in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that concept later in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that concept later in the class
+it's a super saturated liquid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a super saturated liquid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a super saturated liquid solution
+so it's non-equilibrium then over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's non-equilibrium then over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's non-equilibrium then over here
+we have a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid and over here we have a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and over here we have a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and over here we have a liquid
+solution and what do you think would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and what do you think would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and what do you think would be
+the right term to characterize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right term to characterize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right term to characterize this
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+solution a liquid solution in ibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a liquid solution in ibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a liquid solution in ibrium
+with the solid solute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the solid solute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the solid solute is
+a saturated solution yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saturated solution yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a saturated solution yeah
+saturated so if you uh if that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated so if you uh if that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated so if you uh if that didn't
+come to your you know tongue right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to your you know tongue right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to your you know tongue right away
+that's fine that's a concept which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine that's a concept which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine that's a concept which we're
+going to cover in detail right in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover in detail right in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover in detail right in in a
+number of weeks from now all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of weeks from now all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of weeks from now all right so we
+start with a super saturated solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a super saturated solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a super saturated solution
+and we get a saturated solution okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a saturated solution okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a saturated solution okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I told you this was exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I told you this was exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I told you this was exothermic
+so I'm not going to ask you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to ask you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to ask you you know
+what's the sign of Q this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+releases this process releases heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases this process releases heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases this process releases heat
+energy Q to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Q to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Q to the
+surroundings so um all right so would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings so um all right so would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings so um all right so would
+you say the energy of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say the energy of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say the energy of this system
+increases or decreases from as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases or decreases from as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases or decreases from as it goes
+from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right
+decreases exothermic it lost energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases exothermic it lost energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases exothermic it lost energy okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy all right what about the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right what about the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right what about the entropy
+of the system does it increase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system does it increase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system does it increase or
+decrease from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease from left to
+right decreases right it decreases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right decreases right it decreases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right decreases right it decreases you
+started with all the sodium aetate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with all the sodium aetate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with all the sodium aetate in a
+liquid state and then you took some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid state and then you took some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid state and then you took some of
+out and made it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and made it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and made it a
+solid I told you before that the solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid I told you before that the solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid I told you before that the solids
+tend to have lower entropy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have lower entropy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have lower entropy so the
+entropy decreased so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy decreased so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy decreased so
+energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ropy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decrease both ke that they both decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease both ke that they both decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease both ke that they both decrease
+okay all right so nature likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so nature likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so nature likes to
+maximize entropy but it also likes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize entropy but it also likes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize entropy but it also likes to
+minimize energy so what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize energy so what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize energy so what's going to
+happen Okay so demo number two right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so demo number two right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay so demo number two right so
+grab your instant hot pack let's see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab your instant hot pack let's see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab your instant hot pack let's see uh
+there we go so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so this is
+um instant hot pack from dyang Rapid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instant hot pack from dyang Rapid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instant hot pack from dyang Rapid and
+Aid hot and cold therapy Products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid hot and cold therapy Products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid hot and cold therapy Products
+Company Limited and it is uh made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Company Limited and it is uh made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Company Limited and it is uh made up of
+sodium acetate and water right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium acetate and water right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium acetate and water right that's
+what that's what's in here um so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what's in here um so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what's in here um so I'll
+tell you what's actually uh you I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what's actually uh you I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what's actually uh you I'll
+show you a video of what might what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a video of what might what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a video of what might what this
+might look like in a minute but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like in a minute but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like in a minute but let's
+test it let's do the experiment let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it let's do the experiment let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it let's do the experiment let's
+figure out if it goes left or right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if it goes left or right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out if it goes left or right so I
+did this the other day it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this the other day it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this the other day it's like
+um fold top to bottom to pop inner fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fold top to bottom to pop inner fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fold top to bottom to pop inner fluid
+bag sh and Shake okay folding the top to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag sh and Shake okay folding the top to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag sh and Shake okay folding the top to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottom certain amount of strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom certain amount of strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom certain amount of strength
+required to be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class ah there we go okay oh it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ah there we go okay oh it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class ah there we go okay oh it's like
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hot this is like a PE credit I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot this is like a PE credit I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot this is like a PE credit I should
+get a PE credit for this all right who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a PE credit for this all right who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a PE credit for this all right who's
+got popping I hear some popping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sounds gets hot right okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds gets hot right okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds gets hot right okay so what's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on ah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what happened some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what happened some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what happened some people are
+still struggling it's actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still struggling it's actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still struggling it's actually really
+tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+um those of you who whose bags popped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those of you who whose bags popped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those of you who whose bags popped
+can you tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell me what
+happened somebody tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened somebody tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened somebody tell me what
+happened it warmed up it got hot so did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it warmed up it got hot so did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it warmed up it got hot so did
+the reaction where's equilibrium here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction where's equilibrium here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction where's equilibrium here to
+the right or to the left to the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's weird right entropy decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's weird right entropy decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's weird right entropy decreased
+so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this
+case unlike the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case so in the previous case entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so in the previous case entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so in the previous case entropy
+seemed to win nature got to increase its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to win nature got to increase its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to win nature got to increase its
+entropy but in this case energy seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but in this case energy seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy but in this case energy seems to
+win nature got to decrease its energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win nature got to decrease its energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win nature got to decrease its energy so
+the balance was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance was different
+let me show you a video of what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you a video of what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you a video of what what
+these look like all right so we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look like all right so we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look like all right so we've seen
+two examples um and we've we've done two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples um and we've we've done two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples um and we've we've done two
+experiments and we've seen that in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and we've seen that in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and we've seen that in one
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+uh entry seem to rule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entry seem to rule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entry seem to rule the
+day uh win the day but in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh win the day but in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh win the day but in the other
+example entropy or energy seems to rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example entropy or energy seems to rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example entropy or energy seems to rule
+the day I forget which one I said first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day I forget which one I said first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day I forget which one I said first
+right so so on the one hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so on the one hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so on the one hand we
+have entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have entropy
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disorder and on the other hand we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy or what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will more commonly used in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will more commonly used in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will more commonly used in this class
+which is enthalpy they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is enthalpy they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is enthalpy they're not
+identically the same thing so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically the same thing so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically the same thing so we'll
+cover eny in plenty of detail um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover eny in plenty of detail um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover eny in plenty of detail um in
+later lectures but for today we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lectures but for today we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later lectures but for today we can use
+some interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interchange
+changeably so on the other hand we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeably so on the other hand we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changeably so on the other hand we have
+energy and or enthalpy and this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and or enthalpy and this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and or enthalpy and this question
+of balance is everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of balance is everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of balance is everything so
+here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+plank and there's the fulum and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank and there's the fulum and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank and there's the fulum and this is
+basically thermodynamics thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically thermodynamics thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically thermodynamics thermodynamics
+is Nature's Way of balancing entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Nature's Way of balancing entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Nature's Way of balancing entropy
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+enthalpy and so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and so what we're going to do
+is is spend a semester learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is spend a semester learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is spend a semester learning how to
+calculate the balance for all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the balance for all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the balance for all sorts of
+diff different physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff different physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff different physical
+situations mostly with solids but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations mostly with solids but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations mostly with solids but also
+reacting chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting chemicals
+liquids solid gas systems um and systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids solid gas systems um and systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids solid gas systems um and systems
+of Interest right to Modern Material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest right to Modern Material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest right to Modern Material
+Science so uh what happens when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science so uh what happens when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science so uh what happens when we get
+the final answer so okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final answer so okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final answer so okay I'm going to
+move on I have a couple slides to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on I have a couple slides to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on I have a couple slides to share
+now with um to introduce you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with um to introduce you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with um to introduce you to the
+concept of phase diagrams which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of phase diagrams which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of phase diagrams which is the
+way that we communicate with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we communicate with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we communicate with each other
+in Material Science what the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Material Science what the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Material Science what the answer is
+what's the balance before I move on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the balance before I move on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the balance before I move on we
+have any question questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any question questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any question questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um uh these these uh hot and cold packs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh these these uh hot and cold packs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh these these uh hot and cold packs
+endothermic exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes okay
+so you might not know in advance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might not know in advance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might not know in advance the
+balance right one chemical system we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance right one chemical system we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance right one chemical system we we
+just showed you at room temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you at room temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you at room temperature and
+atmospheric pressure preferred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure preferred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure preferred to
+maximize entropy the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize entropy the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize entropy the other
+system at the same set of conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at the same set of conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at the same set of conditions
+prefer to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to minimize
+energy um so fortunately there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um so fortunately there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um so fortunately there's a
+there's a rigorous theoretical framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rigorous theoretical framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rigorous theoretical framework
+to calculate the balance and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the balance and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the balance and that's what
+we're here to learn once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here to learn once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here to learn once you've
+calculated the balance for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the balance for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the balance for a given
+material you want to communicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you want to communicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you want to communicate that
+answer to other people and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to other people and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to other people and this is where
+phase diagrams come in Phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams come in Phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams come in Phase diagrams
+are the tool the visual tool by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the tool the visual tool by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the tool the visual tool by which
+within Material Science we communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Material Science we communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within Material Science we communicate
+what that answer is what nature will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that answer is what nature will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that answer is what nature will
+prefer at a given set of conditions so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer at a given set of conditions so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer at a given set of conditions so I
+want to show you some examples of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you some examples of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you some examples of phase
+diagrams if I have one deliverable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams if I have one deliverable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams if I have one deliverable in
+this class to you when you walk out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class to you when you walk out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class to you when you walk out of
+here in December it's that you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in December it's that you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in December it's that you know how
+to use phase diagrams and you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use phase diagrams and you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use phase diagrams and you know where
+they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come
+from that's the core of thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's the core of thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's the core of thermodynamics
+in Material Science unlike let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Material Science unlike let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Material Science unlike let's say
+mechanical engineering right um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering right um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering right um so so
+this is the water phase diagram uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the water phase diagram uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the water phase diagram uh let's
+see I assume that most people have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I assume that most people have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I assume that most people have seen
+the water phase diagram before um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water phase diagram before um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water phase diagram before um what's
+kind of cool about this water phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool about this water phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool about this water phase
+diagram is that it covers um a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is that it covers um a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is that it covers um a very
+large range of pressure so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large range of pressure so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large range of pressure so this is
+pressure on the y- axis and the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on the y- axis and the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on the y- axis and the x-axis
+is temperature and the colors here show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is temperature and the colors here show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is temperature and the colors here show
+you what the right balances between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the right balances between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the right balances between
+enthalpy and entropy so for example at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and entropy so for example at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and entropy so for example at a
+given pressure let's say atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given pressure let's say atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given pressure let's say atmospheric
+pressure where is that here right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure where is that here right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure where is that here right when
+you heat up you go from Ice which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat up you go from Ice which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat up you go from Ice which is a
+low entropy state to water which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low entropy state to water which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low entropy state to water which is a
+medium entropy state to I'm like down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium entropy state to I'm like down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium entropy state to I'm like down
+here to uh Vapor which is a high entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to uh Vapor which is a high entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to uh Vapor which is a high entropy
+State on the other hand uh it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State on the other hand uh it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State on the other hand uh it turns out
+pressure goes the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure goes the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure goes the other direction
+pressure we haven't talked about volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure we haven't talked about volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure we haven't talked about volume
+but pressure increasing pressure favors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pressure increasing pressure favors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but pressure increasing pressure favors
+smaller material that makes sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller material that makes sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller material that makes sense right
+so as you go from The Vapor to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you go from The Vapor to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you go from The Vapor to this
+solid and then these other phases of ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and then these other phases of ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and then these other phases of ice
+which you might find in the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might find in the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might find in the core of
+distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant
+planets the volume per mole becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets the volume per mole becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets the volume per mole becomes
+smaller crystal structure becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller crystal structure becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller crystal structure becomes
+different they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're different
+materials so this kind of you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so this kind of you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so this kind of you have like
+11 phases of ice I think there are 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 phases of ice I think there are 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 phases of ice I think there are 12
+known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known
+now um they're labeled with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um they're labeled with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um they're labeled with these
+different Roman numerals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Roman numerals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Roman numerals
+and uh so this is one thing that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this is one thing that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so this is one thing that we get
+used to in thermodynamics is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to in thermodynamics is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to in thermodynamics is that there
+are many different solid phases of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different solid phases of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different solid phases of a
+material they're in a sense different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they're in a sense different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they're in a sense different
+different phases they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases they're different
+materials they behave differently they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they behave differently they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they behave differently they
+have different structure and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different structure and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different structure and therefore
+they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+um I was just speaking with one of my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was just speaking with one of my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was just speaking with one of my uh
+europ uh advisers who um she spent her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europ uh advisers who um she spent her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europ uh advisers who um she spent her
+summer at JPL um testing the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer at JPL um testing the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer at JPL um testing the mechanical
+properties of of drill bits on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of drill bits on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of of drill bits on different
+phases of ice why because they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of ice why because they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of ice why because they're going
+to land a Rover on Europa and they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land a Rover on Europa and they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land a Rover on Europa and they want
+to drill through um they want to go ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drill through um they want to go ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drill through um they want to go ice
+fishing they want to drill through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing they want to drill through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing they want to drill through the
+ice core of Europa to get to the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice core of Europa to get to the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice core of Europa to get to the liquid
+underneath and uh they might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and uh they might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and uh they might expect
+different phases of ice than the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases of ice than the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases of ice than the normal
+terrestrial ice that we're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrestrial ice that we're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrestrial ice that we're familiar with
+and that will have different properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will have different properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will have different properties
+and therefore it will wear the drill bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it will wear the drill bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it will wear the drill bit
+differently and they have to know how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and they have to know how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and they have to know how it
+will wear the drill bit right you'd hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wear the drill bit right you'd hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wear the drill bit right you'd hate
+to fly all the way to Europa and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly all the way to Europa and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly all the way to Europa and have
+something like the drill bit failure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the drill bit failure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the drill bit failure um
+ruin the mission so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin the mission so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruin the mission so it's kind of
+interesting I just he just told me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I just he just told me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I just he just told me about
+this just before this class so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just before this class so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just before this class so here's
+another example here's a binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example here's a binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example here's a binary phase
+diagram here the y axis is temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here the y axis is temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here the y axis is temperature
+and what's the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis I heard something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis I heard something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis I heard something like
+concentration but it's about right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration but it's about right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration but it's about right it's
+composition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so
+um this is a sort of complicated diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a sort of complicated diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a sort of complicated diagram
+which you're going to know by the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're going to know by the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're going to know by the like
+the back of your hand when you walk out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your hand when you walk out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of your hand when you walk out
+of this class so this is the copper zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this class so this is the copper zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this class so this is the copper zinc
+system this is called the liquidous line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is called the liquidous line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is called the liquidous line
+above this line the system is a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above this line the system is a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above this line the system is a uniform
+liquid mixture below this line there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid mixture below this line there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid mixture below this line there's a
+slew of solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slew of solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slew of solid
+phases um Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases um Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases um Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon
+Ada which phase or combination of phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada which phase or combination of phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada which phase or combination of phases
+see this region I know is a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this region I know is a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this region I know is a mixture of
+Alpha and beta you'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta you'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta you'll learn
+that which how the system behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which how the system behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which how the system behaves
+depends on where you are in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you are in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you are in temperature
+pressure and composition and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and composition and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and composition and that's
+something you know this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know this is an
+equilibrium phase diagram well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium phase diagram well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium phase diagram well
+established because that's brass it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established because that's brass it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established because that's brass it's an
+important metal alloy and we'll learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important metal alloy and we'll learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important metal alloy and we'll learn
+how to calculate these phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to calculate these phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to calculate these phase diagrams
+there's a lot more so the types of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more so the types of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more so the types of phase
+diagrams that's a binary phase diagram a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that's a binary phase diagram a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that's a binary phase diagram a
+classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tic phase diagrams don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic phase diagrams don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic phase diagrams don't have to be
+composition temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition temperature and pressure
+they can be electrical potential and pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be electrical potential and pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be electrical potential and pH
+so a pbet diagram like you would use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a pbet diagram like you would use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a pbet diagram like you would use to
+predict corrosion or to optimize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict corrosion or to optimize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict corrosion or to optimize a
+battery um gives you the phase that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery um gives you the phase that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery um gives you the phase that you
+might expect as a function of aquous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect as a function of aquous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect as a function of aquous
+solution pH and electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution pH and electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution pH and electrochemical
+potential or electrical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential or electrical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential or electrical potential
+relative to a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a standard
+electrode here's a tary phase diagram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode here's a tary phase diagram so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode here's a tary phase diagram so
+here instead of two elements or pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here instead of two elements or pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here instead of two elements or pure
+materials we now have three titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we now have three titanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we now have three titanium
+tungsten and carbon so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten and carbon so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten and carbon so this is going to
+be all sorts of high performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all sorts of high performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all sorts of high performance
+titanium tungsten Alloys in there here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium tungsten Alloys in there here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium tungsten Alloys in there here
+there was no more room left on the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no more room left on the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no more room left on the page
+to do temperature and pressure so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do temperature and pressure so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do temperature and pressure so those
+are in some sense in the third and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense in the third and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in some sense in the third and
+fourth Dimensions but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there um and this is something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and this is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and this is something that's
+near and dear to my heart because I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near and dear to my heart because I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near and dear to my heart because I work
+on a lot of oxide and sulfide electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot of oxide and sulfide electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lot of oxide and sulfide electronic
+materials this is a Richardson ellam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials this is a Richardson ellam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials this is a Richardson ellam
+diagram which isn't quite a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram which isn't quite a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram which isn't quite a phase
+diagram but it does tell you um whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but it does tell you um whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but it does tell you um whether
+nature predicts the metal or the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature predicts the metal or the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature predicts the metal or the metal
+oxide as a function of um temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide as a function of um temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide as a function of um temperature
+and oxygen partial pressure so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen partial pressure so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen partial pressure so this is
+very useful if you are for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful if you are for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful if you are for example
+making a transistor you have to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a transistor you have to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a transistor you have to know how
+to control the oxidation process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the oxidation process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the oxidation process of
+silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+or if you're smelting or any number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're smelting or any number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're smelting or any number of
+other sort of interesting processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of interesting processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of interesting processes that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+so we're going to learn how to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to learn how to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to learn how to how
+nature finds this balance and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature finds this balance and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature finds this balance and we're
+going to learn how to interpret these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn how to interpret these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn how to interpret these
+phase diagrams but in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams but in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams but in practice
+calculating one of these phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating one of these phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating one of these phase diagrams
+would take you a really long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take you a really long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take you a really long time and
+you'd get a paper out of it and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get a paper out of it and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get a paper out of it and you'd
+feel very accomplished but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel very accomplished but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel very accomplished but what if
+you're out there in the world and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out there in the world and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out there in the world and you
+have to make engineering decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make engineering decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make engineering decisions and
+you have seven minutes before your boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seven minutes before your boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seven minutes before your boss
+tells you what percentage carbon do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what percentage carbon do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what percentage carbon do we
+want in this Steel right you don't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in this Steel right you don't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in this Steel right you don't go to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Blackboard you go to computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard you go to computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard you go to computer
+computerized tools so the idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computerized tools so the idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computerized tools so the idea that you
+could calculate phase diagrams with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could calculate phase diagrams with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could calculate phase diagrams with a
+computer that idea is called caled it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that idea is called caled it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that idea is called caled it's
+kind of funny that that idea would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny that that idea would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny that that idea would have
+an acronym but it does it's called calad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acronym but it does it's called calad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acronym but it does it's called calad
+and there are many caled software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many caled software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many caled software
+packages out there what they do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages out there what they do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages out there what they do is they
+take materials data from databases which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take materials data from databases which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take materials data from databases which
+often are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are
+proprietary and they calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary and they calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary and they calculate the
+balance for a given temperature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance for a given temperature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance for a given temperature or
+pressure or composition or pH or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure or composition or pH or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure or composition or pH or
+electric field or what have you and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field or what have you and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field or what have you and they
+tell you the answer so we uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the answer so we uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the answer so we uh these are
+really indispensable once you leave here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really indispensable once you leave here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really indispensable once you leave here
+and you go off to your next position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go off to your next position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go off to your next position
+whether it's in research or industry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in research or industry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's in research or industry or
+what have you and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you and so we're going to
+spend a little bit of time in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of time in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of time in this class
+getting familiar with one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting familiar with one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting familiar with one of these
+thermocalc the reason why we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocalc the reason why we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocalc the reason why we're going to
+get familiar with thermal is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get familiar with thermal is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get familiar with thermal is because
+they have a free educational version and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a free educational version and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a free educational version and
+it's relatively um user friendly so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively um user friendly so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relatively um user friendly so you
+have a thck a couple weeks until we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thck a couple weeks until we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thck a couple weeks until we're
+actually asking you to use thermocalc in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually asking you to use thermocalc in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually asking you to use thermocalc in
+your p sets but if you want to um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your p sets but if you want to um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your p sets but if you want to um just
+download this on your computer install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download this on your computer install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download this on your computer install
+it uh get ahead of any problems it tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh get ahead of any problems it tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh get ahead of any problems it tends
+to work well on both PCS and Macs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work well on both PCS and Macs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work well on both PCS and Macs and
+play around a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around a little
+bit so um this course uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so um this course uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so um this course uh the
+thermodynamic section of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic section of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic section of this course
+basically has three parts the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has three parts the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has three parts the first
+seven lectures are introducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven lectures are introducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven lectures are introducing the
+concept of equilibrium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of equilibrium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of equilibrium that
+is this balance right how does nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this balance right how does nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this balance right how does nature
+determine the equilibrium situation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the equilibrium situation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the equilibrium situation the
+most balanced situation for any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most balanced situation for any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most balanced situation for any given
+set of conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of conditions
+and then we're going to apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to apply that
+concept we apply the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we apply the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we apply the concept of
+equilibrium to increasingly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium to increasingly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium to increasingly complex
+physical systems to calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems to calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems to calculate these
+phase diagrams to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams to figure out how to
+where they come from how to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from how to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from how to make them
+how to read them how to use them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read them how to use them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read them how to use them and
+then at the very end of the course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the very end of the course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the very end of the course um
+we're we're going to come back to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to come back to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to come back to some
+foundational material um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational material um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational material um we're going to
+come all the way back to to statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come all the way back to to statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come all the way back to to statistical
+physics for babies and do some slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics for babies and do some slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics for babies and do some slightly
+more sophisticated analyses of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated analyses of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated analyses of of
+entropy um and how it relates to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy um and how it relates to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy um and how it relates to let's
+say configurations and molecules do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say configurations and molecules do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say configurations and molecules do some
+foundational work we might even mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational work we might even mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational work we might even mention
+Carno Cycles at the very end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno Cycles at the very end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno Cycles at the very end of
+class okay um I already told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay um I already told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay um I already told you about
+the resources online so I'll leave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources online so I'll leave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources online so I'll leave you
+with this um so Arnold sommerfeld was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this um so Arnold sommerfeld was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this um so Arnold sommerfeld was
+one of the fathers of quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the fathers of quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the fathers of quantum mechanics
+um the point is that he was a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point is that he was a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point is that he was a smart
+person no dummy when it comes to science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person no dummy when it comes to science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person no dummy when it comes to science
+and this is a very famous quote there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very famous quote there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very famous quote there's
+a website devoted to quotes about Thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a website devoted to quotes about Thermo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a website devoted to quotes about Thermo
+by the way but this is the one that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way but this is the one that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way but this is the one that gets
+most often related so I'll read it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most often related so I'll read it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most often related so I'll read it he
+said thermodynamics is a funny subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said thermodynamics is a funny subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said thermodynamics is a funny subject
+the first time you go through it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you go through it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you go through it you
+don't understand it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand it at
+all uh the second time you go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh the second time you go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh the second time you go through it
+you think you understand it except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you understand it except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you understand it except for
+one or two small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two small
+points the third time you go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the third time you go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the third time you go through it
+you know you don't understand it but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't understand it but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't understand it but by
+that time you're used to it so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time you're used to it so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time you're used to it so it
+doesn't bother you anymore right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't bother you anymore right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't bother you anymore right and
+this is consistent with most people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is consistent with most people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is consistent with most people's
+experience of learning Thermo um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of learning Thermo um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of learning Thermo um this is
+a bit of a disclaimer because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a disclaimer because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a disclaimer because this is
+the first time you go through it so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you go through it so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you go through it so this
+is a tricky subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tricky subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tricky subject
+and uh you shouldn't feel badly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you shouldn't feel badly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you shouldn't feel badly about
+yourself if you leave this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you leave this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself if you leave this course
+thinking that I know how to use a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that I know how to use a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that I know how to use a phase
+diagram okay thermal that's neat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay thermal that's neat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram okay thermal that's neat but
+what just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just
+happened all right that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened all right that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened all right that's that's
+perfectly natural
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lPUjMOR0z4Q.txt b/lPUjMOR0z4Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13607b2096c3cf56c0b3487c5cad065fa6127688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lPUjMOR0z4Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu here you go everybody's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu here you go everybody's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu here you go everybody's got
+a piece of paper looks like this what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of paper looks like this what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of paper looks like this what I
+want you to do is to unfold in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do is to unfold in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do is to unfold in fact I
+think I stuck them in my pocket but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I stuck them in my pocket but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I stuck them in my pocket but um
+take take a let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take a let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take a let me take
+one I want you to unbend unbend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want you to unbend unbend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I want you to unbend unbend the
+paperclip get get it as straight as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperclip get get it as straight as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperclip get get it as straight as you
+can get it you know try to get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it you know try to get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it you know try to get all the
+bends out of it okay unbend it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends out of it okay unbend it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends out of it okay unbend it if you
+want to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use that
+word and it you know try to get it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and it you know try to get it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and it you know try to get it all
+out of there unbend it and then what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there unbend it and then what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there unbend it and then what I
+want you to do is to stick you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do is to stick you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do is to stick you have a
+ruler a centimeter ruler on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler a centimeter ruler on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler a centimeter ruler on the bottom
+centimeter ruler what I want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter ruler what I want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter ruler what I want you to do
+is to get it straight as you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get it straight as you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get it straight as you can and
+then measure it and record paperclip one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measure it and record paperclip one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measure it and record paperclip one
+put the color down and the length number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the color down and the length number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the color down and the length number
+two whatever the color is and the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two whatever the color is and the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two whatever the color is and the length
+and so forth okay and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth okay and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth okay and then you can see
+there what I want you to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what I want you to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what I want you to do is to
+average the length Okay average the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the length Okay average the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the length Okay average the
+length and then we want you to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and then we want you to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and then we want you to compute
+the range it's in the little box there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range it's in the little box there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range it's in the little box there
+the range is the max maximum minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is the max maximum minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is the max maximum minus the
+minimum okay and record that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum okay and record that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum okay and record that what we
+have here is process this paperclip link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is process this paperclip link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is process this paperclip link
+thing that uh that that initially we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that uh that that initially we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that uh that that initially we
+don't understand right we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand right we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand right we'd like to
+collect some statistics on it maybe keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some statistics on it maybe keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some statistics on it maybe keep
+it under control but initially we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under control but initially we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under control but initially we don't
+understand it so what do we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it so what do we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it so what do we have to do
+we have to start taking dat we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start taking dat we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start taking dat we have to
+learn from the data right um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the data right um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the data right um and this is
+what we're simulating here okay on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're simulating here okay on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're simulating here okay on the
+top of your sheet there's a number we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of your sheet there's a number we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of your sheet there's a number we're
+going to do is actually call people out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is actually call people out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is actually call people out
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+number um up in the top of the sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um up in the top of the sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um up in the top of the sheet
+there's a number one we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number one we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number one we're going to do
+this in sequence so person number one no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in sequence so person number one no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in sequence so person number one no
+you um what's your uh what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um what's your uh what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um what's your uh what's your
+average 8.8 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average 8.8 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average 8.8 and the
+range okay 8.8 so we're right around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range okay 8.8 so we're right around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range okay 8.8 so we're right around
+here with a range of2 so we can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a range of2 so we can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a range of2 so we can kind of
+got something like that going my person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something like that going my person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something like that going my person
+number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+uh average is 9.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh average is 9.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh average is 9.2
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+9.24 okay we might start saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.24 okay we might start saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.24 okay we might start saying well
+okay we've got uh got a feel for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've got uh got a feel for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've got uh got a feel for this
+data Maybe um we can set some process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Maybe um we can set some process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Maybe um we can set some process
+limits and this is the capability limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and this is the capability limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and this is the capability limits
+it may or may not satisfy the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may or may not satisfy the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may or may not satisfy the customer
+but at least we understand what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least we understand what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least we understand what our
+process is doing that looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is doing that looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is doing that looks something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this um you know we understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you know we understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you know we understand that
+we're going to be somewhere we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be somewhere we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be somewhere we got a
+couple outliers but most of our stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple outliers but most of our stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple outliers but most of our stuff
+and we can obviously set what how tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can obviously set what how tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can obviously set what how tight
+we want that limit to be most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want that limit to be most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want that limit to be most of our
+paper clips are going to be within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper clips are going to be within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper clips are going to be within this
+tolerance bin um so we can now start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance bin um so we can now start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance bin um so we can now start
+using this data to keep our paperclip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this data to keep our paperclip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this data to keep our paperclip
+process under control right um if we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process under control right um if we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process under control right um if we see
+paper clips that are way out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper clips that are way out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper clips that are way out of this
+range there may be something wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range there may be something wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range there may be something wrong with
+them and if we're making paper clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if we're making paper clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and if we're making paper clips
+that means maybe there's something wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means maybe there's something wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means maybe there's something wrong
+with our production process why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our production process why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our production process why don't
+you label those like upper spec limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you label those like upper spec limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you label those like upper spec limit
+and upper so these are these are upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upper so these are these are upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upper so these are these are upper
+well they're upper capability right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're upper capability right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're upper capability right
+upper control limit and lower control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper control limit and lower control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper control limit and lower control
+limit right may or may not be up to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right may or may not be up to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right may or may not be up to our
+spec that's uh that's for later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec that's uh that's for later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec that's uh that's for later okay
+let's let's keep going number 11 uh 8.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's keep going number 11 uh 8.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's keep going number 11 uh 8.9
+8.9 number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.9 number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.9 number
+12 12 8.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8.5 okay that's an out of spec Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 okay that's an out of spec Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 okay that's an out of spec Point
+let's keep going what number 18 number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going what number 18 number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep going what number 18 number
+18 8.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 8.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 8.5
+8.5 okay 8.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 okay 8.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 okay 8.4
+8.4 how's our process doing 8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8.4 8.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.4 8.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.4 8.5
+8.5 8.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 8.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 8.3
+8.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.3
+8.5 okay so what number you what number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 okay so what number you what number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8.5 okay so what number you what number
+you 22 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 22 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 22 22
+234 8.3 8.3 okay something's happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+234 8.3 8.3 okay something's happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+234 8.3 8.3 okay something's happened to
+our process here it's gone out its back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our process here it's gone out its back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our process here it's gone out its back
+right we think we understood it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we think we understood it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we think we understood it and it
+kind of was operating the way we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of was operating the way we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of was operating the way we wanted
+it to for a while and something kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to for a while and something kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to for a while and something kind of
+glitched and then went back okay now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitched and then went back okay now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitched and then went back okay now so
+yeah just just chime in now that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just just chime in now that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just just chime in now that's you
+can see that you know if you drew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you know if you drew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you know if you drew a
+trend line to this you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend line to this you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend line to this you know we're
+outside what we established as our lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside what we established as our lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside what we established as our lower
+control limit and that says we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limit and that says we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control limit and that says we got a
+problem um uh what could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um uh what could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um uh what could be
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issue I mean every we you all took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I mean every we you all took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I mean every we you all took a
+paperclip you all took a paper clip out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperclip you all took a paper clip out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperclip you all took a paper clip out
+of the same bag you know there's no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same bag you know there's no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same bag you know there's no this
+isn't like a bad piece of dice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like a bad piece of dice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't like a bad piece of dice or
+something like that you all took out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you all took out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you all took out the
+same paperclip and you know this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same paperclip and you know this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same paperclip and you know this company
+is making these guys uh and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making these guys uh and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making these guys uh and they're
+selling them so they want them to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling them so they want them to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling them so they want them to be as
+good as they can get them because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as they can get them because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as they can get them because they
+don't want to have these things too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have these things too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have these things too long
+because they they're they'd be wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they're they'd be wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they're they'd be wasting
+money because they give more material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because they give more material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because they give more material so
+what could be wrong yes are are rulers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be wrong yes are are rulers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be wrong yes are are rulers
+wrong I can't hear are the rulers wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I can't hear are the rulers wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I can't hear are the rulers wrong
+on different wow very good very good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different wow very good very good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different wow very good very good so
+let me suggest to you that if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me suggest to you that if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me suggest to you that if we take
+Matt's ruler here can you bring who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt's ruler here can you bring who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt's ruler here can you bring who who
+had a uh who had a uh like an 8.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh who had a uh like an 8.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a uh who had a uh like an 8.3
+anybody got an 8.3 come on up here look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got an 8.3 come on up here look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got an 8.3 come on up here look
+into the hold it up so you can see it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hold it up so you can see it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hold it up so you can see it up
+in there what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there what do you
+say uh number six is shorter by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh number six is shorter by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh number six is shorter by
+4 mm yeah very good very good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 mm yeah very good very good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 mm yeah very good very good that's
+terrific and uh no no no the point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific and uh no no no the point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific and uh no no no the point here
+is not you know measuring instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not you know measuring instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not you know measuring instruments
+are no good and you should not do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no good and you should not do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no good and you should not do this
+the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+is we saw a problem and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we saw a problem and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we saw a problem and this kind of
+technique allowed us to get to a get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique allowed us to get to a get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique allowed us to get to a get to
+a root cause well let me let me um Hugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a root cause well let me let me um Hugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a root cause well let me let me um Hugh
+is absolutely right what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely right what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely right what we're trying to
+do is to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to determine
+I want to get back to the ruler but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get back to the ruler but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get back to the ruler but the
+process is to determine of the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is to determine of the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is to determine of the control
+system is to to keep a processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is to to keep a processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is to to keep a processing
+control let me give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control let me give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control let me give you the
+m242 um 25mm gun I had I produced 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m242 um 25mm gun I had I produced 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m242 um 25mm gun I had I produced 10,000
+guns for the US Army for the Bradley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns for the US Army for the Bradley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns for the US Army for the Bradley
+Fighting Vehicle the it turned out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighting Vehicle the it turned out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fighting Vehicle the it turned out that
+we had plus or minus 2000 uh 10 uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had plus or minus 2000 uh 10 uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had plus or minus 2000 uh 10 uh two
+10,000 spec on those things and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 spec on those things and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 spec on those things and I mean
+that Aerospace standards are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Aerospace standards are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Aerospace standards are typically
+you know 10,000 Plus or is 10,000s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10,000 Plus or is 10,000s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10,000 Plus or is 10,000s or
+you know sometimes we get down to 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes we get down to 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes we get down to 2000s
+but this is 21,000 because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is 21,000 because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is 21,000 because of this
+moving so rapidly on on the gun and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so rapidly on on the gun and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so rapidly on on the gun and we
+had to in fact machine and then grind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to in fact machine and then grind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to in fact machine and then grind
+the parts to get to the get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts to get to the get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts to get to the get to the
+capability so it turned out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so it turned out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so it turned out that the
+only way that the Army would not accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that the Army would not accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that the Army would not accept
+the guns until we had fired 25 fired 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guns until we had fired 25 fired 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guns until we had fired 25 fired 25
+rounds well that's easy so we put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds well that's easy so we put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds well that's easy so we put the
+guns together we fired 25 rounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns together we fired 25 rounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guns together we fired 25 rounds and
+then the next gun we fired 25 rounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next gun we fired 25 rounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next gun we fired 25 rounds and
+we did 60 guns okay then the sergeant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did 60 guns okay then the sergeant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did 60 guns okay then the sergeant
+would come in and put a piece of canvas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in and put a piece of canvas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in and put a piece of canvas
+on the deck and he would say on gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the deck and he would say on gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the deck and he would say on gun
+number three disassemble that gun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three disassemble that gun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three disassemble that gun and
+gun number 18 take it apart and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun number 18 take it apart and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gun number 18 take it apart and I want
+you to disassemble those guns and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to disassemble those guns and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to disassemble those guns and I want
+to take the barrel from this one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the barrel from this one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the barrel from this one and the
+the uh the feeder from this gun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the feeder from this gun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the feeder from this gun and
+build a new gun and put it up there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new gun and put it up there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new gun and put it up there in
+fire 25 and when you could when what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire 25 and when you could when what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire 25 and when you could when what
+happen the gun would jam because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the gun would jam because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the gun would jam because the
+tolerances were bad and they would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances were bad and they would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances were bad and they would not
+they would not accept the 60 guns they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would not accept the 60 guns they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would not accept the 60 guns they
+would not accept them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not accept them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not accept them
+so we had to put the process into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to put the process into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had to put the process into
+statistical process control and on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control and on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control and on every
+machine on every machine we established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine on every machine we established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine on every machine we established
+the control limits for that machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control limits for that machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control limits for that machine and
+as soon as the first point as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as the first point as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as the first point as soon as
+that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point got out of control we stopped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point got out of control we stopped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point got out of control we stopped the
+machine and we called the supervisor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and we called the supervisor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and we called the supervisor and
+the tooling guy to say what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tooling guy to say what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tooling guy to say what happened
+because we knew that if we continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we knew that if we continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we knew that if we continued
+that Trend we would not deliver 60 guns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Trend we would not deliver 60 guns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Trend we would not deliver 60 guns
+a month okay and I became a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month okay and I became a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month okay and I became a a a
+missionary and a Believer we sent every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionary and a Believer we sent every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missionary and a Believer we sent every
+machinist every machinist to SPC school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinist every machinist to SPC school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinist every machinist to SPC school
+you know and and we had to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and we had to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and we had to do that in
+order to be able to make that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to make that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to make that happen
+okay now part of the problem okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now part of the problem okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now part of the problem okay so you
+understand the importance of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the importance of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the importance of this in
+terms of producing high quality to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of producing high quality to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of producing high quality to what
+the customer wants and it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer wants and it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer wants and it's not just
+what the customer wants I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the customer wants I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the customer wants I mean the
+customer my friends in the army they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer my friends in the army they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer my friends in the army they
+could care less about 210,000 they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could care less about 210,000 they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could care less about 210,000 they just
+wanted guns that were reliable to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted guns that were reliable to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted guns that were reliable to go
+fire 600 rounds of a minute so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire 600 rounds of a minute so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire 600 rounds of a minute so the other
+issue is so that we put that we impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is so that we put that we impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is so that we put that we impose
+those limits on ourselves in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limits on ourselves in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limits on ourselves in order to
+get quality that would pass now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quality that would pass now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quality that would pass now the
+second issue here we are 10 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second issue here we are 10 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second issue here we are 10 years later
+I'm chief engineer Douglas and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm chief engineer Douglas and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm chief engineer Douglas and we've got
+airplanes and we're producing wings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and we're producing wings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and we're producing wings and
+we're drilling holes for the rivets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drilling holes for the rivets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drilling holes for the rivets and
+we had the inspectors checking those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the inspectors checking those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the inspectors checking those
+holes and we're rejecting Wings a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and we're rejecting Wings a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and we're rejecting Wings a whole
+Wing we're rejecting the wings because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing we're rejecting the wings because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wing we're rejecting the wings because
+there are 10 holes that are drill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 10 holes that are drill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 10 holes that are drill that
+have been drilled for the rivets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been drilled for the rivets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been drilled for the rivets that
+don't meet the spec that don't meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't meet the spec that don't meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't meet the spec that don't meet the
+spec and so we saying what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec and so we saying what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec and so we saying what's going on
+and so we sent our super quality guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we sent our super quality guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we sent our super quality guys
+out there and they try to check it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and they try to check it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and they try to check it and
+what happened is is that the measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened is is that the measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened is is that the measuring
+instrumentation the calibration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation the calibration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation the calibration the
+ruler the calibration on these very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler the calibration on these very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler the calibration on these very very
+precise whole micrometers were wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise whole micrometers were wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise whole micrometers were wrong
+they were wrong and in fact the holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were wrong and in fact the holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were wrong and in fact the holes
+were right but the calibration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right but the calibration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right but the calibration of the
+measuring was wrong so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring was wrong so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring was wrong so there's two
+issues one do we have a capability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues one do we have a capability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues one do we have a capability of a
+process that can produce the quality we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that can produce the quality we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that can produce the quality we
+need and is our measuring equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and is our measuring equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and is our measuring equipment
+calibrated properly to give us good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated properly to give us good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated properly to give us good
+results that happens a lot it happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that happens a lot it happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that happens a lot it happens in
+electronics with u multimeters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics with u multimeters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics with u multimeters and
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+else all right so you're all familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else all right so you're all familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else all right so you're all familiar
+with the normal curve standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal curve standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal curve standard
+distribution curve I I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution curve I I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution curve I I'm not going to
+spend a lot but as you know on the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot but as you know on the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot but as you know on the in
+this business that we have one Sigma two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business that we have one Sigma two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business that we have one Sigma two
+Sigma three sigma and you know and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma three sigma and you know and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma three sigma and you know and we
+have the median and the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the median and the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the median and the mean and the
+average we just computed the average one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average we just computed the average one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average we just computed the average one
+Sigma is 68% you know of the Total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is 68% you know of the Total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is 68% you know of the Total
+distribution two Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution two Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution two Sigma
+95% and you know three sigma three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% and you know three sigma three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% and you know three sigma three
+standard deviations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations is
+99.73% which is the sum of the the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.73% which is the sum of the the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.73% which is the sum of the the green
+the yellow and and the red and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow and and the red and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow and and the red and uh uh
+just to give you another that a point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you another that a point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you another that a point I
+keep referring to the root end because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep referring to the root end because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep referring to the root end because I
+just came out of the factory out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out of the factory out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out of the factory out there
+and we're testing six root end specimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're testing six root end specimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're testing six root end specimens
+of the Apache blade and we test them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Apache blade and we test them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Apache blade and we test them to
+10 estimated 10,000 hours fatigue life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 estimated 10,000 hours fatigue life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 estimated 10,000 hours fatigue life
+and if they don't make that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they don't make that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they don't make that you know
+we've got to change the design to we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to change the design to we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to change the design to we can
+in fact achieve that because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact achieve that because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact achieve that because we don't
+want we want to be able to guarantee to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we want to be able to guarantee to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we want to be able to guarantee to
+the government that those things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government that those things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government that those things will
+stay operable for 4500 flight hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay operable for 4500 flight hours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay operable for 4500 flight hours and
+we need an estimated $10,000 fatigue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need an estimated $10,000 fatigue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need an estimated $10,000 fatigue
+lives to to be able to achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives to to be able to achieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives to to be able to achieve that
+based on history and so we need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on history and so we need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on history and so we need to make
+sure that we in fact have six specimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we in fact have six specimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we in fact have six specimens
+within mean minus 3 Sigma in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within mean minus 3 Sigma in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within mean minus 3 Sigma in terms of
+their estimated fatigue life to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their estimated fatigue life to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their estimated fatigue life to make it
+happen so this is this is real stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so this is this is real stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so this is this is real stuff
+this is stuff that that we use all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stuff that that we use all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stuff that that we use all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+whoa there we go now you just saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa there we go now you just saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa there we go now you just saw the
+upper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and
+lower control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower control
+limits the problem is is that producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits the problem is is that producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits the problem is is that producing
+multiple Parts in the factory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Parts in the factory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Parts in the factory we
+basically want them to all come out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want them to all come out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically want them to all come out the
+same we want them to come out the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we want them to come out the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we want them to come out the same
+we have the lowest spec limit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the lowest spec limit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the lowest spec limit and the
+upper spec limit and so we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper spec limit and so we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper spec limit and so we want to get
+the process that's what we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that's what we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process that's what we were talking
+about here in fact it's this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here in fact it's this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here in fact it's this diagram
+basically turned upside down and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically turned upside down and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically turned upside down and we have
+a a technique or a parameter called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a technique or a parameter called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a technique or a parameter called
+process capability Pro CP process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability Pro CP process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability Pro CP process
+capability which is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability which is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability which is the difference
+between the two control limits divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two control limits divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two control limits divided
+by the Six Sigma and we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Six Sigma and we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Six Sigma and we use a
+nomenclature a nomenclature as such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature a nomenclature as such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature a nomenclature as such as
+CP and we're looking for a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP and we're looking for a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP and we're looking for a process
+capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability
+and you can see the dark green is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the dark green is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the dark green is right
+here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's
+symmetrical and as you go down as the CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical and as you go down as the CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical and as you go down as the CP
+gets lower the brown you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lower the brown you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets lower the brown you can see that
+there's a lot of parts a lot of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of parts a lot of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of parts a lot of parts
+that fall outside are two specks bad bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fall outside are two specks bad bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fall outside are two specks bad bad
+so we don't want to be in that mode in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want to be in that mode in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want to be in that mode in
+fact I was I've been throwing rocks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I was I've been throwing rocks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I was I've been throwing rocks at
+Detroit but they deserve it Detroit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit but they deserve it Detroit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit but they deserve it Detroit in
+fact is builds Parts out here here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is builds Parts out here here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is builds Parts out here here on
+that same gun contract I had trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same gun contract I had trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same gun contract I had trouble
+tooling it I went up to Maine to Sako
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooling it I went up to Maine to Sako
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooling it I went up to Maine to Sako
+defense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense in
+Maine they they produced good gun parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maine they they produced good gun parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maine they they produced good gun parts
+and they got because their business was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got because their business was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got because their business was
+low they started producing mufflers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low they started producing mufflers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low they started producing mufflers for
+Detroit as a side business I mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit as a side business I mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit as a side business I mean to
+keep the employees going and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the employees going and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the employees going and I said
+there's we we were touring the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we we were touring the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we we were touring the factory
+to see my gun parts and they got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see my gun parts and they got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see my gun parts and they got all
+these mufflers and they describing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mufflers and they describing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mufflers and they describing them
+and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as
+whole pile of Mufflers here and a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pile of Mufflers here and a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pile of Mufflers here and a small
+part A whole small ones here and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A whole small ones here and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A whole small ones here and I said
+what's the difference between those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between those and
+they said all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said all those
+Mufflers that don't meet our spec we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mufflers that don't meet our spec we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mufflers that don't meet our spec we
+send to Detroit and all the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send to Detroit and all the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send to Detroit and all the ones that
+meet the spec no no no all the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the spec no no no all the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the spec no no no all the ones that
+meet the spec go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the spec go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the spec go to
+Volkswagen you know that's why I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volkswagen you know that's why I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volkswagen you know that's why I'm not
+sympathetic now you know Ford Ford this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic now you know Ford Ford this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic now you know Ford Ford this
+morning if you go tonight in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning if you go tonight in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning if you go tonight in the paper
+Ford just announced a buyout of 54,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford just announced a buyout of 54,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford just announced a buyout of 54,000
+more employees Ford My Buddy Alan alali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more employees Ford My Buddy Alan alali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more employees Ford My Buddy Alan alali
+who is president of Boeing commercial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is president of Boeing commercial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is president of Boeing commercial is
+now running Ford he's doing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now running Ford he's doing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now running Ford he's doing everything
+he can to make Ford profitable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can to make Ford profitable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can to make Ford profitable the
+problem is Detroit's quality is not up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is Detroit's quality is not up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is Detroit's quality is not up
+to you know you keep on telling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know you keep on telling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know you keep on telling the
+Toyota and Honda and and those guys it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota and Honda and and those guys it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toyota and Honda and and those guys it's
+because we're out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're out here
+okay now another thing can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now another thing can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now another thing can happen
+another thing can happen you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing can happen you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing can happen you you know
+you just computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just computed the
+average sometimes the average mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average sometimes the average mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average sometimes the average mean
+slides to the right or to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides to the right or to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides to the right or to the left and
+we get a lot more of the of the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a lot more of the of the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a lot more of the of the bad
+parts and one way of measuring that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and one way of measuring that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and one way of measuring that is
+what we call CPK and we take the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call CPK and we take the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call CPK and we take the upper
+spec limit minus the mean divided by 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limit minus the mean divided by 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limit minus the mean divided by 3
+Sigma or the mean minus the lowest lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma or the mean minus the lowest lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma or the mean minus the lowest lower
+spec limit divided by 3 and CPK is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limit divided by 3 and CPK is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec limit divided by 3 and CPK is
+something that manufacturing guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that manufacturing guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that manufacturing guys are
+boing have tattooed on their arm because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boing have tattooed on their arm because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boing have tattooed on their arm because
+we want a CPK a 1.66 or we don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a CPK a 1.66 or we don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a CPK a 1.66 or we don't we
+don't accept suppliers parts and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't accept suppliers parts and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't accept suppliers parts and that
+kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff
+so we we want the distribution centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we want the distribution centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we want the distribution centered
+on the the real mean and we want is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the real mean and we want is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the real mean and we want is a
+tight of tighter distribution of Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight of tighter distribution of Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight of tighter distribution of Parts
+as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can
+get so this is something everybody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so this is something everybody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so this is something everybody can
+relate to here's an archer in fact where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to here's an archer in fact where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to here's an archer in fact where
+is uh my friend with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh my friend with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh my friend with the
+lactic yeah Christine yeah no there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactic yeah Christine yeah no there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactic yeah Christine yeah no there I
+you had a shirt on yesterday I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a shirt on yesterday I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a shirt on yesterday I said
+rifle Tim okay same issue here he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rifle Tim okay same issue here he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rifle Tim okay same issue here he is
+right now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that
+no that's great I I I used to used to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's great I I I used to used to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's great I I I used to used to I
+got my 22 rifle boycot Merit bedge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my 22 rifle boycot Merit bedge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my 22 rifle boycot Merit bedge and
+Marksmanship and so I can relate to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marksmanship and so I can relate to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marksmanship and so I can relate to them
+here we are with this happens to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are with this happens to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are with this happens to be an
+Archer or a you know or a rifle shot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archer or a you know or a rifle shot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archer or a you know or a rifle shot and
+we have a situation here where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a situation here where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a situation here where we have a
+huge scatter and it's off center so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge scatter and it's off center so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge scatter and it's off center so the
+process capability is low we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability is low we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process capability is low we got this
+wide distribution and the centering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide distribution and the centering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide distribution and the centering of
+the process to the mean we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process to the mean we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process to the mean we're looking
+for is off center okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is off center okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is off center okay
+so now we have a situation where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a situation where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a situation where we've
+got a good process you know nice tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a good process you know nice tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a good process you know nice tight
+firing Buckshot kind of thing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing Buckshot kind of thing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing Buckshot kind of thing but the
+CPK is low why we haven't got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK is low why we haven't got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPK is low why we haven't got the
+process centered on the mean because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process centered on the mean because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process centered on the mean because
+when it's not on the mean all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's not on the mean all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's not on the mean all that stuff
+is you know offc Center outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know offc Center outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know offc Center outside the
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+limits here we go now we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits here we go now we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits here we go now we've got a
+situation the shooter the Archer has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the shooter the Archer has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the shooter the Archer has a
+good eye has now adjusted the the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good eye has now adjusted the the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good eye has now adjusted the the site
+to bring the shots with a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring the shots with a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring the shots with a nice
+tight uh centering of the of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight uh centering of the of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight uh centering of the of all of the
+set we have a high SE process capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we have a high SE process capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we have a high SE process capability
+and the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process is
+centered the CPK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered the CPK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered the CPK
+so you remember the paper clips right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember the paper clips right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you remember the paper clips right
+and if we plotted the paper clips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we plotted the paper clips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we plotted the paper clips and
+here is a centered process within its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a centered process within its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a centered process within its
+limits good CPK good uh CP and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits good CPK good uh CP and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits good CPK good uh CP and then as
+we got out of control here there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got out of control here there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got out of control here there was
+something Shifting the whole mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Shifting the whole mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Shifting the whole mean and
+what was shifting with the mean was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was shifting with the mean was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was shifting with the mean was the
+fact is that we had a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that we had a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that we had a measurement
+instrument that was not calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that was not calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that was not calibrated
+properly and was A4 CM kind of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and was A4 CM kind of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and was A4 CM kind of a thing
+and when I talked about a CPK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I talked about a CPK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I talked about a CPK of
+1.66 that's between these lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.66 that's between these lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.66 that's between these lines and
+that's the that's the Boeing standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the Boeing standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the Boeing standard
+for assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assembly
+subassembly and the Machine shop kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassembly and the Machine shop kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassembly and the Machine shop kind of
+a thing so I think you you sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing so I think you you sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing so I think you you sort of get
+that okay the other day when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay the other day when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay the other day when I was
+showing the lean engineering chart I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the lean engineering chart I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the lean engineering chart I
+said the role of engineering is to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the role of engineering is to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the role of engineering is to use a
+bunch of engineering techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of engineering techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of engineering techniques
+coordinated datam with our tools and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated datam with our tools and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated datam with our tools and our
+uh parts and drawings geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parts and drawings geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parts and drawings geometric
+dimensioning to say there are whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensioning to say there are whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensioning to say there are whole
+books on how you do that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on how you do that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on how you do that process
+capability data Hugh and I were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability data Hugh and I were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability data Hugh and I were talking
+about that we have books we have books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that we have books we have books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that we have books we have books
+of suppliers I showed you hickville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suppliers I showed you hickville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suppliers I showed you hickville
+machine we know the process capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine we know the process capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine we know the process capability
+of every machine in hickville machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every machine in hickville machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every machine in hickville machine
+shop and we know them because when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop and we know them because when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop and we know them because when we go
+to put together a list of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put together a list of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put together a list of possible
+vendors suppliers that can produce our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors suppliers that can produce our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors suppliers that can produce our
+parts we can say well hixville Machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts we can say well hixville Machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts we can say well hixville Machine
+we can do you know Arco and Oklahoma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do you know Arco and Oklahoma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do you know Arco and Oklahoma and
+these These are the shops that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these These are the shops that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these These are the shops that we'll
+recommend that we send the parts out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that we send the parts out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that we send the parts out to
+there's no sense to send a request for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sense to send a request for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sense to send a request for
+proposals out to somebody whose machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals out to somebody whose machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals out to somebody whose machine
+shop does not have the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop does not have the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop does not have the process
+capability to achieve what we need on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to achieve what we need on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to achieve what we need on
+that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular
+part we want to do 3D statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we want to do 3D statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we want to do 3D statistical
+modeling we want to concentrate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling we want to concentrate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling we want to concentrate on the
+few of the ones that that we need we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of the ones that that we need we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of the ones that that we need we
+don't every Dimension doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't every Dimension doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't every Dimension doesn't have to be
+perfect I mean for example in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect I mean for example in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect I mean for example in that
+paperclip exercise we we were very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperclip exercise we we were very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperclip exercise we we were very much
+interested in the length the diameter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the length the diameter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the length the diameter of
+that paperclip was not a control factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paperclip was not a control factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paperclip was not a control factor
+in terms of that exercise so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of that exercise so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of that exercise so we
+significantly we pick the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly we pick the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly we pick the key
+characteristics focus on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics focus on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics focus on that
+significant one we want and then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant one we want and then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant one we want and then we want
+to put all of our processes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put all of our processes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put all of our processes in
+statistical process control which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical process control which means
+that we develop control charts for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we develop control charts for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we develop control charts for those
+and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's
+key we use a technique and I told um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key we use a technique and I told um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key we use a technique and I told um
+Hugh called variation simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugh called variation simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugh called variation simulation
+analysis vssa we learned that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis vssa we learned that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis vssa we learned that if you
+want to have firsttime quality for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have firsttime quality for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have firsttime quality for the
+factory first-time quality the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory first-time quality the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory first-time quality the parts
+that we build the very first time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we build the very first time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we build the very first time on the
+Prototype fit together that Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prototype fit together that Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prototype fit together that Engineers
+have to learn this stuff and we in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn this stuff and we in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn this stuff and we in fact
+take five parts that make a subassembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take five parts that make a subassembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take five parts that make a subassembly
+and we have to understand what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to understand what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to understand what that
+subassembly fits into and we get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassembly fits into and we get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subassembly fits into and we get those
+dimensions and we say in fact those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and we say in fact those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and we say in fact those
+Dimensions have tolerances on them too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions have tolerances on them too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions have tolerances on them too
+so if we're putting a you know like even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're putting a you know like even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're putting a you know like even
+an avionics rack into a avionics box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avionics rack into a avionics box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an avionics rack into a avionics box
+into a rack or that that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a rack or that that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a rack or that that's typically
+there's more tolerances but on machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more tolerances but on machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more tolerances but on machine
+parts they've got to fit in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts they've got to fit in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts they've got to fit in there and
+the and so what we basically do is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so what we basically do is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so what we basically do is at
+the engine got the five parts and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine got the five parts and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine got the five parts and he
+puts the plus or minus 10,000 plus orus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the plus or minus 10,000 plus orus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the plus or minus 10,000 plus orus
+15,000 whatever the spec is you load it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15,000 whatever the spec is you load it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15,000 whatever the spec is you load it
+into this it does a mono analysis and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this it does a mono analysis and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this it does a mono analysis and it
+says you have an 81% probability that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you have an 81% probability that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you have an 81% probability that's
+going to fit because of the stack up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit because of the stack up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit because of the stack up of
+the tances we said that's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tances we said that's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tances we said that's not good
+enough for us so you change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for us so you change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for us so you change this
+tolerance to 12 and this one to plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance to 12 and this one to plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance to 12 and this one to plus or
+minus 8 you run again 91% not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 8 you run again 91% not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 8 you run again 91% not good
+enough for us we Chang the tolerances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for us we Chang the tolerances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for us we Chang the tolerances in
+engineering until it's time to we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering until it's time to we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering until it's time to we get
+you know like a 95% or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like a 95% or better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like a 95% or better
+probability it's going to fit the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it's going to fit the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it's going to fit the first
+time our manufacturing people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time our manufacturing people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time our manufacturing people are
+thrilled firsttime quality we put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilled firsttime quality we put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrilled firsttime quality we put the
+landing gear on The Joint Strike Fighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing gear on The Joint Strike Fighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing gear on The Joint Strike Fighter
+in 3 hours and the supervisor told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3 hours and the supervisor told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3 hours and the supervisor told me
+I've never been able to do it in less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never been able to do it in less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never been able to do it in less
+than three and a half days why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three and a half days why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three and a half days why because
+we got this right so it's it saves money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this right so it's it saves money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this right so it's it saves money
+it saves schedule and it makes happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saves schedule and it makes happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saves schedule and it makes happy
+customers one thing it's uh worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers one thing it's uh worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers one thing it's uh worth
+mentioning I just made a note of it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning I just made a note of it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning I just made a note of it the
+key characteristics if you just Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key characteristics if you just Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key characteristics if you just Google
+that term you'll bring up an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term you'll bring up an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term you'll bring up an excellent
+reference um the the point of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference um the the point of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference um the the point of that
+technique is is to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is is to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is is to make sure you
+concentrate on the ones that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on the ones that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on the ones that matter
+because a a horrible engineering mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a a horrible engineering mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a a horrible engineering mistake
+is to Simply spec everything to a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Simply spec everything to a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Simply spec everything to a really
+high limit and try to control everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high limit and try to control everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high limit and try to control everything
+and um for one thing that drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for one thing that drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um for one thing that drives the
+cost through the roof if you speack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost through the roof if you speack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost through the roof if you speack
+Dimensions that don't matter to 15 Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions that don't matter to 15 Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions that don't matter to 15 Ms
+that's going to drive the cost through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to drive the cost through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to drive the cost through
+the roof and for another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof and for another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roof and for another thing you
+cannot possibly keep under control every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot possibly keep under control every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot possibly keep under control every
+single aspect of the dimensions of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single aspect of the dimensions of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single aspect of the dimensions of a
+airliner for example you really do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airliner for example you really do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airliner for example you really do have
+to focus and it's a it's an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus and it's a it's an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus and it's a it's an engineering
+skill to focus on the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill to focus on the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill to focus on the key
+characteristics and there's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and there's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and there's a very good
+reference for that available castings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference for that available castings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference for that available castings
+have their proper use in Aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their proper use in Aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their proper use in Aerospace
+helicopters don't use a lot of castings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters don't use a lot of castings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters don't use a lot of castings
+because we don't have the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have the kind of
+fatigue strength typically but we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue strength typically but we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue strength typically but we use
+them in a lot of other places quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a lot of other places quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a lot of other places quite
+often we leave two or three surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we leave two or three surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we leave two or three surfaces
+what we call as cast just as they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call as cast just as they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call as cast just as they come
+out but we machine the two surfaces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but we machine the two surfaces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but we machine the two surfaces that
+have to fit so as Hugh points out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fit so as Hugh points out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fit so as Hugh points out these
+two surfaces we take dimensional data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two surfaces we take dimensional data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two surfaces we take dimensional data on
+because they're the one going to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the one going to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the one going to fit
+this is as cast and it can be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as cast and it can be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as cast and it can be a little
+rough and it it doesn't have any impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough and it it doesn't have any impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough and it it doesn't have any impact
+on the part so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the part so we're going to talk about
+the Six Sigma and it's a great way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Six Sigma and it's a great way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Six Sigma and it's a great way of
+getting the kind of uh measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the kind of uh measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the kind of uh measurement
+techniques and and quality that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and and quality that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and and quality that we're
+looking for and in fact controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and in fact controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and in fact controlling the
+variation so that we get a uh uh high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so that we get a uh uh high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so that we get a uh uh high
+quality part and the defects per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality part and the defects per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality part and the defects per million
+which is a a quality uh parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a quality uh parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a quality uh parameter that
+we use quite often to uh to track uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use quite often to uh to track uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use quite often to uh to track uh
+gets us Within the acceptable limits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us Within the acceptable limits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us Within the acceptable limits so
+defects are pretty clear improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects are pretty clear improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects are pretty clear improving
+quality says we're going to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality says we're going to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality says we're going to reduce the
+defects um there's two ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects um there's two ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects um there's two ways of doing
+this one reducing the opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one reducing the opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one reducing the opportunities for
+errors reducing opportunities for errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors reducing opportunities for errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors reducing opportunities for errors
+you heard me say yesterday dfma designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard me say yesterday dfma designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard me say yesterday dfma designed
+for manufacturing assembly we went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing assembly we went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing assembly we went from
+14,000 Parts down 8,000 parts that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 Parts down 8,000 parts that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 Parts down 8,000 parts that's
+remember I told you that's 6,000 parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you that's 6,000 parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you that's 6,000 parts
+that we don't have to inspect you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have to inspect you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have to inspect you know
+that saves a whole ton of money okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saves a whole ton of money okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that saves a whole ton of money okay if
+we can get rid of joints or Fasteners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get rid of joints or Fasteners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get rid of joints or Fasteners
+20% of all the rivets 20% of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of all the rivets 20% of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% of all the rivets 20% of all the
+rivets in Industry are typically bad 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivets in Industry are typically bad 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivets in Industry are typically bad 20%
+of the holes that's why we've gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the holes that's why we've gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the holes that's why we've gone to
+automatic riveting hand riveting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic riveting hand riveting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic riveting hand riveting you
+know 20% of those holes are bad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20% of those holes are bad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20% of those holes are bad that
+have to be go back in and uh redrill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be go back in and uh redrill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be go back in and uh redrill
+them or put a bigger hole in them bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or put a bigger hole in them bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or put a bigger hole in them bigger
+bigger rivet uh so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger rivet uh so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger rivet uh so what we want to do is
+to get rid of the opportunities to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of the opportunities to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of the opportunities to make
+mistakes and we engineering can help do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and we engineering can help do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and we engineering can help do
+that get rid of the defects by in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get rid of the defects by in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get rid of the defects by in fact
+making sure that the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that the process
+are in control and the whole Six Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in control and the whole Six Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in control and the whole Six Sigma
+process which is so that's why Six Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is so that's why Six Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is so that's why Six Sigma
+and lean complement each other and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lean complement each other and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lean complement each other and as
+Earl pointed out earlier that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl pointed out earlier that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl pointed out earlier that there are
+companies that actually call their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that actually call their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that actually call their
+Factory process their corporate comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory process their corporate comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory process their corporate comp
+lean Six Sigma course they've melded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Six Sigma course they've melded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean Six Sigma course they've melded
+melded together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melded together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melded together
+there so Six Sigma and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so Six Sigma and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so Six Sigma and this is
+interesting 3.4 defects per million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting 3.4 defects per million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting 3.4 defects per million
+opportunities or a first past yield of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9999975 defects per million even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9999975 defects per million even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9999975 defects per million even with
+the mean the mean shifted over uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean the mean shifted over uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean the mean shifted over uh with a
+shifted over one and a half CP with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over one and a half CP with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted over one and a half CP with a
+one and half CPK you get our our Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and half CPK you get our our Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and half CPK you get our our Six
+Sigma so Six Sigma process even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so Six Sigma process even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so Six Sigma process even a
+significant shift in the process uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant shift in the process uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant shift in the process uh uh
+results in very very few defects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in very very few defects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in very very few defects so
+that's so here you'll like this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so here you'll like this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so here you'll like this this is
+this is a great one to take home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great one to take home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great one to take home and
+talk to your parents about 99% no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to your parents about 99% no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to your parents about 99% no this
+is right 99% perfect 99% perfect sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right 99% perfect 99% perfect sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right 99% perfect 99% perfect sounds
+pretty good right and that's only 3.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good right and that's only 3.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good right and that's only 3.8
+Sigma 20,000 lost articles a male per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 20,000 lost articles a male per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 20,000 lost articles a male per
+hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour
+you know you're looking you're waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're looking you're waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're looking you're waiting
+for that check from Mom and it winds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that check from Mom and it winds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that check from Mom and it winds up
+in Los Angeles right but it it got lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Los Angeles right but it it got lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Los Angeles right but it it got lost
+unsafe drinking water for 15 minutes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsafe drinking water for 15 minutes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsafe drinking water for 15 minutes a
+day 5,000 incorrect surgical operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day 5,000 incorrect surgical operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day 5,000 incorrect surgical operations
+per week you know they amputated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per week you know they amputated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per week you know they amputated the
+wrong leg right too short or long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong leg right too short or long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong leg right too short or long
+incidentally anybody's been in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally anybody's been in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally anybody's been in the
+hospital recently boy I'll tell you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital recently boy I'll tell you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital recently boy I'll tell you they
+Mark you up I mean if they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark you up I mean if they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark you up I mean if they're going to
+have some they're going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some they're going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some they're going to do something
+your on boy they have big x's on it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your on boy they have big x's on it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your on boy they have big x's on it with
+a magic marker they don't fool around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magic marker they don't fool around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magic marker they don't fool around
+anymore two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore two
+no I I trust me it's unbelievable two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I I trust me it's unbelievable two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I I trust me it's unbelievable two
+short or long Landings at most major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short or long Landings at most major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short or long Landings at most major
+airports anybody see the picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports anybody see the picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports anybody see the picture of the
+uh British Airways uh aircraft the 777
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh British Airways uh aircraft the 777
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh British Airways uh aircraft the 777
+flattened on their oneway okay 200,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened on their oneway okay 200,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened on their oneway okay 200,000
+wrong drug prescriptions each year how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong drug prescriptions each year how's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong drug prescriptions each year how's
+that you know you get pill you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you get pill you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you get pill you get the
+wrong pills that kind of thing why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong pills that kind of thing why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong pills that kind of thing why
+because they all look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they all look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they all look the
+same as you get older you start taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as you get older you start taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as you get older you start taking
+more pills they all have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pills they all have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pills they all have different
+shapes now and different colors to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes now and different colors to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes now and different colors to try
+to avoid you know the I mean you go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid you know the I mean you go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid you know the I mean you go the
+drug us and you say I don't take blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug us and you say I don't take blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug us and you say I don't take blue
+pills I mean they're doing a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pills I mean they're doing a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pills I mean they're doing a whole bunch
+of things to no no to stop this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to no no to stop this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to no no to stop this because
+the liability suits will kill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liability suits will kill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liability suits will kill you
+literally kill you how's this here's Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally kill you how's this here's Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally kill you how's this here's Six
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+99.999 seven articles of male loss per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.999 seven articles of male loss per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.999 seven articles of male loss per
+hour opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour opposed to
+20,000 one safe one unsafe minute every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 one safe one unsafe minute every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20,000 one safe one unsafe minute every
+seven months as opposed to 15 minutes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven months as opposed to 15 minutes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven months as opposed to 15 minutes a
+day instead of 5,000 bad surgical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day instead of 5,000 bad surgical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day instead of 5,000 bad surgical
+operations 1.7 per week two short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations 1.7 per week two short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations 1.7 per week two short
+Landings okay one short Landing or long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landings okay one short Landing or long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landings okay one short Landing or long
+Landing every 5 years okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landing every 5 years okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landing every 5 years okay so you can
+see where we're going with flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where we're going with flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see where we're going with flight
+Control Systems okay 200,000 wrong drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control Systems okay 200,000 wrong drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control Systems okay 200,000 wrong drug
+prescription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription
+68 no electricity for almost 7 hours a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 no electricity for almost 7 hours a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 no electricity for almost 7 hours a
+month sounds like a rack right one hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month sounds like a rack right one hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month sounds like a rack right one hour
+without electricity every 34 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without electricity every 34 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without electricity every 34 34
+years so this is why do we want Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so this is why do we want Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so this is why do we want Six
+Sigma in our business where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma in our business where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma in our business where we're
+carrying you know three or 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying you know three or 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying you know three or 400
+passengers or we sending astronauts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers or we sending astronauts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers or we sending astronauts to
+Mars we want high quality when can Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars we want high quality when can Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars we want high quality when can Six
+Sigma be used and there are two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma be used and there are two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma be used and there are two major
+forms of Six Sigma and uh one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of Six Sigma and uh one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of Six Sigma and uh one is called
+designed for Six Sigma and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for Six Sigma and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for Six Sigma and then
+traditional Six Sigma what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Six Sigma what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Six Sigma what we're trying
+to what's happened is that we realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's happened is that we realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's happened is that we realized
+that this methodology was so good we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this methodology was so good we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this methodology was so good we've
+moved it up into the design phase up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved it up into the design phase up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved it up into the design phase up
+design phase I mean that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design phase I mean that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design phase I mean that's essentially
+what we're doing and I just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing and I just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing and I just told you
+about the fact that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that we use
+variation simulation analysis which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation simulation analysis which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation simulation analysis which is a
+piece of software where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of software where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of software where
+the engineers that are issuing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers that are issuing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers that are issuing the
+assembly drawings with the tolerances on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly drawings with the tolerances on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly drawings with the tolerances on
+it are not allowed to release those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are not allowed to release those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are not allowed to release those
+drawings until they've done the DFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings until they've done the DFS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings until they've done the DFS
+analysis that does the mono that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that does the mono that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that does the mono that says
+we're going to get the first article uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get the first article uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get the first article uh
+that's going to fit the first time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to fit the first time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to fit the first time so
+that's a application of Six Sigma to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a application of Six Sigma to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a application of Six Sigma to to
+design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and
+uh so there six me Sigma and and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there six me Sigma and and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there six me Sigma and and the the
+the black belt guys talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black belt guys talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black belt guys talk
+about I don't know how do they pronounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I don't know how do they pronounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I don't know how do they pronounce
+that deac deake yeah I've heard people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deac deake yeah I've heard people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deac deake yeah I've heard people
+pronounce it differently but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it differently but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it differently but basically
+the initial St for Define what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial St for Define what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial St for Define what are the
+customers identify the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers identify the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers identify the key
+characteristics okay the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics okay the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics okay the the key
+characteristic we talk about or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic we talk about or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic we talk about or that
+Hugh mentioned before we picked the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugh mentioned before we picked the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugh mentioned before we picked the one
+or two characteristics that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two characteristics that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two characteristics that we
+absolutely have to have we measure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely have to have we measure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely have to have we measure okay
+this is a data driven exercise we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a data driven exercise we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a data driven exercise we use
+histograms and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histograms and so forth
+collect that data we analyze it we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect that data we analyze it we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect that data we analyze it we take
+a look at that data and then say how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at that data and then say how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at that data and then say how do
+we in fact improve we put together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact improve we put together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact improve we put together you
+know ishakawa fishbone diagrams and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ishakawa fishbone diagrams and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ishakawa fishbone diagrams and say
+to try to look at the process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to look at the process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to look at the process and the
+training and the equipment and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and the equipment and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and the equipment and so forth
+and then we improve we put the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we improve we put the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we improve we put the root
+cause corrective action in place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause corrective action in place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause corrective action in place and
+then we control it how do we control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we control it how do we control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we control it how do we control it
+we in fact track it and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact track it and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact track it and what we're
+trying to do is that if there is a rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is that if there is a rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is that if there is a rapid
+Improvement team out there it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement team out there it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement team out there it's going to
+bring that right back up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that right back up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that right back up here
+and uh you know get it back into control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know get it back into control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know get it back into control
+one of the charts we took out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the charts we took out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the charts we took out of the
+five-day course to get down to a 3-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-day course to get down to a 3-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-day course to get down to a 3-day
+course here was a there was six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here was a there was six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here was a there was six
+applications of variability control that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of variability control that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of variability control that
+I personally did c17 F-15 F-18 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally did c17 F-15 F-18 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally did c17 F-15 F-18 and it
+shows how much money we saved in tooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how much money we saved in tooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how much money we saved in tooling
+and labor hours and all that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labor hours and all that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labor hours and all that kind of
+stuff by basically getting rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff by basically getting rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff by basically getting rid of the
+variation by doing exactly what we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation by doing exactly what we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation by doing exactly what we we're
+talking about here so design phys six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here so design phys six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here so design phys six
+method designing new products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method designing new products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method designing new products
+methodology for redesigning existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology for redesigning existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology for redesigning existing
+products a method to implement uh early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products a method to implement uh early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products a method to implement uh early
+in this in the in the the process I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the in the the process I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the in the the process I just
+told you about how to do it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about how to do it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about how to do it in terms of
+uh releasing assembly drawings and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh releasing assembly drawings and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh releasing assembly drawings and we're
+remember we're trying to design in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're trying to design in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're trying to design in
+quality design in quality because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality design in quality because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality design in quality because we
+just proved that 100% of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved that 100% of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved that 100% of the MIT
+students can't count the number of Fs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can't count the number of Fs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can't count the number of Fs in
+30 seconds right and I'm not throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds right and I'm not throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 seconds right and I'm not throwing
+rocks at you but it's hard and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks at you but it's hard and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks at you but it's hard and when you
+have all these characteristics I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these characteristics I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these characteristics I can
+remember a machine drawing a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a machine drawing a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a machine drawing a machine
+drawing on a on a rotor Hub and a rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing on a on a rotor Hub and a rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing on a on a rotor Hub and a rotor
+Hub that had 900 Dimensions that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hub that had 900 Dimensions that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hub that had 900 Dimensions that the
+quality guys had a check there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality guys had a check there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality guys had a check there were two
+things wrong with that one we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wrong with that one we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wrong with that one we've just
+proven with the F exercise here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven with the F exercise here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven with the F exercise here that
+they'll never catch all of the errors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll never catch all of the errors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll never catch all of the errors in
+measuring all that stuff that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring all that stuff that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring all that stuff that's the
+second first thing the second thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second first thing the second thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second first thing the second thing is
+that they're not using key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not using key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not using key
+characteristics there were probably 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics there were probably 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics there were probably 30
+dimensions on there that were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions on there that were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions on there that were really
+critical and the others weren't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and the others weren't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and the others weren't so
+there's two aspects quality engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two aspects quality engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two aspects quality engineering
+has to pick the key characteristics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pick the key characteristics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pick the key characteristics the
+30 out of 900 and then secondly we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 out of 900 and then secondly we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 out of 900 and then secondly we want
+to be able to design in the quality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to design in the quality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to design in the quality so
+that we get the upper and lower control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get the upper and lower control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get the upper and lower control
+limits right so here's a bunch of tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits right so here's a bunch of tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits right so here's a bunch of tools
+you've heard us talk about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard us talk about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard us talk about you know
+going through identify design optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through identify design optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through identify design optimize
+validate integrated product teams voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate integrated product teams voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate integrated product teams voice
+of the customer voice of a customer is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the customer voice of a customer is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the customer voice of a customer is a
+methodology that you know we on day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that you know we on day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that you know we on day one
+we said to you the whole concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said to you the whole concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said to you the whole concept of
+value from lean is the fact is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from lean is the fact is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from lean is the fact is that we
+want to in fact design the product that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to in fact design the product that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to in fact design the product that
+the customer wants so we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer wants so we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer wants so we're talking
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+$40,000 Volvo five passenger you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$40,000 Volvo five passenger you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$40,000 Volvo five passenger you know
+delivered to the United States uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to the United States uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to the United States uh we
+talked about the Joint Strike Fighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the Joint Strike Fighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the Joint Strike Fighter
+you know Mach 1.6 short takeoff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Mach 1.6 short takeoff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Mach 1.6 short takeoff and
+vertical Landing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Landing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Landing the
+customer tells us what he wants and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer tells us what he wants and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer tells us what he wants and we
+have to design the drawings and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design the drawings and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design the drawings and the
+production system to in fact achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system to in fact achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system to in fact achieve
+achieve the value that the customer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the value that the customer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve the value that the customer has
+specified benchmarking we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified benchmarking we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified benchmarking we talked about
+business case uh you know we it came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business case uh you know we it came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business case uh you know we it came up
+the other day how much can we afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day how much can we afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day how much can we afford to
+spend to investigate some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend to investigate some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend to investigate some of these
+things and we typically or Implement an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we typically or Implement an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we typically or Implement an
+improvement and we typically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and we typically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and we typically you know
+you can use two and a half to one 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use two and a half to one 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use two and a half to one 10 to
+one that kind of thing so Design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that kind of thing so Design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that kind of thing so Design
+Concepts the histogram we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts the histogram we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts the histogram we just talked
+about that optimize integrated product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that optimize integrated product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that optimize integrated product
+team cause and effect analysis issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team cause and effect analysis issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team cause and effect analysis issue
+and and so and we talked about capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so and we talked about capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so and we talked about capable
+processes and capable uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's so value remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so value remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so value remember we talked about
+what we said value was worth utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said value was worth utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said value was worth utility
+benefit or reward received in exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit or reward received in exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit or reward received in exchange
+for contributions to the ENT so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for contributions to the ENT so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for contributions to the ENT so this is
+the stakeholders who are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders who are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stakeholders who are the
+stakeholders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders are
+customers uh our communities our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers uh our communities our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers uh our communities our
+employees um sometimes our unions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees um sometimes our unions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees um sometimes our unions and
+which are are also our employees so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are are also our employees so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are are also our employees so
+everybody benefits um if we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody benefits um if we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody benefits um if we do this
+right and deliver high quality and a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and deliver high quality and a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and deliver high quality and a uh
+design for Six Sigma is successful if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for Six Sigma is successful if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for Six Sigma is successful if we
+in fact deliver that value in achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact deliver that value in achieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact deliver that value in achieving
+the voice of the customer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voice of the customer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voice of the customer which is
+basically what we said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Six
+Sigma very very top level reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma very very top level reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma very very top level reducing
+variation lean removing waste now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation lean removing waste now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation lean removing waste now
+lots of good lean programs that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of good lean programs that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of good lean programs that don't
+call themselves Six Sigma use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call themselves Six Sigma use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call themselves Six Sigma use these
+processes and vice versa so but just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and vice versa so but just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and vice versa so but just in
+case you know you you want to know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know you you want to know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know you you want to know this
+problem focused I can say flow focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem focused I can say flow focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem focused I can say flow focused
+but I can say you know it's focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can say you know it's focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can say you know it's focused on
+the problems that impact flow so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that impact flow so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that impact flow so those
+things are sort of the same so a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are sort of the same so a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are sort of the same so a problem
+exists numbers they're both data driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists numbers they're both data driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists numbers they're both data driven
+exercises get me the data and I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises get me the data and I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises get me the data and I'll tell
+you you know and we'll research to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know and we'll research to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know and we'll research to try
+to find out what's wrong and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what's wrong and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what's wrong and we're going
+to go fix it the focus here is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go fix it the focus here is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go fix it the focus here is getting
+rid of waste well poor quality is waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of waste well poor quality is waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of waste well poor quality is waste
+poor schedule performance is waste uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor schedule performance is waste uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor schedule performance is waste uh
+too many folks on the job is waste many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many folks on the job is waste many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many folks on the job is waste many
+small the other thing is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the other thing is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the other thing is continuous
+improvement with many small improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement with many small improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement with many small improvements
+listening to the employees you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the employees you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the employees you remember
+the story about Joe that um uh George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about Joe that um uh George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about Joe that um uh George
+Reynolds told us Joe has been telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reynolds told us Joe has been telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reynolds told us Joe has been telling
+people for months what was wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for months what was wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for months what was wrong and
+nobody was listening to them we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was listening to them we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody was listening to them we want to
+listen to the employees and make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the employees and make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the employees and make those
+small changes because they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small changes because they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small changes because they're the
+experts on the job so we've merged these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts on the job so we've merged these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts on the job so we've merged these
+in many areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many areas and
+um uh Six Sigma uh focuses a lot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Six Sigma uh focuses a lot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh Six Sigma uh focuses a lot on the
+on the detailed part measurement but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the detailed part measurement but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the detailed part measurement but it
+it also works to all the other processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also works to all the other processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also works to all the other processes
+and uh Continuous Flow cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Continuous Flow cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Continuous Flow cannot be
+achieved without high quality and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved without high quality and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved without high quality and this
+as I started off the conversation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I started off the conversation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I started off the conversation we
+need you cannot do lean lean Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you cannot do lean lean Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you cannot do lean lean Sigma
+without high quality and that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without high quality and that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without high quality and that's the way
+we get repeatable repeatable products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get repeatable repeatable products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get repeatable repeatable products
+that please the customer that achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that please the customer that achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that please the customer that achieve
+the low cost to get rid of the scrap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low cost to get rid of the scrap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low cost to get rid of the scrap and
+the rework which can be 25% of your of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rework which can be 25% of your of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rework which can be 25% of your of
+your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so quality is essential to lean it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quality is essential to lean it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quality is essential to lean it's not
+a competitor with lean lean and Six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitor with lean lean and Six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitor with lean lean and Six
+Sigma work together to achieve high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma work together to achieve high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma work together to achieve high
+quality and that's what we owe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and that's what we owe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and that's what we owe the
+customer we owe the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer we owe the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer we owe the customer
+process and product Improvement I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and product Improvement I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and product Improvement I I I
+got mad at Dell I had a Dell computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got mad at Dell I had a Dell computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got mad at Dell I had a Dell computer
+which I loved and I um it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I loved and I um it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I loved and I um it turned out
+that that jkl and something else locked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that jkl and something else locked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that jkl and something else locked
+up on me and I was still under warranty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on me and I was still under warranty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on me and I was still under warranty
+and Good Old Dell said got you covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Good Old Dell said got you covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Good Old Dell said got you covered
+when are you going to be home I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when are you going to be home I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when are you going to be home I said you
+know all this week they sent a guy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all this week they sent a guy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all this week they sent a guy out
+to my house and they put a new card in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my house and they put a new card in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my house and they put a new card in
+there and fixed it up and took it apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and fixed it up and took it apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and fixed it up and took it apart
+like that I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I said
+good A year later jkl andm froze again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good A year later jkl andm froze again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good A year later jkl andm froze again
+and I called them up and they said sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I called them up and they said sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I called them up and they said sorry
+you're not on warranty I said hey guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not on warranty I said hey guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not on warranty I said hey guys
+I've been in this business a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been in this business a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been in this business a long time
+you've got a process problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a process problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a process problem the
+soldering board or whatever it is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering board or whatever it is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering board or whatever it is that's
+doing jkl andm is honked up you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing jkl andm is honked up you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing jkl andm is honked up you don't
+have a process that's in control it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a process that's in control it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a process that's in control it's
+reliable I you know you owe me a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable I you know you owe me a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable I you know you owe me a you
+know a fix sorry I can't help you I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a fix sorry I can't help you I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a fix sorry I can't help you I want
+to speak to your manager you know and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak to your manager you know and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak to your manager you know and I
+went through the manager and I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the manager and I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the manager and I said I
+want to see your director I talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see your director I talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see your director I talked to
+three levels of Dell and they said Sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three levels of Dell and they said Sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three levels of Dell and they said Sorry
+Charlie and so you know what I took that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and so you know what I took that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie and so you know what I took that
+computer and I went out and bought a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and I went out and bought a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and I went out and bought a
+Toshiba you know they lost their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toshiba you know they lost their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toshiba you know they lost their
+customer so no no I mean really that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so no no I mean really that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so no no I mean really that and
+if you don't think quality you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't think quality you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't think quality you know the
+mayag rep play men they sold a hell of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayag rep play men they sold a hell of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayag rep play men they sold a hell of a
+lot of mayag washers because the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of mayag washers because the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of mayag washers because the fact
+that the quality was good and the folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quality was good and the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quality was good and the folks
+that operated those I won't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operated those I won't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operated those I won't say
+Housewives but if they operated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housewives but if they operated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housewives but if they operated the
+washing machines you know liked them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing machines you know liked them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing machines you know liked them so
+uh anyway quality is key quality is key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway quality is key quality is key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway quality is key quality is key
+and you can talk about it and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can talk about it and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can talk about it and you can't
+make it happen you can talk about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen you can talk about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen you can talk about it and
+you can't make it happen uh you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make it happen uh you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make it happen uh you probably
+were younger but in the 80s the Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were younger but in the 80s the Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were younger but in the 80s the Ford
+advertising campaign at Ford quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising campaign at Ford quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising campaign at Ford quality is
+job one you remember that Ford quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job one you remember that Ford quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job one you remember that Ford quality
+job one you know that was they spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job one you know that was they spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job one you know that was they spent
+hundreds of Millions on advertising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of Millions on advertising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of Millions on advertising and
+it didn't happen you know now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't happen you know now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't happen you know now they're
+laying off another 54,000 employees so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying off another 54,000 employees so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying off another 54,000 employees so
+we want high quality products that meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want high quality products that meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want high quality products that meet
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+customers okay I'm done question um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers okay I'm done question um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers okay I'm done question um the
+notion of the key characteristics how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the key characteristics how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the key characteristics how do
+you know that you've chosen the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you've chosen the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you've chosen the right
+key character oh yeah no that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key character oh yeah no that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key character oh yeah no that's good
+that's cool no no it is um uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool no no it is um uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool no no it is um uh the the
+inspectors tend to be very conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors tend to be very conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors tend to be very conservative
+they don't want to get fired and inste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to get fired and inste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to get fired and inste
+of 900 you know I said about 40 are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 900 you know I said about 40 are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 900 you know I said about 40 are good
+but I mean if you if I try to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean if you if I try to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean if you if I try to get the
+guy get down to 10 you know you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy get down to 10 you know you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy get down to 10 you know you know if
+that thing doesn't work I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing doesn't work I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing doesn't work I'm going to get
+blamed you know what I mean so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blamed you know what I mean so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blamed you know what I mean so it's a
+it's a function of experience and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of experience and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of experience and maybe
+getting a few more people to to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a few more people to to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a few more people to to review
+that and say do you think we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and say do you think we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and say do you think we ought to
+add this one can we get rid of this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this one can we get rid of this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this one can we get rid of this one
+so it's a little experience thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little experience thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little experience thing it's
+not a it's not magic and you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a it's not magic and you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a it's not magic and you've got to
+use history to to guide you but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use history to to guide you but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use history to to guide you but very
+very good question yeah you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question yeah you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question yeah you can you
+could leave out a key characteristic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave out a key characteristic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave out a key characteristic and
+find out the part wouldn't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the part wouldn't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out the part wouldn't fit
+or thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lmHjUxi2EH4.txt b/lmHjUxi2EH4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91d37330c3a15bcfcac0d4ec30ecbe03cae67ce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lmHjUxi2EH4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now start our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now start our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now start our discussion of
+stochastic processes by starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes by starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes by starting with
+the simplest stochastic process there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest stochastic process there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest stochastic process there is
+this is the so-called Bernoulli process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the so-called Bernoulli process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the so-called Bernoulli process
+which is nothing but a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nothing but a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is nothing but a sequence of
+independent Bernoulli trials and we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Bernoulli trials and we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Bernoulli trials and we let
+X I stand for the random variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I stand for the random variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X I stand for the random variable that
+describes the result in the trial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the result in the trial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the result in the trial the
+assumptions that we make are that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we make are that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we make are that at
+each trial there is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trial there is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trial there is a certain
+probability P that the trial results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P that the trial results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P that the trial results in
+1 and in that case we usually say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and in that case we usually say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and in that case we usually say that
+there is a success at the eye trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a success at the eye trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a success at the eye trial and
+the remaining probability 1 minus P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining probability 1 minus P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining probability 1 minus P is
+assigned to the possibility that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the possibility that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to the possibility that the
+random variable X I takes a value of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X I takes a value of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X I takes a value of 0
+in which case sometimes we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case sometimes we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case sometimes we say that
+there was a failure now to keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a failure now to keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a failure now to keep things
+non trivial we will always assume that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non trivial we will always assume that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non trivial we will always assume that P
+is a number strictly between 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number strictly between 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number strictly between 0 and 1
+because otherwise in the extreme cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise in the extreme cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise in the extreme cases
+of P equal to 0 or P equal to 1 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P equal to 0 or P equal to 1 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P equal to 0 or P equal to 1 there
+isn't really any randomness this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really any randomness this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really any randomness this process
+is something that we have already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we have already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we have already seen
+we have worked plenty of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have worked plenty of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have worked plenty of examples
+involving repeated Bernoulli trials or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving repeated Bernoulli trials or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving repeated Bernoulli trials or
+repeated coin flips we have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated coin flips we have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated coin flips we have solved
+several problems we have seen several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several problems we have seen several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several problems we have seen several
+formulas here we will recapitulate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas here we will recapitulate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas here we will recapitulate some
+of them but we will also start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but we will also start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but we will also start looking
+at the process from a new point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the process from a new point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the process from a new point of view
+before continuing let me emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before continuing let me emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before continuing let me emphasize the
+assumptions that come into the Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that come into the Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that come into the Bernoulli
+process one key assumption is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process one key assumption is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process one key assumption is that we
+have independence the different trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have independence the different trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have independence the different trials
+are independent and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent and the second
+assumption that we make is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we make is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we make is that the
+model is time homogeneous what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is time homogeneous what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is time homogeneous what I mean by
+this is that this probability P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this probability P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this probability P of
+success at a given trial is the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success at a given trial is the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success at a given trial is the same for
+all trials it does not depend on I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all trials it does not depend on I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all trials it does not depend on I so
+this process is as simple as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is as simple as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is as simple as a
+stochastic process could be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process could be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process could be but
+nevertheless it can be used as a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it can be used as a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it can be used as a model
+in various situations sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various situations sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various situations sometimes it's
+clear that we're dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that we're dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that we're dealing with a
+Bernoulli process but sometimes it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process but sometimes it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process but sometimes it also
+shows up in unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in unexpected
+in any case a first simple example could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case a first simple example could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case a first simple example could
+be the following every week you play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the following every week you play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the following every week you play the
+lottery and either you win or you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery and either you win or you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery and either you win or you do not
+win and assuming that it is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win and assuming that it is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win and assuming that it is the same
+kind of lottery that you play each week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lottery that you play each week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lottery that you play each week
+the constant P would be the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant P would be the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant P would be the same the
+probability of success and assuming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of success and assuming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of success and assuming a
+lottery that is not rigged in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery that is not rigged in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery that is not rigged in any way
+whether you win on one week should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you win on one week should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you win on one week should be
+independent from what happens in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from what happens in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from what happens in other
+weeks quite often the Bernoulli process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks quite often the Bernoulli process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks quite often the Bernoulli process
+is used as a model of arrivals in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used as a model of arrivals in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used as a model of arrivals in which
+case instead of saying probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case instead of saying probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case instead of saying probability of
+success we would say probability of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success we would say probability of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success we would say probability of an
+arrival the idea is that time is slotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival the idea is that time is slotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival the idea is that time is slotted
+let's say in seconds for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in seconds for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say in seconds for example and
+each second you're sitting at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each second you're sitting at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each second you're sitting at the
+entrance of a bank and you make a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance of a bank and you make a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance of a bank and you make a note
+whether somebody came into the bank in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether somebody came into the bank in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether somebody came into the bank in
+which case we have an arrival or success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we have an arrival or success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we have an arrival or success
+or whether no one came during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether no one came during that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether no one came during that time
+interval if one here believes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if one here believes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval if one here believes that
+different slots different seconds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slots different seconds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slots different seconds are
+independent of each other then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other then you do
+have a Bernoulli process it might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Bernoulli process it might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Bernoulli process it might not be
+an exactly accurate model but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exactly accurate model but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exactly accurate model but it is a
+good first approximation to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good first approximation to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good first approximation to start
+working with a model of this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a model of this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a model of this situation
+similarly if you have a server a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you have a server a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you have a server a
+computer that takes jobs to process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that takes jobs to process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that takes jobs to process and
+jobs are coming randomly you divide time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs are coming randomly you divide time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs are coming randomly you divide time
+into slots and during each slot that job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into slots and during each slot that job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into slots and during each slot that job
+might arrive or might not arrive and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might arrive or might not arrive and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might arrive or might not arrive and as
+a first approach to a model of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first approach to a model of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first approach to a model of this kind
+you might as well employ the Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well employ the Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might as well employ the Bernoulli
+process the final note why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the final note why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the final note why is this
+process called the Bernoulli process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process called the Bernoulli process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process called the Bernoulli process
+well the name comes from a famous family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the name comes from a famous family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the name comes from a famous family
+of Swiss mathematicians the Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Swiss mathematicians the Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Swiss mathematicians the Bernoulli
+family and one of them Jacob Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and one of them Jacob Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and one of them Jacob Bernoulli
+did many contributions to many branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did many contributions to many branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did many contributions to many branches
+of mathematics but an important one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics but an important one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematics but an important one was
+in the field of probability where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field of probability where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field of probability where he
+actually derived quite deep results on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derived quite deep results on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derived quite deep results on a
+sequence of what we now call Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of what we now call Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of what we now call Bernoulli
+trials
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mgXDQtF0wl0.txt b/mgXDQtF0wl0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cc2d3f1b2987f9032f6f2d30cfee76dd772b6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mgXDQtF0wl0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nice flight. How do you feel? Great. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice flight. How do you feel? Great. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice flight. How do you feel? Great. I
+feel ecstatic. Yeah, very proud of it. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel ecstatic. Yeah, very proud of it. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel ecstatic. Yeah, very proud of it. I
+think I was in the zone and I feel great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was in the zone and I feel great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was in the zone and I feel great
+now. I got a lot of endorphins flowing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. I got a lot of endorphins flowing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. I got a lot of endorphins flowing.
+All the hard work paid off. I feel I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the hard work paid off. I feel I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the hard work paid off. I feel I
+feel great. How did your uh performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel great. How did your uh performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel great. How did your uh performance
+today compare with your predictions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today compare with your predictions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today compare with your predictions and
+your practice runs?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your practice runs?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your practice runs?
+I'd say that uh compared to our practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say that uh compared to our practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say that uh compared to our practice
+runs, this was uh marginally better or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs, this was uh marginally better or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs, this was uh marginally better or
+nominally better, I think. Yeah, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally better, I think. Yeah, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally better, I think. Yeah, but it
+it was actually the exact same time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually the exact same time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually the exact same time from
+our previous performance yesterday. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous performance yesterday. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous performance yesterday. So,
+uh we expected something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we expected something like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we expected something like this.
+Yeah, pretty consistent. Did you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, pretty consistent. Did you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, pretty consistent. Did you change
+anything from yesterday to today? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from yesterday to today? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from yesterday to today? Um
+yeah, we did. We tried uh taking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, we did. We tried uh taking off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, we did. We tried uh taking off
+leading and trailing edge tape and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading and trailing edge tape and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading and trailing edge tape and then
+we tried putting on a engine cowling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried putting on a engine cowling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried putting on a engine cowling.
+So, doesn't seem to have done too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, doesn't seem to have done too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, doesn't seem to have done too much
+though. An interesting trade-off, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. An interesting trade-off, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. An interesting trade-off, but
+with the uh the variance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh the variance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh the variance in the
+batteries and variance in the pilot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries and variance in the pilot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries and variance in the pilot,
+it's a it's really hard to tell. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's really hard to tell. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's really hard to tell. Oh,
+there's so many variables changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many variables changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many variables changed in
+this experiment, but uh I'd say overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment, but uh I'd say overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment, but uh I'd say overall
+the plane is better. Yeah. So, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane is better. Yeah. So, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane is better. Yeah. So, so the
+net effect is you still posted a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect is you still posted a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net effect is you still posted a great
+time today. Yeah. Exactly. Uh so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time today. Yeah. Exactly. Uh so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time today. Yeah. Exactly. Uh so what
+what to what do you attribute your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to what do you attribute your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to what do you attribute your
+success? What was the most effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success? What was the most effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success? What was the most effective
+part of your system? I think the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your system? I think the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your system? I think the team
+would say Yeah, I would say we got along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say Yeah, I would say we got along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say Yeah, I would say we got along
+pretty well as a team. Uh there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well as a team. Uh there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well as a team. Uh there was a
+chemistry of the team was good. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of the team was good. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of the team was good. So we
+didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have
+to we had a a great division of labor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we had a a great division of labor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we had a a great division of labor.
+Everyone had their niche and was willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone had their niche and was willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone had their niche and was willing
+to do work and put in the hard work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work and put in the hard work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work and put in the hard work to
+get things done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We had a a slight off camera mishap, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had a a slight off camera mishap, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had a a slight off camera mishap, it
+seems. Uh, is there anything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems. Uh, is there anything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems. Uh, is there anything that you
+think you you would have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you you would have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you you would have done
+differently to maybe to get you up to 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to maybe to get you up to 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to maybe to get you up to 7
+minutes?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes?
+There's not much else we could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's not much else we could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's not much else we could have done
+in this. Just maybe remake everything a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this. Just maybe remake everything a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this. Just maybe remake everything a
+little bit, you know, just to polish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, you know, just to polish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, you know, just to polish it
+off again. But, um, I still put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off again. But, um, I still put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off again. But, um, I still put a lot of
+hours into it. some solid rocket motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours into it. some solid rocket motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours into it. some solid rocket motors
+right here that we can ignite the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that we can ignite the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that we can ignite the air
+and might be effective. I'm not sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might be effective. I'm not sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might be effective. I'm not sure.
+Surely that's not legal, but I I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surely that's not legal, but I I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surely that's not legal, but I I wanted
+to do it. Maybe that might help us. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it. Maybe that might help us. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it. Maybe that might help us. I'm
+not sure. Did you consider cheating? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure. Did you consider cheating? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure. Did you consider cheating? Uh
+we thought about filling the wings with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about filling the wings with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about filling the wings with
+cork, you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork, you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork, you know.
+Um if we put a vacuum inside of there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if we put a vacuum inside of there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if we put a vacuum inside of there,
+maybe that would help us, but that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that would help us, but that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that would help us, but that's uh
+illegal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal.
+Well, you guys have had a lot of uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you guys have had a lot of uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you guys have had a lot of uh new
+experiences in Unifi this year. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in Unifi this year. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in Unifi this year. You
+designed, built, and flew this plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed, built, and flew this plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed, built, and flew this plane.
+You built a team together. Um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You built a team together. Um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You built a team together. Um and you
+kept up the academic pace of Unified for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept up the academic pace of Unified for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept up the academic pace of Unified for
+a whole year. Yeah. So what experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole year. Yeah. So what experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole year. Yeah. So what experiences
+do you think that you got out of it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that you got out of it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that you got out of it are
+going to be the most valuable?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the most valuable?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the most valuable?
+I think really uh the experience of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think really uh the experience of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think really uh the experience of uh
+working in the lab for 8 hours with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the lab for 8 hours with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the lab for 8 hours with
+seven people and one problem for pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven people and one problem for pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven people and one problem for pet
+that uh that's really going to pay off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that's really going to pay off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that's really going to pay off
+later down the line when I actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later down the line when I actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later down the line when I actually get
+a job and have to have a something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job and have to have a something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job and have to have a something I
+have to do with a group and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with a group and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with a group and I have to
+put as much time into it as it takes. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put as much time into it as it takes. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put as much time into it as it takes. I
+know how to do that now. I might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that now. I might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that now. I might not be
+willing to do it, but I know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do it, but I know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do it, but I know how to do
+it. He's knowing how to apply it to, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. He's knowing how to apply it to, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. He's knowing how to apply it to, you
+know, different situations. Taking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, different situations. Taking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, different situations. Taking what
+we learn in the classroom, work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn in the classroom, work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn in the classroom, work together
+to apply it to whatever we need to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What are you going to do next? I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are you going to do next? I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are you going to do next? I think
+we're going to Disneyland and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Disneyland and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to Disneyland and and the
+victory lap and the victory lap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory lap and the victory lap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory lap and the victory lap.
+Hopefully the victory lap. Hopefully we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully the victory lap. Hopefully we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully the victory lap. Hopefully we
+can get a victory lap in there. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a victory lap in there. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a victory lap in there. If you
+hold up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold up.
+Well, you guys deserve it. Uh, thanks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you guys deserve it. Uh, thanks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you guys deserve it. Uh, thanks a
+lot for talking to us. Well done today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot for talking to us. Well done today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot for talking to us. Well done today.
+Let's put the eggs over there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/n9u9Vy_peHM.txt b/n9u9Vy_peHM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42faa1a6345c132f0c9e3ea20939e0e7cd77e9ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/n9u9Vy_peHM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. In the last several lectures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. In the last several lectures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. In the last several lectures,
+we've been discussing the Forier and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been discussing the Forier and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been discussing the Forier and Z
+transforms. And we've seen in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms. And we've seen in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms. And we've seen in particular
+that the Forier and Z transforms provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Forier and Z transforms provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Forier and Z transforms provide
+us with a set of important analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with a set of important analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with a set of important analytical
+tools for representing discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for representing discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools for representing discrete time
+signals and also for dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and also for dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and also for dealing with
+discrete time systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time systems.
+We saw for example that through the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We saw for example that through the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We saw for example that through the use
+of the forier transform or the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier transform or the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier transform or the z
+transform we could convert convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we could convert convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform we could convert convolution
+in the time domain to multiplication in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain to multiplication in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time domain to multiplication in
+either the frequency domain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the frequency domain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the frequency domain in the
+forier transform case or more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform case or more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform case or more generally
+in the z domain in the z transform case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the z domain in the z transform case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the z domain in the z transform case.
+Now, one of the things that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one of the things that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, one of the things that it's
+important to recognize is that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to recognize is that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to recognize is that for the
+most part, the Forier transform and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part, the Forier transform and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part, the Forier transform and the
+Z transform are primarily analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform are primarily analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform are primarily analytical
+tools. That is it would be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools. That is it would be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools. That is it would be hard to
+imagine implementing for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine implementing for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine implementing for example a
+discrete time system by first computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time system by first computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time system by first computing
+the forier transform of the sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform of the sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform of the sequences
+multiplying the forier transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the forier transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the forier transforms
+together and then computing the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then computing the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then computing the inverse
+transform. One of the reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. One of the reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. One of the reasons that
+that's obviously a difficult thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously a difficult thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously a difficult thing to do
+computationally is that we saw as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally is that we saw as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally is that we saw as we
+discussed for example the the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed for example the the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed for example the the forier
+transform that the forier transform is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that the forier transform is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that the forier transform is a
+function of a continuous variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a continuous variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a continuous variable that
+is omega in the forier transform is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is omega in the forier transform is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is omega in the forier transform is a
+continuous variable. So that in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable. So that in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variable. So that in fact if
+we wanted to compute the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to compute the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to compute the forier
+transform explicitly we would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform explicitly we would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform explicitly we would have to
+compute it at an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it at an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it at an infinite number of
+frequencies. Similarly we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. Similarly we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. Similarly we have a
+situation like that for the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like that for the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like that for the Z
+transform. Well today I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Well today I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Well today I'd like to
+introduce a third transform which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a third transform which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a third transform which I'll
+refer to as the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as the discrete forier
+transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+The discrete forier transform is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The discrete forier transform is similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The discrete forier transform is similar
+in style to the forier transform and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in style to the forier transform and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in style to the forier transform and the
+z transform as we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z transform as we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z transform as we've been talking about
+in the sense that more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that more or less the
+discrete forier transform maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform maps
+convolution to multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution to multiplication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution to multiplication.
+Also there are properties of forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also there are properties of forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also there are properties of forier
+transform the discrete forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the discrete forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the discrete forier transform
+that are similar to the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are similar to the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are similar to the properties of
+the forier transform and Z transform as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform and Z transform as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform and Z transform as
+we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about
+them but the discrete forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but the discrete forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but the discrete forier transform
+is different than the other transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different than the other transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different than the other transforms
+that we've been discussing in a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been discussing in a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been discussing in a number
+of important respects. One of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important respects. One of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important respects. One of the
+respects, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects, one of the
+reasons that it's different is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that it's different is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that it's different is that it
+is a transform that can be explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transform that can be explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transform that can be explicitly
+evaluated and consequently it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated and consequently it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated and consequently it is
+important not only in the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not only in the analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not only in the analysis of
+discrete time systems but also as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time systems but also as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time systems but also as we'll
+see in the implementation of discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the implementation of discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the implementation of discrete
+time systems. That is many digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time systems. That is many digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time systems. That is many digital
+signal processing algorithms as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing algorithms as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing algorithms as we'll
+see actually involve the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually involve the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually involve the explicit
+computation of the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of the discrete forier
+transform which is the forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which is the forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which is the forier transform
+that we're about to introduce. Now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're about to introduce. Now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're about to introduce. Now let
+me try to explain a little about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to explain a little about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to explain a little about what
+the discrete forier transform is before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier transform is before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier transform is before
+we look at it in detail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at it in detail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at it in detail.
+Basically the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically the discrete forier
+transform is related to the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is related to the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is related to the forier
+transform that we've been discussing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that we've been discussing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that we've been discussing in
+the sense that it corresponds to samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it corresponds to samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it corresponds to samples
+of the forier transform or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier transform or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier transform or more
+generally samples of the z transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally samples of the z transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally samples of the z transform.
+Now that requires that we impose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that requires that we impose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that requires that we impose some
+restrictions on the sequences that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on the sequences that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on the sequences that we're
+representing through that transform. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing through that transform. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing through that transform. And
+as we'll see, it turns out that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see, it turns out that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see, it turns out that we can
+represent sequences that are a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent sequences that are a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent sequences that are a finite
+length. That is only have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. That is only have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. That is only have a finite
+number of nonzero samples. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nonzero samples. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nonzero samples. We can
+represent those sequences by samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent those sequences by samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent those sequences by samples of
+their fora transform. Those samples then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fora transform. Those samples then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fora transform. Those samples then
+correspond to the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the discrete forier
+transform. Well, there are some issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Well, there are some issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Well, there are some issues
+that arise in looking at the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arise in looking at the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arise in looking at the discrete 4A
+transform or DFT as I'll refer to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or DFT as I'll refer to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or DFT as I'll refer to it.
+And a number of these issues relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a number of these issues relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a number of these issues relate to
+the fact that the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the discrete forier
+transform has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform has
+properties that are somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that are somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that are somewhat different
+and also somewhat similar to the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also somewhat similar to the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also somewhat similar to the forier
+transform properties that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform properties that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform properties that we've been
+discussing. There are lots of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing. There are lots of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing. There are lots of ways of
+introducing the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the discrete forier
+transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+And uh the one that I guess I find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh the one that I guess I find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh the one that I guess I find the
+most interesting and the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting and the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting and the most
+satisfactory is to relate the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory is to relate the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory is to relate the discrete
+forier transform to the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform to the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform to the discrete forier
+series for periodic sequences and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for periodic sequences and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for periodic sequences and in
+particular relate the notion of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular relate the notion of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular relate the notion of finite
+length sequences to periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequences to periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequences to periodic
+sequences. Well, let me explain in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. Well, let me explain in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. Well, let me explain in a
+little more detail what I mean by that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail what I mean by that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail what I mean by that.
+Let's consider first of all a sequence x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's consider first of all a sequence x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's consider first of all a sequence x
+ofn which I'll restrict to be a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn which I'll restrict to be a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn which I'll restrict to be a finite
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+sequence. The sequence for example one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. The sequence for example one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. The sequence for example one
+example indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example indicated
+here has a set of nonzero values only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a set of nonzero values only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a set of nonzero values only
+over a finite range of the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a finite range of the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a finite range of the argument
+n. Here is a sequence that is of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Here is a sequence that is of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Here is a sequence that is of finite
+length. And I've chosen to refer to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. And I've chosen to refer to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. And I've chosen to refer to it
+as a sequence of finite length capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sequence of finite length capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sequence of finite length capital
+n. It's zero outside the range from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. It's zero outside the range from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. It's zero outside the range from
+little n= 0 to little n= capital n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n= 0 to little n= capital n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n= 0 to little n= capital n minus
+one. It's zero outside that range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. It's zero outside that range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. It's zero outside that range.
+It's interesting just as an aside to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's interesting just as an aside to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's interesting just as an aside to
+note that for this particular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that for this particular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that for this particular sequence
+it's also actually zero outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also actually zero outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also actually zero outside the
+range from little n= 1 to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from little n= 1 to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from little n= 1 to capital n
+minus one. And in general obviously if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And in general obviously if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And in general obviously if I
+talk about a finite length sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a finite length sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a finite length sequence of
+length capital n I can also refer to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length capital n I can also refer to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length capital n I can also refer to it
+as a finite length sequence of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a finite length sequence of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a finite length sequence of length
+greater than capital n. That is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than capital n. That is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than capital n. That is the
+important statement about the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important statement about the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important statement about the sequence
+being finite length of finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being finite length of finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being finite length of finite length
+capital n is that the sequence values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is that the sequence values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is that the sequence values
+are zero outside the range zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero outside the range zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero outside the range zero to
+capital n minus one although obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one although obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one although obviously
+the sequence could also be zero inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence could also be zero inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence could also be zero inside
+that range for some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range for some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range for some of the
+values. Now the basic notion that leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Now the basic notion that leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Now the basic notion that leads
+to the discrete forier transform or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the discrete forier transform or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the discrete forier transform or one
+way of looking at the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at the discrete forier
+transform is to recognize that if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is to recognize that if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is to recognize that if I have
+a finite length sequence as I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite length sequence as I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite length sequence as I have
+here. I could construct from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I could construct from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I could construct from that
+sequence a periodic sequence and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a periodic sequence and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a periodic sequence and let me
+denote the periodic sequence by x tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote the periodic sequence by x tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote the periodic sequence by x tilda
+of n. In general, by the way, when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n. In general, by the way, when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n. In general, by the way, when I
+refer to a sequence with a tilda on it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to a sequence with a tilda on it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to a sequence with a tilda on it,
+that will always correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will always correspond to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will always correspond to a
+periodic sequence. And let me construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. And let me construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. And let me construct
+this periodic sequence by simply taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic sequence by simply taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic sequence by simply taking
+the finite length sequence and repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length sequence and repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length sequence and repeating
+it over and over again with a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and over again with a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and over again with a period of
+capital n. In other words, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. In other words, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. In other words, I can
+construct a periodic sequence x tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a periodic sequence x tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a periodic sequence x tilda of
+n equal to x of n plus x of n shifted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal to x of n plus x of n shifted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal to x of n plus x of n shifted to
+the left by capital n and x of n shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left by capital n and x of n shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left by capital n and x of n shifted
+to the right by capital n and 2 n, two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right by capital n and 2 n, two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right by capital n and 2 n, two
+capital n and three capital n etc. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n and three capital n etc. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n and three capital n etc. In
+other words, just simply taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, just simply taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, just simply taking this
+sequence and repeating it over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and repeating it over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and repeating it over and over
+again with a period of capital n. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with a period of capital n. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with a period of capital n. So
+obviously I can generate from a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I can generate from a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I can generate from a finite
+length sequence a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence a periodic
+sequence and in fact I could get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and in fact I could get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and in fact I could get the
+finite length sequence back from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence back from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence back from the
+periodic sequence by simply extracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence by simply extracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence by simply extracting
+one period of this periodic sequence. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period of this periodic sequence. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period of this periodic sequence. In
+other words, I can get x of n back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, I can get x of n back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, I can get x of n back from
+x tilda of n simply by multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x tilda of n simply by multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x tilda of n simply by multiplying by
+unity for n between zero and capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity for n between zero and capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity for n between zero and capital n
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and zero outside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero outside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero outside that
+range. Now the important point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. Now the important point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. Now the important point here
+there are a couple of important points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of important points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of important points.
+One of them is that if I have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of them is that if I have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of them is that if I have a finite
+length sequence, I can turn it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence, I can turn it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence, I can turn it into a
+periodic sequence. If I have a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. If I have a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. If I have a periodic
+sequence, I can get back to the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, I can get back to the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, I can get back to the finite
+length sequence simply by extracting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence simply by extracting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence simply by extracting one
+period. Or what that essentially says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. Or what that essentially says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. Or what that essentially says is
+that there really isn't much difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there really isn't much difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there really isn't much difference
+between a finite length sequence and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a finite length sequence and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a finite length sequence and a
+periodic sequence. That is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. That is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. That is a finite
+length sequence is defined by capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence is defined by capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence is defined by capital n
+values. A periodic sequence is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. A periodic sequence is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. A periodic sequence is also
+defined by capital n values because once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by capital n values because once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by capital n values because once
+I specify a single period then I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I specify a single period then I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I specify a single period then I don't
+have any more degrees of freedom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any more degrees of freedom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any more degrees of freedom in
+specifying the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying the rest of the
+sequence. And that's an important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. And that's an important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. And that's an important point
+to keep in mind particularly as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind particularly as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind particularly as we go
+through the next several lectures. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the next several lectures. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the next several lectures. A
+finite length sequence is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence is very similar
+to a periodic sequence in that both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a periodic sequence in that both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a periodic sequence in that both of
+them are simply defined by capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are simply defined by capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are simply defined by capital n
+values. One way to think of that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. One way to think of that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. One way to think of that by the
+way is to think of taking a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to think of taking a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to think of taking a finite
+length sequence of capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence of capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length sequence of capital n
+values. Instead of drawing it along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Instead of drawing it along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Instead of drawing it along a
+straight line as I've done here, imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line as I've done here, imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line as I've done here, imagine
+taking this finite length sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this finite length sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this finite length sequence and
+wrapping it around the circumference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping it around the circumference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping it around the circumference of
+a cylinder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cylinder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cylinder.
+So we start with the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we start with the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we start with the finite length
+sequence and just simply display it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and just simply display it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and just simply display it
+wrapped around the circumference of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped around the circumference of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped around the circumference of a
+cylinder. As we run around the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. As we run around the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder. As we run around the cylinder
+over and over again, what we see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again, what we see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again, what we see is the
+periodic sequence x tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence x tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence x tilda of
+n. So in a sense the periodic sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So in a sense the periodic sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So in a sense the periodic sequence
+is just simply like the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply like the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply like the finite length
+sequence but wrapped on a cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but wrapped on a cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but wrapped on a cylinder
+instead of laid out in a straight line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of laid out in a straight line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of laid out in a straight line.
+And that's also a picture that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's also a picture that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's also a picture that will
+recur several times as we go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur several times as we go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur several times as we go through the
+next several lectures. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several lectures. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several lectures. So we can
+generate the periodic sequence from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the periodic sequence from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the periodic sequence from the
+finite length sequence. We can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence. We can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequence. We can also
+recover the sequence x of n from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the sequence x of n from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the sequence x of n from the
+periodic sequence by extracting just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence by extracting just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence by extracting just one
+period. As I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. As I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. As I've indicated
+here, x of n is x tilda of n in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, x of n is x tilda of n in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, x of n is x tilda of n in the
+range little n between zero and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range little n between zero and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range little n between zero and capital
+n minus one and it's equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one and it's equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one and it's equal to zero
+otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise.
+Or what we'll use as a convenient form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or what we'll use as a convenient form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or what we'll use as a convenient form
+of notation for that is to express x ofn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation for that is to express x ofn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation for that is to express x ofn
+the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length
+sequence as the periodic sequence x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as the periodic sequence x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as the periodic sequence x
+tilda of n multiplied by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n multiplied by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n multiplied by another
+sequence which I'll denote as r sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which I'll denote as r sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which I'll denote as r sub
+capital n of n where r sub capital n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n of n where r sub capital n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n of n where r sub capital n of
+n is just simply a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is just simply a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is just simply a rectangular
+sequence r sub capital n of n is one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence r sub capital n of n is one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence r sub capital n of n is one for
+little n between zero and capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n between zero and capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n between zero and capital n
+minus one and it's equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and it's equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and it's equal to zero
+otherwise. All right. So it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise. All right. So it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise. All right. So it's important
+to begin at this point to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin at this point to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin at this point to think of
+finite length and periodic sequences as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length and periodic sequences as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length and periodic sequences as
+more or less the same type of thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same type of thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same type of thing in
+the sense that it's easy to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it's easy to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that it's easy to go back and
+forth from one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth from one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth from one to the
+other. Now why is this point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Now why is this point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Now why is this point of view
+important? Well, we know certainly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important? Well, we know certainly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important? Well, we know certainly in
+the continuous time case that a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous time case that a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous time case that a periodic
+time function can be represented by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time function can be represented by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time function can be represented by a
+forier series. In the discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series. In the discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series. In the discrete time
+case, a periodic sequence likewise can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, a periodic sequence likewise can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, a periodic sequence likewise can
+be represented by a forier series. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented by a forier series. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented by a forier series. And
+the idea that is the key point behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that is the key point behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that is the key point behind
+the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier
+transform is that we can use the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is that we can use the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is that we can use the forier
+series representation of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series representation of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series representation of the periodic
+sequence to represent the finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to represent the finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to represent the finite length
+sequence. That is that in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. That is that in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. That is that in essence
+provides a forier kind of representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a forier kind of representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a forier kind of representation
+for a finite length sequence. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite length sequence. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite length sequence. So we have
+the notion then that the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion then that the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion then that the periodic
+sequence xtilda of n has a forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence xtilda of n has a forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence xtilda of n has a forier series
+representation. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. We can
+compute the discrete forier series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the discrete forier series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the discrete forier series of
+this periodic sequence and as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic sequence and as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodic sequence and as we'll see
+not in this lecture but as we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this lecture but as we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this lecture but as we'll see in
+more detail in the next lecture it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail in the next lecture it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail in the next lecture it is
+the discrete forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete forier series
+representation of this periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this periodic
+sequence that is what we'll call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that is what we'll call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that is what we'll call the
+discrete forier transform of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier transform of x
+ofn. So let's begin then with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn. So let's begin then with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofn. So let's begin then with a
+discussion of the discrete forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the discrete forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the discrete forier series
+of periodic sequences with the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of periodic sequences with the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of periodic sequences with the idea that
+we'll be applying that representation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be applying that representation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be applying that representation to
+the representation of finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation of finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation of finite length
+sequence and that's that representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and that's that representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and that's that representation
+is what will correspond to the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what will correspond to the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what will correspond to the discrete
+forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+transform. Okay. So we want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Okay. So we want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Okay. So we want to talk
+about the discrete forier series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the discrete forier series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the discrete forier series.
+We're considering a sequence x tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're considering a sequence x tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're considering a sequence x tilda of
+n which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is
+periodic and its period we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and its period we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and its period we'll call
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+n. In the continuous time case, we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. In the continuous time case, we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. In the continuous time case, we know
+that if we have a periodic time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have a periodic time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have a periodic time
+function, we can represent it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, we can represent it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, we can represent it as a
+linear combination of harmonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of harmonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of harmonically
+related complex exponentials. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related complex exponentials. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related complex exponentials. That's the
+forier series representation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series representation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier series representation in the
+continuous time case. And I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time case. And I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time case. And I'll just
+simply state without proof that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply state without proof that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply state without proof that the same
+kind of relationship holds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relationship holds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relationship holds in the
+discrete time case. That is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time case. That is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time case. That is we can
+represent a periodic sequence x tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a periodic sequence x tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a periodic sequence x tilda of
+n as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n as a linear
+combination of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of complex
+exponentials which are harmonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials which are harmonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials which are harmonically
+related to the frequency or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the frequency or equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the frequency or equivalently
+the reciprocal of the period. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of the period. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of the period. So that
+this forms a general relationship for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forms a general relationship for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forms a general relationship for a
+discrete forier series of a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series of a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series of a periodic
+sequence x tilda event. That is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x tilda event. That is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x tilda event. That is these
+are the harmonically related complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the harmonically related complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the harmonically related complex
+exponentials just as we form linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials just as we form linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials just as we form linear
+combinations of harmonically related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of harmonically related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of harmonically related
+complex exponentials for the 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials for the 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials for the 4A series
+in the continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous time
+case. What are the fora coefficients?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. What are the fora coefficients?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. What are the fora coefficients?
+Well, it's of course these X capital X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's of course these X capital X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's of course these X capital X
+tildas of K which uh we'll have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tildas of K which uh we'll have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tildas of K which uh we'll have a little
+more to say about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to say about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to say about in a
+minute. Well, notice that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Well, notice that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Well, notice that I haven't
+specified as of yet any limits on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified as of yet any limits on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified as of yet any limits on this
+summation. And in particular, what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation. And in particular, what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation. And in particular, what we
+need to examine is how many distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to examine is how many distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to examine is how many distinct
+periodically or harmonically related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically or harmonically related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically or harmonically related
+complex exponentials there are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials there are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials there are.
+Well, let's take a look at the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's take a look at the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's take a look at the complex
+exponential, the set of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential, the set of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential, the set of complex
+exponentials e to the j 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials e to the j 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials e to the j 2 pi over
+capital n, little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n, little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n, little n
+k. And the statement that I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. And the statement that I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. And the statement that I want to make
+is that these complex exponentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these complex exponentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these complex exponentials are
+periodic. Of course, we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic. Of course, we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic. Of course, we know that
+they're periodic in n, but they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're periodic in n, but they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're periodic in n, but they're also
+periodic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k. As we vary k from zero to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. As we vary k from zero to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. As we vary k from zero to capital n
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one, we generate all of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, we generate all of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, we generate all of the possible
+harmonically related complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonically related complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonically related complex
+exponentials with this fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials with this fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials with this fundamental
+frequency 2 pi over capital n. Well, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency 2 pi over capital n. Well, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency 2 pi over capital n. Well, we
+can see that very simply by substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that very simply by substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that very simply by substituting
+in for k. K + capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for k. K + capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for k. K + capital
+N and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then
+recognizing that we can break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we can break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we can break this
+complex exponential into the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential into the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential into the product of
+two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex
+exponentials. E to the J 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials. E to the J 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials. E to the J 2 pi over
+capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N
+K and E to the J 2 pi over capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and E to the J 2 pi over capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and E to the J 2 pi over capital N
+time little N times capital N. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time little N times capital N. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time little N times capital N. Well,
+these capital n's cancel each other out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these capital n's cancel each other out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these capital n's cancel each other out.
+This factor is then e to the j 2 pi *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This factor is then e to the j 2 pi *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This factor is then e to the j 2 pi *
+little n. Well, any integer multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n. Well, any integer multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n. Well, any integer multiple of
+2 pi up here then just simply reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi up here then just simply reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi up here then just simply reduces
+this to unity. So that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to unity. So that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to unity. So that in
+fact e to the j 2 pi over capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact e to the j 2 pi over capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact e to the j 2 pi over capital n
+little n * k + capital n is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n * k + capital n is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n * k + capital n is the same as
+e to the j 2 pi over capital n little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j 2 pi over capital n little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the j 2 pi over capital n little n
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+k. Well, that shouldn't be surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. Well, that shouldn't be surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. Well, that shouldn't be surprising
+actually because that's a point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because that's a point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because that's a point that's
+come up time and again as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up time and again as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up time and again as we've been
+going through these lectures. The point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through these lectures. The point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through these lectures. The point
+being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that
+sinosoids in the discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinosoids in the discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinosoids in the discrete time
+domain as we vary sinosoids in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain as we vary sinosoids in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain as we vary sinosoids in frequency
+we we've seen time and again in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've seen time and again in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've seen time and again in the in
+the range 0 to 2 pi in fact those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range 0 to 2 pi in fact those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range 0 to 2 pi in fact those are
+all the sinosoids that we can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sinosoids that we can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sinosoids that we can generate
+and if we keep going in frequency we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we keep going in frequency we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we keep going in frequency we
+just simply see the same ones over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply see the same ones over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply see the same ones over
+again. So this is a consequence of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So this is a consequence of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So this is a consequence of that.
+But for the discrete 4A series it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for the discrete 4A series it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But for the discrete 4A series it says
+an important thing. It says that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important thing. It says that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important thing. It says that in
+forming the discrete forier series once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the discrete forier series once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the discrete forier series once
+we've used the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used the complex
+exponentials for k between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials for k between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials for k between zero and
+capital n minus one. We've used all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one. We've used all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one. We've used all the
+complex exponentials with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials with this
+fundamental frequency that we have. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental frequency that we have. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental frequency that we have. And
+if we keep going with K, we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep going with K, we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we keep going with K, we're just
+simply going to see the same complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to see the same complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to see the same complex
+exponentials over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials over and over
+again. What does that say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. What does that say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. What does that say about the
+discrete 4A series? It says that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A series? It says that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A series? It says that in the
+representation of the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the discrete 4A
+series, the limits on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum don't range from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum don't range from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum don't range from minus infinity to
+plus infinity. they run simply from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity. they run simply from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity. they run simply from zero
+to capital n minus one. So once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n minus one. So once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n minus one. So once I've
+looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked
+at these linear combination of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these linear combination of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these linear combination of these
+complex exponentials for k between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials for k between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials for k between zero
+and capital n minus one, there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital n minus one, there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital n minus one, there are no
+new complex exponentials with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new complex exponentials with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new complex exponentials with that
+fundamental frequency that I'm able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental frequency that I'm able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental frequency that I'm able to
+find. So this then is the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find. So this then is the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find. So this then is the form of the
+discrete forier series. There's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series. There's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series. There's one
+additional insertion that I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional insertion that I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional insertion that I'd like to
+make and this is just simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and this is just simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and this is just simply a
+normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization
+factor. I want to multiply this by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. I want to multiply this by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. I want to multiply this by one
+over capital N. Obviously, that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital N. Obviously, that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital N. Obviously, that doesn't
+make any essential difference. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any essential difference. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any essential difference. It's just
+a factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor for
+normalization. And it plays a role which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization. And it plays a role which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization. And it plays a role which
+is similar in the continuous time case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar in the continuous time case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar in the continuous time case
+to the role that 2 pi or one over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the role that 2 pi or one over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the role that 2 pi or one over 2 pi
+plays.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays.
+All right. So here we have the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So here we have the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So here we have the discrete
+forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+series. It's relatively straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. It's relatively straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. It's relatively straightforward
+to show that you can obtain the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that you can obtain the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that you can obtain the forier
+series coefficients x tilda of k from x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients x tilda of k from x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients x tilda of k from x
+tilda of n through an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n through an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n through an inverse
+relationship which is the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which is the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which is the relationship
+that I've indicated here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've indicated here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've indicated here.
+So this is then in essence the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is then in essence the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is then in essence the inverse
+discrete forier series or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series or equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series or equivalently
+the relationship for obtaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship for obtaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship for obtaining the
+discrete forier series coefficients from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series coefficients from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete forier series coefficients from
+the periodic sequence xtilda event.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic sequence xtilda event.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic sequence xtilda event.
+Now notice that I've I've happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now notice that I've I've happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now notice that I've I've happened to
+write the forier series coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the forier series coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the forier series coefficients
+with a tilda over them implying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a tilda over them implying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a tilda over them implying that
+those coefficients are themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients are themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients are themselves
+periodic. Well, are they periodic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic. Well, are they periodic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic. Well, are they periodic or
+aren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't they
+periodic? What I've been saying here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic? What I've been saying here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic? What I've been saying here and
+what I've been saying here and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been saying here and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've been saying here and I've
+spent a long time saying this that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a long time saying this that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a long time saying this that there
+are only a finite number of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only a finite number of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only a finite number of complex
+exponentials. Once I've looked at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials. Once I've looked at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials. Once I've looked at them
+between in the range 0 to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in the range 0 to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in the range 0 to capital n
+minus one I've seen all the ones I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I've seen all the ones I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one I've seen all the ones I can
+see and in that sense the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and in that sense the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and in that sense the forier series
+coefficients xt tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients xt tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients xt tilda of
+k are finite that is there are only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k are finite that is there are only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k are finite that is there are only a
+finite number of them well the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of them well the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of them well the important
+point is that there are only a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that there are only a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that there are only a finite
+number of distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of distinct
+coefficients also in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients also in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients also in this
+relationship whether I considered these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship whether I considered these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship whether I considered these
+as periodic or not periodic. I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as periodic or not periodic. I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as periodic or not periodic. I still
+only use a finite number of them. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only use a finite number of them. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only use a finite number of them. That
+is, I only use them in the range k= 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, I only use them in the range k= 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, I only use them in the range k= 0 to
+capital n minus one. And how I choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one. And how I choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one. And how I choose to
+interpret capital x tilda of k outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret capital x tilda of k outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret capital x tilda of k outside
+the range 0 to capital n minus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range 0 to capital n minus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range 0 to capital n minus one is
+going to have absolutely no effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have absolutely no effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have absolutely no effect on
+the evaluation of this summation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation of this summation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation of this summation.
+Well, it turns out to be convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it turns out to be convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it turns out to be convenient to
+interpret the Forier series coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the Forier series coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the Forier series coefficients
+as being periodic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being periodic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being periodic in
+K. Well, in fact, the relationship as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. Well, in fact, the relationship as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. Well, in fact, the relationship as I
+as I've written it here makes it evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've written it here makes it evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've written it here makes it evident
+in this particular relationship that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular relationship that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular relationship that the
+coefficients are periodic. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are periodic. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are periodic. In other
+words, if I substitute in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if I substitute in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if I substitute in for
+k plus capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus capital
+n, then I'll get back exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n, then I'll get back exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n, then I'll get back exactly the same
+relation that I have here because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that I have here because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that I have here because of the
+fact that e to the minus j 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that e to the minus j 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that e to the minus j 2 pi over
+capital n time little n * k + capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n time little n * k + capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n time little n * k + capital n
+is equal to e to the minus j 2<unk>i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e to the minus j 2<unk>i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e to the minus j 2<unk>i
+over capital n * little n * k. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital n * little n * k. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital n * little n * k. So that
+if I simply examined if I asked from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I simply examined if I asked from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I simply examined if I asked from
+this relationship what does capital x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship what does capital x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship what does capital x
+tilda of k plus capital n come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of k plus capital n come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of k plus capital n come out to
+be? If I simply substitute that in then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? If I simply substitute that in then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? If I simply substitute that in then
+because of the fact that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that these two
+complex exponentials are the same I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials are the same I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials are the same I'll
+find that x capital x tilda of k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that x capital x tilda of k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that x capital x tilda of k is
+equal to capital x tilda of k plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital x tilda of k plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital x tilda of k plus
+capital n k + 2 capital n etc. that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n k + 2 capital n etc. that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n k + 2 capital n etc. that it's
+it's a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a periodic
+sequence although I only use one period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence although I only use one period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence although I only use one period
+of it in reconstructing the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in reconstructing the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in reconstructing the periodic
+sequence x tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence x tilda of
+n. I choose to do that mainly because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. I choose to do that mainly because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. I choose to do that mainly because of
+duality. That is mainly because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality. That is mainly because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality. That is mainly because it is
+convenient to think of these as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to think of these as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to think of these as a
+periodic sequence. So that I have a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. So that I have a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. So that I have a one
+periodic sequence representing another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence representing another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence representing another
+periodic sequence. this being a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. this being a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence. this being a periodic
+sequence in K with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in K with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in K with a
+period of capital N and this being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of capital N and this being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of capital N and this being a
+periodic sequence in N with a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence in N with a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence in N with a period
+also of capital N. So now with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of capital N. So now with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of capital N. So now with the
+discrete 4A series there's a duality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A series there's a duality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete 4A series there's a duality in
+the what we could call the time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we could call the time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we could call the time domain
+and the frequency domain and the duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency domain and the duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency domain and the duality
+is there in part because we've chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there in part because we've chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there in part because we've chosen to
+represent or think of the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent or think of the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent or think of the forier series
+coefficients as periodic as a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as periodic as a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients as periodic as a periodic
+sequence although we only use a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence although we only use a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence although we only use a finite
+number of those values in actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of those values in actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of those values in actually
+explicitly evaluating the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly evaluating the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly evaluating the forier series
+for xtilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, this then is the Forier series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this then is the Forier series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this then is the Forier series.
+Let me finally rewrite it one other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me finally rewrite it one other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me finally rewrite it one other way
+which just introduces some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just introduces some notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just introduces some notation
+that's convenient. Let me define w sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convenient. Let me define w sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convenient. Let me define w sub
+capital n as e to the minus j 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n as e to the minus j 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n as e to the minus j 2 pi over
+capital n. In that case then just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. In that case then just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. In that case then just simply
+rewriting the forier series we have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting the forier series we have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting the forier series we have x
+tilda of n is one over capital n the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n is one over capital n the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n is one over capital n the sum
+of capital x tilda of k w sub capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital x tilda of k w sub capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital x tilda of k w sub capital n
+to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n
+k and the forier series coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and the forier series coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and the forier series coefficients
+expressed in terms of capital w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of capital w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of capital w
+subn is the sum of x tilda of n w sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn is the sum of x tilda of n w sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn is the sum of x tilda of n w sub
+capital n to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n to the n
+A well the discrete forier series has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A well the discrete forier series has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A well the discrete forier series has
+properties just as the forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties just as the forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties just as the forier transform
+and the z transform has had a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the z transform has had a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the z transform has had a number of
+properties and again as with those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and again as with those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and again as with those other
+the as we've done with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as we've done with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as we've done with the other
+transforms I won't spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms I won't spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms I won't spend a lot of time
+on the details of either enumerating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the details of either enumerating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the details of either enumerating the
+properties or proving them but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties or proving them but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties or proving them but let me
+just illustrate one or two to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just illustrate one or two to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just illustrate one or two to give you
+some idea as to what these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea as to what these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea as to what these properties
+involve. Well, first of all, as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve. Well, first of all, as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve. Well, first of all, as we've
+talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the
+forier transform and Z transform cases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform and Z transform cases,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform and Z transform cases,
+there is a shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a shifting
+property that tells us how the 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that tells us how the 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that tells us how the 4A series
+coefficients of a periodic sequence are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of a periodic sequence are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of a periodic sequence are
+related to the 4A series coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the 4A series coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the 4A series coefficients of
+that sequence shifted. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence shifted. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence shifted. And in
+particular, it turns out that if capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, it turns out that if capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, it turns out that if capital
+X of K, capital X tilda of K are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of K, capital X tilda of K are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of K, capital X tilda of K are the
+fora series coefficients for for little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora series coefficients for for little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora series coefficients for for little
+X tilda of N, then the Forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X tilda of N, then the Forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X tilda of N, then the Forier series
+coefficients for that sequence shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for that sequence shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for that sequence shifted
+that is little X tilda of N plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is little X tilda of N plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is little X tilda of N plus
+M corresponds to multiplying the Forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M corresponds to multiplying the Forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M corresponds to multiplying the Forier
+series coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients
+by W sub capital N to the minus KM it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by W sub capital N to the minus KM it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by W sub capital N to the minus KM it in
+it shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shifting the
+sequence involves multiplying the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence involves multiplying the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence involves multiplying the 4A
+series coefficients by a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients by a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients by a complex
+exponential which is what this is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential which is what this is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential which is what this is and
+that is similar to what we've seen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is similar to what we've seen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is similar to what we've seen with
+the forier transform shifting a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform shifting a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform shifting a sequence
+multiplied the forier transform by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied the forier transform by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied the forier transform by a
+complex exponential and the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential and the Z transform
+we had exactly the same situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had exactly the same situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had exactly the same situation
+We have a dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a dual
+relationship which expresses the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which expresses the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship which expresses the result
+of shifting the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shifting the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shifting the forier series
+coefficients. If we shift the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. If we shift the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. If we shift the forier
+series coefficients, the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients, the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients, the result is
+multiplication by a complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by a complex exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by a complex exponential
+of the original sequence little x tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original sequence little x tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original sequence little x tilda
+of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n.
+In fact, one of the things that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, one of the things that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, one of the things that's true
+with the discrete 4A series that hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discrete 4A series that hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discrete 4A series that hasn't
+been true with the Forier transform or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been true with the Forier transform or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been true with the Forier transform or
+the Z transform is there's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform is there's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform is there's a strong
+duality between the time domain, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality between the time domain, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality between the time domain, this
+the discrete time domain and the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete time domain and the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete time domain and the forier
+or frequency domain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or frequency domain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or frequency domain.
+In particular, we have we begin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular, we have we begin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular, we have we begin with a
+discrete periodic sequence and we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete periodic sequence and we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete periodic sequence and we end up
+in the forier domain with again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forier domain with again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forier domain with again a
+discrete periodic sequence. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete periodic sequence. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete periodic sequence. In fact,
+something to think about is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about is the fact
+that the Forier series coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Forier series coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Forier series coefficients
+we've said or we've chosen to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said or we've chosen to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said or we've chosen to interpret
+them as being periodic that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as being periodic that implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as being periodic that implies that
+they themselves have a 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves have a 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves have a 4A series
+representation. And something to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. And something to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. And something to think
+about is what are the Forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what are the Forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what are the Forier series
+coefficients of that periodic sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So the one important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the one important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the one important point
+then is that we have this duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that we have this duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that we have this duality
+between the two domains and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two domains and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two domains and essentially
+any property that we have in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any property that we have in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any property that we have in the time
+domain will find a dual property in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain will find a dual property in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain will find a dual property in the
+frequency domain for the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain for the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain for the discrete forier
+series and that will also hold true when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that will also hold true when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and that will also hold true when
+later on in the next lecture we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the next lecture we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the next lecture we talk
+about the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the discrete 4A
+transform. Another useful property which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Another useful property which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Another useful property which
+we've also talked about for the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also talked about for the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also talked about for the forier
+transform is the are the set of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is the are the set of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is the are the set of symmetry
+properties and in particular if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and in particular if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and in particular if we
+consider x tilda of n to be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider x tilda of n to be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider x tilda of n to be a real
+periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+sequence then there are symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then there are symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then there are symmetry
+relationships between the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the real part of
+the forier trans of the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier trans of the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier trans of the forier series
+and symmetry relations for the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symmetry relations for the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symmetry relations for the imaginary
+part of the Forier series. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Forier series. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Forier series. In
+particular, we can think of expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we can think of expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we can think of expressing
+the Forier series coefficients in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forier series coefficients in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forier series coefficients in terms
+of their real part plus J times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their real part plus J times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their real part plus J times the
+imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary
+part and the symmetry relationships that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the symmetry relationships that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the symmetry relationships that
+result are that if the periodic sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result are that if the periodic sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result are that if the periodic sequence
+is real, then the real part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real, then the real part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real, then the real part of the
+Forier series coefficients are even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forier series coefficients are even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forier series coefficients are even.
+X subR of K is equal to X subR of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X subR of K is equal to X subR of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X subR of K is equal to X subR of minus
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+and that's what we've referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we've referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we've referred to as the
+property of in the case of the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of in the case of the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of in the case of the 4A
+transform the forier transform being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the forier transform being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the forier transform being
+even. We can also write this in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. We can also write this in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. We can also write this in another
+way that will become important when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that will become important when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that will become important when we
+talk about the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the discrete forier
+transform. In particular, since this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. In particular, since this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. In particular, since this is
+a periodic sequence, since x sub of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic sequence, since x sub of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a periodic sequence, since x sub of
+since x of x of k is periodic, obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x of x of k is periodic, obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x of x of k is periodic, obviously
+its real part is also periodic. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its real part is also periodic. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its real part is also periodic. We can
+replace k by k plus capital n or k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace k by k plus capital n or k minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace k by k plus capital n or k minus
+capital n. And we can rewrite this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. And we can rewrite this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. And we can rewrite this as a
+statement that says that x subr tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that says that x subr tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that says that x subr tilda of
+k is equal to x subr tilda of capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is equal to x subr tilda of capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is equal to x subr tilda of capital n
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+k. It shouldn't be particularly evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. It shouldn't be particularly evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. It shouldn't be particularly evident
+why we want to do that here. Although it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we want to do that here. Although it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we want to do that here. Although it
+it becomes important when we apply some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes important when we apply some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes important when we apply some
+of these notions to the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these notions to the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these notions to the representation
+of finite length sequence and sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finite length sequence and sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finite length sequence and sequences
+and the discrete 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the discrete 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the discrete 4A
+transform. Likewise for the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Likewise for the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Likewise for the imaginary
+part of the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the forier series
+coefficients we end up with a symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we end up with a symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we end up with a symmetry
+property that says that the forier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that says that the forier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that says that the forier the
+imaginary part of the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part of the forier series
+coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are
+odd. And again as we did with the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd. And again as we did with the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd. And again as we did with the real
+part of the forier series coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the forier series coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the forier series coefficients
+we can rewrite this to say that x subi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rewrite this to say that x subi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rewrite this to say that x subi
+tilda of k is equal to minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of k is equal to minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of k is equal to minus x
+subi tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi tilda of
+n minus k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Finally, we can in a similar manner look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally, we can in a similar manner look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally, we can in a similar manner look
+at the magnitude of the Forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the magnitude of the Forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the magnitude of the Forier series
+coefficients and the angle of the Forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and the angle of the Forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and the angle of the Forier
+series coefficients. And just as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients. And just as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series coefficients. And just as we've
+seen with the Forier transform, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen with the Forier transform, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen with the Forier transform, the
+result that we'll find is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that we'll find is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that we'll find is that the
+magnitude of the Forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the Forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the Forier series
+coefficients are even an even function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are even an even function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are even an even function
+of K and the angle of the Forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and the angle of the Forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and the angle of the Forier series
+coefficients are an odd function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are an odd function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are an odd function of
+K. So we have symmetry properties like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. So we have symmetry properties like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. So we have symmetry properties like
+we had with the Forier transform. An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had with the Forier transform. An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had with the Forier transform. An
+important thing to keep track of at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to keep track of at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to keep track of at this
+point because we'll want to refer back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because we'll want to refer back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because we'll want to refer back
+to this when we talk about the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this when we talk about the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this when we talk about the discrete
+forier transform is that in talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform is that in talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform is that in talking
+about the property of even or odd. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the property of even or odd. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the property of even or odd. We
+can either talk about it as we do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either talk about it as we do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either talk about it as we do here
+or in terms of a shift that is in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in terms of a shift that is in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in terms of a shift that is in terms
+of a statement that x subar of k is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a statement that x subar of k is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a statement that x subar of k is x
+subar of capital n minus k which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subar of capital n minus k which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subar of capital n minus k which
+essentially relates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially relates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially relates the
+evenness of this periodic sequence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenness of this periodic sequence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenness of this periodic sequence to
+the relationship between values within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between values within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between values within
+one period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period.
+Finally, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finally, we
+have another very important property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another very important property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another very important property
+which is the convolution property. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the convolution property. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the convolution property. This
+is a property that again we've had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a property that again we've had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a property that again we've had for
+the 4A transform and for the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform and for the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform and for the Z
+transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+It's a property that states essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a property that states essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a property that states essentially
+that the convolution of two periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the convolution of two periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the convolution of two periodic
+sequences results in the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences results in the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences results in the multiplication
+of the discrete 4A series coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discrete 4A series coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discrete 4A series coefficients
+with just one minor twist which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just one minor twist which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just one minor twist which again
+will become important when we relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become important when we relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become important when we relate
+this to the forier trans discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the forier trans discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to the forier trans discrete forier
+transform. In particular, we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. In particular, we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. In particular, we have a
+periodic sequence x1 tilda of n and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence x1 tilda of n and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence x1 tilda of n and here
+are its forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its forier series
+coefficients. A second periodic sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. A second periodic sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. A second periodic sequence
+x2 tilda of n with its forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 tilda of n with its forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 tilda of n with its forier series
+coefficients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients.
+And what we'd like to ask is what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we'd like to ask is what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we'd like to ask is what are
+the what is the periodic sequence x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the periodic sequence x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the periodic sequence x3
+tilda of n whose forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n whose forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of n whose forier series
+coefficients are the product of x1 tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are the product of x1 tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are the product of x1 tilda
+of k and x2 tilda of k. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k and x2 tilda of k. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k and x2 tilda of k. In other words,
+if we multiply the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we multiply the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we multiply the forier series
+coefficients together, what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients together, what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients together, what is the
+sequence that that corresponds to? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that that corresponds to? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that that corresponds to? The
+answer which involves just simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which involves just simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which involves just simply a
+little bit of algebra to verify is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of algebra to verify is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of algebra to verify is that
+the resulting sequence is a sum of x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting sequence is a sum of x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting sequence is a sum of x1
+tilda of m x2 tilda of n minus m. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of m x2 tilda of n minus m. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda of m x2 tilda of n minus m. Well,
+that looks exactly like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks exactly like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks exactly like a
+convolution with one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution with one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution with one important
+difference and that is that the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that is that the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that is that the limits
+on the summation don't go from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the summation don't go from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the summation don't go from minus
+infinity to plus infinity as they did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity as they did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity as they did in
+the case of the forier transform and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the forier transform and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the forier transform and z
+transform. Ordinary linear convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Ordinary linear convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Ordinary linear convolution
+as we've always been talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've always been talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've always been talking about it
+involved the sum from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the sum from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the sum from minus infinity to
+plus infinity of x1 of m x2 of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity of x1 of m x2 of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity of x1 of m x2 of n minus
+m. Here we have as the limits on the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. Here we have as the limits on the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. Here we have as the limits on the sum
+zero to capital n minus one. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to capital n minus one. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to capital n minus one. The
+summation is carried out only over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is carried out only over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is carried out only over one
+period. We have also a dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. We have also a dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. We have also a dual
+property. In other words, the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. In other words, the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. In other words, the property
+that relates the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates the forier series
+coefficients of the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the product of two
+sequences to the forier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to the forier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to the forier series
+coefficients of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the individual
+sequences. And because of the duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. And because of the duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences. And because of the duality
+now that we have between the time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have between the time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have between the time domain
+and the frequency domain for the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency domain for the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency domain for the forier
+series, these forier series coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, these forier series coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series, these forier series coefficients
+are again the convolution of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again the convolution of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again the convolution of the two
+Forier series coefficients for x1 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forier series coefficients for x1 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forier series coefficients for x1 of n
+and x2 of n. There's a normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 of n. There's a normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 of n. There's a normalization
+factor one over capital n. But again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one over capital n. But again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one over capital n. But again,
+the limits on the sum involve zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits on the sum involve zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits on the sum involve zero to
+capital n minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n minus one.
+So this is slightly different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is slightly different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is slightly different than the
+convolution as we've been talking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution as we've been talking about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution as we've been talking about.
+It is referred to generally and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is referred to generally and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is referred to generally and we'll be
+referring to it as a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to it as a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to it as a periodic
+convolution. The important distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. The important distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. The important distinction
+being that for this convolution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that for this convolution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that for this convolution it
+involves a summation not from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a summation not from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a summation not from minus
+infinity to plus infinity but simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity but simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity but simply a
+summation over only one period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over only one period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over only one period of the
+periodic sequences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequences.
+Well, to drive this home, let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, to drive this home, let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, to drive this home, let me just
+show you with a uh with a couple of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you with a uh with a couple of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you with a uh with a couple of with
+a simple example what these sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple example what these sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple example what these sequences
+look like and in particular what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and in particular what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and in particular what the
+shifting involves and apply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting involves and apply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting involves and apply an
+interpretation to that. And so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation to that. And so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation to that. And so let's
+return to the view graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What I'm indicating here is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm indicating here is a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm indicating here is a sequence
+x2 tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 tilda of
+m a sequence x1 tilda of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a sequence x1 tilda of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a sequence x1 tilda of
+m and to form the convolution of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and to form the convolution of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and to form the convolution of these
+two sequences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequences.
+What I would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I would like to do
+is generate x2 tilda in general of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generate x2 tilda in general of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generate x2 tilda in general of n
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+multiply that by this by x1 tilda of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by this by x1 tilda of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by this by x1 tilda of m
+and then sum up the result over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sum up the result over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sum up the result over one
+period. Well, I'm indicating by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. Well, I'm indicating by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. Well, I'm indicating by the way
+uh in blue just one period of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in blue just one period of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in blue just one period of this
+periodic sequence and similarly in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence and similarly in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence and similarly in blue
+one period of this periodic sequence. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period of this periodic sequence. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period of this periodic sequence. So
+let's examine first of all the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's examine first of all the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's examine first of all the sequence
+which corresponds to replacing this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to replacing this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to replacing this by
+x2 tilda of n minus m and let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 tilda of n minus m and let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 tilda of n minus m and let's do it
+for the specific case where little n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific case where little n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific case where little n is
+equal to two. So I've illustrated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two. So I've illustrated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two. So I've illustrated here
+the sequence x2 tilda of 2 minus m. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence x2 tilda of 2 minus m. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence x2 tilda of 2 minus m. And
+to generate this sequence from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this sequence from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate this sequence from this one
+involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves
+essentially two steps. The first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two steps. The first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two steps. The first step is
+to flip this sequence over. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flip this sequence over. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flip this sequence over. That's
+replacing m by minus m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing m by minus m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing m by minus m.
+And then the second step is to shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second step is to shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second step is to shift the
+sequence by an amount little n depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence by an amount little n depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence by an amount little n depending
+on the argument that we want to stick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the argument that we want to stick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the argument that we want to stick in
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Now this is the result of doing that. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is the result of doing that. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is the result of doing that. We
+can think of this as having flipped this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as having flipped this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as having flipped this
+sequence over and then shifted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence over and then shifted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence over and then shifted it
+by two points to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two points to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two points to the
+right. And the result is then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And the result is then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And the result is then this
+periodic sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic sequence.
+an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important thing
+to keep in mind or to look at and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind or to look at and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind or to look at and again
+this is a point that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a point that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a point that we'll be
+emphasizing in much more detail in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing in much more detail in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing in much more detail in the
+next lecture is that as we examine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture is that as we examine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture is that as we examine these
+blue points we could think of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue points we could think of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue points we could think of having
+gotten those by simply flipping one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten those by simply flipping one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten those by simply flipping one
+period of this and circularly shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of this and circularly shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of this and circularly shifting
+that circularly shifting those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that circularly shifting those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that circularly shifting those points
+simply in the range zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply in the range zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply in the range zero
+to capital n minus one. That's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n minus one. That's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n minus one. That's an
+interpretation that will become much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that will become much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that will become much
+more evident in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more evident in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more evident in the next
+lecture. But then to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. But then to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. But then to form the
+convolution of this sequence with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of this sequence with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of this sequence with this
+sequence, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, we
+then after having constructed x2 tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after having constructed x2 tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after having constructed x2 tilda
+of n minus m carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus m carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus m carry out the
+multiplication of these two sequences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of these two sequences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of these two sequences.
+The result of that multiplication I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The result of that multiplication I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The result of that multiplication I've
+indicated here. So that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here. So that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here. So that for this
+particular example these three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example these three points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example these three points
+get multiplied by these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get multiplied by these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get multiplied by these three
+these these four points rather get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these four points rather get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these four points rather get
+multiplied by these four values. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by these four values. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by these four values. The
+rest of the points in that one period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the points in that one period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the points in that one period
+get multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get multiplied by
+zero. And then finally to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And then finally to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And then finally to evaluate the
+result of the periodic convolution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the periodic convolution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the periodic convolution for
+little n equal to two we sum up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n equal to two we sum up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n equal to two we sum up those
+values in the range zero to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the range zero to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the range zero to capital n
+minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one.
+So it operates very much like a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it operates very much like a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it operates very much like a linear
+or ordinary convolution as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ordinary convolution as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ordinary convolution as we've been
+talking about over the last several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about over the last several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about over the last several
+lectures. The important difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. The important difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. The important difference is
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+summation is carried out just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is carried out just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation is carried out just simply
+over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one
+period. All right. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. All right. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. All right. Well,
+that completes the discussion as we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completes the discussion as we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completes the discussion as we want
+to present it of the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present it of the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present it of the discrete forier
+series. As I indicated at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. As I indicated at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. As I indicated at the beginning
+of the lecture, our objective was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture, our objective was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture, our objective was
+eventually to develop a forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to develop a forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to develop a forier
+representation for finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for finite length
+sequences that is the discrete forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that is the discrete forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that is the discrete forier
+transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform.
+And in the next lecture, what we'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the next lecture, what we'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the next lecture, what we'll want
+to do is take the ideas of the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is take the ideas of the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is take the ideas of the discrete
+4A series as we've talked about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series as we've talked about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series as we've talked about them
+here and apply them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and apply them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and apply them to the
+representation of finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of finite length
+sequences resulting in what we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences resulting in what we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences resulting in what we'll call
+the discrete 4A transform. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nOW0xBef6rg.txt b/nOW0xBef6rg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b88603bb10b86503806065d42a2694ea00f952dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nOW0xBef6rg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's start talking about
+airborne disease transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne disease transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne disease transmission
+thinking especially of viral diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking especially of viral diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking especially of viral diseases
+where we expect the transmission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we expect the transmission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we expect the transmission to
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+through aerosol droplets or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through aerosol droplets or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through aerosol droplets or at least
+smaller droplets which may sediment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller droplets which may sediment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller droplets which may sediment
+but are going to be suspended in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are going to be suspended in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are going to be suspended in the air
+for a significant amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a significant amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a significant amount of time
+so the first approximation of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first approximation of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first approximation of such a
+situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is
+to assume a well-mixed room meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume a well-mixed room meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume a well-mixed room meaning that
+the air in the room is well mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in the room is well mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in the room is well mixed
+and even if there's let's say one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if there's let's say one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if there's let's say one person
+who's infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that affected person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that affected person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that affected person is
+breathing talking singing respiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing talking singing respiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing talking singing respiring
+and exhaling infected aerosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exhaling infected aerosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exhaling infected aerosol
+droplets then these droplets start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets then these droplets start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets then these droplets start to
+spread around the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they do so because the room is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do so because the room is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do so because the room is this
+and we assume that the room is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assume that the room is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assume that the room is well
+mixed so even though as i've sketched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed so even though as i've sketched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed so even though as i've sketched
+there's certainly going to be a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly going to be a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly going to be a higher
+concentration of droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of droplets
+near the infected person the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the infected person the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the infected person the idea is
+there are significant air flows in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are significant air flows in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are significant air flows in the
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+which induce mixing that is partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which induce mixing that is partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which induce mixing that is partly
+driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven
+by the flow of fresh air through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the flow of fresh air through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the flow of fresh air through the
+room typically we may have some force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room typically we may have some force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room typically we may have some force
+ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation
+coming through ducts with fans there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through ducts with fans there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through ducts with fans there
+could be open windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be open windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be open windows
+and even when a room is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even when a room is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even when a room is not
+is not open meaning that the windows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not open meaning that the windows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not open meaning that the windows are
+closed maybe the door is closed there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed maybe the door is closed there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed maybe the door is closed there's
+always some leakage and exchange of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some leakage and exchange of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some leakage and exchange of air
+with the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside
+which typically happens on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which typically happens on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which typically happens on the order of
+hours so there's always at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so there's always at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so there's always at least some
+kind of flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flow rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flow rate
+also there's a movement of people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a movement of people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there's a movement of people in the
+room and there's also breathing itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and there's also breathing itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and there's also breathing itself
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+basically imparts momentum to the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically imparts momentum to the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically imparts momentum to the fluid
+and causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and causes
+swirling motions of the fluid so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling motions of the fluid so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling motions of the fluid so the
+situation actually is more like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation actually is more like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation actually is more like this
+where there's these uh flows that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's these uh flows that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's these uh flows that are
+generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated
+either by uh by the by the ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by uh by the by the ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by uh by the by the ventilation
+by the movement and respiration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the movement and respiration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the movement and respiration of the
+people also by thermal flows so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also by thermal flows so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also by thermal flows so when
+you're breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're breathing
+the air coming out of your lungs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air coming out of your lungs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air coming out of your lungs is
+warmer and that tends to rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer and that tends to rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer and that tends to rise
+but also if it's very humid air and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also if it's very humid air and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also if it's very humid air and very
+warm air then actually the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm air then actually the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm air then actually the sort of
+weight of all the sort of humidity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of all the sort of humidity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of all the sort of humidity and
+droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+that come with your air could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come with your air could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come with your air could actually
+cause some settling as well so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause some settling as well so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause some settling as well so you have
+all these different processes going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different processes going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different processes going on
+and your first approximation is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your first approximation is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your first approximation is just to
+assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that
+those lead to a well-mixed situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lead to a well-mixed situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lead to a well-mixed situation and
+so we will proceed to analyze disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will proceed to analyze disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will proceed to analyze disease
+transmission from that assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission from that assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission from that assumption
+and then we'll come back at the end to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back at the end to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back at the end to
+uh consider what would happen if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider what would happen if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider what would happen if there
+are actually fluctuations and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually fluctuations and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually fluctuations and think
+about sort of the distance from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the distance from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the distance from an
+affected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected person
+and how that might play a role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that might play a role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that might play a role in
+departures from the predictions of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures from the predictions of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures from the predictions of a
+well mixed room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mixed room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mixed room
+okay so defining some variables then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so defining some variables then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so defining some variables then
+we'll let c of t be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let c of t be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let c of t be the
+basically infectiousness of the air if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically infectiousness of the air if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically infectiousness of the air if
+you will but more specifically if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will but more specifically if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will but more specifically if we
+think of virus it'll be the virions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of virus it'll be the virions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of virus it'll be the virions
+uh per air volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per air volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh per air volume
+so they're contained in droplets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're contained in droplets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're contained in droplets and
+later we will consider what size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will consider what size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will consider what size
+droplets they may be contained in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets they may be contained in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets they may be contained in but
+for now let's just average over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's just average over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's just average over
+everything and say there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and say there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and say there's some
+concentration in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the air
+uh we have a production rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a production rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a production rate
+of these infectious droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these infectious droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these infectious droplets
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be broken down into many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be broken down into many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be broken down into many
+terms so this is the production rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so this is the production rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so this is the production rate so
+this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the
+number of virions per time that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of virions per time that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of virions per time that are
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+so that would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be uh
+qb is our breathing flow rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's basically the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically the volume of
+exhaled air per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled air per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled air per
+breath cycle so that's how much air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath cycle so that's how much air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath cycle so that's how much air is
+kind of being pushed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of being pushed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of being pushed out
+in your breathing and this is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your breathing and this is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your breathing and this is typically
+uh ranges from point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ranges from point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ranges from point
+five up to around three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five up to around three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five up to around three uh
+meters cubed per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters cubed per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters cubed per hour
+so 0.5 is a typical resting breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0.5 is a typical resting breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 0.5 is a typical resting breathing
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+uh and in fact even if you're just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact even if you're just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact even if you're just kind
+of calmly speaking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calmly speaking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calmly speaking and
+and sitting in a room breathing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sitting in a room breathing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sitting in a room breathing through
+your nose that'll be a typical breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nose that'll be a typical breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nose that'll be a typical breathing
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+but if you start exercising and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you start exercising and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you start exercising and start
+exerting yourself then that could go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting yourself then that could go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting yourself then that could go up
+to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe
+around three and so that's the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around three and so that's the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around three and so that's the typical
+range of the breathing rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of the breathing rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of the breathing rate
+um the next thing we need is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next thing we need is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next thing we need is and
+nd is the droplet concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nd is the droplet concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nd is the droplet concentration
+so this is the number of drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the number of drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the number of drops
+per air volume so that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per air volume so that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per air volume so that's sort of the
+number density of drops so if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number density of drops so if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number density of drops so if i have
+you know various visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know various visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know various visualization
+techniques i can actually see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques i can actually see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques i can actually see all the
+droplets i can count them i can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets i can count them i can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets i can count them i can see how
+many droplets are in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many droplets are in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many droplets are in a given
+volume the next thing is i need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume the next thing is i need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume the next thing is i need the
+volume of a drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as i mentioned uh of course there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i mentioned uh of course there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i mentioned uh of course there are
+different drop volumes and we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different drop volumes and we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different drop volumes and we'll come
+back to assessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to assessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to assessing
+uh the the effects of a droplet size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the effects of a droplet size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the effects of a droplet size
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+but for simplicity why don't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for simplicity why don't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for simplicity why don't we just
+take these sort of average size of drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these sort of average size of drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these sort of average size of drops
+that we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed
+from coming from respiration and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coming from respiration and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coming from respiration and that
+might be a number around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a number around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a number around
+sort of one micron in size and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one micron in size and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one micron in size and there's a
+volume that corresponds with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that corresponds with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that corresponds with that
+which of course is the four thirds pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course is the four thirds pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course is the four thirds pi
+r cubed where we assume for now only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cubed where we assume for now only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cubed where we assume for now only one
+size r for all drops just for the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size r for all drops just for the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size r for all drops just for the moment
+so now we have the volume here so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the volume here so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the volume here so now we
+know sort of what is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of what is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of what is the um
+sort of the the total uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount of drop so the next thing we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of drop so the next thing we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of drop so the next thing we need
+now is cv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is cv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is cv
+cv will be the number of virions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cv will be the number of virions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cv will be the number of virions
+per liquid volume or per drop volume so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per liquid volume or per drop volume so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per liquid volume or per drop volume so
+there's a certain so if i could take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain so if i could take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain so if i could take the
+pure liquid in the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure liquid in the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure liquid in the drop
+let's say it's mucus and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's mucus and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's mucus and it's been
+coming out of your pharynx and has sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of your pharynx and has sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of your pharynx and has sort
+of fragmented and taken some virions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fragmented and taken some virions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fragmented and taken some virions
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+then that would be the viral load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would be the viral load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would be the viral load
+essentially sometimes that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sometimes that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sometimes that's another
+word for this and the viral load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for this and the viral load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for this and the viral load
+varies with time so when you first get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with time so when you first get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with time so when you first get
+infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected
+at first the viral load is very low in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first the viral load is very low in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first the viral load is very low in
+the fluids that you're you're breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluids that you're you're breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluids that you're you're breathing
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+and then that raises up and during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that raises up and during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that raises up and during the
+period when you're most infectious which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when you're most infectious which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when you're most infectious which
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh covet 19 and sars cove ii uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh covet 19 and sars cove ii uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh covet 19 and sars cove ii uh
+virus the that time ends up being around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus the that time ends up being around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus the that time ends up being around
+a week or so when you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week or so when you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week or so when you uh
+well within a few days you reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well within a few days you reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well within a few days you reach the
+peak infectiousness and then when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak infectiousness and then when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak infectiousness and then when you're
+at the peak viral load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the peak viral load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the peak viral load
+um this ends up being about 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this ends up being about 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this ends up being about 10 to the
+ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth
+virions per milliliter of fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions per milliliter of fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions per milliliter of fluid
+when you're your peak infectiousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 sars cove 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so just to give you a sense but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to give you a sense but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to give you a sense but of
+course a lot of times it might be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a lot of times it might be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a lot of times it might be less
+than that but if you're very infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but if you're very infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that but if you're very infected
+individual that's kind of like a worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that's kind of like a worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that's kind of like a worst
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+and we're going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be interested in
+calculating safety guidelines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating safety guidelines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating safety guidelines and
+probabilities of transmission and so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of transmission and so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of transmission and so to
+be conservative it's good to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be conservative it's good to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be conservative it's good to have an
+idea of sort of how big this number can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of sort of how big this number can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of sort of how big this number can
+actually be so what we just calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be so what we just calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be so what we just calculated
+here so basically this ndvd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so basically this ndvd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so basically this ndvd
+is the amount of drop or liquid volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amount of drop or liquid volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amount of drop or liquid volume
+per air volume so that's essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per air volume so that's essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per air volume so that's essentially the
+volume fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume fraction
+of liquid when we go times cv we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquid when we go times cv we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of liquid when we go times cv we're
+essentially getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially getting the
+the sort of number of virions sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of number of virions sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of number of virions sort of in
+the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+per volume of air and then qb is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per volume of air and then qb is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per volume of air and then qb is a
+volume per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume per time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume per time
+so this is basically virions per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then one other factor that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one other factor that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one other factor that we should
+also consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider
+is what if we're actually filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if we're actually filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if we're actually filtering
+those droplets right at the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets right at the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets right at the source
+and that'll be the case if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be the case if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll be the case if you're
+wearing a mask this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a mask this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a mask this is an important
+quantity we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we'll come back to
+this will be the mask penetration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the mask penetration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be the mask penetration
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a droplet so this is of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a droplet so this is of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a droplet so this is of course is
+size dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependent
+and but we'll come back to that but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we'll come back to that but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we'll come back to that but for
+the moment we're just saying it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment we're just saying it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment we're just saying it's one
+drop size and so for the size of drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop size and so for the size of drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop size and so for the size of drops
+of interest we're asking do they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest we're asking do they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest we're asking do they go
+through the mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mask
+so 1 minus pm is also called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 minus pm is also called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 minus pm is also called the
+filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yes so a very good mask might be 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes so a very good mask might be 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes so a very good mask might be 99
+of droplets or filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets or filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets or filtered
+a very poor cloth covering might be 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very poor cloth covering might be 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very poor cloth covering might be 10
+of droplets are filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets are filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets are filtered
+and we'll come back to that in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that in just a
+moment so this here is our production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so this here is our production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so this here is our production
+rate capital p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate capital p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate capital p
+and already with the variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already with the variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already with the variables that
+we've written down here we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down here we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written down here we can write
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+a mass balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass balance
+for the variants the variants are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the variants the variants are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the variants the variants are being
+produced they end up in these droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced they end up in these droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced they end up in these droplets
+the droplets are being swept out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplets are being swept out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplets are being swept out of the
+room at a flow rate q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room at a flow rate q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room at a flow rate q
+and the room has a volume v so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the room has a volume v so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the room has a volume v so if i
+write down just the conservation of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down just the conservation of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down just the conservation of mass
+making sure that i'm not losing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that i'm not losing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that i'm not losing any
+antivirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antivirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antivirus
+yet i'm not allowing them to stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet i'm not allowing them to stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet i'm not allowing them to stick to
+the walls or do anything else just yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls or do anything else just yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls or do anything else just yet
+but just looking at the mass balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just looking at the mass balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just looking at the mass balance of
+one per one affected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per one affected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per one affected person
+breathing out this is i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing out this is i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing out this is i should say
+production rate per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate per
+infector or an infected person so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infector or an infected person so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infector or an infected person so if
+they're if they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if they're more
+effective people then you'll have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective people then you'll have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective people then you'll have this
+production rate you know for each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate you know for each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate you know for each each
+person they also might be at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person they also might be at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person they also might be at different
+stages of the disease so maybe the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of the disease so maybe the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of the disease so maybe the the
+viral load will be a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral load will be a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral load will be a little different
+for each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each person
+but let's not worry about such details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's not worry about such details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's not worry about such details
+right now we want to just keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we want to just keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we want to just keep things
+general so for the mass balance we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so for the mass balance we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so for the mass balance we write
+down the total number of variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the total number of variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the total number of variants
+in the room and how that changes in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room and how that changes in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room and how that changes in time
+so that'd be the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'd be the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'd be the concentration
+per room error volume which is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per room error volume which is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per room error volume which is well
+mixed times the volume of the room per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed times the volume of the room per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed times the volume of the room per
+time so this is the change in the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is the change in the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is the change in the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+virions per time and that can change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions per time and that can change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virions per time and that can change in
+two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways
+one we have the production p so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have the production p so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have the production p so for
+every infected person we have production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every infected person we have production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every infected person we have production
+p but this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p but this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p but this will be
+i should say virions per air volume per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say virions per air volume per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say virions per air volume per
+infector so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infector so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infector so if we want to
+think about having multiple infected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about having multiple infected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about having multiple infected
+people in the room we can always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room we can always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room we can always just
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+increase this concentration in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this concentration in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this concentration in a
+well-mixed room it doesn't matter where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room it doesn't matter where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-mixed room it doesn't matter where
+people are placed you're just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are placed you're just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are placed you're just getting
+more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+droplets and it's assumed to be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets and it's assumed to be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets and it's assumed to be well
+mixed so we produce at a rate p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed so we produce at a rate p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed so we produce at a rate p
+but then the outdoor flow is taking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the outdoor flow is taking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the outdoor flow is taking away
+droplets and hence removing varions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets and hence removing varions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets and hence removing varions at
+array q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array q
+so we have a q times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a q times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a q times
+c removal rate so this is our this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c removal rate so this is our this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c removal rate so this is our this is
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+equation so let's divide through by v so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let's divide through by v so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let's divide through by v so
+we can write this as dc dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write this as dc dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write this as dc dt
+is p over v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p over v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p over v
+minus and then q over v i'll write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then q over v i'll write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then q over v i'll write as
+lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a
+c so lambda a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so lambda a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so lambda a which is
+q over v this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q over v this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q over v this is
+the outdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outdoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outdoor
+air change or exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air change or exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air change or exchange
+rate so that is the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so that is the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so that is the rate at which the
+entire volume of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire volume of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire volume of the room
+is replaced with outdoor air so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced with outdoor air so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is replaced with outdoor air so the
+outdoor air is refreshing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor air is refreshing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor air is refreshing
+the air in the room at this rate q over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in the room at this rate q over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in the room at this rate q over
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+okay and so that's what appears here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's what appears here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's what appears here and
+if you compare these two you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare these two you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare these two you can see
+that this is dc dt this is c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is dc dt this is c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is dc dt this is c times
+lambda so lambda has units of one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so lambda has units of one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda so lambda has units of one over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+it's a it's a t this is also sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a t this is also sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a t this is also sometimes
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+the uh ach is a air changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per hour if you write it in per hour so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour if you write it in per hour so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour if you write it in per hour so
+that's like a typical way that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a typical way that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a typical way that this is
+written and in fact while we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and in fact while we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and in fact while we're just
+talking about this a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this a very important
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+so lambda a is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lambda a is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lambda a is around
+0.3 per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 per hour
+so roughly every three hours for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly every three hours for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly every three hours for a
+closed room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed room
+so closed room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so closed room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so closed room
+or what you might call natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you might call natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you might call natural
+ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation
+where there's no attempt to deliver air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no attempt to deliver air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no attempt to deliver air
+to that room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that room
+of course this number depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this number depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this number depends on the
+tightness of the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightness of the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightness of the construction
+and whether there's sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether there's sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether there's sort of you know
+cracks in the windows whether doors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks in the windows whether doors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks in the windows whether doors are
+being opened to the hallways so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being opened to the hallways so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being opened to the hallways so of
+course that's not a perfect number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's not a perfect number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's not a perfect number but
+that's a rough estimate of how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rough estimate of how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rough estimate of how quickly
+air is sort of escaping from typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is sort of escaping from typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is sort of escaping from typical
+construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction
+but then it can be also in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it can be also in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it can be also in a different
+range and we this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and we this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and we this is a very important
+parameter for the theory so let's pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for the theory so let's pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for the theory so let's pause
+just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to
+look at some of the the numbers so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the the numbers so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the the numbers so it's
+in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range
+typically three to eight per hour for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically three to eight per hour for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically three to eight per hour for
+mechanical ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this could be um it could be open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be um it could be open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be um it could be open
+windows with fans blowing in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows with fans blowing in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows with fans blowing in and out
+which might give you three or even six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might give you three or even six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might give you three or even six
+on this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this number
+it could also be a ventilation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be a ventilation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be a ventilation system
+which is delivering fresh air to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is delivering fresh air to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is delivering fresh air to the
+space and for typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and for typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and for typical
+classrooms offices and even homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms offices and even homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms offices and even homes
+this is a typical range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical range so
+for example if it's three then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it's three then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it's three then that
+would be every 20 minutes the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be every 20 minutes the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be every 20 minutes the room
+gets its air to be fully exchanged but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets its air to be fully exchanged but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets its air to be fully exchanged but
+of course if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you have
+uh situations where you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situations where you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situations where you need to have
+better air quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better air quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better air quality
+and you have more risk of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have more risk of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have more risk of say
+transmission of disease or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of disease or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of disease or
+passage of pollutants or contaminants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of pollutants or contaminants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of pollutants or contaminants
+then we need higher values a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need higher values a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need higher values a typical
+number in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the united states
+for hospitals is 18 air changes per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it can be even larger so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it can be even larger so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it can be even larger so if you
+have a laboratory which is dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laboratory which is dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laboratory which is dealing with
+toxic chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic chemicals
+or even let's say virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even let's say virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even let's say virus
+and pathogens then you need even higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathogens then you need even higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathogens then you need even higher
+air changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air changes
+and typical rates then can be as high as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typical rates then can be as high as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typical rates then can be as high as
+20 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 30
+for labs that are dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toxins of various types because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxins of various types because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxins of various types because you need
+any airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any airborne
+toxins have to be quickly removed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxins have to be quickly removed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxins have to be quickly removed so
+that if they happen to be leaked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they happen to be leaked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they happen to be leaked into
+the air from your experiment or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air from your experiment or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air from your experiment or from
+your hood uh they need to be quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hood uh they need to be quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hood uh they need to be quickly
+sucked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucked out
+also even parking lots where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also even parking lots where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also even parking lots where you have
+cars in an enclosed space they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars in an enclosed space they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars in an enclosed space they're
+generating carbon monoxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating carbon monoxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating carbon monoxide
+and other fumes which have to be quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other fumes which have to be quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other fumes which have to be quickly
+rushed out parking lots tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushed out parking lots tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushed out parking lots tend to have
+this number around 30. so that's a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number around 30. so that's a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number around 30. so that's a full
+air change of the entire room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air change of the entire room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air change of the entire room
+in two minutes that's a very fast flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two minutes that's a very fast flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two minutes that's a very fast flow
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+so this is kind of the range of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the range of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the range of this
+lambda a that's obviously a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a that's obviously a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a that's obviously a very
+important parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parameter
+so let's now solve this equation here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now solve this equation here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now solve this equation here so
+first of all you can see when dc dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you can see when dc dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you can see when dc dt
+is 0 then the steady state is just p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 then the steady state is just p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 then the steady state is just p
+over lambda av but if i write q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda av but if i write q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda av but if i write q
+equals lambda av i can see the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lambda av i can see the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lambda av i can see the steady
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+is just p over q so i can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just p over q so i can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just p over q so i can write the
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+like this that for given time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that for given time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that for given time dependence
+that the p over q is the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the p over q is the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the p over q is the steady state
+and if i started out with my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i started out with my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i started out with my initial
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+was that c of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that c of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that c of zero
+equals zero so let's say time equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so let's say time equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so let's say time equals
+zero is when the infected person enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is when the infected person enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is when the infected person enters
+the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room
+and starts breathing and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts breathing and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts breathing and then there's a
+mixing process and there's a buildup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing process and there's a buildup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing process and there's a buildup of
+concentration until there's a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration until there's a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration until there's a balance
+between the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the production
+of virus virions or infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virus virions or infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virus virions or infectious
+air and the removal of infectious air by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and the removal of infectious air by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and the removal of infectious air by
+the ventilation and that gives you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventilation and that gives you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventilation and that gives you this
+ratio p over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio p over q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio p over q
+but the way the relaxation happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way the relaxation happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way the relaxation happens
+though if you balance these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if you balance these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if you balance these two terms
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that's just an exponential decay with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an exponential decay with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an exponential decay with a
+decay rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rate
+lambda a so either minus lambda a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a so either minus lambda a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a so either minus lambda a t
+so this is basically the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically the way the
+concentration builds up if i plot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration builds up if i plot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration builds up if i plot this
+then there's a certain time here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a certain time here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a certain time here which
+is sometimes called t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes called t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes called t
+res in chemical engineering these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res in chemical engineering these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res in chemical engineering these kinds
+of models are commonly used to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models are commonly used to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models are commonly used to design
+chemical reactors in fact this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactors in fact this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactors in fact this kind of
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+is in chemical engineering called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in chemical engineering called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in chemical engineering called a
+continuous stirred tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous stirred tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous stirred tank
+reactor where we don't worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor where we don't worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor where we don't worry about the
+details but we have a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but we have a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details but we have a flow
+of some reactants and various chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some reactants and various chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some reactants and various chemical
+species going into a tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species going into a tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species going into a tank
+we assume it's well mixed and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume it's well mixed and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume it's well mixed and then it
+leaves and this is the mass balance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and this is the mass balance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and this is the mass balance that
+we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use
+and the resonance time tau res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resonance time tau res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resonance time tau res
+is the inverse of lambda a in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inverse of lambda a in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the inverse of lambda a in this case
+so that is the so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the so when you
+as soon as you know the volume and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you know the volume and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you know the volume and the
+ventilation flow rate there's a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation flow rate there's a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation flow rate there's a typical
+speed going through here and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed going through here and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed going through here and the time
+that fresh air spends in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fresh air spends in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fresh air spends in the room
+interacting with all the droplets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with all the droplets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with all the droplets and
+people and then leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and then leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and then leaving
+carrying some of those droplets is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying some of those droplets is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying some of those droplets is this
+and in a simple model like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a simple model like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a simple model like this
+is just an exponential relaxation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an exponential relaxation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just an exponential relaxation at
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+at that time scale approaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time scale approaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time scale approaching the
+steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+which is p over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's always that kind of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always that kind of balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always that kind of balance
+which is reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is reached
+now let's also ask ourselves briefly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's also ask ourselves briefly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's also ask ourselves briefly at
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+sort of how reasonable is the well-mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how reasonable is the well-mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how reasonable is the well-mixed
+approximation we will come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we will come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we will come back to this
+and analyze it much more carefully take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analyze it much more carefully take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analyze it much more carefully take
+into account all the different processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account all the different processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account all the different processes
+i described at the beginning including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i described at the beginning including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i described at the beginning including
+breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+motion of people but let's just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of people but let's just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of people but let's just think
+about the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the motion
+caused by the airflow itself so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by the airflow itself so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by the airflow itself so in the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+of mechanical ventilation where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanical ventilation where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanical ventilation where that
+flow rate can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate can be
+sometimes rather high that can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes rather high that can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes rather high that can be a
+significant source of mixing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant source of mixing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant source of mixing in the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and the way we'll think about that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we'll think about that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we'll think about that is by
+writing down the typical velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the typical velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the typical velocity of the
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+due to the outdoor air flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the outdoor air flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the outdoor air flow
+that is q we can write it as either q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is q we can write it as either q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is q we can write it as either q
+divided by the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the area
+so some kind of representative area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some kind of representative area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some kind of representative area of
+the room it could be let's say the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room it could be let's say the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room it could be let's say the floor
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+but depending on the shape of the arm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but depending on the shape of the arm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but depending on the shape of the arm it
+might be some a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some a little bit different
+value than that we can also write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value than that we can also write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value than that we can also write this
+as q times h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q times h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q times h
+over v where v is the volume of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v where v is the volume of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v where v is the volume of the room
+and h is some characteristic height like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h is some characteristic height like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h is some characteristic height like
+for example a ceiling height of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a ceiling height of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a ceiling height of the room
+okay so this is the mean air speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the mean air speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the mean air speed
+due to ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll come back to a more deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to a more deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to a more deeper
+investigation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation of
+of these fluid mechanics of the room uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these fluid mechanics of the room uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these fluid mechanics of the room uh
+but as a first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a first example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a first example
+of what we would be interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we would be interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we would be interested in is
+we'd like to calculate the reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to calculate the reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to calculate the reynolds
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+uh due to the airflow so i'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh due to the airflow so i'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh due to the airflow so i'll put a
+subscript a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript a there
+and that is the typical velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the typical velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the typical velocity
+times a length scale which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a length scale which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a length scale which could be
+let's say that the height of the room or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the height of the room or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that the height of the room or
+some linear length scale of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear length scale of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear length scale of the room
+depending on the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the direction of the
+airflow and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow and then the
+kinematic viscosity of error so i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic viscosity of error so i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic viscosity of error so i'll
+write that as new a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as new a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as new a
+so this here is the reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is basically telling us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically telling us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically telling us how
+important inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important inertia
+of the fluid is compared to viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fluid is compared to viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fluid is compared to viscous
+stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses
+that slow the fluid down so basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slow the fluid down so basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slow the fluid down so basically it
+tells us sort of how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us sort of how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us sort of how quickly
+uh sort of how much of a tendency there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of how much of a tendency there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of how much of a tendency there
+is for momentum to be carried in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for momentum to be carried in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for momentum to be carried in the
+fluid which then leads to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid which then leads to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid which then leads to sort of
+swirling motions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling motions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling motions and
+complex flows as i've sketched here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex flows as i've sketched here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex flows as i've sketched here and
+this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+a is the viscosity of the air that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the viscosity of the air that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the viscosity of the air that we've
+already talked about when looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about when looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about when looking at
+stokes flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokes flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stokes flow
+but divided by the density of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but divided by the density of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but divided by the density of the air
+okay so that's the kinematic viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the kinematic viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the kinematic viscosity
+and for error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for error
+the kinematic viscosity is 1.5 times 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic viscosity is 1.5 times 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic viscosity is 1.5 times 10
+to the minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 5
+meters squared per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters squared per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters squared per second
+and so if i plug these numbers in and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i plug these numbers in and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i plug these numbers in and i
+pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+let's say a typical ceiling height you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a typical ceiling height you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a typical ceiling height you
+know of maybe um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of maybe um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of maybe um
+a few um i think this if the h is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few um i think this if the h is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few um i think this if the h is an
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+like three meters or two meters might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three meters or two meters might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three meters or two meters might be
+a typical scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical scale
+just to get an approximate sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get an approximate sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get an approximate sense of the
+scale here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale here um
+the reynolds number will be varying from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reynolds number will be varying from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reynolds number will be varying from
+around 50 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 50 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 50 or
+tens up to 5000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens up to 5000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens up to 5000
+which would be in the case of very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be in the case of very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be in the case of very fast
+ventilation like the 30 ach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation like the 30 ach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation like the 30 ach
+so this would be if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be if we have
+0.3 ach up to around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 ach up to around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 ach up to around
+30 ach so that's just rough number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 ach so that's just rough number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 ach so that's just rough number
+and from fluid mechanics we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from fluid mechanics we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from fluid mechanics we know the
+significance of these large reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of these large reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of these large reynolds
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+is that the flows really do look a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the flows really do look a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the flows really do look a bit
+like i've i've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i've i've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i've i've shown here
+so basically when the air is sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically when the air is sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically when the air is sitting in
+the room you know this from looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room you know this from looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room you know this from looking at
+the smoke from a candle or other flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoke from a candle or other flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoke from a candle or other flows
+that you can visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can visualize
+it's not just a sort of a uniform flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a sort of a uniform flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just a sort of a uniform flow
+but instead they're all these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead they're all these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead they're all these sort of
+plumes and swirls and vortices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumes and swirls and vortices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumes and swirls and vortices
+and when the reynolds number is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the reynolds number is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the reynolds number is on the
+order of tens when there is a motion it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of tens when there is a motion it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of tens when there is a motion it
+tends to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to lead
+to a shedding of a vortex and to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a shedding of a vortex and to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a shedding of a vortex and to some
+kind of swirling flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of swirling flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of swirling flows
+and when the reynolds number gets up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the reynolds number gets up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the reynolds number gets up as
+high as several thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as several thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as several thousand
+then in most geometries that starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in most geometries that starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in most geometries that starts to
+lead to a transition to turbulent flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a transition to turbulent flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a transition to turbulent flow
+and that's when the flow is getting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when the flow is getting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when the flow is getting so
+complicated they're eddies of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated they're eddies of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated they're eddies of different
+sizes and very rapid mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and very rapid mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and very rapid mixing
+so i just wanted to show this right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just wanted to show this right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just wanted to show this right at
+the beginning of the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the discussion
+to point out that for typical flows we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that for typical flows we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that for typical flows we
+would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect
+that there is going to be a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is going to be a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is going to be a decent
+amount of mixing occurring just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of mixing occurring just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of mixing occurring just because
+of the ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ventilation
+and now if you add to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you add to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you add to the fact that
+people are breathing imparting momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are breathing imparting momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are breathing imparting momentum
+to the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fluid
+we have people moving and other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have people moving and other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have people moving and other kinds of
+you know activities in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know activities in a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know activities in a room
+that all those processes lead to giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all those processes lead to giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all those processes lead to giving
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+a reasonable assumption of a well-mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+room
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/n_Cqx8KamFA.txt b/n_Cqx8KamFA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0092c00f584d82d8694e18b9ee4dcdef783b1a34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/n_Cqx8KamFA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4609 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: The last time we
+talked about nondeterministic
+
+programming.
+
+And I think actually the
+mic is up pretty high.
+
+If we can tone that down
+just a little bit.
+
+We talked about nondeterministic
+programming.
+
+And as you recall, the rule
+with nondeterministic
+
+programming is you should
+never do it
+
+unless you have to.
+
+Today we're going to talk about
+
+synchronizing with locks.
+
+And it goes doubly that you
+should never synchronize
+
+without locks unless
+you have to.
+
+There's some good reasons for
+synchronizing without
+
+locks as we'll see.
+
+But it, once again, becomes even
+more difficult to test
+
+correctness and to ensure that
+the program that you think
+
+you've written is, in
+fact, the program
+
+you meant to write.
+
+So we're going to talk
+about a bunch of
+
+really important topics.
+
+The first is memory
+consistency.
+
+And then we'll talk a little bit
+about lock free protocols
+
+and one of the problems that
+arises called the AVA problem.
+
+And then we're going to talk
+about a technology that we're
+
+using in the Cilk++ system,
+which tries to make an end run
+
+around some of these problems
+and allows you to do
+
+synchronization without locks,
+with low overhead.
+
+But it only works in
+certain context.
+
+So we're going to start with
+memory consistency.
+
+So here is a very simple
+parallel program.
+
+So initially a and
+b are both 0.
+
+And processor zero
+moves a 1 into a.
+
+And then it moves whatever
+is in location b
+
+into the EBX register.
+
+Processor one does something
+complementary.
+
+It moves a 1 into b.
+
+And then it moves whatever is
+in a into the EAX register.
+
+Into the EAX register as opposed
+to the EBX register.
+
+And the question is what are the
+final possible values of
+
+EAX and EBX after both
+processors have executed.
+
+Seems like a straightforward
+enough question.
+
+What values can EAX and EBX
+have, depending upon-- there
+
+may be scheduling of when things
+happen and so forth.
+
+So it's not always going to
+give the same answer.
+
+But the question is what's
+the set of answers
+
+that you can get?
+
+Well, it turns out you can't
+just answer this question for
+
+any particular machine
+without knowing the
+
+machine's memory model.
+
+So it depends upon how memory
+operations behave in the
+
+parallel computer system.
+
+And different machines have
+different memory models.
+
+And we'll give you different
+answers for this code.
+
+There'll be some answers that
+you get on some machines,
+
+different answers on
+different machines.
+
+So probably the bedrock of
+memory models is a model
+
+called sequential consistency.
+
+And this is intuitively what
+you might think you want.
+
+So Lamport in 1979 said, "The
+result of any execution is the
+
+same as if the operations of
+all the processors were
+
+executed in some sequential
+order, and the operations of
+
+each individual processor appear
+in this sequence in the
+
+order specified by
+its program."
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+So what it says is that if
+I look at the processor's
+
+program and the sequence of
+operations that are issued by
+
+that processor's program,
+they're interleaved with the
+
+corresponding sequences
+defined by the other
+
+processors to produce a
+global linear order.
+
+So the first thing is that
+there's a global linear order
+
+that consists of all of these
+processors' instructions being
+
+interleaved.
+
+In this linear order, whenever
+you perform a load from memory
+
+into register, it receives the
+value that was stored by the
+
+most recent store operation in
+that linear order to that
+
+location, i.e. it's memory.
+
+So you don't get something if
+you have in this linear order
+
+that two processors wrote.
+
+Well, one of them came last.
+
+The most recent one before
+you read, that's the
+
+one that you get.
+
+Now, there may be
+many different
+
+interleavings and so forth.
+
+And you could get any of the
+values that correspond to any
+
+of those interleavings.
+
+But the point is that you
+must get a value that is
+
+represented by some
+interleaving.
+
+The hardware can then do
+anything it wants, but for the
+
+execution to satisfy the
+sequential consistency model,
+
+for it to be sequentially
+consistent, must appear as if
+
+the loads and storage obey
+some global linear order.
+
+So let's be concrete about that
+with the problem that I
+
+gave before.
+
+So initially, we have
+a and b are 0.
+
+And now, we have these
+instructions executed.
+
+So what I have to do is say, I
+get any possible outcome based
+
+on interleaving these
+instructions in this order.
+
+So if I look at it, I've
+got two instructions
+
+here, two over here.
+
+So that there are six possible
+interleavings because 4 choose
+
+2 is 6 for those people
+who've taken 6042.
+
+So there are six possible
+interleavings.
+
+So for example, if I execute
+first move a 1 into a, and
+
+then I execute move load into
+register, the value of b, and
+
+then I move 1 into b, and then I
+load the value of a, I get a
+
+value of 1 for EAX and
+a value of 0 for EBX.
+
+For this particular interleaving
+of those
+
+instructions.
+
+That's what happens if
+I execute these two
+
+before these two.
+
+If I execute these two
+instructions here before these
+
+two here, I get the
+order 3412.
+
+And essentially, the opposite
+thing happens.
+
+EAX gets 0 and EBX gets 1.
+
+And then, if I interleave them
+in some way, where 1 and 3
+
+somehow come first before I do
+the 2 and 4, then I'll get a
+
+value of 11 for each of them.
+
+Those are the middle cases.
+
+So what don't I get?
+
+AUDIENCE: 00
+
+PROFESSOR: You never
+gets 00 in a
+
+sequentially consistent execution.
+
+Sequential consistent implies
+that no execution--
+
+whoops, that should be EAX.
+
+That EAX equals EBX equals 0.
+
+I don't ever get that outcome.
+
+If I did, then I would say my
+machine wasn't sequentially
+
+consistent.
+
+So now let me take a detour a
+little bit to look at mutual
+
+exclusion again.
+
+And understand what happens to
+mutual exclusion algorithms in
+
+the context of memory
+consistency.
+
+So everybody understood what
+sequential consistency is.
+
+I simply look at my program
+as if I'm interleaving
+
+instructions.
+
+So most implementations of
+mutual exclusion, as I showed
+
+previously, employ some kind of
+atomic read-modify-write.
+
+So the example I gave you last
+time was using the exchange
+
+operation to atomically exchange
+a value in a register
+
+with a value in memory.
+
+People remember that?
+
+To implement a lock?
+
+So in order to implement
+a lock, I
+
+atomically switch two values.
+
+So we, in particular, use
+the exchange one.
+
+And there are a bunch of other
+commands that people can use.
+
+Test-and-set, compare-and-swap,
+
+load-linked-store-conditional,
+which essentially do some kind
+
+of read-modify-write
+on memory.
+
+These tend to be expensive
+instructions, as I mentioned.
+
+They usually tend to
+cost something
+
+like an L2 cache hit.
+
+Now, the question is can
+mutual exclusion be
+
+implemented with only atomic
+loads and stores?
+
+Do you really need one of these
+heavyweight operations
+
+to implement mutual exclusion?
+
+What if I don't use our
+read-modify-write?
+
+Is that possible to do it?
+
+And in fact, the
+answer is yes.
+
+So Dekker and Dijksra show that
+it can as long as the
+
+computer system is sequentially
+consistent.
+
+So as long as you have
+sequential consistency, you in
+
+fact, can implement a mutual
+exclusion with
+
+read-modify-write.
+
+We're actually not going to
+use either the Dekker or
+
+Dijksra algorithms, although
+you can read about those in
+
+the literature.
+
+We're going to look at what is
+probably the simplest such
+
+algorithm that's been devised
+to date, which
+
+is devised by Peterson.
+
+And I'm going to illustrate
+it with these two smileys.
+
+That's a she.
+
+And that's a he.
+
+And they want to operate
+on widget x.
+
+And she wants to frob it.
+
+And he wants to borf it.
+
+And we want to preserve the
+property that we are not
+
+frobbing and borfing
+at the same time.
+
+So how do we do that?
+
+Well, here's the code.
+
+So we're going to set up some
+things before we start he and
+
+she operating.
+
+So we're going to have
+our widget x.
+
+That's our protected variable.
+
+And we're going to have a
+Boolean set initially to false
+
+that says whether she
+wants to frob it.
+
+So we don't want to make them
+frob it unless they
+
+want to frob it.
+
+And we don't want him to borf it
+unless he wants to borf it.
+
+And we're going to have an
+extra auxiliary variable,
+
+which is whose turn it is.
+
+So they're going to sort
+of do a take turn.
+
+But that only is going to come
+into account if the other one
+
+doesn't have a conflict.
+
+If they don't have a conflict,
+then one of them is going to
+
+be able to go.
+
+So here's what she
+basically does.
+
+She initially sets
+that she wants to
+
+operate on the widget.
+
+And then, what she does is she
+sets the turn to be his.
+
+And then, while he wants it,
+and the turn is his, she's
+
+going to just spin.
+
+Notice that you're not frobbing
+it in while loop.
+
+The body of the while
+loop is empty.
+
+So this is a spinning
+solution.
+
+So while he wants it, and it's
+his turn, you're just going to
+
+sit there, continually testing
+the variables he wants and
+
+turn equals his until one of
+them ends up being false.
+
+So if he doesn't want it, or
+it's not his turn, then she
+
+gets to frob it.
+
+And when she's done, she sets
+she wants to false.
+
+And he does a similar thing.
+
+He sets it to true, says
+it's her turn.
+
+And then, while she wants it,
+and the turn is hers, just
+
+sits there waiting, continually
+re-executing this
+
+until finally, one of these
+turns out to be false.
+
+And then he borfs it.
+
+And he sets it to false.
+
+And then, they're doing both of
+these things sort of in a
+
+loop, periodically coming
+back and executing it.
+
+And what you want to do is you
+don't want to make it so that
+
+it's forced.
+
+That it's one turn, then the
+other because maybe he never
+
+wants to borf it.
+
+And then, she would be stuck
+not being able to frob it,
+
+even though he doesn't want.
+
+So if you think about this--
+let's think about why this
+
+always is going to give
+you mutual exclusion.
+
+So basically, what's happening
+here is if he wants it--
+
+by the way, these things are
+not easy to reason about.
+
+And usually, as much as I can
+talk and talk in class, what
+
+you really need to do is go
+home, and sit down with this
+
+kind of thing.
+
+And study it for 10 minutes.
+
+And then, you'll understand
+what the subtleties are as
+
+what's going on.
+
+But basically, what we're doing
+is we're making it so
+
+that it's not going to be the
+case that both she's setting
+
+it and she wants it.
+
+And the turn is his.
+
+And then, if there's a race
+where he wants it also, then
+
+that's going to preclude both of
+them from going into it at
+
+the same time.
+
+And then whichever one sets
+the turn, one of those is
+
+going to occur first.
+
+And one is going to
+occur second.
+
+And whoever ends up coming
+second, the other
+
+one gets to go ahead.
+
+So it's very subtle how that
+is actually working to make
+
+sure that each one is gating the
+other to allow them to go.
+
+But the way to reason about this
+is to reason about it is
+
+what are the possible
+interleavings?
+
+And the important interleavings
+here as you can
+
+see are what happens when
+setting these things.
+
+And once they're set,
+what happens in
+
+testing these things?
+
+And especially because when you
+go around the loop and so
+
+forth, you have to imagine
+that an arbitrarily long
+
+amount of time is gone.
+
+So for example, between the time
+that you check that the
+
+turn is his, he may have already
+gone around this loop.
+
+And so you have to
+worry about--
+
+even though, it may look like
+one instruction from this
+
+processors point of view for
+correctness purpose, you have
+
+to imagine that an arbitrary
+amount of computation could
+
+occur between any two
+instructions.
+
+So any question about
+this code?
+
+People see how it preserves
+mutual exclusion and how you
+
+use sequential consistency to
+reason about it by asking what
+
+are the possible
+interleavings?
+
+Questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, I don't know
+if I got it right.
+
+So basically, sets the
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+to give him a chance before
+she goes to loop.
+
+So basically, she waits there
+until he has been able to go?
+
+That's why on the
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So on this
+third line--
+
+AUDIENCE: Both of them.
+
+Either before actually
+frobbing or borfing.
+
+And before that while you always
+give the turn to the
+
+other to give them
+a chance to go.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So there are two things
+you want to show.
+
+One is that they can't
+both be stalled on
+
+the while loop there.
+
+And that can't happen because
+the turn can't be
+
+simultaneously his and hers.
+
+So you know that they're not
+both going to deadlock in
+
+trying to do this by sitting
+there waiting for the other
+
+because of this.
+
+And now, the question is well,
+how do you know that one can't
+
+get through while the other
+is also going through?
+
+And for that, you have to look
+and say, oh well, if you go
+
+through, then you know that it
+is either he doesn't want it,
+
+or it's not his turn.
+
+And in which case, if
+he doesn't want it,
+
+it's not his turn.
+
+If he does change it to that
+he wants it, then in fact,
+
+it's going to be your turn.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: This only works for
+exactly two threads, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: This only works
+for exactly two threads.
+
+This does not work for three,
+but there are extensions of
+
+this sort of thing to
+end threads in an
+
+arbitrary large number.
+
+However, the data structures
+to implement this kind of
+
+mutual exclusion for end threads
+end up taking space
+
+proportional to n.
+
+And so one of the advantages
+of the built in atomics--
+
+the compare-and-swap, or the
+atomic exchange, or whatever--
+
+is they work for an arbitrary
+number of threads with only a
+
+bounded amount of resource.
+
+You don't require extra data
+structures and so forth.
+
+So that's why they put those
+things in the architecture
+
+because in the architecture you
+can build things that will
+
+solve this problem much
+more simply than
+
+this sort of thing.
+
+However, there are going to be
+lessons here that you may want
+
+to use in your programming,
+depending
+
+on what you're doing.
+
+So now, it turns out that
+no modern day processor
+
+implements sequential
+consistency.
+
+There have been machines that
+were built-- actually quite
+
+good machines--
+
+that implemented sequential
+consistency.
+
+But today, nobody
+implements it.
+
+They all implement some form
+of what's called relaxed
+
+consistency, where the
+hardware may reorder
+
+instructions.
+
+And so you have things
+executing
+
+not in program order.
+
+And the compilers may reorder
+instructions as well.
+
+So both the hardware and the
+software are going in there.
+
+So let's take a look at that.
+
+So here's the program order
+for one of the things.
+
+We move 1 into a, and then move
+the value of b into EBX
+
+to do a load.
+
+Here's the program order.
+
+Most modern hardware will switch
+these and execute it in
+
+this order.
+
+Why do you suppose?
+
+Even if you write it this way,
+the instruction level
+
+parallelism within the processor
+will, in fact,
+
+execute it in the opposite
+order most of the time.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because loading
+takes longer.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Because loading takes longer.
+
+Loading is going to
+take latency.
+
+I can't complete the load from
+the processor's point of view
+
+until I get an answer.
+
+So if I load, and I wait for
+it to go out to the memory
+
+system and back into
+the processor,
+
+and then I do a store--
+
+well, as soon as I've done
+the store, I can move on.
+
+Even if the store takes
+a while to get out
+
+to the memory system.
+
+But if I do it in the
+opposite order.
+
+I do the store first, and then
+I do the load, I've ended up
+
+wasting essentially one cycle,
+the cycle to do the store,
+
+when I could have been
+overlapping that with the time
+
+it took to do the load.
+
+So people follow that?
+
+So if I execute the load first,
+I can go right on to
+
+execute the store.
+
+I can issue the load, go right
+on to execute the store
+
+without having to wait for the
+load to complete if I have a
+
+multi-issue CPU in the
+processor core.
+
+So you get higher instruction
+level parallelism.
+
+Now when is it safe for the
+hardware compiler to perform
+
+this reordering?
+
+Can it always switch
+instructions like this to put
+
+loads before stores?
+
+When would this be a bad idea to
+put a load before a store?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: You're loading the
+variable you just stored.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, if
+you're loading the
+
+variable you just stored.
+
+Suppose you say store into
+x and then load from x.
+
+That's different from if
+I load from x, and then
+
+I store into x.
+
+So if you're going to the same
+location, then that's not a
+
+safe thing to do.
+
+So basically, in this case, if a
+is not equal to b, then this
+
+is safe to do.
+
+But if a equals b, this
+is not safe to do.
+
+Because it's going to give
+you a different answer.
+
+However, it turns out that
+there's another time when this
+
+is not safe to do.
+
+So this would have been the end
+of the story if we were
+
+running on one processor.
+
+The other time that it's
+not safe to do it is--
+
+if it's safe, the other
+assumption is that there's no
+
+concurrency.
+
+If there is concurrency, you can
+run into trouble as well.
+
+And the reason is because
+another processor may be
+
+changing the value that you're
+planning to read.
+
+And so if you read things out
+of order, you may violate
+
+sequential consistency.
+
+Let me show you what's going on
+in the hardware so you have
+
+an appreciation of what
+the issue is here.
+
+So here's 30,000 feet of
+hardware reordering.
+
+So the processor is going to
+issue memory operations to the
+
+memory system.
+
+And results of memory
+operations are
+
+going to come back.
+
+But they really only have
+to come back when?
+
+If they're loads.
+
+If they're stores, they don't
+have to come back.
+
+So the processor, in fact, can
+issue stores faster than the
+
+network can handle them.
+
+And the memory system
+can handle them.
+
+So the processors are
+generally very fast.
+
+The memory systems are
+relatively slow.
+
+But the processor is not
+generally issuing a store on
+
+every cycle.
+
+It may do store, it may do
+some additions, it may do
+
+another store, et cetera.
+
+So rather than waiting for the
+memory system to do every
+
+store, they create
+a store buffer.
+
+And the memory system pulls
+things out of the store buffer
+
+as fast as it can.
+
+And the processor shoves stuff
+into the store buffer up to
+
+the point that the store buffer
+gets full, in which
+
+case it would have to stall.
+
+But for most many codes, it
+never has to stall because
+
+there is a sufficient frequency
+of other operations
+
+going on that you don't
+have to wait.
+
+So when a store occurs, it
+doesn't occur immediately on
+
+the store buffer.
+
+Now along comes a
+load operation.
+
+And the load operation, if it's
+to a different address,
+
+you want to have that take
+priority because the processor
+
+can be waiting.
+
+It's next instructions may
+be waiting on the result.
+
+So you want that to go
+as fast as possible.
+
+They have a passing lane here
+where the fast cars or the
+
+important cars, the ambulances,
+et cetera, in this
+
+case loads, can scoot by all
+the other things in traffic
+
+and get to the memory
+system first.
+
+But as we said, we don't want
+to do that if the last thing
+
+that I stored was to
+the same address.
+
+So in fact, there is content
+addressable memory here, which
+
+matches the address that is
+being loaded with everything
+
+in the store buffer.
+
+And if it does match, it gets
+satisfied immediately by the
+
+store buffer.
+
+And only does it make it out to
+the network if it's not in
+
+the store buffer.
+
+But what you can see here is
+that this mechanism, which
+
+works great on one processor,
+violates sequential
+
+consistency because I may have
+operations going to two
+
+different memory locations,
+where the order, in fact,
+
+matters to me.
+
+So let's see how
+that works out.
+
+So first of all, let me tell you
+what the memory can-- so a
+
+load can bypass a store
+to different address.
+
+First of all, any questions
+about this mechanism?
+
+So this accounts for a whole
+bunch of understanding of what
+
+happens in concurrency
+in systems.
+
+This one understanding
+of store buffers.
+
+It's absolutely crucial.
+
+And I have talked, by the way,
+with lots of experts who don't
+
+understand this.
+
+That this is what's going
+on for why we don't have
+
+sequential consistency
+in our computers.
+
+It's because they made the
+decision to allow this
+
+optimization, even though it
+doesn't preserve sequential
+
+consistency.
+
+There were machines in the
+past that did support
+
+sequential consistency.
+
+And what they did was they used
+speculation to allow the
+
+processor to assume that it was
+sequentially consistent.
+
+And if that turned out to be
+wrong, they were able to roll
+
+back the processor's state
+to the point before
+
+the access was done.
+
+In fact, the processor is
+already doing that for
+
+branches, where it makes
+branch predictions and
+
+executes down a line.
+
+But it's wrong, it
+has to flush the
+
+pipeline and so forth.
+
+Why they don't do the same
+thing for hardware is an
+
+interesting--
+
+for loads of stores-- is an
+interesting question.
+
+Because at some level
+there's no reason
+
+they couldn't do this.
+
+Instead, it's sort of been a
+thing where the software
+
+people say, yeah we
+can handle it.
+
+And the hardware
+people say, OK.
+
+You're willing to handle it.
+
+We won't worry about it then.
+
+When in fact, it just makes life
+complicated for everybody
+
+that you don't have sequential
+consistency.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+you have to do speculation
+across both [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well here, you only
+have to do speculation over
+
+what actually is coming out
+of your memory system.
+
+And if it doesn't match,
+you could roll back.
+
+The issue, in part, is how many
+machine states are you
+
+ready to roll back to.
+
+Loads come more frequently
+than branches.
+
+That's one thing.
+
+So no doubt, there are
+good reasons for why
+
+they're doing it.
+
+Nevertheless, definitely loss
+of sequential consistency
+
+becomes a headache for a lot
+of people in doing a
+
+concurrent program.
+
+We had a question here?
+
+Yes, Sara?
+
+AUDIENCE: So this does not
+preserve sequential
+
+consistency?
+
+But as long as there's only one
+processor, it should have
+
+the same effect, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: But sequential
+consistency for one processor
+
+is easy because all you
+do is execute them--
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I'm
+just saying--
+
+PROFESSOR: It should have the
+same effect, exactly.
+
+So on one processor, this
+works perfectly well.
+
+If there's no concurrency, this
+is going to give you the
+
+same behavior.
+
+And yet, you've now got this
+optimization that loads can
+
+bypass stores.
+
+And therefore, you can do a
+store and a load and be able
+
+to overlap their execution.
+
+So this definitely wins
+for serial execution.
+
+Yep, good.
+
+Any other questions about
+this mechanism?
+
+You could reason about
+it on the quiz.
+
+That kind of thing, right?
+
+Yeah, OK?
+
+So here's the x86 memory
+consistency model.
+
+For many years, Intel was
+unwilling to say what their
+
+memory consistency model was
+for fear that people would
+
+then rely on it.
+
+And then, they would
+be forced into it.
+
+But recently, they've started
+being more explicit about it.
+
+And this is the large
+part of it.
+
+I haven't put up all the things
+because there are a
+
+whole bunch of instructions,
+such as locking instructions
+
+and so forth, for which for
+some of them, it's more
+
+complicated.
+
+But this is the basics.
+
+So loads are not reordered
+with loads.
+
+So if you add a load to one
+location, a load to another
+
+location, they always execute
+in the same order.
+
+Stores are not reordered
+with stores.
+
+If you have store and then a
+subsequent store, those two
+
+stores always go
+in that order.
+
+Stores are not reordered
+with prior loads.
+
+So if you do a store
+after a load--
+
+if you do a load and then a
+store, they're going to go in
+
+that order.
+
+However, a load--
+
+and this is what we just
+talked about--
+
+may be reordered with a prior
+store to a different location
+
+but not with a prior store
+to the same location.
+
+So that's exactly what we
+just talked about on
+
+the previous slide.
+
+Then, loads and stores are
+not reordered with lock
+
+instructions.
+
+So a certain set of instructions
+are called lock
+
+instructions.
+
+And they include all the atomic
+updates, the exchanges,
+
+comparisons-and-swaps, and
+a variety of other atomic
+
+operations that the
+hardware supports.
+
+The stores to the same location
+always respect a
+
+global order.
+
+Everybody sees the store
+to a location in
+
+exactly the same order.
+
+And the lock instructions
+respect a global total order.
+
+So that everybody sees that this
+thread, or processor, got
+
+a lock before that one.
+
+You don't have two different
+processors disagreeing on what
+
+the order was that somebody
+acquired a lock or whatever.
+
+And then, memory ordering
+preserves transitive
+
+visibility, which
+is sort of like
+
+saying it obeys causality.
+
+In other words, if after doing
+a, if you had some effect, and
+
+then you did b, it should look
+like to other people like a
+
+and then b happened.
+
+Like there's a causality
+going on.
+
+But that's not sequential
+consistency, mainly
+
+because of four here.
+
+So what's the impact
+of reordering?
+
+So here, we have our example
+from the beginning for the
+
+memory bottle, where I'm storing
+a 1 into a and then
+
+loading whatever is in b.
+
+And similarly, over
+here the opposite.
+
+So what happens if I'm allowed
+to do reordering?
+
+What can happen to these
+two instructions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+They can execute in the
+opposite order.
+
+Similarly, these two guys can
+execute in the opposite order.
+
+So they can actually execute in
+this order where we do the
+
+load and then the stores.
+
+So it executes as if this
+were the order.
+
+Did I do this right?
+
+Executes as if this
+were the order.
+
+So I could do 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+So if then, I do the ordering
+2, 4, 1, 3.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I got the screwed
+up, I think.
+
+Didn't I?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Because I should be
+swapping these guys, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Swapped the
+wrong [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Ugh.
+
+OK.
+
+So if I did this
+one 2, 1, 4, 3.
+
+So ignore this thing.
+
+Suppose I do the order 2.
+
+So basically, I load b.
+
+Then, I load a.
+
+Then, I store a.
+
+And then, I store b.
+
+What's the result value that
+are in EAX and EBX?
+
+You get 00.
+
+Remember 00 wasn't the legal
+value from sequential
+
+consistency.
+
+But in this case, the Intel
+architecture and many other
+
+architectures out there will
+give you the wrong value for
+
+the execution of these
+instructions.
+
+Any question about that?
+
+So it doesn't preserve
+sequential consistency.
+
+So that's kind of scary in some
+way because you got to
+
+reason about this.
+
+Let's see what happens in
+Peterson's algorithm if you
+
+don't have sequential
+consistency.
+
+So here we go.
+
+We have the code where
+she wants is true,
+
+turn is his, et cetera.
+
+How is this going to fail?
+
+What could happen here?
+
+Where will the bug arise?
+
+What's going to happen?
+
+What's the reordering
+that might happen?
+
+AUDIENCE: On the while
+you do loads, right?
+
+[INAUDIBLE] the he_wants
+and turn is.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: On the while
+statement,
+
+you do a load, right?
+
+Because [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+He_wants is a load.
+
+AUDIENCE: And so that
+will get reordered.
+
+PROFESSOR: Where could
+that be reordered to?
+
+That could be reordered all
+the way to the top.
+
+Similarly, this one can
+be reordered all
+
+the way to the top.
+
+So the loads could be ordered
+all the way to the top.
+
+And now, what's going to happen
+is you're going to set
+
+that she_wants is true but
+get a value of he_wants
+
+that might be old.
+
+And so they won't see
+each other's values.
+
+And so then, both threads can
+now enter the critical section
+
+simultaneously.
+
+Yeah, Reid?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you swap the order
+of the loads, does the
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: If you swap the
+order of the loads--
+
+AUDIENCE: If you swap-- put
+the turn equals his on the
+
+left, [INAUDIBLE]
+on the right.
+
+Because according to--
+
+PROFESSOR: Put the turn
+equals his over here?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the he_wants
+can't cross the load.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, but that's
+not what you want to do.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then you can't
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: The whole idea here
+is that when you're saying you
+
+want to do something, you give
+the other one a turn so that
+
+whoever ends up winning the race
+allows just one of them
+
+to go through.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think the point is
+that if you put turn equals
+
+his and he_wants--
+
+PROFESSOR: You're saying
+this stuff here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Swap those two
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] turn equals
+
+his will not be reordered
+before the store that--
+
+PROFESSOR: You might be right.
+
+Let me think about that.
+
+AUDIENCE: You both reorder
+the same [? word. ?]
+
+AUDIENCE: But you just
+stored turn, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So if do turn equals his--
+
+I see what you're saying.
+
+Do this turn equals his.
+
+I was looking at this
+turn equals his.
+
+AUDIENCE: You mean turn
+equals equals his.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the Boolean
+expression [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+OK, I hadn't thought
+about that.
+
+Let me just think about
+that a second.
+
+So if we do the turn
+equals his--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and you won't reorder those
+two [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Then the--
+
+Yeah.
+
+You got to be--
+
+I have to think about that.
+
+I don't know about you folks,
+but I find this stuff really
+
+hard to think about.
+
+And so do most people,
+I think.
+
+This is one of these things
+where I don't think I can do
+
+without sitting down
+for 10 minutes and
+
+thinking about it deeply.
+
+But it's an interesting thought
+that if you did it the
+
+other direction that maybe
+there would be
+
+a requirement there.
+
+I'm skeptical that that is true
+because to my knowledge
+
+to do the mutual exclusion,
+you pretty much have to do
+
+what I'm going to
+talk about next.
+
+But it would be interesting
+if is true.
+
+Because you also have to worry
+about this guy getting
+
+reordered with respect
+to this one.
+
+AUDIENCE: The loads can't
+be reordered with
+
+respect to each other.
+
+PROFESSOR: So he_wants
+and turn equals his.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So the loads won't
+be reordered.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So that looks OK.
+
+And then, you're saying and then
+therefore, it can't go
+
+forward because this one won't
+get reordered with that one.
+
+You might be right.
+
+That'd be cute.
+
+So I have to update the slides
+for next year if that's true.
+
+So one way out of this quandary
+is to use what's
+
+called a memory fence
+or memory barrier.
+
+And it's a hardware action
+that enforces an ordering
+
+constraint between the
+instructions before
+
+and after the fence.
+
+So a memory fence says don't
+allow the processor to reorder
+
+these things.
+
+So why would you not want
+to do a memory fence?
+
+Then we'll talk about
+why you do it.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: To force a
+hardware slowdown?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You're forcing the hardware
+slowdown.
+
+You're also forcing compiler
+because the compiler has to
+
+respect that, too.
+
+You're not letting the compiler
+do optimizations
+
+across the fence.
+
+So generally, fences
+slow things down.
+
+In addition, it turns
+out that they have
+
+some significant overhead.
+
+So you can issue a memory
+fence explicitly as an
+
+instruction.
+
+So the mfence instruction
+sets a memory fence.
+
+There's also, it turns out, on
+x86 an lfence and an sfence,
+
+which allow loads to go over
+but not stores and
+
+stores but not loads.
+
+And this one is basically
+both.
+
+From the point of view of what
+we're using it for, we're only
+
+going to worry about
+the fences.
+
+They're done by the
+explicit one.
+
+But it also turns out all
+the locking instructions
+
+automatically put a fence in.
+
+One of the humorous things
+in recent memory is major
+
+manufacturers for whom the lock
+instruction was actually
+
+faster than doing a memory
+fence, which is kind of weird
+
+because a lock instruction
+does a memory fence.
+
+So how do you think that sort
+of thing comes about?
+
+So when you looked at
+performance it would be like--
+
+for this particular machine
+I'm thinking about--
+
+it was 30 cycles to do
+a lock instruction.
+
+And it was on the order of 50
+cycles to do a memory fence.
+
+And so if you want to
+do a memory fence,
+
+what should you do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do a lock.
+
+PROFESSOR: Do a lock
+instruction
+
+instead to get the effect.
+
+But why do you suppose that
+came up in the hardware?
+
+Why is it that one instruction
+would be--
+
+It's a social reason why this
+sort of thing happens.
+
+So I don't know for sure.
+
+But I know enough about
+engineering to understand how
+
+these things come about.
+
+So here's what goes on.
+
+They do studies of traces
+of programs.
+
+And how often do you think
+lock instructions occur?
+
+And how often do you think
+fence instructions occur?
+
+Turns out lock instructions
+occur all the time, whereas
+
+fences, they don't occur so
+often because usually it's
+
+somebody who really knows what
+they're doing who's using a
+
+memory fence.
+
+So then, they say to the
+engineering team, we're going
+
+to make our code go faster.
+
+And lock instructions are
+going really fast.
+
+So they put a top engineer
+on making lock
+
+instructions go fast.
+
+They put a second-rate engineer
+on making memory
+
+fence operations go fast because
+they're not used as
+
+often, without sort of
+recognizing that, gee, what
+
+you do for one is the
+same problem.
+
+You can do the same thing
+for the other.
+
+So it ends up you'll see things
+in architecture that
+
+are really quite humorous like
+that, where things are sort of
+
+like, wait a minute, how come
+this is slower when well, it
+
+probably has to do with the
+engineering team that built
+
+the system.
+
+And actually now I'm aware of
+two architectures where they
+
+did the same kind of thing by
+different manufacturers.
+
+Where they got these
+memory fences.
+
+It should be at least as fast
+because the one is doing--
+
+anyway.
+
+Interesting story there.
+
+Now, you can actually access a
+memory fence using a built in
+
+function called sync
+synchronize.
+
+And in fact, there whole
+set of atomics--
+
+I've put the information here
+for where you can go and look
+
+at the atomic operations that
+include memory fences and so
+
+forth to using in
+the compiler.
+
+It turns out when I was trying
+to get this going last night,
+
+I couldn't get it to work.
+
+And it turns out that's because
+our compiler had a bug
+
+where this instruction was
+compiling to nothing.
+
+There's a compiler bug.
+
+And so I messed around for far
+too much time and then finally
+
+sent out a help message
+to the T.A.s.
+
+And then, John figured out
+that there was a bug.
+
+And he's patched all the
+compilers so that you
+
+guys all have it.
+
+But anyway, it was like, how
+come this isn't working?
+
+AUDIENCE: What compiler
+are we using?
+
+PROFESSOR: This was GCC.
+
+I was trying 4 1,
+and I tried 4 3.
+
+And so the one that we're using
+in class for the most
+
+part, is 4 3.
+
+So anyway, John put
+the patch in.
+
+So now, when you use these
+
+instructions, they're all there.
+
+And then, the last thing is
+that the typical cost of a
+
+memory fence operation is
+comparable to that of an L2
+
+cache access.
+
+So memory fences tend to
+be on our machine--
+
+and I haven't actually measured
+in our machine.
+
+I meant to do that, and I
+didn't get around to it.
+
+It's probably on the order
+of 10, or 15 cycles, or
+
+something, which is not bad.
+
+If it's less than 20,
+it's pretty good.
+
+So here's Peterson's algorithm
+with memory fences.
+
+You just simply sticky in the
+memory fence there to prevent
+
+the reordering.
+
+And it's interesting if there's
+a way that we can play
+
+the game with the instruction
+stream to do the same thing
+
+because that would make this
+code go, generally, a lot
+
+faster in terms of overhead.
+
+And so using memory fences, you
+can restore consistency.
+
+Now, memory fences are
+like data races.
+
+If you don't have them,
+how do you know that
+
+you don't have them.
+
+It's very difficult to
+regression test for them,
+
+which is one reason I
+think there was a
+
+bug in the GCC compiler.
+
+How do you know that some
+piece of code is failing
+
+because most of the time
+it will work correctly.
+
+It's just occasionally, they'll
+be some reordering,
+
+and timing, and race condition
+that causes
+
+it not to work out.
+
+In this case, you both have
+to have the race and the
+
+reordering happening at the
+same time for Peterson's
+
+algorithm, for example.
+
+So compilers can be
+very difficult
+
+for things like this.
+
+Really, the way to do it, which
+is what I was doing, was
+
+do an objdump and search
+for is fence in there.
+
+And in this case, it
+wasn't in there.
+
+AUDIENCE: And also compiler's
+self-analyzers, by itself.
+
+And that's this instruction that
+basically can take code.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+It's not doing anything.
+
+Right.
+
+So it says, oop, get out of it.
+
+Yep.
+
+Good.
+
+So any questions about
+consistency.
+
+So what turns out to be most
+of the time when you're
+
+designing things where you want
+to synchronize through
+
+memory directly, rather than
+using locks or what have you.
+
+The methodology that I found
+works pretty well.
+
+Work it out for sequential
+consistency, and then figure
+
+out where you have to
+put the fences in.
+
+And that's a pretty
+good methodology
+
+for working out where--
+
+here's sequential consistency.
+
+Now, what reorderings do I need
+to ensure in order to
+
+make sure that it
+works properly.
+
+And that can be error prone.
+
+So once again, big skull and
+cross bones on whether you
+
+actually try this in practice.
+
+It really better make
+a difference.
+
+Now, the fact that you can
+synchronize directly through
+
+memory has led to a lot of
+protocols that are called
+
+lock-free protocols, which have
+some advantages, even
+
+though, in particular, because
+they don't use locks.
+
+And so I want to illustrate some
+of those because you'll
+
+see these in certain places.
+
+So recall the summing problem
+from last time.
+
+So here we have an array.
+
+And what we're going to do is
+run through all the elements
+
+in the array, computing
+something on every element,
+
+and adding into result.
+
+And we wanted to parallelize
+that.
+
+So we parallelize that
+with a Cilk 4.
+
+And what was the problem when
+we parallelize this?
+
+We get a race.
+
+So there's the race.
+
+We get a race on result because
+we've got two parallel
+
+instructions both
+trying to update
+
+results at the same time.
+
+So we can solve that
+with a lock.
+
+And I showed you last
+time that we could
+
+solve this for lock.
+
+By declaring a mutex, and then
+locking before we update the
+
+results, and then unlock.
+
+And of course, as we argued
+yesterday, that could cause
+
+severe contention.
+
+Now, contention can
+be an issue.
+
+But if it turns out that the
+compute here, which I've moved
+
+outside the lock notice.
+
+I've put it into temp and then
+added temp in so I can lock
+
+for the shortest
+possible time.
+
+If this compute is sufficiently
+large, there may
+
+be contention.
+
+But it may not be a significant
+contention in your
+
+execution because the update
+here could be very, very short
+
+compared with the time
+it takes to compute.
+
+So for example, if computing on
+array i cost you more than
+
+say order n time, then the fact
+that you have contention
+
+there isn't going to matter,
+generally, because the total
+
+amount of time that you're going
+to be locking is just
+
+small compared to the total
+execution time.
+
+Still in a multiprogram setting,
+there may be other
+
+problems that you can get into,
+even when you have this
+
+and even if you think
+that contention
+
+is going to be minimal.
+
+So can anybody think of what
+the issues might be?
+
+Why could this be problematic
+even if contention
+
+is not a big issue?
+
+And the hint here is it's in
+a multiprogram setting.
+
+So what happens in a
+multiprogram setting.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Because
+the resolve is--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It actually doesn't
+have to do with resolve here.
+
+It has to do with locking
+explicitly.
+
+It's a problem with locking in a
+multiprogrammed environment.
+
+What happens in a
+multiprogrammed environment?
+
+What do I mean by
+multiprogrammed environment?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Have multiple
+jobs running, right?
+
+And what happens to the
+processor when there are
+
+multiple jobs running?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Contact switches.
+
+So now, what can
+go wrong here?
+
+What can be really bad here?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You aquire the
+lock and then the
+
+contacts switch out.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You acquire the lock.
+
+And then, the operating system
+contact switches you out.
+
+And so what happens?
+
+You hold the lock while some
+other job is running.
+
+And what are those guys doing.
+
+They go and spin and
+wait on the lock.
+
+Now, this is a good time where
+you'd rather not have a
+
+spinning lock.
+
+You'd rather have
+a yielding lock.
+
+But even so, suddenly you're
+talking about something that's
+
+operating at the level of
+100 times a second, 10
+
+milliseconds, versus something
+that is operating on a
+
+nanosecond level.
+
+So you're talking six orders
+of magnitude of performance
+
+difference if you end up getting
+switched out while you
+
+hold a lock.
+
+That's the issue.
+
+What happens.
+
+And then, if that happens,
+all the other loop
+
+iterations must wait.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+in the large program here
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+I don't have a mic.
+
+If one [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+crashes or one
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+the lock
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you specify
+whether those are yielding
+
+locks or spinning locks?
+
+PROFESSOR: Usually, the mutex
+type will tell you.
+
+I'm just using a simple
+name of mutex.
+
+I probably should have been
+using the ones that--
+
+we were using one called
+Cilk mutex.
+
+And I probably should've used
+that here rather than just
+
+simple mutex.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are they yielding?
+
+PROFESSOR: There's
+a good question.
+
+I used to know the
+answer to this.
+
+I believe that those spin for
+a while, are competitive.
+
+They spin for a while
+and then yield.
+
+But I'm not sure.
+
+They may just spin.
+
+They don't just automatically
+yield.
+
+They're either competitive,
+or they'll spin and yield.
+
+I believe they spin and yield.
+
+And I believe there's actually
+a switch where
+
+you can tell it--
+
+if you're doing timing
+measurements--
+
+make it so that it purely spins
+so that you can get
+
+better benchmark results.
+
+AUDIENCE: So my question is does
+the colonel have power to
+
+switch out a spinning
+lock or not?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Well, the colonel, the
+scheduler, can come in at any
+
+moment and say, whip
+you're out.
+
+You're out.
+
+That's it.
+
+And wherever it is, it
+interrupts it at
+
+that moment in time.
+
+So one solution to this
+problem is to
+
+use a lock-free method.
+
+And one of the common ways of
+doing that is with what's
+
+called compare-and-swap
+instruction.
+
+So this is what's called a
+locking instruction, meaning
+
+it's one of these ones that goes
+out to L2, in terms of
+
+timing and so forth.
+
+And what it does is it does
+the following thing.
+
+It has an address
+of a location.
+
+And it's got the old value
+that was stored in the
+
+location and a new value.
+
+And it says if the value that
+is there is the old value,
+
+well, then stick the
+new value in there.
+
+And then return essentially
+true.
+
+Otherwise return false.
+
+So it's basically saying what
+you tend to do is you first
+
+look to see what's the value.
+
+You then update the value.
+
+And then you say, if it hasn't
+changed, stick it back in and
+
+return true.
+
+If it has changed,
+return false.
+
+So it's only swaps the
+value if it is true.
+
+There's actually two versions.
+
+One which says bool and
+one which says val.
+
+And if you do the bool version,
+it returns a flag.
+
+If you do the val version, it
+actually returns the value
+
+that was in there.
+
+So it's more like a
+compare-and-swap.
+
+The main thing about this is
+this code essentially executes
+
+atomically with the single
+instruction, which is called--
+
+The instruction is cmpxchg.
+
+Is it up there?
+
+Oh, there it is.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So the cmpxchg instruction
+on x86.
+
+So when you compile this, you
+should find on your assembly
+
+output that instruction
+somewhere unless the compiler
+
+figures out a better way
+to optimize that.
+
+But generally, you
+should find that.
+
+Also, one of the things about
+this is it works on values
+
+that are sort of integer
+type values.
+
+But it doesn't work on floating
+point numbers, in
+
+particular.
+
+So you can't compare-and-swap
+a value, which is a floating
+
+point value.
+
+You can only do it with
+energy type values.
+
+So let's take a look at how we
+can use the compare-and-swap
+
+for the summing problem.
+
+So what we do is we have
+the same sort of code.
+
+And now, what I'm going to do is
+compute my temporary value.
+
+And then, what I'll do is
+I'll read the value
+
+of result into old.
+
+I'll then update my new value
+for what I think I want the
+
+result to be the result plus
+the thing that I computed.
+
+And now, what I do is I attempt
+to compare-and-swap as
+
+long as the old value is
+what I read it to be.
+
+Swap in the new value.
+
+If the old value turns out to
+be different from what is
+
+currently in the result
+location,
+
+then it returns false.
+
+And I redo this again.
+
+Then, I have to redo the
+whole loop again.
+
+So this is a do-while loop.
+
+Do-while is like a while loop,
+except you do the body first.
+
+And then you test
+the condition.
+
+So if this fails, I go back.
+
+I then get a new value for
+the result and so forth.
+
+So let me show you
+how that works.
+
+Let's see.
+
+So first, I'll show you
+how this works.
+
+Actually, I'll show it on a more
+interesting example how
+
+this works.
+
+So what happens if I get swapped
+out in the middle of a
+
+loop iteration?
+
+All I do is when I do the
+compare-and-swap it fails.
+
+So no other instructions
+can wait.
+
+They can all march ahead and do
+the thing they need to do.
+
+And then, the one that
+got swapped out, eh.
+
+It gets some old value.
+
+It discovers that and has
+to re-execute the loop.
+
+So is that fine?
+
+So what this means is that the
+amount work that's going on,
+
+however, could in fact, be
+greater, depending upon how
+
+much contention there is.
+
+If there's a lot of contention,
+you could end up
+
+having these guys fighting
+and not re
+
+executing a lot of code.
+
+But that's really not much worse
+than them spinning is
+
+what it comes down to.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Let's do a more interesting
+example.
+
+Here's a lock-free stack.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+we're going to have a node,
+
+which has a next pointer
+and some data.
+
+All we really care about
+is the next pointer.
+
+And we have a stack, which has
+basically a head pointer.
+
+So we have a linked list here.
+
+We want to basically be able to
+insert things at the front
+
+and take things out
+of the front.
+
+So here's a lock-free push.
+
+So remember, this could
+be concurrent.
+
+So these guys want to operate
+on it at a time.
+
+We saw last time how in doing
+very simple updates on link
+
+structures, you could get
+yourself into a mess if you
+
+didn't properly synchronize when
+we did the insertion in
+
+the hash table.
+
+So here's my push
+[? up ?] code.
+
+Well let's walk through it.
+
+It says, basically, here's my
+node that I want to insert.
+
+It says, first of all, make
+node.next point to the head.
+
+So we basically have
+it pointing to 77.
+
+So then what we say is OK.
+
+Let's compare-and-swap to make
+the head point to the node but
+
+only if the value of the
+head has not changed.
+
+It's still the value
+of the node.next.
+
+And if so, it does the swap.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: You say
+compare-and-swap.
+
+But you compare it to what?
+
+PROFESSOR: PROFESSOR: In this
+case it's comparing to the--
+
+so this is basically the
+location that you're doing the
+
+compare-and-swap on, the old
+value that you expect to see
+
+in that location, and
+the new value.
+
+So here, what it says--
+
+when we're at this
+point here--
+
+we're saying before you do the
+compare-and-swap, we're
+
+saying, I only want you to set
+that pointer to go to here if
+
+this value is still
+pointing to there.
+
+So only move this here if
+this value is still 77.
+
+In other words, if somebody
+else came in--
+
+well, I'll do an example in a
+second that shows what happens
+
+when we have concurrency, and
+one of them might fail.
+
+But if it is true, then
+it basically sets it.
+
+And now I'm home free.
+
+So let's take a look at what
+happens when we have
+
+contention.
+
+So I have two guys.
+
+So 33 says, OK I'll come in.
+
+Let me set my next pointer
+to the head.
+
+But then comes 81.
+
+And it says, OK.
+
+Let me try to set my pointer to
+also be 77 because I look
+
+at what the head is,
+and that's where
+
+it's supposed to go.
+
+So now, what happens
+is we do the
+
+compare-and-swap operation.
+
+And they both are going
+to try to do it.
+
+And one of them is going to,
+essentially, do it first
+
+because the hardware preserves
+that the compare-and-swaps,
+
+their locking operations,
+they will happen in
+
+some definite order.
+
+So in this case, 81 got
+in there and did its
+
+compare-and-swap first.
+
+When it looked, 77 was still
+a value that it said.
+
+So it allowed that pointer
+to be changed.
+
+But now what happens
+when 33 tries.
+
+33 tries to do the
+compare-and-swap.
+
+And the compare-and-swap fails
+because it's saying, I want to
+
+swap 33 in as long as the value
+of head is the pointer
+
+to 70, the node was 77.
+
+The value is no longer the
+pointer to the node of 77.
+
+It's now the pointer to the
+value of the node with 81.
+
+So the compare-and-swap fails.
+
+People follow that?
+
+And so what does
+33 have to do?
+
+It's got to start again.
+
+So it goes back around the loop,
+and now it sets it to
+
+81, which is now the head.
+
+And now, it can compare-and-swap
+in the value.
+
+And they both get in there
+perfectly well.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: What if there's
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+What if two nodes have--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, notice here,
+it's not looking at the value
+
+of the data.
+
+Nowhere does data appear here.
+
+It's actually looking
+at the address of
+
+this chunk of memory.
+
+There is a similar problem,
+which I will
+
+raise in just a moment.
+
+There is still a problem.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So I'm confused
+about the interface.
+
+So you give it the address
+of where you want to
+
+compare the value of.
+
+And you're giving it what
+you're pointing at and--
+
+PROFESSOR: And here's the value
+that I expect to be
+
+stored in this location.
+
+The value I expect to be in
+there is node dot next.
+
+So if I go back a
+couple things.
+
+Here.
+
+Here, the guy says, the
+value I expect to be
+
+there is in this case.
+
+the address of this chunk
+of memory here.
+
+He expects the address of the
+node containing 77 is going to
+
+be in this location.
+
+It's not.
+
+What's in this location
+is the address of
+
+this chunk of memory.
+
+But you're saying, if it's equal
+to this, then you can go
+
+ahead and do the swap.
+
+Otherwise you're
+going to fail.
+
+And the swap consists of now
+sticking this value into--
+
+conditionally sticking
+it in there.
+
+So you either do it or
+you don't do it.
+
+So let's now do a pop.
+
+So pop you can also
+do with things.
+
+So here, I'm going to want
+to extract an element.
+
+And what I'm going to do is
+create a current value that I
+
+want to make point to the
+element that gets eliminated.
+
+So what I do is I say, well,
+the element that I want is
+
+that guy there.
+
+And now, what I want to do is
+make the head jump around and
+
+point to 94.
+
+So what I do is I say, well,
+as long as the--
+
+and I want to do that unless I
+get down to the fact that I
+
+have an empty list.
+
+So basically, I say, if
+the head still has
+
+the value of current--
+
+so they're pointing to
+the same place--
+
+then, I want to move in
+current arrow next.
+
+And then I'm done.
+
+Otherwise, I want to set current
+to head, reset it, and
+
+go back to the beginning
+and try to pop again.
+
+And I'm going to keep doing
+that until I get my pop to
+
+succeed or until current
+points to nil.
+
+If it ended up at the end,
+then I don't want to keep
+
+popping if the list ended
+up being empty.
+
+So basically, it sets that
+one to jump over.
+
+And now, once it's done that, I
+can go, and I can clean up,
+
+I can get rid of this
+pointer, et cetera.
+
+But nobody else who's coming in
+to use this link list, can
+
+see 15 now because I'm the only
+one with a pointer to it.
+
+So people understand that?
+
+So where's the bug?
+
+Turns out this has a but
+after all that work.
+
+Each of these individually does
+what it's supposed to do.
+
+But here's the bug.
+
+And it's a famous problem
+because you see it all the
+
+time when people are
+synchronizing through memory
+
+with lock-free algorithms.
+
+It's called the ABA problem.
+
+So here's the problem.
+
+And it's similar to what
+some people were
+
+concerned about earlier.
+
+So here's the ABA problem.
+
+Thread 1 begins to pop 15.
+
+So imagine that what it does is
+it sets its current there,
+
+and then it reads the value
+here, and starts to set the
+
+head here using the
+compare-and-swap.
+
+But it doesn't complete the
+compare-and-swap yet.
+
+The compare-and-swap
+hasn't executed.
+
+It's simply gotten this
+value, and it's
+
+about to swap it here.
+
+So then, thread 2 comes along.
+
+And it says, oh, I want to
+pop something as well.
+
+So it comes in.
+
+And it turns out it's faster,
+and manages to pop 15 off, and
+
+set up its pointers.
+
+Now, what would normally
+happen here is if this
+
+completed, what would happen?
+
+The compare-and-swap instruction
+would discover
+
+that this pointer is no longer
+the pointer to the head.
+
+And so it would fail.
+
+We'd be all hunky dory.
+
+No problem.
+
+But what could actually
+happen here?
+
+Thread 2 keeps going on.
+
+It says, oh, let me pop 94.
+
+So it does the same thing.
+
+So thread 1 is still stalled
+here, not having completed its
+
+compare-and-swap.
+
+It swaps 94.
+
+Then, thread 2 goes
+on and says, oh,
+
+let's put 15 back on.
+
+So it puts 15 back on because
+after all, it had 15.
+
+So now, what happens here?
+
+Thread 1 now looks, and it now
+completes, and does its
+
+compare-and-swap, it resumes,
+splicing out 15, which it
+
+thinks it has.
+
+But it doesn't realize that
+other stuff has gone on.
+
+And now, we've got a mess.
+
+So this is the ABA problem
+because what happened was we
+
+were checking to see whether the
+value was still the same
+
+value, the same chunk
+of memory.
+
+It got popped off.
+
+But it got popped back on.
+
+But now, it could be in
+any configuration.
+
+We don't know what it is.
+
+And now, the code is thinking,
+that oh, nothing happened.
+
+But in fact, something
+happened.
+
+So it's ABA because basically,
+you've got 15 there.
+
+It goes away.
+
+Then, 15 comes back.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you compare two
+things and then swap because
+
+that would solve this, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's called a
+double compare-and-swap.
+
+And we'll talk about
+it in a second.
+
+So the classic way to solve
+this problem is to use
+
+versioning.
+
+So what you do is you pack a
+version number with each
+
+pointer in the same atomically
+updatable word.
+
+So that when 15 comes back,
+you've got the pointer.
+
+But you also have a version on
+that pointer so that the value
+
+has to be the same as
+the version you
+
+had and not the value.
+
+What you do is you increment the
+version number every time
+
+the pointer is changed.
+
+So you just do an increment.
+
+But you do the compare-and-swap
+on the
+
+version number and the pointer
+at the same time.
+
+Now, it turns out that some
+architectures actually have
+
+what's called a double
+compare-and-swap, which will
+
+do compare-and-swap on two
+distinct locations.
+
+And that simplifies things even
+more because it means you
+
+don't have to pack and
+make sure that
+
+things fit in one word.
+
+You can keep versioning
+elsewhere.
+
+And there are a whole bunch of
+other places where you can, in
+
+fact, optimize and get even
+tighter code than you could if
+
+you have to pack.
+
+So that's generally the
+way you solve this.
+
+And, of course, you can
+see this gets--
+
+as I say, this week has been
+skull and cross bones lecture.
+
+It's appropriate it comes right
+after Halloween because
+
+really, you do not want
+to play these games
+
+unless you have to.
+
+But you should know about them
+because you will find times
+
+where you need this, or you need
+to understand somebody's
+
+code that they've written
+in a lock-free way.
+
+Because remember lock-free has
+the nice property that hey,
+
+the operating system swaps
+something out, it just keeps
+
+running nice and jolly
+if it's correct.
+
+So the other issue is that
+version numbers may need to be
+
+very large.
+
+So if you have a version number,
+how many bits to you
+
+assign to that version number.
+
+Well, 64 bits, that's
+no problem.
+
+You never run out of 64 bits.
+
+2 to the 64th is a very,
+very, very big number.
+
+And you'll never run out
+of 2 to the 64th.
+
+We did that calculation at the
+beginning of the term.
+
+How big did we say it was?
+
+It's pretty big, right?
+
+It's like this big.
+
+Or is it this big?
+
+My two-year-old is this big.
+
+So anyway, it's pretty big.
+
+So is it bigger than--
+
+no, it's not bigger than the
+number of particles in the
+
+universe, right?
+
+That's 10 to the 80th,
+which is much bigger
+
+than 2 to the 64th.
+
+But it's still a big number.
+
+I think it's like more than
+there are atoms in the earth
+
+or something.
+
+It's still pretty big.
+
+You never get through it
+if you calculate it.
+
+I think we calculated
+it and it was
+
+hundreds of years or whatever.
+
+Anyway, it's a long time.
+
+Many, many, many years at the
+very fastest, updating with
+
+biggest supercomputers,
+and the most
+
+processors, et cetera.
+
+Never run out of 64 bits.
+
+32 bits.
+
+Four billion.
+
+Maybe you run out.
+
+Maybe you don't.
+
+So that's one of the issues.
+
+You have to say, well, how often
+do I have to do that.
+
+Really, you only have
+to worry about this.
+
+You can wraparound.
+
+But you've got to make sure
+that then you never have a
+
+situation where something could
+be swapped out for long
+
+enough that it would come back
+and bite you because you're
+
+coming around and then
+eating your tail.
+
+And you've got to make sure
+you wouldn't have things
+
+overlap and get a [? thing. ?]
+
+So that might be a risk you're
+willing to take.
+
+You can do an analysis and
+say, what are the odds my
+
+system crashes from
+this reason or
+
+from a different reason?
+
+That can be reasonable
+engineering trade-off.
+
+So there's an alternative
+to compare-and-swap.
+
+One is the double
+compare-and-swap.
+
+Another one is some machines
+have what's called a
+
+load-linked, store conditional
+instruction.
+
+What those are actually is
+a pair of instructions.
+
+One is load-linked.
+
+When you load-linked, it
+basically says, let's set a
+
+bit, essentially,
+in that word.
+
+And if that word ever changes
+when you do store conditional,
+
+it will fail.
+
+So even if some other processor
+changes it to the
+
+exact same value, it's keeping
+track of whether anybody else
+
+wrote it using the memory
+consistency mechanism.
+
+The MSI type protocol that
+we talked about.
+
+It's using that kind of
+mechanism to make sure that if
+
+it changes.
+
+And so this is actually much
+more reliable as a mechanism.
+
+x86 does not have load-linked,
+store conditional.
+
+I'm not sure why.
+
+I don't know if there's
+a patent on it or
+
+what's going on.
+
+But they don't have it.
+
+Final topic is reducers.
+
+So once again, recall
+the summing problem.
+
+In Cilk++, they have a mechanism
+called reducer
+
+hyperobjects, which lets you do
+an end run around some of
+
+these synchronization
+problems.
+
+And the basic idea behind it is
+we actually could code this
+
+fairly easily as we talked about
+last time by just doing
+
+divide and conquer
+on the array.
+
+We add up the first half of
+the elements, add up the
+
+second half of the elements,
+when they
+
+return, add them together.
+
+But the problem is that coding
+that is a pain to do.
+
+So the hyper object mechanism
+sort of does that
+
+automatically for you.
+
+What you can do is declare
+result to be an integer, which
+
+is going to have the operation
+add performed on it.
+
+And what happens then is you can
+just go ahead and add the
+
+values up like this.
+
+And basically, what it does
+is essentially adds things
+
+locally and will combine them
+on an as needed basis.
+
+So you don't actually have to do
+any synchronization at all.
+
+In the end, you have
+to get the result
+
+by doing a get value.
+
+So let me show you a little bit
+more what's going on in
+
+this situation.
+
+So the first thing here is
+we're saying result is a
+
+summing reducer over int.
+
+The updates are resolved
+automatically without races or
+
+contention because they're
+basically doing it by keeping
+
+local values and copying them.
+
+And then, at the end, you can
+get the underlying value.
+
+So the way this works is that
+when you declare the variable,
+
+you're declaring it as a reducer
+over some associative
+
+operation, such as addition.
+
+So it only works cleanly if your
+operation is associative.
+
+And there are a lot of
+associative operations.
+
+Addition, multiplication,
+logical, and, list
+
+concatenation.
+
+I can concatenate two lists.
+
+So what does associative mean?
+
+I think I have a slide
+on this in a minute.
+
+It means a times b times c.
+
+I can parenthesize it
+any way I want and
+
+get the same answer.
+
+Associative, right?
+
+It's not associative like
+
+associative memory or whatever.
+
+So now, the individual strands
+in the computation can update
+
+x as if it were an ordinary
+non-local variable.
+
+But in fact, it's maintained as
+a set of different copies
+
+called views.
+
+The Cilk++ runtime system
+coordinates the views and
+
+combines them when
+appropriate.
+
+And when only one view remains,
+now you can get the
+
+actual value.
+
+So for example, you may have
+a summing reducer where the
+
+actual value at this point
+in time is 89.
+
+But locally, each processor may
+only see a different value
+
+whose sum is 89.
+
+But locally, I could do
+something like increment this.
+
+And this guy can independently
+increment his view and has the
+
+effect that it increments
+whatever the total sum is.
+
+And then, the runtime system
+manages to combine everything
+
+at the end to make it be the
+value when there's no more
+
+parallelism associated
+with that reducer.
+
+So here's the conceptual
+behavior.
+
+Imagine I have this code.
+
+I set x equal to 0.
+
+I then add 3.
+
+I then increment.
+
+I had 4, increments at 5.
+
+Fa da da da da.
+
+At the end, I get some
+value, which I
+
+don't think I put down.
+
+Another way I could do this
+is the following.
+
+Let me do exactly the same here
+but with a local view
+
+that I'll call x1.
+
+For this set of operations, let
+me start a new view that I
+
+start out with the identity for
+addition, which is 0 and
+
+add those guys up.
+
+And then, at the end, let
+me add x1 and x2.
+
+It should give me the same
+answer if addition is
+
+associative.
+
+In particular, these
+now can operate in
+
+parallel with no races.
+
+So if you don't actually look
+at the intermediate values--
+
+if all I'm doing is updating
+them, but I'm not actually
+
+looking to see what the absolute
+value of the thing
+
+is, I should get the same
+answer at the end.
+
+The answer to the result
+is then determinant.
+
+It's not deterministic because
+it's going to get done in a
+
+different way with different
+memory state.
+
+But it's determinant, meaning
+the output answer is going to
+
+give you the same no matter how
+it executes, even if the
+
+resulting computation
+is nondeterministic.
+
+So this is a way of
+encapsulating, if you will,
+
+nondeterminism.
+
+And it worked because addition
+is associative.
+
+It didn't matter which
+order I did it.
+
+And once again, I could have
+broken it here instead of
+
+there, and I still get
+the same answer.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+So the idea is as these things
+are work stealing around.
+
+they're accumulating things
+locally but combining them in
+
+a way that maintains the
+invariant that the final value
+
+is going to be the sum.
+
+So there's a lot of other
+related work where people do
+
+reduction types of things, but
+they're all tied to specific
+
+control or data structures.
+
+And the neat thing about the
+Cilk++ version is that it is
+
+not tied to anything.
+
+You can name it anywhere.
+
+You can write recursive
+programs.
+
+You can update locally your
+reducer wherever you want, and
+
+it figures out exactly how to
+combine them in order to get
+
+your final answer.
+
+So the algebraic framework for
+this is that we have a monoid,
+
+which is a set, an operator,
+and an identity, where the
+
+operator is an associative
+binary operator.
+
+And the identity is, in
+fact, the identity.
+
+So here are some examples.
+
+Integers with plus and 0, the
+real numbers with times and 1,
+
+true and false, Booleans with
+and, where true is the
+
+identity, strings over some
+alphabet with concatenation,
+
+where the empty string
+is the identity.
+
+You can do MAX with minus
+infinity as the
+
+operation, and so forth.
+
+And you can come up
+with your own.
+
+It's easy to come up with
+examples of monoids.
+
+So what we do in Cilk++ is we
+represent a monoid over a set
+
+t by a C++ class that inherits
+from this base class that's
+
+predefined for you, which is
+parameterized using templates
+
+with the types.
+
+So the set that we're going
+to use is, in fact,
+
+going to be a type.
+
+And the member function
+reduced--
+
+this monoid has to have a member
+function reduced that
+
+implements the binary
+operator times.
+
+And it also has an identity
+member function.
+
+So we set up the algebraic
+framework.
+
+So here's, for example, how I
+could define a sum monoid.
+
+I inherit from the base with
+int, for example, here.
+
+And I define my reduced
+function.
+
+And it actually turns out to
+be important, you always do
+
+the right one into the left.
+
+Otherwise, you won't have
+it be associative.
+
+And then, you have an identity,
+which gives you in
+
+this case a new element,
+which is 0.
+
+And so you can now define
+the reducer as so.
+
+You just say Cilk reducer,
+the sum monoid
+
+you've defined and x.
+
+And now, the local view of x
+can be accessed as x open
+
+close parenthesis.
+
+Now, in the example I showed
+you, you didn't need to do the
+
+open close parenthesis.
+
+And the way you get rid of those
+open close parenthesis
+
+is you define a wrapper class.
+
+So it's generally inconvenient
+to replace every access with x
+
+over brown.
+
+That's one issue.
+
+The other thing is accesses
+aren't safe.
+
+Nothing prevents a programmer
+from writing x times equals 2,
+
+even though the reducer
+was defined over plus.
+
+And that will screw up the
+logic of this code if
+
+somewhere he's multiplying
+when, in fact, it's only
+
+supposed to be combined
+with addition.
+
+So the way you solve that
+is with a wrapper class.
+
+You can do a wrapper class that
+will protect all of the
+
+operations inside and export
+things that you can just refer
+
+to the variable.
+
+And it will actually
+call that.
+
+For most of what you're doing,
+you probably don't need to
+
+write a wrapper class.
+
+You'll do fine just operating
+with the extra parentheses.
+
+In addition, there's
+a whole bunch of
+
+commonly use reducers.
+
+Lists, appends, max, min, adds,
+an output stream, and
+
+some strings, and also you can
+roll your own using things.
+
+One issue with addition
+is that, in fact,
+
+this doesn't preserve--
+
+for floating point addition--
+does not
+
+preserve the same answer.
+
+And the reason is because
+floating point numbers are not
+
+associative.
+
+If I had a to b and add that
+to c, I can get something
+
+different because of round off
+error from adding a to the
+
+result of b and c.
+
+So generally, floating point
+operations don't give you--
+
+they'll give you something that
+is close enough for most
+
+things, but it's not actually
+associative.
+
+So you will get different
+answers.
+
+A quick example.
+
+I'm sorry to run over
+a little bit here.
+
+I hope people have
+a couple minutes.
+
+Here's a real world example.
+
+A company had a mechanical
+assembly represented a tree of
+
+assemblies down to
+individual parts.
+
+A pickup truck has all these
+parts and all of these extra
+
+subparts all the way down to
+some geometric description of
+
+what the part is.
+
+And what they want to do is
+the so-called collision
+
+detection problem, which
+has nothing to do
+
+with colliding autos.
+
+What they're doing is saying,
+find collisions between the
+
+assembly and a target object.
+
+And that object might be
+something like a half space
+
+because they're computing
+a cutaway.
+
+Tell me all the things that
+fall within this.
+
+Or maybe, here's an engine
+compartment, and does the
+
+engine fit in with it?
+
+So here's a code
+that does that.
+
+Basically, it does a recursive
+walk, where it looks to see
+
+whether it's an internal
+node or a leaf.
+
+If it's a leaf, it says, oh,
+let me check to see whether
+
+the target collides
+with a particular
+
+element of the tree.
+
+And if so, add that object
+to the end of a list.
+
+So this is the standard a C++
+library for putting something
+
+on the end of the list.
+
+If it's an internal node, then
+go through all of the children
+
+recursively.
+
+And walk the children
+recursively.
+
+So basically, you're going to
+look through the whole tree.
+
+Does it intersect this
+particular object, x?
+
+So how do we parallelize this?
+
+We can parallelize
+the recursion.
+
+We turn the 4 loop here
+into a Cilk 4.
+
+So it goes through all the
+children at the same time.
+
+They all can do their
+comparisons
+
+completely the same.
+
+Oops, but we have a bug.
+
+What's the bug?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it push back?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+The push back here.
+
+We have a race here because
+they're all trying to push on
+
+to this output list
+at the same time.
+
+So we could resolve it with
+a lock or whatever.
+
+But it turns out it's much
+better to resolve it with a--
+
+so we could do this, right?
+
+But now, you've got
+lock contention.
+
+And also, the list ends
+up getting produced
+
+in a jumbled order.
+
+So it turns out if you use a
+reducer, you declare this to
+
+be a reducer with list append.
+
+And what happens then is turns
+out list concatenation is
+
+associative.
+
+If I concatenate a to b, and
+then concatenate c, that's the
+
+same as concatenating a to the
+concatenation of b and c.
+
+And I can concatenate lists in
+constant time by keeping a
+
+pointer to the head and
+tail of each list.
+
+So if you do that, and that
+turns out to be one of the
+
+built in functions, then, in
+fact, this code operates
+
+perfectly well with no
+contention and so forth.
+
+And in fact, produces the output
+in the same order as
+
+the original C++.
+
+It runs fast.
+
+And there's a little description
+of how it works.
+
+The actual protocol
+is kind of tricky.
+
+And we'll put the paper--
+
+let's make sure we get this
+paper up on the web.
+
+I think it was there
+from last year.
+
+So we should be able
+to find it.
+
+If you're interested in
+how the details work.
+
+Here's the important thing
+to know from a
+
+programmer point of view.
+
+So typically, the cost--
+
+it turns out the reduce
+operations you're only calling
+
+when there's actually a steal.
+
+It's actually a return
+from a steal.
+
+But since stealing occurs
+relatively infrequently the
+
+load balance, the number of
+times you actually do one of
+
+these reduce operations
+is small.
+
+The most of the cost is actually
+accessing the reducer
+
+to do the updates.
+
+And it's never worse than a hash
+table lookup the way it's
+
+implemented.
+
+If the reducer is accessed
+several times within a region
+
+of code, the compiler can
+optimize the lookups using
+
+common subexpression
+elimination.
+
+And in the common case, then,
+what happens is it basically
+
+has an access cost equal to
+one additional level of
+
+indirection, which is typically
+an L1 cache hit.
+
+So the overhead of actually
+updating one of these things
+
+is really just like an extra L1
+cache hit for most of these
+
+things, for most of the time.
+
+If you have the case that you're
+accessing a reducer
+
+several times within the
+same block of code.
+
+Otherwise, at the very worst,
+you have to actually do a hash
+
+table lookup.
+
+And that tends to be a little
+bit more like a function call
+
+overhead just in terms of
+order of magnitude.
+
+Sorry for running over.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o4Ccc1qJyAo.txt b/o4Ccc1qJyAo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1485c54deb6b36a4dc4eedd5b5ac9d620486eacb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o4Ccc1qJyAo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+Hi.
+
+In this problem, we're going to
+use the set of probability
+
+axioms to derive the probability
+of the difference
+
+of two events.
+
+Now, before we get started,
+there's one thing you might
+
+notice that, the equation
+we're trying to prove is
+
+actually quite complicated.
+
+And I don't like it either, so
+the first thing we're going to
+
+do will be to find a simpler
+notation for the events that
+
+we're interested in.
+
+ 
+
+So we start with two events, A
+and B, and there might be some
+
+intersection between
+the two events.
+
+We'll label the set of points
+or samples in A that are not
+
+in B, as a set C. So C will be
+A intersection B complement.
+
+Similarly, for all points that
+are in B but not in A, this
+
+area, we'll call it D.
+
+And D will be the set A
+complement intersection B. And
+
+finally, for points that are in
+the intersection of A and
+
+B, we'll call it E. So E is A
+intersection B. And for the
+
+rest of our problem, we're going
+to be using the notation
+
+C, D, and E instead of
+whatever's down below.
+
+If we use this notation, we can
+rewrite our objective as
+
+the following.
+
+We want to show that the
+probability of C union D is
+
+equal to the probability
+of the event A plus the
+
+probability of B minus twice the
+probability of E. And that
+
+will be our goal for
+the problem.
+
+ 
+
+Now, let's take a minute to
+review what the axioms are,
+
+what the probability
+axioms are.
+
+The first one says
+non-negativity.
+
+We take any event A, then
+the probability of A
+
+must be at least 0.
+
+The second normalization says
+the probability of the entire
+
+space, the entire sample space
+omega, must be equal to 1.
+
+And finally, the additivity
+axiom, which will be the axiom
+
+that we're going to use for this
+problem says, if there
+
+are two events, A and B
+that are disjoint--
+
+which means they don't have
+anything in common, therefore.
+
+the intersection is
+the empty set.
+
+Then the probability of their
+union will be equal to the
+
+probably A plus the probability
+of B. For the rest
+
+of the problem, I will refer
+to this axiom as add.
+
+So whenever we invoke this
+axiom, I'll write
+
+"add" on the board.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+First, we'll invoke the
+additivity axioms to argue
+
+that the probability of C union
+D is simply the sum of
+
+probability of C plus
+probability of
+
+D. Why is this true?
+
+We can apply this axiom, because
+the set C here and the
+
+set D here, they're completely
+disjoint from each other.
+
+And in a similar way, we'll
+also notice the following.
+
+We see that A is equal to the
+union of the set C and E.
+
+And also, C and E, they're
+disjoint with each other,
+
+because C and E by definition
+don't share any points.
+
+And therefore, we have probably
+A is equal to
+
+probability of C plus the
+probability of E. Now, in a
+
+similar way, the probability of
+event B can also be written
+
+as a probability of D plus the
+probability of E, because
+
+event B is the union
+of D and E.
+
+And D and E are disjoint
+from each other.
+
+So we again invoke the
+additivity axiom.
+
+Now, this should be enough
+to prove our final claim.
+
+We have the probability of C
+union D. By the very first
+
+line, we see this is simply
+probability of C plus the
+
+probability of D.
+
+Now, I'm going to insert two
+terms here to make the
+
+connection with a second part of
+the equation more obvious.
+
+That is, I will write
+probability C plus probability
+
+E plus probability D plus
+probability of E. Now, I've
+
+just added two terms here--
+
+probability E. So to make the
+equality valid or subtract it
+
+out two times, the
+probability of E.
+
+Hence this equality is valid.
+
+So if we look at this equation,
+we see that there
+
+are two parts here that
+we've already seen
+
+before right here.
+
+The very first parenthesis is
+equal to the probability of A.
+
+And the value of the second
+parenthesis is equal to the
+
+probability of B. We just
+derived these here.
+
+And finally, we have the minus
+2 probability of E. This line
+
+plus this line gives us
+the final equation.
+
+And that will be the answer
+for the problem.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pNt5Ll6hGqo.txt b/pNt5Ll6hGqo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..129844944db1a73973e66ca73a697d74f07d51e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pNt5Ll6hGqo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11738 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so this week we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so this week we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so this week we are going to
+talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh
+counting uh tonight is uh a problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh tonight is uh a problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh tonight is uh a problem set
+8 uh due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 uh due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 uh due
+um for this week uh we will post a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this week uh we will post a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this week uh we will post a new
+problem set tonight as well um Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set tonight as well um Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set tonight as well um Counting
+is uh very important the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh very important the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh very important the rest of the
+semester after this week we we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester after this week we we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester after this week we we'll
+actually explain a probability Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain a probability Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explain a probability Theory
+and that's all based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Counting so um we going to teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting so um we going to teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting so um we going to teach you
+this week a whole toolkit of all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week a whole toolkit of all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week a whole toolkit of all kinds
+of ways how to count and as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways how to count and as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways how to count and as you can see
+we're going to talk about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a lot of
+different kinds of rules a mapping rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of rules a mapping rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of rules a mapping rule
+we talk about a principle pital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a principle pital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a principle pital
+principle another rule a product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle another rule a product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle another rule a product rule
+and a sum Rule and these are all ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sum Rule and these are all ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sum Rule and these are all ways to
+count uh one thing by counting another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count uh one thing by counting another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count uh one thing by counting another
+thing actually what we are going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing actually what we are going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing actually what we are going to talk
+about is how to uh count say a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how to uh count say a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how to uh count say a difficult
+uh set of objects and then we will map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of objects and then we will map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of objects and then we will map
+those objects to something that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those objects to something that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those objects to something that we can
+count in a much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count in a much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count in a much easier
+way okay so let's uh start with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so let's uh start with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so let's uh start with a lot of
+definitions actually so uh we have to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions actually so uh we have to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions actually so uh we have to to
+talk about sets sequences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sets sequences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sets sequences and
+permutations to start off with so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations to start off with so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations to start off with so the
+definition of a set is uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a set is uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a set is uh as
+follows a set is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unordered an unordered collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unordered an unordered collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unordered an unordered collection of
+distinct elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an
+example we may have uh say a set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we may have uh say a set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we may have uh say a set that
+contains the items the elements a b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the items the elements a b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the items the elements a b and
+c well if you reorder these elements it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c well if you reorder these elements it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c well if you reorder these elements it
+doesn't really matter it's still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter it's still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter it's still the
+same set we can also write it as say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set we can also write it as say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set we can also write it as say the
+set c a b on the other hand if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set c a b on the other hand if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set c a b on the other hand if you have
+a collection in which say the element a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection in which say the element a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection in which say the element a
+appears twice well these two are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears twice well these two are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears twice well these two are not
+distinct so this is not a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so this is not a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so this is not a set
+so this is not a set but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not a set but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not a set but it is a
+collection and in and and you may call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and in and and you may call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and in and and you may call
+this a multi set but we not go into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a multi set but we not go into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a multi set but we not go into that
+so we will be talking about sets and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will be talking about sets and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will be talking about sets and we
+are interested usually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested usually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested usually in the
+cardinality of a set so what's that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of a set so what's that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of a set so what's that the
+cardinality or size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality or size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality or size
+um is defined as follows it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is defined as follows it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is defined as follows it's just
+cardinality it's just a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality it's just a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality it's just a number of
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the set s really has so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set s really has so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set s really has so it's the
+number um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in
+s and and how do we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and and how do we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and and how do we denote
+this this is denoted by uh two vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is denoted by uh two vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is denoted by uh two vertical
+bars around uh the letter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars around uh the letter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars around uh the letter that
+represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the
+set so we denote this as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we denote this as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we denote this as follows
+now uh when we talk about sets we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh when we talk about sets we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh when we talk about sets we may
+also be interested in uh ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be interested in uh ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be interested in uh ordered
+collections of elements and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of elements and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of elements and that's what
+we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a
+sequence so a sequence is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so a sequence is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so a sequence is defined as
+follows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collection of uh ele elements and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of uh ele elements and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of uh ele elements and we
+also call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also call these
+elements uh components or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms and these elements do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and these elements do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and these elements do not
+necessarily have to be distinct so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+distinct now as an example so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct now as an example so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct now as an example so how do we
+not this for sets we use these this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this for sets we use these this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this for sets we use these this type
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+notation uh like this symbol uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh like this symbol uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh like this symbol uh for
+sequences we just have a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we just have a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we just have a very simple
+type of brackets just the round bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of brackets just the round bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of brackets just the round bracket
+so an example could be um well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an example could be um well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an example could be um well the
+elements a b and c uh the first entry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements a b and c uh the first entry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements a b and c uh the first entry or
+the first term of a sequence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term of a sequence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term of a sequence uh
+depending on whether you look at it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether you look at it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether you look at it from
+the left or the right that may differ uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left or the right that may differ uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left or the right that may differ uh
+is here a b and then C another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here a b and then C another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here a b and then C another way
+another one could be a b and a and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one could be a b and a and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one could be a b and a and as
+you can see the element a occurs twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the element a occurs twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the element a occurs twice
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence so we're going to relate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so we're going to relate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so we're going to relate uh
+sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and
+sequences and uh let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and uh let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and uh let's talk about the
+permutation so a permutation of a set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation so a permutation of a set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation so a permutation of a set is
+defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows a permutation
+of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set
+s is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence that contains every element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that contains every element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that contains every element in
+s exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once so every element in s occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so every element in s occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so every element in s occurs
+exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh as an example we may look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as an example we may look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as an example we may look at the
+set that we have described over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that we have described over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that we have described over here
+that set a b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set a b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set a b and
+c and well how many uh permutations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and well how many uh permutations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and well how many uh permutations are
+there so first one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so first one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so first one I
+may just order the elements in a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may just order the elements in a b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may just order the elements in a b and c
+so I have say the sequence a and then B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have say the sequence a and then B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have say the sequence a and then B
+and then C uh there are many more I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then C uh there are many more I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then C uh there are many more I can
+for example start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example start with
+b and then C and then may cycle through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and then C and then may cycle through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and then C and then may cycle through
+to a that's another permutation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a that's another permutation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a that's another permutation of these
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+elements and I can do that once more I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and I can do that once more I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and I can do that once more I
+can for example uh start with uh C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can for example uh start with uh C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can for example uh start with uh C and
+then a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a and then
+B and it turns out that we can do a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and it turns out that we can do a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and it turns out that we can do a few
+more um we can also start with c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um we can also start with c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um we can also start with c and
+then B and then a we sort of revered we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B and then a we sort of revered we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B and then a we sort of revered we
+have refers the order that we had over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have refers the order that we had over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have refers the order that we had over
+here into its opposite so first C then B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into its opposite so first C then B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into its opposite so first C then B
+then a and we can look at the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a and we can look at the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a and we can look at the cycle
+there there shift um we start with ba a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there shift um we start with ba a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there shift um we start with ba a
+and then we rotate through to C which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we rotate through to C which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we rotate through to C which is
+what we did over here when we went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did over here when we went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did over here when we went from
+this permutation to this one so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this permutation to this one so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this permutation to this one so we have
+B A and then C and then we may start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B A and then C and then we may start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B A and then C and then we may start
+with a and we have a c and b it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a and we have a c and b it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a and we have a c and b it turns
+out that this is actually uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this is actually uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this is actually uh all the
+possible permutations for of of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible permutations for of of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible permutations for of of of this
+set so there are six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so there are six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so there are six of
+these and uh in general uh how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and uh in general uh how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and uh in general uh how many
+permutations are there of a set of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations are there of a set of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations are there of a set of n
+elements so let's have a look here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so let's have a look here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so let's have a look here what
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+did so if I want to create a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so if I want to create a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so if I want to create a permutation
+of a set I may start off by selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set I may start off by selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set I may start off by selecting
+for the first term uh a b or c so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first term uh a b or c so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first term uh a b or c so I have
+actually three choices so the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three choices so the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually three choices so the first term
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choices for the second term over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the second term over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the second term over here
+well for example suppose my first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for example suppose my first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for example suppose my first term
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+B then the second term well must be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then the second term well must be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then the second term well must be an
+element that is different from B is yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that is different from B is yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that is different from B is yet
+part of s so I have only two choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of s so I have only two choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of s so I have only two choices for
+for the second term either C or a so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second term either C or a so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second term either C or a so the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+term has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has two
+choices and once I've chosen the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and once I've chosen the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and once I've chosen the second
+one well if I've already chosen B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well if I've already chosen B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well if I've already chosen B and C
+there's only one element left in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one element left in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one element left in the set
+over here only a so I have only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here only a so I have only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here only a so I have only one
+choice left so in this way we may count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice left so in this way we may count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice left so in this way we may count
+the total number of permutations of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of permutations of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of permutations of this
+set as the number of choices I have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set as the number of choices I have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set as the number of choices I have for
+the first term times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term times the number of
+choices for the second term 3 * 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the second term 3 * 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the second term 3 * 2 times
+the number of choices for the third term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of choices for the third term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of choices for the third term
+which is only only one so the third um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term third
+term has only one choice now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has only one choice now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has only one choice now in
+general we can do this for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we can do this for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we can do this for any
+permutation and uh if you want to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation and uh if you want to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation and uh if you want to count
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations
+of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set
+with n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n elements
+well it turns out that that is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that that is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that that is equal to
+n * n minus one just like here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * n minus one just like here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * n minus one just like here we have
+three elements 3 * 3 - one and so on n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements 3 * 3 - one and so on n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three elements 3 * 3 - one and so on n *
+n -1 * nus 2 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n -1 * nus 2 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n -1 * nus 2 Etc
+and all the way up to one and this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way up to one and this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way up to one and this is n
+factorial and you've seen this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and you've seen this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and you've seen this already
+when we talked about Sterling's formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about Sterling's formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about Sterling's formula
+and how to approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to approximate
+this now this type of reasoning we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this type of reasoning we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this type of reasoning we will
+generalize later on when we come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize later on when we come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize later on when we come to the
+generalized uh product rule and uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized uh product rule and uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized uh product rule and uh but
+this is already a first example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is already a first example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is already a first example of how
+we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go about
+this so permutations relates uh sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so permutations relates uh sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so permutations relates uh sets and
+sequences so now we go on to Define more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so now we go on to Define more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences so now we go on to Define more
+special functions so permutation is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special functions so permutation is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special functions so permutation is one
+kind of mapping so let's now Define uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mapping so let's now Define uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mapping so let's now Define uh
+functions and then we will talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then we will talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then we will talk about a
+few different uh flavors of those uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different uh flavors of those uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few different uh flavors of those uh uh
+we talk about subjective functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about subjective functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about subjective functions
+injective functions and bjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective functions and bjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective functions and bjective
+functions and the whole idea is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the whole idea is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the whole idea is is that
+if I can use a a mapping from one set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can use a a mapping from one set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can use a a mapping from one set to
+another set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set
+with that satisfies some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that satisfies some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that satisfies some of those
+properties can say something about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties can say something about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties can say something about how
+their cardinalities are related and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cardinalities are related and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cardinalities are related and
+that's what we want we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want we want to
+count okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count okay so the
+definition of a function is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a function uh F from X to Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a function uh F from X to Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a function uh F from X to Y is
+actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation uh between the sets X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and we say that um oh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we say that um oh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we say that um oh with a
+property that every single element every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that every single element every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that every single element every
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of X is actually related to exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is actually related to exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is actually related to exactly one
+element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+and uh we will call uh X to be the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domain of the function X F and Y we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of the function X F and Y we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of the function X F and Y we will
+call the range or image of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the range or image of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the range or image of the function
+f so let's give an example and see uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so let's give an example and see uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so let's give an example and see uh a
+couple of examples of a of first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of a of first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of a of first of all
+of a function and then uh relations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function and then uh relations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function and then uh relations that
+are actually not functions so suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually not functions so suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually not functions so suppose we
+have a mapping from X which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mapping from X which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mapping from X which just
+contains the elements a b and c just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the elements a b and c just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the elements a b and c just in
+line with this example over here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with this example over here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with this example over here and we
+have a mapping F that maps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mapping F that maps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mapping F that maps to
+um uh the set Y and the Y is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the set Y and the Y is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the set Y and the Y is just the
+numbers one two and three well I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers one two and three well I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers one two and three well I could
+map for example A to 1 uh B to 3 and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map for example A to 1 uh B to 3 and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map for example A to 1 uh B to 3 and C
+to 3 now this is a function because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 now this is a function because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 now this is a function because um
+every element of X is mapped to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element of X is mapped to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element of X is mapped to exactly
+one element of y a is just mapped to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element of y a is just mapped to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element of y a is just mapped to one
+B is also mapped to an element only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is also mapped to an element only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is also mapped to an element only
+three C is mapped to three as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three C is mapped to three as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three C is mapped to three as well and
+we usually write this as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually write this as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually write this as uh
+F evaluated in a is equal to 1 and FB is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F evaluated in a is equal to 1 and FB is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F evaluated in a is equal to 1 and FB is
+equal to three and F of c isal equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three and F of c isal equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three and F of c isal equal to
+three as well now what is not a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three as well now what is not a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three as well now what is not a function
+well I could for example add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could for example add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could for example add another
+Edge over here if I wanted to well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge over here if I wanted to well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge over here if I wanted to well this
+is not a function because B is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a function because B is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a function because B is now
+mapped to two elements two and three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to two elements two and three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to two elements two and three and
+that's not what's covered by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what's covered by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what's covered by this
+definition so this is not a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this is not a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this is not a function
+I could also remove say an edge well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could also remove say an edge well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could also remove say an edge well in
+this case b is not met to anything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case b is not met to anything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case b is not met to anything at
+all and that's not a function either so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and that's not a function either so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and that's not a function either so
+we really have the property for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really have the property for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really have the property for
+functions that there is exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that there is exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that there is exactly one
+outgoing Arrow if you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing Arrow if you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing Arrow if you want to think
+about it as being a graph from uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as being a graph from uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as being a graph from uh uh
+from each element in X to exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each element in X to exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each element in X to exactly one
+element in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in in
+y so now we can talk about a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so now we can talk about a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so now we can talk about a few
+definitions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we will talk about these few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will talk about these few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will talk about these few
+properties subjective injective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties subjective injective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties subjective injective and
+bjective and then we can start to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective and then we can start to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective and then we can start to do a
+few interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few interesting uh
+examples so a function f that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so a function f that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so a function f that goes from
+X to Y is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surjective if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective if
+um every single element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops if every single element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops if every single element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops if every single element of
+Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mapped to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to at least
+one is mapped to at least once so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is mapped to at least once so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is mapped to at least once so what
+does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+mean uh to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once so every element of Y so uh say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so every element of Y so uh say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so every element of Y so uh say uh
+one for example here here is mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for example here here is mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for example here here is mapped to
+at least once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once
+well to one the element one we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to one the element one we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to one the element one we have
+mapped a so that's great but for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped a so that's great but for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped a so that's great but for example
+the element two is not mapped to at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element two is not mapped to at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element two is not mapped to at all
+so this particular example is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular example is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular example is not
+subjective but we will come to a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective but we will come to a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective but we will come to a few
+examples that are so here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that are so here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that are so here we have the
+distinction that every element of Y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that every element of Y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that every element of Y so
+every single element of Y is mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single element of Y is mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single element of Y is mapped to
+exact at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact at least
+once then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once then
+injective is defined in a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective is defined in a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective is defined in a similar
+fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion
+but now every element of Y is not mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now every element of Y is not mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now every element of Y is not mapped
+to at least once but at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once so let's have a look over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so let's have a look over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so let's have a look over here and
+that's also not true for this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also not true for this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also not true for this example
+actually because three is mapped to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because three is mapped to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because three is mapped to two
+times so it's not mapped to at most once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so it's not mapped to at most once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so it's not mapped to at most once
+so this example is also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example is also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example is also not
+injective because in if a function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective because in if a function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective because in if a function is
+injective then every element of of Y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective then every element of of Y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective then every element of of Y of
+the range is mapped to at most one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is mapped to at most one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range is mapped to at most one on
+bjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective
+is if we have that every element of Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we have that every element of Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we have that every element of Y is
+met to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once and we can see that uh by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and we can see that uh by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and we can see that uh by a
+function is bjective if and only if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is bjective if and only if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is bjective if and only if it
+is both subjective and injective so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both subjective and injective so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both subjective and injective so
+bactive if and only if we have both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bactive if and only if we have both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bactive if and only if we have both the
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+surjective as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective as well as
+injective so let's give a couple of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples so it's a first example we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so it's a first example we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so it's a first example we may
+have the set X and Y we have 1 two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the set X and Y we have 1 two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the set X and Y we have 1 two and
+three inated two elements A and B over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three inated two elements A and B over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three inated two elements A and B over
+here one is mapped to a two is mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is mapped to a two is mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is mapped to a two is mapped to
+a and three is mapped to B and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and three is mapped to B and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and three is mapped to B and now we
+can see that every element in y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that every element in y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that every element in y is
+mapped to at least once this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to at least once this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to at least once this one is
+mapped to two times this one is mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to two times this one is mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to two times this one is mapped
+to once so this one is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to once so this one is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to once so this one is actually
+subjective so that's great um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective so that's great um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective so that's great um another
+example of something that is injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something that is injective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something that is injective
+is if we have say one two and three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we have say one two and three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we have say one two and three and
+a b c and d one is Ma say to a 2 to B 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c and d one is Ma say to a 2 to B 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c and d one is Ma say to a 2 to B 3
+to D well in this case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D well in this case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D well in this case we have
+that it is injective because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is injective because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is injective because every
+element of Y is mapped to at most ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of Y is mapped to at most ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of Y is mapped to at most ones
+once once zero times and once so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once zero times and once so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once zero times and once so this
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+injective and this one is not injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective and this one is not injective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective and this one is not injective
+right because this one is mapped to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this one is mapped to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this one is mapped to two
+times this one is not subjective but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this one is not subjective but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this one is not subjective but
+because this one is not covered at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one is not covered at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one is not covered at all
+it's only me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only me to
+Once okay so let us talk again about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once okay so let us talk again about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once okay so let us talk again about
+permutations um so when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations um so when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations um so when we talked about
+permutations we can define a mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations we can define a mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations we can define a mapping
+using a per liation um that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a per liation um that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a per liation um that is an
+example of a bje so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a bje so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a bje so let's do
+that and then we can come to the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we can come to the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we can come to the mapping
+rle and we can start to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting so for example um if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so for example um if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so for example um if we have a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+permutation A1 up to a n of uh so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation A1 up to a n of uh so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation A1 up to a n of uh so let
+this be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutation uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation uh of the
+set s that contains all the elements A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s that contains all the elements A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s that contains all the elements A1
+up to a n so this is just one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a n so this is just one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a n so this is just one example of
+a permutation and now we may Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permutation and now we may Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permutation and now we may Define the
+following function we say that Pi um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following function we say that Pi um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following function we say that Pi um
+evaluated in AI gives us output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated in AI gives us output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated in AI gives us output
+I actually what we mean here is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually what we mean here is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually what we mean here is that um
+if we take an element in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take an element in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take an element in s
+then this one is mapped to under this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function uh to I if and only if a is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh to I if and only if a is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh to I if and only if a is in
+the E position in this permutation so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E position in this permutation so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E position in this permutation so if
+and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only
+if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is
+in the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the e
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+term in the permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case we know that Pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we know that Pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we know that Pi is
+bjective and why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective and why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective and why is this
+well uh we know from the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh we know from the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh we know from the definition of a
+permutation that in a permutation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation that in a permutation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation that in a permutation this
+just a sequence in which every element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sequence in which every element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sequence in which every element
+of s occurs exactly once so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s occurs exactly once so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s occurs exactly once so that means
+that every uh position is covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every uh position is covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every uh position is covered
+exactly once by an element of s and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once by an element of s and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once by an element of s and that
+is exactly the definition over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the definition over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the definition over here
+which says that every element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that every element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that every element in the
+range is covered exactly once uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is covered exactly once uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is covered exactly once uh is
+mapped to exactly once by an element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to exactly once by an element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to exactly once by an element in
+the domain so this is a an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bje okay so now that we have defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje okay so now that we have defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje okay so now that we have defined
+functions in the special properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the special properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the special properties
+let's talk about uh the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about uh the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about uh the mapping
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+um which we will do over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh now for the first time we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh now for the first time we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh now for the first time we start
+to uh talk about the cardinalities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh talk about the cardinalities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh talk about the cardinalities of
+sets and how they related to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another so the mapping rule is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so the mapping rule is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so the mapping rule is that uh
+first of all if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if
+F if f is a function from X to Y and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F if f is a function from X to Y and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F if f is a function from X to Y and if
+f is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is actually
+subjective well what do we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective well what do we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective well what do we know we
+actually know that the cardinality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know that the cardinality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know that the cardinality of
+the the number of elements in the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number of elements in the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number of elements in the domain
+is at least the number of elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least the number of elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least the number of elements in
+the range and why is that if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range and why is that if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range and why is that if you look at
+the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of
+subjectivity well we know that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity well we know that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity well we know that every
+element of Y is covered by some element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of Y is covered by some element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of Y is covered by some element
+in X at least once and all uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X at least once and all uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X at least once and all uh the
+elements in in in X are mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in in in X are mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in in in X are mapped to
+exactly one element in y so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one element in y so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one element in y so we know that
+the cardinality of X is at least Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinality of X is at least Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinality of X is at least Y
+because every element in y is mapped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every element in y is mapped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every element in y is mapped by
+some unique distinct element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unique distinct element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unique distinct element in
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+and if a function f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a function f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a function f is
+injective well in that case we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective well in that case we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective well in that case we know
+that the reverse relation holds so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reverse relation holds so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reverse relation holds so uh
+inequality holes um the cardinality of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality holes um the cardinality of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality holes um the cardinality of X
+is at most the cardinality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most the cardinality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most the cardinality of
+Y so why is that well every element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so why is that well every element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so why is that well every element in
+in in an injective function right every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an injective function right every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an injective function right every
+element is mapped to at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is mapped to at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is mapped to at most one
+element uh by so so so every element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh by so so so every element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh by so so so every element in
+y is mapped to by at most one element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is mapped to by at most one element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is mapped to by at most one element in
+X so we know that all the elements in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we know that all the elements in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we know that all the elements in X
+are mapped to some element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mapped to some element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mapped to some element in
+y but uh every element in y cannot map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but uh every element in y cannot map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but uh every element in y cannot map
+two by more than two more than two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by more than two more than two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by more than two more than two times
+by something in the domain so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something in the domain so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something in the domain so we know
+that this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this inequality
+HS okay for a bjective function we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HS okay for a bjective function we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HS okay for a bjective function we have
+the that both these properties hold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that both these properties hold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that both these properties hold and
+we will have an equality over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have an equality over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have an equality over
+here so oops if this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bjective we have that the cardinalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective we have that the cardinalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective we have that the cardinalities
+are equal to one another and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to one another and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to one another and this is
+also called the uh bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule so let's give an example uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so let's give an example uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so let's give an example uh where
+we want to um find out how many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to um find out how many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to um find out how many ways
+there are to uh select uh 12 donuts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are to uh select uh 12 donuts from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are to uh select uh 12 donuts from
+five varieties so let's see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five varieties so let's see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five varieties so let's see how that
+would work and the whole idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work and the whole idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work and the whole idea is that
+we're going to uh Define the set that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh Define the set that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh Define the set that we
+want to count which is all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count which is all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to count which is all these
+possible configurations of donuts over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible configurations of donuts over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible configurations of donuts over
+five varieties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five varieties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five varieties of
+flavors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors and
+um and then we're going to map these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we're going to map these to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we're going to map these to
+another structure that we can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another structure that we can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another structure that we can understand
+a little bit better so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example um let X be uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to
+select say 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select say 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select say 12
+donuts from five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts from five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts from five
+varieties so let's give an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for example we may have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example we may have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example we may have two
+donuts and they are in the chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts and they are in the chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts and they are in the chocolate
+favorite basket so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chocolate and suppose we have no um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate and suppose we have no um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate and suppose we have no um
+Donuts in the lemon filed uh version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donuts in the lemon filed uh version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donuts in the lemon filed uh version of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+donut suppose we have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut suppose we have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donut suppose we have a whole bunch of
+donuts uh say six of those that are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts uh say six of those that are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts uh say six of those that are uh
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+sugar we have some that are glazed say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and finally we have just a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and finally we have just a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and finally we have just a couple of
+plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain
+Donuts so this would be a configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donuts so this would be a configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donuts so this would be a configuration
+that is in X because we have 1 two 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in X because we have 1 two 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in X because we have 1 two 3
+four five varieties and we have uh 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five varieties and we have uh 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five varieties and we have uh 12
+donuts uh two over here six here two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts uh two over here six here two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts uh two over here six here two and
+another two 12 donuts that are selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two 12 donuts that are selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two 12 donuts that are selected
+from these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these five
+varieties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties
+now if we are going to uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we are going to uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we are going to uh try to
+represent such a configuration that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent such a configuration that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent such a configuration that's
+usually how we think about counting then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually how we think about counting then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually how we think about counting then
+we may map this to a 01 sequence so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may map this to a 01 sequence so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may map this to a 01 sequence so how
+do we do this we can just map the donuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this we can just map the donuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do this we can just map the donuts
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zeros the divider between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the divider between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the divider between the two
+baskets uh is a one so this is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baskets uh is a one so this is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baskets uh is a one so this is a one
+then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have
+no zeros between these two ones because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no zeros between these two ones because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no zeros between these two ones because
+there are no Donuts in the lemon field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no Donuts in the lemon field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no Donuts in the lemon field
+basket so we have a one that Maps is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket so we have a one that Maps is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket so we have a one that Maps is is
+is the mapping from this uh divider over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mapping from this uh divider over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mapping from this uh divider over
+here we got six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we got six
+zeros we have another one that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros we have another one that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros we have another one that is this
+divider two zeros two Donuts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divider two zeros two Donuts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divider two zeros two Donuts in the
+Glazed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glazed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glazed
+version and so on so what do we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and so on so what do we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and so on so what do we see here
+we have a 01 sequence where we have 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a 01 sequence where we have 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a 01 sequence where we have 12
+zeros and uh we have one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and uh we have one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and uh we have one two three four
+ones and we can see that this mapping is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and we can see that this mapping is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and we can see that this mapping is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+bjective because if I have two zeros I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective because if I have two zeros I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective because if I have two zeros I
+can map them back to Donuts the divider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can map them back to Donuts the divider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can map them back to Donuts the divider
+I can M the one I can map back to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can M the one I can map back to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can M the one I can map back to uh the
+divider between two baskets so let uh y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divider between two baskets so let uh y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divider between two baskets so let uh y
+be the set of uh 12 uh all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set of uh 12 uh all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set of uh 12 uh all kinds of
+configurations of 12 all kinds of sequen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of 12 all kinds of sequen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations of 12 all kinds of sequen
+is oops maybe I will not take this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oops maybe I will not take this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oops maybe I will not take this one
+out uh let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so if you're going to define y as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you're going to define y as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you're going to define y as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+all uh 16 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh 16 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh 16 bit
+sequences with exactly four ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we know that by the bje rule we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that by the bje rule we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that by the bje rule we
+have created this bje over here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have created this bje over here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have created this bje over here that the
+cardinalities of X and Y are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinalities of X and Y are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinalities of X and Y are exactly
+equal so now we know that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so now we know that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so now we know that by the
+bijection rule we have been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection rule we have been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection rule we have been able to
+count uh the number of elements in X by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count uh the number of elements in X by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count uh the number of elements in X by
+counting something else which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting something else which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting something else which is really
+how we proceed in these types of proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we proceed in these types of proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we proceed in these types of proofs
+so if now uh we are now able to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if now uh we are now able to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if now uh we are now able to just
+count these types of objects and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count these types of objects and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count these types of objects and later
+on next lecture we will actually figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on next lecture we will actually figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on next lecture we will actually figure
+out the formula for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the formula for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the formula for this
+one so this is an example of how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is an example of how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is an example of how we can
+use the braction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the braction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the braction
+rule now another example is one in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule now another example is one in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule now another example is one in which
+uh we're going to count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsets so I'll give a lot of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets so I'll give a lot of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets so I'll give a lot of examples
+through these two lectures and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these two lectures and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these two lectures and also the
+problem set as you will see will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set as you will see will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set as you will see will have a
+lot of uh small little Parts with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh small little Parts with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh small little Parts with all
+kinds of countings that you will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of countings that you will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of countings that you will need to
+do applying different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules so let's talk about how to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so let's talk about how to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so let's talk about how to count
+uh subsets of a set X so what we want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subsets of a set X so what we want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subsets of a set X so what we want is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+bje from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsets of a set X containing of say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of a set X containing of say say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of a set X containing of say say
+one up to n uh so the integer one up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to n uh so the integer one up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to n uh so the integer one up to
+n to n bit sequences we know that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to n bit sequences we know that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to n bit sequences we know that we can
+do this if we Define a projection as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if we Define a projection as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if we Define a projection as
+follows um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows um
+so he map a set a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he map a set a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he map a set a subset
+s under a mapping F to a bit sequence B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s under a mapping F to a bit sequence B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s under a mapping F to a bit sequence B1
+B2 all the way to BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 all the way to BN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 all the way to BN
+uh via the following relation bi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh via the following relation bi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh via the following relation bi is
+computed as either a one or a zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed as either a one or a zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed as either a one or a zero it's
+computed as a one if I is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed as a one if I is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed as a one if I is in
+s and it's a zero if I is not in s now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and it's a zero if I is not in s now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and it's a zero if I is not in s now
+we know that this is a bje so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is a bje so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is a bje so if we have
+a bit sequence then we can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit sequence then we can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit sequence then we can construct
+from this mapping the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this mapping the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this mapping the corresponding
+subset if you have a subset we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset if you have a subset we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset if you have a subset we can use
+it mapping to construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mapping to construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mapping to construct the
+corresponding sequence the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding sequence the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding sequence the corresponding
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let the uh so so so how many uh nbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let the uh so so so how many uh nbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let the uh so so so how many uh nbit
+uh sequences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there well there are 2 to the power n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well there are 2 to the power n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well there are 2 to the power n n
+bit sequences why is that well we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit sequences why is that well we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit sequences why is that well we have
+two choices for B1 a zero or a one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two choices for B1 a zero or a one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two choices for B1 a zero or a one two
+choices for B B2 Z or one and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for B B2 Z or one and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for B B2 Z or one and so on so
+we have two * 2 * two choices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two * 2 * two choices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two * 2 * two choices over
+here so we have two to the power n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have two to the power n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have two to the power n
+choices for the number for the for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the number for the for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the number for the for for a
+bit sequence so there are two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit sequence so there are two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit sequence so there are two to the
+power n number of bit sequences and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power n number of bit sequences and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power n number of bit sequences and this
+is actually equal because of this bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal because of this bje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal because of this bje
+rule that we have described over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that we have described over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that we have described over here
+this is equal to the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the total number of
+possible ways to select subsets of x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to select subsets of x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to select subsets of x so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets
+of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+element uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh
+set so this is a very a nice way to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so this is a very a nice way to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so this is a very a nice way to uh
+to demonstrate how we can use the bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate how we can use the bje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate how we can use the bje
+rule to count something that appears to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to count something that appears to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to count something that appears to
+be much more harder to think about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more harder to think about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more harder to think about to
+grasp at least for me it's harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp at least for me it's harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp at least for me it's harder to
+grasp so I have a subset that can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp so I have a subset that can be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp so I have a subset that can be any
+size in uh in a set of n elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in uh in a set of n elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in uh in a set of n elements and
+now I can find this really easygoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can find this really easygoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can find this really easygoing
+mapping that I can show to be bjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that I can show to be bjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping that I can show to be bjective
+and all of a sudden I know how to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden I know how to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden I know how to count
+it because I can just look at uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I can just look at uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I can just look at uh the
+image and count those types of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and count those types of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and count those types of objects
+in this case n bit sequences I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case n bit sequences I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case n bit sequences I get a
+really easygoing number that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easygoing number that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easygoing number that I can
+compute fairly easily and now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute fairly easily and now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute fairly easily and now I have
+computed something much counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed something much counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed something much counted
+something much more complex so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more complex so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more complex so this is
+how we generally will think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we generally will think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we generally will think about these
+things okay so let's uh talk now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so let's uh talk now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so let's uh talk now about
+the generalized pitchon Hall principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized pitchon Hall principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized pitchon Hall principle
+so we have covered quite a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have covered quite a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have covered quite a lot of uh
+definitions right now uh so we explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions right now uh so we explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions right now uh so we explained
+the functions mapping rules so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions mapping rules so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions mapping rules so now we
+come to the generalized pitchon Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the generalized pitchon Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the generalized pitchon Hall
+principle and a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and a few other
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what about a generalized pitchen Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle this is actually
+uh the following counting argument if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the following counting argument if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the following counting argument if I
+know that the cardinality of a X is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the cardinality of a X is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the cardinality of a X is more
+than K * the cardinality of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K * the cardinality of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K * the cardinality of a set
+Y what do I know well I know that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what do I know well I know that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what do I know well I know that for
+all functions F that have domain X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all functions F that have domain X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all functions F that have domain X and
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+y I know that there must exist k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I know that there must exist k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I know that there must exist k +
+one different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements oh different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements oh different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements oh different elements
+uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of
+X that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that are
+mapped to the same element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y and if we take a specific case uh k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and if we take a specific case uh k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and if we take a specific case uh k
+equals 1 we will actually call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 we will actually call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 we will actually call this the
+pitch and hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle and let me just demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and let me just demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and let me just demonstrate
+that by the famous example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the famous example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the famous example of the
+pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons
+so well if I have um more pigeons than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well if I have um more pigeons than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well if I have um more pigeons than
+the number of holes than they can fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of holes than they can fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of holes than they can fly
+into I know for sure that there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into I know for sure that there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into I know for sure that there exists a
+hole that uh two pigeons will visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole that uh two pigeons will visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole that uh two pigeons will visit
+so that's where the name comes from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the name comes from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the name comes from so
+let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it
+out so an example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if I have more than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have more than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I have more than n
+pigeons so the pigeons from the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons so the pigeons from the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons so the pigeons from the set
+X and say they fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and say they fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and say they fly
+into n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into n
+holes and the holes is my set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and the holes is my set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and the holes is my set
+y well then I know that the cardinality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y well then I know that the cardinality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y well then I know that the cardinality
+of X is more than the cardinality of Y I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is more than the cardinality of Y I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is more than the cardinality of Y I
+have more pitons than there are holes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more pitons than there are holes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more pitons than there are holes so
+I know that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh
+pigeons will fly into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hole so for the generalized case well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so for the generalized case well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so for the generalized case well
+how can we uh prove something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we uh prove something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we uh prove something like that
+well we could use for example something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could use for example something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could use for example something
+like a contradiction for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a contradiction for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a contradiction for example uh
+suppose that um you know for all uh cess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that um you know for all uh cess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that um you know for all uh cess
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as suppose that the negation is true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as suppose that the negation is true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as suppose that the negation is true so
+we assume so how do we prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume so how do we prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume so how do we prove this
+usually so assume we have this he want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so assume we have this he want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually so assume we have this he want
+to prove this well suppose that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this well suppose that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this well suppose that's not
+true suppose there's a mapping F such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true suppose there's a mapping F such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true suppose there's a mapping F such
+that for all k + one different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all k + one different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all k + one different elements
+of x uh well they are not mapped to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x uh well they are not mapped to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x uh well they are not mapped to the
+same elements in y but what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same elements in y but what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same elements in y but what I really
+know then is that every element in y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then is that every element in y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then is that every element in y is
+mapped to at most by K distinct elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to at most by K distinct elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to at most by K distinct elements
+of x so that means that um the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x so that means that um the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x so that means that um the total
+number of elements of X must be at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements of X must be at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements of X must be at most
+K * Y and that's not true it's larger by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K * Y and that's not true it's larger by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K * Y and that's not true it's larger by
+assumption so of a contradiction so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so of a contradiction so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so of a contradiction so this
+is very general principle though and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very general principle though and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very general principle though and
+it's worth writing it all out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth writing it all out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth writing it all out because
+this is a famous uh and a rule that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a famous uh and a rule that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a famous uh and a rule that we
+will use in uh counting and it leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use in uh counting and it leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use in uh counting and it leads to
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+results okay so let's uh give another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so let's uh give another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results okay so let's uh give another
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um let's think about Boston in Boston we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about Boston in Boston we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about Boston in Boston we
+have say half a million non-bal people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say half a million non-bal people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say half a million non-bal people
+it turns out that um there are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that um there are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that um there are at least
+three people uh that have the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people uh that have the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people uh that have the exact same
+number of hairs on their head that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hairs on their head that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hairs on their head that's
+kind of weird how how do we know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird how how do we know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird how how do we know that I
+cannot point out any three in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot point out any three in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot point out any three in Boston
+that have the same number of hairs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same number of hairs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same number of hairs I
+have no idea but somehow I can count and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea but somehow I can count and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea but somehow I can count and
+use this principle and tell you that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this principle and tell you that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this principle and tell you that it
+must be true that in Boston with 500,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be true that in Boston with 500,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be true that in Boston with 500,000
+people there are three of them that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are three of them that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are three of them that are
+not bald so we exclude the bald people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bald so we exclude the bald people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bald so we exclude the bald people
+because that would be easy they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be easy they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be easy they all have
+zero hairs but say non- bald people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero hairs but say non- bald people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero hairs but say non- bald people that
+um they actually have the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they actually have the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they actually have the same number of
+hairs so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairs so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairs so how do we do
+that how can we make such types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how can we make such types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how can we make such types of
+conclusion so say Boston has uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so say Boston has uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so say Boston has uh about
+500,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000
+uh non-bal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+and let's call this set X because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call this set X because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's call this set X because we're
+going to use the pitol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the pitol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the pitol
+principle so our claim is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so our claim is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so our claim is that there
+exists three people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Boston such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston such
+that they have the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the same number
+of hairs on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+head so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so how do we do
+this well let's uh well we know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well let's uh well we know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well let's uh well we know uh
+that we may generally assume that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we may generally assume that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we may generally assume that any
+person has at most 200,000 hairs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has at most 200,000 hairs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has at most 200,000 hairs on
+their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head
+so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of
+hairs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairs um
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+AE is at most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+200,000 so how should I Define my set Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 so how should I Define my set Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 so how should I Define my set Y
+in order to apply this pitching hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to apply this pitching hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to apply this pitching hole
+principle so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle so what do I
+do so I want to have a mapping right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so I want to have a mapping right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so I want to have a mapping right
+from uh from all the people uh from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from all the people uh from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from all the people uh from all
+the people uh the set X to their number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people uh the set X to their number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people uh the set X to their number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+hairs so the number of hairs on one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairs so the number of hairs on one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairs so the number of hairs on one's
+head is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is going to be the
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+Y and uh what do we know we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and uh what do we know we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and uh what do we know we know that
+the cardinality of Y is 200 at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinality of Y is 200 at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinality of Y is 200 at most
+200,000 actually the way we defined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 actually the way we defined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 actually the way we defined it
+it's it's exactly 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's exactly 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's exactly 200
+200,000 and uh the set X has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 and uh the set X has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 and uh the set X has a
+cardinality of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of about
+500,000 so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 so what do we
+know we can apply our generalized Pinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can apply our generalized Pinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can apply our generalized Pinal
+principle it's very surprising because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle it's very surprising because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle it's very surprising because
+we notice that X is more than 2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that X is more than 2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that X is more than 2 * the
+cality of Y 2 * 200,000 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cality of Y 2 * 200,000 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cality of Y 2 * 200,000 is less than
+500,000 so I knowed by this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 so I knowed by this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 so I knowed by this particular
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+principle um this particular mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle um this particular mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle um this particular mapping
+must have the property because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have the property because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have the property because this
+holds for all mappings that there are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for all mappings that there are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for all mappings that there are at
+least k + 1 2 + 1 three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least k + 1 2 + 1 three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least k + 1 2 + 1 three different
+people three different people in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people three different people in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people three different people in Boston
+out of the set X that are mapped to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the set X that are mapped to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the set X that are mapped to the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+element in white that means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in white that means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in white that means that they
+have the same number of hairs on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of hairs on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of hairs on their
+head so this is kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so this is kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so this is kind of really
+surprising we can make a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising we can make a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising we can make a statement
+Without Really inspecting every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Without Really inspecting every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Without Really inspecting every single
+person's head but we can still make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's head but we can still make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's head but we can still make a
+statement about uh um about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about uh um about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about uh um about the fact
+that there are three different people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are three different people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are three different people in
+Boston that have the exact same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston that have the exact same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston that have the exact same number
+of hairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hairs
+so this is a an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a an example of a
+non-constructive proof and I will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-constructive proof and I will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-constructive proof and I will give
+another one and it's a very important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and it's a very important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and it's a very important uh
+principle actually it's a new technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle actually it's a new technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle actually it's a new technique
+that you haven't seen before so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you haven't seen before so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you haven't seen before so far we
+have uh been uh constructively proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh been uh constructively proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh been uh constructively proving
+all kinds of properties using induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of properties using induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of properties using induction
+mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly
+um and this is what is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is what is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is what is called a
+non-constructive proof because I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-constructive proof because I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-constructive proof because I cannot
+give a specific example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a specific example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a specific example that
+demonstrates that this claim is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates that this claim is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrates that this claim is is
+true but yet I've have shown that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but yet I've have shown that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but yet I've have shown that it is
+true but in a non-constructive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but in a non-constructive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but in a non-constructive way
+without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an
+example okay so what about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one for example we may pick uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for example we may pick uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for example we may pick uh 10
+arbitrary uh twod digigit numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary uh twod digigit numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary uh twod digigit numbers so
+pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary uh double digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and oh we can uh pick any uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and oh we can uh pick any uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and oh we can uh pick any uh uh
+sequence of numbers I'm just picking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers I'm just picking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers I'm just picking a
+few and you may add a few two I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and you may add a few two I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and you may add a few two I don't
+know two seven 14 I don't know 31 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two seven 14 I don't know 31 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two seven 14 I don't know 31 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 uh and so on so I have 1 two 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 uh and so on so I have 1 two 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 uh and so on so I have 1 two 3 four
+five six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven
+eight uh I don't know nine oh nine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight uh I don't know nine oh nine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight uh I don't know nine oh nine and
+another one say 91 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one say 91 or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one say 91 or something like
+that um so I have 10 double digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so I have 10 double digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so I have 10 double digit
+numbers it turns out that I can show to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it turns out that I can show to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it turns out that I can show to
+you that there are two different two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there are two different two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that there are two different two
+subsets that uh if if I look at the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that uh if if I look at the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that uh if if I look at the sum
+of their elements so I look at the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their elements so I look at the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their elements so I look at the sum
+of the elements of the first subset and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements of the first subset and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the elements of the first subset and
+look at the sum of the elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sum of the elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sum of the elements of the
+second subset said that I can find two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second subset said that I can find two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second subset said that I can find two
+subsets that have an equal sum now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that have an equal sum now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that have an equal sum now if
+you just look at those numbers and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at those numbers and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at those numbers and I've
+now picked like 10 arbitrary double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now picked like 10 arbitrary double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now picked like 10 arbitrary double
+digit numbers well usually it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit numbers well usually it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit numbers well usually it's pretty
+hard to figure out whether that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to figure out whether that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to figure out whether that's really
+true or not maybe I have been selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or not maybe I have been selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or not maybe I have been selecting
+the numbers in such a way that it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in such a way that it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in such a way that it's easy
+to see um I mean we can still try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see um I mean we can still try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see um I mean we can still try to
+wrap our minds around it and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap our minds around it and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap our minds around it and try to
+really solve this constructively by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solve this constructively by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really solve this constructively by
+giving an example it turns out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving an example it turns out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving an example it turns out that we
+can prove this statement and we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove this statement and we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove this statement and we will use
+pitchon Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitchon Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitchon Hall
+principle and we do not even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and we do not even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and we do not even have to
+actually oh you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question oh sure we can make a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question oh sure we can make a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question oh sure we can make a double
+digit so uh I can put a zero before too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit so uh I can put a zero before too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit so uh I can put a zero before too
+if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want
+to but uh but yeah just select something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but uh but yeah just select something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but uh but yeah just select something
+else it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it doesn't really
+matter um so uh yeah so what we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um so uh yeah so what we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um so uh yeah so what we going to
+show now is that through the pitchon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show now is that through the pitchon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show now is that through the pitchon
+hole principle we can prove that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole principle we can prove that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole principle we can prove that there
+are two subsets that have the same sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two subsets that have the same sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two subsets that have the same sum
+and just by inspection it's a very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by inspection it's a very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just by inspection it's a very hard
+problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to
+solve um so I do not even give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve um so I do not even give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve um so I do not even give you an
+example but we can still show this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but we can still show this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but we can still show this so
+how can we go ahead about with this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we go ahead about with this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we go ahead about with this so
+let's think together about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think together about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think together about this
+problem so I want to choose two sets X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I want to choose two sets X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I want to choose two sets X
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Y and somehow I want to have a mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and somehow I want to have a mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and somehow I want to have a mapping
+right I want to have a mapping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to have a mapping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I want to have a mapping from
+uh any uh double digit uh set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any uh double digit uh set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any uh double digit uh set of
+numbers uh somehow I want to map that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh somehow I want to map that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh somehow I want to map that to
+sums because that's what I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums because that's what I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums because that's what I'm interested
+in I'm interested in sums and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I'm interested in sums and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I'm interested in sums and I want to
+show something about how hard it is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show something about how hard it is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show something about how hard it is or
+or or or I want to show something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or I want to show something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or I want to show something about
+uh subsets of uh of these double digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subsets of uh of these double digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subsets of uh of these double digit
+numbers so what do I do I take X as The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so what do I do I take X as The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so what do I do I take X as The
+Collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsets of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and uh I want to show that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh I want to show that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh I want to show that there
+are at least two subsets that map to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at least two subsets that map to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at least two subsets that map to the
+same sum so let's first count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sum so let's first count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sum so let's first count how many
+we have here we already did this we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here we already did this we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here we already did this we made
+a mapping from subsets to uh to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mapping from subsets to uh to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mapping from subsets to uh to uh
+binary sequences uh bit sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary sequences uh bit sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary sequences uh bit sequences
+and in this case we have uh uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case we have uh uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case we have uh uh 10
+numbers so we have 2 to the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so we have 2 to the^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so we have 2 to the^
+10 possible um subsets so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2024 now Y is going to be uh the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024 now Y is going to be uh the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024 now Y is going to be uh the sum of
+uh a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a subset
+so uh what do I know um I knowe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what do I know um I knowe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what do I know um I knowe that the
+uh possible sums range from zero all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possible sums range from zero all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possible sums range from zero all the
+way to well what's the maximum sum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to well what's the maximum sum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to well what's the maximum sum that
+I can have out of uh 10 double digit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have out of uh 10 double digit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have out of uh 10 double digit uh
+a subset of 10 double digit num so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of 10 double digit num so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of 10 double digit num so I can
+select all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select all the
+10 um elements in this set and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um elements in this set and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um elements in this set and they are
+double digits so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double digits so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double digits so at
+most they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most they are
+99 so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 so I know
+that this set is really the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set is really the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set is really the set of all
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sums now we know that 1024 is more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums now we know that 1024 is more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums now we know that 1024 is more than
+990 so the cardinality of X is more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+990 so the cardinality of X is more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+990 so the cardinality of X is more than
+cality of Y so by the pitch andhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cality of Y so by the pitch andhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cality of Y so by the pitch andhole
+principle we know that um there exist at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we know that um there exist at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we know that um there exist at
+least two different elements of X in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two different elements of X in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two different elements of X in our
+case there exist two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there exist two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there exist two different
+subsets that map to the same sum uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that map to the same sum uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that map to the same sum uh the
+same elements in why the same sum so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same elements in why the same sum so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same elements in why the same sum so now
+we have shown that uh even though we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shown that uh even though we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have shown that uh even though we did
+not show we have not shown any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not show we have not shown any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not show we have not shown any
+particular example that demonstrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example that demonstrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example that demonstrates
+this claim that are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this claim that are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this claim that are two different
+subsets that that have the same sum we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that that have the same sum we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that that have the same sum we
+still got a prove using counting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got a prove using counting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got a prove using counting that
+this is true so this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true so this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true so this is called a
+non-constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-constructive
+proof uh let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down and this is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and this is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and this is uh a
+great way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way of
+proving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties okay so now we can continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay so now we can continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay so now we can continue
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um um with another uh definition where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um with another uh definition where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um with another uh definition where
+we look at uh another property over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at uh another property over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at uh another property over here
+we talks about surjectivity injectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talks about surjectivity injectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talks about surjectivity injectivity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+bctiv um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bctiv um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bctiv um and
+now we will talk about uh the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will talk about uh the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we will talk about uh the following
+property we say that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we say that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we say that a
+k to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mapping K to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping K to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping K to one
+function is um f from X to Y actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is um f from X to Y actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is um f from X to Y actually
+Maps exactly K elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K elements to of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K elements to of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K elements to of x
+to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of
+Y so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so what do we
+know well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well we
+can have the following counting rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the following counting rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the following counting rule
+that we call the division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call the division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call the division
+Rule and it says that if f is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and it says that if f is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and it says that if f is such a
+type of function so if f is uh uh K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of function so if f is uh uh K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of function so if f is uh uh K
+21 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 well
+then we know that the cardinality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that the cardinality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that the cardinality of the
+domain is equal to um K times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is equal to um K times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is equal to um K times the
+cardinality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of
+Y and why is that well exactly K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and why is that well exactly K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and why is that well exactly K
+elements of X mapped to each element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of X mapped to each element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of X mapped to each element of
+Y so I have the first element of Y we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so I have the first element of Y we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so I have the first element of Y we
+have K elements of X that map to it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K elements of X that map to it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K elements of X that map to it the
+second element of Y K elements mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element of Y K elements mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element of Y K elements mapped to
+that one so we know that the domain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so we know that the domain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so we know that the domain is
+exactly K times uh the range K times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly K times uh the range K times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly K times uh the range K times the
+size of the range now this division rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the range now this division rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the range now this division rule
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generalizes the bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes the bje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes the bje
+rule uh which I've put over there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule uh which I've put over there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule uh which I've put over there the
+projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+Rule and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and why is
+that well that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well that's because
+um a function is a bje if and only if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a function is a bje if and only if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a function is a bje if and only if it
+is actually one uh 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually one uh 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually one uh 2
+one so if you replace K by one we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you replace K by one we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you replace K by one we have
+that uh exactly one element of X is met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh exactly one element of X is met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh exactly one element of X is met
+to every element in y and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every element in y and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to every element in y and that's the
+definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a
+bje and the bje rule says that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje and the bje rule says that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje and the bje rule says that if you
+have a bje then the cardinality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bje then the cardinality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bje then the cardinality of the
+domain is equal to the is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is equal to the is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is equal to the is equal to the
+cardinality of the range so for k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the range so for k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the range so for k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's give an example on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's give an example on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's give an example on how
+this works um I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works um I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works um I think we
+can take this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually so let's give an example using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so let's give an example using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so let's give an example using
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+chessboard um where we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chessboard um where we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chessboard um where we have two
+identical Rooks and we want to count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical Rooks and we want to count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical Rooks and we want to count the
+number of ways we can put them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways we can put them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways we can put them on the
+chessboard in such a way that uh the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chessboard in such a way that uh the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chessboard in such a way that uh the two
+Rooks cannot uh uh see one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooks cannot uh uh see one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooks cannot uh uh see one another
+meaning that uh the Rooks are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that uh the Rooks are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that uh the Rooks are on
+different rows and on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows and on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rows and on different
+columns so let's give an example so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so let's give an example so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so let's give an example so the
+example is like this so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ways how many ways do we have uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways how many ways do we have uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways how many ways do we have uh to
+place uh two identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooks
+um on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chessboard in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chessboard in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chessboard in such a
+way that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that no
+row uh or column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shared so how can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared so how can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared so how can we do
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+well uh for for example let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh for for example let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh for for example let's look at a
+uh chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board and suppose we have a rook over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and suppose we have a rook over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and suppose we have a rook over
+here and a rook over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a rook over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a rook over
+here and say the first Rook is on Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say the first Rook is on Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say the first Rook is on Row
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+on column one and the second Rook is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on column one and the second Rook is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on column one and the second Rook is on
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+two uh R2 on row R2 and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh R2 on row R2 and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh R2 on row R2 and on
+the column that is indexed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column that is indexed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column that is indexed by
+C2 so how can we describe such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so how can we describe such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so how can we describe such
+configurations well I could uh describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations well I could uh describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations well I could uh describe
+this by using a sequence in which I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by using a sequence in which I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by using a sequence in which I look
+at the placement of the first rook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the placement of the first rook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the placement of the first rook and
+then describe the placement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then describe the placement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then describe the placement of the
+second Rook so I may have R1 C1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Rook so I may have R1 C1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Rook so I may have R1 C1 and then
+R2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and
+C2 so this could be uh a way to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so this could be uh a way to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so this could be uh a way to describe
+the positioning of these Rooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positioning of these Rooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positioning of these Rooks
+and I could create a mapping F that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could create a mapping F that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could create a mapping F that is
+doing this for me and uh so if I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this for me and uh so if I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this for me and uh so if I call
+this uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh an
+example of uh a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh a valid
+uh so let's y be the set of valid rot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's y be the set of valid rot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's y be the set of valid rot
+configurations and this is one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and this is one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and this is one example
+of it so this is part of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+X is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequences all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences all the
+sequences R1 C1 R2 and C2 such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences R1 C1 R2 and C2 such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences R1 C1 R2 and C2 such that
+well uh The Rook over here does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh The Rook over here does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh The Rook over here does not
+share a row with the Rook uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a row with the Rook uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a row with the Rook uh that is
+described by this position so R1 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this position so R1 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this position so R1 is not
+equal to R2 and they also do not share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R2 and they also do not share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R2 and they also do not share a
+column so the rot uh the first rot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so the rot uh the first rot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so the rot uh the first rot has
+column C1 the second one is on column C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column C1 the second one is on column C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column C1 the second one is on column C2
+so also C1 and C2 should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also C1 and C2 should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so also C1 and C2 should be
+different um so these sequences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so these sequences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so these sequences are
+really placements right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really placements right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really placements right so this
+describes Rook uh one this describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes Rook uh one this describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes Rook uh one this describes
+Rook two and the whole combination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rook two and the whole combination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rook two and the whole combination is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+placement so now I have described a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement so now I have described a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement so now I have described a
+function f that Maps a sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f that Maps a sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f that Maps a sequence that
+describes the position of the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the position of the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the position of the first and
+the second R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second R
+Rook Maps a SE such a sequence to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rook Maps a SE such a sequence to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rook Maps a SE such a sequence to an
+element in Y which is a valid Rook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in Y which is a valid Rook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in Y which is a valid Rook
+configuration so now let's uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so now let's uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so now let's uh have a
+look at how we can apply the division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how we can apply the division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how we can apply the division
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule
+so um is this function by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um is this function by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um is this function by
+bjective is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bjective is that
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+so so is it true that um every uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so is it true that um every uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so is it true that um every uh so I
+have a mapping that goes from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mapping that goes from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mapping that goes from here to
+here um but is it true that every valet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but is it true that every valet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um but is it true that every valet
+uh root configuration is mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh root configuration is mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh root configuration is mapped to
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+once is that is that true is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once is that is that true is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once is that is that true is this the
+only representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only representation
+that I can use to that will the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can use to that will the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can use to that will the only
+sequence that will map using this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that will map using this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that will map using this this
+function f into a fet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configuration yep that's true so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration yep that's true so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration yep that's true so you can
+switch uh Rook one and Rook two um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch uh Rook one and Rook two um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch uh Rook one and Rook two um and
+it will still look the same the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still look the same the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still look the same the two
+Rooks are identical they look exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooks are identical they look exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooks are identical they look exactly
+the same so we have again the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we have again the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so we have again the exact same
+configuration and uh we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this particular uh sequence also maps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular uh sequence also maps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular uh sequence also maps to
+the Sim it just switch swap uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sim it just switch swap uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sim it just switch swap uh the
+positions so we have R2 C2 R1 and C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so we have R2 C2 R1 and C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so we have R2 C2 R1 and C1
+also Maps under F to that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Maps under F to that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Maps under F to that same
+configuration and it's exactly uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and it's exactly uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and it's exactly uh those
+are the exact two possibilities that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the exact two possibilities that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the exact two possibilities that can
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+to that that map to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that map to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that map to this
+configuration every F configuration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration every F configuration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration every F configuration is
+mapped to to exactly two times so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to to exactly two times so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to to exactly two times so now we
+can use a division rule because f is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a division rule because f is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a division rule because f is 2
+to one so f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so f is
+two 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 2
+one what does that mean if you apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what does that mean if you apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what does that mean if you apply the
+division rule it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rule it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rule it means that the
+cardinality of uh all those sequences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of uh all those sequences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of uh all those sequences is
+equal to two times the cardinality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two times the cardinality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two times the cardinality of
+all fell configurations or in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fell configurations or in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fell configurations or in other
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+uh the cality of all the valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cality of all the valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cality of all the valid
+configurations is the cality of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations is the cality of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations is the cality of all
+those possible sequences divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those possible sequences divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those possible sequences divided by
+two so now we can start counting X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now we can start counting X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now we can start counting X over
+here so how do we do that well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so how do we do that well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so how do we do that well we're
+going to use something similar as what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use something similar as what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use something similar as what
+we did when we were counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did when we were counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did when we were counting
+permutations and I will generalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and I will generalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and I will generalize that
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+moment um so how do we go about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um so how do we go about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um so how do we go about this
+well let's have a look if I have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's have a look if I have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's have a look if I have um
+R1 uh C1 and r 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 uh C1 and r 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 uh C1 and r 2 and
+C2 so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so this is a
+sequence so how many choices do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so how many choices do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so how many choices do I have
+well a chessboard has eight rows so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a chessboard has eight rows so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a chessboard has eight rows so I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+choose eight possible rows for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose eight possible rows for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose eight possible rows for the first
+Rook it also has eight columns so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rook it also has eight columns so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rook it also has eight columns so I have
+eight possible choices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possible choices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possible choices for the
+column but what about the second Rook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but what about the second Rook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but what about the second Rook
+well the second Rook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the second Rook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the second Rook
+uh can be on any row except the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be on any row except the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be on any row except the one that
+I've already selected for the first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already selected for the first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already selected for the first so
+that is 8 minus one we have seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is 8 minus one we have seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is 8 minus one we have seven
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+choices to select the row for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices to select the row for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices to select the row for the second
+Rook it must be different from the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rook it must be different from the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rook it must be different from the one
+that was already selected and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already selected and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already selected and I have
+seven possible choices and similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven possible choices and similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven possible choices and similarly for
+this particular column as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular column as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular column as well the
+column has to be different so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column has to be different so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column has to be different so how many
+choices do I have well it's not eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices do I have well it's not eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices do I have well it's not eight
+it's one less because I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one less because I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one less because I've already
+selected the one for the first Rook so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the one for the first Rook so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the one for the first Rook so I
+have seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seven
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+so the cardinality of X is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cardinality of X is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cardinality of X is actually
+equal to 8 * 8 * 7 * 7 so it's 8 * 7^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 8 * 8 * 7 * 7 so it's 8 * 7^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 8 * 8 * 7 * 7 so it's 8 * 7^
+2ar /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar /
+2 so now we have counted by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so now we have counted by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so now we have counted by using the
+division rule we saw that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rule we saw that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division rule we saw that we have to
+divide this by two we have counted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this by two we have counted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this by two we have counted the
+total number of valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configurations so now we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so now we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations so now we are going to
+generalize this uh principle that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this uh principle that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this uh principle that we
+have talked about here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have talked about here and
+um we will do that over here I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will do that over here I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will do that over here I think
+yeah and that's the generalized product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule so the generalized product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so the generalized product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so the generalized product
+rule is as follows uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is as follows uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is as follows uh it's
+essentially uh saying that if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh saying that if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh saying that if we have a
+set of of uh of of of of sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of of uh of of of of sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of of uh of of of of sequences of
+length k then how can we count those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length k then how can we count those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length k then how can we count those
+well if we know the following property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we know the following property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we know the following property
+so let me first write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me first write
+out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+generalized uh product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is as
+follows uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows uh let
+s be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s be a
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequences then I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+um N1 possible first entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I know that once I've selected my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I know that once I've selected my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I know that once I've selected my
+first entry there are n two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry there are n two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry there are n two possible
+second entry or and two possible second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second entry or and two possible second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second entry or and two possible second
+entries for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entry and if I continue like this so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and if I continue like this so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and if I continue like this so my
+choice for the third term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the third term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the third term in the
+sequence is uh always uh I've have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is uh always uh I've have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is uh always uh I've have
+always N3 possible choices given my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always N3 possible choices given my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always N3 possible choices given my
+selection for the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection for the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection for the first two
+entries so if I have that property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so if I have that property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so if I have that property that
+continues in that way so let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues in that way so let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues in that way so let me write it
+out so we have n three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh
+third entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third entries
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each combination in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of uh
+first together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first together with
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+entries and if I continue this all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and if I continue this all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and if I continue this all the
+way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to
+NK so NK possible K entries for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK so NK possible K entries for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK so NK possible K entries for each
+combination of all the previous entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then I know that the set s can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I know that the set s can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I know that the set s can be
+counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted
+as well I have N1 possible choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I have N1 possible choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I have N1 possible choices for
+the first entry once I've chosen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry once I've chosen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry once I've chosen and
+fixed that one I have N2 possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed that one I have N2 possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed that one I have N2 possible
+choices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the
+second then n three possible choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second then n three possible choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second then n three possible choices for
+the third and then go all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third and then go all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third and then go all the way to
+NK now remember that well let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK now remember that well let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NK now remember that well let's first
+talk about it from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it from the perspective of
+the chess problem here I got eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chess problem here I got eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chess problem here I got eight
+possible choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible choices for
+R1 given R1 I don't care I still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 given R1 I don't care I still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 given R1 I don't care I still have
+eight possible choices for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possible choices for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight possible choices for the for the
+column here so if eight choices here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here so if eight choices here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column here so if eight choices here but
+for the third one once I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the third one once I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the third one once I have uh
+selected R1 and C1 I only have seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected R1 and C1 I only have seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected R1 and C1 I only have seven
+choices left for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices left for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices left for
+R2 and seven choices left for C2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and seven choices left for C2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 and seven choices left for C2 so
+that's an example where we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example where we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example where we use this
+particular U generalized product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular U generalized product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular U generalized product rule
+also uh when we were counting the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh when we were counting the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh when we were counting the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+permutations we were saying we can fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations we were saying we can fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations we were saying we can fix
+the first entry of a permutation in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry of a permutation in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry of a permutation in N
+ways if I have a permutation Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if I have a permutation Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if I have a permutation Over N
+elements and then I have the second uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then I have the second uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then I have the second uh
+uh um entry the second term of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um entry the second term of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um entry the second term of a
+permutation has only n minus one choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation has only n minus one choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation has only n minus one choices
+because I've already chosen one then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've already chosen one then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've already chosen one then the
+next one has n minus three choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one has n minus three choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one has n minus three choices
+because I've already selected two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've already selected two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've already selected two of
+them so have only n minus two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so have only n minus two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so have only n minus two choices
+left then I have minus three choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left then I have minus three choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left then I have minus three choices
+because you've already selected three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've already selected three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've already selected three
+and so on and I get n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and I get n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and I get n
+factorial so that's the same kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so that's the same kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so that's the same kind of uh
+principle that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we have
+here so let me give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let me give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let me give an
+example uh where we can see uh how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh where we can see uh how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh where we can see uh how this
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we do um in this example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do um in this example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do um in this example we
+want to uh count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh count the number of
+committees so it's the exact same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees so it's the exact same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees so it's the exact same kind
+of principle that we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of principle that we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of principle that we're going to talk
+about so we're going to count a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we're going to count a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we're going to count a number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+committees uh described by sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees uh described by sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees uh described by sequence
+XYZ where X the first one is say the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ where X the first one is say the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ where X the first one is say the uh
+leader of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader of the
+committee uh this the second one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee uh this the second one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee uh this the second one in
+indicates say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates say the
+secretary uh the third one is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary uh the third one is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary uh the third one is some
+consultant so they're all different they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant so they're all different they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant so they're all different they
+have all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all different
+roles um such a committee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles um such a committee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles um such a committee is
+selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+members and in how many ways can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and in how many ways can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and in how many ways can I do
+this well I have n ways to choose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well I have n ways to choose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well I have n ways to choose my
+first uh uh term in the sequence I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh uh term in the sequence I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh uh term in the sequence I have
+n ways to choose the leader so there's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ways to choose the leader so there's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ways to choose the leader so there's n
+ways to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X how many ways I have to choose y well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X how many ways I have to choose y well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X how many ways I have to choose y well
+if I've chosen already a leader I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've chosen already a leader I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've chosen already a leader I need
+to choose someone else so I have n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose someone else so I have n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose someone else so I have n minus
+one members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one members
+left n minus one ways to choose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left n minus one ways to choose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left n minus one ways to choose uh
+y um I'm just not allowed to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and then I will have n minus two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then I will have n minus two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then I will have n minus two ways
+to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+except X and Y and so for each X I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except X and Y and so for each X I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except X and Y and so for each X I have
+only n minus one ways to choose y for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n minus one ways to choose y for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n minus one ways to choose y for
+each X and Y I have only n min-2 ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each X and Y I have only n min-2 ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each X and Y I have only n min-2 ways to
+choose Z so if I multiply all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Z so if I multiply all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Z so if I multiply all this
+together I get n * N - 1 * n minus 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I get n * N - 1 * n minus 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I get n * N - 1 * n minus 2 to
+choose uh all these Comm this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh all these Comm this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh all these Comm this is the
+total number of POS committees that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of POS committees that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of POS committees that I
+can select from an N member set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can select from an N member set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can select from an N member set of
+people so let's go to a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so let's go to a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so let's go to a little bit of a
+different uh example that uses the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh example that uses the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh example that uses the same
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+um okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let's
+uh make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space uh in this second problem we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh in this second problem we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh in this second problem we going
+to count uh I will Define to you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count uh I will Define to you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count uh I will Define to you a
+defective dollar bill it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective dollar bill it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective dollar bill it's not really
+the effective but it's a property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective but it's a property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective but it's a property that
+we will assign to a dollar bill so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assign to a dollar bill so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will assign to a dollar bill so and
+you can check for yourself whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check for yourself whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check for yourself whether you
+have one in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one in your
+wallet so let's define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet so let's define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet so let's define an
+effective dollar bill to have uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective dollar bill to have uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective dollar bill to have uh the
+property that if you look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if you look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if you look at the uh
+8bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8bit
+um at the 8bit serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the 8bit serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the 8bit serial
+number um it has the property that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um it has the property that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um it has the property that uh
+some of the digits appear more than once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the digits appear more than once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the digits appear more than once
+so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit
+appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once in the 8bit serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number so you can check your own wallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so you can check your own wallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so you can check your own wallet
+and check for your $1 bills and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check for your $1 bills and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check for your $1 bills and check
+whether you have a defective dollar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have a defective dollar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you have a defective dollar it
+seems to be pretty specific and rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be pretty specific and rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be pretty specific and rare
+property right well check your dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right well check your dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right well check your dollar
+check your one uh che check your dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your one uh che check your dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your one uh che check your dollar
+bills you'll figure out that you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills you'll figure out that you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills you'll figure out that you have uh
+probably defec of dollar bill in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably defec of dollar bill in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably defec of dollar bill in your
+wallet so that's kind of weird so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet so that's kind of weird so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet so that's kind of weird so this
+seems this property if you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems this property if you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems this property if you look at that
+it seems to be something that is maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be something that is maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be something that is maybe a
+little bit more common than we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more common than we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more common than we thought
+it is it seems to be so special so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it seems to be so special so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it seems to be so special so let's
+do a counting argument and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a counting argument and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a counting argument and find out
+what's happening here so let's uh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here so let's uh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here so let's uh look
+at a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fraction
+of uh the N defective so we count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opposite uh of the non-defective uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite uh of the non-defective uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite uh of the non-defective uh
+bills well that's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills well that's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills well that's the number of
+non uh defective serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers divided by uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers divided by uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers divided by uh the
+total number of serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers and let's call these uh small X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and let's call these uh small X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and let's call these uh small X
+and Y and count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and count
+these so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+um so first of all let's count why well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of all let's count why well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of all let's count why well
+that's easy I have eight digits in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy I have eight digits in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy I have eight digits in my
+serial number so I have 10 choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial number so I have 10 choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial number so I have 10 choices for
+the first digit 10 choices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first digit 10 choices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first digit 10 choices for the
+second one and so on in total I have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and so on in total I have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one and so on in total I have 10
+* 10 * 10 10 the^ 8 choices what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 * 10 10 the^ 8 choices what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 * 10 10 the^ 8 choices what about
+X well I'm using uh again our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well I'm using uh again our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well I'm using uh again our
+generalized um product rule over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized um product rule over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized um product rule over here
+well if I'm going to have a nondefective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I'm going to have a nondefective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I'm going to have a nondefective
+dollar bill then all the digits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill then all the digits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bill then all the digits in the
+eight digit serial number have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight digit serial number have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight digit serial number have to be
+different so for the first digit I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so for the first digit I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so for the first digit I have
+10 choices now that I've selected my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 choices now that I've selected my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 choices now that I've selected my
+first digit I have nine digits for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit I have nine digits for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first digit I have nine digits for my
+nine digits for my second choice for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine digits for my second choice for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine digits for my second choice for my
+second digit in the serial number then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second digit in the serial number then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second digit in the serial number then I
+have eight possible choices seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight possible choices seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight possible choices seven
+because I've already selected three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've already selected three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've already selected three and
+I cannot choose those anymore time six *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot choose those anymore time six *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot choose those anymore time six *
+5 * 4 * 3 and now I have chosen an eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 * 4 * 3 and now I have chosen an eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 * 4 * 3 and now I have chosen an eight
+digit serial number in which all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit serial number in which all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit serial number in which all the
+digits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits are
+different okay so how many are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so how many are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so how many are these
+well this is actually equal to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is actually equal to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is actually equal to 10
+factorial / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial / 2
+factorial and it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and it turns out to be
+something like 1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 1,
+84,4 possible choices so now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84,4 possible choices so now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84,4 possible choices so now let's look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+fraction it turns out if you divide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction it turns out if you divide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction it turns out if you divide this
+by this we get a really very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this we get a really very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this we get a really very small
+fraction this is actually equal to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction this is actually equal to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction this is actually equal to 1.
+18144 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18144 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18144 per
+so a very small fraction is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a very small fraction is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a very small fraction is non
+defective so almost all the dollars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective so almost all the dollars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective so almost all the dollars are
+sort of defective it simply means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of defective it simply means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of defective it simply means that
+they have the spe special property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the spe special property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the spe special property that
+uh some digit occurs occurs more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some digit occurs occurs more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some digit occurs occurs more than
+once so it's kind of interesting so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so it's kind of interesting so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so it's kind of interesting so we
+can already see that by counting we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already see that by counting we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already see that by counting we can
+we it's sometimes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's sometimes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's sometimes a little bit
+counterintuitive because if I would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because if I would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because if I would see
+this particular property I would in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular property I would in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular property I would in
+first instance think this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instance think this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first instance think this is a very
+special property but it's not true it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special property but it's not true it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special property but it's not true it's
+very common it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out now a special uh case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now a special uh case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now a special uh case of the
+generalized product rule is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule is the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized product rule is the product
+rule um and this is defined as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule um and this is defined as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule um and this is defined as follows
+um we're going to first OFA to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to first OFA to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to first OFA to find a
+product over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over
+sets and definition is that the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and definition is that the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and definition is that the product
+of a set A1 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set A1 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set A1 with
+A2 up to a n is actually equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 up to a n is actually equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 up to a n is actually equal to the
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequences where each element so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences where each element so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences where each element so the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+entry is selected from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is selected from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is selected from the first
+set the second entry is selected from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the second entry is selected from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the second entry is selected from
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+set and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and now the product rule tells us by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and now the product rule tells us by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and now the product rule tells us by
+just applying that reasoning over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the
+cardinality of the product of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the product of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the product of all those
+sets is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is actually
+equal to uh the cardinality of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh the cardinality of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh the cardinality of the first
+set multiplied by the cality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set multiplied by the cality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set multiplied by the cality of the
+second set and so on up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set and so on up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set and so on up to the
+cardinality of the last set because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the last set because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of the last set because we
+have this number of choices for the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this number of choices for the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this number of choices for the very
+first element over here this number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element over here this number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element over here this number of
+choices for the second one and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the second one and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for the second one and so on and
+we apply that rule and we see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply that rule and we see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply that rule and we see that this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+result um now and we use this in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um now and we use this in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um now and we use this in in
+specific to count all the uh nbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to count all the uh nbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to count all the uh nbit
+sequences we have exactly uh two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we have exactly uh two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we have exactly uh two choices
+for the first bit uh we have the set 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first bit uh we have the set 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first bit uh we have the set 01
+in our example times the set 01 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example times the set 01 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our example times the set 01 over
+here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so
+on and that's how we derived that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that's how we derived that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that's how we derived that uh we
+have 2 * 2 two to the power uh n choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 * 2 two to the power uh n choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 * 2 two to the power uh n choices
+for an N bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an N bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an N bit
+sequence so now we come to the sum Rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so now we come to the sum Rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so now we come to the sum Rule
+and we will give uh an example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will give uh an example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will give uh an example for
+that so the sum rule states that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the sum rule states that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the sum rule states that if we
+look at sets then we may be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sets then we may be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at sets then we may be able to
+count their Union and we will consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count their Union and we will consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count their Union and we will consider a
+very specific case in next lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific case in next lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific case in next lecture we
+will talk about the general uh case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about the general uh case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about the general uh case
+uh so the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the sum
+rule is the f is the following uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is the f is the following uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is the f is the following uh
+counting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh
+mechanism if the sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism if the sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism if the sets
+A1 up to a n are all disjoined so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 up to a n are all disjoined so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 up to a n are all disjoined so they
+are disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sets then we know that uh if I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets then we know that uh if I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets then we know that uh if I try to
+count the union of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the union of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the union of all those
+sets it's going to be the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it's going to be the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it's going to be the sum of the
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+cardinalities so let me just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinalities so let me just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinalities so let me just write it
+out actually so it's the cardinality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out actually so it's the cardinality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out actually so it's the cardinality of
+A1 Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Plus
+A2 all the way to a m why is this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 all the way to a m why is this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 all the way to a m why is this well
+all the sets are disjoined so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sets are disjoined so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sets are disjoined so there are
+no intersections between sets uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intersections between sets uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no intersections between sets uh that
+contain elements all the intersections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain elements all the intersections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain elements all the intersections
+are empty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty so
+counting the union is really counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the union is really counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the union is really counting
+each separate set and that's why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each separate set and that's why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each separate set and that's why we have
+the sum and in next lecture we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and in next lecture we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and in next lecture we will talk
+about the inclusion exclusion Rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inclusion exclusion Rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inclusion exclusion Rule and
+then we will take into account that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will take into account that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will take into account that we
+have intersections that are nonempty but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have intersections that are nonempty but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have intersections that are nonempty but
+let's give now an example um where we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give now an example um where we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give now an example um where we um
+talk about where we count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about where we count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about where we count the number of
+passwords with certain probability with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords with certain probability with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords with certain probability with
+certain properties and we will apply all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties and we will apply all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain properties and we will apply all
+these different rules TOS together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different rules TOS together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different rules TOS together and
+that's the type of problems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the type of problems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the type of problems that you
+would like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be able to
+solve so in our example in our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so in our example in our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so in our example in our last
+example here we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here we have that
+passwords have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property uh they are uh six to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symbols so that's property one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so that's property one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols so that's property one
+we have that the very first symbol must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that the very first symbol must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that the very first symbol must
+be special in the sense that uh it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+letter and this can be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and this can be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and this can be an
+upper or lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case and say that the other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and say that the other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and say that the other uh
+symbols are actually uh letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are actually uh letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are actually uh letters
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+digits so let's count the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits so let's count the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits so let's count the total number
+of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible
+passwords we're going to use the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords we're going to use the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords we're going to use the sum
+rule um so let's define um what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule um so let's define um what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule um so let's define um what kind of
+sets we are taking the symbols from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets we are taking the symbols from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets we are taking the symbols from so
+the first set is for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set is for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set is for the first
+symbol which we call F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol which we call F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol which we call F of
+first we have all the letters a b c in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have all the letters a b c in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have all the letters a b c in
+lower case and then all of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uppercase and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uppercase and in
+total we have 52 elements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total we have 52 elements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total we have 52 elements in this
+set for the second symbol and the or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for the second symbol and the or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for the second symbol and the or or
+the other symbols we have all these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other symbols we have all these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other symbols we have all these uh
+letters but also all the digits 0 1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters but also all the digits 0 1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters but also all the digits 0 1 up
+to 9 and in this this set actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 9 and in this this set actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 9 and in this this set actually has
+cardinality 62 we added 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality 62 we added 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality 62 we added 10
+digits so let's talk about um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits so let's talk about um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits so let's talk about um the
+uh actually we like to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually we like to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually we like to use
+this in the Su rule as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so how do we count what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so how do we count what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so how do we count what kind of
+possibilities do we really have so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities do we really have so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities do we really have so let's
+describe this set of uh password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this set of uh password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this set of uh password
+explicitly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly in a
+formula so let P be the set of passwords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so let P be the set of passwords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so let P be the set of passwords
+of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+passwords and this one is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords and this one is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords and this one is actually equal
+to well I need to choose a first symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well I need to choose a first symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well I need to choose a first symbol
+and then I need to choose a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I need to choose a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I need to choose a second
+symbol and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and a
+third and a fourth and a fifth and a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and a fourth and a fifth and a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and a fourth and a fifth and a six
+that's one possibility I use six symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility I use six symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility I use six symbols
+I can also use seven or eight symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also use seven or eight symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also use seven or eight symbols
+but this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them we also denote this as s to the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we also denote this as s to the^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we also denote this as s to the^
+five that's an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that's an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that's an equivalent
+notation um the other possibilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation um the other possibilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation um the other possibilities for
+passwords are that we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are that we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords are that we first
+choose an entry from f a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an entry from f a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an entry from f a
+letter and then then we will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and then then we will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter and then then we will need to
+choose another six symbols in total we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose another six symbols in total we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose another six symbols in total we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+seven and we have another possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and we have another possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and we have another possibility
+where we choose a first symbol and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we choose a first symbol and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we choose a first symbol and then
+we choose seven other symbols so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose seven other symbols so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose seven other symbols so this
+has eight symbols this has in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has eight symbols this has in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has eight symbols this has in total
+seven this one has in total six symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven this one has in total six symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven this one has in total six symbols
+so this covers all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this covers all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this covers all the possible
+passwords so let's count them we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords so let's count them we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords so let's count them we know
+that these sets are all different they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these sets are all different they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these sets are all different they
+are distinct these are sequences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distinct these are sequences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distinct these are sequences that
+have six entries seven and eight entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six entries seven and eight entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six entries seven and eight entries
+so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the
+cardinality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of
+P it's actually equal to the sum by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's actually equal to the sum by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P it's actually equal to the sum by the
+sum rule that we just described over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum rule that we just described over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum rule that we just described over
+there um is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um is equal
+to the very first one f * s ^ 5 plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very first one f * s ^ 5 plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very first one f * s ^ 5 plus the
+cardinality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of
+f um the product of f with s to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um the product of f with s to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um the product of f with s to the
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+six and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and we
+have f um cross product uh I mean times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have f um cross product uh I mean times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have f um cross product uh I mean times
+s the^ 7 so this is by application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the^ 7 so this is by application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the^ 7 so this is by application of
+the uh sum Rule and now we can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sum Rule and now we can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sum Rule and now we can apply the
+product rule very simply which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule very simply which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule very simply which is this
+one so that's uh equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's uh equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's uh equal to the
+cardinality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality of
+f times the cality of s to the^ five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f times the cality of s to the^ five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f times the cality of s to the^ five and
+then we have the same rule applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the same rule applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the same rule applied to
+this one it's the cardinality of ftimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it's the cardinality of ftimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one it's the cardinality of ftimes
+the cardinality of s to the^ 6 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinality of s to the^ 6 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardinality of s to the^ 6 and then
+we have the cardinality of ftimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the cardinality of ftimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the cardinality of ftimes the
+cality of s to the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cality of s to the^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cality of s to the^
+7 um now it's simply plug in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 um now it's simply plug in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 um now it's simply plug in these
+numbers and then you will have the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then you will have the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then you will have the total
+number of passwords that you uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of passwords that you uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of passwords that you uh that you
+can select from it turns out to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can select from it turns out to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can select from it turns out to be about
+1.8 * 10 to the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 * 10 to the^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 * 10 to the^
+14 so here we have applied both the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so here we have applied both the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so here we have applied both the sum
+Rule and a product rule so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and a product rule so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and a product rule so in general
+you will see that you have to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that you have to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that you have to apply
+multiple rules together in order to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple rules together in order to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple rules together in order to um
+find an answer to your counting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an answer to your counting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an answer to your counting problem
+and you will see that on the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see that on the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see that on the problem set
+and we will give a few more examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will give a few more examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will give a few more examples in
+next lecture and we will start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture and we will start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture and we will start talking
+about the generalization of the sum rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the generalization of the sum rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the generalization of the sum rule
+called inclusion exclusion and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called inclusion exclusion and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called inclusion exclusion and we will
+give you another type of proof technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another type of proof technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another type of proof technique
+called com called combinatorial proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called com called combinatorial proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called com called combinatorial proofs
+all right good good luck with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good good luck with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right good good luck with the
+problems
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pPbJGG1JtVw.txt b/pPbJGG1JtVw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c5b11ee6dac0551006bade3f9ba5fe11c66d564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pPbJGG1JtVw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I'm very interested to know uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm very interested to know uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm very interested to know uh your
+experiences from last class. Um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences from last class. Um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences from last class. Um what
+your thoughts were on the NETP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts were on the NETP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts were on the NETP
+discussion and the small groupoup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and the small groupoup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and the small groupoup
+conversations that you have. Did anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that you have. Did anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that you have. Did anybody
+did anybody find themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody find themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody find themselves in
+conversations that were of interest?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think my group like it was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think my group like it was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think my group like it was a lot of
+discussion on how like they themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on how like they themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on how like they themselves
+are like trying to bring about these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like trying to bring about these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like trying to bring about these new
+innovations. Um but a lot of this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations. Um but a lot of this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations. Um but a lot of this like
+teacher lashback and like some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher lashback and like some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher lashback and like some people
+are having a really hard time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are having a really hard time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are having a really hard time like
+moving forwards and then like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forwards and then like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forwards and then like some
+people are doing a good job because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing a good job because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing a good job because it's
+all them agreeing that like they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all them agreeing that like they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all them agreeing that like they need to
+get those who are proactive about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those who are proactive about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those who are proactive about it
+like all together. Um, I also thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all together. Um, I also thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all together. Um, I also thought it
+was interesting like I kind of proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting like I kind of proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting like I kind of proposed
+a question to the group about like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question to the group about like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question to the group about like how
+they see like all of these ideologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see like all of these ideologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see like all of these ideologies
+like playing a part um in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing a part um in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing a part um in higher
+education. Um, a lot of the times like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Um, a lot of the times like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Um, a lot of the times like
+specifically the research that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the research that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the research that you guys
+do is kind of focus on K through 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is kind of focus on K through 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is kind of focus on K through 12.
+Yeah. But like how can this really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But like how can this really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But like how can this really be
+implemented in colleges and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in colleges and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in colleges and especially
+like at a university like MIT where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at a university like MIT where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at a university like MIT where you
+have professors being hired not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have professors being hired not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have professors being hired not because
+they're good teachers but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good teachers but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're good teachers but because
+they're experts in the field. Um, and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're experts in the field. Um, and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're experts in the field. Um, and I
+think that it just kind of like prompted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it just kind of like prompted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it just kind of like prompted
+an interesting discussion about um, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting discussion about um, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting discussion about um, like
+where schools need to prioritize like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where schools need to prioritize like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where schools need to prioritize like
+whether they're research institutions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're research institutions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're research institutions or
+like educational facilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like educational facilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like educational facilities.
+Cool. Other folks, what else did you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Other folks, what else did you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Other folks, what else did you end
+up talking about um, with your ed new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up talking about um, with your ed new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up talking about um, with your ed new
+education school colleagues or what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education school colleagues or what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education school colleagues or what else
+was interesting to you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting to you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting to you about the
+national education tech plan discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national education tech plan discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national education tech plan discussion
+or anything else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ty and then Omar. Yeah, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ty and then Omar. Yeah, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ty and then Omar. Yeah, it was
+interesting. Omar and I were in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Omar and I were in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Omar and I were in the same
+group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group.
+So, let's see if this overlaps, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's see if this overlaps, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's see if this overlaps, but
+uh there wasn't a ton of conversation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there wasn't a ton of conversation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there wasn't a ton of conversation in
+our group, but they did they did ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group, but they did they did ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group, but they did they did ask me
+about my time as like a software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my time as like a software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my time as like a software
+engineer and how we thought about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and how we thought about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and how we thought about like
+iteration and in the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and in the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and in the software
+development space and how then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development space and how then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development space and how then they
+tried to start making parallels to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to start making parallels to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to start making parallels to how
+they try to implement it in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to implement it in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to implement it in their own
+schools. and we talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. and we talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools. and we talked a little bit
+about some of the differences and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the differences and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the differences and where
+things might be more complex or harder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might be more complex or harder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things might be more complex or harder.
+Um, so that was like an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that was like an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that was like an interesting
+conversation to try to take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation to try to take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation to try to take my
+experience and reapply it. That's cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and reapply it. That's cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and reapply it. That's cool.
+That's great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great.
+Yeah. So again, there wasn't that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So again, there wasn't that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So again, there wasn't that much
+discussion. You kind of went over what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion. You kind of went over what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion. You kind of went over what I
+was going to say. So I guess I'll touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say. So I guess I'll touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say. So I guess I'll touch
+on I'll touch on the the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'll touch on the the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'll touch on the the first part of
+the session like the big uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the session like the big uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the session like the big uh
+conversation. I was reading the chat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. I was reading the chat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. I was reading the chat and
+it was pretty cool to see like everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty cool to see like everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty cool to see like everybody
+like commenting on everything and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like commenting on everything and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like commenting on everything and and
+seeing like a bunch of examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing like a bunch of examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing like a bunch of examples and
+seeing either frustrations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing either frustrations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing either frustrations or
+revelations that they never realized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelations that they never realized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelations that they never realized.
+Mhm. About like you know the message of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. About like you know the message of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm. About like you know the message of
+focusing on not the technology itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on not the technology itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on not the technology itself
+but like what what we can do and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like what what we can do and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like what what we can do and then
+how technology can help and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how technology can help and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how technology can help and what we're
+trying to do first. Um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do first. Um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do first. Um and that
+revelation for a lot of um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelation for a lot of um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revelation for a lot of um these
+professionals is pretty cool to see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals is pretty cool to see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals is pretty cool to see like
+develop in the chat. Uhhuh. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in the chat. Uhhuh. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in the chat. Uhhuh. Yeah. Yeah.
+You get to you get to watch human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You get to you get to watch human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You get to you get to watch human
+development in real time people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in real time people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in real time people
+encounter whether with I I didn't follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter whether with I I didn't follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter whether with I I didn't follow
+it that closely because I was talking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that closely because I was talking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that closely because I was talking.
+Um did uh were there frustrations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um did uh were there frustrations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um did uh were there frustrations that
+any anything on the frustration side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything on the frustration side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything on the frustration side
+that sort of stuck out to you or seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of stuck out to you or seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of stuck out to you or seemed
+memorable? Not necessarily frustration,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable? Not necessarily frustration,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorable? Not necessarily frustration,
+but sort of like, oh, that's why like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of like, oh, that's why like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of like, oh, that's why like
+this is happening or like why. Okay, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening or like why. Okay, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening or like why. Okay, now
+this is starting to make sense. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is starting to make sense. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is starting to make sense. So, it's
+sort of like where frustrations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like where frustrations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like where frustrations were
+like cleared up, so to say. Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cleared up, so to say. Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cleared up, so to say. Great.
+Good. Hi, Armon. You got to come up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Hi, Armon. You got to come up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Hi, Armon. You got to come up here
+and hang out with me. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hang out with me. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hang out with me. That's what
+happens when you get towards the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you get towards the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you get towards the end.
+Yeah. Also, Also and I were in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Also, Also and I were in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Also, Also and I were in the same
+group. We had a spicy one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. We had a spicy one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. We had a spicy one.
+Yeah. So like a lot of the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So like a lot of the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So like a lot of the discussion
+was about um like a lot of the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about um like a lot of the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about um like a lot of the people in
+our group or like the people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group or like the people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our group or like the people like
+designing the structures that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the structures that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the structures that they were
+trying to implement and something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to implement and something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to implement and something that
+was interesting was this like repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting was this like repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting was this like repeated
+like oh like we designed something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh like we designed something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh like we designed something we
+send it to like the administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to like the administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it to like the administration
+they're like no that's not exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like no that's not exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like no that's not exactly what
+we're looking for trying it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for trying it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for trying it and it's
+just kind of like constantly trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of like constantly trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of like constantly trying to
+get something that they're like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that they're like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that they're like okay
+like I like this as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I like this as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I like this as opposed to
+like them being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like them being able to
+like effectively communicate the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like effectively communicate the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like effectively communicate the points
+that they want included. This was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want included. This was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want included. This was very
+interesting. Or part part of the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Or part part of the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Or part part of the way I
+read our group is that we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read our group is that we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read our group is that we had some
+people who were kind of middle level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were kind of middle level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were kind of middle level
+leaders um and they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders um and they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders um and they were trying to
+convince more senior leaders to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince more senior leaders to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince more senior leaders to make
+change and the senior leaders were much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the senior leaders were much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the senior leaders were much
+slower and less interesting in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and less interesting in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and less interesting in that
+which happens in basically every kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens in basically every kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens in basically every kind of
+institution. like when you go and visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution. like when you go and visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution. like when you go and visit
+an institution, one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an institution, one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an institution, one way to think about
+it is it is designed exactly to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is designed exactly to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is designed exactly to do what
+it's doing right now. Um that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing right now. Um that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing right now. Um that like the
+like it functions the way it functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it functions the way it functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it functions the way it functions
+because there's some set of actors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's some set of actors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's some set of actors who
+want it to function that way. Um often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to function that way. Um often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to function that way. Um often
+those folks are sort of people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks are sort of people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks are sort of people with
+power and control and you know it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and control and you know it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and control and you know it exists
+the way it does because that's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it does because that's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it does because that's what they
+want. And then new people come along,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. And then new people come along,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. And then new people come along,
+new people live in that environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people live in that environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people live in that environment and
+they're like, well, this could be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like, well, this could be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like, well, this could be better
+and this could be better and this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this could be better and this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this could be better and this could
+be better and this could be better. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better and this could be better. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better and this could be better. And
+then more senior folks are like, ah, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then more senior folks are like, ah, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then more senior folks are like, ah, but
+we like the way we've done it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like the way we've done it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like the way we've done it all the
+time. And so it's not uncommon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so it's not uncommon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so it's not uncommon for
+people coming out. You know, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coming out. You know, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people coming out. You know, I think
+really healthy organizations sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really healthy organizations sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really healthy organizations sort of
+recognize like, oh, we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize like, oh, we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize like, oh, we need to be
+constantly improving. And constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly improving. And constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly improving. And constantly
+improving means like throwing away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving means like throwing away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving means like throwing away and
+destroying things that I have built over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying things that I have built over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying things that I have built over
+my career because that's the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my career because that's the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my career because that's the only way
+you sort of get better. Um, but pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of get better. Um, but pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of get better. Um, but pretty
+understandable that people wouldn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable that people wouldn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable that people wouldn't feel
+that way. like I've spent my career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. like I've spent my career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. like I've spent my career
+building this thing. Why don't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this thing. Why don't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this thing. Why don't we just
+keep doing this thing? Um and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing this thing? Um and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing this thing? Um and so they
+were sort of struggling with uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of struggling with uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of struggling with uh you know
+and in an interesting place where lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in an interesting place where lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in an interesting place where lots
+of people in lots of organizations find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in lots of organizations find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in lots of organizations find
+themselves is like okay we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves is like okay we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves is like okay we need to do
+something different but the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different but the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different but the people in
+charge aren't really supportive like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge aren't really supportive like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge aren't really supportive like how
+do we kind of do it anyway like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we kind of do it anyway like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we kind of do it anyway like how do
+you know like where change comes from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like where change comes from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like where change comes from I
+don't know maybe I mentioned this I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe I mentioned this I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe I mentioned this I I
+can't remember I can't remember if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember I can't remember if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember I can't remember if I
+mentioned this particular story but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this particular story but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this particular story but one
+of the people that I worked with on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people that I worked with on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people that I worked with on some
+of the content that's in Iterate is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the content that's in Iterate is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the content that's in Iterate is this
+guy Peter Sen who's at the management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Peter Sen who's at the management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy Peter Sen who's at the management
+school at uh Sloan um And a neat thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at uh Sloan um And a neat thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at uh Sloan um And a neat thing
+about working with him is he's done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about working with him is he's done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about working with him is he's done a
+ton of stuff in education but lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of stuff in education but lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of stuff in education but lots of
+stuff in many other sectors. Um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in many other sectors. Um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in many other sectors. Um and it
+you know it comes up periodically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it comes up periodically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it comes up periodically like
+man you know teachers like lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man you know teachers like lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man you know teachers like lots of
+people in education just don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in education just don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in education just don't feel
+empowered to make change. Um they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered to make change. Um they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered to make change. Um they feel
+like look I got hired in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look I got hired in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look I got hired in this particular
+role like I'm a I'm a math teacher. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role like I'm a I'm a math teacher. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role like I'm a I'm a math teacher. I'm
+a history teacher. I'm a chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history teacher. I'm a chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a history teacher. I'm a chemistry
+professor. Like it's not my job to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor. Like it's not my job to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor. Like it's not my job to fix
+the university. Um and Peter once said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university. Um and Peter once said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university. Um and Peter once said
+something to me along the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to me along the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to me along the lines of
+everyone in every industry feels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in every industry feels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in every industry feels that
+way. Like they're like CEOs don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Like they're like CEOs don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Like they're like CEOs don't feel
+like they're empowered to make change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're empowered to make change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're empowered to make change in
+the institute. Nobody feels like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institute. Nobody feels like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institute. Nobody feels like they're
+empowered to make change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered to make change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered to make change in
+institutions, but change still happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions, but change still happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions, but change still happens
+all the time because people who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time because people who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time because people who don't
+necessarily feel empowered still take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily feel empowered still take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily feel empowered still take it
+upon themselves to try new things, put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon themselves to try new things, put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon themselves to try new things, put
+new things in the world. Um, and uh um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things in the world. Um, and uh um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things in the world. Um, and uh um I
+don't know, it's it's it's a story I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, it's it's it's a story I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, it's it's it's a story I
+really like to retell educators because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to retell educators because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to retell educators because
+it's like this is not an education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this is not an education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this is not an education
+specific problem. This is like a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem. This is like a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem. This is like a human
+problem. Yeah. Um I thought what Lou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Yeah. Um I thought what Lou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Yeah. Um I thought what Lou
+said from the University of Kentucky was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said from the University of Kentucky was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said from the University of Kentucky was
+really fascinating because I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating because I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinating because I'm actually
+from Kentucky um and I worked at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Kentucky um and I worked at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Kentucky um and I worked at an
+organiz organization with her before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organiz organization with her before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organiz organization with her before
+called the Kentucky Student Voice team.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Kentucky Student Voice team.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Kentucky Student Voice team.
+All right, cool. And the way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, cool. And the way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, cool. And the way that they
+like impact change is by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like impact change is by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like impact change is by putting
+students in like stakeholder positions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in like stakeholder positions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in like stakeholder positions.
+So, um instead of like influencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um instead of like influencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um instead of like influencing
+change through like ineffective ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change through like ineffective ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change through like ineffective ways
+like administration, they put students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like administration, they put students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like administration, they put students
+like at the forefront. So, she's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the forefront. So, she's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the forefront. So, she's like a
+really big leader in like driving I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big leader in like driving I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big leader in like driving I
+guess like educational change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess like educational change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess like educational change in
+Kentucky. So, I thought it was cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky. So, I thought it was cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky. So, I thought it was cool.
+That's great. Oh, I'm glad you had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great. Oh, I'm glad you had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's great. Oh, I'm glad you had that
+connection. That's fun. How did you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. That's fun. How did you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. That's fun. How did you how
+you had So, she at the university ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had So, she at the university ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had So, she at the university ran
+the sort of student voice thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of student voice thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of student voice thing that
+like high school students across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like high school students across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like high school students across
+Kentucky could participate in and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky could participate in and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kentucky could participate in and stuff
+or Yeah. So, it was born out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Yeah. So, it was born out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Yeah. So, it was born out of
+something called the Pritchard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the Pritchard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the Pritchard
+Committee, but now it's like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee, but now it's like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee, but now it's like an
+independent organization. And the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent organization. And the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent organization. And the I
+guess organization has like adults and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess organization has like adults and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess organization has like adults and
+younger students as like co- peers. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger students as like co- peers. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger students as like co- peers. Like
+they put them on like the same level,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them on like the same level,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them on like the same level,
+the hierarchy to like work together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hierarchy to like work together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hierarchy to like work together to
+um I guess craft a bunch of initiatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess craft a bunch of initiatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess craft a bunch of initiatives
+to improve Kentucky schools. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve Kentucky schools. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve Kentucky schools. Yeah. Yeah.
+I there's there all kinds of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's there all kinds of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's there all kinds of education
+technology has tons of cool stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has tons of cool stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has tons of cool stuff like
+that. um in part because lots of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. um in part because lots of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. um in part because lots of young
+people can get interested and excited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can get interested and excited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can get interested and excited by
+technology and so bringing them in into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and so bringing them in into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and so bringing them in into
+leadership role, partnership roles. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership role, partnership roles. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership role, partnership roles. Um
+cities had that too. Uh there's a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities had that too. Uh there's a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities had that too. Uh there's a group
+in Boston called the high square task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston called the high square task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston called the high square task
+force um which does all kinds of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force um which does all kinds of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force um which does all kinds of they
+usually do more sort of like you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do more sort of like you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do more sort of like you know I
+don't know community organizing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know community organizing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know community organizing kind of
+like adversarial like why are you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adversarial like why are you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adversarial like why are you doing
+this to us? Why are you doing this way?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to us? Why are you doing this way?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to us? Why are you doing this way?
+They have a they have a whole campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have a they have a whole campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They have a they have a whole campaign
+they're doing right now against either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing right now against either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing right now against either
+Shaws or Stop and Shop which is separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaws or Stop and Shop which is separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaws or Stop and Shop which is separate
+from their education work. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their education work. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their education work. Um but
+they've gone to a bunch of grocery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gone to a bunch of grocery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gone to a bunch of grocery
+stores in neighborhoods around Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores in neighborhoods around Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores in neighborhoods around Boston
+and bought the same thing in each store.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bought the same thing in each store.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bought the same thing in each store.
+Um and basically found that in some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and basically found that in some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and basically found that in some you
+know sort of minoritized poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of minoritized poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of minoritized poverty
+impacted neighborhoods the grocery the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted neighborhoods the grocery the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted neighborhoods the grocery the
+groceries are more expensive than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groceries are more expensive than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groceries are more expensive than they
+are in Newton and Welsley or stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in Newton and Welsley or stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in Newton and Welsley or stuff like
+that and they're sort of holding uh Stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they're sort of holding uh Stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they're sort of holding uh Stop
+and Shop is not happy with these kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Shop is not happy with these kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Shop is not happy with these kids
+being a thorn in their side. It's great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a thorn in their side. It's great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a thorn in their side. It's great.
+Um yeah yeah yeah. They're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah yeah yeah. They're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah yeah yeah. They're they're
+pretty good at like getting pressed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at like getting pressed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at like getting pressed for
+what they do and things like that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do and things like that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do and things like that. Um
+they'll probably have to respond at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll probably have to respond at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll probably have to respond at some
+point. Um, good. Um, well that's I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Um, good. Um, well that's I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Um, good. Um, well that's I I
+enjoyed um letting you all connect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed um letting you all connect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed um letting you all connect with
+them. It sounds like the meeting, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. It sounds like the meeting, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. It sounds like the meeting, you
+know, every time you go into breakout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, every time you go into breakout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, every time you go into breakout
+rooms, it's sort of uneven, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms, it's sort of uneven, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms, it's sort of uneven, but
+hopefully it's a good sense for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's a good sense for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's a good sense for you to
+meet some of the people who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet some of the people who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet some of the people who are in
+higher education who are trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education who are trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education who are trying to make
+the changes that we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes that we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes that we're going to talk
+about, you know, in the past few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, you know, in the past few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, you know, in the past few weeks
+and for the the rest of the semester. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the the rest of the semester. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the the rest of the semester. So
+hopefully that was a neat opportunity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that was a neat opportunity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that was a neat opportunity.
+Um, why don't you take a couple minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, why don't you take a couple minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, why don't you take a couple minutes
+um before I launch into things just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I launch into things just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I launch into things just to
+chat with each other and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with each other and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with each other and then we can
+surface some of these ideas. Um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface some of these ideas. Um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface some of these ideas. Um but the
+the learning journal prompt that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning journal prompt that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning journal prompt that I had
+for you was to talk about like what role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you was to talk about like what role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you was to talk about like what role
+does technology play um in your MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does technology play um in your MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does technology play um in your MIT
+education thus far. Um and uh so talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education thus far. Um and uh so talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education thus far. Um and uh so talk to
+the person next to you. Some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person next to you. Some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person next to you. Some of you
+might not be from MIT or some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be from MIT or some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be from MIT or some of you
+might be in graduate school and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in graduate school and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in graduate school and so you
+have some undergraduate connections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some undergraduate connections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some undergraduate connections to
+this as well. Those things are all fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as well. Those things are all fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as well. Those things are all fine.
+Sort of technology and higher education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sort of technology and higher education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sort of technology and higher education.
+Um, typically the the the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, typically the the the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, typically the the the things that
+are most useful to talk about are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most useful to talk about are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most useful to talk about are um
+either either systems or tools or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either systems or tools or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either either systems or tools or things
+that you think are like particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think are like particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think are like particularly
+helpful or useful. Um, systems or tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful or useful. Um, systems or tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful or useful. Um, systems or tools
+or things that are particularly damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things that are particularly damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things that are particularly damaging
+or harmful or pointless or a waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or harmful or pointless or a waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or harmful or pointless or a waste of
+your time. Um, and then also anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time. Um, and then also anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time. Um, and then also anything
+that like has has started to seem really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like has has started to seem really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like has has started to seem really
+familiar to you, but actually you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you, but actually you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you, but actually you think
+has like interesting unfamiliar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like interesting unfamiliar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like interesting unfamiliar
+qualities or or thing things that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities or or thing things that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities or or thing things that sort
+of like feel standard and boring, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like feel standard and boring, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like feel standard and boring, but
+actually they're important maybe in ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're important maybe in ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're important maybe in ways
+that we don't want to think about. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't want to think about. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't want to think about. So,
+so turn to the two or three people next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so turn to the two or three people next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so turn to the two or three people next
+to you. Talk for a few minutes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you. Talk for a few minutes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you. Talk for a few minutes about
+like if you were to explain to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you were to explain to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you were to explain to someone
+not from your undergraduate institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from your undergraduate institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from your undergraduate institution
+like the role that technology plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the role that technology plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the role that technology plays
+there, what would be the couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, what would be the couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, what would be the couple of
+stories that you would tell? Ready? Go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, come on back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Be great to keep trying to hear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Be great to keep trying to hear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Be great to keep trying to hear from
+everybody. So, would love to some folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. So, would love to some folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. So, would love to some folks
+who haven't shared yet would love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who haven't shared yet would love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who haven't shared yet would love to
+hear what are what are some uh what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what are what are some uh what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what are what are some uh what are
+some MIT highlights or low lightss or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some MIT highlights or low lightss or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some MIT highlights or low lightss or
+sort of distinctive parts of uh or or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of distinctive parts of uh or or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of distinctive parts of uh or or in
+your undergraduate program distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your undergraduate program distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your undergraduate program distinctive
+parts of technologies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of technologies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of technologies.
+What do you got Jiren? Uh my group was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you got Jiren? Uh my group was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you got Jiren? Uh my group was
+my group was discussing like MIT's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my group was discussing like MIT's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my group was discussing like MIT's use
+of canvas and like precoid MIT had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of canvas and like precoid MIT had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of canvas and like precoid MIT had this
+weird sort of proprietary thing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird sort of proprietary thing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird sort of proprietary thing where
+they had their own what was that called?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had their own what was that called?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had their own what was that called?
+Stellar. Stellar. Yeah. Yeah. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar. Stellar. Yeah. Yeah. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar. Stellar. Yeah. Yeah. So they
+had like each each class had their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like each each class had their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had like each each class had their own
+different stellar website and it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stellar website and it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stellar website and it wasn't
+standardized at all and it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized at all and it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized at all and it was it was
+kind of a mess. It like had this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a mess. It like had this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a mess. It like had this weird
+outdated sort of 1990s internet era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdated sort of 1990s internet era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdated sort of 1990s internet era
+aesthetic to it. It was pretty horrible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic to it. It was pretty horrible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic to it. It was pretty horrible.
+And then they had this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then they had this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then they had this sort of
+proprietary thing called the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary thing called the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary thing called the learning
+module which was basically Canvas like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module which was basically Canvas like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module which was basically Canvas like
+MIT was just trying to make Canvas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was just trying to make Canvas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was just trying to make Canvas but
+then during the pandemic they I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then during the pandemic they I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then during the pandemic they I guess
+you know they decided to make canvas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they decided to make canvas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they decided to make canvas a
+much more standardized thing. And so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more standardized thing. And so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more standardized thing. And so I
+found that to be very helpful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that to be very helpful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that to be very helpful for
+keeping everything organized and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping everything organized and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping everything organized and having
+assignments you know done through Canvas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments you know done through Canvas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments you know done through Canvas
+as opposed to being like oh crap what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to being like oh crap what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to being like oh crap what's
+that website I have to go to search up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that website I have to go to search up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that website I have to go to search up
+stellar MIT. It was weird. Um, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar MIT. It was weird. Um, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar MIT. It was weird. Um, but I
+feel like because of that, a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like because of that, a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like because of that, a lot of
+professors don't fully utilize all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors don't fully utilize all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors don't fully utilize all the
+different things that Canvas has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that Canvas has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that Canvas has to
+offer, especially when it comes to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer, especially when it comes to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer, especially when it comes to like
+grades and inputting grades. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades and inputting grades. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades and inputting grades. Like
+professors and TAs don't care about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and TAs don't care about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and TAs don't care about like
+inputting grades and like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputting grades and like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputting grades and like a lot of
+students would I I feel would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would I I feel would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would I I feel would really
+like to see real-time feedback like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see real-time feedback like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see real-time feedback like on
+their grades and how that actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their grades and how that actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their grades and how that actively
+affects their final grade in the class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects their final grade in the class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects their final grade in the class,
+but that just isn't uh that just isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that just isn't uh that just isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that just isn't uh that just isn't
+professors don't do that. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors don't do that. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors don't do that. Yeah. Yeah.
+Um, and then I mean another thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then I mean another thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then I mean another thing that's
+sort of unusual, we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unusual, we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unusual, we'll talk about this
+more as the semester goes on, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as the semester goes on, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more as the semester goes on, but it
+does seem a little weird that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does seem a little weird that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does seem a little weird that you would
+have the exact same Canvas template for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the exact same Canvas template for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the exact same Canvas template for
+a graduate seminar on chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduate seminar on chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduate seminar on chemistry
+synthesis and an undergraduate seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and an undergraduate seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and an undergraduate seminar
+on Renaissance poetry and uh like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Renaissance poetry and uh like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Renaissance poetry and uh like if you
+know if if you're studying really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if if you're studying really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if if you're studying really
+different kinds of things, does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things, does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things, does it
+really make sense to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense to have the same
+structure for all of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for all of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for all of those different
+kinds of things? Like it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things? Like it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things? Like it seems like
+there should be some differences there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some differences there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some differences there.
+What were you gonna say, Emily? Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What were you gonna say, Emily? Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What were you gonna say, Emily? Um, we
+talked about MITx, which is you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about MITx, which is you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about MITx, which is you like
+physics use it and then a lot of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics use it and then a lot of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics use it and then a lot of math
+classes use it. And I like how it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes use it. And I like how it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes use it. And I like how it's like
+even like it's sometimes like recordings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like it's sometimes like recordings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like it's sometimes like recordings
+of like a concept introducing you to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a concept introducing you to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a concept introducing you to a
+concept or it could be in writing, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or it could be in writing, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or it could be in writing, but
+it's not as like dense as a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as like dense as a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as like dense as a textbook
+where you're kind of like, oh, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're kind of like, oh, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're kind of like, oh, I don't
+want to start reading this. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start reading this. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start reading this. And then
+it's like right after when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like right after when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like right after when they
+introduce it, you have like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it, you have like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it, you have like kind of
+check questions where it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check questions where it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check questions where it's kind of like
+checking for your understanding and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking for your understanding and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking for your understanding and it
+immediately tells you if you're right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tells you if you're right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tells you if you're right or
+wrong, which is really nice because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, which is really nice because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, which is really nice because like
+for math, I feel like some like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for math, I feel like some like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for math, I feel like some like when
+you're told like, oh, this is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told like, oh, this is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told like, oh, this is the right
+answer. You're more focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. You're more focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. You're more focused on the
+process of getting to it rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of getting to it rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of getting to it rather than the
+answer itself, which is a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer itself, which is a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer itself, which is a lot more
+beneficial when you're doing math. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial when you're doing math. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial when you're doing math. Like
+you care about the process of how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about the process of how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about the process of how to get
+to that answer, not the answer itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that answer, not the answer itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that answer, not the answer itself.
+So I think it's really like really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think it's really like really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think it's really like really nice
+to have that platform for especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that platform for especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have that platform for especially
+math classes. Um and you you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math classes. Um and you you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math classes. Um and you you know you
+could imagine for all for all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine for all for all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine for all for all of those
+autograded problems you've ever done you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograded problems you've ever done you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograded problems you've ever done you
+know five years ago you very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five years ago you very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five years ago you very likely
+would have done those pet sets on paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done those pet sets on paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done those pet sets on paper
+you would have turned the pet sets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have turned the pet sets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have turned the pet sets into
+a TA a TA you know TA would have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TA a TA you know TA would have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a TA a TA you know TA would have gotten
+hundreds of them um it would have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of them um it would have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of them um it would have taken
+them a week 10 days two weeks to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a week 10 days two weeks to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a week 10 days two weeks to turn
+around or something like that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or something like that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or something like that and so
+that by by the time it gets handed back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by by the time it gets handed back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by by the time it gets handed back
+to you might get the answer key sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you might get the answer key sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you might get the answer key sooner
+um but the time you get that like it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the time you get that like it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the time you get that like it can
+be days or weeks after doing a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be days or weeks after doing a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be days or weeks after doing a problem
+that you figure out whether you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you figure out whether you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you figure out whether you got it
+right or not and you just forgot how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or not and you just forgot how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or not and you just forgot how you
+did it or like what you were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it or like what you were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it or like what you were thinking
+about at the time. So there you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the time. So there you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the time. So there you could
+definitely imagine some real advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely imagine some real advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely imagine some real advantages
+to that kind of instant like you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that kind of instant like you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that kind of instant like you know it
+can change the way study groups operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the way study groups operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the way study groups operate
+too both for good and bad. Um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too both for good and bad. Um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too both for good and bad. Um but you
+could imagine that like study groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine that like study groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine that like study groups
+previously would have been like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously would have been like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously would have been like okay
+let's all like write this pet set they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's all like write this pet set they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's all like write this pet set they
+all write the pet turn it in you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all write the pet turn it in you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all write the pet turn it in you're like
+hope that worked. Um, but when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that worked. Um, but when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that worked. Um, but when you have
+the kind of autograding, you you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of autograding, you you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of autograding, you you know,
+you can be like, "Wait, half of us did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be like, "Wait, half of us did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be like, "Wait, half of us did
+not get this right." Like, "Why didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get this right." Like, "Why didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get this right." Like, "Why didn't
+we? Who did, you know, what can we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we? Who did, you know, what can we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we? Who did, you know, what can we learn
+from each other?" You know, there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other?" You know, there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other?" You know, there's all
+kinds of ways that that instant feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways that that instant feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways that that instant feedback
+can change the the relationships that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the the relationships that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the the relationships that
+you have with with that learning. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have with with that learning. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have with with that learning. Good.
+Other thoughts? Yeah. Okay. Um, I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other thoughts? Yeah. Okay. Um, I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other thoughts? Yeah. Okay. Um, I was
+going to say something like Notability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say something like Notability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say something like Notability
+has really transformed the way I um, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really transformed the way I um, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really transformed the way I um, for
+example, organize all of my classwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, organize all of my classwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, organize all of my classwork
+and the fact that everyone uses their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that everyone uses their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that everyone uses their
+iPads now instead of going to paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPads now instead of going to paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPads now instead of going to paper and
+pencil. Um, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil. Um, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil. Um, I think
+um, yeah, just the fact that we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, yeah, just the fact that we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, yeah, just the fact that we can have
+all of our lecture notes and then upload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our lecture notes and then upload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our lecture notes and then upload
+it to Notability. We can annotate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to Notability. We can annotate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to Notability. We can annotate it and
+then do all of our homework on here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do all of our homework on here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do all of our homework on here too
+and be able to like compare screens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to like compare screens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to like compare screens and
+things like that. And I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. And I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. And I think that's
+really like before I only ever really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like before I only ever really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like before I only ever really
+used paper and pencil and then switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used paper and pencil and then switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used paper and pencil and then switching
+the fact that MIT gave out iPads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that MIT gave out iPads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that MIT gave out iPads to
+everyone. And then um because we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone. And then um because we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone. And then um because we have uh
+the resources to have Notability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources to have Notability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources to have Notability for
+free or um and the fact that we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free or um and the fact that we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free or um and the fact that we like
+submit everything electronically now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit everything electronically now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit everything electronically now has
+kind of been a little bit of a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of been a little bit of a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of been a little bit of a game
+changer. Does Notability have any social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changer. Does Notability have any social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changer. Does Notability have any social
+features? Like do you just have your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features? Like do you just have your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features? Like do you just have your own
+Notability or are there ways? Okay. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notability or are there ways? Okay. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notability or are there ways? Okay. They
+recently added some like share your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently added some like share your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently added some like share your
+notes kind of gallery search thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes kind of gallery search thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes kind of gallery search thing.
+There's also the good old screenshot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also the good old screenshot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also the good old screenshot the
+iPads if you want iCloud. You can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPads if you want iCloud. You can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPads if you want iCloud. You can just
+text it to the to Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text it to the to Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text it to the to Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+Yeah. Good. Good. Share like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Good. Good. Share like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Good. Good. Share like you can
+dual screen on the iPad which isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual screen on the iPad which isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual screen on the iPad which isn't
+necessarily an aspect. Well, not build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an aspect. Well, not build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily an aspect. Well, not build
+you can also dual screen so you pull up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also dual screen so you pull up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also dual screen so you pull up
+someone else's work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's work.
+There there's some like very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There there's some like very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There there's some like very specific
+applications for some of those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for some of those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for some of those kinds of
+things. Good. Other thoughts if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Good. Other thoughts if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Good. Other thoughts if you have
+one more? We had like the same thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more? We had like the same thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more? We had like the same thought
+of um cats has been kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um cats has been kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um cats has been kind of
+revolutionary in that like I guess in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary in that like I guess in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary in that like I guess in a
+way that's I've I've heard of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's I've I've heard of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's I've I've heard of this but
+you got to tell us what it is again. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to tell us what it is again. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to tell us what it is again. It
+is Catsup is an automatic tutor for 601
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Catsup is an automatic tutor for 601
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Catsup is an automatic tutor for 601
+problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+It it used to be like an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it used to be like an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it used to be like an old
+introductory computer science course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory computer science course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory computer science course
+that was required for most or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was required for most or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was required for most or six
+majors, but they phased that out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors, but they phased that out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors, but they phased that out like
+three years ago. Um I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years ago. Um I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years ago. Um I don't remember
+what 601 specifically was, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 601 specifically was, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 601 specifically was, but that's
+what capsu stands for. It's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what capsu stands for. It's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what capsu stands for. It's like a
+recursive um acronym, but like I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive um acronym, but like I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive um acronym, but like I I guess
+in a way like I've never I never got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way like I've never I never got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way like I've never I never got to
+use Stellar, but in a way that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Stellar, but in a way that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Stellar, but in a way that sort of
+has become the the new Stellar in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become the the new Stellar in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become the the new Stellar in in the
+sense that like each class has their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that like each class has their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that like each class has their own
+different website and you just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different website and you just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different website and you just like
+upload problems on there. And I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload problems on there. And I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload problems on there. And I have
+found it to be kind of nice because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it to be kind of nice because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it to be kind of nice because it
+also has like a topic grader.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has like a topic grader.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has like a topic grader.
+um it lets you like submit um stuff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it lets you like submit um stuff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it lets you like submit um stuff for
+recitation like in class and I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation like in class and I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation like in class and I found
+like it's pretty great. I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's pretty great. I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's pretty great. I like the
+interface um but I I just hate the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um but I I just hate the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface um but I I just hate the fact
+that I have to like bookmark every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to like bookmark every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to like bookmark every
+single different website or else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single different website or else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single different website or else I
+forget them. So good. So logistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget them. So good. So logistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget them. So good. So logistical
+things. I mean to add to that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. I mean to add to that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. I mean to add to that like
+different course I mean I've seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different course I mean I've seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different course I mean I've seen it
+most of it in core six yeah like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it in core six yeah like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it in core six yeah like
+different core six um classes use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different core six um classes use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different core six um classes use it to
+different degrees and diverse situ there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees and diverse situ there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees and diverse situ there
+there is a little fault for it there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a little fault for it there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a little fault for it there um
+there are some classes where the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some classes where the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some classes where the entire
+class is on there and then you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is on there and then you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is on there and then you go to
+your class in the basement with 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your class in the basement with 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your class in the basement with 40
+people and they're all trying to log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they're all trying to log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they're all trying to log in
+at the same time so that they're marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so that they're marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time so that they're marked
+as present and they're starting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as present and they're starting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as present and they're starting their
+lab and everything just crashed. That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and everything just crashed. That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and everything just crashed. That is
+that's that is so comforting to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is so comforting to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that is so comforting to me
+because I run this system called teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I run this system called teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I run this system called teacher
+moments and we have similar problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and we have similar problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments and we have similar problems but
+like I'm not an MIT computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm not an MIT computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm not an MIT computer science
+professor and the fact like and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and the fact like and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and the fact like and the fact
+that their doesn't work either is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their doesn't work either is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their doesn't work either is
+very like it's very comforting to me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like it's very comforting to me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like it's very comforting to me I
+think that there's one thing that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's one thing that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's one thing that like
+we kind of discussed um which is like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of discussed um which is like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of discussed um which is like an
+application of the MITx um is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the MITx um is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the MITx um is like
+typically most freshmen at MIT take like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically most freshmen at MIT take like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically most freshmen at MIT take like
+the 801 802 teal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 801 802 teal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 801 802 teal
+Um, and I feel like that gives like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I feel like that gives like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I feel like that gives like this
+false advertisement of how education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false advertisement of how education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false advertisement of how education
+technology is used here at MIT where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is used here at MIT where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is used here at MIT where
+they like give you this like flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like give you this like flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like give you this like flipped
+classroom idea. Um, and like some kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom idea. Um, and like some kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom idea. Um, and like some kids
+like love it and then you switch into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like love it and then you switch into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like love it and then you switch into
+another class and you never see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class and you never see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another class and you never see that
+type of learning again. And you're like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of learning again. And you're like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of learning again. And you're like,
+well, I liked that, so where is it? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, I liked that, so where is it? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, I liked that, so where is it? Um,
+and like for me who like struggled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like for me who like struggled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like for me who like struggled
+through it because I was like a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it because I was like a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it because I was like a student
+that was kind of behind going in. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of behind going in. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of behind going in. um
+like then I switched to like my core 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then I switched to like my core 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then I switched to like my core 16
+classes where it's like a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes where it's like a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes where it's like a professor
+lecturing in front of you and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing in front of you and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing in front of you and all of a
+sudden I now understand the concept.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden I now understand the concept.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden I now understand the concept.
+It's like why did I lose a whole year?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like why did I lose a whole year?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like why did I lose a whole year?
+Um so it's like kind of like that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so it's like kind of like that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so it's like kind of like that back
+and forth between like like are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between like like are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth between like like are you
+going to continue to implement this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue to implement this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue to implement this in
+other ways or is it just are we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways or is it just are we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways or is it just are we just
+stagnant in this one idea behind it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnant in this one idea behind it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnant in this one idea behind it?
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. That's that's really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. That's that's really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. That's that's really I
+mean teal is an experience that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean teal is an experience that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean teal is an experience that a lot of
+you have had if you if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have had if you if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have had if you if you're not
+familiar. teal is a way that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. teal is a way that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. teal is a way that they do
+introductory physics teaching. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory physics teaching. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory physics teaching. Um it
+came about um because of high failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about um because of high failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about um because of high failure
+rates particularly from people who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates particularly from people who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates particularly from people who you
+know came from backgrounds where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know came from backgrounds where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know came from backgrounds where they
+were less well prepared in physics. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less well prepared in physics. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less well prepared in physics. Um
+and uh so you know 801 802 these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you know 801 802 these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you know 801 802 these
+introductory physics classes would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory physics classes would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory physics classes would be
+taught as lectures with problem sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught as lectures with problem sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught as lectures with problem sets and
+things like that. Um it also actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um it also actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um it also actually
+there's a long um a really we won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long um a really we won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long um a really we won't get
+into a really interesting tradition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a really interesting tradition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a really interesting tradition of
+research in physics education um which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in physics education um which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in physics education um which I
+don't know three or three decades ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know three or three decades ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know three or three decades ago
+maybe discovered um that when students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe discovered um that when students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe discovered um that when students
+even at really good universities take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at really good universities take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at really good universities take
+introductory physics historically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory physics historically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory physics historically they
+were actually less Newtonian in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually less Newtonian in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually less Newtonian in their
+thinking at the end of the class than at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking at the end of the class than at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking at the end of the class than at
+the beginning. um like they were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning. um like they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning. um like they were like
+they got good grades. Um they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got good grades. Um they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got good grades. Um they could
+solve all the kinds of physics problems,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all the kinds of physics problems,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all the kinds of physics problems,
+but then they gave them this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they gave them this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they gave them this uh this
+test, this sort of assessment called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test, this sort of assessment called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test, this sort of assessment called the
+force concept inventory, which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force concept inventory, which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force concept inventory, which was a
+bunch of conceptual questions about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of conceptual questions about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of conceptual questions about how
+force works. And students would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force works. And students would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force works. And students would actually
+do worse at the end of the class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do worse at the end of the class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do worse at the end of the class that
+they would do at the beginning. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do at the beginning. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do at the beginning. Um so
+there was this sense that like you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this sense that like you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this sense that like you could
+spend a whole bunch of time teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a whole bunch of time teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a whole bunch of time teaching
+people the procedures of physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the procedures of physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the procedures of physics and
+they would actually come to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would actually come to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would actually come to like
+slightly more misunderstand the concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more misunderstand the concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more misunderstand the concepts
+as a result of that. Um which is bad. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of that. Um which is bad. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of that. Um which is bad. Um
+and uh um so uh active learning learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um so uh active learning learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um so uh active learning learn
+you know learning environments where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know learning environments where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know learning environments where
+students are asked to not just listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are asked to not just listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are asked to not just listen
+and take notes and then do problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take notes and then do problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take notes and then do problem sets
+but to like engage during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to like engage during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to like engage during the
+conversations about the material were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about the material were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about the material were
+shown to improve that and then teal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to improve that and then teal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to improve that and then teal
+stuck around because while people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck around because while people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck around because while people have
+individual experiences with it um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual experiences with it um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual experiences with it um there
+are fewer students who failed um 801 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fewer students who failed um 801 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fewer students who failed um 801 and
+802 after teal was implemented and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 after teal was implemented and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 after teal was implemented and given
+a few years to like ramp up and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years to like ramp up and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years to like ramp up and work
+right than there were beforehand. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right than there were beforehand. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right than there were beforehand. Um
+however just because on average teal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however just because on average teal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however just because on average teal the
+teal system is more likely to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teal system is more likely to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teal system is more likely to have more
+students persist doesn't mean that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students persist doesn't mean that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students persist doesn't mean that for
+any individual student like individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any individual student like individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any individual student like individual
+students can still not like it. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can still not like it. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can still not like it. Um and
+it can sort of not serve them well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can sort of not serve them well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can sort of not serve them well and
+it can not serve them well because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can not serve them well because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can not serve them well because of
+their background preparation or because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their background preparation or because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their background preparation or because
+they you know I mean lots of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know I mean lots of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know I mean lots of people who
+come to MIT end up here because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to MIT end up here because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to MIT end up here because they're
+pretty good at teaching themselves stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at teaching themselves stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at teaching themselves stuff
+through lectures. Um, and so you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lectures. Um, and so you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lectures. Um, and so you know,
+alternate methods, you know, when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate methods, you know, when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate methods, you know, when when
+the physics department is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department is trying to
+think about what to do with that, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what to do with that, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what to do with that, these
+are all the kinds of trade-offs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the kinds of trade-offs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the kinds of trade-offs that
+they're considering. What were you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're considering. What were you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're considering. What were you going
+to say, Har? Uh, slides, especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, Har? Uh, slides, especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, Har? Uh, slides, especially when
+you're taking classes that are like core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking classes that are like core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking classes that are like core
+six or math. When professors use slides,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or math. When professors use slides,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or math. When professors use slides,
+I feel like it affects my learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like it affects my learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like it affects my learning
+because I like when when they use chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I like when when they use chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I like when when they use chalk
+in the board, they just like walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the board, they just like walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the board, they just like walking
+through it because one, it slows them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it because one, it slows them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it because one, it slows them
+down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down.
+you also kind of catch up with them. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also kind of catch up with them. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also kind of catch up with them. But
+they usually apply they go very fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually apply they go very fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually apply they go very fast and
+second you just have to I don't know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you just have to I don't know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second you just have to I don't know it
+makes the learning process a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the learning process a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the learning process a different
+things. Yeah. Yeah. No, I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Yeah. Yeah. No, I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Yeah. Yeah. No, I think I think
+I think it's really interesting. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's really interesting. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's really interesting. You
+know they're they're probably like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're they're probably like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're they're probably like
+they're less likely to have errors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less likely to have errors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less likely to have errors on
+the slides than they are when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides than they are when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides than they are when they're
+working things out by hand. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working things out by hand. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working things out by hand. It's not
+however it's not totally clear whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's not totally clear whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's not totally clear whether
+or not errors are a bad thing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not errors are a bad thing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not errors are a bad thing in that
+like sometimes people note the errors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes people note the errors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sometimes people note the errors in
+real time or they note them in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time or they note them in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time or they note them in real time
+and they fix them and they discuss them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they fix them and they discuss them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they fix them and they discuss them.
+Definitely like if you can only sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Definitely like if you can only sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Definitely like if you can only sort of
+talk and move at the pace at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and move at the pace at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and move at the pace at which
+someone can write um that's uh that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone can write um that's uh that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone can write um that's uh that can
+have different kind of advantages. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different kind of advantages. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different kind of advantages. I
+mean the slides are kind of cool in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the slides are kind of cool in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the slides are kind of cool in that
+they get sort of like automatically sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get sort of like automatically sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get sort of like automatically sent
+to you. They can be sent to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you. They can be sent to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you. They can be sent to you in
+advance. You can take notes directly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance. You can take notes directly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance. You can take notes directly on
+them. Is taking notes directly on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Is taking notes directly on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Is taking notes directly on them
+actually better or is it better to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better or is it better to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better or is it better to have
+to hand copy sort of pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand copy sort of pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand copy sort of pay attention
+what's going on there? Um these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there? Um these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there? Um these are all
+great questions and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions and they're all
+questions that actually have research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that actually have research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that actually have research
+behind them. There are folks who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them. There are folks who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them. There are folks who you
+know come up with experiments where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know come up with experiments where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know come up with experiments where they
+test all of these different conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test all of these different conditions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test all of these different conditions.
+What do we do when we tell students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we do when we tell students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we do when we tell students to
+try to copy everything down? What do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to copy everything down? What do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to copy everything down? What do we
+do when we tell students to summarize?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we tell students to summarize?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we tell students to summarize?
+What if we give them stuff in advance?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if we give them stuff in advance?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if we give them stuff in advance?
+What if we let them have computers? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if we let them have computers? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if we let them have computers? What
+if we take away their computers? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take away their computers? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take away their computers? Um,
+actually, you know, some of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, you know, some of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, you know, some of the best
+places to do this research end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to do this research end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to do this research end up being
+uh military schools um like the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh military schools um like the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh military schools um like the like
+West Point and the Naval Academy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Point and the Naval Academy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Point and the Naval Academy and
+stuff like that. Um because they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Um because they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. Um because they have a
+lot of required classes and because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of required classes and because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of required classes and because you
+can be pretty sure that the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty sure that the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be pretty sure that the students
+will do what you tell them to do. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do what you tell them to do. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do what you tell them to do. Um
+like you like you assign them to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you like you assign them to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you like you assign them to either
+condition and they kind of like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and they kind of like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and they kind of like you know
+they they do what they want to. Um good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they do what they want to. Um good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they do what they want to. Um good.
+Maybe one. So an interesting thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe one. So an interesting thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe one. So an interesting thing about
+our own experiences is that our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own experiences is that our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own experiences is that our own
+experiences are really important sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences are really important sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences are really important sources
+of data for understanding education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data for understanding education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data for understanding education
+technology like like it's important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology like like it's important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology like like it's important for
+us to look through the lens of our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to look through the lens of our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to look through the lens of our own
+learning experiences and and they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experiences and and they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experiences and and they can be
+very informative. Um the other thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very informative. Um the other thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very informative. Um the other thing to
+remember is that if you're studying at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that if you're studying at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that if you're studying at
+MIT you're probably weird. Um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT you're probably weird. Um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT you're probably weird. Um there
+there are probably characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are probably characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are probably characteristics of
+you which are not typical. Like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which are not typical. Like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which are not typical. Like if you
+like if you generally find classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you generally find classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you generally find classroom
+learning pleasant um you are unusual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning pleasant um you are unusual.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning pleasant um you are unusual.
+Um, if you think to yourself, man, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you think to yourself, man, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you think to yourself, man, I
+really like just kind of like learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like just kind of like learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like just kind of like learning
+stuff and figuring out on my own in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and figuring out on my own in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and figuring out on my own in
+academic material, that is unusual. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic material, that is unusual. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic material, that is unusual. Um,
+most people are not good at those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are not good at those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people are not good at those things
+and don't find them enjoyable. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't find them enjoyable. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't find them enjoyable. So, so
+it's it could be helpful to bring your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it could be helpful to bring your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it could be helpful to bring your
+own experience, but it's also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own experience, but it's also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own experience, but it's also important
+to recognize the way like, you know, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize the way like, you know, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize the way like, you know, and
+I I went to private schools my whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I went to private schools my whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I went to private schools my whole
+life. I've had an extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. I've had an extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. I've had an extraordinarily
+privileged educational upbringing. if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged educational upbringing. if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged educational upbringing. if it
+doesn't in lots of ways I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't in lots of ways I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't in lots of ways I have to
+recognize how that upbringing does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize how that upbringing does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize how that upbringing does not
+prepare me well to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare me well to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare me well to understand the
+learning experiences of most students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experiences of most students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experiences of most students
+who go to K12 schools and public schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who go to K12 schools and public schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who go to K12 schools and public schools
+in the United States and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and things like
+that. So be conscientious of that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So be conscientious of that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So be conscientious of that as we
+do some thinking. But this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some thinking. But this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some thinking. But this stuff is
+good. All the things you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. All the things you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. All the things you're talking
+about are are things we'll keep trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are are things we'll keep trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about are are things we'll keep trying
+to make sense of. Failure to disrupt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense of. Failure to disrupt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense of. Failure to disrupt.
+Um this is a book about large-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is a book about large-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is a book about large-scale
+learning um learning environments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um learning environments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um learning environments with
+many many learners and few experts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many learners and few experts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many learners and few experts to
+guide them. Um, and I would say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide them. Um, and I would say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide them. Um, and I would say the
+heart of what I'm trying to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of what I'm trying to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of what I'm trying to do in this
+book is to is to demystify education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is to is to demystify education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is to is to demystify education
+technology for people and to and to say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for people and to and to say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for people and to and to say,
+you know, with every generation of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, with every generation of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, with every generation of new
+technologies, there will be folks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies, there will be folks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies, there will be folks who
+come along that try to go to schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along that try to go to schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along that try to go to schools and
+say, "This thing is totally brand new.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "This thing is totally brand new.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "This thing is totally brand new.
+This is this is disruptive. Um, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is disruptive. Um, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is disruptive. Um, this is
+innovative. This is going to this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative. This is going to this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative. This is going to this is a
+gamecher. this is going to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamecher. this is going to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamecher. this is going to transform
+education. Um, and my job is to be like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Um, and my job is to be like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Um, and my job is to be like,
+eh, probably not. Um, it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eh, probably not. Um, it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eh, probably not. Um, it might be
+helpful, but it's very very unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful, but it's very very unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful, but it's very very unlikely
+that it will be any of those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be any of those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be any of those kinds of
+things. Um, a one of the ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um, a one of the ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um, a one of the ways to
+demystify technologies is to show where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demystify technologies is to show where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demystify technologies is to show where
+they come from. Um, is to say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from. Um, is to say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from. Um, is to say these
+things have patterns. The patterns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have patterns. The patterns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have patterns. The patterns are
+recognizable. Um, they are patterns not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable. Um, they are patterns not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable. Um, they are patterns not
+just in how these things are designed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in how these things are designed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in how these things are designed,
+but how they get implemented and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how they get implemented and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how they get implemented and what
+kind of effects they have. When new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of effects they have. When new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of effects they have. When new
+technologies come along, we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies come along, we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies come along, we don't have
+to we don't have to guess out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we don't have to guess out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we don't have to guess out of the
+blue how well they might work. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue how well they might work. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue how well they might work. We know
+roughly how well education technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how well education technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how well education technology
+works in different kinds of circum. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in different kinds of circum. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in different kinds of circum. Now
+new things there there will be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things there there will be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things there there will be new
+things that are invented that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are invented that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are invented that are in
+fact different but but most new things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact different but but most new things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact different but but most new things
+are just a little bit new. They make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a little bit new. They make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a little bit new. They make
+just small modifications, small advances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just small modifications, small advances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just small modifications, small advances
+off off of past things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off off of past things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off off of past things.
+Um and then the second half of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then the second half of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then the second half of the book
+uh says sort of confronts the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh says sort of confronts the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh says sort of confronts the challenge
+like why is it so hard to make progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is it so hard to make progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is it so hard to make progress
+with education technology? Why are why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with education technology? Why are why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with education technology? Why are why
+are things not disruptive? Why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things not disruptive? Why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things not disruptive? Why are they
+not transformative? Why are they not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not transformative? Why are they not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not transformative? Why are they not
+game changers? Um and I think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game changers? Um and I think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game changers? Um and I think there are
+answers to those questions. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to those questions. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to those questions. I think
+there are there are challenges that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are challenges that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are challenges that we
+have as a field yet to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as a field yet to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as a field yet to figure out how to
+tackle. Um and if we study those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle. Um and if we study those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle. Um and if we study those
+challenges and make sense of them, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and make sense of them, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and make sense of them, then
+we could probably do a better job um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could probably do a better job um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could probably do a better job um
+moving past them. So the first half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving past them. So the first half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving past them. So the first half of
+the book looks at these three genres of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book looks at these three genres of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book looks at these three genres of
+learning at scale. It says that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale. It says that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale. It says that most
+education technologies, especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technologies, especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education technologies, especially the
+ones where you try to teach a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where you try to teach a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where you try to teach a lot of
+people with very few experts, fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with very few experts, fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with very few experts, fall into
+one of three buckets. And you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of three buckets. And you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of three buckets. And you can figure
+out what bucket each thing is in by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what bucket each thing is in by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what bucket each thing is in by
+asking the question who guides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the question who guides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the question who guides the
+sequence of learning activities. Um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of learning activities. Um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of learning activities. Um when
+learners do stuff, they happen in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners do stuff, they happen in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners do stuff, they happen in an
+order one after the other after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one after the other after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one after the other after the
+other. Um and there are really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Um and there are really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Um and there are really kind of
+three sorts of ways that those orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sorts of ways that those orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sorts of ways that those orders
+unfold. Um the first is instructor-g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold. Um the first is instructor-g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold. Um the first is instructor-g
+guided learning at scale. So there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided learning at scale. So there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided learning at scale. So there can
+be some expert or team of experts who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some expert or team of experts who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some expert or team of experts who
+says you should learn things in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you should learn things in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you should learn things in this
+order. Here's part one, part two, part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. Here's part one, part two, part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. Here's part one, part two, part
+three, part four, part five. And maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, part four, part five. And maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, part four, part five. And maybe
+learners don't go in that order, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners don't go in that order, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learners don't go in that order, but
+overwhelmingly they will. Um and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly they will. Um and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly they will. Um and there's
+sort of some logical sequence to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some logical sequence to that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some logical sequence to that.
+So I call those things instructorguided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I call those things instructorguided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I call those things instructorguided
+learning at scale. Um a bunch of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale. Um a bunch of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale. Um a bunch of what
+you read about for today, massive open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read about for today, massive open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read about for today, massive open
+online courses. Um any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online courses. Um any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online courses. Um any kind of
+self-paced online learning sort of falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced online learning sort of falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced online learning sort of falls
+in that bucket. Um the second big genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that bucket. Um the second big genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that bucket. Um the second big genre
+is algorithm guided learning at scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is algorithm guided learning at scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is algorithm guided learning at scale.
+Uh so that's when you um a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that's when you um a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that's when you um a computer
+poses you a problem, you answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poses you a problem, you answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poses you a problem, you answer that
+problem and the computer evaluates your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the computer evaluates your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the computer evaluates your
+performance and then based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and then based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and then based on that
+performance it gives you either more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it gives you either more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it gives you either more
+difficult problems or simpler problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problems or simpler problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problems or simpler problems
+or the same kind of problem or shunts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the same kind of problem or shunts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the same kind of problem or shunts
+you in some kind of different direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in some kind of different direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in some kind of different direction.
+But basically the computer evaluates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But basically the computer evaluates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But basically the computer evaluates
+your performance, decides on the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your performance, decides on the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your performance, decides on the basis
+of that performance what the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that performance what the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that performance what the next uh
+item in a sequence of activities should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in a sequence of activities should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in a sequence of activities should
+be and then you go do that forever. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then you go do that forever. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then you go do that forever. um
+lots of you are probably I I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of you are probably I I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of you are probably I I don't know
+when I taught this 10 years ago maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I taught this 10 years ago maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I taught this 10 years ago maybe
+students would have dabbled with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would have dabbled with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would have dabbled with these
+things but it's far far more common now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it's far far more common now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it's far far more common now
+like if you in school ever used Dreambox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you in school ever used Dreambox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you in school ever used Dreambox
+or Khan Academy um almost all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Khan Academy um almost all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Khan Academy um almost all of those
+things are some version of uh algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are some version of uh algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are some version of uh algorithm
+guided learning at scale all all a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided learning at scale all all a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided learning at scale all all a bunch
+of the testing that you've done if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the testing that you've done if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the testing that you've done if
+you've taken the computer-based GRE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken the computer-based GRE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken the computer-based GRE
+other things like that they use similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that they use similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like that they use similar
+technologies um the third bucket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies um the third bucket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies um the third bucket of
+things we call peerguided learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we call peerguided learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we call peerguided learning at
+scale. Um, so if any of you have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. Um, so if any of you have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. Um, so if any of you have ever
+played around with the Scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with the Scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with the Scratch
+programming community, there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming community, there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming community, there's no
+instruction in Scratch. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in Scratch. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in Scratch. There's no
+there's no like Scratch University or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like Scratch University or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like Scratch University or
+like Scratch lesson one, lesson two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Scratch lesson one, lesson two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Scratch lesson one, lesson two,
+lesson three, and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson three, and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson three, and that's very
+intentional and by design. Instead,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional and by design. Instead,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional and by design. Instead,
+you're immersed in this community of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're immersed in this community of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're immersed in this community of
+peers. Um, and if you go to the homepage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers. Um, and if you go to the homepage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers. Um, and if you go to the homepage
+of the Scratch website, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Scratch website, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Scratch website, there are
+featured tutorials and featured projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured tutorials and featured projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured tutorials and featured projects
+and things like that. And the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. And the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. And the way you
+figure out Scratch is that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out Scratch is that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out Scratch is that you think
+about some things that you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some things that you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some things that you want to do
+and then you find some other people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find some other people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find some other people who
+have done that kind of thing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that kind of thing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that kind of thing and you
+copy them, you converse with them, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy them, you converse with them, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy them, you converse with them, you
+take their project and you modify it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their project and you modify it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their project and you modify it.
+Um, but you basically sort of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you basically sort of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you basically sort of design
+your own pathway. Um, there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own pathway. Um, there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own pathway. Um, there are lots of
+other learning environments, uh, Stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other learning environments, uh, Stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other learning environments, uh, Stack
+Overflow, other kinds of communities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overflow, other kinds of communities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overflow, other kinds of communities of
+practice. The the one that I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. The the one that I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. The the one that I talk about
+at the beginning of the book is Rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the book is Rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the book is Rainbow
+Loom. Um, any of you ever played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loom. Um, any of you ever played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loom. Um, any of you ever played with
+Rainbow Loom when you were kids? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rainbow Loom when you were kids? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rainbow Loom when you were kids? Yeah.
+Um, so you know when you bought a Did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so you know when you bought a Did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so you know when you bought a Did I
+tell you the story yet? When you bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the story yet? When you bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the story yet? When you bought
+a Rainbow Loom, there are like 10 cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Rainbow Loom, there are like 10 cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Rainbow Loom, there are like 10 cards
+in the packet. So, you pull open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the packet. So, you pull open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the packet. So, you pull open the
+packet, there's a bunch of these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet, there's a bunch of these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet, there's a bunch of these little
+rubber bands, little like uh uh what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber bands, little like uh uh what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber bands, little like uh uh what do
+they call that thing? Frame to stitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call that thing? Frame to stitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call that thing? Frame to stitch
+the rubber bands on. And then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rubber bands on. And then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rubber bands on. And then there are
+10 cards that show 10 different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cards that show 10 different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cards that show 10 different kinds of
+bracelets that you can make. If you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracelets that you can make. If you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracelets that you can make. If you get
+really into Rainbow Loom, 10 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really into Rainbow Loom, 10 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really into Rainbow Loom, 10 different
+kinds of bracelets is not enough kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of bracelets is not enough kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of bracelets is not enough kinds
+of bracelets. Like, you have to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bracelets. Like, you have to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bracelets. Like, you have to learn
+more different ways of doing it. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more different ways of doing it. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more different ways of doing it. Um and
+the main way you'll learn that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main way you'll learn that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main way you'll learn that is
+through YouTube. Um you'll go to this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through YouTube. Um you'll go to this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through YouTube. Um you'll go to this I
+mean, and here's the thing that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, and here's the thing that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, and here's the thing that sort of
+boggled my mind about Rainbow Loom. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boggled my mind about Rainbow Loom. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boggled my mind about Rainbow Loom. So,
+there's some dude who is in Michigan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some dude who is in Michigan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some dude who is in Michigan.
+Um, he was like an automotive engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, he was like an automotive engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, he was like an automotive engineer
+or something like that who was like, "In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that who was like, "In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that who was like, "In
+my country, this is the way we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my country, this is the way we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my country, this is the way we make
+bracelets." Um, and he's like, and he,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracelets." Um, and he's like, and he,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracelets." Um, and he's like, and he,
+you know, he like comes up with some CAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, he like comes up with some CAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, he like comes up with some CAD
+designs and he sends them to China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs and he sends them to China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs and he sends them to China and
+China manufactures of these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China manufactures of these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China manufactures of these things and
+they put them on shipping containers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them on shipping containers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them on shipping containers and
+they send them to his distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send them to his distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send them to his distribution
+center and eventually these packet, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and eventually these packet, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and eventually these packet, you
+know, these these little like boxes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these these little like boxes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these these little like boxes of
+Rainbow things get sent all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rainbow things get sent all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rainbow things get sent all over the
+world. It's a total supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. It's a total supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. It's a total supply chain
+miracle. Um the fact that you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle. Um the fact that you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle. Um the fact that you know some
+dude in Michigan just has an idea and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude in Michigan just has an idea and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude in Michigan just has an idea and is
+like let's have people all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's have people all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's have people all over the
+world buy these things and they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world buy these things and they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world buy these things and they do is
+amazing. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing. But
+simultaneously to that physical supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously to that physical supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously to that physical supply
+chain infrastructure this giant global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain infrastructure this giant global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain infrastructure this giant global
+community of Rainbow Loom learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of Rainbow Loom learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of Rainbow Loom learners
+emerges um where there are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges um where there are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges um where there are people who
+are running little classes at uh um art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running little classes at uh um art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running little classes at uh um art
+shops and they're posting videos online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops and they're posting videos online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops and they're posting videos online
+and they're sharing ideas with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're sharing ideas with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're sharing ideas with each
+other and they're creating little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're creating little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're creating little
+Facebook marketplaces. Um and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook marketplaces. Um and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook marketplaces. Um and the only
+way Rainbow Loan could grow is if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Rainbow Loan could grow is if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Rainbow Loan could grow is if that
+learning network grows alongside it. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning network grows alongside it. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning network grows alongside it. You
+know that is miraculous. Um that is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is miraculous. Um that is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is miraculous. Um that is like
+an amazing feature of online learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing feature of online learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing feature of online learning
+that uh that you know people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that you know people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that you know people could
+invent a tool to do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a tool to do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a tool to do this kind of
+practice um and and a community could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice um and and a community could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice um and and a community could
+develop to teach each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop to teach each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop to teach each other and
+themselves this practice. Um, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves this practice. Um, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves this practice. Um, I think
+there were uh Oh, the other thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were uh Oh, the other thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were uh Oh, the other thing I
+really liked about that which I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really liked about that which I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really liked about that which I think I
+mentioned is that um I don't there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is that um I don't there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned is that um I don't there were
+these two girls. I think their names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two girls. I think their names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two girls. I think their names
+were Ashley and Steph um who made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Ashley and Steph um who made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Ashley and Steph um who made
+Rainbow Loom YouTube videos and they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rainbow Loom YouTube videos and they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rainbow Loom YouTube videos and they got
+millions of views and you could compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of views and you could compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of views and you could compare
+their videos to like the actual Rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their videos to like the actual Rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their videos to like the actual Rainbow
+Loom manufacturer videos and these girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loom manufacturer videos and these girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loom manufacturer videos and these girls
+were getting like 10x the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting like 10x the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting like 10x the number of
+views that the actual Rainbow like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views that the actual Rainbow like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views that the actual Rainbow like like
+basically kids would rather learn um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically kids would rather learn um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically kids would rather learn um
+from these kind of two random girls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these kind of two random girls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these kind of two random girls.
+They ended up being Philadelphia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They ended up being Philadelphia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They ended up being Philadelphia.
+They're very good at protecting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're very good at protecting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're very good at protecting their
+anonymity, at least for a while. One of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity, at least for a while. One of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity, at least for a while. One of
+them eventually became a makeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them eventually became a makeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them eventually became a makeup
+influencer. Um, and and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencer. Um, and and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencer. Um, and and then they
+revealed herself. But uh um but I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed herself. But uh um but I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed herself. But uh um but I find
+these global networks incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these global networks incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these global networks incredibly
+fascinating. Um and very very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating. Um and very very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating. Um and very very difficult
+to integrate in schools for reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate in schools for reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate in schools for reasons that
+we'll explore as we go along. Um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore as we go along. Um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore as we go along. Um so if
+you buy that there are these three big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy that there are these three big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy that there are these three big
+categories. Um a thing that we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories. Um a thing that we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories. Um a thing that we'll do
+over the next um few weeks is we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next um few weeks is we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next um few weeks is we'll look
+at how there are similarities within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how there are similarities within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how there are similarities within
+these categories. Um so for instance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these categories. Um so for instance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these categories. Um so for instance in
+instructorg guided learning at scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructorg guided learning at scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructorg guided learning at scale
+there typically are sort of two key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there typically are sort of two key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there typically are sort of two key
+technologies. There are two technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. There are two technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. There are two technologies
+that show up over and over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up over and over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up over and over and over
+again. Um one is a learning management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Um one is a learning management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Um one is a learning management
+system. So a learning management system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So a learning management system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So a learning management system
+canvas blackboard edex mood stellar a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas blackboard edex mood stellar a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas blackboard edex mood stellar a
+zillion other things. They're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion other things. They're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion other things. They're sort of
+platforms that organize learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms that organize learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms that organize learning
+materials. Um a an unusual feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Um a an unusual feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Um a an unusual feature of
+learning management systems is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning management systems is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning management systems is that they
+have a feature that like product people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feature that like product people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a feature that like product people
+who study products called feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who study products called feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who study products called feature
+convergence. Essentially it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. Essentially it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. Essentially it's very
+difficult to like patent um or or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to like patent um or or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to like patent um or or have
+intellectual property around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property around like
+components of a learning management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a learning management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a learning management
+system. So anytime anyone invents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So anytime anyone invents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So anytime anyone invents
+something good, everybody else copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good, everybody else copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something good, everybody else copies
+it. Um so they're all basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um so they're all basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um so they're all basically the
+exact same system. Um like you buy them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same system. Um like you buy them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same system. Um like you buy them
+from different vendors, but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different vendors, but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different vendors, but they're
+basically one learning management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one learning management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one learning management
+system. Um and then the second kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Um and then the second kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Um and then the second kind of
+crucial feature of online learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial feature of online learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial feature of online learning
+management of of MO or instructor guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of of MO or instructor guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of of MO or instructor guided
+learning at scale are autograders. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale are autograders. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning at scale are autograders. Um so
+you have to be able to give if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to give if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to give if you have
+lots and lots of learners if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of learners if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of learners if you want to
+be able to give them feedback if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to give them feedback if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to give them feedback if you
+want to be able to certify their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to certify their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to certify their
+learning in any way. Um you either have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in any way. Um you either have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in any way. Um you either have
+to spend zillions of dollars hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend zillions of dollars hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend zillions of dollars hiring
+people to grade their work um or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to grade their work um or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to grade their work um or you
+find ways of having computers grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways of having computers grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways of having computers grade
+their work. Now computers can grade as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work. Now computers can grade as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work. Now computers can grade as
+we'll talk about this at length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this at length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this at length
+computers can grade some things but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can grade some things but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can grade some things but not
+others. Um computers are really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. Um computers are really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. Um computers are really good at
+answer at at evaluating questions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at at evaluating questions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at at evaluating questions where
+the answer is is well known and certain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is is well known and certain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is is well known and certain.
+Um they are much less good at evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they are much less good at evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they are much less good at evaluating
+anything which has a kind of subjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything which has a kind of subjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything which has a kind of subjective
+component to it. Um uh one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to it. Um uh one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to it. Um uh one way to think
+about this is autograders are great in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is autograders are great in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is autograders are great in
+early language acquisition and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early language acquisition and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early language acquisition and very
+rapidly become useless in later language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly become useless in later language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly become useless in later language
+acquisition. Um so they can tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition. Um so they can tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition. Um so they can tell whether
+you've spelled ola correctly. We even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've spelled ola correctly. We even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've spelled ola correctly. We even
+have some pretty cool ones that can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some pretty cool ones that can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some pretty cool ones that can tell
+whether if you've pronounced Ola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if you've pronounced Ola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if you've pronounced Ola
+correctly. Um, we can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. Um, we can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. Um, we can give you a
+multiple choice question to see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple choice question to see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple choice question to see if you
+can recognize the audio recording of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recognize the audio recording of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recognize the audio recording of
+Ola. Um, eventually, however, what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ola. Um, eventually, however, what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ola. Um, eventually, however, what we
+want to know are like what are the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know are like what are the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know are like what are the key
+themes in Don Kiote? Um, and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes in Don Kiote? Um, and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes in Don Kiote? Um, and that we
+don't have very good autograders to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have very good autograders to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have very good autograders to be
+able to evaluate and and so forth. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to evaluate and and so forth. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to evaluate and and so forth. Um I
+would say in addition to this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in addition to this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in addition to this sort of
+technological infrastructure, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological infrastructure, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological infrastructure, these
+genres of learning at scale, they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres of learning at scale, they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres of learning at scale, they tend
+to align more closely either with direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align more closely either with direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align more closely either with direct
+instruction kind of folks or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction kind of folks or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction kind of folks or sort of
+apprenticeship uh uh constructivism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship uh uh constructivism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship uh uh constructivism
+kinds of folks. The the instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of folks. The the instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of folks. The the instructor
+guided learning at scale people, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided learning at scale people, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided learning at scale people, they
+tend to be thornyike direct instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be thornyike direct instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be thornyike direct instruction
+cognitive load theory kind of people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory kind of people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive load theory kind of people.
+They tend to be pale filling kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They tend to be pale filling kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They tend to be pale filling kinds of
+folks. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks. Um
+uh algorithm guide to learning at scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algorithm guide to learning at scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algorithm guide to learning at scale.
+um has similarities but differences. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has similarities but differences. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has similarities but differences. Um
+so the the sort of crucial technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the sort of crucial technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the sort of crucial technology
+behind algorithm guided learning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind algorithm guided learning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind algorithm guided learning at
+scale is a set of algorithms called item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is a set of algorithms called item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is a set of algorithms called item
+response theory. Um this was developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response theory. Um this was developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response theory. Um this was developed
+in the 1980s by educational testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1980s by educational testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1980s by educational testing
+services. The people who make what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services. The people who make what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services. The people who make what do
+they do the SAT or the GRE? What is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the SAT or the GRE? What is it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the SAT or the GRE? What is it?
+What is what test does ETSs make? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is what test does ETSs make? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is what test does ETSs make? I
+don't know. They make tests. Um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. They make tests. Um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. They make tests. Um and uh
+um the like the basic toolkit of item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the like the basic toolkit of item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the like the basic toolkit of item
+response theory has proven really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response theory has proven really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response theory has proven really quite
+robust. Um all item response theory does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. Um all item response theory does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust. Um all item response theory does
+basically is it lets you figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is it lets you figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is it lets you figure out how
+difficult an item is. It's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult an item is. It's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult an item is. It's a way of
+quantifying how difficult an item is. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying how difficult an item is. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying how difficult an item is. If
+you can quantify how difficult an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can quantify how difficult an item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can quantify how difficult an item
+is, if someone gets the item right, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, if someone gets the item right, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, if someone gets the item right, you
+can give them a more difficult item or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give them a more difficult item or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give them a more difficult item or
+less difficult item. It was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less difficult item. It was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less difficult item. It was actually
+originally developed so that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally developed so that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally developed so that you could
+give people tests of equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people tests of equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people tests of equivalent
+difficulty without giving them the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty without giving them the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty without giving them the same
+test. Um this proved important like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. Um this proved important like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. Um this proved important like when
+we had national testing and we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had national testing and we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had national testing and we built
+communication networks um because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication networks um because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication networks um because in
+theory somebody could take a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory somebody could take a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory somebody could take a you know a
+test in Portland, Maine um and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in Portland, Maine um and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in Portland, Maine um and later
+that same day someone would take it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same day someone would take it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same day someone would take it in
+Honolulu, Hawaii um and there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honolulu, Hawaii um and there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honolulu, Hawaii um and there's like
+just enough time in there for someone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough time in there for someone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough time in there for someone to
+call and you know and send all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and you know and send all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and you know and send all the
+questions and answers and and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and answers and and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and answers and and things
+like that. Um, and so it was it was a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um, and so it was it was a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um, and so it was it was a it
+was part came about from sort of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part came about from sort of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part came about from sort of test
+security. You want to make you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. You want to make you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security. You want to make you want to
+be able to make claims about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make claims about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make claims about about
+people's ability. Um, and one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's ability. Um, and one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's ability. Um, and one way to do
+that is to give everyone the same test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to give everyone the same test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to give everyone the same test.
+Another way to do that is to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another way to do that is to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another way to do that is to give
+everyone tests with different items but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone tests with different items but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone tests with different items but
+of the same difficulty. Um, and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same difficulty. Um, and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same difficulty. Um, and so we
+had to come up with some statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to come up with some statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to come up with some statistical
+toolkit for doing that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit for doing that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolkit for doing that.
+Um, what we came up with in the 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what we came up with in the 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what we came up with in the 1980s
+and 1990s, we like we've modified it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1990s, we like we've modified it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1990s, we like we've modified it a
+bit, but we still pretty much use today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit, but we still pretty much use today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit, but we still pretty much use today.
+um we sort of know a bunch about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we sort of know a bunch about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we sort of know a bunch about its
+strengths and weaknesses and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and weaknesses and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and weaknesses and how it
+works. Um most of our autograders have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Um most of our autograders have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Um most of our autograders have
+like just now maybe they're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just now maybe they're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just now maybe they're starting to
+improve a little bit. Most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve a little bit. Most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve a little bit. Most of them
+haven't improved that much in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't improved that much in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't improved that much in the last
+two or three decades. Um I in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three decades. Um I in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three decades. Um I in some
+specific areas, some parts of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific areas, some parts of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific areas, some parts of language
+acquisition, some parts of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition, some parts of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition, some parts of computer
+science, maybe they've improved better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science, maybe they've improved better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science, maybe they've improved better.
+Um but these technologies for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but these technologies for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but these technologies for the most
+part are pretty stable. um when someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part are pretty stable. um when someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part are pretty stable. um when someone
+has a new entrant I I mean I'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a new entrant I I mean I'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a new entrant I I mean I'll you'll
+read more of this story in chapter two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more of this story in chapter two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read more of this story in chapter two
+but there was a company called Newton um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a company called Newton um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a company called Newton um
+which said that they could take uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which said that they could take uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which said that they could take uh they
+could take any body of educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take any body of educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take any body of educational
+content and turn it into an intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and turn it into an intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and turn it into an intelligent
+tutor um and they thought that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor um and they thought that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor um and they thought that their
+tutor was absolutely amazing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor was absolutely amazing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor was absolutely amazing that the
+founder described it as a uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder described it as a uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder described it as a uh something
+like a magical robot tutor in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a magical robot tutor in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a magical robot tutor in the sky
+sort of knew exactly what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of knew exactly what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of knew exactly what you were
+thinking and so forth. Um so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and so forth. Um so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and so forth. Um so he was
+making all these like totally outlandish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all these like totally outlandish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all these like totally outlandish
+claims and then his engineers um were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims and then his engineers um were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims and then his engineers um were
+like had a blog about what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like had a blog about what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like had a blog about what they were
+building and they one of their blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and they one of their blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and they one of their blog
+posts was something like using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts was something like using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts was something like using two
+parameter item response theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter item response theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter item response theory to
+evaluate items. They're basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate items. They're basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate items. They're basically like
+this you know so the leader is out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know so the leader is out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know so the leader is out there
+being like these things is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like these things is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like these things is totally
+amazing and the engineers are like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and the engineers are like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and the engineers are like like
+here's the very wellestablished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the very wellestablished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the very wellestablished
+technology that we're using to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we're using to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we're using to do the
+thing that we like are selling you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we like are selling you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we like are selling you to
+do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do.
+Um the peer-guided learning at scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the peer-guided learning at scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the peer-guided learning at scale
+looks pretty different from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty different from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty different from the other
+two. Um, peer-guided learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Um, peer-guided learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Um, peer-guided learning
+environments tend to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments tend to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments tend to be more
+apprenticeship oriented. They tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship oriented. They tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship oriented. They tend to be
+more wrapped into situated learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wrapped into situated learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wrapped into situated learning
+things like that. Um, they tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um, they tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um, they tend to have
+a different um, uh, technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different um, uh, technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different um, uh, technical
+infrastructure. Um, instead of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure. Um, instead of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure. Um, instead of being
+based in some kind of content holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in some kind of content holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in some kind of content holding
+thing like a learning management system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like a learning management system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like a learning management system,
+they usually exist on the web. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually exist on the web. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually exist on the web. Um, and
+usually their killer app is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually their killer app is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually their killer app is not an
+autograder, but a thing that pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograder, but a thing that pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograder, but a thing that pulls
+content together. Like how do you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content together. Like how do you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content together. Like how do you figure
+out what the right sequence of Rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the right sequence of Rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the right sequence of Rainbow
+Loom um, learning materials is to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loom um, learning materials is to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loom um, learning materials is to look
+at? And things like hashtags are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at? And things like hashtags are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at? And things like hashtags are really
+important for that. Um uh how do you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for that. Um uh how do you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for that. Um uh how do you in
+Scratch like how do you pull together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch like how do you pull together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scratch like how do you pull together
+and come up with a set of featured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with a set of featured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with a set of featured
+projects or a way of tagging projects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or a way of tagging projects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or a way of tagging projects so
+that people can find their way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can find their way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can find their way through
+them. Um so these are sort of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um so these are sort of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Um so these are sort of the three
+big buckets um that will explore um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big buckets um that will explore um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big buckets um that will explore um one
+bucket each over the over the next bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket each over the over the next bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket each over the over the next bunch
+of weeks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks.
+Um, the second half of the book, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the second half of the book, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the second half of the book, which
+pro I guess if this if that if that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro I guess if this if that if that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro I guess if this if that if that if
+this project takes us a good chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project takes us a good chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project takes us a good chunk of
+March, this project will take us a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March, this project will take us a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March, this project will take us a good
+chunk of April, are four problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of April, are four problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of April, are four problems that
+educators and education technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators and education technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators and education technology
+designers run into over and over again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers run into over and over again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers run into over and over again.
+Um, which I'll enumerate quickly just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, which I'll enumerate quickly just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, which I'll enumerate quickly just to
+orient you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient you.
+Um, one's missing. Anyway, the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one's missing. Anyway, the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one's missing. Anyway, the first one
+is the curse of the familiar. Um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the curse of the familiar. Um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the curse of the familiar. Um, the
+idea of the curse of the familiar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the curse of the familiar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the curse of the familiar is
+that it's pretty easy to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's pretty easy to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's pretty easy to make
+technologies that do things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that do things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that do things that
+educators already are doing and get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators already are doing and get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators already are doing and get them
+adopted. Um, how many of you have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted. Um, how many of you have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted. Um, how many of you have ever
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+Quizlet? Okay, that that's about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quizlet? Okay, that that's about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quizlet? Okay, that that's about as
+universal a group. Uh, Quizlet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal a group. Uh, Quizlet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal a group. Uh, Quizlet was
+founded by MIT dropout um Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded by MIT dropout um Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded by MIT dropout um Andy
+Sutherland who took a bunch of uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sutherland who took a bunch of uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sutherland who took a bunch of uh um
+education classes with us and uh um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education classes with us and uh um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education classes with us and uh um he
+built it to I think study French for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it to I think study French for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it to I think study French for
+himself. Um uh a Quizlet is flashcards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself. Um uh a Quizlet is flashcards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself. Um uh a Quizlet is flashcards.
+Um, if you went and you gathered a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you went and you gathered a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you went and you gathered a bunch
+of educational experts around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of educational experts around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of educational experts around the world
+and said like what like what or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said like what like what or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said like what like what or you know
+what what is our what do our kids really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is our what do our kids really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is our what do our kids really
+need to advance their learning? There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to advance their learning? There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to advance their learning? There
+was there is no one who would raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there is no one who would raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there is no one who would raise
+their hands and be like there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands and be like there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands and be like there's a huge
+der of flash cards. Like we just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+der of flash cards. Like we just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+der of flash cards. Like we just don't
+have enough flash cards at school. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough flash cards at school. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough flash cards at school. We've
+run out of index cards. Something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of index cards. Something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of index cards. Something like
+that. Um uh and yet um here's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um uh and yet um here's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um uh and yet um here's this
+something you know maybe I mean they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know maybe I mean they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know maybe I mean they say
+things like half of all high schoolers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like half of all high schoolers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like half of all high schoolers
+every month use Quizlet. Um how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month use Quizlet. Um how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every month use Quizlet. Um how much
+does Quizlet improve teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Quizlet improve teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Quizlet improve teaching and
+learning? Well, if you're replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning? Well, if you're replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning? Well, if you're replacing
+regular flash cards with digital flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular flash cards with digital flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular flash cards with digital flash
+cards, like how much would you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards, like how much would you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards, like how much would you expect
+that to improve learning? Like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to improve learning? Like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to improve learning? Like maybe
+some maybe there's a little efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some maybe there's a little efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some maybe there's a little efficiency
+there. Something like that. You also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Something like that. You also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Something like that. You also
+might say something like actually one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say something like actually one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say something like actually one of
+the best things about flashcards is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best things about flashcards is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best things about flashcards is the
+creation of the flash cards. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the flash cards. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the flash cards. Like
+there's actually something important of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually something important of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually something important of
+learning about like writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about like writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about like writing down the
+prompts on one ends, the answers on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompts on one ends, the answers on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompts on one ends, the answers on the
+other end. So maybe the paper ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end. So maybe the paper ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end. So maybe the paper ones are
+actually better um than the Quizlet ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better um than the Quizlet ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better um than the Quizlet ones
+in different kinds of ways. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different kinds of ways. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different kinds of ways. But the
+point is um there's probably no one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is um there's probably no one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is um there's probably no one who
+would make a bet that you know human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make a bet that you know human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make a bet that you know human
+development would be profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development would be profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development would be profoundly
+transformed by digitizing flashcards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed by digitizing flashcards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed by digitizing flashcards.
+But if you look across many of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you look across many of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you look across many of the most
+successful education technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful education technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful education technology
+companies, they do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies, they do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies, they do something like
+Quizlet. They take a thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quizlet. They take a thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quizlet. They take a thing which is
+already happening in schools and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happening in schools and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happening in schools and they
+digitize it, maybe make it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize it, maybe make it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize it, maybe make it a little bit
+more efficient. There are handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient. There are handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient. There are handful of
+projects that try to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that try to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that try to do something
+totally different. Um and many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different. Um and many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different. Um and many of them
+fail. And the reason why they fail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. And the reason why they fail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. And the reason why they fail is
+it's really hard to convince people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to convince people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to convince people in
+schools to adopt totally new routines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools to adopt totally new routines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools to adopt totally new routines.
+So there are all kinds of ed, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are all kinds of ed, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are all kinds of ed, you know,
+there are all kinds of like visionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of like visionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of like visionary
+educators out there who think of like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators out there who think of like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators out there who think of like,
+man, wouldn't it be cool if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man, wouldn't it be cool if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man, wouldn't it be cool if we could
+teach math in this really different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach math in this really different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach math in this really different kind
+of way? If we can teach computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way? If we can teach computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way? If we can teach computer science
+in this really different kind of way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this really different kind of way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this really different kind of way.
+Um, and then they build things that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then they build things that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then they build things that do
+that and people go, that's weird. Um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and people go, that's weird. Um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and people go, that's weird. Um, I
+don't understand this really new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand this really new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand this really new
+different kind of way. So a bunch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of way. So a bunch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of way. So a bunch of the
+things which might potentially lead us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which might potentially lead us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which might potentially lead us
+to the biggest gains or changes in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the biggest gains or changes in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the biggest gains or changes in our
+teaching and learning are really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning are really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning are really hard to
+get people to adopt. That's the curse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to adopt. That's the curse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to adopt. That's the curse of
+the familiar. Um the edtech Matthew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar. Um the edtech Matthew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar. Um the edtech Matthew
+effect is that we very often hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is that we very often hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is that we very often hope that
+new technologies especially free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies especially free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technologies especially free
+technologies will be the term people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies will be the term people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies will be the term people
+often use is democratizing. Um that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use is democratizing. Um that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use is democratizing. Um that they
+will they will essentially what'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they will essentially what'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they will essentially what'll
+happen is like every you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is like every you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is like every you know people
+generally speaking agreed that folks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking agreed that folks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking agreed that folks who
+have more resources have had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more resources have had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more resources have had more
+learning experiences and therefore have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experiences and therefore have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experiences and therefore have
+learned more than people with less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned more than people with less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned more than people with less
+experience. Um but we hope that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience. Um but we hope that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience. Um but we hope that there
+are technologies that will like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are technologies that will like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are technologies that will like
+disproportionately benefit um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately benefit um the the
+less affluent that they will help poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less affluent that they will help poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less affluent that they will help poor
+folks sort of catch up to other people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks sort of catch up to other people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks sort of catch up to other people.
+they'll create new kinds of on-ramps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll create new kinds of on-ramps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll create new kinds of on-ramps.
+You know, maybe they help everybody, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, maybe they help everybody, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, maybe they help everybody, but
+they particularly help this group. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they particularly help this group. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they particularly help this group. What
+we almost always find is the figure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we almost always find is the figure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we almost always find is the figure on
+the right, which is that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right, which is that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right, which is that new
+technologies disproportionately benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies disproportionately benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies disproportionately benefit
+the affin um is that they're very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affin um is that they're very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affin um is that they're very likely
+to accelerate the learning of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerate the learning of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerate the learning of people who
+are already advantaged. Um if many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already advantaged. Um if many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already advantaged. Um if many
+people go into education because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go into education because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go into education because they're
+trying to build a more equitable, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build a more equitable, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build a more equitable, just
+society, um and it can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society, um and it can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society, um and it can be quite
+frustrating if you keep building stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating if you keep building stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating if you keep building stuff
+and it keeps helping the most affluent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps helping the most affluent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps helping the most affluent
+people in society secure their position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in society secure their position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in society secure their position
+um better. um we can document this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um better. um we can document this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um better. um we can document this
+really well. It's actually in in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. It's actually in in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. It's actually in in a lot
+of cases hard to understand why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases hard to understand why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases hard to understand why it's
+happening and and we have very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and and we have very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and and we have very little
+science or research that helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or research that helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or research that helps us
+explain what alternatives would be. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what alternatives would be. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what alternatives would be. Um
+we know you know we'll give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know you know we'll give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know you know we'll give you some
+examples of some technologies that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of some technologies that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of some technologies that I
+think don't do that that I think do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think don't do that that I think do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think don't do that that I think do
+disproportionately um benefit people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately um benefit people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionately um benefit people
+from further further from opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from further further from opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from further further from opportunity
+but it's really hard to figure out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really hard to figure out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really hard to figure out why
+they work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work.
+Um, a third challenge that education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a third challenge that education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a third challenge that education
+technology folks come across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology folks come across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology folks come across all the
+time, um, is that computers are good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, um, is that computers are good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, um, is that computers are good at
+evaluating certain kinds of things. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating certain kinds of things. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating certain kinds of things. The
+kinds of things that they're really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that they're really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that they're really good
+at evaluating are those that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at evaluating are those that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at evaluating are those that are
+routine, uh, that have common features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine, uh, that have common features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine, uh, that have common features
+to them, that are highly structured. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them, that are highly structured. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them, that are highly structured. Um,
+uh, computers are much less good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, computers are much less good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, computers are much less good at
+evaluating, um, illststructured kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating, um, illststructured kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating, um, illststructured kinds of
+things, things where, you know, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, things where, you know, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, things where, you know, that
+that don't have much form to them or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have much form to them or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have much form to them or we
+don't know what inputs need to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what inputs need to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what inputs need to go in
+them or what the final output should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or what the final output should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or what the final output should
+look like. Um, for instance, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like. Um, for instance, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like. Um, for instance, one of the
+things that that we don't have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that we don't have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that we don't have good
+autograders for is people's ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograders for is people's ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograders for is people's ability to
+reason from evidence in natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason from evidence in natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason from evidence in natural
+language, you know, either written or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, you know, either written or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, you know, either written or
+auditory. The main thing that we teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory. The main thing that we teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory. The main thing that we teach
+you for 16 or 20 years in the education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for 16 or 20 years in the education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for 16 or 20 years in the education
+system is how to reason from evidence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is how to reason from evidence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is how to reason from evidence.
+Like the most important things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like the most important things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like the most important things we're
+teaching you how to do, we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you how to do, we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you how to do, we don't have
+good autograders for. Moreover, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good autograders for. Moreover, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good autograders for. Moreover, the
+kinds of things that computers can grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that computers can grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that computers can grade
+tend to overlap pretty closely with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to overlap pretty closely with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to overlap pretty closely with the
+kinds of things computers are good at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things computers are good at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things computers are good at.
+Um, if computers are good at things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if computers are good at things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if computers are good at things,
+it's going to be very difficult to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very difficult to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very difficult to make
+a living doing those things. So, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a living doing those things. So, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a living doing those things. So, we have
+like really good tests for the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really good tests for the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really good tests for the kinds of
+things that are probably not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are probably not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are probably not so
+important to teach people. Um, and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to teach people. Um, and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to teach people. Um, and we
+have not very good tests on the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not very good tests on the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not very good tests on the kinds of
+things that are really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really important to
+teach people. That is like a bad feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach people. That is like a bad feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach people. That is like a bad feature
+for educational system. Um, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for educational system. Um, because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for educational system. Um, because
+autograding of all kinds is way cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograding of all kinds is way cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autograding of all kinds is way cheaper
+than human grading. Um, so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than human grading. Um, so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than human grading. Um, so we
+essentially build all of these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially build all of these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially build all of these systems
+where conceivably we're like spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where conceivably we're like spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where conceivably we're like spending
+money to cheaply evaluate the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to cheaply evaluate the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to cheaply evaluate the least
+important parts of the system and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parts of the system and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parts of the system and we're
+not evaluating the most important parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evaluating the most important parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evaluating the most important parts
+that thing people ought to be developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing people ought to be developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing people ought to be developing
+in those systems. Um, so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those systems. Um, so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those systems. Um, so that is the
+trap of routine assessment. Um, a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap of routine assessment. Um, a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap of routine assessment. Um, a really
+cool thing about computers is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing about computers is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing about computers is that they
+can collect enormous amounts of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect enormous amounts of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect enormous amounts of data
+about what folks do and that we can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what folks do and that we can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what folks do and that we can run
+experiments on people um, and improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on people um, and improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on people um, and improve
+those systems. So every time, not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems. So every time, not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems. So every time, not every
+time, but you know, 1% of the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but you know, 1% of the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but you know, 1% of the time you
+go to Google or Amazon or Facebook or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Google or Amazon or Facebook or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to Google or Amazon or Facebook or
+whatever that like they're doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that like they're doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that like they're doing some
+little randomized control trial on you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little randomized control trial on you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little randomized control trial on you.
+You know, the buy button is green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, the buy button is green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, the buy button is green
+instead of red and we figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of red and we figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of red and we figure out whether
+you buy more from green buttons and red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy more from green buttons and red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy more from green buttons and red
+buttons. Um, and eventually, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons. Um, and eventually, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons. Um, and eventually, you know,
+Amazon, Facebook, they do millions, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon, Facebook, they do millions, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon, Facebook, they do millions, I
+don't know, they do many, many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, they do many, many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, they do many, many of those
+experiments every year and their system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments every year and their system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments every year and their system
+continuously gets better. Um, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously gets better. Um, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously gets better. Um, there are
+a couple of problems with doing that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of problems with doing that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of problems with doing that in
+education. Um the first problem is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Um the first problem is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education. Um the first problem is if
+you go to folks and you say that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to folks and you say that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to folks and you say that what
+you want to do is experiment with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is experiment with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is experiment with their
+children as we've joked before like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children as we've joked before like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children as we've joked before like
+people are not that enthusiastic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are not that enthusiastic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are not that enthusiastic about
+that as an idea. Um it's also not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an idea. Um it's also not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an idea. Um it's also not clear
+that um like surveilling people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um like surveilling people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um like surveilling people
+constantly in public schools is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in public schools is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in public schools is a good
+idea for civil society. Um an exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for civil society. Um an exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for civil society. Um an exercise
+maybe we'll do later on is start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll do later on is start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll do later on is start
+thinking about all of the data that MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all of the data that MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all of the data that MIT
+has about you. Um and we might start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has about you. Um and we might start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has about you. Um and we might start
+thinking like is it a good idea that MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like is it a good idea that MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like is it a good idea that MIT
+has all of this data about people? is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all of this data about people? is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all of this data about people? is a
+good idea for an elementary school to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea for an elementary school to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea for an elementary school to
+have all of this data um about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of this data um about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of this data um about where
+people are moving, where they're logging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are moving, where they're logging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are moving, where they're logging
+in, how they're learning, their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, how they're learning, their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, how they're learning, their
+healthcare, all these other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare, all these other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare, all these other kinds of
+things. Um so it could it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um so it could it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um so it could it could be that
+collecting huge amounts of data lets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting huge amounts of data lets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting huge amounts of data lets us
+build really cool edtech products. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build really cool edtech products. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build really cool edtech products. It
+also could be that it sort of in inducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also could be that it sort of in inducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also could be that it sort of in inducts
+people into a surveillance society which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into a surveillance society which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into a surveillance society which
+ultimately is not good for democracies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is not good for democracies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is not good for democracies
+or civil society.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or civil society.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or civil society.
+Um so in the second half of the class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in the second half of the class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in the second half of the class,
+those are the or the second half of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the or the second half of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the or the second half of our
+reading of this book. Um those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of this book. Um those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of this book. Um those are the
+four dilemmas um that we'll spend some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dilemmas um that we'll spend some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dilemmas um that we'll spend some
+time messing around with and exploring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time messing around with and exploring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time messing around with and exploring.
+Um that is an overview of the task of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that is an overview of the task of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that is an overview of the task of
+the reading together. Um and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading together. Um and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading together. Um and then what
+we'll do for the last 20 minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do for the last 20 minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do for the last 20 minutes of
+class um is to talk about massive open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um is to talk about massive open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um is to talk about massive open
+online courses in particular. But maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online courses in particular. But maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online courses in particular. But maybe
+I'll pause um back here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pause um back here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pause um back here you know
+essentially on these these kind of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on these these kind of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on these these kind of two
+slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides
+um and see if uh people have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and see if uh people have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and see if uh people have any
+questions or things they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or things they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or things they want to
+interject here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the next slide when you mention like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next slide when you mention like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next slide when you mention like
+the four as yet intractable dilemmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four as yet intractable dilemmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four as yet intractable dilemmas
+when you are studying technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are studying technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are studying technology
+education have you found issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education have you found issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education have you found issues that
+used to be dilemmas and that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be dilemmas and that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be dilemmas and that at some
+point we were actually able to solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we were actually able to solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we were actually able to solve and
+these are the four that are like left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the four that are like left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the four that are like left.
+Yeah. So, so I think so I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so I think so I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so I think so I think there
+there would be some there would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be some there would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be some there would be like
+um access and distribution problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um access and distribution problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um access and distribution problems that
+you might have thought about as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have thought about as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have thought about as being
+like really central to lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really central to lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really central to lots of different
+places 20 years ago that would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places 20 years ago that would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places 20 years ago that would be that
+would still you know if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still you know if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still you know if we're talking
+about subsaharan Africa or other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about subsaharan Africa or other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about subsaharan Africa or other kinds
+of places in the world are still serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places in the world are still serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places in the world are still serious
+but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you
+know refugee camps places of protracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know refugee camps places of protracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know refugee camps places of protracted
+conflicts lots of you know lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts lots of you know lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts lots of you know lots of
+places where access isn't hard um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where access isn't hard um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where access isn't hard um but
+there's also lots of places be like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also lots of places be like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also lots of places be like you
+know in the United States like pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the United States like pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the United States like pretty
+much every school has highspeed internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much every school has highspeed internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much every school has highspeed internet
+now um and So whereas and we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and So whereas and we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and So whereas and we still have
+to think about how we do that and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how we do that and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how we do that and how we
+upgrade it and things like that but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade it and things like that but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade it and things like that but but
+but that is a dilemma which has you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is a dilemma which has you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is a dilemma which has you know
+diminished quite a bit over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished quite a bit over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished quite a bit over time and
+some of you know for sure some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you know for sure some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you know for sure some of these
+dilemmas we've made progress on I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemmas we've made progress on I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemmas we've made progress on I mean I
+would particularly say the trap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would particularly say the trap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would particularly say the trap of
+routine assessment is one where um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine assessment is one where um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine assessment is one where um you
+know in the last 10 or 15 years there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the last 10 or 15 years there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the last 10 or 15 years there
+are definitely there are definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definitely there are definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definitely there are definitely
+places where you could say hey um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you could say hey um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you could say hey um we're
+doing better automated assessment now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better automated assessment now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better automated assessment now
+than we were before at different levels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we were before at different levels.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we were before at different levels.
+So um I mean computer science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um I mean computer science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um I mean computer science is
+probably the place where we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the place where we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the place where we have the
+most robust suite of autograding tools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most robust suite of autograding tools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most robust suite of autograding tools.
+Um it doesn't cover everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it doesn't cover everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it doesn't cover everything that's
+important in computer science but boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in computer science but boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in computer science but boy
+like you can automatically evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can automatically evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can automatically evaluate
+people on a lot of stuff that matters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on a lot of stuff that matters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on a lot of stuff that matters.
+Um uh yeah I mean there's an example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh yeah I mean there's an example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh yeah I mean there's an example in
+the book of uh of autograding spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book of uh of autograding spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book of uh of autograding spoken
+language um for language learners. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um for language learners. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um for language learners. You
+know that you can talk out loud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you can talk out loud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you can talk out loud and
+Dualingo can tell whether or not you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo can tell whether or not you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dualingo can tell whether or not you've
+pronounced something correctly. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced something correctly. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced something correctly. That's
+pretty rad. Um uh and then I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rad. Um uh and then I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rad. Um uh and then I think there
+you know it it pro it'll be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it pro it'll be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it it pro it'll be interesting
+to see in the next few years but I'm my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in the next few years but I'm my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in the next few years but I'm my
+hunch is large language models will play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch is large language models will play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunch is large language models will play
+an increasingly large role in at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increasingly large role in at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increasingly large role in at least
+giving people meaningful feedback on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving people meaningful feedback on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving people meaningful feedback on
+their written products. Um whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their written products. Um whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their written products. Um whether or
+not we actually grade with them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we actually grade with them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we actually grade with them like
+that may be sort of a bridge too far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be sort of a bridge too far.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be sort of a bridge too far.
+Um, I'm sure we'll use it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'm sure we'll use it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I'm sure we'll use it in some
+circumstances, but I bet there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances, but I bet there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances, but I bet there'll be
+many, many circumstances. You know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many, many circumstances. You know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many, many circumstances. You know, if
+if you told me 10 years from now, every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you told me 10 years from now, every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you told me 10 years from now, every
+time a student turned in a paper, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a student turned in a paper, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a student turned in a paper, they
+ran it through like an advanced version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran it through like an advanced version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran it through like an advanced version
+of something like Grammarly, which gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something like Grammarly, which gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something like Grammarly, which gave
+them not only feedback about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not only feedback about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not only feedback about their
+syntax, but was like, "Hey, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax, but was like, "Hey, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax, but was like, "Hey, I don't
+think you have any evidence in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have any evidence in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have any evidence in this
+paragraph. You might want to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph. You might want to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph. You might want to go back and
+look at that." Like, that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that." Like, that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that." Like, that wouldn't
+surprise me at all. Um, and that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise me at all. Um, and that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise me at all. Um, and that could
+help students a lot. you know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help students a lot. you know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help students a lot. you know, if
+there's if there's someone who who can,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there's someone who who can,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there's someone who who can,
+you know, if there's an automated bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if there's an automated bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if there's an automated bot
+that can like, you know, give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can like, you know, give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can like, you know, give you
+reasonable feedback generically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable feedback generically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable feedback generically about
+your writing, that would be cool. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your writing, that would be cool. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your writing, that would be cool. You
+know, that I'd ra I'd rather focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that I'd ra I'd rather focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that I'd ra I'd rather focus on
+other things than giving you feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things than giving you feedback.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things than giving you feedback.
+So, I remember you mentioning in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I remember you mentioning in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I remember you mentioning in one of
+the slides that computers right now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides that computers right now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides that computers right now are
+like not very good at things that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not very good at things that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not very good at things that don't
+have as much structure, but with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as much structure, but with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as much structure, but with things
+like LLM, um, do you think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LLM, um, do you think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LLM, um, do you think that that's
+going to change? Like I they will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change? Like I they will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change? Like I they will get
+better. Um I I think there is still I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Um I I think there is still I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. Um I I think there is still I
+think even some of our earliest evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even some of our earliest evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even some of our earliest evidence
+suggests that these are really thorny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that these are really thorny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that these are really thorny
+problems. Um so like I feel like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Um so like I feel like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Um so like I feel like we're
+starting to get some feedback about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get some feedback about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get some feedback about for
+instance people using LLMs to help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance people using LLMs to help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance people using LLMs to help them
+in coding. Um and there's a joke which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coding. Um and there's a joke which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coding. Um and there's a joke which
+is something like um you know um using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like um you know um using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like um you know um using
+co-pilots in coding will reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilots in coding will reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilots in coding will reduce your
+initial coding time in half and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial coding time in half and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial coding time in half and then it
+will double your quality assurance time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will double your quality assurance time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will double your quality assurance time.
+um that you know basically because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you know basically because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you know basically because like
+not only will it maybe introduce errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only will it maybe introduce errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only will it maybe introduce errors
+but also the people engineering things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the people engineering things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the people engineering things
+just won't understand what the bot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't understand what the bot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just won't understand what the bot is
+doing and the bot is much better at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and the bot is much better at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and the bot is much better at like
+very specific parts of building code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific parts of building code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific parts of building code
+than it is in engineering a whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in engineering a whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in engineering a whole system
+and so like it makes a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so like it makes a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so like it makes a bunch of
+decisions that make sense for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that make sense for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that make sense for a
+particular thing but don't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing but don't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing but don't make sense
+for building a whole system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for building a whole system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for building a whole system and then
+somebody has to go back and repair those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to go back and repair those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has to go back and repair those
+kinds of things. um are you know so are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. um are you know so are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. um are you know so are
+so in terms of like um I don't I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of like um I don't I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of like um I don't I'll get
+we'll get into this more when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into this more when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into this more when we talk
+about autograders later but um Hal Abson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about autograders later but um Hal Abson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about autograders later but um Hal Abson
+who's been on the CS faculty forever has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been on the CS faculty forever has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been on the CS faculty forever has
+this wonderful quotation in one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful quotation in one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful quotation in one of his
+earliest books on uh computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest books on uh computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest books on uh computer science
+which says something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says something like
+um computer programming is a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um computer programming is a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um computer programming is a language
+for computer for communicating between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer for communicating between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computer for communicating between
+two people about methods that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people about methods that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people about methods that's only
+incidentally meant to be run by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally meant to be run by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally meant to be run by a
+machine. Um and the idea is that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Um and the idea is that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Um and the idea is that really
+good code is actually talking amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good code is actually talking amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good code is actually talking amongst
+people um and not talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um and not talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um and not talking to the
+machine. Um our autograders are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Um our autograders are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Um our autograders are really
+good at figuring out whether or not code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at figuring out whether or not code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at figuring out whether or not code
+like does things that machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like does things that machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like does things that machines
+understand and our autograders for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and our autograders for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and our autograders for
+computer science are not very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science are not very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science are not very good at
+evaluating things like how well is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating things like how well is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating things like how well is this
+code designed for collaboration amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code designed for collaboration amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code designed for collaboration amongst
+people? How you know how sensibly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people? How you know how sensibly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people? How you know how sensibly are
+the functions named and other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions named and other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions named and other kinds of
+things like that. I I my hunch is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. I I my hunch is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. I I my hunch is we'll
+make progress on it. Um my other hunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress on it. Um my other hunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress on it. Um my other hunch
+is that it will remain like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it will remain like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it will remain like a pretty
+hard problem for a pretty long time. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem for a pretty long time. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem for a pretty long time. Um
+and also it's a problem we'll solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it's a problem we'll solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it's a problem we'll solve in
+degrees like will we will we give better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees like will we will we give better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees like will we will we give better
+automatic like five years from now will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic like five years from now will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic like five years from now will
+we give better automatic feedback to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give better automatic feedback to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give better automatic feedback to the
+typical middle school essay written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical middle school essay written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical middle school essay written in
+almost any topic and will some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any topic and will some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any topic and will some of that
+feedback actually be useful? Seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback actually be useful? Seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback actually be useful? Seems
+almost certain to me. Um will we be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certain to me. Um will we be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certain to me. Um will we be able
+to actually grade? we will actually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually grade? we will actually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually grade? we will actually say
+something like like this p like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like like this p like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like like this p like this
+paper is better than this other paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is better than this other paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is better than this other paper
+with all the consequences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the consequences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the consequences that are
+attendant to that. Um we already do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendant to that. Um we already do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendant to that. Um we already do that
+to some extent in the education system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent in the education system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent in the education system
+but I think we're still going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we're still going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we're still going to find
+that we're not confident in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not confident in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not confident in the
+assessment that these machines make. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment that these machines make. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment that these machines make. Um
+but fortunately like these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fortunately like these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fortunately like these are all
+testable hypotheses. So you know your if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable hypotheses. So you know your if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable hypotheses. So you know your if
+your predictions were more optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predictions were more optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your predictions were more optimistic
+than mine you could very well be right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than mine you could very well be right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than mine you could very well be right.
+Um let's talk about massive open online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's talk about massive open online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's talk about massive open online
+courses for a bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses for a bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses for a bit.
+Um, MOOs burst on the scene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, MOOs burst on the scene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, MOOs burst on the scene in
+particular 2011 2012. So almost 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular 2011 2012. So almost 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular 2011 2012. So almost 15 years
+ago now. How many of you have taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago now. How many of you have taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago now. How many of you have taken a
+massive open online course? How many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive open online course? How many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive open online course? How many of
+you have signed up for a class? How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have signed up for a class? How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have signed up for a class? How many
+how many of you how many of you signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you how many of you signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you how many of you signed
+up for one and finished it all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for one and finished it all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for one and finished it all the way
+through? Okay. So people laugh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through? Okay. So people laugh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through? Okay. So people laugh because
+that is a much smaller number of folks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a much smaller number of folks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a much smaller number of folks.
+Um, this is one of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is one of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is one of the sort of
+distinctive features of online learning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive features of online learning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive features of online learning.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+uh, is that online learning is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, is that online learning is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, is that online learning is really
+hard. Um it is if you were not alive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Um it is if you were not alive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Um it is if you were not alive or
+sort of paying attention to education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of paying attention to education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of paying attention to education in
+2011, 2012, 2013, it is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011, 2012, 2013, it is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011, 2012, 2013, it is hard to
+understand h like how much people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand h like how much people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand h like how much people
+assumed that these tools would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that these tools would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that these tools would
+completely change higher education like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely change higher education like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely change higher education like
+not be like a little bit useful maybe,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be like a little bit useful maybe,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be like a little bit useful maybe,
+but like utterly rearrange educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like utterly rearrange educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like utterly rearrange educational
+systems. Like people thought they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Like people thought they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Like people thought they were
+going to be before MOOs and after mukes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be before MOOs and after mukes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be before MOOs and after mukes.
+part of the hype of this the first sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hype of this the first sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hype of this the first sort
+of really large scale class like this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really large scale class like this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really large scale class like this um
+Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig um who
+are computer science Sebastian Thrun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are computer science Sebastian Thrun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are computer science Sebastian Thrun
+works on self-driving cars he founded a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on self-driving cars he founded a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on self-driving cars he founded a
+company called Udacity Peter Norvig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called Udacity Peter Norvig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called Udacity Peter Norvig
+worked at Google forever they were both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at Google forever they were both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at Google forever they were both
+professors at Stanford um they created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors at Stanford um they created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors at Stanford um they created a
+class called intro to AI um and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class called intro to AI um and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class called intro to AI um and they
+sent an email around to the E mailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent an email around to the E mailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent an email around to the E mailing
+list um saying anybody want to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um saying anybody want to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um saying anybody want to take this
+intro to AI class um they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to AI class um they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to AI class um they were
+particularly inspired by Salcon um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly inspired by Salcon um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly inspired by Salcon um I
+think it was who was talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was who was talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was who was talking about the
+like the the the MITx practice sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the the MITx practice sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the the MITx practice sets that
+you were going through um they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going through um they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going through um they were very
+taken by that model. You watch a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by that model. You watch a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by that model. You watch a little
+bit of a video, you solve a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a video, you solve a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a video, you solve a couple
+problems. You watch a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. You watch a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. You watch a little bit more
+video, you solve a couple problems. Sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, you solve a couple problems. Sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, you solve a couple problems. Sort
+of interle them along. Um they send this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interle them along. Um they send this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interle them along. Um they send this
+email around, they're thinking, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email around, they're thinking, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email around, they're thinking, you
+know, maybe a few hundred, maybe a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe a few hundred, maybe a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe a few hundred, maybe a few
+thousand people show up. 100,000 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people show up. 100,000 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people show up. 100,000 people
+sign up for this course. 100,000 people,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for this course. 100,000 people,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for this course. 100,000 people,
+you know, multiples more than Peter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, multiples more than Peter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, multiples more than Peter and
+Sebastian combined would have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian combined would have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian combined would have ever
+taught on Stanford campus in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught on Stanford campus in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught on Stanford campus in their
+entire career there. Um and and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire career there. Um and and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire career there. Um and and there
+was a vision like wow this could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a vision like wow this could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a vision like wow this could happen
+for everything everywhere. This could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything everywhere. This could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything everywhere. This could be
+all of higher education in the future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of higher education in the future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of higher education in the future.
+Um the amount of resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the amount of resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the amount of resources that
+ultimately people like Peter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately people like Peter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately people like Peter and
+Sebastian could put behind a course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian could put behind a course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian could put behind a course for
+100,000 people like you could easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 people like you could easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 people like you could easily
+spend hundred thousand dollars of build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend hundred thousand dollars of build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend hundred thousand dollars of build
+building that course material and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that course material and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that course material and then
+the cost of every marginal student every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of every marginal student every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of every marginal student every
+additional student would be quite low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional student would be quite low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional student would be quite low
+you know. So most people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. So most people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. So most people who are
+teaching a class, you just like, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a class, you just like, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching a class, you just like, you
+know, you hire someone, you pay them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you hire someone, you pay them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you hire someone, you pay them
+$60,000 a year in a community college,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60,000 a year in a community college,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60,000 a year in a community college,
+maybe less, you pay them $100,000 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe less, you pay them $100,000 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe less, you pay them $100,000 a
+year, leave college, maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, leave college, maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, leave college, maybe a little
+more. Um, and they spend some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Um, and they spend some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Um, and they spend some of that
+money making a course and 20 people take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money making a course and 20 people take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money making a course and 20 people take
+it and that's that. Um, but imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's that. Um, but imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's that. Um, but imagine if
+you could concentrate resources to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could concentrate resources to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could concentrate resources to make
+like the best possible instructional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the best possible instructional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the best possible instructional
+sequence, the best course ever. Um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, the best course ever. Um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence, the best course ever. Um, I
+was I did my undergraduate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I did my undergraduate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I did my undergraduate at the
+University of Virginia. Um, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Virginia. Um, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Virginia. Um, and the
+University of Virginia very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Virginia very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Virginia very briefly
+fired their president um, in I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired their president um, in I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired their president um, in I think
+2013 because she was not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 because she was not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 because she was not sort of
+transitioning fast enough to this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning fast enough to this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning fast enough to this new
+online world. Um, and and then um, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online world. Um, and and then um, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online world. Um, and and then um, uh,
+the the board of governors sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the board of governors sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the board of governors sort of
+underestimated her popularity on campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimated her popularity on campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimated her popularity on campus
+and all the faculty and students came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the faculty and students came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the faculty and students came
+out on the lawn and protested and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the lawn and protested and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the lawn and protested and she
+got rehired. Um but you know um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rehired. Um but you know um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rehired. Um but you know um like
+like you know imagine if MI you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know imagine if MI you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know imagine if MI you know
+MIT's president UMass president got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT's president UMass president got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT's president UMass president got
+fired this week because they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired this week because they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired this week because they weren't
+moving fast enough on AI. Like that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving fast enough on AI. Like that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving fast enough on AI. Like that was
+sort of like the equivalent of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the equivalent of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the equivalent of of what
+was happening in 2013. It was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening in 2013. It was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening in 2013. It was just
+madness. Um and I had just finished my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madness. Um and I had just finished my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+madness. Um and I had just finished my
+PhD. Um so I had just finished at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD. Um so I had just finished at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD. Um so I had just finished at
+Harvard in uh 2012. I spent a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard in uh 2012. I spent a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard in uh 2012. I spent a year
+working at an organization nearby called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at an organization nearby called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at an organization nearby called
+Facing History and Ourselves. Um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facing History and Ourselves. Um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facing History and Ourselves. Um and I
+got hired at Harvard as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hired at Harvard as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hired at Harvard as the first
+researcher whose responsibility was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher whose responsibility was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher whose responsibility was to
+sort of um create a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um create a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um create a research
+infrastructure for Harvard X. Um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure for Harvard X. Um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure for Harvard X. Um there
+were three big bets that when that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three big bets that when that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three big bets that when that when
+Harvard and MIT came together to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and MIT came together to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and MIT came together to create
+MOOs um to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOs um to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOs um to create
+edex mukes have been created in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edex mukes have been created in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edex mukes have been created in other
+places too. Um Corsera at Stanford most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places too. Um Corsera at Stanford most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places too. Um Corsera at Stanford most
+notably there are three things they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably there are three things they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably there are three things they're
+going to try to do. They're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do. They're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do. They're going to
+provide new pathways into higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide new pathways into higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide new pathways into higher
+education for people who have limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education for people who have limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education for people who have limited
+access. um that basically there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access. um that basically there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access. um that basically there are lots
+of places in the world where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places in the world where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places in the world where people
+can't get into higher education because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get into higher education because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get into higher education because
+they can't afford it because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't afford it because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't afford it because it's not
+nearby the programs they want aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby the programs they want aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby the programs they want aren't
+there if all that is online that as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if all that is online that as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if all that is online that as soon
+as you can connect people to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can connect people to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can connect people to the
+internet everybody can participate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet everybody can participate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet everybody can participate in
+everything um people thought that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um people thought that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um people thought that it
+would sort of reorganize disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of reorganize disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of reorganize disrupt
+unbundle sort of profoundly change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbundle sort of profoundly change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbundle sort of profoundly change
+systems of higher education so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of higher education so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of higher education so
+universities might still be around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities might still be around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities might still be around but
+they could be organized in totally new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be organized in totally new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be organized in totally new
+ways um you know we were talking just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um you know we were talking just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um you know we were talking just in
+the beginning about um how um research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning about um how um research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning about um how um research
+universities often hire hire people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities often hire hire people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities often hire hire people who
+are not particularly good at teaching.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not particularly good at teaching.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not particularly good at teaching.
+Um well, what if like all the teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well, what if like all the teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um well, what if like all the teaching
+just got provided by these companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got provided by these companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got provided by these companies
+that like specialized in generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like specialized in generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like specialized in generating
+learning materials and then the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning materials and then the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning materials and then the you know
+your research professors could just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your research professors could just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your research professors could just go
+do their research and all of you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their research and all of you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their research and all of you could
+take 611 from an online course. Wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 611 from an online course. Wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 611 from an online course. Wasn't
+there a quote from the book that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a quote from the book that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a quote from the book that was
+like in like 30 years there would only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in like 30 years there would only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in like 30 years there would only
+be like 10 universities left in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like 10 universities left in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like 10 universities left in the
+country and Udacity could be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and Udacity could be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and Udacity could be one of
+them. Yeah. Yeah. That was Sebastian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Yeah. Yeah. That was Sebastian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Yeah. Yeah. That was Sebastian
+Thur and the idea probably from that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thur and the idea probably from that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thur and the idea probably from that is
+probably not quite as crazy it seemed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not quite as crazy it seemed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not quite as crazy it seemed.
+It was probably not that there would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was probably not that there would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was probably not that there would not
+be institutions of higher education, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be institutions of higher education, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be institutions of higher education, but
+like you would go to UMass or Bunker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would go to UMass or Bunker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would go to UMass or Bunker
+Hill Community College and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill Community College and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill Community College and all of the
+classes being taught there would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes being taught there would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes being taught there would have
+been made at, you know, um, Shingua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made at, you know, um, Shingua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made at, you know, um, Shingua
+University, Stanford, Harvard, MIT, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University, Stanford, Harvard, MIT, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University, Stanford, Harvard, MIT, um,
+CMU and a handful of other at Udacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMU and a handful of other at Udacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMU and a handful of other at Udacity
+and a handful of other places. and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a handful of other places. and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a handful of other places. and like
+going to something like UMass or Bunker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to something like UMass or Bunker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to something like UMass or Bunker
+Hill Community College would mean taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill Community College would mean taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hill Community College would mean taking
+online courses that were created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online courses that were created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online courses that were created by
+elite institutions elsewhere and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite institutions elsewhere and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite institutions elsewhere and you'd
+get a dorm room, you know, and be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a dorm room, you know, and be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a dorm room, you know, and be in a
+fraternity and be able to like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity and be able to like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity and be able to like have
+some, you know, a human dots and extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some, you know, a human dots and extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some, you know, a human dots and extra
+help and things like that. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help and things like that. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help and things like that. Um, but
+people really like that like it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really like that like it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really like that like it sounds
+ridiculous, but people like absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous, but people like absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous, but people like absolutely
+believe that people people thought for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that people people thought for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that people people thought for
+sure that higher education would be, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that higher education would be, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that higher education would be, you
+know, if we went if we went back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if we went if we went back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if we went if we went back into
+2012 and said that higher education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 and said that higher education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 and said that higher education is
+like basically the same except having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically the same except having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically the same except having
+more financial difficulties in 2024 than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more financial difficulties in 2024 than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more financial difficulties in 2024 than
+it would in 2012. Um, there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would in 2012. Um, there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would in 2012. Um, there would be
+lots of people who would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people who would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people who would be very
+surprised um by by that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised um by by that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised um by by that.
+Um, so this I guess this presentation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this I guess this presentation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this I guess this presentation I
+I don't know when I developed this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know when I developed this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know when I developed this,
+probably 2019 or something like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 2019 or something like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 2019 or something like that,
+but it was sort of at the moment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was sort of at the moment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was sort of at the moment where
+it was pretty clear that like none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty clear that like none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was pretty clear that like none of
+these bets were going to pan out. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bets were going to pan out. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bets were going to pan out. Um,
+that uh that what that we were not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that what that we were not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that what that we were not going
+to accomplish these things and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish these things and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish these things and I was
+sort of trying to help a community. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trying to help a community. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trying to help a community. I
+know like sometimes you talking to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like sometimes you talking to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like sometimes you talking to like
+the people we talked to last time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people we talked to last time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people we talked to last time,
+education deans and stuff like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education deans and stuff like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education deans and stuff like that or
+provosts or um funders or or people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provosts or um funders or or people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provosts or um funders or or people
+educated in education like why didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated in education like why didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated in education like why didn't
+muks do the things that we wanted them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muks do the things that we wanted them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muks do the things that we wanted them
+to do? Um oh first of all actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do? Um oh first of all actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do? Um oh first of all actually I
+don't have to spend too much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to spend too much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to spend too much time
+because it sounds like everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sounds like everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sounds like everybody has
+taken a muk. Um but like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a muk. Um but like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken a muk. Um but like the most
+important thing that you need like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that you need like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that you need like like
+the two most important buttons in a muk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most important buttons in a muk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most important buttons in a muk
+are the previous button and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the previous button and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the previous button and the next
+button. That's kind of like what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button. That's kind of like what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button. That's kind of like what makes
+an instructor guided learning at scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor guided learning at scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor guided learning at scale.
+Like there's a bunch of stuff that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like there's a bunch of stuff that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like there's a bunch of stuff that we
+shove in the middle and then like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove in the middle and then like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove in the middle and then like you
+click next, you do some stuff. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click next, you do some stuff. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click next, you do some stuff. If you
+get it wrong or get confused, you click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wrong or get confused, you click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wrong or get confused, you click
+previous, but you sort of linearly make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous, but you sort of linearly make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous, but you sort of linearly make
+your way through some instructor guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way through some instructor guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way through some instructor guided
+um set of materials. A bunch of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set of materials. A bunch of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set of materials. A bunch of it is
+video or animations or text explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or animations or text explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or animations or text explanation
+or stuff like that. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stuff like that. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stuff like that. And then
+periodically there are some assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically there are some assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically there are some assessment
+questions that that come along.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that that come along.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that that come along.
+Um we realized as education researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we realized as education researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we realized as education researchers
+almost right away um that folks who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost right away um that folks who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost right away um that folks who were
+who are furthest from opportunity were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are furthest from opportunity were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are furthest from opportunity were
+not the ones who were signing up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the ones who were signing up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the ones who were signing up for
+mukes first um by this is a paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mukes first um by this is a paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mukes first um by this is a paper that
+was published in 2019 in nature by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in 2019 in nature by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in 2019 in nature by
+Ezekiel Emanuel who's actually a mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ezekiel Emanuel who's actually a mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ezekiel Emanuel who's actually a mostly
+a medical researcher um but he was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medical researcher um but he was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medical researcher um but he was like
+you know in the United States here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the United States here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the United States here's the
+population with a college degree here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population with a college degree here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population with a college degree here's
+the MOO student population with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MOO student population with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MOO student population with a
+college degree you know in Brazil Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college degree you know in Brazil Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college degree you know in Brazil Russia
+India China South Africa Here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India China South Africa Here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India China South Africa Here's the
+population with a with a college degree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population with a with a college degree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population with a with a college degree.
+Here's the percent of people from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the percent of people from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the percent of people from those
+countries taking mukes have a college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries taking mukes have a college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries taking mukes have a college
+degree. So basically we could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree. So basically we could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree. So basically we could tell
+almost right away um that the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost right away um that the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost right away um that the people
+that we were recruiting into MOOs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were recruiting into MOOs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were recruiting into MOOs were
+folks who were already educated. Um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who were already educated. Um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who were already educated. Um I I
+today I don't know that we we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I don't know that we we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I don't know that we we know
+everything about why that's the case. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about why that's the case. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about why that's the case. Um
+people who have earned an education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have earned an education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have earned an education
+probably enjoy education as leisure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably enjoy education as leisure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably enjoy education as leisure time
+activities more than people who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities more than people who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities more than people who don't
+pursue an education. That would be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue an education. That would be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue an education. That would be sort
+of normal. Um, but I would say that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal. Um, but I would say that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal. Um, but I would say that one
+thing that we've discovered in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we've discovered in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we've discovered in various
+formats is that online self-paced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats is that online self-paced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats is that online self-paced
+learning is incredibly difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is incredibly difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is incredibly difficult for
+people. Um, the VA like you all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Um, the VA like you all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Um, the VA like you all sort of
+laughingly joked about that when I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughingly joked about that when I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughingly joked about that when I said,
+"How many of you have started a MOO that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"How many of you have started a MOO that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"How many of you have started a MOO that
+you didn't finish?" Um, and you all are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't finish?" Um, and you all are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't finish?" Um, and you all are
+some of the best people in the world at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the best people in the world at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the best people in the world at
+self-paced learning and you found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced learning and you found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced learning and you found it
+hard. Um, the entire population, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Um, the entire population, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Um, the entire population, the
+vast majority of people find online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of people find online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of people find online
+self-paced learning really, really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced learning really, really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced learning really, really
+difficult. Um, they have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. Um, they have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. Um, they have other
+priorities in their life. It's boring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities in their life. It's boring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities in their life. It's boring.
+Um and actually an interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and actually an interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and actually an interesting thing
+about people is that when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people is that when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people is that when they're
+studying something they really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying something they really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying something they really care
+about they can be quite persistent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they can be quite persistent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they can be quite persistent in
+learning. Um so like you study young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Um so like you study young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning. Um so like you study young
+people who are like you know right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are like you know right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are like you know right now
+um uh if you ask young young tween teens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you ask young young tween teens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if you ask young young tween teens
+um to explore skincare routines online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to explore skincare routines online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to explore skincare routines online
+um they will pursue that with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they will pursue that with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they will pursue that with great
+passion, great determination, persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion, great determination, persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion, great determination, persist
+through lots of difficulties and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lots of difficulties and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through lots of difficulties and be
+successful. Um they will not do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful. Um they will not do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful. Um they will not do the same
+with algebra. um you kind of wish as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with algebra. um you kind of wish as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with algebra. um you kind of wish as a
+society that they were better doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that they were better doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that they were better doing in
+algebra than skincare routines, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra than skincare routines, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra than skincare routines, but
+that's just not the way human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not the way human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not the way human beings
+seem to be wired. Um so online self the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be wired. Um so online self the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be wired. Um so online self the
+VA now who gets good at online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA now who gets good at online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA now who gets good at online
+self-paced learning like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced learning like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-paced learning like how do you
+become good at being a good autodidact?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become good at being a good autodidact?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become good at being a good autodidact?
+Um I think the best guess we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think the best guess we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think the best guess we have is
+that you get an apprenticeship in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get an apprenticeship in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get an apprenticeship in the
+formal education system. The best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal education system. The best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal education system. The best way to
+be good at learning on your own is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at learning on your own is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good at learning on your own is to
+learn with a bunch of other people. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn with a bunch of other people. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn with a bunch of other people. Um
+so that means the way to become really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the way to become really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the way to become really
+good at taking these online self-paced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at taking these online self-paced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at taking these online self-paced
+mukes is to go get a college degree. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mukes is to go get a college degree. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mukes is to go get a college degree. But
+if your goal was to was to create new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your goal was to was to create new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your goal was to was to create new
+pathways into higher education for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways into higher education for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways into higher education for
+limited access, building a thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited access, building a thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited access, building a thing which
+you really have to have spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to have spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to have spent a lot of
+time in education to be good at is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in education to be good at is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in education to be good at is maybe
+not the best strategy. Um but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best strategy. Um but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best strategy. Um but people
+didn't know that at the time. Um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that at the time. Um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that at the time. Um this is
+an article that I wrote with Marano's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article that I wrote with Marano's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article that I wrote with Marano's
+adviser Jose. Um that was where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser Jose. Um that was where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser Jose. Um that was where we were
+um we're trying to figure out like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're trying to figure out like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're trying to figure out like why
+muks were not working. Um and uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muks were not working. Um and uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muks were not working. Um and uh one of
+the things that we observed is the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we observed is the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we observed is the these
+are charts of enrollment but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are charts of enrollment but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are charts of enrollment but they're
+charts of enrollment by sort of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts of enrollment by sort of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts of enrollment by sort of human
+development index category. So basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development index category. So basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development index category. So basically
+way more people were coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more people were coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more people were coming from the
+world's most affluent countries than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most affluent countries than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most affluent countries than
+were coming from the world's least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming from the world's least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming from the world's least
+affluent countries. And we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluent countries. And we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluent countries. And we basically
+made no dent in it you know over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made no dent in it you know over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made no dent in it you know over the
+first eight years or so. Um you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first eight years or so. Um you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first eight years or so. Um you know you
+could you could imagine like oh well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could imagine like oh well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could imagine like oh well we
+started with a pretty big gap. you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a pretty big gap. you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a pretty big gap. you know,
+if these three lines on the bottom had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these three lines on the bottom had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these three lines on the bottom had
+sort of continued to traverse up, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of continued to traverse up, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of continued to traverse up, then
+maybe you could say, "Okay, we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could say, "Okay, we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could say, "Okay, we're making
+progress towards our goals." Um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress towards our goals." Um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress towards our goals." Um, the
+other thing that was kind of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that was kind of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that was kind of a problem
+is is heading into the pandemic, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is heading into the pandemic, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is heading into the pandemic, um,
+enrollments and sort of like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments and sort of like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments and sort of like if you're
+trying to run a company or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to run a company or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to run a company or something
+like that, it's really not good to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, it's really not good to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, it's really not good to have
+this line go down. You'd really like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line go down. You'd really like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line go down. You'd really like if
+this was Facebook's graph, it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Facebook's graph, it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Facebook's graph, it would just
+keep going up exponentially forever. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going up exponentially forever. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going up exponentially forever. Um,
+that was another problem with with MOOs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was another problem with with MOOs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was another problem with with MOOs
+compared to sort of other social media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to sort of other social media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to sort of other social media
+businesses. Like when you sign up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses. Like when you sign up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses. Like when you sign up for
+Facebook or Twitter or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook or Twitter or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook or Twitter or something like
+that, you're kind of stuck in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you're kind of stuck in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you're kind of stuck in there
+forever. um when you sign up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. um when you sign up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. um when you sign up for a
+class, the class ends. Um and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, the class ends. Um and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, the class ends. Um and then you
+leave and go do something else with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave and go do something else with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave and go do something else with your
+life. Um so why didn't this work? Um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. Um so why didn't this work? Um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. Um so why didn't this work? Um or
+or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or or
+um actually we'll talk about the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually we'll talk about the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually we'll talk about the um the
+second one next, but what were you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one next, but what were you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one next, but what were you going
+to say, Maria? I was just reflecting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, Maria? I was just reflecting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, Maria? I was just reflecting one
+thing that that I realized as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that I realized as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that I realized as well
+recently is that like everyone now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is that like everyone now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is that like everyone now
+creates their own course. Like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates their own course. Like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates their own course. Like every
+influencer has a course on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencer has a course on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencer has a course on something
+different, right? And I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, right? And I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, right? And I think that
+probably also affected this like ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably also affected this like ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably also affected this like ability
+of books to kind of spread because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of books to kind of spread because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of books to kind of spread because
+originally like five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally like five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally like five or six
+organizations were creating content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations were creating content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations were creating content and
+nowadays this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays this is very
+decentralized. So even it's still hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized. So even it's still hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized. So even it's still hard
+for people to complete these courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to complete these courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to complete these courses
+online etc etc like there's also a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online etc etc like there's also a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online etc etc like there's also a lot
+more um competition right there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um competition right there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um competition right there's a lot
+of competition out there and traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competition out there and traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competition out there and traditional
+institutions proved to be very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions proved to be very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions proved to be very effective
+in that competition. So here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that competition. So here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that competition. So here's the thing
+which shocked even me. Um at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shocked even me. Um at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shocked even me. Um at the
+beginning of the pandemic, you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the pandemic, you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the pandemic, you all
+remember this from like March 2020,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this from like March 2020,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this from like March 2020,
+April 2020, like we sent you all home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 2020, like we sent you all home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 2020, like we sent you all home.
+Um and here's something that could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and here's something that could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and here's something that could have
+happened. There could have like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. There could have like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. There could have like there
+were there were thousands of professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were thousands of professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were thousands of professors
+in the United States who were teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States who were teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States who were teaching
+introduction to microeconomics and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to microeconomics and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to microeconomics and a
+bunch of them could have said, "There is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them could have said, "There is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them could have said, "There is
+no way I can do a good job continuing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way I can do a good job continuing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way I can do a good job continuing to
+teach you introduction to economics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you introduction to economics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you introduction to economics.
+Like my kids aren't in school. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like my kids aren't in school. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like my kids aren't in school. They're
+running underneath my feet right now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running underneath my feet right now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running underneath my feet right now.
+I've never taught online before. Just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never taught online before. Just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never taught online before. Just go
+to edex. go to go to John Hopkins, go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to edex. go to go to John Hopkins, go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to edex. go to go to John Hopkins, go to
+MIT, take their courses and I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT, take their courses and I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT, take their courses and I'll give
+you a test at the end and help you out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a test at the end and help you out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a test at the end and help you out.
+Um, the alternative is that like I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the alternative is that like I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the alternative is that like I take
+my lectures, I put them online and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lectures, I put them online and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lectures, I put them online and we
+meet in Zoom once a week and I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet in Zoom once a week and I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet in Zoom once a week and I still
+keep giving you your lectures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep giving you your lectures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep giving you your lectures.
+Basically, every learner and institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, every learner and institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, every learner and institution
+in the world preferred the latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world preferred the latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world preferred the latter
+option. um all throughout the pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. um all throughout the pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. um all throughout the pandemic
+at all levels of the education around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all levels of the education around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all levels of the education around
+the world, we basically said like would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world, we basically said like would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world, we basically said like would
+you rather have this really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather have this really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather have this really high
+production value class kind of offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production value class kind of offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production value class kind of offered
+anonymously from some institution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously from some institution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymously from some institution that
+maybe you've heard of but you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've heard of but you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've heard of but you have no
+connection with or with your own like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with or with your own like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with or with your own like
+harried professor who's taking care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harried professor who's taking care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harried professor who's taking care of
+his kids while teaching you who doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his kids while teaching you who doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his kids while teaching you who doesn't
+know anything about online learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about online learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about online learning and
+people overwhelmingly pick the latter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people overwhelmingly pick the latter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people overwhelmingly pick the latter.
+Um I don't know why we don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I don't know why we don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I don't know why we don't know you
+know I don't know why we don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know why we don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know why we don't know why
+they picked the ladder other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they picked the ladder other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they picked the ladder other than the
+fact that human that like education is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that human that like education is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that human that like education is a
+profoundly social enterprise. Um even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly social enterprise. Um even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly social enterprise. Um even
+the comment you made about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment you made about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment you made about about
+influencers having their own closest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencers having their own closest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencers having their own closest and
+things like that like you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that like you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that like you have a
+parasocial relationship with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasocial relationship with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasocial relationship with those
+influencers in a way that you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencers in a way that you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencers in a way that you wouldn't
+you know from Josh Angress who teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from Josh Angress who teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from Josh Angress who teaches
+the economics class here or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics class here or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics class here or something
+like that. Um all right let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um all right let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um all right let me try to
+say two more things before we head out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two more things before we head out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two more things before we head out.
+Um oh well some of these things are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um oh well some of these things are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um oh well some of these things are on
+there. um that uh um the like the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. um that uh um the like the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. um that uh um the like the main
+advantage that mukes have is they reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that mukes have is they reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that mukes have is they reduce
+faculty labor. They pull faculty out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty labor. They pull faculty out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty labor. They pull faculty out of
+the equation. You know, they they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation. You know, they they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation. You know, they they just
+make them sort of television stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them sort of television stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them sort of television stars
+instead of teachers. Um and if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of teachers. Um and if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of teachers. Um and if you you
+know there's b like there's basically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's b like there's basically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's b like there's basically no
+way to do the economics of mukes except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do the economics of mukes except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do the economics of mukes except
+to dramatically reduce human contact. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dramatically reduce human contact. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dramatically reduce human contact. Um
+but like what helps people learn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like what helps people learn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like what helps people learn is
+human contact. like the like the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human contact. like the like the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human contact. like the like the way
+that you persist in most of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you persist in most of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you persist in most of your
+learning environments, especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environments, especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning environments, especially when
+you're learning something you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning something you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning something you don't care
+about and are not that interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and are not that interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and are not that interested in is
+like you care what your faculty thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you care what your faculty thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you care what your faculty thinks
+about it. You care what your peers are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. You care what your peers are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. You care what your peers are.
+You have all these sort of other human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have all these sort of other human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have all these sort of other human
+things that keep you connected. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that keep you connected. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that keep you connected. Um and
+uh and because of that, most people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and because of that, most people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and because of that, most people are
+not good at self-regulated learning. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at self-regulated learning. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good at self-regulated learning. If
+the vast majority of people are not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of people are not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of people are not good
+at self-regulated learning, if the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at self-regulated learning, if the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at self-regulated learning, if the only
+way to get better at self-regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get better at self-regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get better at self-regulated
+learning is to, you know, go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is to, you know, go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is to, you know, go through the
+K12 system and go to college, then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 system and go to college, then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 system and go to college, then this
+is not going to be a good system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a good system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a good system for
+helping folks further from opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping folks further from opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping folks further from opportunity
+get into college.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into college.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into college.
+Um, the primary way that mukes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the primary way that mukes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the primary way that mukes were
+going to disrupt higher education um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disrupt higher education um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disrupt higher education um is
+there was a very in for me influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very in for me influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very in for me influential
+article that said the act like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that said the act like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that said the act like the
+actual innovation nothing was innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual innovation nothing was innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual innovation nothing was innovative
+in muks a learning management system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in muks a learning management system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in muks a learning management system is
+not new. Edex was not new. Corsera was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new. Edex was not new. Corsera was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new. Edex was not new. Corsera was
+not new. Canvas was doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new. Canvas was doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not new. Canvas was doing the same
+thing. Moodle was doing the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Moodle was doing the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Moodle was doing the same thing.
+Blackboard was doing the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard was doing the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard was doing the same thing.
+Autograders are not new. We had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Autograders are not new. We had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Autograders are not new. We had all
+kinds of autograders and all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of autograders and all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of autograders and all kinds of
+systems. That the actual innovation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. That the actual innovation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. That the actual innovation in
+MOOs was putting a storefront on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOs was putting a storefront on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MOOs was putting a storefront on top of
+a learning management system. That the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a learning management system. That the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a learning management system. That the
+thing that was actually different was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was actually different was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was actually different was
+that like in the in the past if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like in the in the past if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like in the in the past if you
+wanted to buy a Harvard course, you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to buy a Harvard course, you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to buy a Harvard course, you had
+to buy eight a year and you had to rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy eight a year and you had to rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy eight a year and you had to rent
+an apartment and you had to buy all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apartment and you had to buy all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apartment and you had to buy all your
+meals from the institution. Like you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meals from the institution. Like you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meals from the institution. Like you had
+to buy this like giant bundle of stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy this like giant bundle of stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy this like giant bundle of stuff.
+Um, and so the bet that Harvard, MIT,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so the bet that Harvard, MIT,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so the bet that Harvard, MIT,
+Stanford, other folks made is like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford, other folks made is like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford, other folks made is like what
+if we sold just one course at a time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we sold just one course at a time?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we sold just one course at a time?
+Um, like what if you could ca could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, like what if you could ca could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, like what if you could ca could come
+in and just take one intro to CS class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and just take one intro to CS class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and just take one intro to CS class,
+one introduction to economics class. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one introduction to economics class. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one introduction to economics class. And
+that's and and millions of people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and and millions of people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's and and millions of people were
+interested in that. Um, I mean, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that. Um, I mean, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that. Um, I mean, the
+number of signups that appeared in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of signups that appeared in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of signups that appeared in many
+of these courses were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these courses were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these courses were these
+astronomically large numbers. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomically large numbers. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomically large numbers. You know,
+CS50 at Harvard had millions of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS50 at Harvard had millions of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS50 at Harvard had millions of people
+enrolled with just a couple of years. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled with just a couple of years. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled with just a couple of years. A
+tiny tiny fraction of them finish. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny fraction of them finish. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny fraction of them finish. you
+know, something like 1% of them finish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, something like 1% of them finish.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, something like 1% of them finish.
+On average, MOO's about 5% of people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On average, MOO's about 5% of people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On average, MOO's about 5% of people um
+who register. About 10% of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who register. About 10% of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who register. About 10% of people who
+click into a course once um will persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click into a course once um will persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click into a course once um will persist
+in a class, but but pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a class, but but pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a class, but but pretty small
+numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers.
+Um however, it turned out um that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um however, it turned out um that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um however, it turned out um that just
+like storefronts didn't solve all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like storefronts didn't solve all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like storefronts didn't solve all of the
+problems at university stored. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems at university stored. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems at university stored. So,
+people were excited to try out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were excited to try out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were excited to try out
+storefronts. Um but storefronts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storefronts. Um but storefronts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storefronts. Um but storefronts by
+themselves didn't confer legitimacy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves didn't confer legitimacy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves didn't confer legitimacy.
+like really traditional things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really traditional things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really traditional things like
+registar offices confirm legitimacy. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar offices confirm legitimacy. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registar offices confirm legitimacy. Um
+things that publish transcripts um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that publish transcripts um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that publish transcripts um and
+degrees and diplomas confer legitimacy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and diplomas confer legitimacy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and diplomas confer legitimacy.
+Um and so and so this idea that mukes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so and so this idea that mukes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so and so this idea that mukes
+could move forward just by selling one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could move forward just by selling one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could move forward just by selling one
+course at a time um proved untrue. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at a time um proved untrue. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at a time um proved untrue. So
+then MOUS did something um which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then MOUS did something um which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then MOUS did something um which was
+surprising to people which they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to people which they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising to people which they said
+well all right why don't we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right why don't we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right why don't we start
+offering whole degree programs um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering whole degree programs um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering whole degree programs um how
+about instead of taking just one MOO at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead of taking just one MOO at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead of taking just one MOO at
+a time you'll take eight MOOs and get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time you'll take eight MOOs and get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time you'll take eight MOOs and get an
+MBA you'll take eight mukes and get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA you'll take eight mukes and get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA you'll take eight mukes and get a a
+data science degree a computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science degree a computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science degree a computer science
+degree or something like that um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or something like that um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or something like that um there
+were companies that have been doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were companies that have been doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were companies that have been doing that
+for a long time those companies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time those companies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time those companies were
+called online program managers um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called online program managers um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called online program managers um they
+are some of the most sort of unreputable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the most sort of unreputable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the most sort of unreputable
+companies in the higher education space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the higher education space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in the higher education space
+for a few reasons Um, one is they tended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few reasons Um, one is they tended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few reasons Um, one is they tended
+to be pretty secretive. Um, so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty secretive. Um, so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty secretive. Um, so you would
+sign up for an online degree from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for an online degree from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for an online degree from an
+organization and you like think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and you like think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and you like think you're
+getting this degree from the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this degree from the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this degree from the University
+of Chicago, but you like you slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chicago, but you like you slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chicago, but you like you slowly
+realize um that there's a company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize um that there's a company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize um that there's a company called
+TU or Embinet um or or or Pearson Ebinet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TU or Embinet um or or or Pearson Ebinet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TU or Embinet um or or or Pearson Ebinet
+Services or something like that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services or something like that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Services or something like that which is
+actually providing a bunch of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually providing a bunch of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually providing a bunch of your
+educational experiences. Um, the Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational experiences. Um, the Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational experiences. Um, the Wall
+Street Journal in the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal in the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal in the last couple of
+years has had a bunch of exposees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years has had a bunch of exposees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years has had a bunch of exposees of
+boot camps that are branded by state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot camps that are branded by state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot camps that are branded by state
+universities, but they're actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities, but they're actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities, but they're actually just
+run by a company. You know, it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by a company. You know, it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by a company. You know, it's called
+like the Oregon computer science boot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Oregon computer science boot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Oregon computer science boot
+camp or whatever, computer programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp or whatever, computer programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp or whatever, computer programming
+boot camp, but nobody who teaches in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot camp, but nobody who teaches in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boot camp, but nobody who teaches in it
+works for the University of Oregon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for the University of Oregon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for the University of Oregon and
+things like that. Um, uh, I mean, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um, uh, I mean, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um, uh, I mean, the
+other problem that universities faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problem that universities faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problem that universities faced
+was that, um, like a a key precept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that, um, like a a key precept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that, um, like a a key precept of
+businesses is that you do not outsource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses is that you do not outsource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses is that you do not outsource
+your core competencies. Um, so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your core competencies. Um, so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your core competencies. Um, so if you're
+a university and you outsource your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university and you outsource your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university and you outsource your
+janitorial services, that is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janitorial services, that is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janitorial services, that is a great
+idea. If you outsource your accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. If you outsource your accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. If you outsource your accounting
+services, that is a great idea. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services, that is a great idea. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services, that is a great idea. If you
+outsource your teaching and learning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsource your teaching and learning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsource your teaching and learning,
+that is a bad idea. The teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a bad idea. The teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a bad idea. The teaching and
+learning is the thing that you do as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is the thing that you do as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is the thing that you do as a
+university. Um, so uh um I don't know, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university. Um, so uh um I don't know, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university. Um, so uh um I don't know, I
+wrote this paper in in 2019 um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this paper in in 2019 um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this paper in in 2019 um which
+said something like, man, these massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something like, man, these massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something like, man, these massive
+open online courses, they sure seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open online courses, they sure seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open online courses, they sure seem to
+be behaving like online programs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be behaving like online programs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be behaving like online programs or
+they're sort of partnering with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of partnering with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of partnering with these
+organizations. You know, part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations. You know, part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations. You know, part of the
+ways that they were compelling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that they were compelling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that they were compelling to
+organizations is that they would go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations is that they would go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations is that they would go to a
+university and say, "We will pay upfront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and say, "We will pay upfront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university and say, "We will pay upfront
+for the development of these degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the development of these degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the development of these degree
+programs, but then for the next 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs, but then for the next 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs, but then for the next 15
+years, we'll take 40% 50% 60% of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, we'll take 40% 50% 60% of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, we'll take 40% 50% 60% of all the
+tuition revenue that comes in." um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition revenue that comes in." um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition revenue that comes in." um at
+the you know in year one that might seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know in year one that might seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know in year one that might seem
+like a good idea because you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good idea because you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good idea because you didn't
+spend any money and you got this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend any money and you got this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend any money and you got this new
+tuition revenue but like 10 years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition revenue but like 10 years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition revenue but like 10 years from
+now you're like why am I paying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're like why am I paying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're like why am I paying you know
+to you Corsera Edex you know 60 50 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you Corsera Edex you know 60 50 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you Corsera Edex you know 60 50 40%
+of all the tuition revenue that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the tuition revenue that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the tuition revenue that's coming
+in when like what they're doing is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when like what they're doing is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in when like what they're doing is in
+some respects not that hard like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some respects not that hard like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some respects not that hard like they're
+running a learning management system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a learning management system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a learning management system and
+doing some online learning we can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some online learning we can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some online learning we can figure
+out how to do those things um this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do those things um this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to do those things um this was a
+bit of a controversial paper when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a controversial paper when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a controversial paper when I
+published it and there was a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published it and there was a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published it and there was a whole bunch
+of people um who said come on Justin,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people um who said come on Justin,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people um who said come on Justin,
+that's really not fair. You can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really not fair. You can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really not fair. You can't you
+can't say that mukes are turning into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that mukes are turning into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that mukes are turning into um
+online program managers. But then two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online program managers. But then two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online program managers. But then two
+years later, Tuyu, who was the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later, Tuyu, who was the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later, Tuyu, who was the largest
+online program manager, bought EdX. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online program manager, bought EdX. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online program manager, bought EdX. Um
+and uh and even that was a was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and even that was a was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and even that was a was a
+convergence that I wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that I wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that I wouldn't have
+projected. Um so I know um some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected. Um so I know um some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected. Um so I know um some of you
+may know that um all of the proceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know that um all of the proceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know that um all of the proceeds
+from um from the sale of Edex went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um from the sale of Edex went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um from the sale of Edex went to
+this nonprofit controlled by Harvard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nonprofit controlled by Harvard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nonprofit controlled by Harvard and
+MIT called Axom. Um, so, uh, so, uh, Tu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT called Axom. Um, so, uh, so, uh, Tu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT called Axom. Um, so, uh, so, uh, Tu
+paid $800 million for edex. Um, and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid $800 million for edex. Um, and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid $800 million for edex. Um, and that
+$800 million went to start a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$800 million went to start a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$800 million went to start a new
+nonprofit. Um, like headlines like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit. Um, like headlines like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit. Um, like headlines like this
+were kind of funny to me. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of funny to me. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of funny to me. You know,
+Harvard and MIT led nonprofit to tackle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and MIT led nonprofit to tackle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and MIT led nonprofit to tackle
+long-standing inequities in education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing inequities in education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing inequities in education.
+Um, but like that's exactly what Edex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but like that's exactly what Edex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but like that's exactly what Edex
+was. Um, Edex was a nonprofit designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Um, Edex was a nonprofit designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Um, Edex was a nonprofit designed
+to tackle inequities in education. I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle inequities in education. I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle inequities in education. I was
+like, well, that didn't work, so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, well, that didn't work, so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, well, that didn't work, so we're
+starting a new one. Um, and it's like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a new one. Um, and it's like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a new one. Um, and it's like,
+you know, like I just like how the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, like I just like how the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, like I just like how the big
+headline is like, "This is this brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headline is like, "This is this brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headline is like, "This is this brand
+new thing that we're doing. And by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing that we're doing. And by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing that we're doing. And by the
+way, it's because we sold the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, it's because we sold the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, it's because we sold the last
+version of this that we just did. Tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this that we just did. Tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this that we just did. Tiny
+font at the bottom." Um, uh, this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font at the bottom." Um, uh, this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font at the bottom." Um, uh, this was
+last year's sales price for Edex. Um, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year's sales price for Edex. Um, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year's sales price for Edex. Um, or
+for TU 2. Um, and, uh, yeah, their stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for TU 2. Um, and, uh, yeah, their stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for TU 2. Um, and, uh, yeah, their stock
+has declined 90% over the last five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has declined 90% over the last five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has declined 90% over the last five
+years. You can sort of see the pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. You can sort of see the pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. You can sort of see the pandemic
+bubble here. People did a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble here. People did a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble here. People did a bunch of
+online learning. Um and then they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning. Um and then they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online learning. Um and then they were
+partly they were less enthusiastic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly they were less enthusiastic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly they were less enthusiastic about
+it but also as universities get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but also as universities get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but also as universities get better
+at offering online learning um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at offering online learning um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at offering online learning um they
+don't have to partner with groups like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to partner with groups like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to partner with groups like
+TU anymore. Um this is actually today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TU anymore. Um this is actually today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TU anymore. Um this is actually today's
+stock quote where it is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock quote where it is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock quote where it is down
+99.36% over the last five years. Um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.36% over the last five years. Um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.36% over the last five years. Um uh
+so you know um TU paid for edex like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know um TU paid for edex like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know um TU paid for edex like
+substantially more than the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially more than the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially more than the entire
+company of 2U is currently worth today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company of 2U is currently worth today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company of 2U is currently worth today.
+Um, I guess I was just looking for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I guess I was just looking for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I guess I was just looking for like
+clarification on like EdX and like MITx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification on like EdX and like MITx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification on like EdX and like MITx
+and like Harvard X. Like is that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like Harvard X. Like is that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like Harvard X. Like is that all the
+same thing? Like the MITx that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing? Like the MITx that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing? Like the MITx that we use
+now? No. So, well, all right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now? No. So, well, all right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now? No. So, well, all right. So,
+Harvard and MIT each put $30 million.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and MIT each put $30 million.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and MIT each put $30 million.
+Um, they create units called Harvard X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, they create units called Harvard X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, they create units called Harvard X
+and MITx. Um, those are like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MITx. Um, those are like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MITx. Um, those are like sort of
+independent brands. The shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent brands. The shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent brands. The shared
+infrastructure that those things used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that those things used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that those things used
+was this thing called Edex. Um, Edex was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this thing called Edex. Um, Edex was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this thing called Edex. Um, Edex was
+a company. It also created an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company. It also created an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company. It also created an open
+source learning management system called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source learning management system called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source learning management system called
+open edex. So the com the like nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open edex. So the com the like nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open edex. So the com the like nonprofit
+edex was sold to to you to become part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edex was sold to to you to become part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edex was sold to to you to become part
+of a company but there still is an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company but there still is an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company but there still is an open
+source project called edex um which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source project called edex um which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source project called edex um which is a
+a learning management system software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a learning management system software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a learning management system software
+MITx and if there's still a thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MITx and if there's still a thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MITx and if there's still a thing called
+Harvard X to some extent in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard X to some extent in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard X to some extent in their
+products use this thing called open edex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products use this thing called open edex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products use this thing called open edex
+as what they're doing like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what they're doing like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as what they're doing like the
+infrastructure but MIT like the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure but MIT like the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure but MIT like the content
+that we look at when we go on MITx as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we look at when we go on MITx as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we look at when we go on MITx as
+students is not owned by this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is not owned by this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is not owned by this company
+uh Uh yes, but although it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Uh yes, but although it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Uh yes, but although it's sort of
+slightly more complicated than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated than that
+because I think like I um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think like I um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think like I um they
+definitely bought the right to display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely bought the right to display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely bought the right to display
+all or most of maybe they could display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or most of maybe they could display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or most of maybe they could display
+anything that they had instructors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that they had instructors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that they had instructors
+permission to be able to display. Like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to be able to display. Like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to be able to display. Like I
+took all of my courses off of Edex um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all of my courses off of Edex um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all of my courses off of Edex um
+when it was bought by TU um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was bought by TU um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was bought by TU um because
+because I don't want to support online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to support online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to support online
+program managers. I don't think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program managers. I don't think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program managers. I don't think they're
+good for higher education. Um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for higher education. Um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for higher education. Um some
+departments did that, things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments did that, things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments did that, things like that.
+They still might have some rights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They still might have some rights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They still might have some rights to
+display some of it, but they still sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display some of it, but they still sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display some of it, but they still sort
+of basically did what they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically did what they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically did what they wanted
+because if you look at it, a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at it, a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at it, a lot of it
+and like even open courseware is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like even open courseware is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like even open courseware is also
+from like 2008 updated years. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like 2008 updated years. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like 2008 updated years. Yeah.
+Which I guess makes sense. Yeah. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which I guess makes sense. Yeah. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which I guess makes sense. Yeah. You
+know, and in some ways in theor you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and in some ways in theor you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and in some ways in theor you know
+like like a lot of the argument is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a lot of the argument is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a lot of the argument is that
+it shouldn't have to be, right? Like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't have to be, right? Like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't have to be, right? Like how
+you know how much did uh um did did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much did uh um did did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much did uh um did did
+multivariable calculus change since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus change since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus change since
+2008? Like you know not that much. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008? Like you know not that much. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008? Like you know not that much. Um
+and part of the way that you gain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the way that you gain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the way that you gain the
+economy of scale is by sort of leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy of scale is by sort of leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy of scale is by sort of leaving
+these things alone. All right, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things alone. All right, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things alone. All right, we'll
+come back and I'll sort of finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and I'll sort of finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and I'll sort of finish this
+in here except to say that we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here except to say that we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here except to say that we uh we
+tried a whole lot of stuff to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried a whole lot of stuff to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried a whole lot of stuff to develop a
+new science of learning and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new science of learning and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new science of learning and like
+probably the main thing that we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the main thing that we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the main thing that we learned
+is that like people who click a lot into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like people who click a lot into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like people who click a lot into
+things do better than people who click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do better than people who click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do better than people who click
+less into things. Um which you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less into things. Um which you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less into things. Um which you probably
+didn't need a $60 million investment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need a $60 million investment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need a $60 million investment to
+be able to figure out. Um but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to figure out. Um but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to figure out. Um but I'll
+finish with this next time. Um you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with this next time. Um you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish with this next time. Um you'll
+turn in your papers by email and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in your papers by email and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in your papers by email and we'll
+talk a little bit more about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit more about uh
+intelligent tutors as well um both on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent tutors as well um both on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent tutors as well um both on
+Wednesday and the following Monday. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and the following Monday. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and the following Monday. Um
+if I can help you at all with paper one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can help you at all with paper one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can help you at all with paper one
+or anything else, let me know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else, let me know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything else, let me know.
+Otherwise, have a wonderful rest of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise, have a wonderful rest of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise, have a wonderful rest of your
+week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pfZY5aDJazA.txt b/pfZY5aDJazA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f58a764f4f304667147e75ab7f9bc6e3228c1f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pfZY5aDJazA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we are now going to do the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are now going to do the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we are now going to do the third
+part in our sort of trilogy of uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in our sort of trilogy of uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in our sort of trilogy of uniquely
+human functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human functions
+so starting a few weeks ago we moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so starting a few weeks ago we moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so starting a few weeks ago we moved
+from things that are shared with animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from things that are shared with animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from things that are shared with animals
+like navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like navigation
+and basic visual perception very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basic visual perception very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basic visual perception very similar
+between humans and monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between humans and monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between humans and monkeys
+and uh other uh number all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh other uh number all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh other uh number all of these
+things that are shared uh with animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are shared uh with animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are shared uh with animals
+to talk about functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about functions that are
+uniquely human and that includes music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely human and that includes music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely human and that includes music
+and language and today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and language and today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and language and today we're going to
+talk about the coolest and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the coolest and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the coolest and most
+quintessentially human mental function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessentially human mental function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessentially human mental function
+is and that is thinking about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and that is thinking about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and that is thinking about each
+other's thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+to get started thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started thinking about this
+um let me remind you guys of what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me remind you guys of what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me remind you guys of what should
+be pretty obvious that we human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty obvious that we human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty obvious that we human beings
+are profoundly social in many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are profoundly social in many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are profoundly social in many many
+different respects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different respects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different respects
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you think about you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about you know if you
+recount what happened in your day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recount what happened in your day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recount what happened in your day to
+someone else pretty much all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else pretty much all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else pretty much all of the
+elements of what you're encoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of what you're encoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of what you're encoun
+recounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recounting
+our interactions with other people these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interactions with other people these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interactions with other people these
+are the things we care about these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things we care about these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things we care about these are
+the basic structure of our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic structure of our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic structure of our lives
+um other people are the source of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other people are the source of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other people are the source of our
+greatest happiness for most of us if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest happiness for most of us if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest happiness for most of us if you
+ask people at the end of life what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people at the end of life what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people at the end of life what
+matters most they'll say i shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters most they'll say i shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters most they'll say i shouldn't
+have wasted all that time working so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wasted all that time working so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wasted all that time working so
+hard and my job didn't matter and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and my job didn't matter and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and my job didn't matter and i
+didn't realize actually it's just other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize actually it's just other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't realize actually it's just other
+people are the only thing that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions with other people or lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with other people or lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with other people or lack
+thereof are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereof are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereof are also
+the source of one of the deepest kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of one of the deepest kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of one of the deepest kinds
+of human suffering for many of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human suffering for many of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human suffering for many of us
+whether it's an everyday thing like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an everyday thing like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an everyday thing like a
+breakup with a or with a with a lover or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakup with a or with a with a lover or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakup with a or with a with a lover or
+a loss of a loved one or a family member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss of a loved one or a family member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loss of a loved one or a family member
+um and also depriving people of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also depriving people of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also depriving people of social
+interactions this is like society's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this is like society's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this is like society's um
+kind of strongest form of punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strongest form of punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strongest form of punishment
+right is solitary confinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is solitary confinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is solitary confinement
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+interactions with other people um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with other people um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with other people um our
+failure to understand them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to understand them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to understand them is
+devastating in the case of autism where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating in the case of autism where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating in the case of autism where
+people struggle to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people struggle to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people struggle to understand
+what other people are all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of our
+amazing abilities as human beings most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing abilities as human beings most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing abilities as human beings most
+of what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we know
+we learn from other people sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn from other people sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn from other people sometimes we
+figure stuff out on our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure stuff out on our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure stuff out on our own
+but if you take an inventory of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take an inventory of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take an inventory of all the
+stuff you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know
+you read about it or somebody told it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read about it or somebody told it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read about it or somebody told it to
+you you learned it from other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and consequently some of the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently some of the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently some of the greatest
+feats of humanity from arts to science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feats of humanity from arts to science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feats of humanity from arts to science
+to everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything else
+are products of people working together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are products of people working together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are products of people working together
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+further many people have hypothesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further many people have hypothesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further many people have hypothesized
+that social cognition our ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that social cognition our ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that social cognition our ability to
+understand and deal with interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and deal with interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and deal with interact with
+other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people
+is one of the strongest drivers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the strongest drivers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the strongest drivers of the
+evolution of the human brain so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the human brain so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the human brain so many
+have argued that the hardest problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have argued that the hardest problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have argued that the hardest problem we
+solve on a daily basis is understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve on a daily basis is understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve on a daily basis is understanding
+other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people
+and it's also a very important problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a very important problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a very important problem
+and so that's a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a powerful
+natural selection force understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection force understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection force understanding
+other people and that has shaped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and that has shaped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and that has shaped the
+structure of the human brain not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the human brain not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the human brain not
+everybody agrees with that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees with that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees with that kind of
+extreme view that it's the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme view that it's the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme view that it's the primary
+driver but it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver but it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver but it's an interesting
+hypothesis and it surely played some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and it surely played some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and it surely played some
+role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+social cognition also is just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition also is just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition also is just a very
+large percent of human cognition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large percent of human cognition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large percent of human cognition and
+it's a large percent in terms of minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a large percent in terms of minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a large percent in terms of minutes
+of every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every day
+if you tally up different forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tally up different forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tally up different forms of
+social cognition this is one we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition this is one we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition this is one we're doing
+right now and we're about to engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and we're about to engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and we're about to engage in
+an hour and 20 minutes of it right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and 20 minutes of it right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and 20 minutes of it right here
+and probably when you leave this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably when you leave this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably when you leave this room
+you'll engage in other kinds of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll engage in other kinds of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll engage in other kinds of social
+cognition so it's just a large percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition so it's just a large percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition so it's just a large percent
+of what we do all day every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we do all day every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we do all day every day
+and it's also a large percent of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a large percent of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a large percent of what
+the cortex does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex does
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+roughly that stuff and other bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly that stuff and other bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly that stuff and other bits
+are engaged in different aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are engaged in different aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are engaged in different aspects of
+social cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition
+so what exactly is social cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what exactly is social cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what exactly is social cognition
+to get a sense of what is entailed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sense of what is entailed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sense of what is entailed in
+social cognition which is a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition which is a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cognition which is a very complex
+multi-part multi-faceted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-part multi-faceted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-part multi-faceted
+enterprise i'm going to show you a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise i'm going to show you a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise i'm going to show you a um a
+short video of an interaction between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short video of an interaction between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short video of an interaction between an
+8 a bunch of 18 month old infants and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 a bunch of 18 month old infants and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 a bunch of 18 month old infants and an
+experimenter and what i want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter and what i want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter and what i want you to do
+is just watch it it's very charming but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just watch it it's very charming but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just watch it it's very charming but
+also think about what these kids must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about what these kids must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about what these kids must
+know to be able to do what you're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to be able to do what you're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to be able to do what you're about
+to see can you see the screen there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see can you see the screen there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see can you see the screen there okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that little kid in the corner doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little kid in the corner doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little kid in the corner doesn't
+know this guy he's just been brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this guy he's just been brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this guy he's just been brought in
+for the experiment and he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the experiment and he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the experiment and he's just
+watching this weirdo doing this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put the eye contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+never met that guy before here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never met that guy before here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never met that guy before here's another
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's dropped a clothespin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the matter with this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+looking more and more suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what did you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what did you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what did you notice
+what are those little kids 18 months oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those little kids 18 months oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those little kids 18 months oh
+there's another one this is cute but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one this is cute but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one this is cute but we
+don't need it let's go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it let's go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need it let's go on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what did you notice about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you notice about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you notice about um
+what those little kids were able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those little kids were able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those little kids were able to do
+what what is entailed in being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is entailed in being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is entailed in being able to
+do that what have they figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that what have they figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that what have they figured out
+lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things
+yeah they understand intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they understand intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they understand intention
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah all they're doing is watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all they're doing is watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all they're doing is watching this
+guy do these clumsy actions and he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy do these clumsy actions and he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy do these clumsy actions and he's not
+saying anything he's just grunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anything he's just grunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anything he's just grunting
+and they're figuring out what he intends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're figuring out what he intends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're figuring out what he intends
+absolutely what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely what else
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of being able to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of being able to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of being able to interpret
+the sounds of the grunts that footage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds of the grunts that footage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds of the grunts that footage
+was making so especially like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making so especially like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making so especially like the one
+completion like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion like
+sound huh uh-huh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound huh uh-huh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound huh uh-huh yeah
+one could ask which of those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could ask which of those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could ask which of those things are
+more important actions or the sounds i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important actions or the sounds i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important actions or the sounds i
+don't think they took it apart here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they took it apart here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they took it apart here but
+it's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting question
+yep so they they understand some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so they they understand some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so they they understand some kind of
+vocal communication not language but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal communication not language but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal communication not language but
+some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of
+intent definitely they'd be part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent definitely they'd be part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent definitely they'd be part of it
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+do you understand how to be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you understand how to be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you understand how to be helpful
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in
+i didn't hear without sorry without like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't hear without sorry without like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't hear without sorry without like
+interviewing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing people
+coming in their way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in their way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in their way
+yeah yeah they know how to be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah they know how to be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah they know how to be helpful
+but not just they know how they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not just they know how they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not just they know how they have a
+will to be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will to be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will to be helpful
+remember these kids never met that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these kids never met that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these kids never met that
+stranger before this video started or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranger before this video started or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranger before this video started or
+maybe a minute or two before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a minute or two before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a minute or two before
+so it's fascinating not just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's fascinating not just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's fascinating not just what
+they're able to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to figure out
+but what they're motivated to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they're motivated to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they're motivated to do
+right that's a quintessentially human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a quintessentially human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a quintessentially human
+thing is to spontaneously help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to spontaneously help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to spontaneously help
+a stranger who you've never met before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stranger who you've never met before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stranger who you've never met before
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+are not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not related to
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so but focusing more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so but focusing more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so but focusing more on the
+cognitive abilities um what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive abilities um what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive abilities um what what you
+need to do to figure out another agent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to figure out another agent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to figure out another agent's
+actions is to figure out what that agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions is to figure out what that agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions is to figure out what that agent
+is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing
+and that's externally observable you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's externally observable you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's externally observable you can
+watch you can use your perceptual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch you can use your perceptual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch you can use your perceptual system
+construed broadly to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed broadly to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construed broadly to figure out what is
+this person doing in some general sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person doing in some general sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person doing in some general sense
+and that's important and and subtle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's important and and subtle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's important and and subtle and
+multifaceted but it's nowhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifaceted but it's nowhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifaceted but it's nowhere near
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+really what you want to know is why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you want to know is why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you want to know is why are
+they doing that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they doing that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they doing that thing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's not directly observable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not directly observable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not directly observable you
+can't see the why of a person's actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the why of a person's actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the why of a person's actions
+you have to infer it in fact to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to infer it in fact to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to infer it in fact to infer
+you have to infer a bunch of hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to infer a bunch of hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to infer a bunch of hidden
+mental states and those things are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental states and those things are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental states and those things are much
+more abstract than just you know i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract than just you know i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract than just you know i'm
+picking up the phone right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up the phone right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up the phone right you know
+that's just an action you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an action you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just an action you can see it
+but if you try to think about why am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you try to think about why am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you try to think about why am i
+picking up the phone now we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up the phone now we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up the phone now we're in a
+whole different ballpark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different ballpark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different ballpark
+and so what you need to figure out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you need to figure out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you need to figure out to
+hit to figure out the agent's hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit to figure out the agent's hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit to figure out the agent's hidden
+mental states you need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental states you need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental states you need to figure out
+what can that agent see or hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can that agent see or hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can that agent see or hear
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and here it's really important to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's really important to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's really important to not
+lose a level here we're not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a level here we're not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a level here we're not talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+what we can see in understanding another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can see in understanding another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can see in understanding another
+agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+we need to understand what what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand what what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand what what that
+agent can see about someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent can see about someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent can see about someone else
+okay so we're getting kind of meta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're getting kind of meta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're getting kind of meta here
+with multiple levels okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple levels okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple levels okay
+um we also need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also need to understand
+the other agents desires and goals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other agents desires and goals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other agents desires and goals of
+what they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want
+or what they're intending okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what they're intending okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what they're intending okay
+so how might we figure these things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how might we figure these things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how might we figure these things out
+um sometimes there are simple cues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes there are simple cues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes there are simple cues that
+might suffice so you might make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might suffice so you might make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might suffice so you might make an
+inference like if a person is reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference like if a person is reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference like if a person is reaching
+for an object they want that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an object they want that object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an object they want that object
+okay so there the externally observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there the externally observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there the externally observable
+thing might give you a pretty direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing might give you a pretty direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing might give you a pretty direct
+inference about that it hurt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about that it hurt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about that it hurt the
+internal hidden state of what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal hidden state of what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal hidden state of what the what
+the agent wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent wants
+okay but a lot of times that's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but a lot of times that's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but a lot of times that's not going
+to work right that's going to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work right that's going to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work right that's going to work in
+some cases but only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases but only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases but only a few
+and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further
+the percepts and the goals that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percepts and the goals that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percepts and the goals that we've
+mentioned here aren't enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here aren't enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here aren't enough
+okay they'll work in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they'll work in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they'll work in some cases
+but humans do much more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but humans do much more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but humans do much more than that
+so let's consider this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider this case
+here's and here's a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's and here's a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's and here's a um
+an agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent
+who's doing some action and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing some action and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing some action and we can
+observe their body motions and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe their body motions and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe their body motions and what we
+want to understand is how this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand is how this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand is how this other
+agent watching them is going to infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent watching them is going to infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent watching them is going to infer
+things about this guy okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this guy okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this guy okay so we're
+interested in what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what's going on in the
+mind of this guy as they watch that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of this guy as they watch that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of this guy as they watch that guy
+okay now let's consider the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's consider the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's consider the case that
+this guy's trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's trying to understand
+this is romeo here why did romeo reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is romeo here why did romeo reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is romeo here why did romeo reach
+for the bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bottle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well to understand why romeo reached for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to understand why romeo reached for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to understand why romeo reached for
+the bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle
+you need to perceive and infer a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to perceive and infer a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to perceive and infer a whole
+bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things
+you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+see the hand reaching for the bottle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the hand reaching for the bottle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the hand reaching for the bottle to
+know what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happened
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but then to really understand the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then to really understand the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then to really understand the case
+of romeo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of romeo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of romeo
+you need to understand that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to understand that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to understand that his
+intention is to drink the liquid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention is to drink the liquid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention is to drink the liquid in the
+bottle that's why he reached for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle that's why he reached for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle that's why he reached for it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+can't see the intention to drink the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the intention to drink the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the intention to drink the
+liquid you can only see the reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid you can only see the reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid you can only see the reaching
+then you further need to understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you further need to understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you further need to understand why
+is he intending to drink the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he intending to drink the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he intending to drink the liquid
+well because he believes the liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because he believes the liquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because he believes the liquid is
+poison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i don't know why my pop-ups are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why my pop-ups are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why my pop-ups are all
+messing up here whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing up here whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing up here whatever
+he believes that julia is dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he believes that julia is dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he believes that julia is dead
+and he wants to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wants to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wants to die
+okay so all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of that
+is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of
+what is entailed in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is entailed in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is entailed in understanding
+why romeo reached for the bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why romeo reached for the bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why romeo reached for the bottle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and crucially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crucially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crucially
+the stuff in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff in red
+these things are the beliefs and desires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are the beliefs and desires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are the beliefs and desires
+are not directly observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not directly observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not directly observable
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+highly abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly abstract
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and they're crucial they are the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're crucial they are the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're crucial they are the best
+way to explain and predict behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to explain and predict behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to explain and predict behavior
+so when we need to understand other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we need to understand other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we need to understand other
+people and what they're doing and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and what they're doing and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and what they're doing and why
+we're in this abstract space of beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this abstract space of beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this abstract space of beliefs
+and desires we can't see them directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and desires we can't see them directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and desires we can't see them directly
+we have to observe we have to infer them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to observe we have to infer them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to observe we have to infer them
+indirectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly
+and they're essential because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're essential because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're essential because that's
+what we need to do to understand other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do to understand other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do to understand other
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so we talked before about perceiving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked before about perceiving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked before about perceiving uh
+an agent um i'm sorry about inferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent um i'm sorry about inferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent um i'm sorry about inferring
+what an agent can can perceive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an agent can can perceive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an agent can can perceive and
+inferring the agent's desires and goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring the agent's desires and goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring the agent's desires and goals
+but as i just pointed out we also need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i just pointed out we also need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as i just pointed out we also need
+to know the agent's beliefs what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the agent's beliefs what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the agent's beliefs what they
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all of this stuff in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this stuff in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this stuff in here
+inferring the hidden mental states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring the hidden mental states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring the hidden mental states of
+agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents
+is what we mean by mentalizing inferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we mean by mentalizing inferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we mean by mentalizing inferring
+other people's mental states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's mental states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's mental states
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the cases we're talking about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cases we're talking about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cases we're talking about here
+are inferring the percepts of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inferring the percepts of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inferring the percepts of another
+agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+inferring the desires of another agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring the desires of another agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring the desires of another agent
+and inferring the beliefs of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inferring the beliefs of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inferring the beliefs of another
+agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent
+okay all this abstract stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all this abstract stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all this abstract stuff
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+no computer system can do this not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no computer system can do this not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no computer system can do this not even
+close see we can still say that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close see we can still say that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close see we can still say that we can't
+say that about object recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that about object recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that about object recognition
+anymore but we have this little precious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but we have this little precious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but we have this little precious
+reserve where we can still say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve where we can still say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve where we can still say that
+no animal can do these things except in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no animal can do these things except in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no animal can do these things except in
+very restricted cases so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very restricted cases so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very restricted cases so there's an
+active ongoing research program in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active ongoing research program in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active ongoing research program in a
+bunch of labs testing chimps and subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of labs testing chimps and subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of labs testing chimps and subtle
+tasks to try to figure out when they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks to try to figure out when they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks to try to figure out when they can
+infer things about the mind of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer things about the mind of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer things about the mind of another
+chimp or person and there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimp or person and there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimp or person and there are a few
+restricted cases where they can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted cases where they can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted cases where they can make
+some inferences about the mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inferences about the mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inferences about the mental
+contents of other agents but the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of other agents but the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of other agents but the current
+dominant view is that those inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant view is that those inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant view is that those inferences
+are very restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very restricted
+to very particular situations usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very particular situations usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very particular situations usually
+involving competition over food and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving competition over food and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving competition over food and they
+don't generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't generalize
+um in in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in any way
+okay so in this whole enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this whole enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this whole enterprise
+specific cues like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cues like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cues like
+making an inference that reaching for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an inference that reaching for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an inference that reaching for x
+means wanting x will help in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means wanting x will help in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means wanting x will help in some cases
+but will only get us so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will only get us so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will only get us so far
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we do much more than that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do much more than that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do much more than that and the
+question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+all right so inferring mental states to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so inferring mental states to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so inferring mental states to
+understand other people involves person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand other people involves person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand other people involves person
+inferring their percepts their beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring their percepts their beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring their percepts their beliefs
+and their desires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their desires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their desires
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so how do we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how do we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how do we do this
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+a first question that we ask in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first question that we ask in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first question that we ask in this
+class and that's kind of a sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and that's kind of a sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and that's kind of a sensible
+thing to do is when we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is when we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is when we're trying to
+understand this whole space of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this whole space of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this whole space of how
+people think about another agent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about another agent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about another agent's
+percepts beliefs and desires we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percepts beliefs and desires we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percepts beliefs and desires we might
+just think okay maybe that's just part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think okay maybe that's just part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think okay maybe that's just part
+of generic cognition who says that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generic cognition who says that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generic cognition who says that's a
+separate domain of cognition that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate domain of cognition that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate domain of cognition that we
+should study separately maybe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should study separately maybe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should study separately maybe we should
+just study thinking in general thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just study thinking in general thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just study thinking in general thinking
+about objects thinking about physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about objects thinking about physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about objects thinking about physics
+thinking about people maybe it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about people maybe it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about people maybe it's all the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's stop let's start by considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's stop let's start by considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's stop let's start by considering
+is it really a separate thing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really a separate thing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really a separate thing from the
+rest of cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of cognition
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well there's a classic behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a classic behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a classic behavioral
+paradigm in this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm in this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm in this field
+that's provided some evidence in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's provided some evidence in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's provided some evidence in this
+you may have heard about this in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard about this in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard about this in other
+classes but we'll talk about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but we'll talk about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but we'll talk about it because
+it's so kind of fundamental to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so kind of fundamental to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so kind of fundamental to all of
+the work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work on
+thinking about other people's thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about other people's thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about other people's thoughts
+and that is called the false belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is called the false belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is called the false belief
+paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm
+it's really a way of testing beliefs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a way of testing beliefs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a way of testing beliefs and
+the reason you test false beliefs rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you test false beliefs rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you test false beliefs rather
+than true beliefs is if you ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than true beliefs is if you ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than true beliefs is if you ask about
+another agent's false belief true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another agent's false belief true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another agent's false belief true
+beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+um then your prediction about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then your prediction about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then your prediction about what
+they're going to do next is confounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do next is confounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do next is confounded
+with what is true in the world and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what is true in the world and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what is true in the world and if
+you want to really tap into what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to really tap into what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to really tap into what's going
+on in their mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in their mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in their mind
+as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+what you know what would be true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what would be true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what would be true in the
+world you have to use a false belief to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you have to use a false belief to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you have to use a false belief to
+pull those apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull those apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull those apart
+okay so the classic way this is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the classic way this is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the classic way this is done
+the sally and task goes like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sally and task goes like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sally and task goes like this
+this is the sound there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sound there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sound there are many
+variants of it but this is the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants of it but this is the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants of it but this is the classic
+original version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version
+uh that appears in hundreds of papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that appears in hundreds of papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that appears in hundreds of papers
+um so here's sally and and ann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's sally and and ann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's sally and and ann
+and sally puts her ball in the basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sally puts her ball in the basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sally puts her ball in the basket
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you show this to little kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show this to little kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show this to little kids
+or or animals too versions of it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or animals too versions of it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or animals too versions of it we're
+doing a little kid version you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little kid version you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little kid version you say okay
+here's sally she puts her ball in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sally she puts her ball in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sally she puts her ball in the
+basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i don't know why my pop-ups are screwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why my pop-ups are screwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why my pop-ups are screwing
+up anyway then ann comes along sally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anyway then ann comes along sally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anyway then ann comes along sally
+leaves the room and comes in and moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the room and comes in and moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the room and comes in and moves
+sally's ball from the basket to the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sally's ball from the basket to the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sally's ball from the basket to the box
+and ann closes the top of the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ann closes the top of the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ann closes the top of the box
+then the question is when sally comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is when sally comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is when sally comes
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+where will she look for her ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will she look for her ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will she look for her ball
+okay where will she look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ball in the basket right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in the basket right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in the basket right
+okay if you do this very simple question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do this very simple question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do this very simple question
+for three-year-olds they'll say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three-year-olds they'll say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three-year-olds they'll say in the
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+if you do it on five-year-olds they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it on five-year-olds they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it on five-year-olds they'll
+stay in the basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the basket
+okay adults say in the basket as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay adults say in the basket as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay adults say in the basket as you
+guys say you have to think for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys say you have to think for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys say you have to think for a second
+right if you just kind of blurt out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you just kind of blurt out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you just kind of blurt out the
+first thing that comes to mind you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that comes to mind you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that comes to mind you'll
+behave like a three-year-old and say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave like a three-year-old and say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave like a three-year-old and say in
+the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box
+but if you think for half a second you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think for half a second you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think for half a second you
+realize duh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize duh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize duh
+she doesn't know it got moved to the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't know it got moved to the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't know it got moved to the box
+she'll look where she thinks it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll look where she thinks it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'll look where she thinks it is in
+the basket okay everybody with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basket okay everybody with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basket okay everybody with the
+program here okay so that's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here okay so that's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here okay so that's very very
+simple task it's the basic false belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple task it's the basic false belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple task it's the basic false belief
+paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm
+and to make it more vivid i have to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make it more vivid i have to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make it more vivid i have to show
+you a video of rebecca sacks giving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a video of rebecca sacks giving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a video of rebecca sacks giving this
+task to a bunch of kids and talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to a bunch of kids and talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to a bunch of kids and talking
+about it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's a
+it's a delightful video and it'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a delightful video and it'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a delightful video and it'll give
+you a really vivid sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a really vivid sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a really vivid sense of
+you know how smart a three-year-old is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how smart a three-year-old is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how smart a three-year-old is
+and how much they understand and yet how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much they understand and yet how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much they understand and yet how
+fundamentally and totally they fail this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally and totally they fail this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally and totally they fail this
+task versions of this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+the first thing i'm going to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i'm going to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i'm going to show you is
+a change between age 3 and 5 as kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change between age 3 and 5 as kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change between age 3 and 5 as kids
+learn to understand that somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to understand that somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to understand that somebody else
+can have beliefs that are different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have beliefs that are different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have beliefs that are different from
+their own so i'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own so i'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own so i'm going to show you a
+five-year-old who's getting a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-old who's getting a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-old who's getting a standard
+kind of puzzle that we call the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of puzzle that we call the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of puzzle that we call the false
+belief test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief test
+this is the first pirate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first pirate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first pirate
+his name is ivan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is ivan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name is ivan
+you know what pirates really like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what pirates really like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what pirates really like what
+pirates really like cheese sandwiches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirates really like cheese sandwiches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirates really like cheese sandwiches
+cheese i love cheese yeah so my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese i love cheese yeah so my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese i love cheese yeah so my friend
+has his cheese sandwich and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his cheese sandwich and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his cheese sandwich and he says
+i really love cheese sandwiches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really love cheese sandwiches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really love cheese sandwiches
+when ivan puts his sandwich over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when ivan puts his sandwich over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when ivan puts his sandwich over here
+on top of the pirate chest and ivan says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the pirate chest and ivan says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the pirate chest and ivan says
+you know what i need a drink with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what i need a drink with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what i need a drink with my
+lunch and so ivan goes to get a drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch and so ivan goes to get a drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch and so ivan goes to get a drink
+and while ivan is away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while ivan is away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while ivan is away
+the wind comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind comes
+and it blows the sandwich down onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it blows the sandwich down onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it blows the sandwich down onto the
+grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+here comes the other pirate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes the other pirate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes the other pirate
+this parrot is called joshua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parrot is called joshua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parrot is called joshua
+and joshua also really loves cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and joshua also really loves cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and joshua also really loves cheese
+sandwich so joshua has a cheese sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich so joshua has a cheese sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich so joshua has a cheese sandwich
+and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says
+yum yum yum i love cheese sandwiches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yum yum yum i love cheese sandwiches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yum yum yum i love cheese sandwiches
+and he puts his cheese sandwich over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he puts his cheese sandwich over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he puts his cheese sandwich over
+here on top of the pirate chest so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on top of the pirate chest so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on top of the pirate chest so that
+one is his that one's joshua's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is his that one's joshua's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is his that one's joshua's that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and then his went down the ground yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then his went down the ground yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then his went down the ground yeah
+that's exactly right now so he won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right now so he won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right now so he won't
+know which one is his spontaneous don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one is his spontaneous don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which one is his spontaneous don't
+even have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to ask
+evan comes back and he says i want my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evan comes back and he says i want my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evan comes back and he says i want my
+cheese sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese sandwich
+so which one do you think ivan's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which one do you think ivan's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which one do you think ivan's gonna
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+i think he's gonna take that one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he's gonna take that one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he's gonna take that one yeah
+you think he's gonna take that one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think he's gonna take that one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think he's gonna take that one all
+right let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see
+oh yeah you were right you took that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah you were right you took that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah you were right you took that one
+so that's a five-year-old who clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a five-year-old who clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a five-year-old who clearly
+understands that other people can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that other people can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that other people can have
+false beliefs and what the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false beliefs and what the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false beliefs and what the consequences
+are for their actions now i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for their actions now i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for their actions now i'm going to
+show you a three-year-old who got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a three-year-old who got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a three-year-old who got the
+same puzzle and ivan says i want my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same puzzle and ivan says i want my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same puzzle and ivan says i want my
+cheese sandwich which sandwich is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese sandwich which sandwich is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese sandwich which sandwich is he
+gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take
+he's gonna take that one let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna take that one let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna take that one let's see what
+happens let's see what he does here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's see what he does here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's see what he does here
+comes ivan and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes ivan and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes ivan and he says
+i want my cheese sandwich and he takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want my cheese sandwich and he takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want my cheese sandwich and he takes
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh
+why'd he take that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so the three-year-old does two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three-year-old does two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three-year-old does two things
+differently first he predicts ivan will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently first he predicts ivan will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently first he predicts ivan will
+take the sandwich that's really his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sandwich that's really his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sandwich that's really his
+and second when he sees ivan taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second when he sees ivan taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second when he sees ivan taking the
+sandwich where he left his where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich where he left his where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich where he left his where we
+would say he's taking that one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say he's taking that one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say he's taking that one because
+he thinks it's his the three-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks it's his the three-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks it's his the three-year-old
+comes up with another explanation he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with another explanation he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with another explanation he's
+not taking his own sandwich because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking his own sandwich because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking his own sandwich because he
+doesn't want it because now it's dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want it because now it's dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want it because now it's dirty
+on the ground so that's why he's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground so that's why he's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground so that's why he's taking
+the other sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other sandwich
+now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course
+development doesn't end at five and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development doesn't end at five and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development doesn't end at five and we
+can see the continuation of this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the continuation of this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the continuation of this process
+of learning to think about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning to think about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning to think about other
+people's thoughts by upping the ante and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's thoughts by upping the ante and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's thoughts by upping the ante and
+asking children now not for an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking children now not for an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking children now not for an action
+prediction but for a moral judgment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction but for a moral judgment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction but for a moral judgment so
+first i'm going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i'm going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first i'm going to show you the
+three-year-old again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year-old again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year-old again
+i have been being mean and naughty for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have been being mean and naughty for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have been being mean and naughty for
+taking joshua's sandwich yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking joshua's sandwich yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking joshua's sandwich yeah yeah
+should i even get in trouble for taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i even get in trouble for taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should i even get in trouble for taking
+joshua sandwich yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joshua sandwich yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joshua sandwich yeah
+so it's maybe not surprising he thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's maybe not surprising he thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's maybe not surprising he thinks
+it was meena viven to take the joshua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was meena viven to take the joshua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was meena viven to take the joshua
+sandwich since he thinks ivan only took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich since he thinks ivan only took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich since he thinks ivan only took
+joshua sandwich to avoid having to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joshua sandwich to avoid having to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joshua sandwich to avoid having to eat
+his own dirty sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own dirty sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own dirty sandwich
+but now i'm gonna show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm gonna show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm gonna show you the
+five-year-old remember the five-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-old remember the five-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-old remember the five-year-old
+completely understood why i even took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely understood why i even took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely understood why i even took
+joshua's sandwich was ivan being mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joshua's sandwich was ivan being mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joshua's sandwich was ivan being mean
+and naughty for taking joshua's sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and naughty for taking joshua's sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and naughty for taking joshua's sandwich
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah and so it's not until age seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so it's not until age seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so it's not until age seven
+that we get what looks more like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get what looks more like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get what looks more like an
+adult response should i even get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult response should i even get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult response should i even get in
+trouble for taking joshua's sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble for taking joshua's sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble for taking joshua's sandwich
+no because the wind chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for switching sandwiches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so everybody got the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everybody got the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everybody got the idea of the
+false belief tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false belief tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false belief tasks
+past passed in the four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past passed in the four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past passed in the four and
+five-year-olds not in the three-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-olds not in the three-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-year-olds not in the three-year-old
+and the three-year-old not only fails to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three-year-old not only fails to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three-year-old not only fails to
+get the answer right but when asked why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer right but when asked why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer right but when asked why
+it happened he comes up with a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened he comes up with a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened he comes up with a totally
+different account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different account
+okay and you can see that three-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that three-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that three-year-old
+is not a dummy three-year-olds are smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a dummy three-year-olds are smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a dummy three-year-olds are smart
+and can do all kinds of things but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can do all kinds of things but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can do all kinds of things but they
+don't get this particular thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get this particular thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get this particular thing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+what about kids with autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well kids with autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well kids with autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well kids with autism
+either fail this task altogether or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either fail this task altogether or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either fail this task altogether or they
+pass it much later than neurotypical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it much later than neurotypical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it much later than neurotypical
+kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+we've got to figure out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to figure out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to figure out why
+why would a relatively high functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would a relatively high functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would a relatively high functioning
+kid with autism say a seven-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid with autism say a seven-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid with autism say a seven-year-old
+who's got language and who seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got language and who seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got language and who seems to
+understand the question why would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the question why would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the question why would they
+fail this task why would anybody fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail this task why would anybody fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail this task why would anybody fail
+this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task
+there's a couple of things going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of things going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of things going on here
+the essential element of the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essential element of the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essential element of the false
+belief tasks that we're interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief tasks that we're interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief tasks that we're interested in is
+that it requires you to attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it requires you to attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it requires you to attribute
+thoughts to another agent right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts to another agent right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts to another agent right that's
+what this task was made to tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this task was made to tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this task was made to tap
+but you might fail it not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might fail it not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might fail it not just for
+failing to attribute thoughts correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to attribute thoughts correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to attribute thoughts correctly
+you might fail it for other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might fail it for other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might fail it for other reasons
+you might fail it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might fail it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might fail it
+because this task involves this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this task involves this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this task involves this weird
+situation whereas there's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation whereas there's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation whereas there's the other
+agent's belief and there's a reality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent's belief and there's a reality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent's belief and there's a reality and
+they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different
+and that's kind of confusing it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of confusing it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of confusing it's like
+representing x and not x at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing x and not x at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing x and not x at the same
+time maybe that's just a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe that's just a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe that's just a particularly
+generically hard cognitive thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically hard cognitive thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically hard cognitive thing to do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the third possibility is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third possibility is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third possibility is that the
+true state of the world is so salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true state of the world is so salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true state of the world is so salient
+and dominant it may be hard to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dominant it may be hard to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dominant it may be hard to just
+inhibit that true reality in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit that true reality in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit that true reality in order to
+infer uh the the um the belief a belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer uh the the um the belief a belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer uh the the um the belief a belief
+is a kind of less visible salient thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of less visible salient thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of less visible salient thing
+than the true state of the world and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the true state of the world and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the true state of the world and so
+maybe just having an inability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just having an inability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just having an inability to
+inhibit dominant salient representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit dominant salient representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit dominant salient representations
+would infer interfere with your ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would infer interfere with your ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would infer interfere with your ability
+to do this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this task
+so people with autism or in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people with autism or in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people with autism or in fact
+three-year-olds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year-olds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year-olds
+might fail for any of these reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fail for any of these reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might fail for any of these reasons
+so how are we going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to figure out
+whether people with autism are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people with autism are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether people with autism are actually
+failing this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing this task
+because of their difficulty and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their difficulty and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their difficulty and in
+attributing thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing thoughts
+well the way to figure that out is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way to figure that out is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way to figure that out is to
+come up with a really really clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a really really clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a really really clever
+control task okay this task was invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control task okay this task was invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control task okay this task was invented
+by debbie zaichik when i was in graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by debbie zaichik when i was in graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by debbie zaichik when i was in graduate
+school she was my office mate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school she was my office mate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school she was my office mate in
+graduate school and she came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school and she came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school and she came up with
+this task and i said that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task and i said that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task and i said that is really
+brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+so we want to figure out whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to figure out whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to figure out whether it's a
+belief per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief per se
+uh that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the the
+difficulty in attributing the thought or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty in attributing the thought or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty in attributing the thought or
+the belief to another agent that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief to another agent that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief to another agent that's the
+crux of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crux of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crux of the problem
+so in zach's false photo task the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in zach's false photo task the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in zach's false photo task the idea
+is it's a logically isomorphic task but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a logically isomorphic task but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a logically isomorphic task but
+it's about a physical representation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a physical representation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a physical representation not
+a mental one so what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mental one so what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mental one so what you do is
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+sally putting her her ball in the basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sally putting her her ball in the basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sally putting her her ball in the basket
+uh and then you have a what was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you have a what was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you have a what was then
+like widely known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like widely known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like widely known to
+to kids a polaroid photograph a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kids a polaroid photograph a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kids a polaroid photograph a camera
+come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along
+we didn't have cell phones back then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have cell phones back then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have cell phones back then so
+it's a polaroid camera takes a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a polaroid camera takes a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a polaroid camera takes a picture
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sally putting her ball in the basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sally putting her ball in the basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sally putting her ball in the basket
+and then ann moves the ball from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ann moves the ball from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ann moves the ball from the
+basket to the box and then you ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket to the box and then you ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket to the box and then you ask the
+kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+where will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where will sally look for her ball i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will sally look for her ball i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will sally look for her ball i'm
+sorry where will where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where will where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry where will where is
+sorry then you ask the kid where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then you ask the kid where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry then you ask the kid where is the
+ball in the photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in the photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball in the photograph
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry i screwed it up here's a belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i screwed it up here's a belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i screwed it up here's a belief
+version the kid watches sally and anne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the kid watches sally and anne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the kid watches sally and anne
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+you do a photograph version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a photograph version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a photograph version of it
+so you there's no um you're not asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you there's no um you're not asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you there's no um you're not asking
+about another person's beliefs you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another person's beliefs you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another person's beliefs you're
+using a photograph and you're showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a photograph and you're showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a photograph and you're showing
+sally put the ball in the basket basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sally put the ball in the basket basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sally put the ball in the basket basket
+you take a photograph of it and moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a photograph of it and moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a photograph of it and moves
+the ball to the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball to the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball to the box
+and then you ask in the photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you ask in the photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you ask in the photograph
+where's the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the ball
+okay you're not asking amount about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're not asking amount about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're not asking amount about a
+mental belief you're asking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental belief you're asking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental belief you're asking about a
+physical representation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical representation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical representation in the
+photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so do you see how even though i bungled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see how even though i bungled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see how even though i bungled
+it on the first time it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the first time it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the first time it's really a
+logically isomorphic task you're in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically isomorphic task you're in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically isomorphic task you're in both
+cases you're asking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you're asking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you're asking about a
+representation that differs from reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that differs from reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that differs from reality
+but one's a mental representation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one's a mental representation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one's a mental representation that's
+where the kids with autism fail the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the kids with autism fail the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the kids with autism fail the task
+this is the physical representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the physical representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the physical representation
+kids with asd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids with asd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids with asd
+fail the false belief task not the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail the false belief task not the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail the false belief task not the false
+photo task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo task
+and that rules out these other accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that rules out these other accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that rules out these other accounts
+because in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in both cases
+there's a representation that differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a representation that differs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a representation that differs
+from reality you have the x and not x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reality you have the x and not x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reality you have the x and not x
+challenge right that's true of both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge right that's true of both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge right that's true of both of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+um and in both cases the true state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in both cases the true state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in both cases the true state is
+kind of more dominant than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more dominant than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more dominant than the
+representational state in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational state in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational state in the in the
+belief or the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief or the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief or the photo
+and yet they have a problem with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet they have a problem with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet they have a problem with the um
+with the belief version not with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the belief version not with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the belief version not with a
+photograph version suggesting that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph version suggesting that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph version suggesting that this
+is the correct account of why they fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct account of why they fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct account of why they fail
+that makes sense was there a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense was there a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense was there a question
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all of that is consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that is consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of that is consistent with the
+idea that attributing uh thoughts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that attributing uh thoughts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that attributing uh thoughts to
+another agent is a special distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another agent is a special distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another agent is a special distinctive
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+that's what i just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i just said
+um so we have evidence that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have evidence that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have evidence that that that
+attributing thoughts is a distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing thoughts is a distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing thoughts is a distinct
+domain of cognition it's just not part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of cognition it's just not part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of cognition it's just not part
+of your generic ability to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your generic ability to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your generic ability to think about
+anything and we see that from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and we see that from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and we see that from the fact
+that typical children have this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typical children have this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typical children have this very
+systematic uh developmental time course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic uh developmental time course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic uh developmental time course
+where they get this at age five they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they get this at age five they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they get this at age five they
+don't get it at age three and we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it at age three and we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it at age three and we see it
+from the selective loss of this ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the selective loss of this ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the selective loss of this ability
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+kids with autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids with autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids with autism
+that they get the false belief task way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get the false belief task way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get the false belief task way
+later than they get the false photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than they get the false photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than they get the false photograph
+task was there a question here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task was there a question here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task was there a question here so the
+kids are never asked what does amber see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are never asked what does amber see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are never asked what does amber see
+that question then comes up in the fb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question then comes up in the fb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question then comes up in the fb
+task in the fourth photograph task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task in the fourth photograph task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task in the fourth photograph task
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm sure people have done versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure people have done versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure people have done versions of
+that task but tell me what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that task but tell me what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that task but tell me what you're
+getting at here i spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at here i spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at here i spoke
+to do like an apocalyptic person i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like an apocalyptic person i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like an apocalyptic person i would
+assume that the final question remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the final question remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the final question remains
+the same so i would ask the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so i would ask the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so i would ask the kids
+what do you think and perceives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think and perceives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think and perceives
+uh given the change in the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given the change in the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given the change in the stimulus
+and then the gate response given the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the gate response given the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the gate response given the new
+media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media
+as to what the actor you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what the actor you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to what the actor you're trying to
+get a tighter control to the false photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tighter control to the false photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tighter control to the false photo
+task is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is that
+yeah instead of where will she look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah instead of where will she look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah instead of where will she look for
+the ball yeah um but it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball yeah um but it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball yeah um but it's not really
+about what she perceives it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what she perceives it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what she perceives it's about
+where she thinks the ball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she thinks the ball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she thinks the ball is
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so the the false belief tasks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the false belief tasks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the false belief tasks have
+been done every which way from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done every which way from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done every which way from where
+does sally think the ball is to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does sally think the ball is to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does sally think the ball is to where
+will she look for the ball and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will she look for the ball and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will she look for the ball and you get
+the same answer in all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer in all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer in all of those
+so i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that's
+that's closer to where is it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closer to where is it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closer to where is it in the
+where is it in the photograph is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it in the photograph is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it in the photograph is really
+where does she think it is that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does she think it is that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does she think it is that's that's
+the that's the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the parallel
+yeah because she's not still perceiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because she's not still perceiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because she's not still perceiving
+it at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at that point
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's behavioral evidence to suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's behavioral evidence to suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's behavioral evidence to suggest
+that there's really something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's really something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's really something different
+about inferring another person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inferring another person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inferring another person's
+thoughts and beliefs than there is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and beliefs than there is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and beliefs than there is from
+the rest of cognition the distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of cognition the distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of cognition the distinctive
+developmental time course and this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental time course and this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental time course and this kind
+of selective deficit and autism so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selective deficit and autism so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selective deficit and autism so what
+can we learn from functional mri is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we learn from functional mri is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we learn from functional mri is
+there a special part of the brain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a special part of the brain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a special part of the brain for
+making these inferences about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these inferences about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these inferences about other
+agents thoughts and beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents thoughts and beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents thoughts and beliefs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so rebecca and i did this experiment 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rebecca and i did this experiment 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rebecca and i did this experiment 100
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+where we scanned people while they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we scanned people while they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we scanned people while they were
+doing simple simple verbal tasks so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing simple simple verbal tasks so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing simple simple verbal tasks so we
+wrote false belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote false belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote false belief
+stories and sort of false photo stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and sort of false photo stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and sort of false photo stories
+generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+and we scanned people while they lay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we scanned people while they lay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we scanned people while they lay in
+the scanner and just read these simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scanner and just read these simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scanner and just read these simple
+descriptions and answered basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions and answered basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions and answered basic
+questions so you can try this right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so you can try this right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so you can try this right now
+here's a false belief story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a false belief story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a false belief story
+um your you read susie parked your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your you read susie parked your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your you read susie parked your
+sports car in the driveway in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports car in the driveway in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports car in the driveway in the middle
+of the night nathan moved her car into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night nathan moved her car into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the night nathan moved her car into
+the garage to make room for his minivan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage to make room for his minivan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garage to make room for his minivan
+susie woke up early in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susie woke up early in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susie woke up early in the morning
+susie expects to see in the driveway a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susie expects to see in the driveway a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susie expects to see in the driveway a
+sports car or a minivan yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sports car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports car
+right exactly what she thinks is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly what she thinks is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly what she thinks is there
+not what is there the control um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what is there the control um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what is there the control um
+experiment that we wrote many many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we wrote many many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we wrote many many of
+these a volcano erupted on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a volcano erupted on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a volcano erupted on this
+caribbean island three months ago baron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean island three months ago baron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean island three months ago baron
+lava rock is all that remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava rock is all that remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava rock is all that remains
+satellite photos show the island as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite photos show the island as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite photos show the island as it
+was before the eruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before the eruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before the eruption
+in the photos the island is covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the photos the island is covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the photos the island is covered in
+rock or vegetation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock or vegetation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock or vegetation
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+again it's just like debbie zach's asd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just like debbie zach's asd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just like debbie zach's asd
+control here it's you're asking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control here it's you're asking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control here it's you're asking about a
+representation in the satellite photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in the satellite photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in the satellite photo
+that's no longer true of reality and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no longer true of reality and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no longer true of reality and you
+have to distinguish the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to distinguish the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to distinguish the two
+so we scan people just doing these tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we scan people just doing these tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we scan people just doing these tasks
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look
+in a whole brain group analysis that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole brain group analysis that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole brain group analysis that i
+was much dissing before but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much dissing before but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was much dissing before but that's a
+good first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good first step
+you see here's a slice through the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here's a slice through the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here's a slice through the brain
+like this you see a bunch of hot spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you see a bunch of hot spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you see a bunch of hot spots
+that respond more when you do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that respond more when you do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that respond more when you do these
+tasks than those tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks than those tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks than those tasks
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and there's a bunch of these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a bunch of these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a bunch of these regions
+deep down in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep down in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep down in the middle of the
+prefrontal cortex here that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex here that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefrontal cortex here that you can see
+in a slice like that here is a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slice like that here is a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slice like that here is a region
+called mpfc for medial prefrontal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mpfc for medial prefrontal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mpfc for medial prefrontal cortex
+it does all kinds of interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does all kinds of interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does all kinds of interesting things
+and it'll get mostly short shrift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll get mostly short shrift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll get mostly short shrift in
+this lecture it activates in this tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture it activates in this tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture it activates in this tab
+and for reasons you'll see in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for reasons you'll see in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for reasons you'll see in a minute
+activates in this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates in this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates in this task
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh god i'm pop-ups or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh god i'm pop-ups or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh god i'm pop-ups or
+have a mind of their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mind of their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mind of their own
+uh but here's another region the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but here's another region the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but here's another region the right
+tpj tpj stands for temporoparietal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpj tpj stands for temporoparietal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpj tpj stands for temporoparietal
+junction so in me if my temporal lobe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction so in me if my temporal lobe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction so in me if my temporal lobe is
+going down here my parietal lobe is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here my parietal lobe is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here my parietal lobe is here
+frontal lobe is there temporopridal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobe is there temporopridal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobe is there temporopridal
+junction is somewhere right around there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction is somewhere right around there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction is somewhere right around there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+everybody oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody oriented
+and if we look at that region shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look at that region shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look at that region shown
+symbolically here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically here
+what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see
+in the time course of response in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time course of response in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time course of response in that
+region doing this task is here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region doing this task is here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region doing this task is here's what
+happens in that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in that region
+this is time here many seconds as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time here many seconds as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time here many seconds as they
+read and answer that task and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and answer that task and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and answer that task and here's
+what happens when they read and answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when they read and answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when they read and answer
+uh the false photo task so false belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the false photo task so false belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the false photo task so false belief
+tasks false photo task that just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks false photo task that just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks false photo task that just shows
+you the same thing as activation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same thing as activation yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same thing as activation yeah
+you can see it evolve over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it evolve over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it evolve over time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+what happens in the npfc region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the npfc region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the npfc region
+oh god why is this not happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that showing up oh there it is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that showing up oh there it is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that showing up oh there it is okay
+um right in the mpfc region you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right in the mpfc region you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right in the mpfc region you see a
+similar thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing
+you get a response below baseline here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a response below baseline here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a response below baseline here
+we'll talk about that what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that what it means to
+have a response below baseline in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a response below baseline in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a response below baseline in some
+conditions in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in the next lecture
+it's actually not all that mysterious it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not all that mysterious it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not all that mysterious it
+just means that baseline remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that baseline remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that baseline remember is
+usually lying in the scanner staring at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually lying in the scanner staring at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually lying in the scanner staring at
+a dot going dumb dw dumb or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dot going dumb dw dumb or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dot going dumb dw dumb or whatever you
+do when you're staring at a dot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you're staring at a dot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you're staring at a dot in the
+scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner
+and uh the key point for now is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the key point for now is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the key point for now is just
+that you also see a higher response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also see a higher response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also see a higher response to
+the belief than photo case okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief than photo case okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief than photo case okay okay
+so what's going on in these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this activation this higher response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this activation this higher response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this activation this higher response to
+the belief than photo case even though i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief than photo case even though i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belief than photo case even though i
+was touting what a brilliant control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was touting what a brilliant control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was touting what a brilliant control
+condition the false photo task is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the false photo task is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the false photo task is it is
+but it's still open to a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still open to a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still open to a bunch of
+different possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities
+okay so that act those activations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that act those activations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that act those activations
+could be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be just
+thinking about a person after all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a person after all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a person after all our
+false belief stories all involve people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false belief stories all involve people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false belief stories all involve people
+and our false photo stories did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our false photo stories did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our false photo stories did not
+so maybe this isn't about beliefs per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this isn't about beliefs per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this isn't about beliefs per se
+it's just about thinking about people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about thinking about people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about thinking about people in
+general any any aspect of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general any any aspect of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general any any aspect of people
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be
+any mental inference we make about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any mental inference we make about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any mental inference we make about the
+internal invisible states of a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal invisible states of a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal invisible states of a person
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+any anything that might be going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything that might be going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any anything that might be going on in
+their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head
+or it might be particularly attributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be particularly attributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be particularly attributing
+thoughts and desires to the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and desires to the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and desires to the person
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so how are we going to unconfound these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to unconfound these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to unconfound these
+with a new experiment and some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new experiment and some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new experiment and some new
+conditions so here's a new condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so here's a new condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so here's a new condition
+that refers just to a person not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refers just to a person not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refers just to a person not about
+their internal invisible states or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their internal invisible states or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their internal invisible states or their
+thoughts or desires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts or desires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts or desires
+subjects just read simple stories like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see what's happening
+it's not showing it's showing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not showing it's showing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not showing it's showing something
+different on the screen from what's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the screen from what's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on the screen from what's on
+my slide here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my slide here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my slide here
+i have no idea why but anyway that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have no idea why but anyway that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have no idea why but anyway that's why
+i keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep
+wondering what's there and what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what's there and what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering what's there and what's not
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so in the external case in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the external case in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the external case in this
+condition you lie in the scanner you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you lie in the scanner you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you lie in the scanner you
+read stuff like andrew just had a growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read stuff like andrew just had a growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read stuff like andrew just had a growth
+spurt so he was gangly and rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurt so he was gangly and rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurt so he was gangly and rather
+awkward like most teenagers he had bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward like most teenagers he had bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward like most teenagers he had bad
+skin and bad taste in clothes he wore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin and bad taste in clothes he wore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin and bad taste in clothes he wore
+mostly baggy jeans and flannel shirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly baggy jeans and flannel shirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly baggy jeans and flannel shirts
+okay so it's you know it's not riveting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's you know it's not riveting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's you know it's not riveting
+but it's not boring either you read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not boring either you read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not boring either you read a
+bunch of these they're interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these they're interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these they're interesting
+enough okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay
+but no mental states there just outward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no mental states there just outward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no mental states there just outward
+appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the next condition refers directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next condition refers directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next condition refers directly to
+the person's thoughts nikki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person's thoughts nikki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person's thoughts nikki
+nikki knew that his sister's flight from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nikki knew that his sister's flight from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nikki knew that his sister's flight from
+san francisco was delayed 10 hours only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+san francisco was delayed 10 hours only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+san francisco was delayed 10 hours only
+one flight was delayed so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one flight was delayed so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one flight was delayed so much that
+night so when he got to the airport he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night so when he got to the airport he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night so when he got to the airport he
+knew what flight was hers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what flight was hers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what flight was hers
+okay not even that interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not even that interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not even that interesting
+but it's talking about what he inferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's talking about what he inferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's talking about what he inferred
+what he knew beliefs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he knew beliefs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he knew beliefs okay
+but there's a third condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a third condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a third condition
+that refers to an internal state but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refers to an internal state but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refers to an internal state but not
+a thought or a belief refers to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought or a belief refers to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thought or a belief refers to a
+visceral state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral state
+sheila skipped breakfast because she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheila skipped breakfast because she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheila skipped breakfast because she was
+late for the train to her mother's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late for the train to her mother's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late for the train to her mother's by
+the time she got off the train she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time she got off the train she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time she got off the train she was
+starving her stomach was rumbling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving her stomach was rumbling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starving her stomach was rumbling and
+she could smell food everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could smell food everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could smell food everywhere
+okay so this case is interesting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this case is interesting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this case is interesting it's
+vivid it refers to a mental state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivid it refers to a mental state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivid it refers to a mental state but
+not a thought it's a physical state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a thought it's a physical state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a thought it's a physical state
+hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i mean it's a it's a mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's a it's a mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's a it's a mental
+representation of a bodily sensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a bodily sensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a bodily sensation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+everybody get the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get the distinction between
+internal thoughts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal thoughts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal thoughts and
+and and feelings sensations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and feelings sensations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and feelings sensations okay
+so ah this contrast is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ah this contrast is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ah this contrast is consistent with
+any of these hypotheses and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these hypotheses and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these hypotheses and we're going
+to test those hypotheses with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test those hypotheses with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test those hypotheses with these
+three conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the three
+hypotheses we just described here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses we just described here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses we just described here and
+here are the three conditions i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the three conditions i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the three conditions i just
+gave and i want you guys to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave and i want you guys to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave and i want you guys to tell me what
+we're going to predict that we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to predict that we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to predict that we will see
+in the right tpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right tpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right tpj
+according to each hypothesis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to each hypothesis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to each hypothesis which
+namely which of these conditions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely which of these conditions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely which of these conditions will
+produce a high response and which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a high response and which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a high response and which will
+produce a low response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a low response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a low response
+okay so let's start with this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start with this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start with this case
+on the hypothesis that the right tpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hypothesis that the right tpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hypothesis that the right tpj
+responds whenever you're reading about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds whenever you're reading about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds whenever you're reading about a
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+what are we going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to find
+which of these conditions is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these conditions is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these conditions is going to
+produce a height response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of them yeah absolutely so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them yeah absolutely so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them yeah absolutely so that's a
+prediction here all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction here all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction here all of them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what about if it's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if it's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if it's interested in
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+internal bodily sensations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal bodily sensations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal bodily sensations
+or or actually in in any internal mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or actually in in any internal mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or actually in in any internal mental
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last two absolutely both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two absolutely both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two absolutely both the
+visceral case and the thoughts case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral case and the thoughts case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral case and the thoughts case
+sorry that cell in that cell okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that cell in that cell okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that cell in that cell okay and
+what about if it's specifically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if it's specifically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if it's specifically about
+attributing thoughts to another agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing thoughts to another agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing thoughts to another agent
+just the last one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the last one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the last one right
+okay very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very good
+so what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we see
+so first of all here's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all here's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all here's just the
+localizer task always nice to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizer task always nice to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizer task always nice to look at
+your localizer and make sure it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your localizer and make sure it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your localizer and make sure it worked
+out so this is a response of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is a response of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so this is a response of the right
+tpj to the belief and photo condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpj to the belief and photo condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpj to the belief and photo condition
+just like i showed you before higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like i showed you before higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like i showed you before higher
+when you do the belief tasks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the belief tasks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the belief tasks and the
+photo task okay just a reality check key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo task okay just a reality check key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo task okay just a reality check key
+question what is the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is the response of the
+right tpj in that main experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tpj in that main experiment with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tpj in that main experiment with
+the three conditions we just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what it does
+it's high only in the thought condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high only in the thought condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high only in the thought condition
+only when you're when you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you're when you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you're when you're reading
+about thinking about another person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking about another person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking about another person's
+thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts
+and that's significantly higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's significantly higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's significantly higher than
+either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the
+external properties or the um this uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external properties or the um this uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external properties or the um this uh or
+the visceral states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visceral states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visceral states
+and those two even though it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two even though it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two even though it looks like
+there's a little bit of a trend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a trend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a trend that
+visceral is higher than external that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral is higher than external that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral is higher than external that's
+not significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not significant
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um on the previous slide is it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the previous slide is it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the previous slide is it like
+thoughts and desires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and desires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and desires
+so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like
+why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't
+like i was just confused about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i was just confused about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i was just confused about like the
+example for the bristol case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the bristol case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the bristol case for
+smelling food everywhere like couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelling food everywhere like couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelling food everywhere like couldn't
+that fall under it that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fall under it that's a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fall under it that's a good point
+yes it could yes you could infer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it could yes you could infer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it could yes you could infer a
+desire in that case absolutely yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire in that case absolutely yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire in that case absolutely yeah
+that's right um so yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right um so yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right um so yeah that's a good
+point it's intended to just identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's intended to just identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's intended to just identify the
+vivid visceral state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivid visceral state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vivid visceral state
+uh and it's probably hard to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's probably hard to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's probably hard to do that
+with it without invoking some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it without invoking some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it without invoking some kind of
+desires here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires here
+um yeah i would i would consider it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah i would i would consider it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah i would i would consider it a
+con a confound for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con a confound for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con a confound for that particular
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um i'm guessing it was not so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm guessing it was not so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm guessing it was not so for the
+others in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in fact
+um it sort of couldn't have been given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it sort of couldn't have been given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it sort of couldn't have been given
+the way this came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this came out
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good point
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so and if you do a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and if you do a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and if you do a whole
+group analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group analysis
+of the whole brain and you say what bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole brain and you say what bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole brain and you say what bits
+do you get in a contrast of reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get in a contrast of reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get in a contrast of reasoning
+about another person's thoughts versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another person's thoughts versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another person's thoughts versus
+their external appearance or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their external appearance or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their external appearance or their
+visceral states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral states
+uh their bodily sensations you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their bodily sensations you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh their bodily sensations you get
+the right tbj again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right tbj again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right tbj again
+okay so everybody got this to suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everybody got this to suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so everybody got this to suggest
+that the right tpj is extremely specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right tpj is extremely specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right tpj is extremely specific
+uh specifically interested in inferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specifically interested in inferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specifically interested in inferring
+another person's thoughts not even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person's thoughts not even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person's thoughts not even just
+their bodily sensation so it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bodily sensation so it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bodily sensation so it's not all
+mental states of another person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental states of another person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental states of another person that
+engage this region i mean i find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage this region i mean i find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage this region i mean i find this
+quite remarkable because that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite remarkable because that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite remarkable because that's so
+specific you know but before you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you know but before you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you know but before you hear
+about this you think okay thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you think okay thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you think okay thinking about
+another person's thirst or hunger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person's thirst or hunger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person's thirst or hunger or
+pain is that really different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain is that really different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain is that really different than
+thinking about their beliefs but oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about their beliefs but oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about their beliefs but oh yes
+it's different right the tpj does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different right the tpj does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different right the tpj does
+beliefs not thirst and hunger and pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs not thirst and hunger and pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs not thirst and hunger and pain
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there's a whole literature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a whole literature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a whole literature on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+uh i think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think if you
+okay so first of all we need to like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all we need to like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all we need to like get
+the level straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level straight
+when you're just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're just thinking
+you're not thinking about thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not thinking about thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not thinking about thinking
+you're just thinking right so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just thinking right so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just thinking right so you're not
+engaging this region right so when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging this region right so when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging this region right so when we're
+talking about thoughts and we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about thoughts and we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about thoughts and we're talking
+about you thinking about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you thinking about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you thinking about another
+person's thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's thoughts
+so the parallel would be you thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parallel would be you thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parallel would be you thinking
+about your own thoughts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your own thoughts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your own thoughts right
+so i think you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think you know i
+i can't tell you exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't tell you exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't tell you exactly what the
+literature is on this i'm sure there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is on this i'm sure there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is on this i'm sure there's a
+few experiments but i think what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few experiments but i think what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few experiments but i think what you'd
+have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is
+adopt that kind of meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt that kind of meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt that kind of meta
+perspective on yourself right a lot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on yourself right a lot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on yourself right a lot of a
+lot of our thinking is sort of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our thinking is sort of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our thinking is sort of thinking
+about thinking but not in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking but not in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking but not in a very
+explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+separable way i'm not being very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable way i'm not being very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable way i'm not being very clear
+on this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but
+um you know i think if you asked if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know i think if you asked if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know i think if you asked if you
+ask people for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people for example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+when you saw this surprising event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you saw this surprising event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you saw this surprising event
+whatever it is you make something up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you make something up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you make something up
+what were you thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were you thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were you thinking
+uh you might engage that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might engage that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might engage that region
+i realize i'm not totally sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i realize i'm not totally sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i realize i'm not totally sure if
+there's literature on this heather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's literature on this heather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's literature on this heather is
+there there must be literature on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there must be literature on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there must be literature on this
+so they've done some inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get mpfc for that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get mpfc for that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get mpfc for that yeah
+well go ahead well we just thought i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well go ahead well we just thought i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well go ahead well we just thought i'd
+talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um it's kind of like insert but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's kind of like insert but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's kind of like insert but it's
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+so they're they're both two networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're they're both two networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're they're both two networks
+that are particularly clear but not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are particularly clear but not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are particularly clear but not just
+rtpga right rtbj and other regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpga right rtbj and other regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpga right rtbj and other regions
+yeah so you could get some rtbj when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you could get some rtbj when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you could get some rtbj when
+answering those kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you get something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you get something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you get something in the
+vicinity i'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity i'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity i'm just trying to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but the other part of this is i bet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other part of this is i bet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other part of this is i bet you
+have to do something quite explicit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something quite explicit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something quite explicit to
+do that because in some sense we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because in some sense we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because in some sense we're
+thinking about our own thoughts kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our own thoughts kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our own thoughts kind of
+implicitly a lot of the time right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly a lot of the time right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly a lot of the time right so
+i'm guessing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm guessing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm guessing that it's
+when you ask about it explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask about it explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you ask about it explicitly
+yeah i i forget details of the past but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i forget details of the past but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i forget details of the past but
+it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very
+great about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great about this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+next to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to you
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay anyway good question i'm sorry i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway good question i'm sorry i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway good question i'm sorry i
+don't have a totally adequate answer yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a totally adequate answer yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a totally adequate answer yet
+i'm guessing the literature doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm guessing the literature doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm guessing the literature doesn't have
+a totally adequate answer yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally adequate answer yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally adequate answer yet
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+so recall that i uh mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall that i uh mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall that i uh mentioned that the
+uh the contrast between doing the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the contrast between doing the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the contrast between doing the false
+belief task versus the false photo task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief task versus the false photo task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief task versus the false photo task
+gets not just the rtbj it also gets this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets not just the rtbj it also gets this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets not just the rtbj it also gets this
+medial frontal region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial frontal region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial frontal region
+okay and that needle frontal region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that needle frontal region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that needle frontal region
+responds more to the belief than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds more to the belief than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds more to the belief than
+photograph task like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph task like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph task like this
+what does it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do
+in this split between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this split between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this split between
+uh thoughts visceral thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thoughts visceral thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thoughts visceral thinking about
+other people's thoughts their visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's thoughts their visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's thoughts their visceral
+states and their external appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and their external appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and their external appearance
+it doesn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care
+okay so there's a real division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a real division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a real division
+between these different brain regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different brain regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these different brain regions
+that are engaged when you do the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are engaged when you do the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are engaged when you do the false
+belief task the rtbj is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief task the rtbj is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief task the rtbj is very
+specifically interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically interested in
+very specifically engaged when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically engaged when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically engaged when you think
+about another person's thoughts not when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another person's thoughts not when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another person's thoughts not when
+you think about their bodily sensations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about their bodily sensations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about their bodily sensations
+the medial prefrontal region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial prefrontal region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial prefrontal region
+is engaged in all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engaged in all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engaged in all three of these
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like
+is that of these three hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of these three hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that of these three hypotheses
+anytime you think about another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you think about another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you think about another person
+that's true of the mpfc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of the mpfc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of the mpfc
+whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+the right tpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right tpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right tpj
+responds specifically when you attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds specifically when you attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds specifically when you attribute
+thoughts and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and when you
+and desires to another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and desires to another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and desires to another person
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now you may have been wondering about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may have been wondering about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may have been wondering about
+the fact that all of these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that all of these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that all of these experiments
+are using words it's kind of not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using words it's kind of not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using words it's kind of not like
+normal social cognition you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal social cognition you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal social cognition you're reading
+about all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all this stuff
+um and if these regions were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if these regions were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if these regions were really
+doing what we're claiming they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what we're claiming they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what we're claiming they're doing
+we should be able to find them in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to find them in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to find them in other
+situations where you make inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you make inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you make inferences
+about other agents beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other agents beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other agents beliefs
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in more recent experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more recent experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more recent experiments
+they've been showing pixar movies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been showing pixar movies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been showing pixar movies to
+subjects in the scanner so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in the scanner so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in the scanner so you can just
+watch yourself make a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch yourself make a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch yourself make a few
+inferences about the agent's beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the agent's beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about the agent's beliefs
+imagine you're watching this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're watching this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're watching this in the
+scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner
+and just let's just do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just let's just do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just let's just do a little bit of
+it to get the gist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to get the gist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to get the gist
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no words it's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's a whole little microcosm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a whole little microcosm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a whole little microcosm
+of uh mental states here uh in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh mental states here uh in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh mental states here uh in other
+parts of this same six-minute pixar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this same six-minute pixar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of this same six-minute pixar
+movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+there's very vivid bodily sensations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very vivid bodily sensations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very vivid bodily sensations
+there's a porcupine who inflicts real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a porcupine who inflicts real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a porcupine who inflicts real
+pain with porcupine quills so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain with porcupine quills so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain with porcupine quills so there's
+bodily states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily states and
+inferences about bodily states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about bodily states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about bodily states and
+inferences about mental states that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about mental states that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about mental states that go
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and by um showing this movie to subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by um showing this movie to subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by um showing this movie to subjects
+in the scanner and then labeling which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scanner and then labeling which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scanner and then labeling which
+parts of the movie require the viewer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the movie require the viewer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the movie require the viewer to
+make inferences about the thoughts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make inferences about the thoughts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make inferences about the thoughts and
+beliefs of the protagonists and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs of the protagonists and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs of the protagonists and which
+require them to make inferences about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require them to make inferences about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require them to make inferences about
+bodily sensations like usually pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily sensations like usually pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily sensations like usually pain
+if you do that contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that contrast
+you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find
+the same set of regions the rtbj and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of regions the rtbj and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of regions the rtbj and its
+left hemisphere bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hemisphere bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hemisphere bit
+and you find some medial prefrontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find some medial prefrontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find some medial prefrontal
+stuff and you find some other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and you find some other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and you find some other stuff
+okay so what does that mean that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that mean that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that mean that means
+that you don't need words to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't need words to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't need words to identify
+this region you if you induce the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region you if you induce the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region you if you induce the same
+cognitive processes just from watching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive processes just from watching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive processes just from watching a
+a wordless movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wordless movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wordless movie
+um you show the same selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you show the same selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you show the same selective
+activations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activations
+um and that's cool because it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's cool because it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's cool because it tells us
+that uh this is not about some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is not about some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is not about some kind of
+verbal reasoning it's really about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal reasoning it's really about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal reasoning it's really about the
+kind of deeper cognitive process whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of deeper cognitive process whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of deeper cognitive process whether
+you do it based on a movie or based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it based on a movie or based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it based on a movie or based on a
+bunch of sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sentences
+um and that's a powerful generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's a powerful generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's a powerful generalization
+we we like uh imaging results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we like uh imaging results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we like uh imaging results
+where the result generalizes across very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the result generalizes across very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the result generalizes across very
+different kinds of tasks and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of tasks and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of tasks and this this
+really strengthens the evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strengthens the evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strengthens the evidence that
+this is really what's going on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really what's going on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really what's going on in this
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+and it also means you can look for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also means you can look for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also means you can look for this
+region in kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in kids
+okay and i didn't manage to fit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i didn't manage to fit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i didn't manage to fit that
+into this lecture but there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this lecture but there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this lecture but there's a whole
+other research enterprise where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other research enterprise where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other research enterprise where
+in rebecca's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rebecca's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rebecca's lab
+they've been scanning kids watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been scanning kids watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been scanning kids watching this
+pixar movie and asking how that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixar movie and asking how that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixar movie and asking how that region
+develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops
+and they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find
+that actually the region continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually the region continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually the region continues to
+develop even after age four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop even after age four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop even after age four
+it continues to develop and what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues to develop and what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues to develop and what happens
+is it doesn't uh it doesn't so much get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it doesn't uh it doesn't so much get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it doesn't uh it doesn't so much get
+bigger as it gets more selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger as it gets more selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger as it gets more selective
+in the younger kids you get activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the younger kids you get activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the younger kids you get activation
+both for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both for um
+well it's just less selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just less selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just less selective
+anyway so uh this shows generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so uh this shows generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so uh this shows generalization
+so now we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've shown
+um that we see the rtbj is selective for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we see the rtbj is selective for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we see the rtbj is selective for
+thinking about other people's thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about other people's thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about other people's thoughts
+we see that with false photo false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that with false photo false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that with false photo false
+belief versus false photo contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief versus false photo contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief versus false photo contrast
+we see that it's highly specific it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that it's highly specific it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that it's highly specific it's
+not just any thoughts you have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any thoughts you have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any thoughts you have about
+another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+and we see it generalizes depicts our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see it generalizes depicts our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see it generalizes depicts our
+movies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's consider now moral reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider now moral reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider now moral reasoning
+as a test case for theory of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a test case for theory of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a test case for theory of mind
+why moral reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why moral reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why moral reasoning
+well if you think about it reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you think about it reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you think about it reasoning
+about what's a morally acceptable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's a morally acceptable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's a morally acceptable or
+unacceptable action on the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable action on the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable action on the part of
+another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about
+what the person intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the person intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the person intended
+and what they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they knew
+okay so intent is very fundamental it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so intent is very fundamental it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so intent is very fundamental it's
+built into the legal system think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the legal system think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into the legal system think about
+the difference between murder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between murder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between murder and
+manslaughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manslaughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manslaughter
+right they both involve killing another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they both involve killing another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they both involve killing another
+person but one is with intent and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but one is with intent and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but one is with intent and the
+other is accidental and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is accidental and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is accidental and our
+you know common moral reasoning and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know common moral reasoning and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know common moral reasoning and our
+legal system cares deeply about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system cares deeply about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system cares deeply about that
+difference okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so for example i'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example i'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example i'm going to give you a
+moral reasoning task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral reasoning task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral reasoning task
+uh and just think about this and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just think about this and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just think about this and your
+your task is going to be to decide how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task is going to be to decide how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task is going to be to decide how
+morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally
+permissible is the action described here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible is the action described here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible is the action described here
+um grace's action in particular okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um grace's action in particular okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um grace's action in particular okay so
+grace and her friend are taking a tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grace and her friend are taking a tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grace and her friend are taking a tour
+of a chemical plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chemical plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a chemical plant
+and when grace goes over the coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when grace goes over the coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when grace goes over the coffee
+machine to pour some coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to pour some coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to pour some coffee
+grace's friend asks for some sugar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grace's friend asks for some sugar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grace's friend asks for some sugar in
+hers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hers
+and there's white powder in a container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's white powder in a container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's white powder in a container
+by the coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the coffee
+the plot thickens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot thickens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot thickens
+the white powder is a very toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white powder is a very toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white powder is a very toxic
+substance left behind by a scientist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance left behind by a scientist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance left behind by a scientist and
+therefore it's deadly when ingested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's deadly when ingested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's deadly when ingested in
+any form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+a butt the white the container is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a butt the white the container is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a butt the white the container is
+labeled sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled sugar
+so grace believes that the white powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grace believes that the white powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grace believes that the white powder
+by the coffee is sugar left by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the coffee is sugar left by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the coffee is sugar left by the
+kitchen staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen staff
+so grace puts the substance in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grace puts the substance in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grace puts the substance in her
+friend's coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's coffee
+and her friend drinks a coffee and dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her friend drinks a coffee and dies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her friend drinks a coffee and dies
+now your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your question
+is how morally permissible was grace's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how morally permissible was grace's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how morally permissible was grace's
+action on a scale from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action on a scale from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action on a scale from one
+to totally not okay morally forbidden to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to totally not okay morally forbidden to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to totally not okay morally forbidden to
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+morally permissible okay so think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally permissible okay so think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally permissible okay so think about
+that on a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on a scale
+and write down your number on a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down your number on a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down your number on a piece of
+paper you don't have to divulge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you don't have to divulge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you don't have to divulge it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+everybody got the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody decided more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody decided more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody decided more or less
+okay write down your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down your number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write down your number
+now consider a slightly different case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider a slightly different case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider a slightly different case
+slightly but crucially different case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly but crucially different case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly but crucially different case
+this case is known as the accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is known as the accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is known as the accidental
+harm case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm case
+now consider the case where instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider the case where instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider the case where instead
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+instead of being labeled sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being labeled sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being labeled sugar
+you get the same story but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same story but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same story but now the
+container is labeled toxic so grace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container is labeled toxic so grace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container is labeled toxic so grace
+believes that the white powder is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that the white powder is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that the white powder is a
+toxic substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic substance
+left behind by a scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left behind by a scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left behind by a scientist
+nonetheless she puts the substance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless she puts the substance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless she puts the substance in
+her friend's coffee and their friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her friend's coffee and their friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her friend's coffee and their friend
+drinks a coffee and dies now consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinks a coffee and dies now consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinks a coffee and dies now consider
+how morally permissible is grace's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how morally permissible is grace's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how morally permissible is grace's
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to
+totally not okay to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not okay to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not okay to seven
+morally permissible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally permissible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally permissible
+and write down your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay how many people gave a lower number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many people gave a lower number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many people gave a lower number
+that is more morally forbidden for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more morally forbidden for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more morally forbidden for the
+second one than the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one than the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one than the first one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if you didn't you probably weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't you probably weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't you probably weren't
+paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can see that it's the crux of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's the crux of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it's the crux of the
+matter what grace believed when she did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what grace believed when she did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what grace believed when she did
+the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action
+okay that's why we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why we're talking about
+moral reasoning here as a test case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral reasoning here as a test case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral reasoning here as a test case of
+theory of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of mind
+because what the agent knew at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what the agent knew at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what the agent knew at the time
+of the action is of the essence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the action is of the essence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the action is of the essence and
+thinking about the moral status of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the moral status of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the moral status of their
+action okay everybody got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay everybody got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action okay everybody got that
+okay so this is a powerful test case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a powerful test case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a powerful test case and
+notice that also in the clip that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that also in the clip that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that also in the clip that i
+showed you from rebecca's ted talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you from rebecca's ted talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you from rebecca's ted talk
+she showed that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she showed that um
+kids ability to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids ability to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids ability to use
+an agent's knowledge in doing what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent's knowledge in doing what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent's knowledge in doing what you
+guys just did that kicks in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys just did that kicks in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys just did that kicks in a little bit
+later than the standard false belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than the standard false belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later than the standard false belief
+task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task
+so sometime after they get the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometime after they get the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometime after they get the basic
+idea of false belief they start to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of false belief they start to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of false belief they start to apply
+it takes a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a while to
+to kick in in this other case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kick in in this other case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kick in in this other case
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is known as intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is known as intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is known as intentional
+intentional harm as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional harm as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional harm as opposed to
+accidental harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental harm
+okay it's just the terminology in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just the terminology in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just the terminology in the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so
+what do you think will happen in autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think will happen in autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think will happen in autism
+if we ask people with autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ask people with autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ask people with autism
+these two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two questions
+and what do you think will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you think will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you think will happen
+if we apply tms to the right tpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we apply tms to the right tpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we apply tms to the right tpj
+it's right out there on the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right out there on the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right out there on the lateral
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+just asking for it so it's a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking for it so it's a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just asking for it so it's a totally
+doable experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable experiment
+it's been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been done
+what do you think happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think happens
+okay let's take the case with autism how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take the case with autism how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take the case with autism how
+do you think people with autism will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think people with autism will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think people with autism will
+respond to these two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to these two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to these two questions
+the same as you guys did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yes char duel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes char duel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes char duel
+probably like the average distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like the average distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like the average distance
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the average distance between how bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average distance between how bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average distance between how bad
+they think the second one just be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think the second one just be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think the second one just be less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+yes exactly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly why
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because they might not be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might not be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they might not be able to make
+the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction between
+grace knowing that the container was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grace knowing that the container was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grace knowing that the container was
+toxic versus the container being labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic versus the container being labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic versus the container being labeled
+toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic
+it's like both of them would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like both of them would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like both of them would be
+confounded which is like truth of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded which is like truth of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded which is like truth of how
+the women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women's
+absolutely absolutely everybody get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely everybody get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely everybody get that
+and share that intuition to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share that intuition to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share that intuition to the extent
+that autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that autism
+is a particular deficit in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular deficit in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particular deficit in understanding
+what another person knows or believes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what another person knows or believes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what another person knows or believes
+that's the only difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only difference between these
+two cases to the extent that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases to the extent that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases to the extent that you have
+difficulty representing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty representing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty representing that
+you will have less of a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have less of a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have less of a difference in
+your moral judgment about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your moral judgment about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your moral judgment about these two
+things because you have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because you have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because you have a hard time
+representing that person's knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing that person's knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing that person's knowledge
+it's not that autism is a deficit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that autism is a deficit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that autism is a deficit in
+moral reasoning it's that moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral reasoning it's that moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral reasoning it's that moral
+reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+entails thinking about other people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails thinking about other people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entails thinking about other people at
+least these cases not all of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least these cases not all of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least these cases not all of it but
+these cases involve thinking about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases involve thinking about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases involve thinking about other
+people's thoughts and taking them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's thoughts and taking them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's thoughts and taking them into
+account and to the extent that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and to the extent that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and to the extent that that's
+difficult for you you will make less of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you you will make less of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for you you will make less of
+a distinction exactly right yeah was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distinction exactly right yeah was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distinction exactly right yeah was
+there a question begging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a question begging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a question begging
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what do you think will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think will happen
+if you zap the rtbj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you zap the rtbj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you zap the rtbj
+with tms while subjects are doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tms while subjects are doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tms while subjects are doing these
+tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah that's the prediction if the rtbj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the prediction if the rtbj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the prediction if the rtbj
+is the main bit that's doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the main bit that's doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the main bit that's doing the
+inference about that's representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about that's representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about that's representing the
+beliefs of others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs of others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs of others
+then if you zap it you might change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you zap it you might change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you zap it you might change
+people's moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's moral
+inferences more moral judgments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences more moral judgments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences more moral judgments
+that's pretty wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty wild
+that's what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what happens
+except the rtpj and they make a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the rtpj and they make a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the rtpj and they make a smaller
+distinction between accidental harm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between accidental harm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between accidental harm and
+incident and intentional harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and intentional harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and intentional harm
+okay so both of those things are true i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so both of those things are true i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so both of those things are true i
+won't drag you through all the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't drag you through all the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't drag you through all the details
+of the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiments
+but the the basic findings from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the basic findings from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the basic findings from this
+whole line of work show that first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line of work show that first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line of work show that first of
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+neurotypical people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical people
+agree as you guys did that accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree as you guys did that accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree as you guys did that accidental
+harm is more morally permissible than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm is more morally permissible than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm is more morally permissible than
+intentional harm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional harm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional harm okay
+and people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people with
+autism give less forgiveness for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism give less forgiveness for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism give less forgiveness for
+accidental harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental harm
+compared to intentional harm than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to intentional harm than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to intentional harm than
+neurotypicals okay just because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypicals okay just because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypicals okay just because they
+that ability to represent the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ability to represent the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ability to represent the key
+knowledge that that tells you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that that tells you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that that tells you it's
+accidental is something they're not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental is something they're not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental is something they're not good
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the role of the rtpj the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of the rtpj the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of the rtpj the data
+show that forgiveness for accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that forgiveness for accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that forgiveness for accidental
+harms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms
+first of all i left this out before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all i left this out before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all i left this out before it's
+correlated in neurotypicals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated in neurotypicals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated in neurotypicals with
+activation of the right tbj during moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the right tbj during moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the right tbj during moral
+judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment
+so if you just measure across a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just measure across a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just measure across a whole
+bunch of those moral judgment problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of those moral judgment problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of those moral judgment problems
+how strongly activated was your rtpg as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strongly activated was your rtpg as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strongly activated was your rtpg as
+you read that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read that problem
+that's correlated with your ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correlated with your ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correlated with your ability to
+forgive somebody for accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive somebody for accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive somebody for accidentally
+harming someone again showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harming someone again showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harming someone again showing that
+there's a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relationship between
+you're representing the thoughts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're representing the thoughts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're representing the thoughts and
+beliefs of another person and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs of another person and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs of another person and you're
+using that information to exonerate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that information to exonerate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that information to exonerate them
+from a harm they didn't intend yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it different for for thoughts versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it different for for thoughts versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it different for for thoughts versus
+external actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um so um so first of all i'm i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so um so first of all i'm i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so um so first of all i'm i'm
+treating autism very superficially here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating autism very superficially here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating autism very superficially here
+it's an extremely hetero heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extremely hetero heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extremely hetero heterogeneous
+thing that varies not just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that varies not just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that varies not just you know
+along a spectrum you know which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a spectrum you know which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a spectrum you know which it
+clearly does but probably along many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly does but probably along many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly does but probably along many
+spectra and it's highly heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra and it's highly heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra and it's highly heterogeneous
+so these experiments are just done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these experiments are just done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these experiments are just done in
+high functioning adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high functioning adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high functioning adults
+who are you know totally past false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you know totally past false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you know totally past false
+belief tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief tasks
+um they pass them later in life but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they pass them later in life but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they pass them later in life but they
+get to you know otherwise you can't test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to you know otherwise you can't test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to you know otherwise you can't test
+them on these kinds of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on these kinds of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on these kinds of experiments
+and the effects are quite subtle they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effects are quite subtle they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effects are quite subtle they're
+just a slightly lesser difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a slightly lesser difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a slightly lesser difference
+between accidental and intentional harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between accidental and intentional harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between accidental and intentional harm
+okay so just to clarify that which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to clarify that which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to clarify that which i
+probably should have said but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have said but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have said but your
+question is are the uh deficits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is are the uh deficits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is are the uh deficits in
+autism specific to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism specific to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism specific to thinking about
+thoughts rather than thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts rather than thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts rather than thinking about
+actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is ongoing work but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ongoing work but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ongoing work but a lot of
+research has shown that that it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research has shown that that it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research has shown that that it it is
+more specific to thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific to thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific to thoughts
+and that a lot of the stuff you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that a lot of the stuff you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that a lot of the stuff you read
+about just basic perceptual um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just basic perceptual um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just basic perceptual um
+difficulties i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most studies find that people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most studies find that people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most studies find that people with
+autism are a little bit worse at face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism are a little bit worse at face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism are a little bit worse at face
+recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition
+but not much worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not much worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not much worse
+in tasks asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tasks asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tasks asking about
+goals of actions like reaching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals of actions like reaching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals of actions like reaching for
+objects what is that person's intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects what is that person's intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects what is that person's intention
+mostly they don't find a deficit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly they don't find a deficit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly they don't find a deficit in
+autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism
+so the perceptual basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the perceptual basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the perceptual basics
+seeing people and seeing what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing people and seeing what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing people and seeing what they're
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+is much less impaired that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less impaired that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less impaired that's what the
+current literature suggests there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current literature suggests there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current literature suggests there's
+always the worry that you know we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the worry that you know we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the worry that you know we're not
+asking in the right way or testing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking in the right way or testing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking in the right way or testing in
+the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way
+um and the literature is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the literature is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the literature is highly
+inconsistent from one study to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent from one study to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent from one study to the next
+i used to work on autism and i just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used to work on autism and i just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used to work on autism and i just you
+know couldn't stand it anymore because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know couldn't stand it anymore because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know couldn't stand it anymore because
+every time a study is done it gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time a study is done it gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time a study is done it gets the
+opposite of the previous study i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the previous study i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of the previous study i think
+because the population's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the population's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the population's so
+heterogeneous but from a gloss it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous but from a gloss it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous but from a gloss it looks
+like there's more of a deficit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's more of a deficit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's more of a deficit in the
+inferences about thoughts than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about thoughts than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about thoughts than
+inferences about actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences about actions
+yeah i just want to clarify so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i just want to clarify so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i just want to clarify so the
+autistic subjects are also explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autistic subjects are also explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autistic subjects are also explicitly
+told that grace believes lovable yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that grace believes lovable yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that grace believes lovable yes
+it's explicitly uh no it's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's explicitly uh no it's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's explicitly uh no it's exactly what
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+uh gave here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gave here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gave here
+uh yeah no grace believes yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah no grace believes yeah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah no grace believes yeah you're
+right grace believes yes explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right grace believes yes explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right grace believes yes explicitly
+and in spite of that it's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in spite of that it's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in spite of that it's known
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah and so i think you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so i think you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so i think you can think of
+this as a subtle case these are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a subtle case these are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a subtle case these are people
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+pass the explicit false belief task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the explicit false belief task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the explicit false belief task
+but like the seven-year-old kids there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the seven-year-old kids there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the seven-year-old kids there's
+one thing if you're asked what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing if you're asked what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing if you're asked what does this
+person believe and another if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person believe and another if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person believe and another if you're
+asked a moral reasoning task for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a moral reasoning task for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a moral reasoning task for which
+you have to realize to bring the belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to realize to bring the belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to realize to bring the belief
+into account you know it takes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account you know it takes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account you know it takes more
+of your own kind of active was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your own kind of active was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your own kind of active was there
+another question what if you ask like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question what if you ask like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question what if you ask like
+instead of grace what did you say to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of grace what did you say to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of grace what did you say to me
+what if what you ask them like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if what you ask them like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if what you ask them like about
+themselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so
+you are you and your friends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you and your friends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you and your friends are
+thinking it's more of a chemical times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's more of a chemical times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's more of a chemical times
+and giving them the exact same scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving them the exact same scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving them the exact same scenario
+would that be any different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah that's interesting it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah that's interesting it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah that's interesting it's like the
+question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about
+uh you know to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know to what
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+question is suppose you ask people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is suppose you ask people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is suppose you ask people with
+autism this same question but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism this same question but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism this same question but it's not
+about grace it's about you you do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about grace it's about you you do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about grace it's about you you do all of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um i'm not sure good question probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm not sure good question probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm not sure good question probably
+somebody's looked at that yeah i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's looked at that yeah i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's looked at that yeah i'm not
+sure if they answered this already but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if they answered this already but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if they answered this already but
+uh do people with autism have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do people with autism have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do people with autism have something
+different in their art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in their art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in their art
+we're getting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting there
+you should absolutely be wondering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should absolutely be wondering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should absolutely be wondering that
+and i haven't yet and we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i haven't yet and we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i haven't yet and we're getting
+there good that you ask in fact that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there good that you ask in fact that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there good that you ask in fact that's
+probably my very next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably my very next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably my very next slide
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+um okay so causal role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so causal role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so causal role
+we showed the causal role of the rtpg in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed the causal role of the rtpg in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed the causal role of the rtpg in
+neurotypical subjects you zap the rtbj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical subjects you zap the rtbj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical subjects you zap the rtbj
+and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+slightly reduce the difference in moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly reduce the difference in moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly reduce the difference in moral
+permissibility of the accidental harms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissibility of the accidental harms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissibility of the accidental harms
+and the intentional harms okay so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intentional harms okay so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the intentional harms okay so all of
+these findings suggest that the rtbj is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings suggest that the rtbj is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings suggest that the rtbj is
+causally engaged in understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causally engaged in understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causally engaged in understanding the
+difference between intentional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between intentional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between intentional and
+accidental actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental actions
+and that that ability is specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that ability is specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that ability is specifically
+disrupted in autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted in autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted in autism
+all of which leads to the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which leads to the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which leads to the natural
+prediction that genealogists made about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction that genealogists made about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction that genealogists made about
+the rtbj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rtbj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rtbj
+in autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in autism
+so what do you think is rtbj affected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think is rtbj affected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think is rtbj affected in
+autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism
+how many raise your hand if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many raise your hand if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many raise your hand if you think
+there's going to be something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be something different
+in the rtbj and autism versus typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rtbj and autism versus typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rtbj and autism versus typical
+subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay raise your hand if you think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay raise your hand if you think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay raise your hand if you think there
+isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure
+okay well you sort of both write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you sort of both write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you sort of both write in
+different ways okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the answer is this so so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is this so so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is this so so um
+uh in rebecca sax's lab they did a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in rebecca sax's lab they did a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in rebecca sax's lab they did a study
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+a really large number of typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really large number of typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really large number of typical
+subjects it's you know because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects it's you know because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects it's you know because of this
+heterogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity
+in the autism population it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the autism population it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the autism population it's really
+hard to get a stable result you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get a stable result you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get a stable result you can
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+so and it helps to have a really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it helps to have a really large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it helps to have a really large
+it's hard to get enough autism subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to get enough autism subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to get enough autism subjects
+so we try and get as many as we can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try and get as many as we can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try and get as many as we can and
+the most you ever get in a study around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most you ever get in a study around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most you ever get in a study around
+here is you know 20 30 and that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you know 20 30 and that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you know 20 30 and that's a big
+struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle
+but it helps to have a really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it helps to have a really large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it helps to have a really large
+neurotypical control population to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical control population to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical control population to
+reduce your error bars on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your error bars on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your error bars on what the
+neurotypical population shows so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical population shows so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical population shows so this
+study is probably the biggest that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is probably the biggest that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is probably the biggest that's
+been done they had 31 high functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done they had 31 high functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done they had 31 high functioning
+people with autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with autism
+and 462
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 462
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 462
+neurotypical individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical individuals
+they didn't just go run 400 new subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't just go run 400 new subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't just go run 400 new subjects
+for this when you when you run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this when you when you run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this when you when you run that
+localizer task you've got it in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizer task you've got it in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizer task you've got it in every
+study you run and so then you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study you run and so then you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study you run and so then you can take
+all those localizer tasks across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those localizer tasks across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those localizer tasks across
+hundreds of subjects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of subjects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of subjects so
+um and so what they find is um both if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what they find is um both if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what they find is um both if
+you look at regions of interest analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at regions of interest analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at regions of interest analysis
+like find the rtbj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like find the rtbj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like find the rtbj
+and if you do a whole brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do a whole brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do a whole brain
+group analysis you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group analysis you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group analysis you find
+no differences between people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no differences between people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no differences between people with
+autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism
+high functioning people with autism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high functioning people with autism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high functioning people with autism and
+typical subjects in the size location or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical subjects in the size location or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical subjects in the size location or
+response magnitude of the rtbj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response magnitude of the rtbj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response magnitude of the rtbj
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+when people do theory of mind tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people do theory of mind tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people do theory of mind tasks
+so you should be surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should be surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should be surprised
+everyone is surprised you all made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is surprised you all made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is surprised you all made the
+prediction everyone else made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction everyone else made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction everyone else made the
+prediction too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction too
+um and that's pretty bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's pretty bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's pretty bizarre
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+does that mean that the rtbj is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that the rtbj is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that the rtbj is not
+affected in asd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chardool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chardool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chardool
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+information from the rpmpj is not used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the rpmpj is not used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the rpmpj is not used
+by other parts of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other parts of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other parts of the brain
+it's a great hypothesis maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great hypothesis maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great hypothesis maybe the
+information is in there and it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in there and it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in there and it's some
+kind of a disconnection thing and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a disconnection thing and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a disconnection thing and so it
+can't you know could be accessed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know could be accessed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you know could be accessed by
+other processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes
+right absolutely what's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right absolutely what's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right absolutely what's another
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is bill
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a different order what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but then we'd have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but then we'd have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but then we'd have to think about
+how the different temporal order would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the different temporal order would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the different temporal order would
+lead to the different behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the different behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the different behavioral
+outcomes right am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes right am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes right am i
+yeah david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah david
+maybe he's given a different priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's given a different priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's given a different priority
+so like what you're processing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like what you're processing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like what you're processing there
+might not be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be as
+important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to
+the person itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep okay so it might be there but less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay so it might be there but less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay so it might be there but less
+salient or less important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but how is that going to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how is that going to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how is that going to account for the
+lack of a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of a difference between
+the asds and typicals remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asds and typicals remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asds and typicals remember
+you run your basic false belief versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run your basic false belief versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run your basic false belief versus
+false photo contrast and you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false photo contrast and you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false photo contrast and you find the
+rtpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpj
+and surprisingly even in this fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprisingly even in this fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprisingly even in this fairly
+large sample it looks the same in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sample it looks the same in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sample it looks the same in size
+location and response magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and response magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and response magnitude
+in the asds and in the typicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the asds and in the typicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the asds and in the typicals
+now i left something out this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i left something out this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i left something out this is this is
+high functioning adult asds who can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high functioning adult asds who can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high functioning adult asds who can now
+pass the false belief task right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the false belief task right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass the false belief task right that's
+crucial because that's the task you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial because that's the task you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial because that's the task you're
+doing in the scanner they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the scanner they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the scanner they don't
+understand the task there's no point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the task there's no point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the task there's no point
+scanning them kind of going huh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning them kind of going huh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning them kind of going huh what
+right so these are people who are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are people who are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are people who are you
+know very high functioning and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very high functioning and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very high functioning and they can
+totally do the task right otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally do the task right otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally do the task right otherwise you
+can't run the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't run the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't run the experiment
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes what are the behavioral differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's a very good question that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a very good question that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a very good question that's
+another reason that i stopped working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason that i stopped working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason that i stopped working on
+autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a whole there's a whole battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole there's a whole battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole there's a whole battery
+that you run to try to establish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you run to try to establish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you run to try to establish that
+you know these people officially really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these people officially really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these people officially really
+for the purposes of scientific study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of scientific study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of scientific study
+count as having autism and these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as having autism and these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as having autism and these people
+really officially don't at mit you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really officially don't at mit you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really officially don't at mit you need
+to run those studies on everyone because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run those studies on everyone because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run those studies on everyone because
+some of your control subjects end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your control subjects end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your control subjects end up in
+the other group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other group
+um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um
+and and so those are a whole kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so those are a whole kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so those are a whole kind of
+battery of things from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery of things from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery of things from you know
+involving an hour-long interview with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving an hour-long interview with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving an hour-long interview with a
+trained person who tallies things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained person who tallies things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained person who tallies things like
+how much eye contact is made and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much eye contact is made and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much eye contact is made and what
+kind of give and take happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of give and take happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of give and take happens in
+conversation and all that kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and all that kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and all that kind of stuff
+i just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just don't
+i guess for the experiment because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess for the experiment because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess for the experiment because i
+mean yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yeah
+their behavioral response might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavioral response might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavioral response might not
+necessarily be hard to be changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+absolutely so yes it's possible that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so yes it's possible that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so yes it's possible that the
+rtpj is absolutely fine in people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpj is absolutely fine in people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpj is absolutely fine in people with
+autism and there's no difference as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism and there's no difference as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism and there's no difference as
+those initial results seem to suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those initial results seem to suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those initial results seem to suggest
+and that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that whatever
+differences you see with autism reside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you see with autism reside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you see with autism reside
+elsewhere but that's surprising given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere but that's surprising given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere but that's surprising given
+all the stuff i've said over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff i've said over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff i've said over the last
+hour about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour about how
+uh at least you know um in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least you know um in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least you know um in the case of
+moral reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral reasoning
+these same high functioning the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same high functioning the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same high functioning the same
+people who show the same activation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who show the same activation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who show the same activation of
+the rtbj have slightly different moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rtbj have slightly different moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rtbj have slightly different moral
+reasoning right so there's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning right so there's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning right so there's yeah
+like or so for moral reasoning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or so for moral reasoning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or so for moral reasoning for
+example could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be
+what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they
+base their morals off but might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base their morals off but might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base their morals off but might not be
+intended to survive like at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to survive like at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to survive like at that point
+in their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their life
+different idea of what more other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea of what more other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea of what more other people
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+that's true yep never in this test um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true yep never in this test um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true yep never in this test um
+they function the same way the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they function the same way the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they function the same way the people
+who are being examined are yes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are being examined are yes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are being examined are yes in the
+same way yes the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way yes the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way yes the difference
+so why don't they test them without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't they test them without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't they test them without
+performing those good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing those good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing those good
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+exactly so we're in this funny position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so we're in this funny position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so we're in this funny position
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+we've sort of identified you know theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sort of identified you know theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sort of identified you know theory
+of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mind
+um inferences as a as a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inferences as a as a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inferences as a as a critical
+difficulty in autism but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty in autism but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty in autism but these are
+people the only ones we can scan on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the only ones we can scan on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the only ones we can scan on that
+kind of task are people who can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of task are people who can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of task are people who can already
+pass it so we're already in a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it so we're already in a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it so we're already in a weird
+situation now you might have predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation now you might have predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation now you might have predicted
+that they could pass it based on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could pass it based on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could pass it based on other
+cognitive abilities right that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive abilities right that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive abilities right that they
+they um come up with another strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um come up with another strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um come up with another strategy
+and in that case they wouldn't be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case they wouldn't be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case they wouldn't be using
+their rtbj but another hypothesis is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rtbj but another hypothesis is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rtbj but another hypothesis is it
+just develops later they've got it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just develops later they've got it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just develops later they've got it there
+it is they use it it activates the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is they use it it activates the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is they use it it activates the same
+that's yeah and so your point is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah and so your point is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah and so your point is why
+don't they test some of the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they test some of the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they test some of the moral
+reasoning tasks right and see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning tasks right and see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning tasks right and see if it
+comes online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes online
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+well the one that they can't function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the one that they can't function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the one that they can't function on
+because exactly maybe they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exactly maybe they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exactly maybe they don't know
+when to use them that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to use them that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to use them that's right
+that's right that's right it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right it's a it's a
+very good suggestion that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good suggestion that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good suggestion that's probably
+been done and i don't know this heather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and i don't know this heather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and i don't know this heather
+do you know if people scanned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know if people scanned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know if people scanned
+asds doing the moral reasoning task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asds doing the moral reasoning task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asds doing the moral reasoning task
+probably leanne has done that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a really good suggestion and and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good suggestion and and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good suggestion and and i
+actually now can't think why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now can't think why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now can't think why they
+wouldn't have done that do you mind just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have done that do you mind just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have done that do you mind just
+going on pubmed and look it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on pubmed and look it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on pubmed and look it would be
+leanne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leanne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leanne
+young and it would be um yeah moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and it would be um yeah moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and it would be um yeah moral
+reasoning from fmri i bet she's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning from fmri i bet she's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning from fmri i bet she's done
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+maybe heather will get you this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe heather will get you this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe heather will get you this because
+it's a very good suggestion yeah why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good suggestion yeah why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good suggestion yeah why not
+test them on the thing that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them on the thing that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them on the thing that's different
+okay anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway
+um what i'm what i'm getting at here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what i'm what i'm getting at here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what i'm what i'm getting at here is
+you know all these hypotheses you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all these hypotheses you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all these hypotheses you guys
+are raising are very good ones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are raising are very good ones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are raising are very good ones but
+there's another one which is maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one which is maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one which is maybe the
+rtbj isn't functioning right even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtbj isn't functioning right even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtbj isn't functioning right even though
+we see it activated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see it activated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see it activated more
+when they do the false belief task than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do the false belief task than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do the false belief task than
+the false photo task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false photo task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false photo task
+maybe we'd see a difference if we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'd see a difference if we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'd see a difference if we looked
+at the pattern of responses in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pattern of responses in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pattern of responses in there
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um
+in this study um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this study um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this study um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+koster hale and sax did something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koster hale and sax did something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koster hale and sax did something that
+should be very familiar to you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be very familiar to you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be very familiar to you guys
+they took these two cases sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took these two cases sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took these two cases sort of a
+version of what you're suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what you're suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of what you're suggesting
+yeah maybe it does entail it i think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe it does entail it i think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe it does entail it i think of
+it as an mvpa experiment but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an mvpa experiment but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an mvpa experiment but actually
+heather that's the thing to look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heather that's the thing to look at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heather that's the thing to look at is
+does koster hale see a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does koster hale see a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does koster hale see a difference in
+overall magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall magnitude
+and that i don't know anyway they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that i don't know anyway they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that i don't know anyway they did
+the mvpa version so you have subjects do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mvpa version so you have subjects do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mvpa version so you have subjects do
+those same tasks the accidental harm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same tasks the accidental harm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same tasks the accidental harm the
+intentional harm you split your data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional harm you split your data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional harm you split your data in
+half and you ask whether the rtpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and you ask whether the rtpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and you ask whether the rtpj
+represents the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the difference between
+accidental harm and intentional harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental harm and intentional harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental harm and intentional harm
+okay everybody get why this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody get why this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody get why this is a
+sensible thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible thing to do
+okay so first you do that in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first you do that in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first you do that in um
+neurotypical subjects okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical subjects okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical subjects okay
+um and you find here is the court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you find here is the court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you find here is the court
+remember this is the original hacks b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the original hacks b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the original hacks b
+version the correlation within versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the correlation within versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the correlation within versus
+correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between
+so this is a correlation within and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a correlation within and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a correlation within and
+that's correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correlation between
+so this is accidental the pattern in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is accidental the pattern in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is accidental the pattern in the
+rtpj for accidental harm to accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpj for accidental harm to accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtpj for accidental harm to accidental
+harm across stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm across stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm across stories
+and intentional to intentional is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intentional to intentional is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intentional to intentional is higher
+than from accidental to intentional here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than from accidental to intentional here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than from accidental to intentional here
+i'm sort of skipping over the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of skipping over the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of skipping over the details
+hoping you guys remember this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping you guys remember this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping you guys remember this is this
+making sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sense
+okay so typical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so typical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so typical um
+classification with with correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification with with correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification with with correlations
+and you see that that was significant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that that was significant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that that was significant in
+this group of subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of subjects
+uh of typical subjects okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of typical subjects okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of typical subjects okay so that's
+cool so there's information in the rtvj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so there's information in the rtvj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so there's information in the rtvj
+about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether
+um an action was intentional or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an action was intentional or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an action was intentional or
+accidental that's cool now we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental that's cool now we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental that's cool now we've learned
+something more than just it activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more than just it activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more than just it activates
+when you do these tasks we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do these tasks we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do these tasks we know
+something about what it represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what it represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what it represents
+but you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might say
+that's so teeny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so teeny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so teeny
+ick yeah it was significant but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ick yeah it was significant but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ick yeah it was significant but really
+so what do you do in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do it again absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again absolutely
+you don't go find some fancier stat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't go find some fancier stat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't go find some fancier stat that
+gets your p level so you have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets your p level so you have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets your p level so you have to start
+no no no no you do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no you do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no you do it again
+rebecca and her lab members being good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebecca and her lab members being good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebecca and her lab members being good
+scientists did it again and they got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists did it again and they got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists did it again and they got the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+new bunch of subjects new bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new bunch of subjects new bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new bunch of subjects new bunch of
+stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories
+replicate and generalize do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate and generalize do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate and generalize do it again
+and so yes indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yes indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yes indeed
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+the spatial pattern contains information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial pattern contains information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial pattern contains information
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+you can then again in this bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then again in this bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then again in this bunch of
+neurotypical subjects look at the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical subjects look at the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical subjects look at the degree
+to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which
+subjects rated the moral permissibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects rated the moral permissibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects rated the moral permissibility
+to be different in the intentional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different in the intentional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different in the intentional and
+accidental look at their behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental look at their behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental look at their behavioral
+ratings during the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings during the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings during the task
+that's here and you can see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here and you can see that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here and you can see that's
+correlated with the degree of pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the degree of pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the degree of pattern
+information in the rtbj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the rtbj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the rtbj
+okay everybody get that so the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody get that so the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody get that so the more you
+pay attention to that distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to that distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to that distinction
+behaviorally when you're doing the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorally when you're doing the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorally when you're doing the task
+the more you think accidental harm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you think accidental harm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you think accidental harm is
+really much more okay than intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much more okay than intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much more okay than intentional
+harm the greater that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm the greater that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm the greater that difference
+in your behavioral ratings the greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your behavioral ratings the greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your behavioral ratings the greater
+the discrimination ability in your rtbj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrimination ability in your rtbj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrimination ability in your rtbj
+while you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing it
+okay so that's a further length that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a further length that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a further length that
+that's where the action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the action is
+just a correlation not causation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a correlation not causation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a correlation not causation but
+it's a nice one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice one
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all of this is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this is yeah
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+it's in the rtc party technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the rtc party technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the rtc party technically
+as means there's no certain people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as means there's no certain people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as means there's no certain people
+between us always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between us always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between us always going to
+presentational horses and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentational horses and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentational horses and there is a
+communications so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications so
+nurse of course ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse of course ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse of course ohio
+have a difference in the congregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just univariate overall magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just univariate overall magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just univariate overall magnitude
+accidental versus intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental versus intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental versus intentional
+in neurotypicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neurotypicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neurotypicals
+but not in asds aha so it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in asds aha so it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in asds aha so it's not just a
+pattern result yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern result yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern result yeah
+it's in the text it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the text it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the text it's not
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay but that's the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but then the version of nava's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the version of nava's question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the version of nava's question
+which i resonate to very much is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i resonate to very much is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i resonate to very much is if you
+just did the original kind of dufour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did the original kind of dufour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did the original kind of dufour
+thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of
+is the rtbj just as big and selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rtbj just as big and selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rtbj just as big and selective
+and is it in the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is it in the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is it in the same place
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it was a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true okay so they don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true okay so they don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true okay so they don't have the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay fair enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fair enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fair enough
+okay good point okay so that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good point okay so that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good point okay so that's why you
+know you ask that question it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you ask that question it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you ask that question it's a very
+good question i'm thinking yes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question i'm thinking yes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question i'm thinking yes they
+should have done that reason they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done that reason they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done that reason they didn't
+do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is
+they could have the big sample because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have the big sample because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have the big sample because
+they were using localizer data which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using localizer data which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using localizer data which
+they had from study after study after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had from study after study after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had from study after study after
+study every time you run a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study every time you run a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study every time you run a theory of
+mind test you run that localizer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind test you run that localizer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind test you run that localizer and
+then you just go back a few years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just go back a few years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just go back a few years and
+you've got 300 subjects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 300 subjects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 300 subjects right
+but they didn't run the moral reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't run the moral reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't run the moral reasoning
+task on hundreds of subjects and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task on hundreds of subjects and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task on hundreds of subjects and so they
+don't have the power to be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the power to be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the power to be able to see
+it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah
+okay fair enough okay so back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fair enough okay so back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fair enough okay so back to this
+this is just showing that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just showing that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just showing that in the
+neurotypical subjects um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical subjects um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotypical subjects um
+there's pattern information in the rtpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pattern information in the rtpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pattern information in the rtpj
+about intentional versus accidental harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intentional versus accidental harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intentional versus accidental harm
+everybody got that and it's correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got that and it's correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got that and it's correlated
+with your behavioral reading of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your behavioral reading of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your behavioral reading of the
+moral permissibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral permissibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral permissibility
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's cool
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so does rtpj distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does rtpj distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does rtpj distinguish between
+accidental and intentional harm in asds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and intentional harm in asds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and intentional harm in asds
+okay so these are the data i just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the data i just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the data i just showed
+you actually they did three experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually they did three experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually they did three experiments
+showing this here into endurotypicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this here into endurotypicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this here into endurotypicals
+and here's the asd data no difference at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the asd data no difference at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the asd data no difference at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is
+even though asds have the same size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though asds have the same size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though asds have the same size and
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+and magnitude of response of the rtbj in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnitude of response of the rtbj in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnitude of response of the rtbj in
+the standard localizer task as typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard localizer task as typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard localizer task as typical
+subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects
+the key difference that's been found so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key difference that's been found so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key difference that's been found so
+far is that in neurotypical subjects our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is that in neurotypical subjects our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is that in neurotypical subjects our
+tpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpj
+holds information about the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds information about the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds information about the distinction
+between intentional and accidental harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between intentional and accidental harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between intentional and accidental harm
+in in asds it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in asds it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in asds it doesn't
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's probably just one of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably just one of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably just one of a bunch of
+things that are going to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to be different
+this is as far as i know the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as far as i know the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as far as i know the only one
+that's been published that sees i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been published that sees i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been published that sees i see
+some squints are you not getting this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some squints are you not getting this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some squints are you not getting this or
+do you have a question about it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have a question about it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have a question about it yeah
+what happens in the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the fault there isn't an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fault there isn't an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fault there isn't an obvious
+discrimination that you can do see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination that you can do see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination that you can do see the
+the nice thing about the moral reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about the moral reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about the moral reasoning
+task is it's got these two outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is it's got these two outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is it's got these two outcomes
+these two um conditions accidental harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two um conditions accidental harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two um conditions accidental harm
+and intentional harm so that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intentional harm so that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intentional harm so that gives us a
+way to go in and do the pattern analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go in and do the pattern analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go in and do the pattern analysis
+question there so with false beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there so with false beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there so with false beliefs
+you'd have to think of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to think of some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to think of some other
+dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at
+and it and the experiments are not set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and the experiments are not set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and the experiments are not set
+up that way with with stimuli that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that way with with stimuli that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that way with with stimuli that are
+on either side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side of a
+of a dichotomy so that you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dichotomy so that you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dichotomy so that you can do the
+discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination
+you could do representational similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do representational similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do representational similarity
+analysis actually come to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis actually come to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis actually come to think of it
+then you wouldn't have to have the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wouldn't have to have the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wouldn't have to have the whole
+dichotomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy
+that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting
+okay heather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay heather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay heather
+has rebecca done that you're my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rebecca done that you're my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rebecca done that you're my
+informant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informant here
+you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um shash is suggesting um what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shash is suggesting um what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shash is suggesting um what you know
+why not do this kind of ask this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not do this kind of ask this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not do this kind of ask this kind of
+question of this standard localizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of this standard localizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of this standard localizer
+experiment and i said well it wasn't set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and i said well it wasn't set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and i said well it wasn't set
+up with an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an obvious
+dichotomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+and then i was thinking actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i was thinking actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i was thinking actually you
+could take all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take all of the
+belief conditions and you could do rsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief conditions and you could do rsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief conditions and you could do rsa
+on those in the asds and on the typicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those in the asds and on the typicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those in the asds and on the typicals
+and ask if their patterns are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask if their patterns are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask if their patterns are different
+right i bet they've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i bet they've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i bet they've done that
+see what i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what i mean
+anyway all right well i'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right well i'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right well i'll stop
+speculating and just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculating and just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculating and just ask
+she's right there two floors up can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's right there two floors up can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's right there two floors up can just
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+all right uh anyway does everybody get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh anyway does everybody get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh anyway does everybody get
+this basic idea here so the thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic idea here so the thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic idea here so the thing the
+rtbg is there in the high functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtbg is there in the high functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtbg is there in the high functioning
+people with autism but it doesn't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with autism but it doesn't hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with autism but it doesn't hold
+the same information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right so where do we get with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so where do we get with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so where do we get with all of
+this we used all of this stuff on moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we used all of this stuff on moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we used all of this stuff on moral
+reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+as a way to look at the rtbj in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to look at the rtbj in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to look at the rtbj in theory
+of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mind
+we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people with asd put less weight on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with asd put less weight on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with asd put less weight on a
+person's beliefs when judging the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's beliefs when judging the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's beliefs when judging the moral
+permissibility of an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissibility of an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissibility of an action
+tms to the rtbj disrupts moral judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tms to the rtbj disrupts moral judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tms to the rtbj disrupts moral judgment
+pattern analysis shows that the tpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern analysis shows that the tpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern analysis shows that the tpj
+distinguishes between intentional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes between intentional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes between intentional and
+accidental harm in neurotypicals but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental harm in neurotypicals but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental harm in neurotypicals but not
+in people with asd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people with asd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people with asd
+okay so there's a nice little story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a nice little story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a nice little story
+developing here i'm sure it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing here i'm sure it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing here i'm sure it's not the
+whole deal
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qi1iullsY-o.txt b/qi1iullsY-o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58a324f24e2805f6e49d17e48e40825bf282c602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qi1iullsY-o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21352 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so, as you know, you you read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, as you know, you you read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, as you know, you you read a
+hodgepodge of things for today. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hodgepodge of things for today. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hodgepodge of things for today. Um, and
+you can tell me just how paji it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell me just how paji it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell me just how paji it
+was. Um, but but but Jeff is the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Um, but but but Jeff is the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. Um, but but but Jeff is the um the
+the only one of my colleagues either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one of my colleagues either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one of my colleagues either
+gullible enough or unby enough or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gullible enough or unby enough or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gullible enough or unby enough or
+something to um to join us. Um, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to um to join us. Um, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to um to join us. Um, and it
+might have been too much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been too much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been too much of a
+free-for-all if if Moore had, but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all if if Moore had, but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-for-all if if Moore had, but but
+the idea is to think about um how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to think about um how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to think about um how a
+history department works. So, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history department works. So, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history department works. So, that's
+that's what we're going to do. But, Ann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do. But, Ann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do. But, Ann
+Marie, do you want to start us? You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie, do you want to start us? You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie, do you want to start us? You're
+our official starter today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our official starter today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our official starter today.
+Um, so I don't know what everybody read,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I don't know what everybody read,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I don't know what everybody read,
+but um Oh, let's actually do that. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um Oh, let's actually do that. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um Oh, let's actually do that. Does
+everyone want to go around and announce?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone want to go around and announce?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone want to go around and announce?
+Well, we could just say we can raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we could just say we can raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we could just say we can raise
+hands. Yeah. Okay. So, how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. Yeah. Okay. So, how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. Yeah. Okay. So, how many of you
+read the John Dower?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the John Dower?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the John Dower?
+Okay. So, about four of you. And how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, about four of you. And how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, about four of you. And how
+many of you read the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you read the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you read the uh
+Coachman? Okay. Again, a little over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coachman? Okay. Again, a little over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coachman? Okay. Again, a little over
+half. And um what else? Let's see. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. And um what else? Let's see. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. And um what else? Let's see. The
+um Peter's piece in the journal of early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Peter's piece in the journal of early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Peter's piece in the journal of early
+modern history on what is it called?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern history on what is it called?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern history on what is it called?
+Chinese frontier. Yeah. Empire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese frontier. Yeah. Empire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese frontier. Yeah. Empire and
+nation in comparative perspective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation in comparative perspective.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation in comparative perspective.
+You read it last term. Yeah. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You read it last term. Yeah. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You read it last term. Yeah. Okay. So,
+two of you have at least read it. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you have at least read it. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you have at least read it. Okay.
+That was really good, I have to say. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was really good, I have to say. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was really good, I have to say. Um,
+how many of you read Meg's piece on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you read Meg's piece on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you read Meg's piece on
+bringing on the meat? How about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing on the meat? How about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing on the meat? How about some
+meat? Okay, again about half of you. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat? Okay, again about half of you. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat? Okay, again about half of you. And
+how about Harriet's race, Breed and myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about Harriet's race, Breed and myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about Harriet's race, Breed and myth
+of origin, the Chillingham Kettle?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of origin, the Chillingham Kettle?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of origin, the Chillingham Kettle?
+Skimmed. Skimmed. Okay, so a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skimmed. Skimmed. Okay, so a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skimmed. Skimmed. Okay, so a couple of
+you. And then um, The Widows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. And then um, The Widows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. And then um, The Widows.
+A couple of you read. Okay, good. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A couple of you read. Okay, good. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A couple of you read. Okay, good. So I
+think we're covered, right? And then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're covered, right? And then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're covered, right? And then and
+then I there was the there was the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I there was the there was the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I there was the there was the other
+piece that I had written with John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that I had written with John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that I had written with John
+Jertie that gave you a another sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jertie that gave you a another sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jertie that gave you a another sense of
+sort of what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what's happening in the
+quantitative history field. Um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative history field. Um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative history field. Um and I
+guess what two or three of you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what two or three of you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what two or three of you read
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+Okay. Okay. So now I think we're covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So now I think we're covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So now I think we're covered
+though. Yes, we're covered. Okay. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. Yes, we're covered. Okay. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. Yes, we're covered. Okay. I
+think the easiest way to kind of try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the easiest way to kind of try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the easiest way to kind of try and
+talk about all these pieces was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about all these pieces was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about all these pieces was kind of
+to look at the way they analyze the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the way they analyze the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the way they analyze the data
+that they're concerned with because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're concerned with because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're concerned with because I
+think there's a lot of different methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a lot of different methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a lot of different methods
+at work here like um professor RL's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work here like um professor RL's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work here like um professor RL's and
+also professor Daer I think are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also professor Daer I think are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also professor Daer I think are sort of
+more kind of what I traditionally regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of what I traditionally regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of what I traditionally regard
+as history when you take sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as history when you take sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as history when you take sort of an
+event or um some sort of facts that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event or um some sort of facts that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event or um some sort of facts that you
+have and then the historian locates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then the historian locates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then the historian locates it
+in in the period and make some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the period and make some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the period and make some kind of
+subjective conclusions. But then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective conclusions. But then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective conclusions. But then the
+pieces we read by you are far more sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces we read by you are far more sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces we read by you are far more sort
+of quantitatively intensive and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantitatively intensive and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantitatively intensive and there's
+regressions and data and numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and data and numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and data and numbers
+and in a way when when you first look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a way when when you first look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a way when when you first look at
+that kind of a data lions and tigers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a data lions and tigers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a data lions and tigers and
+bears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears
+I think when when you look at historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think when when you look at historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think when when you look at historical
+data presented in that fashion it often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data presented in that fashion it often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data presented in that fashion it often
+comes across as being more objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes across as being more objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes across as being more objective
+because it's it's kind of detached. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's kind of detached. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's kind of detached. It's
+something analytical. It's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something analytical. It's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something analytical. It's something
+quantitative. So I was just curious what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative. So I was just curious what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative. So I was just curious what
+people think in terms of how the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think in terms of how the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think in terms of how the method
+that you choose in evaluating data kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose in evaluating data kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose in evaluating data kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+influences the conclusions that you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the conclusions that you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the conclusions that you draw
+and kind of how historians project their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of how historians project their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of how historians project their
+own um kind of inferences on on the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own um kind of inferences on on the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own um kind of inferences on on the data
+they have. Go ahead. Um I read the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have. Go ahead. Um I read the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have. Go ahead. Um I read the the
+notary widows and uh and I really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notary widows and uh and I really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notary widows and uh and I really I
+thought um that the data the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um that the data the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um that the data the fact that
+using like very quantitative data itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like very quantitative data itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like very quantitative data itself
+didn't necessarily add extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't necessarily add extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't necessarily add extra
+credibility, but what I thought was, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility, but what I thought was, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility, but what I thought was, you
+know, was very noticeable was the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, was very noticeable was the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, was very noticeable was the way
+you were like turned a critical eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were like turned a critical eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were like turned a critical eye
+towards the data and conclusions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the data and conclusions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the data and conclusions you
+drew through that. And I mean, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew through that. And I mean, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew through that. And I mean, I think
+that's something that so I guess I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that so I guess I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that so I guess I'm
+saying that may maybe it isn't wasn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that may maybe it isn't wasn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that may maybe it isn't wasn't so
+much the independent the the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the independent the the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the independent the the fact that
+it was uh just using numbers and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh just using numbers and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh just using numbers and and
+regressions and bears. Oh my but that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and bears. Oh my but that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and bears. Oh my but that it
+was like that it was you know they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like that it was you know they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like that it was you know they were
+critical of how the data was being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical of how the data was being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical of how the data was being used
+and said well you know but this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well you know but this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well you know but this you know
+I drew this conclusion because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew this conclusion because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew this conclusion because you know
+because of these numbers but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these numbers but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these numbers but it could be
+misleading because you or or when you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading because you or or when you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading because you or or when you uh
+the determining the age of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determining the age of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determining the age of individuals
+you know kind of an artifice to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of an artifice to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of an artifice to do that.
+I spent the first half of the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent the first half of the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent the first half of the paper
+wondering if that would make come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if that would make come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if that would make come up
+with anything abnormal because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything abnormal because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything abnormal because of that
+and then you kind of answered that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you kind of answered that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you kind of answered that uh
+towards the middle and end of the paper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the middle and end of the paper.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the middle and end of the paper.
+I spent about three months trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent about three months trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent about three months trying to
+decide if that was going to skew things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if that was going to skew things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if that was going to skew things.
+And I'm sure Mona and then Peter. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm sure Mona and then Peter. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm sure Mona and then Peter. Um,
+from you then came with the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you then came with the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you then came with the data that
+you were very careful about talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were very careful about talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were very careful about talking
+about where you got your source from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you got your source from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you got your source from and
+how that itself might have skewed it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that itself might have skewed it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that itself might have skewed it a
+bit since it was only from from families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit since it was only from from families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit since it was only from from families
+where both of the parents died and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both of the parents died and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both of the parents died and even
+if they had died like it only talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had died like it only talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had died like it only talked
+about second marriages if that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about second marriages if that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about second marriages if that second
+spouse had died as well and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse had died as well and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse had died as well and stuff like
+that. So, the fact that you were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, the fact that you were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, the fact that you were really
+critical about the source of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical about the source of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical about the source of your
+information also gave you a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information also gave you a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information also gave you a lot more
+credibility. Let's hold on to that. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility. Let's hold on to that. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility. Let's hold on to that. I
+mean, we'll get you, Peter. Um, but hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, we'll get you, Peter. Um, but hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, we'll get you, Peter. Um, but hold
+on to this idea of what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to this idea of what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to this idea of what it means to be
+critical about your sources and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical about your sources and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical about your sources and and
+let's apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's apply it
+to the the cultural history and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the cultural history and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the cultural history and think
+about what it means to be critical about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it means to be critical about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it means to be critical about
+sources in some other context where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources in some other context where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources in some other context where it's
+not where maybe it's not so apparent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where maybe it's not so apparent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where maybe it's not so apparent.
+But, but before we do that, go ahead,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, but before we do that, go ahead,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, but before we do that, go ahead,
+Peter. Go to say the exact same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter. Go to say the exact same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter. Go to say the exact same thing.
+Oh, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay.
+So, I mean, so so for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I mean, so so for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I mean, so so for those of you who
+who read um the Coachman's Bear Rump,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who read um the Coachman's Bear Rump,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who read um the Coachman's Bear Rump,
+he's also very critical about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also very critical about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also very critical about the
+sources at the end in terms of well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources at the end in terms of well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources at the end in terms of well,
+both the sources, if you look, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the sources, if you look, because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the sources, if you look, because
+he didn't just take the one first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't just take the one first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't just take the one first um
+first thing that they got from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that they got from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that they got from the
+police reports, he went back and looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police reports, he went back and looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police reports, he went back and looked
+and there was a police report three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a police report three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a police report three
+weeks later about it that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later about it that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later about it that's completely
+different from the police report, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the police report, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the police report, the
+first one. And so it's sort of and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one. And so it's sort of and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one. And so it's sort of and so
+you have to take and so compare both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take and so compare both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take and so compare both of
+those and did actually look into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and did actually look into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and did actually look into what
+might have happened, why they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have happened, why they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have happened, why they sort of
+conflicted and such like that. Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicted and such like that. Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicted and such like that. Mhm.
+Okay. Yeah. Go ahead. But I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. Go ahead. But I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah. Go ahead. But I think it's
+harder to be critical of sources when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to be critical of sources when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to be critical of sources when
+they're cultural like that. I think when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cultural like that. I think when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cultural like that. I think when
+you have numbers and hard data, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have numbers and hard data, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have numbers and hard data, I think
+it's I don't know that you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I don't know that you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I don't know that you don't need to
+bring so much opinion to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring so much opinion to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring so much opinion to it.
+What do you think, Jeff?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think, Jeff?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think, Jeff?
+I think that's an interesting comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's an interesting comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's an interesting comment
+because u in some ways the cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because u in some ways the cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because u in some ways the cultural
+historians and the quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and the quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and the quantitative
+historians, although sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians, although sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians, although sometimes they
+overlap, uh are quite mistrustful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap, uh are quite mistrustful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap, uh are quite mistrustful of
+each other and I think there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and I think there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and I think there is an
+assumption amongst quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption amongst quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption amongst quantitative
+historians that anything that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians that anything that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians that anything that can't be
+quantified is much more problematic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified is much more problematic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified is much more problematic and
+open to skepticism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to skepticism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to skepticism.
+Um, I think cultural historians suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I think cultural historians suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I think cultural historians suspect
+that numbers can be manipulated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that numbers can be manipulated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that numbers can be manipulated as
+easily as narratives and images in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily as narratives and images in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily as narratives and images in the
+service of uh biased history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Go ahead. And either way, with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Go ahead. And either way, with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Go ahead. And either way, with
+both quantitative and the cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both quantitative and the cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both quantitative and the cultural
+stuff, you still have to you still are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, you still have to you still are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, you still have to you still are
+forced to look at what kind of skew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to look at what kind of skew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to look at what kind of skew the
+actual wherever you're getting the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual wherever you're getting the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual wherever you're getting the data
+from. like for um professor cats like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. like for um professor cats like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. like for um professor cats like
+the fact it was from but that the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact it was from but that the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact it was from but that the class
+of people who are giving the testimony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are giving the testimony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are giving the testimony
+does definitely change how it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does definitely change how it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does definitely change how it should be
+held and that kind of stuff. Okay. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held and that kind of stuff. Okay. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held and that kind of stuff. Okay. So if
+if we were going to think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were going to think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were going to think about these
+two particular problems, I mean, and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particular problems, I mean, and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particular problems, I mean, and one
+of the things that's interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that's interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that's interesting about
+these two pieces and maybe Harriet's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces and maybe Harriet's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces and maybe Harriet's
+too,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too,
+um those are the three papers that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the three papers that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are the three papers that that
+were in the pile that you could choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the pile that you could choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the pile that you could choose
+from that were the most narrowly focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that were the most narrowly focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that were the most narrowly focused
+um on a sort of specific problem. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on a sort of specific problem. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on a sort of specific problem. So um
+in in in my case, it's a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in my case, it's a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in my case, it's a specific
+question. Why do men remarry more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Why do men remarry more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Why do men remarry more often
+than women? Right? And then then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than women? Right? And then then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than women? Right? And then then of
+course there's a multitude of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's a multitude of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's a multitude of questions
+that come out of that, but it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of that, but it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out of that, but it's that
+specific question. In Jeff's case, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific question. In Jeff's case, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific question. In Jeff's case, it's
+wow, this guy's got a play thing going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow, this guy's got a play thing going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow, this guy's got a play thing going
+in his house and it ends up, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his house and it ends up, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his house and it ends up, you know,
+in a police report. And what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a police report. And what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a police report. And what does that
+tell me about the individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about the individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about the individuals
+um who are participants in the evening's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who are participants in the evening's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who are participants in the evening's
+festivities and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivities and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivities and then
+anti-festivities? What does it tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-festivities? What does it tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-festivities? What does it tell me
+about their social class? What does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their social class? What does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their social class? What does it
+tell me about theatergoing? What does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about theatergoing? What does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about theatergoing? What does it
+tell me about French politics right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about French politics right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about French politics right in
+the 18th century? Um you know, etc. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th century? Um you know, etc. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18th century? Um you know, etc. But
+it comes out of this very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out of this very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out of this very specific
+thing. In in Harriet's case, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. In in Harriet's case, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. In in Harriet's case, you know,
+we've got these cattle that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these cattle that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these cattle that are being
+sort of projected as ancient that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of projected as ancient that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of projected as ancient that aren't
+the least bit ancient and why, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least bit ancient and why, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least bit ancient and why, right?
+It's a very where whereas the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a very where whereas the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a very where whereas the the the
+the the John Daer piece is very largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the John Daer piece is very largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the John Daer piece is very largely
+about how images of race get used,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how images of race get used,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how images of race get used,
+right? It's a much bigger problem. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's a much bigger problem. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's a much bigger problem. And
+and and and Meg's piece on the meat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and Meg's piece on the meat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and Meg's piece on the meat is
+actually much more narrative. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more narrative. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more narrative. It's not
+focused around a question per se, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused around a question per se, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused around a question per se, right?
+It's telling you a story about how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's telling you a story about how in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's telling you a story about how in
+this case an agency um kind of rises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case an agency um kind of rises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case an agency um kind of rises and
+falls. I guess there's a there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls. I guess there's a there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls. I guess there's a there's there's
+there's definitely a you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely a you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely a you know they
+emerge on the scene and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge on the scene and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge on the scene and then they
+disappear and then and then Peters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and then and then Peters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and then and then Peters is
+this huge right comparative analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge right comparative analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge right comparative analysis of
+of 18th century empire building you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 18th century empire building you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 18th century empire building you know
+around the world. I mean, it's primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. I mean, it's primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world. I mean, it's primarily
+focused onQing uh uhQing movements into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused onQing uh uhQing movements into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused onQing uh uhQing movements into
+the the Tibetan frontier, but you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Tibetan frontier, but you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Tibetan frontier, but you know,
+he picks up the Ottomans and a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he picks up the Ottomans and a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he picks up the Ottomans and a whole
+European literature and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European literature and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European literature and all sorts of
+other stuff, right? So, those are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff, right? So, those are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff, right? So, those are much
+broader. But if we if we go back for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader. But if we if we go back for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader. But if we if we go back for a
+minute to the three that are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute to the three that are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute to the three that are kind of
+case sensitive, we can we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case sensitive, we can we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case sensitive, we can we can ask
+questions about um the historian's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about um the historian's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about um the historian's
+methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology
+in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finding
+evidence often inadvertently. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence often inadvertently. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence often inadvertently. Right.
+Yours was inadvertent, wasn't it? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yours was inadvertent, wasn't it? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yours was inadvertent, wasn't it? Well,
+it's just the the first report is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the the first report is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the the first report is uh
+published in a 19th century collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a 19th century collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a 19th century collection
+of documents from this archive and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of documents from this archive and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of documents from this archive and in
+the course of going through that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of going through that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of going through that for
+another project, I happened to stumble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another project, I happened to stumble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another project, I happened to stumble
+across it inadvertent. Right. And mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across it inadvertent. Right. And mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across it inadvertent. Right. And mine
+is the same way. Um I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same way. Um I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same way. Um I was doing
+something else in the archives of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in the archives of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in the archives of this
+particular orphanage and discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular orphanage and discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular orphanage and discovered that
+there were all these probate inventories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were all these probate inventories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were all these probate inventories
+that were just kind of lying around. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were just kind of lying around. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were just kind of lying around. And
+in fact, my first my first response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, my first my first response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, my first my first response to
+that material was to write to my thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material was to write to my thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material was to write to my thesis
+adviser and say, "Hey, guess what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser and say, "Hey, guess what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adviser and say, "Hey, guess what I
+found? This would be a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found? This would be a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found? This would be a great
+dissertation project for somebody. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation project for somebody. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation project for somebody. Why
+don't you suggest it to one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you suggest it to one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you suggest it to one of your
+students?" And you know, and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students?" And you know, and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students?" And you know, and then like
+another year later, I think I talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year later, I think I talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year later, I think I talked to
+him again. So, have you found anyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him again. So, have you found anyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him again. So, have you found anyone who
+wants to work with those probate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to work with those probate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to work with those probate
+inventories? And a year later, does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories? And a year later, does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventories? And a year later, does
+anybody want to work with them? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to work with them? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to work with them? And
+finally, you know, it sort of dawned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, you know, it sort of dawned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, you know, it sort of dawned on
+me, oh, well, I guess I could go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, oh, well, I guess I could go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me, oh, well, I guess I could go back
+and work with them. But I mean it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with them. But I mean it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with them. But I mean it has
+that it has that kind of accidental find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has that kind of accidental find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has that kind of accidental find
+of something which you then can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something which you then can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something which you then can think
+through what are the what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what are the what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what are the what are the
+questions that one might want to pose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that one might want to pose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that one might want to pose of
+this box of materials that have come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box of materials that have come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box of materials that have come to
+me somewhat inadvertently right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me somewhat inadvertently right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me somewhat inadvertently right it's not
+that um you know it's it's it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know it's it's it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know it's it's it's it's not
+that there was some agenda to ask those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some agenda to ask those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some agenda to ask those
+specific questions and then to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific questions and then to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific questions and then to go
+searching for data but rather to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for data but rather to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for data but rather to have
+sort of found data and realize that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of found data and realize that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of found data and realize that um
+it opens up some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it opens up some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it opens up some interesting
+possibilities. But okay, so a aside from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities. But okay, so a aside from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities. But okay, so a aside from
+how we come to these things which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we come to these things which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we come to these things which is
+often quite accidental and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often quite accidental and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often quite accidental and hopefully
+you're going to make this discovery in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make this discovery in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make this discovery in
+your own papers, right? That you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own papers, right? That you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own papers, right? That you're
+going to be reading away and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reading away and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reading away and suddenly
+there's going to be material that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be material that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be material that that
+wasn't what you were looking for, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't what you were looking for, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't what you were looking for, but
+that in fact um has all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact um has all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact um has all kinds of
+potential to say interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to say interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to say interesting things
+about about the world and the past. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the world and the past. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the world and the past. and
+so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth.
+But so so in these if we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so so in these if we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so so in these if we're going to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+sources, if we've come to sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources, if we've come to sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources, if we've come to sources
+accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and we know that they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we know that they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we know that they weren't
+recorded in the first place for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in the first place for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in the first place for the
+purposes to which we are now about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes to which we are now about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes to which we are now about to
+put them in this in this setting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in this in this setting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in this in this setting of
+writing an article. Um how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing an article. Um how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing an article. Um how can we
+evaluate methodology aside, right? be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate methodology aside, right? be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate methodology aside, right? be it
+cultural or quantitative. But how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural or quantitative. But how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural or quantitative. But how can we
+evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the
+veracity of the historian's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veracity of the historian's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veracity of the historian's
+interpretation or the legitimacy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation or the legitimacy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation or the legitimacy of the
+historian's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpretation? I mean the policeman who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation? I mean the policeman who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation? I mean the policeman who
+comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to the
+Chevier's villa or whatever is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chevier's villa or whatever is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chevier's villa or whatever is it a
+villa? It's a just a large luxurious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villa? It's a just a large luxurious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villa? It's a just a large luxurious
+house, townhouse, let's say. Okay. um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house, townhouse, let's say. Okay. um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house, townhouse, let's say. Okay. um he
+he has no he has no grand designs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has no he has no grand designs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has no he has no grand designs at
+all, right, to speak to the problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, right, to speak to the problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, right, to speak to the problems of
+race and class and social status, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and class and social status, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and class and social status, right,
+in regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regime
+France, right? So, is it okay for Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France, right? So, is it okay for Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France, right? So, is it okay for Jeff
+to do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Well, in a way, isn't it isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, in a way, isn't it isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, in a way, isn't it isn't it
+good that the policeman has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that the policeman has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that the policeman has no
+intentions to speak to class and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions to speak to class and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions to speak to class and uh uh
+social structures like that because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social structures like that because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social structures like that because that
+gives you an unbiased account on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an unbiased account on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an unbiased account on his
+part, right? initially in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, right? initially in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, right? initially in the first
+part. I mean, upon reading the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. I mean, upon reading the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. I mean, upon reading the second
+document when they've covered it up, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document when they've covered it up, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document when they've covered it up, I
+think that's that's more speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's more speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's more speaking
+towards at least class structures in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards at least class structures in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards at least class structures in a
+way. But I think I don't so much see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. But I think I don't so much see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. But I think I don't so much see a
+problem with using a source that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with using a source that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with using a source that wasn't
+specifically addressing an issue you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically addressing an issue you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically addressing an issue you are
+trying to investigate as as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to investigate as as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to investigate as as being
+legitimate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate.
+I think depending on how broad the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think depending on how broad the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think depending on how broad the
+source is as well because I mean you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is as well because I mean you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is as well because I mean you you
+mentioned in the with the the probate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the with the the probate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in the with the the probate
+documents and the orphanage that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and the orphanage that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents and the orphanage that they
+were broader than most probate documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were broader than most probate documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were broader than most probate documents
+and and you know you could ascertain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know you could ascertain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know you could ascertain the
+purpose for which they were written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose for which they were written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose for which they were written down
+and that it was broad enough that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it was broad enough that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it was broad enough that it
+contained within it you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within it you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within it you know that that
+it didn't have some it it shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have some it it shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have some it it shouldn't be
+lacking uh lacking something important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking uh lacking something important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacking uh lacking something important
+that would uh but I mean I guess that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would uh but I mean I guess that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would uh but I mean I guess that is
+the big danger is to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big danger is to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big danger is to make sure that you
+know the police officer just isn't used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the police officer just isn't used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the police officer just isn't used
+to ignoring certain facts that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignoring certain facts that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignoring certain facts that you would
+assume assume that that he's But I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume assume that that he's But I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume assume that that he's But I mean,
+you know, and that's that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and that's that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and that's that's something
+that's kind of hard to and again, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of hard to and again, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of hard to and again, maybe
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the in terms of the probate if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in terms of the probate if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in terms of the probate if if if
+they were, you know, just not used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were, you know, just not used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were, you know, just not used to
+writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down
+uh facts about people of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facts about people of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facts about people of a certain
+certain economic status that like, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain economic status that like, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain economic status that like, oh,
+well, you know, that's that's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, you know, that's that's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, you know, that's that's obviously
+not a problem. I mean, it looks like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem. I mean, it looks like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem. I mean, it looks like you
+ascertained that that wasn't the case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascertained that that wasn't the case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascertained that that wasn't the case,
+that they actually did record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they actually did record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they actually did record
+everything. But, you know, it could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. But, you know, it could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. But, you know, it could have
+very well been you found this document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well been you found this document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well been you found this document
+and they were just omitting certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were just omitting certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were just omitting certain
+things because it wasn't important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it wasn't important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it wasn't important for
+them. Mhm. So I guess you just need to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Mhm. So I guess you just need to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Mhm. So I guess you just need to,
+you know, and I think it's even harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and I think it's even harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and I think it's even harder
+with the the police documents as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the police documents as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the police documents as well.
+Requires a little maybe harder, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Requires a little maybe harder, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Requires a little maybe harder, maybe
+easier. I'm not sure, but uh it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier. I'm not sure, but uh it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier. I'm not sure, but uh it just
+requires a lot of investigation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a lot of investigation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a lot of investigation in the
+nature of the source. If I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the source. If I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the source. If I could have
+had uh one other source, if you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh one other source, if you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh one other source, if you as a
+reader would have liked me to have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader would have liked me to have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader would have liked me to have had
+one more source to add to the picture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more source to add to the picture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more source to add to the picture,
+complete the picture, complicate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the picture, complicate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the picture, complicate or
+confuse the picture, what would you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse the picture, what would you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse the picture, what would you have
+wanted me to have? What should I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted me to have? What should I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted me to have? What should I have
+fabricated in the archives?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These are fabricated. What would Natalie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are fabricated. What would Natalie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are fabricated. What would Natalie
+Davis have done?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis have done?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis have done?
+I just assume there there was a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just assume there there was a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just assume there there was a a a
+fairly significant ground swell of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly significant ground swell of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly significant ground swell of
+anti-davis sentiment in this class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-davis sentiment in this class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-davis sentiment in this class that
+uh John John Deeos's unredeemed captive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh John John Deeos's unredeemed captive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh John John Deeos's unredeemed captive
+came in as sort of higher on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in as sort of higher on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in as sort of higher on the
+veracity scale um than than Davis. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veracity scale um than than Davis. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veracity scale um than than Davis. What
+what didn't you guys like about Natalie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what didn't you guys like about Natalie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what didn't you guys like about Natalie
+Davis's book?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis's book?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis's book?
+Did she read too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did she read too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did she read too much
+into characters without really making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into characters without really making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into characters without really making a
+distinction of when that was happening?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction of when that was happening?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction of when that was happening?
+Mhm. Yeah. They just didn't trust her.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, what would you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what would you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what would you guys
+want? What would what would in in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want? What would what would in in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want? What would what would in in my
+piece or in any of the other ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece or in any of the other ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece or in any of the other ones you
+read as well?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read as well?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read as well?
+Um I I don't know if this exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I I don't know if this exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I I don't know if this exactly
+because I read the dower. Um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I read the dower. Um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I read the dower. Um I'm
+actually taking this class right on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking this class right on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually taking this class right on that
+too. So it's going to be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So it's going to be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So it's going to be interesting
+because I basically heard the lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I basically heard the lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I basically heard the lecture on
+that Monday. Uhhuh. And good timing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Monday. Uhhuh. And good timing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Monday. Uhhuh. And good timing.
+Yeah. I really thought that the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I really thought that the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I really thought that the piece
+could have used a couple of the graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have used a couple of the graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have used a couple of the graphics
+he used in class to substantiate what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used in class to substantiate what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used in class to substantiate what he
+was saying because the graphics he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying because the graphics he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying because the graphics he had
+in class were just like it was so clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class were just like it was so clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class were just like it was so clear
+looking at these, you know, cuz it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these, you know, cuz it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these, you know, cuz it's
+about, you know, the racism towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, you know, the racism towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, you know, the racism towards
+Japanese. And here's a picture of Hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese. And here's a picture of Hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese. And here's a picture of Hitler
+and Mussolini. They're about this tall.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mussolini. They're about this tall.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mussolini. They're about this tall.
+And here's the Japanese guy that's half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's the Japanese guy that's half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's the Japanese guy that's half
+their size. And it really makes a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their size. And it really makes a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their size. And it really makes a strong
+point as to what he was trying to say.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as to what he was trying to say.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as to what he was trying to say.
+And I thought that having like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I thought that having like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I thought that having like a
+separate me, you know, not just text,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate me, you know, not just text,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate me, you know, not just text,
+but adding the picture would have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but adding the picture would have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but adding the picture would have really
+helped prove his point. Go ahead. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped prove his point. Go ahead. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped prove his point. Go ahead. I
+thought with Meg's one that really made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought with Meg's one that really made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought with Meg's one that really made
+a difference that with Me Jacobs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference that with Me Jacobs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference that with Me Jacobs one
+that she had these pictures where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had these pictures where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had these pictures where I was
+like so like I it was meant more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so like I it was meant more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so like I it was meant more like
+before like when she'd say oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before like when she'd say oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before like when she'd say oh well
+they're you know trying to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know trying to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're you know trying to do this
+propaganda sort of detached about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda sort of detached about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda sort of detached about how
+how over the top propaganda was and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how over the top propaganda was and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how over the top propaganda was and then
+you see these pictures and they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these pictures and they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these pictures and they're just
+so like nowadays they think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like nowadays they think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like nowadays they think of this
+parody almost cuz they're just so comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody almost cuz they're just so comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody almost cuz they're just so comic
+and I think it just really helped push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it just really helped push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it just really helped push
+the point of sort of the how strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of sort of the how strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of sort of the how strong
+these things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were
+going To answer's question, I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going To answer's question, I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going To answer's question, I think they
+make a lot of points as to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of points as to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of points as to the
+relationship between the um the servants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the um the servants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the um the servants
+or I don't know what the proper word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't know what the proper word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I don't know what the proper word for
+them is and the villier, is that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is and the villier, is that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is and the villier, is that his
+name? Mhm. So there was some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name? Mhm. So there was some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name? Mhm. So there was some sort of
+document that could have like a diary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that could have like a diary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that could have like a diary or
+something that would kind of because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would kind of because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would kind of because you
+suggest that maybe you know he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that maybe you know he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that maybe you know he had a
+favorite servant and that there were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite servant and that there were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite servant and that there were all
+these possibly, you know, interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possibly, you know, interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possibly, you know, interactions
+between the servants. If there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the servants. If there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the servants. If there was some
+kind of diary from one of the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of diary from one of the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of diary from one of the people in
+the house that actually says what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house that actually says what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house that actually says what the
+home life was actually like. Mhm. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home life was actually like. Mhm. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home life was actually like. Mhm. I
+mean, it's unfortunate that one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it's unfortunate that one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it's unfortunate that one doesn't
+exist, but that could help explain if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist, but that could help explain if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist, but that could help explain if
+there was just some pent up animosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just some pent up animosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was just some pent up animosity
+between a couple of the servants or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a couple of the servants or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a couple of the servants or if
+it was something broader because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something broader because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something broader because I I
+believe that it was something broader,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it was something broader,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that it was something broader,
+but it could have just been, you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could have just been, you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could have just been, you know, a
+personal feud. Mhm. And I think you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal feud. Mhm. And I think you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal feud. Mhm. And I think you I
+think if something like that existed, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if something like that existed, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if something like that existed, it
+would have Yeah. No, I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have Yeah. No, I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have Yeah. No, I think the the
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+probably isn't anything like that. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably isn't anything like that. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably isn't anything like that. But
+the reason why I haven't published this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I haven't published this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why I haven't published this
+is that I'm still not very happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm still not very happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm still not very happy with
+how much I know about the master of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I know about the master of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I know about the master of the
+house. And I know there are places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. And I know there are places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. And I know there are places where
+I can go poke around in Paris to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go poke around in Paris to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go poke around in Paris to find
+that out. And I think by learning more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out. And I think by learning more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out. And I think by learning more
+about him, about the sources of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him, about the sources of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him, about the sources of his
+wealth, some other things I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth, some other things I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth, some other things I might be
+able to have access to, I then might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have access to, I then might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have access to, I then might be
+able to draw a little bit broader and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw a little bit broader and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw a little bit broader and
+richer picture of that household. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer picture of that household. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer picture of that household. And
+so, yeah, I think that's to my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, yeah, I think that's to my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, yeah, I think that's to my mind
+that's the one uh documentary weakness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one uh documentary weakness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one uh documentary weakness
+right now in this piece that I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in this piece that I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in this piece that I I want to
+fill in before I uh try to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in before I uh try to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in before I uh try to get it
+published somewhere. What What did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published somewhere. What What did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published somewhere. What What did you
+want to say, Mila? Um I was just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say, Mila? Um I was just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say, Mila? Um I was just because
+she said that the graphics that Der used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said that the graphics that Der used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said that the graphics that Der used
+and that's what actually really I liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what actually really I liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what actually really I liked
+about Meg's piece is that that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Meg's piece is that that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Meg's piece is that that's really
+the way she lectures. She has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way she lectures. She has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way she lectures. She has these
+great graphics that completely support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great graphics that completely support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great graphics that completely support
+and add to her points. Let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add to her points. Let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add to her points. Let's talk about
+images then. Okay. Um because I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images then. Okay. Um because I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images then. Okay. Um because I mean
+Nick's first claim is that once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick's first claim is that once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick's first claim is that once the
+images are up, right, it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images are up, right, it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images are up, right, it's all
+clear. It's it's there, right? It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. It's it's there, right? It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear. It's it's there, right? It's
+compelling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling.
+Um, and I mean I'll I'll overread into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I mean I'll I'll overread into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I mean I'll I'll overread into
+what you said to right to make to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said to right to make to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said to right to make to make
+the point and then we and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point and then we and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point and then we and then we can
+back away from it a little bit. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back away from it a little bit. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back away from it a little bit. But
+uh the the the image and our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the image and our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the image and our our
+understanding of the image is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the image is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the image is something
+that speaks for itself, right? or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speaks for itself, right? or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speaks for itself, right? or that
+has that potential to be so powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that potential to be so powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that potential to be so powerful
+that it speaks, you know, for itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it speaks, you know, for itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it speaks, you know, for itself
+that that um you all I have to do is see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that um you all I have to do is see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that um you all I have to do is see
+that Hitler is tall and the monkey man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitler is tall and the monkey man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hitler is tall and the monkey man
+is short, right? And and there it is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is short, right? And and there it is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is short, right? And and there it is,
+right? It's a kind of um um um a tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's a kind of um um um a tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's a kind of um um um a tableau
+for me to understand how racism in World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to understand how racism in World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to understand how racism in World
+War II is is playing itself out, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II is is playing itself out, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II is is playing itself out, right?
+Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the
+One one of the concerns that say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One one of the concerns that say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One one of the concerns that say the
+quantitative historian might have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative historian might have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative historian might have right
+is that uh is is that well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh is is that well I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh is is that well I mean
+thinking about the early modern period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the early modern period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the early modern period
+we have a large collection of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a large collection of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a large collection of you know
+preserved artworks right and and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved artworks right and and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved artworks right and and one of
+the tropes I mean just to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tropes I mean just to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tropes I mean just to go back to the
+widow piece for a moment one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widow piece for a moment one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widow piece for a moment one of the
+tropes that's out there that's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tropes that's out there that's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tropes that's out there that's both
+literary and artistic right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary and artistic right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary and artistic right is
+meet remarrying widow, right, who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet remarrying widow, right, who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet remarrying widow, right, who you
+know is coorting and gallivanting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is coorting and gallivanting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is coorting and gallivanting about
+with younger men and it's all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with younger men and it's all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with younger men and it's all very
+inappropriate and so forth, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate and so forth, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate and so forth, right? And
+then the question is if if if that image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is if if if that image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is if if if that image
+in fact this article originally had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this article originally had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this article originally had an
+image when it was or had two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image when it was or had two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image when it was or had two or three
+actually when it was in paper form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when it was in paper form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when it was in paper form and
+being presented and then of course when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being presented and then of course when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being presented and then of course when
+it went off to the stuffy journal all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went off to the stuffy journal all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went off to the stuffy journal all of
+that got you know some journals will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got you know some journals will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got you know some journals will
+take pictures and some won't. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pictures and some won't. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pictures and some won't. Um, and
+the Journal of Family History has no use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Journal of Family History has no use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Journal of Family History has no use
+for pictures. Um, this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pictures. Um, this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pictures. Um, this is a this is a
+this is a very sort of quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very sort of quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very sort of quantitative
+gang. And um, and part of what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang. And um, and part of what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang. And um, and part of what I was
+doing with the pictures was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with the pictures was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with the pictures was actually
+using things that the quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using things that the quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using things that the quantitative
+evidence suggests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence suggests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence suggests are
+wrong. And I was sort of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. And I was sort of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. And I was sort of doing that
+deliberately.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately.
+Um but we could we could be suspicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but we could we could be suspicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but we could we could be suspicious
+that professor Daer has for your you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that professor Daer has for your you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that professor Daer has for your you
+know beguilement in Monday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beguilement in Monday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beguilement in Monday's lecture
+right put up the pictures that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right put up the pictures that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right put up the pictures that um that
+are maybe not representative I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe not representative I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe not representative I mean we
+the the pro the problem is we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pro the problem is we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pro the problem is we don't know
+right uh and and they're very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and they're very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and they're very powerful
+that's what sticks with us uh especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what sticks with us uh especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what sticks with us uh especially
+our culture were much more visual um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our culture were much more visual um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our culture were much more visual um
+than perhaps earlier cultures. Yeah. Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than perhaps earlier cultures. Yeah. Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than perhaps earlier cultures. Yeah. Go
+ahead, Peter. Kind of similar to what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead, Peter. Kind of similar to what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead, Peter. Kind of similar to what uh
+Rifto does as well because she puts up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rifto does as well because she puts up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rifto does as well because she puts up
+these imposing pictures of cattle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these imposing pictures of cattle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these imposing pictures of cattle and
+then she said, "Well, I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she said, "Well, I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she said, "Well, I'm going to tell
+you why it's probably not true that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why it's probably not true that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why it's probably not true that or
+at least the story behind them isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the story behind them isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the story behind them isn't
+true." Mhm. So, I guess images can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true." Mhm. So, I guess images can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true." Mhm. So, I guess images can't
+always be taken at the at the face value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be taken at the at the face value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be taken at the at the face value
+like that. Well, I mean, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Well, I mean, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Well, I mean, that's
+certainly her claim, right? that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly her claim, right? that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly her claim, right? that the
+images have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images have been
+manufactured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured
+deliberately in a way, right, to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately in a way, right, to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately in a way, right, to be
+misleading. Now, not to be misleading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading. Now, not to be misleading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading. Now, not to be misleading to
+us. Their the point about them was to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. Their the point about them was to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. Their the point about them was to be
+misleading to their contemporaries,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading to their contemporaries,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading to their contemporaries,
+right? To create an image of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? To create an image of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? To create an image of something
+made by misled people almost.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by misled people almost.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by misled people almost.
+Well, but we could say that about, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, but we could say that about, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, but we could say that about, you
+know, these sort of racially charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these sort of racially charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these sort of racially charged
+images that come out of World War II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that come out of World War II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that come out of World War II
+propaganda as well, that they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda as well, that they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propaganda as well, that they were they
+they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they
+they were misleading even at the time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were misleading even at the time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were misleading even at the time,
+um maybe not deliberately, maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe not deliberately, maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe not deliberately, maybe not
+self-consciously, but if if Daer's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consciously, but if if Daer's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consciously, but if if Daer's point
+that the racism is so embedded, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the racism is so embedded, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the racism is so embedded, right,
+that people can't even see it, if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can't even see it, if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can't even see it, if that's
+true, then the images are they are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, then the images are they are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, then the images are they are both
+proving the point and making the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the point and making the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the point and making the point
+dangerous simultaneously, right? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous simultaneously, right? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous simultaneously, right? Yeah.
+Go ahead, Ben. Uh, I was just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead, Ben. Uh, I was just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead, Ben. Uh, I was just going to
+say I don't really see how that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't really see how that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't really see how that's too
+much different than uh just like other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different than uh just like other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different than uh just like other
+sources like the actual images from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources like the actual images from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources like the actual images from the
+time because I mean like with the cattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because I mean like with the cattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because I mean like with the cattle
+there were sources saying you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were sources saying you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were sources saying you know these
+are ancient and you know magnificent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ancient and you know magnificent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ancient and you know magnificent and
+all that other stuff but like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that other stuff but like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that other stuff but like you know
+the a picture speaks to us and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a picture speaks to us and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a picture speaks to us and you know
+that's that's sort of like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of like our
+perspective on it but I don't think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on it but I don't think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on it but I don't think like
+you can categorize them as being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can categorize them as being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can categorize them as being more
+dangerous like when when looking at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous like when when looking at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous like when when looking at them
+as sort or like references than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort or like references than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort or like references than any
+written work. Go ahead, Annie. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written work. Go ahead, Annie. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written work. Go ahead, Annie. And then
+Maria. Yeah. I mean, I think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maria. Yeah. I mean, I think it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maria. Yeah. I mean, I think it's just
+Yeah, it's the whole thing. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's the whole thing. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's the whole thing. It's just
+interpreting, right? If you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting, right? If you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting, right? If you have the
+pictures of these married widows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of these married widows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of these married widows
+jumping, that says something about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping, that says something about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping, that says something about those
+times, right? That people somehow wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, right? That people somehow wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, right? That people somehow wanted
+to think about that. And that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that. And that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that. And that's like a
+different question almost than the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question almost than the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question almost than the one
+you answered, right? It's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answered, right? It's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answered, right? It's like a
+different you're talking like social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you're talking like social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you're talking like social
+history there of like why why was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history there of like why why was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history there of like why why was this
+an important image? Why did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important image? Why did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important image? Why did you know
+whatever? So, I think it also depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever? So, I think it also depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever? So, I think it also depends on
+like what you're looking at it. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you're looking at it. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you're looking at it. And it's
+the same way with like political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way with like political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way with like political
+cartoons from World War II tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons from World War II tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons from World War II tell us
+something different. It tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different. It tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different. It tells us
+something about the way people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the way people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the way people were
+thinking. It's more like social history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. It's more like social history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking. It's more like social history.
+And I didn't read the cattle piece, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I didn't read the cattle piece, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I didn't read the cattle piece, but
+apparently the same thing. Like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the same thing. Like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the same thing. Like these
+people wanted to believe it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to believe it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to believe it for a
+reason. Like it was important and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Like it was important and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Like it was important and there
+was a reason behind that. And so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a reason behind that. And so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a reason behind that. And so it's
+like understanding two different things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like understanding two different things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like understanding two different things,
+right? One is like the facts of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? One is like the facts of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? One is like the facts of like
+what was actually true, right? The Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was actually true, right? The Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was actually true, right? The Mary
+widows were not so merry. And the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widows were not so merry. And the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widows were not so merry. And the other
+thing is like social history like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is like social history like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is like social history like people
+wanted to think that they were married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think that they were married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think that they were married
+widows for some reason or another. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widows for some reason or another. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widows for some reason or another. So I
+don't know I think depends on I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think depends on I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think depends on I mean
+that's that's one thing the historian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one thing the historian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's one thing the historian
+can do right is say all right I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do right is say all right I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do right is say all right I've got
+this range of evidence it comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range of evidence it comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range of evidence it comes in
+different sort of methodological formats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of methodological formats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of methodological formats
+um and some of it seems to contradict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some of it seems to contradict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some of it seems to contradict
+each other. So I have I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So I have I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So I have I have
+quantitative records that suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative records that suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative records that suggest that
+widows are economically disadvantaged. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widows are economically disadvantaged. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widows are economically disadvantaged. I
+have a iconographic tradition and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a iconographic tradition and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a iconographic tradition and a
+literary tradition that suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary tradition that suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary tradition that suggests that
+widows are sort of running around having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widows are sort of running around having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widows are sort of running around having
+a great old time because they're widows,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great old time because they're widows,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great old time because they're widows,
+right? And they've gotten rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And they've gotten rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And they've gotten rid of that
+bothersome first husband. They've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothersome first husband. They've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothersome first husband. They've
+inherited got his cash. They've got his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited got his cash. They've got his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited got his cash. They've got his
+cash, right? They've inherited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash, right? They've inherited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash, right? They've inherited the
+fortune and now they can run around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune and now they can run around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune and now they can run around with
+younger men, right? Um, and and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger men, right? Um, and and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger men, right? Um, and and I could
+take both of those pieces of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take both of those pieces of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take both of those pieces of evidence
+and I could say, "Wow, this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could say, "Wow, this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could say, "Wow, this is really
+interesting." That first of all, in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting." That first of all, in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting." That first of all, in some
+sense that there was a truth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that there was a truth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that there was a truth in the
+past. They can't both be true or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past. They can't both be true or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past. They can't both be true or at
+least they can't both be true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least they can't both be true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least they can't both be true for the
+same people simultaneously, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people simultaneously, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same people simultaneously, right? So,
+it's possible that there's just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that there's just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that there's just two
+groups. There are there are poor widows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. There are there are poor widows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups. There are there are poor widows
+and then there are romping around, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are romping around, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are romping around, you
+know, rich widows and and just narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, rich widows and and just narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, rich widows and and just narrow
+the two shall meet, right? I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two shall meet, right? I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two shall meet, right? I mean,
+that's one possibility. Another is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility. Another is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possibility. Another is what
+you've just suggested Annie and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just suggested Annie and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just suggested Annie and that is
+well maybe society is afraid of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe society is afraid of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe society is afraid of the one
+even though it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's not so
+common and ignores the other because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and ignores the other because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and ignores the other because
+it's so common and it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so common and it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so common and it's not it's not
+representationally frightening. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representationally frightening. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representationally frightening. And so
+the one is going to show up in cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one is going to show up in cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one is going to show up in cultural
+sources and the other is going to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and the other is going to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and the other is going to only
+show up through this kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up through this kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up through this kind of you know
+careful digging in fiscal records that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful digging in fiscal records that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful digging in fiscal records that
+were gathered for some completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gathered for some completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gathered for some completely
+different purpose. Right? And I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purpose. Right? And I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different purpose. Right? And I mean in
+a way that's what that's how I've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that's what that's how I've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that's what that's how I've tried
+to think about the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the problem.
+Um but but it's but it's nonetheless a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but but it's but it's nonetheless a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but but it's but it's nonetheless a
+cautionary right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautionary right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautionary right because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um because visual images have such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because visual images have such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because visual images have such an
+impact on us. I mean maybe what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on us. I mean maybe what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on us. I mean maybe what would be
+really great you know if you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great you know if you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great you know if you couldn't
+get the diary maybe you should make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the diary maybe you should make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the diary maybe you should make up
+some drawings of the events and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some drawings of the events and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some drawings of the events and that
+would be good too right because then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good too right because then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good too right because then you
+could have a great picture or two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a great picture or two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a great picture or two or
+three. Well, in fact, there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Well, in fact, there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Well, in fact, there are several
+great pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great pictures
+of precisely this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precisely this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precisely this
+object from they're not French sources,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object from they're not French sources,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object from they're not French sources,
+but there's a great uh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a great uh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a great uh there are a
+couple of great British sources. One of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of great British sources. One of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of great British sources. One of
+a um sort of conniving Italian opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um sort of conniving Italian opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um sort of conniving Italian opera
+director who outfits his main diva with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who outfits his main diva with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who outfits his main diva with
+a false rump that exaggerates its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false rump that exaggerates its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false rump that exaggerates its
+curvaceousness and he's fitting her with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvaceousness and he's fitting her with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvaceousness and he's fitting her with
+it. Then there's another one, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Then there's another one, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Then there's another one, a
+political cartoon of Walpole from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political cartoon of Walpole from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political cartoon of Walpole from the
+early 1740s of everyone having to he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1740s of everyone having to he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1740s of everyone having to he
+strides over the entry to government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strides over the entry to government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strides over the entry to government and
+everybody has to climb up a ladder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to climb up a ladder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to climb up a ladder and
+kiss his bare rump that's exposed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiss his bare rump that's exposed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiss his bare rump that's exposed before
+they can go on in and get an office in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go on in and get an office in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can go on in and get an office in
+the British government. So I mean, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British government. So I mean, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the British government. So I mean, you
+know, Christelle has my wife has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Christelle has my wife has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Christelle has my wife has
+suggested that to her it seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that to her it seems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that to her it seems like the
+18th century might better be labeled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century might better be labeled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century might better be labeled the
+century of the rump for these reasons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century of the rump for these reasons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century of the rump for these reasons.
+Okay, you go Miranda. Um I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you go Miranda. Um I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you go Miranda. Um I think that
+the problem is also with pictures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is also with pictures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is also with pictures you
+have to be very very careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very very careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very very careful with
+numbers because I mean we're so used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because I mean we're so used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because I mean we're so used to
+thinking numbers you know thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking numbers you know thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking numbers you know thinking
+pictures are much much more powerful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are much much more powerful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are much much more powerful but
+in fact I think a lot of society is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I think a lot of society is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I think a lot of society is just
+completely controlled by numbers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely controlled by numbers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely controlled by numbers like
+you know you can say like and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can say like and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can say like and there's a
+real problem because people are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem because people are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem because people are like
+well you know the scientists said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know the scientists said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know the scientists said this
+so it's true and you can get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's true and you can get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's true and you can get you know
+well you know 30% of these you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know 30% of these you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know 30% of these you know the
+problem of saying that they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of saying that they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of saying that they had the
+social the social scientists of World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social the social scientists of World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social the social scientists of World
+War II saying well you know by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II saying well you know by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II saying well you know by our
+science we've proven that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we've proven that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we've proven that you know that
+they are less smart than us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are less smart than us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are less smart than us and
+something like that. It's sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. It's sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. It's sort of you
+know if you put out a number like 33% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you put out a number like 33% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you put out a number like 33% of
+people are in this are this people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in this are this people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in this are this people will
+almost automatically accept that and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost automatically accept that and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost automatically accept that and a
+lot more times as you know it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more times as you know it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more times as you know it'll be a
+stronger thing than it's saying well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger thing than it's saying well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger thing than it's saying well a
+bunch of people are like this and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people are like this and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people are like this and so I
+think you have to be and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have to be and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have to be and a lot of
+science things are are really you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science things are are really you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science things are are really you know a
+lot of these numbers are not they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these numbers are not they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these numbers are not they're not
+fuzzy but they're like it's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy but they're like it's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy but they're like it's a there's a
+very very small margins to go there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small margins to go there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very small margins to go there's
+not a you know all right this is 100 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a you know all right this is 100 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a you know all right this is 100 and
+this is one and so it's it's can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one and so it's it's can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one and so it's it's can be
+really you have to be as careful I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you have to be as careful I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you have to be as careful I think
+with numbers as are with pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers as are with pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers as are with pictures of
+being very careful of what is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very careful of what is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being very careful of what is the um
+what is the percentage that says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the percentage that says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the percentage that says okay
+this is a true fact this is not a and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a true fact this is not a and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a true fact this is not a and I
+mean you address that in your thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you address that in your thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you address that in your thing of
+saying that well that you've had and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that well that you've had and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that well that you've had and you
+did address that problem in your thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did address that problem in your thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did address that problem in your thing
+of one point yeah the part about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one point yeah the part about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one point yeah the part about the
+pawn shops where like this percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pawn shops where like this percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pawn shops where like this percent
+happens during the winter months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens during the winter months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens during the winter months and
+random thing would only suggest this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random thing would only suggest this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random thing would only suggest this
+much right okay I mean that's one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right okay I mean that's one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much right okay I mean that's one way of
+doing it right is saying what what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it right is saying what what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it right is saying what what would
+we expect and how far do we deviate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect and how far do we deviate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect and how far do we deviate from
+what we expect as opposed to just giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect as opposed to just giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect as opposed to just giving
+a number gosh 30% of all the ponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number gosh 30% of all the ponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number gosh 30% of all the ponds
+happened in the winter time right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the winter time right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the winter time right and
+then oh yeah but like 30% of the months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh yeah but like 30% of the months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh yeah but like 30% of the months
+are in the winter time or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the winter time or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the winter time or something like
+that right I mean 25% there we go that'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I mean 25% there we go that'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I mean 25% there we go that'd
+be a better number but I mean that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a better number but I mean that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a better number but I mean that's I
+mean that's that's e excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's that's e excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's that's e excellent
+observation and you guys presumably are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and you guys presumably are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and you guys presumably are
+you know numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know numerically
+uh literate enough or numerate enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh literate enough or numerate enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh literate enough or numerate enough
+should I say Can I say that? Numerative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I say Can I say that? Numerative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I say Can I say that? Numerative.
+You guys are numerator enough that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You guys are numerator enough that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You guys are numerator enough that you
+think of those things, but lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those things, but lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those things, but lots of
+people actually don't. But Ian, was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually don't. But Ian, was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually don't. But Ian, was it
+Are you responding to this? Um, yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you responding to this? Um, yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are you responding to this? Um, yes,
+pretty much. Just saying that, um, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much. Just saying that, um, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much. Just saying that, um, that
+this seems like it is a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like it is a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like it is a lot of these
+seem like they're addressed to uh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like they're addressed to uh, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like they're addressed to uh, you
+know, a very academic audience of, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a very academic audience of, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a very academic audience of, you
+know, perhaps quantitative historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, perhaps quantitative historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, perhaps quantitative historians
+and, uh, you know, and and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and, uh, you know, and and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and, uh, you know, and and something
+that that we can access pretty readily,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we can access pretty readily,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we can access pretty readily,
+you know, being nume. Um, and I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, being nume. Um, and I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, being nume. Um, and I I just
+don't I don't think that what was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't think that what was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't think that what was there
+was there was a big point to this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there was a big point to this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there was a big point to this that
+Travis point. Um, I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Travis point. Um, I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Travis point. Um, I don't think
+that the danger I think that we're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the danger I think that we're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the danger I think that we're more
+likely and and quantitative historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and and quantitative historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely and and quantitative historians
+and and us people who are able to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and us people who are able to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and us people who are able to really
+understand what's going on are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on are also
+correspondingly much less likely to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly much less likely to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly much less likely to take
+it at face value. are much less likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at face value. are much less likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at face value. are much less likely
+to be to because I mean people at large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to because I mean people at large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to because I mean people at large
+are very trustful at statistics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very trustful at statistics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very trustful at statistics but
+people who understand statistics who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who understand statistics who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who understand statistics who can
+know what's going on are aren't at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on are aren't at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on are aren't at all
+and no that's true that's true and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no that's true that's true and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no that's true that's true and that
+kind of mitigates the risk of numbers go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mitigates the risk of numbers go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mitigates the risk of numbers go
+ahead to connect to that going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to connect to that going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to connect to that going back to
+holy feast holy fast I think there's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy feast holy fast I think there's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy feast holy fast I think there's I
+know we all a book that won't go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we all a book that won't go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we all a book that won't go away
+I mean even though I mean that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean even though I mean that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean even though I mean that's not a
+his not published in historical journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his not published in historical journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his not published in historical journal
+that's actually publish put out onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually publish put out onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually publish put out onto
+onto the wider wider market, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the wider wider market, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the wider wider market, right? And
+she uses she uses statistics that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she uses she uses statistics that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she uses she uses statistics that are
+very fuzzy, right? I remember her saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fuzzy, right? I remember her saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fuzzy, right? I remember her saying
+and 63% of a sample size of nine, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 63% of a sample size of nine, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 63% of a sample size of nine, you
+know, and that's right. And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and that's right. And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and that's right. And I think
+that's your objection, wasn't it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your objection, wasn't it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your objection, wasn't it,
+Miranda at one point? Yeah. the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miranda at one point? Yeah. the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miranda at one point? Yeah. the fact
+that this is in a in a book that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in a in a book that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is in a in a book that has a
+national circulation and therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national circulation and therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national circulation and therefore I
+would think I mean more people I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think I mean more people I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think I mean more people I mean I
+don't think there's many people going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's many people going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's many people going
+into bookstore and picking out poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bookstore and picking out poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bookstore and picking out poly
+randomly to read it for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly to read it for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly to read it for their
+entertainment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment but
+still it has it it has a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it has it it has a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it has it it has a broader
+circulation than say an article like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation than say an article like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation than say an article like
+this and so I think it is it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so I think it is it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so I think it is it's more
+worrisome that you have these fuzzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome that you have these fuzzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome that you have these fuzzy
+statistics in a book like that than say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics in a book like that than say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics in a book like that than say
+if you had them in an article like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had them in an article like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had them in an article like this
+where the readers are going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the readers are going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the readers are going to be more
+discerning is that yeah I mean it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discerning is that yeah I mean it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discerning is that yeah I mean it's not
+entirely clear to me that these journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely clear to me that these journals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely clear to me that these journals
+are more or less obscure than than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more or less obscure than than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more or less obscure than than the
+readership for something like Holy Feast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readership for something like Holy Feast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readership for something like Holy Feast
+Holy Fast. But no, I mean you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holy Fast. But no, I mean you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holy Fast. But no, I mean you're
+absolutely right. There are plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right. There are plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right. There are plenty of
+places where historians want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where historians want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where historians want to make a
+point or any kind of um uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or any kind of um uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or any kind of um uh you know
+rhetoricians, journalists, scholars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetoricians, journalists, scholars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetoricians, journalists, scholars of
+any kind want to make a point and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind want to make a point and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind want to make a point and you
+know they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they know that
+um if they were really pushed on it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if they were really pushed on it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if they were really pushed on it they
+wouldn't put too much stock in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't put too much stock in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't put too much stock in their
+percentage but by golly it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage but by golly it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage but by golly it's good to
+report it because it sounds powerful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it because it sounds powerful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report it because it sounds powerful you
+know so I mean of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I mean of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I mean of course that's
+everywhere. Yeah, Peter. Historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Yeah, Peter. Historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Yeah, Peter. Historical
+journals. Anything like like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals. Anything like like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals. Anything like like the
+scientific journals like are they rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journals like are they rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journals like are they rough
+for read and things like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for read and things like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for read and things like that because
+then you kind of get because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of get because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of get because I know
+whenever I'm looking for stuff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I'm looking for stuff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I'm looking for stuff for
+scientific classes like textbooks, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific classes like textbooks, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific classes like textbooks, you
+know, you can pretty much in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you can pretty much in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you can pretty much in any
+textbook you can find blatantly wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook you can find blatantly wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook you can find blatantly wrong
+information. Mhm. Because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Mhm. Because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Mhm. Because they're not
+referee. So I guess I guess you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee. So I guess I guess you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee. So I guess I guess you kind of
+trust what you read in a journal more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust what you read in a journal more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust what you read in a journal more
+because if it's referee somebody's read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's referee somebody's read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's referee somebody's read
+it and presumably some authority in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and presumably some authority in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and presumably some authority in the
+field has read it and said, "Well, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has read it and said, "Well, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has read it and said, "Well, this
+seems good enough for me." So to me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems good enough for me." So to me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems good enough for me." So to me it
+would be you know good enough for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know good enough for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know good enough for my
+purposes that if there are numbers then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes that if there are numbers then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes that if there are numbers then
+I'm going to trust the trends that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to trust the trends that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to trust the trends that they
+predict gotten through there. That's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict gotten through there. That's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict gotten through there. That's an
+excellent question. Um everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question. Um everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question. Um everything you
+read today has been refereed except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read today has been refereed except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read today has been refereed except for
+Professor Ravel's piece which has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Ravel's piece which has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Ravel's piece which has been
+completely fabricated and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fabricated and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fabricated and that's that's
+why he's unwilling to publish it. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he's unwilling to publish it. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he's unwilling to publish it. He
+didn't want me to tell you that. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want me to tell you that. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want me to tell you that. Um but
+I mean but that's a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean but that's a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean but that's a really good
+question. uh the I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. uh the I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. uh the I mean the
+typical the typical journal process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical the typical journal process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical the typical journal process that
+I'm familiar with is at least one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm familiar with is at least one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm familiar with is at least one and
+preferably two referees with a book it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably two referees with a book it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably two referees with a book it's
+typically two to three or even four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically two to three or even four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically two to three or even four is
+it sometimes four if it might publisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes four if it might publisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes four if it might publisher
+is not very sure what's going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very sure what's going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very sure what's going on right
+and and and so I mean the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so I mean the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so I mean the process is
+supposed to be anonymous um I do a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be anonymous um I do a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be anonymous um I do a fair
+amount of refereeing for the journal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of refereeing for the journal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of refereeing for the journal of
+econom economic history. Um, and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom economic history. Um, and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom economic history. Um, and I know
+the field of economic historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of economic historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of economic historians
+reasonably well, so I get anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well, so I get anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well, so I get anonymous
+articles and I know exactly who it is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and I know exactly who it is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and I know exactly who it is,
+right? Um but the but the process is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um but the but the process is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um but the but the process is in
+theory anonymous and I think I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory anonymous and I think I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory anonymous and I think I mean
+obviously it must be often in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it must be often in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it must be often in practice
+and especially in fields that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially in fields that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially in fields that are really
+big you know like French cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you know like French cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you know like French cultural
+history presumably it is more anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history presumably it is more anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history presumably it is more anonymous
+because uh because you know there many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh because you know there many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh because you know there many
+many more practitioners out there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more practitioners out there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more practitioners out there so the
+random element increases uh and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random element increases uh and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random element increases uh and and the
+idea is indeed that a specialist has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is indeed that a specialist has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is indeed that a specialist has
+been found who you know in in in my case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found who you know in in in my case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found who you know in in in my case
+usually I'm being called on to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I'm being called on to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I'm being called on to evaluate
+um somebody's quantitative techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody's quantitative techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somebody's quantitative techniques
+to make sure that uh but there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that uh but there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that uh but there's not
+some you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know sort of
+egregious either deliberate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egregious either deliberate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egregious either deliberate
+um you know mislication of something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know mislication of something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know mislication of something or
+or just an egregious oversight uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just an egregious oversight uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just an egregious oversight uh that
+that would sort of bring the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would sort of bring the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would sort of bring the um the
+conclusions of the article into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions of the article into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions of the article into
+question. Yeah. But you know, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Yeah. But you know, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Yeah. But you know, I think
+also in I'm sure in your field as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in I'm sure in your field as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in I'm sure in your field as well
+as in other fields that part of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in other fields that part of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in other fields that part of what the
+referee's task uh is is not just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee's task uh is is not just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee's task uh is is not just to make
+sure that the methodology has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the methodology has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the methodology has been
+properly followed uh or to assure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly followed uh or to assure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly followed uh or to assure the
+absolute truth factor of the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute truth factor of the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute truth factor of the conclusion
+of the article. but in some cases just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the article. but in some cases just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the article. but in some cases just
+simply to uh provide a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply to uh provide a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply to uh provide a useful
+stimulating provocative new argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating provocative new argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating provocative new argument
+that the journal the author and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the journal the author and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the journal the author and the
+editors then hope will generate more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editors then hope will generate more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editors then hope will generate more
+discussion and more controversy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and more controversy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and more controversy.
+So I I think that in some sense it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I I think that in some sense it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I I think that in some sense it's not
+so much the truth value as I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the truth value as I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the truth value as I'm just
+thinking of I'm going to start a figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of I'm going to start a figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of I'm going to start a figure
+stint as an editor of a journal called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stint as an editor of a journal called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stint as an editor of a journal called
+studies in 18th century culture and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in 18th century culture and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in 18th century culture and we
+get a lot of submissions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of submissions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of submissions that are
+hashing over old territory and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing over old territory and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing over old territory and I'm not
+interested in putting that stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in putting that stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in putting that stuff in
+there. I want some new ideas even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I want some new ideas even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I want some new ideas even if I
+have some questions about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some questions about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some questions about whether
+they're right or not because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right or not because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right or not because I think
+it's going to stimulate further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to stimulate further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to stimulate further
+discussion and contributions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and contributions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and contributions to the
+field. Yeah. I mean, that's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Yeah. I mean, that's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Yeah. I mean, that's the other
+thing that the reviewer should be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the reviewer should be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the reviewer should be doing
+is asking the so what question for sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asking the so what question for sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is asking the so what question for sure.
+Yeah. Ann Marie, but what happens if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Ann Marie, but what happens if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Ann Marie, but what happens if the
+referee completely disagrees with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee completely disagrees with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee completely disagrees with an
+interpretation? Um, does the does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation? Um, does the does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation? Um, does the does the
+there's there's there's a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's there's a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's there's a procedure
+called revise and resubmit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called revise and resubmit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called revise and resubmit.
+And at at some point the editor has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at at some point the editor has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at at some point the editor has to
+make the call as to whether the reviewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the call as to whether the reviewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the call as to whether the reviewer
+is right or the uh the author of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right or the uh the author of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right or the uh the author of the
+article is uh is better off has a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is uh is better off has a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is uh is better off has a strong
+the typical thing that happens I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical thing that happens I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical thing that happens I I think
+I speak probably for all of us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I speak probably for all of us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I speak probably for all of us in the
+department is you know you send an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is you know you send an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is you know you send an
+article off you're pretty pleased with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article off you're pretty pleased with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article off you're pretty pleased with
+it by the time you finally get around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the time you finally get around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the time you finally get around to
+sending it off and you're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it off and you're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it off and you're certainly
+relieved right to have gotten rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved right to have gotten rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved right to have gotten rid of it
+and then and months go by because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and months go by because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and months go by because it
+takes forever for the reviewer to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes forever for the reviewer to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes forever for the reviewer to get
+their review back to the journal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their review back to the journal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their review back to the journal.
+Um, and we're all guilty of this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we're all guilty of this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we're all guilty of this on the
+other side, too, right? Um, so, so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side, too, right? Um, so, so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side, too, right? Um, so, so we
+literally send these things off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally send these things off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally send these things off and
+forget about them because they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about them because they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about them because they're going
+to be gone for a long time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be gone for a long time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be gone for a long time and then
+finally they come back and you re, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally they come back and you re, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally they come back and you re, you
+know, often, I don't know, maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, often, I don't know, maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, often, I don't know, maybe this
+doesn't happen to you, but I read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen to you, but I read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen to you, but I read the
+reviewer's comments and I think, what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewer's comments and I think, what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewer's comments and I think, what a
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+idiot. How dare so and so, whoever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot. How dare so and so, whoever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiot. How dare so and so, whoever so
+and so is, right, and it's anonymous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is, right, and it's anonymous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so is, right, and it's anonymous.
+How dare they say these ridiculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How dare they say these ridiculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How dare they say these ridiculously
+stupid things about my article? Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid things about my article? Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid things about my article? Um and
+and and then you know then then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you know then then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you know then then the
+process is I think often one of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is I think often one of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is I think often one of coming
+back from that of saying well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from that of saying well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from that of saying well maybe
+there's some merit to it and I mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some merit to it and I mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some merit to it and I mean and
+sometimes sometimes there really isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sometimes there really isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes sometimes there really isn't
+right they've you know they they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they've you know they they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they've you know they they've
+asked you to use data that don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to use data that don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to use data that don't exist
+for instance I mean that happens to me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance I mean that happens to me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance I mean that happens to me a
+lot well it'd be really great if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot well it'd be really great if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot well it'd be really great if the
+author did X and I always think yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author did X and I always think yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author did X and I always think yeah I
+would I agree should I make it up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I agree should I make it up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I agree should I make it up right
+um you know it would be wonderful um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it would be wonderful um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it would be wonderful um so
+I mean it's a dial that process is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's a dial that process is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's a dial that process is a
+dialogue and and I don't know does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and and I don't know does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and and I don't know does this
+happen to you? Do you get mad when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to you? Do you get mad when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to you? Do you get mad when
+reviewers comments come back? They all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewers comments come back? They all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewers comments come back? They all
+say I'm brilliant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm brilliant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm brilliant.
+Oh no, same thing happens. Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh no, same thing happens. Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh no, same thing happens. Absolutely.
+Anyway, yes. So for the lesser mortals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, yes. So for the lesser mortals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, yes. So for the lesser mortals
+amongst us. Um but but the pro but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst us. Um but but the pro but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst us. Um but but the pro but the
+process I mean ideally Peter the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I mean ideally Peter the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I mean ideally Peter the process
+should be an iterative one in in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an iterative one in in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an iterative one in in which
+um you know in which at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know in which at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know in which at least two
+parties and possibly more are pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and possibly more are pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties and possibly more are pushing
+against each other. I mean, another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other. I mean, another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against each other. I mean, another
+common problem is that two reviewers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common problem is that two reviewers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common problem is that two reviewers
+reports come back and they disagree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports come back and they disagree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports come back and they disagree with
+each other, right? And then you think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other, right? And then you think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other, right? And then you think,
+"Okay, great. What am I supposed to do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, great. What am I supposed to do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, great. What am I supposed to do?
+I really just want to get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really just want to get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really just want to get this thing
+published and and you know, and and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and and you know, and and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and and you know, and and off
+my desk um and and and out of my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my desk um and and and out of my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my desk um and and and out of my mind
+and so forth." But that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth." But that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth." But that's pretty
+instructive, too. I mean, I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive, too. I mean, I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive, too. I mean, I remember
+with my first book, you know, people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my first book, you know, people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my first book, you know, people
+read it and offer you comments, not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and offer you comments, not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and offer you comments, not just
+the readers that the press uh gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readers that the press uh gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readers that the press uh gets to
+read it, but you have friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it, but you have friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it, but you have friends and
+colleagues whose opinions you respect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues whose opinions you respect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues whose opinions you respect.
+you asked them to read it. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked them to read it. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked them to read it. And the
+upshot of getting maybe a dozen or so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upshot of getting maybe a dozen or so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upshot of getting maybe a dozen or so of
+these comments back was that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comments back was that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these comments back was that at some
+point everybody contradicted everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point everybody contradicted everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point everybody contradicted everybody
+and I either had to do everything or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I either had to do everything or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I either had to do everything or
+delete everything from the book. And at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete everything from the book. And at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete everything from the book. And at
+some level at some point that liberates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level at some point that liberates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level at some point that liberates
+you to say uh you know I can't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to say uh you know I can't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to say uh you know I can't satisfy
+everybody but these comments guide me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but these comments guide me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but these comments guide me
+towards what is the central argument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards what is the central argument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards what is the central argument and
+the main merit of the book and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main merit of the book and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main merit of the book and that's
+what you pull out in your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you pull out in your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you pull out in your final
+revisions and that's what you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisions and that's what you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisions and that's what you try to
+stress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress.
+So let me ask you a very different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me ask you a very different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me ask you a very different kind
+of question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question.
+Um, all of these things you read are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all of these things you read are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all of these things you read are by
+people who are currently teaching in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are currently teaching in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are currently teaching in the
+department here and presumably many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department here and presumably many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department here and presumably many of
+you have had many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have had many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have had many of
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+Yes. Not not yet. Now you're dying to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Not not yet. Now you're dying to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Not not yet. Now you're dying to go
+have more courses with some of them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more courses with some of them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more courses with some of them,
+right? Or maybe not. I don't know. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Or maybe not. I don't know. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Or maybe not. I don't know. Um,
+part of part of my sort of higher u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of part of my sort of higher u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of part of my sort of higher u
+higher agenda in in asking you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher agenda in in asking you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher agenda in in asking you to read
+these things was simply to to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things was simply to to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things was simply to to get you
+thinking about, you know, what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about, you know, what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about, you know, what are the
+local resources? What do they look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local resources? What do they look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local resources? What do they look like?
+You know, who who are these people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, who who are these people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, who who are these people that
+teach at the institution that I happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at the institution that I happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at the institution that I happen
+to be at? and um and and my guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at? and um and and my guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at? and um and and my guess is
+that overall you read fairly little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that overall you read fairly little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that overall you read fairly little
+by by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by your
+professors because we're all kind of shy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors because we're all kind of shy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors because we're all kind of shy
+and reluctant to make you read our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reluctant to make you read our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reluctant to make you read our
+stuff. I think or mostly in fact in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. I think or mostly in fact in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. I think or mostly in fact in fact
+when I told when I told um Harriet Ritvo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I told when I told um Harriet Ritvo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I told when I told um Harriet Ritvo
+that I was doing this she said oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was doing this she said oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was doing this she said oh you
+can't assign your own piece that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't assign your own piece that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't assign your own piece that you
+can't do. So, it was okay to assign all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do. So, it was okay to assign all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do. So, it was okay to assign all
+my colleagues, but I wasn't allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues, but I wasn't allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my colleagues, but I wasn't allowed to
+assign. And I said, "Forget it. If I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign. And I said, "Forget it. If I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign. And I said, "Forget it. If I'm
+going to do this, I'm gonna give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this, I'm gonna give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this, I'm gonna give them
+something in mine, too." Um, but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in mine, too." Um, but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in mine, too." Um, but I think
+there's a reluctance to do that. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reluctance to do that. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reluctance to do that. So, so
+part of it was just, you know, for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was just, you know, for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was just, you know, for your
+edification, but but also, I mean, Ben,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edification, but but also, I mean, Ben,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edification, but but also, I mean, Ben,
+I because I printed yours out, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because I printed yours out, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because I printed yours out, I
+couldn't resist reading the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't resist reading the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't resist reading the first
+sentence and it was great. Um, can can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and it was great. Um, can can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and it was great. Um, can can I
+share this with you guys? Do you mind if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share this with you guys? Do you mind if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share this with you guys? Do you mind if
+I Okay. It says, "I don't claim to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Okay. It says, "I don't claim to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Okay. It says, "I don't claim to be a
+full-blown historian. Not yet, at least.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-blown historian. Not yet, at least.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-blown historian. Not yet, at least.
+So, there's a chance that I missed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's a chance that I missed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's a chance that I missed some
+grand chain that connect the works of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand chain that connect the works of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand chain that connect the works of
+some of the history faculty together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the history faculty together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the history faculty together
+because if there was one, I missed it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there was one, I missed it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there was one, I missed it.
+Okay. I just thought this was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I just thought this was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I just thought this was really
+great. I mean, what what does anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. I mean, what what does anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. I mean, what what does anything
+hold all of this together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. We all happen by virtue of a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We all happen by virtue of a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We all happen by virtue of a whole
+bunch of accidents to be employed here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of accidents to be employed here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of accidents to be employed here.
+It's like it's like asking what holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like it's like asking what holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like it's like asking what holds
+the physics department together because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department together because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics department together because
+there you have nuclear physics, quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have nuclear physics, quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have nuclear physics, quantum
+phys, you know, you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phys, you know, you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phys, you know, you have all these
+different things and and these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and and these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and and these are all
+so highly specialized. So I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so highly specialized. So I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so highly specialized. So I don't I
+don't really see what what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really see what what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really see what what the problem
+is. Um well except that physics does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um well except that physics does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um well except that physics does
+manage at least to teach 801 and 802 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage at least to teach 801 and 802 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage at least to teach 801 and 802 and
+sort of believe that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of believe that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of believe that there's some
+coherent curriculum. Yes. I mean I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent curriculum. Yes. I mean I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent curriculum. Yes. I mean I hope
+there's a coherent curriculum to 801 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a coherent curriculum to 801 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a coherent curriculum to 801 and
+802. Otherwise, an awful lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802. Otherwise, an awful lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802. Otherwise, an awful lot of people
+have suffered in vain. Um, and I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suffered in vain. Um, and I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suffered in vain. Um, and I've seen
+it in some other schools, what they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some other schools, what they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some other schools, what they'll
+have for the history department is like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the history department is like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the history department is like,
+you know, like or most definitely when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, like or most definitely when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, like or most definitely when
+you get in like high schools and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in like high schools and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in like high schools and stuff
+from the beginning is basic world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning is basic world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning is basic world
+history, which you know, tries to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, which you know, tries to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, which you know, tries to start
+from Neanderthalss and go on and, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Neanderthalss and go on and, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Neanderthalss and go on and, you
+know, and then like a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and then like a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and then like a little bit more
+specialized. You get American history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized. You get American history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized. You get American history
+and European history and like they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and European history and like they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and European history and like they go
+basically by region so that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by region so that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by region so that you can get
+a sort of general sense of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of general sense of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of general sense of the region
+and such. Um I mean there's always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such. Um I mean there's always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such. Um I mean there's always the
+problem of I think of you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of I think of you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of I think of you know what
+mattering by what school and where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattering by what school and where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattering by what school and where you
+go to. You can get very specific ones or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to. You can get very specific ones or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to. You can get very specific ones or
+you can get people who are like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get people who are like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get people who are like yeah
+we're doing you know we're doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing you know we're doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing you know we're doing um
+basic world history and they'll jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic world history and they'll jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic world history and they'll jump
+from you know Neanderthalss Rome a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know Neanderthalss Rome a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know Neanderthalss Rome a
+little bit of Middle Ages um Renaissance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of Middle Ages um Renaissance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of Middle Ages um Renaissance
+and then you know the American history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the American history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the American history
+and it's sort of and then you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of and then you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of and then you know maybe
+a little bit of World War I too in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of World War I too in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of World War I too in
+Vietnam. That's it. Plato to NATO.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam. That's it. Plato to NATO.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam. That's it. Plato to NATO.
+That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's
+I never heard that. Yeah, that's great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never heard that. Yeah, that's great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never heard that. Yeah, that's great.
+Plato to NATO. Go ahead, Peter. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato to NATO. Go ahead, Peter. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato to NATO. Go ahead, Peter. I think
+reading some of these helps explain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading some of these helps explain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading some of these helps explain some
+of the subject offerings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subject offerings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the subject offerings in the
+department. Yeah. Like I mean I hope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department. Yeah. Like I mean I hope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department. Yeah. Like I mean I hope so
+cuz it's interesting because I've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's interesting because I've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's interesting because I've had
+Paulie Meyer a bunch of times and like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paulie Meyer a bunch of times and like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paulie Meyer a bunch of times and like I
+took her like basic classes first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took her like basic classes first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took her like basic classes first and
+then like all of a sudden I took her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like all of a sudden I took her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like all of a sudden I took her
+American Revolution class and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Revolution class and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Revolution class and we just
+threw everything she ever wrote at us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw everything she ever wrote at us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw everything she ever wrote at us
+pretty much. No. So this is why you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much. No. So this is why you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much. No. So this is why you're
+teaching this class because what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class because what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class because what you
+know best. And Professor Rell teaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know best. And Professor Rell teaches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know best. And Professor Rell teaches a
+some kind of French class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of French class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of French class
+or kind of French class. We serve we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of French class. We serve we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of French class. We serve we
+serve cheese and wine. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve cheese and wine. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve cheese and wine. What's
+interesting is like I know he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is like I know he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is like I know he also
+teaches Latin American history. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches Latin American history. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches Latin American history. So it's
+kind of interesting to see cuz like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting to see cuz like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting to see cuz like when
+you look through the curriculum and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look through the curriculum and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look through the curriculum and you
+see all these names and up until this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these names and up until this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all these names and up until this
+term I really hadn't put many faces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I really hadn't put many faces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I really hadn't put many faces to
+it because I've only had a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I've only had a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I've only had a couple of
+professors. But it helps explain like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors. But it helps explain like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors. But it helps explain like I
+didn't real like and you with all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't real like and you with all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't real like and you with all your
+numbers. Believe it or not, I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Believe it or not, I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Believe it or not, I don't like
+numbers even though I go here. Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers even though I go here. Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers even though I go here. Your
+paper kind of scared me but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper kind of scared me but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper kind of scared me but it's
+understand like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like you know
+dropped out. Yeah. I was like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out. Yeah. I was like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out. Yeah. I was like I don't
+know what this means. I'll take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this means. I'll take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this means. I'll take your
+word for it because especially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it because especially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it because especially because
+you're an MIT faculty. So I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an MIT faculty. So I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an MIT faculty. So I think we're
+more likely to believe a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to believe a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to believe a quantitative
+historian at MIT than a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian at MIT than a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian at MIT than a quantitative
+historian at you know Yale or Princeton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian at you know Yale or Princeton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian at you know Yale or Princeton
+or something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Some of us aren't likely to believe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of us aren't likely to believe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of us aren't likely to believe them
+anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway.
+Lots of us aren't likely. Okay. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of us aren't likely. Okay. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of us aren't likely. Okay. I mean,
+clearly the subject offerings that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the subject offerings that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the subject offerings that get
+into a catalog, right, at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a catalog, right, at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a catalog, right, at any given
+place are going to be um driven by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place are going to be um driven by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place are going to be um driven by by
+two pressures. one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pressures. one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pressures. one
+is some sense that will be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sense that will be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some sense that will be either
+greater or lesser at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or lesser at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or lesser at different
+institutions depending on how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions depending on how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions depending on how they're
+funded, right? And how they're run, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded, right? And how they're run, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded, right? And how they're run, but
+some sense that there's a curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense that there's a curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense that there's a curriculum
+that has to be covered. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be covered. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be covered. So that's the
+Plato to NATO piece, I guess, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato to NATO piece, I guess, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato to NATO piece, I guess, right? And
+at the same time, and maybe in conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time, and maybe in conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time, and maybe in conflict
+with that, there's going to be all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that, there's going to be all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that, there's going to be all the
+idiosyncrasies, idiosyncraticies, how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncrasies, idiosyncraticies, how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncrasies, idiosyncraticies, how do
+I say that? um of the individuals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say that? um of the individuals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say that? um of the individuals who
+teach there and what they want to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach there and what they want to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach there and what they want to do.
+And so, you know, what Harriet really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, you know, what Harriet really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, you know, what Harriet really
+wants to do is to teach a class about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do is to teach a class about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do is to teach a class about
+animals in the 19th century, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in the 19th century, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals in the 19th century, right?
+She's dying to do that. She's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's dying to do that. She's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's dying to do that. She's been
+talking to me for years about, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to me for years about, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to me for years about, you know,
+this sort of hypothetical animal class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of hypothetical animal class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of hypothetical animal class
+that she really wants to teach. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she really wants to teach. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she really wants to teach. And you
+know it's you can you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's you can you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's you can you can imagine
+um you know to sort of pick on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know to sort of pick on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know to sort of pick on a
+stereotype but sort of a big state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype but sort of a big state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype but sort of a big state
+school a you know a provost or a dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school a you know a provost or a dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school a you know a provost or a dean
+saying what a class on animals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what a class on animals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what a class on animals in the
+19th century you've got to be kidding me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century you've got to be kidding me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century you've got to be kidding me
+you know we've got stuff we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've got stuff we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've got stuff we have to
+cover right we have to teach western civ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover right we have to teach western civ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover right we have to teach western civ
+we have to teach global history you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to teach global history you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to teach global history you know
+we have we we have to teach Asia after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we we have to teach Asia after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we we have to teach Asia after
+all it's a big place and you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's a big place and you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's a big place and you know even
+though we never used to do it we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we never used to do it we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we never used to do it we really
+ought to or something like this right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to or something like this right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to or something like this right um
+and and so you know maybe the animals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you know maybe the animals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you know maybe the animals in
+the 19th century course never goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century course never goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century course never goes
+because these commitments are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these commitments are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these commitments are so
+overwhelming but at MIT right the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming but at MIT right the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming but at MIT right the animal
+course is eventually going to happen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is eventually going to happen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is eventually going to happen um
+you know you will the British royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will the British royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will the British royal
+family which is a tiny tiny like I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family which is a tiny tiny like I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family which is a tiny tiny like I mean
+in terms of you know of overall scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of you know of overall scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of you know of overall scheme
+of it's really tiny course in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's really tiny course in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's really tiny course in terms of
+materials it's really exactly exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials it's really exactly exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials it's really exactly exactly
+and and and those kinds of courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and those kinds of courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and those kinds of courses
+reflect very much, you know, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect very much, you know, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect very much, you know, the the
+things that we're interested in doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're interested in doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we're interested in doing um
+and you know, that have grabbed us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know, that have grabbed us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know, that have grabbed us in
+their sort of arcane particularities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sort of arcane particularities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sort of arcane particularities.
+I wonder if we could come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if we could come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if we could come back to
+Amarie's question which or comment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amarie's question which or comment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amarie's question which or comment which
+was, well, it didn't really bother her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was, well, it didn't really bother her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was, well, it didn't really bother her
+that there seemed to be no core or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there seemed to be no core or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there seemed to be no core or
+senator. Was that the response that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator. Was that the response that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator. Was that the response that the
+rest of you had or maybe some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of you had or maybe some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of you had or maybe some of you
+discerned a commonality in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discerned a commonality in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discerned a commonality in all of these
+readings?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings?
+I think it's a good thing. I mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a good thing. I mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a good thing. I mean like
+uh like kind of thinking about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like kind of thinking about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like kind of thinking about other
+departments. I mean it's kind like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments. I mean it's kind like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments. I mean it's kind like
+having no core shows shows me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having no core shows shows me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having no core shows shows me that the
+professors are here in history like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors are here in history like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors are here in history like you
+know following their passions what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know following their passions what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know following their passions what they
+want to do and like I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and like I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and like I think that's the
+same as an engineering professor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as an engineering professor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as an engineering professor you
+know I mean I mean I my advisor does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean I mean I my advisor does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean I mean I my advisor does
+fluid she doesn't do mechanics you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid she doesn't do mechanics you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid she doesn't do mechanics you know
+and uh having talked to people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh having talked to people about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh having talked to people about
+history and gone through the Plato to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and gone through the Plato to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and gone through the Plato to
+NATO history in high school like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NATO history in high school like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NATO history in high school like I think
+that you lose a lot of people and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you lose a lot of people and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you lose a lot of people and they
+miss the point of history. It's not, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss the point of history. It's not, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss the point of history. It's not, you
+know, it's not, oh, you know, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's not, oh, you know, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's not, oh, you know, this
+happened and then this happened then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and then this happened then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and then this happened then and
+then this happened. It's not dates. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this happened. It's not dates. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this happened. It's not dates. It's
+more about, you know, like why did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about, you know, like why did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about, you know, like why did this
+happen? You know, what were these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? You know, what were these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? You know, what were these people
+really thinking? And I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking? And I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking? And I think that this
+is a more effective way to cover it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more effective way to cover it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more effective way to cover it by
+having really specialized areas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having really specialized areas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having really specialized areas.
+You may not cover it. Well, you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You may not cover it. Well, you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You may not cover it. Well, you may not
+cover, you know, you may not cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover, you know, you may not cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover, you know, you may not cover
+everything, but I mean, knowing that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything, but I mean, knowing that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything, but I mean, knowing that,
+you know, the Romans invaded, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the Romans invaded, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the Romans invaded, you know,
+attacked Carthage in, you know, 100 BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked Carthage in, you know, 100 BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked Carthage in, you know, 100 BC
+doesn't make you better historian,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make you better historian,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make you better historian,
+doesn't, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But possibly it makes you a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But possibly it makes you a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But possibly it makes you a better
+person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person.
+Go ahead, Miranda. Um, I I half agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead, Miranda. Um, I I half agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead, Miranda. Um, I I half agree
+and half like I I really like that. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half like I I really like that. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half like I I really like that. I
+mean, the sort of Yeah. What interests a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, the sort of Yeah. What interests a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, the sort of Yeah. What interests a
+lot of people in history, including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in history, including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in history, including
+myself, I've seen is the very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself, I've seen is the very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself, I've seen is the very specific
+facts like, you know, like I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts like, you know, like I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts like, you know, like I really
+loved the taking as follow American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved the taking as follow American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved the taking as follow American
+Revolution just because it's so small of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution just because it's so small of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution just because it's so small of
+a subject and so interesting, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject and so interesting, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject and so interesting, you know,
+getting through one tiny subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through one tiny subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through one tiny subject and
+really delving in. And yet I feel like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really delving in. And yet I feel like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really delving in. And yet I feel like a
+lot of times I've lost a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times I've lost a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times I've lost a bunch of things
+like I would really love to learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I would really love to learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I would really love to learn to
+have I mean not the basic Plato to NATO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I mean not the basic Plato to NATO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I mean not the basic Plato to NATO
+but maybe sort of by region of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe sort of by region of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe sort of by region of you know
+a basic thing of of English history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic thing of of English history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic thing of of English history and
+you know of Wales and Ireland and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of Wales and Ireland and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of Wales and Ireland and
+Scotland and all that sort of or like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland and all that sort of or like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland and all that sort of or like a
+basic thing of you know overall of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic thing of you know overall of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic thing of you know overall of one
+you know one country's sort of emergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one country's sort of emergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one country's sort of emergence
+and such and I feel like you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such and I feel like you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such and I feel like you sort of
+what you want is this there's a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is this there's a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is this there's a step
+between the Plato to NATO classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Plato to NATO classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Plato to NATO classes and
+the very specific specific classes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very specific specific classes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very specific specific classes I
+feel like is usually missing is the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like is usually missing is the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like is usually missing is the sort
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+mediumsized version.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediumsized version.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediumsized version.
+See for me um in high school I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See for me um in high school I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See for me um in high school I end up
+doing the very specific thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the very specific thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the very specific thing of
+American in the60s. So I kind of skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American in the60s. So I kind of skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American in the60s. So I kind of skipped
+the Plato to NATO thing. I never did it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Plato to NATO thing. I never did it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Plato to NATO thing. I never did it.
+But um when that's unusual though, isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um when that's unusual though, isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um when that's unusual though, isn't
+it in a high school curriculum? Oh yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a high school curriculum? Oh yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a high school curriculum? Oh yeah.
+Because I ended up taking a Duke instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I ended up taking a Duke instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I ended up taking a Duke instead
+of at my high school. Oh, I see. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at my high school. Oh, I see. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at my high school. Oh, I see. Okay.
+Okay. I I just completely skipped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I I just completely skipped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I I just completely skipped the
+history game in high school.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history game in high school.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history game in high school.
+wise. Well, that except for Hawaiian. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise. Well, that except for Hawaiian. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise. Well, that except for Hawaiian. I
+didn't do the specific Kawaii history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do the specific Kawaii history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do the specific Kawaii history.
+But anyway, but when I came here, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anyway, but when I came here, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anyway, but when I came here, I
+actually did they had middle courses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did they had middle courses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did they had middle courses for
+regions cuz I took mostly Middle Eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions cuz I took mostly Middle Eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions cuz I took mostly Middle Eastern
+courses and they do really do a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and they do really do a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses and they do really do a really
+nice in-depth job of doing overall view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice in-depth job of doing overall view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice in-depth job of doing overall view
+of history in the Middle East and like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history in the Middle East and like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history in the Middle East and like a
+little bit of the outside stuff. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the outside stuff. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the outside stuff. But
+what I found was since I specified since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found was since I specified since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found was since I specified since
+I stayed so much in the Middle East, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stayed so much in the Middle East, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stayed so much in the Middle East, I'm
+taking polyai class and the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking polyai class and the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking polyai class and the connections
+to the outside world are kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside world are kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside world are kind of what
+lost the things I like I know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the things I like I know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the things I like I know these
+things happened and I know what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happened and I know what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happened and I know what happened
+in this area but what was happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area but what was happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this area but what was happening in
+Europe. Mhm. Completely. Yeah. Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe. Mhm. Completely. Yeah. Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe. Mhm. Completely. Yeah. Well, I
+mean one of the problems and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one of the problems and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one of the problems and and
+presumably this is a problem in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably this is a problem in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably this is a problem in physics
+too since right that's a discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too since right that's a discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too since right that's a discipline
+that's been brought up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been brought up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been brought up.
+Ideally, we would all know lots about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideally, we would all know lots about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideally, we would all know lots about
+everything and then really a lot about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and then really a lot about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and then really a lot about a
+few things, right? In fact, what turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things, right? In fact, what turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things, right? In fact, what turns
+out is that we know a little about not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that we know a little about not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that we know a little about not
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+everything and then a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and then a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and then a lot about the
+specific places where we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific places where we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific places where we're doing
+research or where we've done a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research or where we've done a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research or where we've done a lot of
+teaching and so we've our reading has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and so we've our reading has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and so we've our reading has
+been very in-depth or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very in-depth or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very in-depth or something like
+that, right? Um so so the problem is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, right? Um so so the problem is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, right? Um so so the problem is um
+an information management one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information management one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an information management one and
+presumably that's a problem in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that's a problem in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that's a problem in physics
+too. It's just that it might be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. It's just that it might be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. It's just that it might be because
+of the way curriculums have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way curriculums have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way curriculums have been
+established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established
+uh and and maybe especially at MIT that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and maybe especially at MIT that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and maybe especially at MIT that
+uh that the the knowing a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the the knowing a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the the knowing a lot about
+everything that piece happens at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that piece happens at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that piece happens at least
+momentarily you know in that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily you know in that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily you know in that kind of
+firstear sequence so that people can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstear sequence so that people can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstear sequence so that people can say
+ah yes you know I've had physics I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes you know I've had physics I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes you know I've had physics I know
+what it is I at least know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is I at least know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is I at least know what it is
+that I'm supposed to to know even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm supposed to to know even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm supposed to to know even if I
+can't remember how to do it right some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember how to do it right some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember how to do it right some
+something like that whereas it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that whereas it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that whereas it's not
+clear what you would take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what you would take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what you would take in
+history that would give you that feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history that would give you that feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history that would give you that feeling
+at the end of the freshman year let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the freshman year let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the freshman year let's
+say that you could go out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you could go out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you could go out into the
+public and say ah yes right I've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and say ah yes right I've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and say ah yes right I've had
+that I know what it is I'm supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know what it is I'm supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know what it is I'm supposed to
+know even if I don't remember all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even if I don't remember all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even if I don't remember all the
+details yeah Peter I was mentioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details yeah Peter I was mentioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details yeah Peter I was mentioning that
+whole overview of knowing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole overview of knowing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole overview of knowing everything
+just reminds me of for some reason.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reminds me of for some reason.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reminds me of for some reason.
+Well, like if there was a broad L for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, like if there was a broad L for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, like if there was a broad L for
+every part of the world,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part of the world,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part of the world,
+I think that would be kind of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that would be kind of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that would be kind of similar
+because he just I mean he took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he just I mean he took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he just I mean he took this
+pretty big re I mean this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big re I mean this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big re I mean this is a pretty
+big region and a pretty big thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big region and a pretty big thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big region and a pretty big thing and
+laid it all out for you and nice take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid it all out for you and nice take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid it all out for you and nice take
+home size book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home size book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home size book and
+he'd just be reading for the rest of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd just be reading for the rest of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd just be reading for the rest of but
+I just I just thought of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I just thought of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I just thought of that and
+it I guess it's possible but we all seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I guess it's possible but we all seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I guess it's possible but we all seem
+to think that Bradell was a little nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that Bradell was a little nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that Bradell was a little nuts
+so I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess it's
+Well, I mean, this came up last week as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I mean, this came up last week as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I mean, this came up last week as
+well, Nick. I think it was you who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, Nick. I think it was you who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, Nick. I think it was you who said
+that when you were reading the discarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you were reading the discarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you were reading the discarded
+image that there was this whole world,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that there was this whole world,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that there was this whole world,
+right, of literary references that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, of literary references that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, of literary references that were
+just at the tip of Lewis's tongue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the tip of Lewis's tongue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the tip of Lewis's tongue,
+right, that left Yeah. Right. that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, that left Yeah. Right. that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, that left Yeah. Right. that that
+left you, the reader, thinking, "Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you, the reader, thinking, "Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you, the reader, thinking, "Well,
+this would all be great and compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would all be great and compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would all be great and compelling
+if I knew what the hell he was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I knew what the hell he was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I knew what the hell he was talking
+about." Right. But but I but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about." Right. But but I but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about." Right. But but I but I don't
+because I haven't because I haven't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't because I haven't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't because I haven't read
+all of this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this. And
+and possibly if I had read all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly if I had read all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and possibly if I had read all of that
+stuff, I couldn't have read all about,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, I couldn't have read all about,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff, I couldn't have read all about,
+you know, the use of the camel and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the use of the camel and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the use of the camel and the
+drum um on different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum um on different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum um on different parts of the
+Mediterranean coast, right? Because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean coast, right? Because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean coast, right? Because it's
+not possible unless we go with an Marie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible unless we go with an Marie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible unless we go with an Marie
+suggestion, which is that we do nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion, which is that we do nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion, which is that we do nothing
+but read for the rest of our lives,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but read for the rest of our lives,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but read for the rest of our lives,
+right? Which is not a bad suggestion,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Which is not a bad suggestion,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Which is not a bad suggestion,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+you know, and and in fact, I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and and in fact, I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and and in fact, I think is
+perhaps I mean that that may in fact be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I mean that that may in fact be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I mean that that may in fact be
+the distinguishing curse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinguishing curse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinguishing curse of the
+professional historian. Does that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional historian. Does that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional historian. Does that sound
+fair to you? Well, Jeff spends a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to you? Well, Jeff spends a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to you? Well, Jeff spends a lot of
+time watching baseball games, but aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time watching baseball games, but aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time watching baseball games, but aside
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+that, you know, the that that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, the that that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, the that that there's
+this sense of always needing to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of always needing to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of always needing to read
+more, right? This paper can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more, right? This paper can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more, right? This paper can't be
+published, for instance. Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published, for instance. Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published, for instance. Why?
+because because I need to go do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because I need to go do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because I need to go do some
+more archival digging, right? Right. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more archival digging, right? Right. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more archival digging, right? Right. And
+that there's that there's more to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's that there's more to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's that there's more to the
+story that hasn't been uncovered yet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that hasn't been uncovered yet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that hasn't been uncovered yet or
+there are connections from this story to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are connections from this story to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are connections from this story to
+other stories uh and you know and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stories uh and you know and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stories uh and you know and and so
+on and so forth. So imagine if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth. So imagine if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth. So imagine if you will
+that this history department had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this history department had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this history department had
+geographic and chronological coverage,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic and chronological coverage,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic and chronological coverage,
+right? You've got some smattering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You've got some smattering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You've got some smattering of
+geographical and chronological coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical and chronological coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical and chronological coverage
+here. Not great though really, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Not great though really, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Not great though really, right?
+Right. I mean, if we think about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. I mean, if we think about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. I mean, if we think about sort of
+all the times and all the places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the times and all the places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the times and all the places that
+aren't represented here, um, and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't represented here, um, and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't represented here, um, and it's
+not I mean, it's the case that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean, it's the case that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean, it's the case that I don't
+have all my colleagues, but even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all my colleagues, but even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all my colleagues, but even if I
+had given you something from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had given you something from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had given you something from every
+single one of my colleagues, we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of my colleagues, we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of my colleagues, we would
+still be missing lots of times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be missing lots of times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be missing lots of times and
+places. But let's assume for the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. But let's assume for the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. But let's assume for the moment
+we've got the we've hit the big ones,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the we've hit the big ones,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the we've hit the big ones,
+right? But we were all working in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But we were all working in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But we were all working in sort
+of the same methodological frame. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same methodological frame. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same methodological frame. So I
+don't know we were all doing political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know we were all doing political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know we were all doing political
+history of um you know maybe maybe of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of um you know maybe maybe of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of um you know maybe maybe of
+the Meg Jacobs variety um and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Meg Jacobs variety um and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Meg Jacobs variety um and that is
+that we had we knew something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had we knew something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had we knew something about the
+in this case governmental institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case governmental institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case governmental institutions
+that were relevant for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were relevant for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were relevant for that particular
+time and place and we could explicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and place and we could explicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and place and we could explicate
+them and hopefully we would have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and hopefully we would have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and hopefully we would have good
+pictures to go with them as well. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures to go with them as well. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures to go with them as well. Right?
+I thing I like about this article is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thing I like about this article is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thing I like about this article is
+it's a couple of really great pictures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a couple of really great pictures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a couple of really great pictures,
+right, in search of a narrative and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, in search of a narrative and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, in search of a narrative and then
+and then Meg supplies a really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Meg supplies a really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Meg supplies a really great
+narrative. Um but but one can completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. Um but but one can completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. Um but but one can completely
+imagine in this case that you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in this case that you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in this case that you start with
+the pictures and and then figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures and and then figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures and and then figure out how
+to build a narrative around that. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a narrative around that. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a narrative around that. Yeah.
+I was just going to ask I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just going to ask I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just going to ask I mean you know
+is the selection of what gets taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the selection of what gets taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the selection of what gets taught
+here and who gets chosen to teach it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and who gets chosen to teach it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and who gets chosen to teach it
+completely random or to your minds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random or to your minds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random or to your minds are
+there certain times and places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there certain times and places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there certain times and places and
+topics that must be taught at MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that must be taught at MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that must be taught at MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is really good about having region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is really good about having region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is really good about having region
+like they at least have one person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they at least have one person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they at least have one person that
+covers a different region so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers a different region so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers a different region so I mean
+there's always there's a middle eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always there's a middle eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always there's a middle eastern
+There's someone who teaches the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's someone who teaches the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's someone who teaches the Middle
+East, the Far East, Europe, America. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East, the Far East, Europe, America. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East, the Far East, Europe, America. I
+mean, so the overall view I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, so the overall view I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, so the overall view I think we
+have South America. Well, that's Jeff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have South America. Well, that's Jeff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have South America. Well, that's Jeff in
+his spare time. Yeah. Okay. Not watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his spare time. Yeah. Okay. Not watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his spare time. Yeah. Okay. Not watching
+baseball games. Yeah. And and Africa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball games. Yeah. And and Africa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball games. Yeah. And and Africa is
+problematic. Or Australia, too. Yeah. Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic. Or Australia, too. Yeah. Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic. Or Australia, too. Yeah. Go
+ahead. I just wanted to say that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. I just wanted to say that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. I just wanted to say that uh I
+actually think the American history is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think the American history is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think the American history is
+covered pretty well. Like you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered pretty well. Like you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered pretty well. Like you have uh
+Pauline Mars to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauline Mars to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauline Mars to um to
+like whenever to uh Civil War and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whenever to uh Civil War and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whenever to uh Civil War and then
+Civil War on and um then she also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil War on and um then she also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil War on and um then she also
+teaches the American Revolution and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches the American Revolution and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches the American Revolution and uh
+Professor Mar Smith teaches the Civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Mar Smith teaches the Civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Mar Smith teaches the Civil
+War and then Professor Jacob teaches um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and then Professor Jacob teaches um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and then Professor Jacob teaches um
+World War II and afterwards and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II and afterwards and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II and afterwards and uh I
+don't know like with regards to American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like with regards to American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like with regards to American
+uh history all the big wars covered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh history all the big wars covered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh history all the big wars covered.
+Yeah, you got all the big boards covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you got all the big boards covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, you got all the big boards covered
+and all the depression centuries. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the depression centuries. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the depression centuries. I
+mean, yeah. Well, not all that. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, yeah. Well, not all that. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, yeah. Well, not all that. That's
+very true. But I I I also think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very true. But I I I also think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very true. But I I I also think that
+American history is pretty important,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history is pretty important,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history is pretty important,
+especially in America. America. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in America. America. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in America. America. Yeah.
+And so I I was just in think we got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I I was just in think we got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I I was just in think we got that
+covered decently well. Which I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered decently well. Which I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered decently well. Which I always
+find amusing is that there's at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find amusing is that there's at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find amusing is that there's at MIT
+there's a law and society class and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a law and society class and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a law and society class and then
+the history department has law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history department has law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history department has law and
+society in American history. Where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in American history. Where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in American history. Where's the
+law and society class taught? There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and society class taught? There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and society class taught? There's
+there's anthropology anthropology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anthropology anthropology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anthropology anthropology.
+They're two completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're two completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're two completely different
+classes. Yeah. Sylvia, I guess, who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes. Yeah. Sylvia, I guess, who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes. Yeah. Sylvia, I guess, who
+teaches that. Oh, that's right. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches that. Oh, that's right. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches that. Oh, that's right. That's
+right. Okay. So, but those are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So, but those are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So, but those are both
+fairly new in the curriculum. Both both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly new in the curriculum. Both both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly new in the curriculum. Both both
+those are both I mean newer professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are both I mean newer professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are both I mean newer professors
+too. New new to MIT. Right. Right. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. New new to MIT. Right. Right. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. New new to MIT. Right. Right. Well,
+I mean this is another huge issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is another huge issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is another huge issue.
+Right. And that is and that is um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And that is and that is um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And that is and that is um uh
+people who are at the margins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are at the margins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are at the margins of
+disciplines and history tends to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and history tends to be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and history tends to be a a
+discipline that picks up and also drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline that picks up and also drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline that picks up and also drops
+off right lots of people at the margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right lots of people at the margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right lots of people at the margins
+right so they're you know I mean in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're you know I mean in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're you know I mean in my
+case right it's economics and history in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right it's economics and history in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right it's economics and history in
+Elizabeth Wood's case it's political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth Wood's case it's political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth Wood's case it's political
+science and history in Harriet's case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and history in Harriet's case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and history in Harriet's case
+it's literature and history um In um Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's literature and history um In um Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's literature and history um In um Bob
+Fogson's case, you know, it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fogson's case, you know, it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fogson's case, you know, it would be
+basically sociology, I guess, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sociology, I guess, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sociology, I guess, and
+history, right? And so we can, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, right? And so we can, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, right? And so we can, you know,
+it's a it's a discipline that tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a discipline that tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a discipline that tends to
+collect people like this who either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect people like this who either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect people like this who either
+belong here but also belong elsewhere or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here but also belong elsewhere or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong here but also belong elsewhere or
+belong elsewhere but can put a foot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong elsewhere but can put a foot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong elsewhere but can put a foot in
+here. Um and and there I think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um and and there I think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um and and there I think there are
+fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer
+disciplines other disciplines that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines other disciplines that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines other disciplines that that
+are as malleable that way, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as malleable that way, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as malleable that way, right?
+Because well and well in all of history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because well and well in all of history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because well and well in all of history
+of science though. Yeah, it is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science though. Yeah, it is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science though. Yeah, it is starting
+to spread like for bio, right? You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spread like for bio, right? You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spread like for bio, right? You have
+bio then you have bioengineering which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio then you have bioengineering which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio then you have bioengineering which
+kind of materials and chemists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of materials and chemists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of materials and chemists and
+aren't there now like bioysicists?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't there now like bioysicists?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't there now like bioysicists?
+Biohysicist. It's just everything. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biohysicist. It's just everything. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biohysicist. It's just everything. You
+have your biology and computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your biology and computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your biology and computer science
+classes, you know, modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes, you know, modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes, you know, modeling and
+computer. But is but is but is biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. But is but is but is biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. But is but is but is biology
+the glue that's holding it together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glue that's holding it together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glue that's holding it together?
+Depends on which perspective you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depends on which perspective you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depends on which perspective you're
+having.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having.
+You're a computer scientist. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're a computer scientist. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're a computer scientist. Well,
+except I mean the reason the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I mean the reason the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I mean the reason the reason I
+asked that is because I think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that is because I think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that is because I think there are
+some interesting disciplinary parallels,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting disciplinary parallels,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting disciplinary parallels,
+right? I mean let's for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean let's for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean let's for the sake of
+argument say that that biology then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument say that that biology then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument say that that biology then
+becomes another one of these nodes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes another one of these nodes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes another one of these nodes where
+lots of stuff comes in at the edges or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff comes in at the edges or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stuff comes in at the edges or
+biologists trickle out right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists trickle out right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists trickle out right at the
+edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+Um and if we you know if we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and if we you know if we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and if we you know if we thought
+about history as one of these nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about history as one of these nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about history as one of these nodes and
+biology is one of these nodes what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is one of these nodes what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is one of these nodes what is
+that telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that telling
+us? Um I mean in some sense these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us? Um I mean in some sense these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us? Um I mean in some sense these are
+the these are the sort of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these are the sort of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these are the sort of the very
+inclusive sciences, right? Biology can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive sciences, right? Biology can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive sciences, right? Biology can
+make this large claim to being the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this large claim to being the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this large claim to being the study
+of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life
+processes. Well gosh, what a surprise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Well gosh, what a surprise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes. Well gosh, what a surprise.
+Life processes turns out to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life processes turns out to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life processes turns out to have
+something to do with everything, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with everything, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with everything, right?
+And and history can make the claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and history can make the claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and history can make the claim that
+it's the study of what has gone before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the study of what has gone before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the study of what has gone before.
+And gosh, what a surprise, right? It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And gosh, what a surprise, right? It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And gosh, what a surprise, right? It
+turns out that the study of what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the study of what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the study of what has
+gone before has something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone before has something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone before has something to do with
+everything. So you can have history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. So you can have history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. So you can have history of
+science and you can have history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and you can have history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and you can have history of
+economics and you can have history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and you can have history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and you can have history of
+art and you can have history of bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and you can have history of bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art and you can have history of bones
+and you can have history of coins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can have history of coins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can have history of coins and
+you can have even um you know the his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have even um you know the his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have even um you know the his
+history of geoysicists, right? I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of geoysicists, right? I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of geoysicists, right? I mean it
+it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the
+possibilities for for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for for thinking about
+about interdisciplinary projects is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interdisciplinary projects is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interdisciplinary projects is
+endless, right? Because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless, right? Because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endless, right? Because because
+everything has a past and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a past and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a past and you could
+think about that past in connection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that past in connection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that past in connection with
+sort of the larger past. And if we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the larger past. And if we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the larger past. And if we if
+we've given the larger past to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given the larger past to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given the larger past to the
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+discipline then then they can have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline then then they can have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline then then they can have their
+fingers all over just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers all over just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers all over just like the
+biologists turn out they can have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists turn out they can have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists turn out they can have their
+fingers all over. Yeah. You know, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers all over. Yeah. You know, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers all over. Yeah. You know, I I
+think part of it has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think part of it has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think part of it has to do with the
+method of problem solving that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of problem solving that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of problem solving that different
+disciplines teach and and like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines teach and and like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines teach and and like that that
+history, you know, teaches a way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, you know, teaches a way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, you know, teaches a way to to
+look at certain problems and to to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at certain problems and to to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at certain problems and to to come
+up with answers, do research, come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with answers, do research, come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with answers, do research, come up
+with answers, present them in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with answers, present them in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with answers, present them in a way that
+people will understand and accept like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will understand and accept like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will understand and accept like
+computer science is equally about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science is equally about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science is equally about
+problem solving, about finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving, about finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving, about finding
+computational ways to solve everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational ways to solve everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational ways to solve everyone's
+problems and and or to make them or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and or to make them or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and and or to make them or make
+them, you know, the same by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, you know, the same by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, you know, the same by the same
+token. And I think that's just and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token. And I think that's just and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token. And I think that's just and you
+know and uh same thing with with uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and uh same thing with with uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and uh same thing with with uh with
+rhetoric or with people who are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetoric or with people who are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetoric or with people who are you know
+if you're not really few people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not really few people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not really few people are
+career writers but you know people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career writers but you know people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career writers but you know people in
+with the same field you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same field you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same field you know if you
+learn the the techniques of of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the the techniques of of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the the techniques of of writing
+persuasively then you can apply yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasively then you can apply yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasively then you can apply yourself
+it's just about what problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about what problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just about what problem solving
+techniques are unique to a field rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are unique to a field rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are unique to a field rather
+than necessarily the subject matter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than necessarily the subject matter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than necessarily the subject matter.
+Okay. So let's try that. Let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's try that. Let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's try that. Let's say that
+the history department at MIT is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history department at MIT is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history department at MIT is not
+held together geographically. It is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held together geographically. It is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held together geographically. It is not
+held together chronologically. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held together chronologically. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held together chronologically. That's
+good, right? We don't want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, right? We don't want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, right? We don't want it to be
+because if we were, then we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we were, then we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we were, then we wouldn't
+have coverage, right? And coverage is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have coverage, right? And coverage is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have coverage, right? And coverage is a
+good thing in the way that Ben in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing in the way that Ben in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing in the way that Ben in the
+way that Ben has already articulated. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that Ben has already articulated. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that Ben has already articulated. By
+golly, the Americanists at least have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golly, the Americanists at least have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golly, the Americanists at least have
+coverage, right? The the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage, right? The the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage, right? The the rest of the
+world's looking spotty. Okay, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's looking spotty. Okay, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's looking spotty. Okay, so that's
+so that's not what's holding us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not what's holding us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not what's holding us
+together. Ian suggests it's the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Ian suggests it's the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Ian suggests it's the way we
+answer questions. It's our methodology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions. It's our methodology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions. It's our methodology.
+Now, do you are you convinced of that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, do you are you convinced of that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, do you are you convinced of that?
+You've read six things. I'm not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've read six things. I'm not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've read six things. I'm not too
+convinced. I mean, you look at if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced. I mean, you look at if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced. I mean, you look at if I just
+look at two pieces. I look at me Jacob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two pieces. I look at me Jacob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two pieces. I look at me Jacob's
+piece and I look at your piece and me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and I look at your piece and me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and I look at your piece and me.
+Jacobs looks at pictures and says, "I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobs looks at pictures and says, "I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobs looks at pictures and says, "I'm
+going to tell you why these, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you why these, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you why these, you know,
+she has all these posters and you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has all these posters and you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has all these posters and you said
+write a narrative to it." Mhm. You look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a narrative to it." Mhm. You look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a narrative to it." Mhm. You look
+at your piece, you say you see all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your piece, you say you see all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your piece, you say you see all these
+women coorting around and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women coorting around and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women coorting around and you're going
+to tell say why this isn't true. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell say why this isn't true. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell say why this isn't true. So I
+don't know. I mean it's not it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. I mean it's not it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. I mean it's not it's not so
+black and white but I think that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white but I think that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white but I think that I mean
+you take a approach you look at numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a approach you look at numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a approach you look at numbers
+or you look at you look at trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you look at you look at trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you look at you look at trends
+through quantitative quantitative but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through quantitative quantitative but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through quantitative quantitative but is
+that incidental? I mean, what Ian was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incidental? I mean, what Ian was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incidental? I mean, what Ian was
+suggesting, I think, is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting, I think, is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting, I think, is that there's
+something fundamental about the way both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamental about the way both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamental about the way both
+Meg and I ask and answer questions, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meg and I ask and answer questions, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meg and I ask and answer questions, and
+the fact that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that that
+that Meg has these great posters, which,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Meg has these great posters, which,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Meg has these great posters, which,
+let's face it, I just don't have. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's face it, I just don't have. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's face it, I just don't have. Um,
+otherwise, I'd be using them, too. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise, I'd be using them, too. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise, I'd be using them, too. Um,
+and and I have a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I have a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I have a quantitative
+methodology. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology. Maybe
+that's maybe that's surface noise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe that's surface noise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe that's surface noise and
+that there is something that holds Megan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is something that holds Megan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is something that holds Megan
+and I together that's that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I together that's that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I together that's that's more
+fundamental or or maybe not. Right. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental or or maybe not. Right. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental or or maybe not. Right. I
+mean that's what you guys need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what you guys need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what you guys need to
+assess. Miranda, I think that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess. Miranda, I think that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess. Miranda, I think that there is a
+little bit of something which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of something which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of something which is not
+it's just based sort of by and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just based sort of by and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just based sort of by and I think
+it's very specific by what um by where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very specific by what um by where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very specific by what um by where
+you go like MIT's history department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go like MIT's history department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go like MIT's history department
+would be very different from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very different from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very different from another
+place's history department and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place's history department and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place's history department and like
+there is some separations in like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some separations in like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some separations in like the
+physics in terms of quantitative versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in terms of quantitative versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in terms of quantitative versus
+theoretical but it's sort of what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical but it's sort of what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical but it's sort of what are
+you teaching them to do afterwards like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teaching them to do afterwards like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teaching them to do afterwards like
+there's sort of the push of the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of the push of the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of the push of the history
+stuff I feel you know the point is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I feel you know the point is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I feel you know the point is to
+learn not basically to learn a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn not basically to learn a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn not basically to learn a specific
+t you know thing or else you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t you know thing or else you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t you know thing or else you're going to
+be like Okay. Well, you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like Okay. Well, you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like Okay. Well, you don't really
+need to do, you know, a general sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do, you know, a general sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do, you know, a general sense.
+Just just study American. The point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just just study American. The point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just just study American. The point is
+to learn how to analytically look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to analytically look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to analytically look at
+these things and write papers and teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and write papers and teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and write papers and teach
+from this. Well, you know, if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this. Well, you know, if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this. Well, you know, if you have a
+physics thing or a computer science one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics thing or a computer science one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics thing or a computer science one,
+you can have the okay, well, if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have the okay, well, if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have the okay, well, if you're
+practical, if you know, then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical, if you know, then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical, if you know, then you're
+quantitative, you're like, all right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative, you're like, all right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative, you're like, all right,
+this is the way you make a program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way you make a program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way you make a program and
+use it to something like that. versus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to something like that. versus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to something like that. versus if
+you're um theoretical, it's how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um theoretical, it's how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're um theoretical, it's how do you
+manipulate all these equations to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate all these equations to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate all these equations to figure
+out these different pro problems. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these different pro problems. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these different pro problems. So,
+it's more what are you teaching them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more what are you teaching them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more what are you teaching them to
+do afterwards with this? And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do afterwards with this? And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do afterwards with this? And I think
+that that's a good afterwards what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a good afterwards what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a good afterwards what
+meaning what are all you going to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning what are all you going to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning what are all you going to grow
+up and be or just like how we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and be or just like how we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and be or just like how we use the
+information we get from this class. not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we get from this class. not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we get from this class. not
+really not maybe not into yes you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not maybe not into yes you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not maybe not into yes you're all
+going to be historians and go into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be historians and go into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be historians and go into your
+little various areas and study deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little various areas and study deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little various areas and study deeply
+but more just god forbid you all become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more just god forbid you all become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more just god forbid you all become
+historians the market is terrible let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians the market is terrible let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians the market is terrible let me
+tell you like it's not like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you like it's not like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you like it's not like you're
+taking one you know it's if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one you know it's if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one you know it's if you're
+trying to study and like for history if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to study and like for history if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to study and like for history if
+you're trying to specifically teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to specifically teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to specifically teach
+history as in teach the facts of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history as in teach the facts of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history as in teach the facts of one of
+one area or one time period or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one area or one time period or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one area or one time period or something
+like that this is not the way to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that this is not the way to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that this is not the way to teach
+it because you're saying okay well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you're saying okay well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you're saying okay well you
+know in fact we want you to take things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in fact we want you to take things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in fact we want you to take things
+from different time periods and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different time periods and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different time periods and take
+different things like that. While I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things like that. While I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things like that. While I
+could see other places going, well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see other places going, well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see other places going, well, the
+point is to teach you about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to teach you about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to teach you about this one
+spot or one time or one, you know, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot or one time or one, you know, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot or one time or one, you know, one
+idea and that and really focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and that and really focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and that and really focusing on
+that. I think there's there's a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I think there's there's a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I think there's there's a bit of
+POS like there's potential for that. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS like there's potential for that. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+POS like there's potential for that. You
+know, if you really did want to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you really did want to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you really did want to study
+American history here and you you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history here and you you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history here and you you were
+doing you could do a history major here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you could do a history major here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you could do a history major here
+and basically only take American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically only take American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically only take American
+history. No, you have to take other. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. No, you have to take other. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. No, you have to take other. You
+have to take at least one from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take at least one from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take at least one from different
+I have no idea what I'm talking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You have to take American, European, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to take American, European, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to take American, European, and
+some other area. Well, regardless of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other area. Well, regardless of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other area. Well, regardless of my
+idiocy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiocy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiocy,
+I don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know.
+I I think that I mean you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think that I mean you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think that I mean you still have
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+historical like posing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical like posing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical like posing and and
+researching and answering questions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching and answering questions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching and answering questions in a
+historical context still has more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical context still has more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical context still has more in
+common than I mean and this isn't again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common than I mean and this isn't again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common than I mean and this isn't again
+something that's necessarily to the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's necessarily to the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's necessarily to the MIT
+history department but something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history department but something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history department but something that's
+I'm saying is what is it Ian well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is what is it Ian well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is what is it Ian well you
+you believe there's something that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe there's something that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe there's something that makes
+Jeff Meg Harriet myself John Der there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Meg Harriet myself John Der there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Meg Harriet myself John Der there's
+something that makes us historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes us historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes us historians
+Now, superficially, we all have PhDs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, superficially, we all have PhDs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, superficially, we all have PhDs in
+history, right? And that helps, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, right? And that helps, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, right? And that helps, right?
+Maybe, you know, maybe that's it. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe, you know, maybe that's it. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe, you know, maybe that's it. We've
+all gone through a credentiing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gone through a credentiing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gone through a credentiing
+process. And so, we're living in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. And so, we're living in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. And so, we're living in this
+sort of elaborate fiction that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of elaborate fiction that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of elaborate fiction that we have
+something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+common just because we tell ourselves we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common just because we tell ourselves we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common just because we tell ourselves we
+do, but we don't. But I mean, you seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, but we don't. But I mean, you seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, but we don't. But I mean, you seem
+to really believe that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really believe that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really believe that there's something
+that we that we share in common despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we share in common despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that we share in common despite
+our ostens ostensible differences and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ostens ostensible differences and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ostens ostensible differences and we
+should try to tease that out. Go ahead,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to tease that out. Go ahead,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to tease that out. Go ahead,
+Mana. I actually have a comment that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mana. I actually have a comment that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mana. I actually have a comment that um
+Professor Van in the polyai department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Van in the polyai department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Van in the polyai department
+made and it made me realize that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and it made me realize that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and it made me realize that there
+is something really in common to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something really in common to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something really in common to MIT
+history professors is that they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history professors is that they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history professors is that they are very
+different from history professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from history professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from history professors
+anywhere else according to Steve Vanver.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else according to Steve Vanver.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else according to Steve Vanver.
+Van because he went on this entire diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Van because he went on this entire diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Van because he went on this entire diet
+tribe about how historians on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe about how historians on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tribe about how historians on the first
+day of class, how historians are are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of class, how historians are are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of class, how historians are are not
+very useful for political scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for political scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for political scientists
+because they just do these specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just do these specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they just do these specific
+events and they're not and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and they're not and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and they're not and they're
+supposed to be individual and unique in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be individual and unique in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be individual and unique in
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+and and therefore historians don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and therefore historians don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and therefore historians don't want
+to follow these big patterns and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow these big patterns and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow these big patterns and these
+kind of stuff. And I found that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff. And I found that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff. And I found that really
+unusual because all the history classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual because all the history classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual because all the history classes
+I've had here do believe in like making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had here do believe in like making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had here do believe in like making
+you think about, you know, if people act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about, you know, if people act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about, you know, if people act
+like this, why is it and how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, why is it and how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, why is it and how does this
+affect later on? Should we tell her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect later on? Should we tell her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect later on? Should we tell her
+about why political scientists are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why political scientists are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why political scientists are not
+very useful for historians? I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for historians? I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for historians? I already
+got that. That's in my I have to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that. That's in my I have to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that. That's in my I have to take a
+I have to take a HD that wasn't in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take a HD that wasn't in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to take a HD that wasn't in the
+history department.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history department.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history department.
+Okay. So So wait, let's but let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So So wait, let's but let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So So wait, let's but let's let's
+parse that. Let's parse that claim out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse that. Let's parse that claim out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse that. Let's parse that claim out.
+Although it'd be great to have Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although it'd be great to have Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although it'd be great to have Steve
+here so that we could so that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that we could so that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that we could so that we could
+be fair to him too, right? But but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fair to him too, right? But but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fair to him too, right? But but what
+I'm hearing you report him saying. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hearing you report him saying. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hearing you report him saying. Oh,
+no. But then when I talked to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no. But then when I talked to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no. But then when I talked to him
+afterwards about MIT, he's like, "Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards about MIT, he's like, "Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards about MIT, he's like, "Yeah,
+yeah, people at MIT do do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, people at MIT do do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, people at MIT do do it
+differently." I was talking about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently." I was talking about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently." I was talking about more
+in general because I was cutting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general because I was cutting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general because I was cutting this
+like okay so his so but his his take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so his so but his his take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so his so but his his take on
+historians writ large with a capital H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians writ large with a capital H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians writ large with a capital H
+right not necessarily his colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not necessarily his colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not necessarily his colleagues
+here but the rest of them um his take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the rest of them um his take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the rest of them um his take on
+that is that historians are driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that historians are driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that historians are driven by
+narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative
+that they tell stories and after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tell stories and after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they tell stories and after all
+story is in our disciplinary name right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is in our disciplinary name right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is in our disciplinary name right
+I mean it is just like Life is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it is just like Life is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it is just like Life is in the
+biology name. And so their big claim to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology name. And so their big claim to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology name. And so their big claim to
+being part of everything is that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of everything is that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of everything is that after
+all they're about life. And our big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they're about life. And our big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they're about life. And our big
+claim to being part of everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to being part of everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to being part of everything is
+that we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tell
+stories, right? And we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories, right? And we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories, right? And we've we've
+incorporated it into our identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated it into our identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated it into our identification
+of ourselves in the in the very language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ourselves in the in the very language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ourselves in the in the very language
+that we use to describe ourselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to describe ourselves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to describe ourselves.
+Um the count the the correlary to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the count the the correlary to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the count the the correlary to that
+is that we don't do analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we don't do analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we don't do analysis.
+Right. I mean, that's I think what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. I mean, that's I think what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. I mean, that's I think what I'm
+hearing you say. The social scientist,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing you say. The social scientist,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing you say. The social scientist,
+according to Professor Van Evra, who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Professor Van Evra, who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Professor Van Evra, who's
+not here to defend himself, the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here to defend himself, the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here to defend himself, the social
+scientist does looks looks across large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist does looks looks across large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist does looks looks across large
+phenomenon and analyzes them. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon and analyzes them. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon and analyzes them. The
+historian tells narrative details.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian tells narrative details.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian tells narrative details.
+Yeah, that was his complaint. Mhm. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that was his complaint. Mhm. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that was his complaint. Mhm. And
+but when I went up to ask him because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I went up to ask him because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I went up to ask him because I
+took a class at Mass who actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a class at Mass who actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a class at Mass who actually was
+very good about doing like analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good about doing like analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good about doing like analysis and
+that kind of stuff. So I've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff. So I've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of stuff. So I've actually
+found that at least the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that at least the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that at least the majority of the
+professors I've had at MIT are very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors I've had at MIT are very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors I've had at MIT are very good
+at the overall analysis type of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the overall analysis type of thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the overall analysis type of thing.
+So that might be why you you all end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that might be why you you all end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that might be why you you all end up
+being at MIT. Why is that a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at MIT. Why is that a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at MIT. Why is that a good thing
+versus a bad thing? That's the problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a bad thing? That's the problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a bad thing? That's the problem I
+have is that of course there's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that of course there's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that of course there's the thing
+of well if it's narrative then it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well if it's narrative then it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well if it's narrative then it's not
+as good as if it's quantitative. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as if it's quantitative. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as if it's quantitative. And in
+fact, I really love Nick's Jacob's piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, I really love Nick's Jacob's piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, I really love Nick's Jacob's piece
+because I could just get the whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could just get the whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could just get the whole story
+of from the beginning to the end. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from the beginning to the end. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from the beginning to the end. Well,
+like I like I I had problems with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I like I I had problems with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I like I I had problems with the
+answer because I was just like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because I was just like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because I was just like I'm
+confused of where I am. I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused of where I am. I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused of where I am. I'm actually
+lost like cuz I just didn't really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost like cuz I just didn't really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost like cuz I just didn't really get
+the culture from around it and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture from around it and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture from around it and then see
+that with Now see what's great about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with Now see what's great about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with Now see what's great about
+that is just scared me is that when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just scared me is that when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just scared me is that when when
+when I read Meg's piece, right? You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I read Meg's piece, right? You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I read Meg's piece, right? You know
+what am I writing in the Mars? in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I writing in the Mars? in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I writing in the Mars? in
+writing. What's the question here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing. What's the question here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing. What's the question here?
+What's the question? Why do I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the question? Why do I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the question? Why do I care about
+this story? Right? I mean, not in a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story? Right? I mean, not in a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story? Right? I mean, not in a not
+in a mean snide way the way I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a mean snide way the way I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a mean snide way the way I just said
+it, right? Um um but but that's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? Um um but but that's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? Um um but but that's but
+that's my reaction to to the narrative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my reaction to to the narrative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my reaction to to the narrative.
+And I mean if we go back and we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I mean if we go back and we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I mean if we go back and we think
+about Broadell again, right, Broadell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Broadell again, right, Broadell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Broadell again, right, Broadell's
+in this sort of well category unto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sort of well category unto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sort of well category unto
+himself. Um in in which there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself. Um in in which there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself. Um in in which there is no
+narrative clearly, right? We're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative clearly, right? We're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative clearly, right? We're not
+going to do that. But also the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that. But also the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that. But also the the
+analysis is kind of not the normal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is kind of not the normal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is kind of not the normal one
+either because it's not like we can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because it's not like we can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because it's not like we can pick
+up the Mediterranean, the age of Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the Mediterranean, the age of Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the Mediterranean, the age of Philip
+II and say what's the question here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II and say what's the question here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II and say what's the question here,
+right? We could write that in the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We could write that in the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We could write that in the margin
+too. I mean there are a million small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. I mean there are a million small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. I mean there are a million small
+questions of course maybe four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of course maybe four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of course maybe four or five
+million small questions but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million small questions but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million small questions but it's not
+immediately clear what the big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately clear what the big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately clear what the big question
+is right whereas in in my piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right whereas in in my piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right whereas in in my piece
+hopefully the big question is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the big question is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the big question is really
+obvious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious.
+Um I mean it's small but you know uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean it's small but you know uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean it's small but you know uh and
+and and and that is you know how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and that is you know how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and that is you know how do we
+interpret um the propensity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret um the propensity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret um the propensity or
+non-propensity to remarry um in Peter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-propensity to remarry um in Peter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-propensity to remarry um in Peter's
+piece right the analytical mode the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece right the analytical mode the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece right the analytical mode the two
+of you who read it in the p did you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who read it in the p did you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who read it in the p did you read
+it in Peter's class ah so Peter so Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Peter's class ah so Peter so Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Peter's class ah so Peter so Peter
+um violated my first principle of of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um violated my first principle of of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um violated my first principle of of our
+faculty being reluctant to assign their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty being reluctant to assign their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty being reluctant to assign their
+own staff Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own staff Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own staff Queen
+mayor books like revolution. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor books like revolution. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor books like revolution. Yeah,
+that's true. That's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true. That's true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true. That's true.
+Yeah. And me how to read love his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And me how to read love his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And me how to read love his his
+books, too. Oh, well, you see then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books, too. Oh, well, you see then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books, too. Oh, well, you see then just
+some of us are too shy, obviously. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us are too shy, obviously. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of us are too shy, obviously. Um,
+but you're just not counting on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're just not counting on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're just not counting on that
+royalty revenue stream from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalty revenue stream from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalty revenue stream from
+That's it. That's There is no royalty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it. That's There is no royalty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it. That's There is no royalty.
+But Peter, but Peter's piece would fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But Peter, but Peter's piece would fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But Peter, but Peter's piece would fall
+into a sort of I mean, it's very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a sort of I mean, it's very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a sort of I mean, it's very clear
+right from the beginning. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the beginning. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the beginning. What's the
+question he's asking? Right. He's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question he's asking? Right. He's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question he's asking? Right. He's
+writing absolutely in the analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing absolutely in the analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing absolutely in the analytical
+mode. Okay. But and Marie, you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. Okay. But and Marie, you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode. Okay. But and Marie, you've had
+your hand up forever and I keep ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand up forever and I keep ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand up forever and I keep ignoring
+you. Sorry. I was just actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Sorry. I was just actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Sorry. I was just actually going to
+ask the two of you because we've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the two of you because we've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the two of you because we've kind of
+been having this discussion, I think, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been having this discussion, I think, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been having this discussion, I think, in
+what it boils down to me is almost sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it boils down to me is almost sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it boils down to me is almost sort
+of like why do history, right? Like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like why do history, right? Like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like why do history, right? Like are
+we are we just doing history for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are we just doing history for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are we just doing history for the
+story's sake? I don't I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story's sake? I don't I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story's sake? I don't I don't think
+that's why you do history, right? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you do history, right? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you do history, right? I
+don't think you go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you go into the
+archives just because you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives just because you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archives just because you're going to
+find some neat little facts that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some neat little facts that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some neat little facts that are
+going to be amusing. I mean, no, cuz if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be amusing. I mean, no, cuz if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be amusing. I mean, no, cuz if
+if we did, then we would be antiquarians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did, then we would be antiquarians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did, then we would be antiquarians
+and that we could say with complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we could say with complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we could say with complete
+condescension, right? Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condescension, right? Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condescension, right? Oh,
+antiquarians, right? People who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarians, right? People who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarians, right? People who just
+love old stuff because it's old. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love old stuff because it's old. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love old stuff because it's old. So
+isn't there some sort of I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there some sort of I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there some sort of I think there
+is a general trend in history to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general trend in history to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general trend in history to
+try yeah I guess going back to Veneva I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try yeah I guess going back to Veneva I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try yeah I guess going back to Veneva I
+disagree with the statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with the statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with the statement that
+historians don't locate things in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians don't locate things in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians don't locate things in in a
+general trend. I mean I think that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trend. I mean I think that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trend. I mean I think that that
+to me is the whole point of history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me is the whole point of history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me is the whole point of history.
+Why' you become a historian? Well I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why' you become a historian? Well I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why' you become a historian? Well I have
+two responses to make to this and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two responses to make to this and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two responses to make to this and to
+this general uh turn of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general uh turn of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general uh turn of the
+conversation. one is one way I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. one is one way I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. one is one way I think
+that we might talk about commonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might talk about commonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might talk about commonality
+that wasn't touched upon is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't touched upon is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't touched upon is that for
+historians uh the one necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians uh the one necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians uh the one necessary
+component of what we do is an archive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of what we do is an archive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of what we do is an archive
+and each of us and each of us in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of us and each of us in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of us and each of us in all of
+these articles configures our archives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these articles configures our archives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these articles configures our archives
+in different ways. It isn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways. It isn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways. It isn't necessarily
+a brick and mortar building with pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brick and mortar building with pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brick and mortar building with pieces
+of paper that are yellowing and and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper that are yellowing and and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper that are yellowing and and make
+you sneeze inside. uh and and so one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sneeze inside. uh and and so one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sneeze inside. uh and and so one way
+one might approach this question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might approach this question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might approach this question is is
+what what is an archive and how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is an archive and how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is an archive and how does
+each historian configure it? But as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each historian configure it? But as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each historian configure it? But as to
+the question of you know what good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of you know what good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of you know what good is
+history anyway besides being one damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history anyway besides being one damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history anyway besides being one damn
+thing or another um after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or another um after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or another um after
+another I think in both teaching and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I think in both teaching and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another I think in both teaching and in
+the research and writing I do history is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research and writing I do history is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research and writing I do history is
+interesting and important and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and important and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and important and goes
+beyond the anecdotal and amusing or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the anecdotal and amusing or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the anecdotal and amusing or the
+antiquarian because it offers a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarian because it offers a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarian because it offers a unique
+perspective on the present on the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the present on the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the present on the moment
+that one lives in. And I think the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one lives in. And I think the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one lives in. And I think the great
+merit of history, the great excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merit of history, the great excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merit of history, the great excitement
+of history is that contact with the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history is that contact with the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of history is that contact with the past
+when you perceive both how similar it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you perceive both how similar it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you perceive both how similar it is
+and how really unique and unoriginal we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how really unique and unoriginal we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how really unique and unoriginal we
+are today in comparison to all that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are today in comparison to all that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are today in comparison to all that has
+gone before. And yet at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone before. And yet at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone before. And yet at the same time
+when you also perceive that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you also perceive that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you also perceive that people
+fought and did things in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought and did things in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fought and did things in a very
+different way that we could have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way that we could have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way that we could have never
+conceived of in a million years. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived of in a million years. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived of in a million years. And so
+to take stock of who we are today by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take stock of who we are today by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take stock of who we are today by
+that constant querying of the past is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant querying of the past is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that constant querying of the past is
+the most important task of the historian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important task of the historian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important task of the historian
+in my mind. I think that's what Ian was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind. I think that's what Ian was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind. I think that's what Ian was
+kind of trying to get to in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trying to get to in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trying to get to in this
+underlying methodology. I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying methodology. I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying methodology. I think that's
+kind of what you just Ian is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what you just Ian is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what you just Ian is that what
+you were trying to say exactly the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were trying to say exactly the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were trying to say exactly the words
+are inside me. I I I think that's I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside me. I I I think that's I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside me. I I I think that's I I
+think that's fairly, you know, that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's fairly, you know, that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's fairly, you know, that that
+that is at the end of of where I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is at the end of of where I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is at the end of of where I was
+going. I'm not sure. I think I was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. I'm not sure. I think I was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. I'm not sure. I think I was kind
+of looking for a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking for a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking for a more
+um something more in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something more in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something more in terms of a
+framework of of research, like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of of research, like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of of research, like something
+more specific. But I mean, I again, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific. But I mean, I again, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specific. But I mean, I again, I
+can't I think I'm just I mean, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I think I'm just I mean, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't I think I'm just I mean, I'm
+clearly not enough with this history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not enough with this history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not enough with this history
+department to uh be making broad claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department to uh be making broad claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department to uh be making broad claims
+like this, but um Well, it's okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, but um Well, it's okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, but um Well, it's okay.
+Professor Van Ever does. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Van Ever does. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Van Ever does. So
+you are um some impression in a hole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are um some impression in a hole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are um some impression in a hole.
+It's a hole. That's right. No, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a hole. That's right. No, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a hole. That's right. No, we're
+going to give him a hard time the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give him a hard time the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give him a hard time the next
+time we see him. I think that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we see him. I think that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we see him. I think that's why I
+liked Dows a lot was because it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked Dows a lot was because it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked Dows a lot was because it really
+gave me that I was like like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me that I was like like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me that I was like like all the
+reading of you know well this the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of you know well this the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of you know well this the ideas
+that you know that Americans of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that Americans of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that Americans of the
+mysticism and stuff like that and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysticism and stuff like that and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysticism and stuff like that and I've
+been really thinking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really thinking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really thinking about that
+particular because a lot of friends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because a lot of friends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because a lot of friends of
+mine are you know sort of getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine are you know sort of getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine are you know sort of getting into
+what I I feel like is this the cult of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I feel like is this the cult of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I feel like is this the cult of
+you know martial arts of basically oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know martial arts of basically oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know martial arts of basically oh my
+god everyone you know sort of ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god everyone you know sort of ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god everyone you know sort of ignoring
+well we also fought too you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we also fought too you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we also fought too you know we have
+nice broadswords and fighting but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice broadswords and fighting but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice broadswords and fighting but you
+know there's this sort of this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this sort of this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's this sort of this special
+thing of people always wearing like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of people always wearing like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of people always wearing like you
+yin-yang signs and look seeing zen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yin-yang signs and look seeing zen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yin-yang signs and look seeing zen is
+more but how does that how does that fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but how does that how does that fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but how does that how does that fit
+into daer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into daer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into daer's
+um interpretive apparatus for racism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interpretive apparatus for racism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interpretive apparatus for racism
+okay past and present I think it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay past and present I think it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay past and present I think it's sort
+of it's interesting that it was the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's interesting that it was the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's interesting that it was the idea
+of the switch of the sort of both that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the switch of the sort of both that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the switch of the sort of both that
+you can have something that's a that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have something that's a that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have something that's a that you
+can look at as both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at as both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at as both a
+um as almost you know that that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as almost you know that that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as almost you know that that this is
+better than what we have but also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what we have but also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what we have but also that
+as well it's so different that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's so different that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's so different that it's
+weird and wrong and something and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and wrong and something and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and wrong and something and it's
+sort of the switch between you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the switch between you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the switch between you know
+during World War II of the that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during World War II of the that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during World War II of the that you know
+well they're mystic and therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're mystic and therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're mystic and therefore you
+know there's something wrong with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's something wrong with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's something wrong with them
+versus nowadays where it's more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus nowadays where it's more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus nowadays where it's more of the
+mystic and therefore something special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystic and therefore something special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystic and therefore something special
+and it's I think that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's I think that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's I think that's sort of
+interesting the sort of that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the sort of that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the sort of that he was
+talking about the switch of that of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the switch of that of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the switch of that of you
+know things that you know you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things that you know you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things that you know you say
+they're mystic Can it can be a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mystic Can it can be a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mystic Can it can be a bad thing
+and a good thing at the same time just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a good thing at the same time just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a good thing at the same time just
+mattering by where. Mhm. Okay. Yeah. Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattering by where. Mhm. Okay. Yeah. Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattering by where. Mhm. Okay. Yeah. Go
+ahead, Marie. I think Daer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead, Marie. I think Daer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead, Marie. I think Daer is
+interesting because he's the one piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because he's the one piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because he's the one piece
+we read that I think tries to most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read that I think tries to most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read that I think tries to most
+clearly locate what he did in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly locate what he did in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly locate what he did in today's
+world because he addresses the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because he addresses the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because he addresses the issue of
+Japanese versus American emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese versus American emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese versus American emerging
+industrial dominance and he really tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial dominance and he really tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial dominance and he really tries
+to locate this this question of racism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate this this question of racism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate this this question of racism
+in this kind of globalized world today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of globalized world today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of globalized world today.
+And so even in his last sentences, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so even in his last sentences, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so even in his last sentences, he
+kind of tries to take the analysis he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tries to take the analysis he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tries to take the analysis he's
+done in these pages and project it onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in these pages and project it onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in these pages and project it onto
+the future. So I think that uh Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future. So I think that uh Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future. So I think that uh Okay. So
+but let me ask you a question. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me ask you a question. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me ask you a question. Is that
+because his subject matter is closest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his subject matter is closest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his subject matter is closest in
+time or is that because he is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or is that because he is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or is that because he is let's say
+the only one who is or you know the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one who is or you know the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one who is or you know the one
+most self-consciously thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most self-consciously thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most self-consciously thinking about
+Jeff's connection between the past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff's connection between the past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff's connection between the past and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+present right you want to respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present right you want to respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present right you want to respond to
+that Nick I think it's more the latter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nick I think it's more the latter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nick I think it's more the latter I
+think he's u connecting just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's u connecting just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's u connecting just
+subconsciously connecting the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconsciously connecting the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconsciously connecting the two
+because uh he He was talking Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh he He was talking Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh he He was talking Monday
+night about how um you know one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night about how um you know one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night about how um you know one of the
+things that he really saw with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that he really saw with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that he really saw with this is
+that you know intelligence got fouled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know intelligence got fouled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know intelligence got fouled up
+by you know our opinions of the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know our opinions of the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know our opinions of the Japanese
+and you know really underestimated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know really underestimated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know really underestimated and
+misunderstood what we were going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood what we were going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood what we were going up
+against and he connected that right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against and he connected that right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against and he connected that right to
+like you know probably one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know probably one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know probably one of the most
+modern things right now is this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern things right now is this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern things right now is this whole
+John Clark condis thing and just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Clark condis thing and just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Clark condis thing and just saying
+how he thinks that one explanation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he thinks that one explanation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he thinks that one explanation is
+that the administration had this 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the administration had this 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the administration had this 1980s
+mindset that you know they were going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset that you know they were going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset that you know they were going up
+against nation states as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against nation states as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against nation states as opposed to
+terrorist groups groups that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist groups groups that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist groups groups that really
+don't have a nation aren't, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a nation aren't, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a nation aren't, you know,
+don't have a leader. And so they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a leader. And so they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a leader. And so they just
+misunderstood the intelligence like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood the intelligence like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood the intelligence like
+that. And so I think that that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so I think that that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so I think that that doesn't
+really, you know, the fact that World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, you know, the fact that World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, you know, the fact that World
+War II was only 60 years ago doesn't,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II was only 60 years ago doesn't,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War II was only 60 years ago doesn't,
+you know, I don't think it relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I don't think it relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I don't think it relates to
+then Jacobs is about the same time too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Jacobs is about the same time too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Jacobs is about the same time too.
+It's about World War II. I mean it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's about World War II. I mean it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's about World War II. I mean it goes
+doesn't go past that much past World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go past that much past World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go past that much past World War
+II but it has it has the same feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II but it has it has the same feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II but it has it has the same feeling of
+the um this is you know these are basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um this is you know these are basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um this is you know these are basic
+policies that are still happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that are still happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that are still happening
+nowadays of the whole problem of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays of the whole problem of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays of the whole problem of you
+know social security welfare how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know social security welfare how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know social security welfare how much
+the government gets involved or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government gets involved or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government gets involved or not but
+is that because it's close in time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because it's close in time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because it's close in time in
+terms of its subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its subject
+right so I don't know Peter did you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't know Peter did you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I don't know Peter did you have
+your hand up in the back of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand up in the back of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand up in the back of mine
+something else so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so okay
+um I mean I don't think so because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean I don't think so because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean I don't think so because I
+think it's a It's like I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a It's like I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a It's like I think you can
+easily fit um RL's one still in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily fit um RL's one still in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily fit um RL's one still in there
+because it has you know it's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has you know it's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has you know it's a sort of
+what is the study in terms of theater in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the study in terms of theater in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the study in terms of theater in
+the social class now it has it has it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social class now it has it has it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social class now it has it has it's
+a harder to fit it to nowadays because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harder to fit it to nowadays because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harder to fit it to nowadays because
+there's been I think there's been you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been I think there's been you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been I think there's been you
+know this sort of the overall change or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this sort of the overall change or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this sort of the overall change or
+at least the wish of changing in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the wish of changing in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the wish of changing in terms
+of the racism in terms of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the racism in terms of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the racism in terms of the class
+structure but I think that you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but I think that you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but I think that you can still
+be fit in of you know comparisons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fit in of you know comparisons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fit in of you know comparisons of
+what's happened then versus now well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened then versus now well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened then versus now well
+starts with something on CNN.com.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with something on CNN.com.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with something on CNN.com.
+How much more with it can we get?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much more with it can we get?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much more with it can we get?
+It's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's true.
+Um, Peter, I don't want to abandon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Peter, I don't want to abandon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Peter, I don't want to abandon
+wherever it was you were going to go,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it was you were going to go,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it was you were going to go,
+but I want to follow up one one thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to follow up one one thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to follow up one one thing.
+Let's let's go back to that poor holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's go back to that poor holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's go back to that poor holy
+feast holy fast for a moment. Um, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feast holy fast for a moment. Um, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feast holy fast for a moment. Um, when
+we were talking about it, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about it, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about it, one of the
+things that bothered some of us,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that bothered some of us,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that bothered some of us,
+uh, I think, I hope I'm not mis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I think, I hope I'm not mis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I think, I hope I'm not mis
+misremembering,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misremembering,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misremembering,
+um, was in particular the chapter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, was in particular the chapter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, was in particular the chapter that
+drew the parallels to anorexia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew the parallels to anorexia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew the parallels to anorexia and
+modern, if you will, um, psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern, if you will, um, psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern, if you will, um, psychological
+interpretations of female often, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of female often, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of female often, uh,
+behavior of fasting or starving oneself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of fasting or starving oneself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of fasting or starving oneself.
+Right. And that was problematic. Am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And that was problematic. Am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And that was problematic. Am I
+remembering that correctly? that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that correctly? that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that correctly? that there
+was at least some murmuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at least some murmuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at least some murmuring
+about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about.
+Now, I mean, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I mean, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I mean, we
+could we we could argue that what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we we could argue that what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we we could argue that what um
+Binham is doing there is despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binham is doing there is despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binham is doing there is despite the
+vast right almost millennia that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast right almost millennia that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast right almost millennia that
+separates her material from us. She's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates her material from us. She's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates her material from us. She's
+trying to do the same thing that John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do the same thing that John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do the same thing that John
+Daer did in lecture on Monday night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daer did in lecture on Monday night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daer did in lecture on Monday night and
+say, "Look, you know, we could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Look, you know, we could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Look, you know, we could actually
+learn something about intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about intelligence
+gathering in the 1980s by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering in the 1980s by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering in the 1980s by looking at
+intelligence gathering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence gathering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence gathering in the
+1930s." Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s." Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s." Um, and
+and you know, it's possible that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know, it's possible that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know, it's possible that we are
+generous to John Daer because that, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous to John Daer because that, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous to John Daer because that, you
+know, it feels okay. It's not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it feels okay. It's not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it feels okay. It's not such a
+long time away. Whereas binoms, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time away. Whereas binoms, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time away. Whereas binoms, let's
+face it, this is a leap, right? It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it, this is a leap, right? It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it, this is a leap, right? It's a
+huge chronological leap. Or is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge chronological leap. Or is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge chronological leap. Or is it the
+case that John Dow's done it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that John Dow's done it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that John Dow's done it well
+irregardless of how much time either did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregardless of how much time either did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregardless of how much time either did
+or did not elapse and binham did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did not elapse and binham did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did not elapse and binham did it
+sloppily?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppily?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppily?
+But doesn't I mean I I wasn't a party to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But doesn't I mean I I wasn't a party to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But doesn't I mean I I wasn't a party to
+your conversation about Biden, but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conversation about Biden, but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conversation about Biden, but uh
+didn't you when you were reading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you when you were reading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you when you were reading that
+book at least think about issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book at least think about issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book at least think about issues of
+anorexia and bulimia that haunt you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anorexia and bulimia that haunt you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anorexia and bulimia that haunt you know
+western industrial and post-industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western industrial and post-industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western industrial and post-industrial
+society today? I mean wasn't there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society today? I mean wasn't there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society today? I mean wasn't there that
+point of contact in that book? I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of contact in that book? I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of contact in that book? I don't
+know if that came out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that came out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that came out in the
+conversation. That's what I thought when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. That's what I thought when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation. That's what I thought when
+I read it. I was like, you know, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read it. I was like, you know, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read it. I was like, you know, like
+that's the first when you read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first when you read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first when you read about
+someone who doesn't eat for seven years,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who doesn't eat for seven years,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who doesn't eat for seven years,
+that's the first thought that pops into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first thought that pops into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first thought that pops into
+your mind, right? Like obviously they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind, right? Like obviously they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind, right? Like obviously they
+have an eating disorder. They're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eating disorder. They're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an eating disorder. They're not
+eating. Yeah. When I read about someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating. Yeah. When I read about someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating. Yeah. When I read about someone
+who hasn't eaten for seven years, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hasn't eaten for seven years, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hasn't eaten for seven years, I
+think they should be dead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they should be dead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they should be dead.
+But that's the, you know, that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's the, you know, that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's the, you know, that's the
+materialist quantitative historian in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialist quantitative historian in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialist quantitative historian in
+me. From a modern perspective, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. From a modern perspective, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. From a modern perspective, that's
+the first thing I think. Okay. Peter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I think. Okay. Peter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I think. Okay. Peter.
+Well, this is what I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is what I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is what I was going to say
+before, but actually when I read that, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but actually when I read that, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but actually when I read that, I
+never made the connection until she did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never made the connection until she did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never made the connection until she did.
+And I don't know. I'm trying to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't know. I'm trying to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I don't know. I'm trying to think of
+why I read it differently, but the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I read it differently, but the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I read it differently, but the first
+thing I thought of was religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I thought of was religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I thought of was religious
+fanaticism and not a modern day not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanaticism and not a modern day not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanaticism and not a modern day not I
+didn't connect it at all to modern day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't connect it at all to modern day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't connect it at all to modern day
+things because I think the fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because I think the fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because I think the fact that I
+read something that this person didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read something that this person didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read something that this person didn't
+eat for 39 years except for bread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat for 39 years except for bread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat for 39 years except for bread and
+water. I was like think I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. I was like think I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. I was like think I think the
+first thing I thought was this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I thought was this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I thought was this isn't
+true and the second thing I thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the second thing I thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the second thing I thought was
+well it's probably something that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's probably something that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's probably something that wasn't
+fabricated but elaborated because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated but elaborated because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated but elaborated because of
+religious fanaticism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious fanaticism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious fanaticism.
+But I I don't I don't know if anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I I don't I don't know if anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I I don't I don't know if anyone
+else agree. I don't know if anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else agree. I don't know if anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else agree. I don't know if anyone else
+didn't make the connection, but I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make the connection, but I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make the connection, but I never
+did until she brought it up. Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did until she brought it up. Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did until she brought it up. Yeah, I
+also had that because I felt more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had that because I felt more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had that because I felt more that
+like because I mean what you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because I mean what you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because I mean what you've learned
+always with um anorexia and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always with um anorexia and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always with um anorexia and stuff like
+that is it's more on self-image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's more on self-image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's more on self-image of
+trying to, you know, trying to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to, you know, trying to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to, you know, trying to look
+pretty or something like that that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty or something like that that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty or something like that that there
+sort of the culture of what it says, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the culture of what it says, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the culture of what it says, you
+know, it's point of anorexia then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's point of anorexia then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's point of anorexia then it
+versus fanaticism and religious stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus fanaticism and religious stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus fanaticism and religious stuff
+which is more what it sounded like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more what it sounded like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more what it sounded like this
+thing was at. Like you don't hear people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was at. Like you don't hear people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was at. Like you don't hear people
+nowadays saying I'm going to fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays saying I'm going to fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays saying I'm going to fast
+specifically because of religion as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically because of religion as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically because of religion as much
+at least not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not you know
+but it's not I mean not connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not I mean not connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not I mean not connected with
+there is a kind of moral charge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a kind of moral charge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a kind of moral charge to
+fasting today. It is not morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting today. It is not morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting today. It is not morally
+acceptable to be overweight in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable to be overweight in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable to be overweight in this
+society but it was oh and I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but it was oh and I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but it was oh and I just want to
+you I think to me it was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think to me it was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think to me it was the same
+because it's all about control right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all about control right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all about control right
+these women had no control of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these women had no control of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these women had no control of their
+lives. One thing they could control was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives. One thing they could control was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives. One thing they could control was
+their food and with anorexics it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their food and with anorexics it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their food and with anorexics it's the
+same thing. They feel they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. They feel they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. They feel they have no
+control and the one thing they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and the one thing they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and the one thing they think
+they can control is their food. And to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can control is their food. And to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can control is their food. And to
+me that just like I don't know there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that just like I don't know there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that just like I don't know there was
+just a big connection there in my mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a big connection there in my mind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a big connection there in my mind.
+I think that the fact that you knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the fact that you knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the fact that you knew that
+about others today probably helped cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others today probably helped cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about others today probably helped cuz I
+didn't Yeah. I mean well I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't Yeah. I mean well I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't Yeah. I mean well I mean that
+might explain um Peter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might explain um Peter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might explain um Peter's
+uh total lack of that connection, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh total lack of that connection, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh total lack of that connection, right?
+I mean how much do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean how much do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean how much do you think about
+anorexia as a phenomena today? I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anorexia as a phenomena today? I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anorexia as a phenomena today? I mean it
+may be that that's the size. No, not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that that's the size. No, not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that that's the size. No, not so
+much. In high school I did, but not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. In high school I did, but not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. In high school I did, but not so
+much anywhere. Mhm. Well, I mean, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much anywhere. Mhm. Well, I mean, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much anywhere. Mhm. Well, I mean, I
+think it is easier for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is easier for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is easier for us
+aside from the merits of the historian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside from the merits of the historian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside from the merits of the historian
+and their agenda. I think that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their agenda. I think that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their agenda. I think that sort of
+all other things being equal, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other things being equal, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all other things being equal, it's
+easier for us to make the connections if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for us to make the connections if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for us to make the connections if
+the gap of time is less than if the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap of time is less than if the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap of time is less than if the gap
+of time is more. Right. Yeah. Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time is more. Right. Yeah. Go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time is more. Right. Yeah. Go ahead.
+All right. How much I mean Der's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. How much I mean Der's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. How much I mean Der's
+argument there to me seems very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument there to me seems very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument there to me seems very
+plausible because 50s to 80s you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible because 50s to 80s you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible because 50s to 80s you're
+looking at the people who grew up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the people who grew up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the people who grew up in the
+50s now being in charge of the 80s. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s now being in charge of the 80s. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s now being in charge of the 80s. I
+mean it's the same generation even. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's the same generation even. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's the same generation even. I
+mean I mean their thoughts obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean their thoughts obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I mean their thoughts obviously
+just just off the top of your head would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just off the top of your head would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just off the top of your head would
+be obviously influenced. I mean over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be obviously influenced. I mean over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be obviously influenced. I mean over a
+few hundred years you would think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred years you would think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred years you would think that
+just time dilutes it basically. But even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just time dilutes it basically. But even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just time dilutes it basically. But even
+even if it was, you know, World War I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it was, you know, World War I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it was, you know, World War I to
+the '8s, you would be like, "Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the '8s, you would be like, "Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the '8s, you would be like, "Well,
+that's I mean, even that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I mean, even that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I mean, even that,
+all you had to do was talk to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you had to do was talk to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you had to do was talk to your
+grandparents, right? I mean, but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents, right? I mean, but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents, right? I mean, but even
+then, you would say like, well, that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then, you would say like, well, that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then, you would say like, well, that's a
+little different than I actually grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than I actually grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than I actually grew up
+and, you know, was 20 and now I'm 50 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and, you know, was 20 and now I'm 50 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and, you know, was 20 and now I'm 50 and
+in charge, you know, I think that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge, you know, I think that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in charge, you know, I think that makes
+D's point a lot stronger." Okay. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's point a lot stronger." Okay. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D's point a lot stronger." Okay. I mean
+it is it is certainly more plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is certainly more plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is certainly more plausible
+again all other things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all other things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all other things being
+equal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that
+um that that let's say um visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that let's say um visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that let's say um visual
+discourses or narrative discourses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses or narrative discourses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses or narrative discourses or
+even social scientific discourses about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even social scientific discourses about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even social scientific discourses about
+race let's just take Der's example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race let's just take Der's example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race let's just take Der's example uh
+that you grow up with will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you grow up with will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you grow up with will still be
+percolating around in the back of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolating around in the back of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolating around in the back of your
+head right even if you've been you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head right even if you've been you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head right even if you've been you know
+so-called re-educated by time and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called re-educated by time and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called re-educated by time and and
+changes in political circumstance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in political circumstance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in political circumstance and
+and so on and so forth, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth, right? Because
+we expect the individual as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect the individual as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect the individual as an
+autonomous being to maintain their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous being to maintain their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous being to maintain their own
+history, right? In addition to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, right? In addition to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history, right? In addition to all the
+other things that come flying at them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that come flying at them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that come flying at them.
+Whereas nobody is around today who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas nobody is around today who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas nobody is around today who can
+say, "Oh yes, I talked to St. Barbara,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Oh yes, I talked to St. Barbara,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Oh yes, I talked to St. Barbara,
+right?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?"
+um or you know or my grandmother knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you know or my grandmother knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you know or my grandmother knew
+St. Barbara, right? It's so far back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St. Barbara, right? It's so far back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St. Barbara, right? It's so far back
+that there's no personal connection at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no personal connection at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no personal connection at
+all. So if Binham is going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. So if Binham is going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. So if Binham is going to make the
+connection that Jeff suggested, we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that Jeff suggested, we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that Jeff suggested, we might
+all be in the profession because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be in the profession because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be in the profession because of
+right, we're trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, we're trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, we're trying to understand
+ourselves. If Binham wants to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves. If Binham wants to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves. If Binham wants to understand
+us or she wants us to read her book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or she wants us to read her book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or she wants us to read her book and
+better understand ourselves, she's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand ourselves, she's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand ourselves, she's going
+to have to work harder at convincing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to work harder at convincing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to work harder at convincing us
+that it's relevant than John Daer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's relevant than John Daer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's relevant than John Daer
+is, right? All other things being equal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, right? All other things being equal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, right? All other things being equal.
+And it may also be that John Daer does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it may also be that John Daer does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it may also be that John Daer does a
+better job of it than buying them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job of it than buying them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job of it than buying them,
+right? But we're going to have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But we're going to have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But we're going to have to be
+really careful in how we tease that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful in how we tease that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful in how we tease that out
+because the jobs turn out to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the jobs turn out to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the jobs turn out to be very
+different. Yeah, Peter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just completely forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just completely forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just completely forgot
+when it when it comes back. Okay, jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it when it comes back. Okay, jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it when it comes back. Okay, jump
+in right away. Okay. And Marie, but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right away. Okay. And Marie, but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right away. Okay. And Marie, but by
+them even in the epilogue, she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them even in the epilogue, she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them even in the epilogue, she does
+mention modern occurrences of religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention modern occurrences of religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention modern occurrences of religious
+fasting. Mhm. So I mean it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting. Mhm. So I mean it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting. Mhm. So I mean it's not a
+phenomenon phenomenon that's disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon phenomenon that's disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon phenomenon that's disappeared
+from our culture, I think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our culture, I think.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our culture, I think.
+So yeah, I would agree that it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah, I would agree that it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah, I would agree that it's it's
+still with us and fasting is one of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still with us and fasting is one of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still with us and fasting is one of I
+mean fasting for religious purposes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean fasting for religious purposes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean fasting for religious purposes is
+one of the few acceptable reasons to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few acceptable reasons to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few acceptable reasons to do
+extreme fasts in our world. Well, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme fasts in our world. Well, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme fasts in our world. Well, and
+maybe political, right? I mean it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe political, right? I mean it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe political, right? I mean it's the
+hunger strikes high moral cause. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger strikes high moral cause. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger strikes high moral cause. I think
+the hunger strike is a high moral cause,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hunger strike is a high moral cause,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hunger strike is a high moral cause,
+but I mean those are truly the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean those are truly the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean those are truly the only
+reasons that you're allowed to like fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that you're allowed to like fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that you're allowed to like fast
+like that cuz I mean if who's the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that cuz I mean if who's the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that cuz I mean if who's the guy
+who put himself up in the box the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who put himself up in the box the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who put himself up in the box the
+plexiglass box in London he did that. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexiglass box in London he did that. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexiglass box in London he did that. It
+was art, right? Was it art? He cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was art, right? Was it art? He cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was art, right? Was it art? He cheated
+off. Oh, he cheated. Yeah. What? Eberly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Oh, he cheated. Yeah. What? Eberly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Oh, he cheated. Yeah. What? Eberly
+ate in between. No. In between what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate in between. No. In between what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate in between. No. In between what?
+Peter's crush. He had like he had like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter's crush. He had like he had like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter's crush. He had like he had like I
+think there was talk he had a blanket or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was talk he had a blanket or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was talk he had a blanket or
+something when he was oh when he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something when he was oh when he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something when he was oh when he had
+chips well of course he wasn't a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips well of course he wasn't a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips well of course he wasn't a woman
+right I mean it's the women who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's the women who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's the women who have
+sort of the real fortitude for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the real fortitude for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the real fortitude for this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+we know from buying yeah Peter is I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from buying yeah Peter is I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from buying yeah Peter is I kind
+of remember okay I mean when also when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remember okay I mean when also when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remember okay I mean when also when
+you're looking over such long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking over such long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking over such long time
+periods you I mean the whole world was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods you I mean the whole world was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods you I mean the whole world was
+different I mean Lewis makes the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I mean Lewis makes the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I mean Lewis makes the whole
+point that perceptions of societ of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that perceptions of societ of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that perceptions of societ of not
+only a society but of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a society but of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a society but of the entire
+universe were completely different and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe were completely different and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe were completely different and I
+mean bino bino's book was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean bino bino's book was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean bino bino's book was
+uh you know 1100s 1200s when Lewis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know 1100s 1200s when Lewis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know 1100s 1200s when Lewis was
+writing about the medieval model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about the medieval model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about the medieval model of the
+universe. So everything it's really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. So everything it's really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. So everything it's really hard
+to make comparisons from one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make comparisons from one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make comparisons from one place to
+another when their whole concept of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another when their whole concept of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another when their whole concept of of
+what is and what's true and what's fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is and what's true and what's fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is and what's true and what's fact
+is completely different than what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely different than what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely different than what we
+believe today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe today.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Okay. So can we go back to Jeff's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So can we go back to Jeff's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So can we go back to Jeff's um
+appalogia for becoming a historian? Was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appalogia for becoming a historian? Was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appalogia for becoming a historian? Was
+that what that was?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that was?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that was?
+That's a nicer word than tyrate. Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a nicer word than tyrate. Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a nicer word than tyrate. Sure.
+Um Jeff suggested that one really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Jeff suggested that one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Jeff suggested that one really
+compelling reason to be a historian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling reason to be a historian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling reason to be a historian is
+that it helps you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it helps you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it helps you understand the
+present. If that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. If that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. If that's the
+case, should we expect that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, should we expect that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, should we expect that um that
+people who have a strong predelection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have a strong predelection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have a strong predelection
+for wanting to understand the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wanting to understand the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wanting to understand the present
+through the past should study the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the past should study the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the past should study the more
+recent past. And people who have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent past. And people who have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent past. And people who have a
+weaker predelection for wanting to, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker predelection for wanting to, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker predelection for wanting to, you
+know, pursue the past for the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, pursue the past for the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, pursue the past for the study of
+the present should get more remote in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present should get more remote in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present should get more remote in
+time. And eventually, right, I mean, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And eventually, right, I mean, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And eventually, right, I mean, and
+eventually they have to all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they have to all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they have to all be
+antiquarians. Um, you know, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarians. Um, you know, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarians. Um, you know, the the
+classicists, right? I mean, we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicists, right? I mean, we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicists, right? I mean, we we have
+this I mean, historians, I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean, historians, I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean, historians, I think it's
+safe to say, have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to say, have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to say, have a
+um um deep suspicions about classicists,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um deep suspicions about classicists,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um deep suspicions about classicists,
+right? Are they, you know, can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Are they, you know, can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Are they, you know, can they
+really be historians or are they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be historians or are they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be historians or are they really
+sort of a separate thing? In fact, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a separate thing? In fact, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a separate thing? In fact, you
+know, there there are sort of two names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there there are sort of two names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there there are sort of two names
+for them. They can be classicists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them. They can be classicists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them. They can be classicists or
+they can be ancient historians. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be ancient historians. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be ancient historians. What's
+the difference? Ah, well, there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference? Ah, well, there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference? Ah, well, there's a big
+difference. It's just I'll have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. It's just I'll have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. It's just I'll have trouble
+articulating it to you. I know it when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulating it to you. I know it when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulating it to you. I know it when I
+see it, but I can't describe it to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it, but I can't describe it to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it, but I can't describe it to save
+myself. Um, Jose, he's an ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself. Um, Jose, he's an ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself. Um, Jose, he's an ancient
+historian.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian.
+Yeah, he was properly an ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, he was properly an ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, he was properly an ancient
+historian, doesn't he? Well, yeah, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian, doesn't he? Well, yeah, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian, doesn't he? Well, yeah, but
+he was a terrible that was a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a terrible that was a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a terrible that was a terrible
+loss for us, right? We might get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss for us, right? We might get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss for us, right? We might get stuck
+with the classicist in replacement, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the classicist in replacement, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the classicist in replacement, but
+astromises. Oh, he is an expert.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think he's more of a I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he's more of a I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he's more of a I hope that
+wasn't said with great condescension.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't said with great condescension.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't said with great condescension.
+Um, he's wonderful. Well, you there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, he's wonderful. Well, you there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, he's wonderful. Well, you there but
+there but there's a reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there's a reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there's a reason why
+classics has um has a more fraught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classics has um has a more fraught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classics has um has a more fraught
+um understanding right of itself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um understanding right of itself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um understanding right of itself as a
+discipline and it's partly because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline and it's partly because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline and it's partly because it is
+yet further back in time right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet further back in time right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet further back in time right and and
+it and and so there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and so there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and so there are there are
+perhaps a greater mix of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a greater mix of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a greater mix of things that
+draw people to it although I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw people to it although I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw people to it although I mean
+obviously one could be an ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one could be an ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one could be an ancient
+historian and make the claims that Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian and make the claims that Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian and make the claims that Jeff
+just made. I'm an ancient historian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made. I'm an ancient historian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made. I'm an ancient historian
+because I want to understand the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to understand the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to understand the present
+through the mirror of the past. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mirror of the past. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mirror of the past. Well,
+you could also say that historians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also say that historians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also say that historians
+problems with classicists are a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with classicists are a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with classicists are a classic
+case of patraside in the sense that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of patraside in the sense that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of patraside in the sense that you
+know one way of thinking about history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one way of thinking about history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one way of thinking about history
+in the western tradition is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the western tradition is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the western tradition is that it
+starts with those guys back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with those guys back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with those guys back then
+fusidities and Heroditus and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusidities and Heroditus and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusidities and Heroditus and is
+refracted through a renaissance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted through a renaissance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted through a renaissance which
+may have happened in the 12th century or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have happened in the 12th century or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have happened in the 12th century or
+may have happened in the 15th or 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have happened in the 15th or 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have happened in the 15th or 16th
+century and which has been left behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and which has been left behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and which has been left behind
+at the beginning of the 20th century and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the 20th century and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the 20th century and
+therefore we have to reject it. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to reject it. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to reject it. So I
+mean the problem lies as much with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the problem lies as much with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the problem lies as much with
+historians, whoever they are, as it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians, whoever they are, as it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians, whoever they are, as it does
+with classicists, whoever they are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with classicists, whoever they are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with classicists, whoever they are.
+Right. Right. I don't know which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Right. I don't know which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Right. I don't know which one of
+you, but this was my original comment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, but this was my original comment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, but this was my original comment.
+Oh, let's get it quick. I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, let's get it quick. I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, let's get it quick. I guess it's
+more of a question to Professor Revel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a question to Professor Revel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a question to Professor Revel is
+that you say you want to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you say you want to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you say you want to impose
+superimpose the past on modern day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose the past on modern day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose the past on modern day to
+better understand ourselves, but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand ourselves, but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand ourselves, but I think
+we've discussed that that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed that that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed that that's probably
+harder to do over the long time periods.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do over the long time periods.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do over the long time periods.
+So like when I done a lot of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like when I done a lot of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like when I done a lot of my
+research, it's easy to make connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research, it's easy to make connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research, it's easy to make connections
+between 10, 20 year time periods. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10, 20 year time periods. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10, 20 year time periods. So
+like I do a lot of military history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I do a lot of military history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I do a lot of military history and
+I see that people don't change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that people don't change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see that people don't change their
+strategy and then they wind up walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and then they wind up walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and then they wind up walking
+right into a trap. And as Nick said, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into a trap. And as Nick said, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into a trap. And as Nick said, you
+know, the people who grew up in the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the people who grew up in the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the people who grew up in the 50s
+were doomed in the 80s or in the 80s are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doomed in the 80s or in the 80s are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doomed in the 80s or in the 80s are
+doomed now. So is that another possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doomed now. So is that another possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doomed now. So is that another possible
+reason that people become historians is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that people become historians is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that people become historians is
+if you can make the connections in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make the connections in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make the connections in
+history over shorter time periods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history over shorter time periods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history over shorter time periods to
+apply them today? Well, I think I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply them today? Well, I think I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply them today? Well, I think I would
+say I would say two things in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I would say two things in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I would say two things in response
+to that. First, I would say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that. First, I would say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that. First, I would say that uh
+another uh way that historians have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh way that historians have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh way that historians have of
+being incredibly condescending, and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being incredibly condescending, and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being incredibly condescending, and I
+was sort of doing it kiddingly with Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of doing it kiddingly with Ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of doing it kiddingly with Ben
+when I talked about US historians, is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked about US historians, is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked about US historians, is to
+suggest that anything that's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that anything that's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that anything that's less than
+100 years old is really journalism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years old is really journalism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years old is really journalism and
+not history at all. But the the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not history at all. But the the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not history at all. But the the truth
+behind that condescension and silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that condescension and silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind that condescension and silly
+thing to say is that in some senses we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say is that in some senses we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say is that in some senses we
+can learn a lot more about ourselves by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn a lot more about ourselves by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn a lot more about ourselves by
+looking at Binham's crazy fasting women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Binham's crazy fasting women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Binham's crazy fasting women
+and saying that is so far out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying that is so far out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying that is so far out of the
+realm. How can we possibly think our way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm. How can we possibly think our way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm. How can we possibly think our way
+back into the mindset either of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the mindset either of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the mindset either of those
+women or of the people who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women or of the people who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women or of the people who wrote
+chronicles about them that Binham is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronicles about them that Binham is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronicles about them that Binham is
+relying on? And in that act of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on? And in that act of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on? And in that act of real
+disparity of otherness that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity of otherness that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity of otherness that we
+acknowledge in reading about this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge in reading about this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge in reading about this that
+we can also learn a lot about ourselves,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also learn a lot about ourselves,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also learn a lot about ourselves,
+our society, the world that we live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society, the world that we live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society, the world that we live in
+today. The other thing I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. The other thing I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. The other thing I was going to
+say is that I've sort of toyed with or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that I've sort of toyed with or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that I've sort of toyed with or
+been tempted to write this article about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been tempted to write this article about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been tempted to write this article about
+what is history that I would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is history that I would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is history that I would call
+between uh anacronism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh anacronism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh anacronism and
+antiquarianism. I to me that strikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarianism. I to me that strikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarianism. I to me that strikes
+that's the sort of two poles of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of two poles of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of two poles of what the
+historian tries to do. The antiquarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian tries to do. The antiquarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian tries to do. The antiquarian
+cares not at all for the present, wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares not at all for the present, wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares not at all for the present, wants
+to lose him or herself entirely in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose him or herself entirely in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose him or herself entirely in the
+past uh and block out the present. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past uh and block out the present. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past uh and block out the present. Uh
+the anacronist is incapable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anacronist is incapable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anacronist is incapable of
+appreciating past phenomenon on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciating past phenomenon on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciating past phenomenon on their
+own merits. Can only understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own merits. Can only understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own merits. Can only understand and
+accept or reject through the lens of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept or reject through the lens of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept or reject through the lens of the
+present. I think what the good historian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. I think what the good historian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. I think what the good historian
+does and hopefully what all of us have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and hopefully what all of us have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and hopefully what all of us have
+done today and certainly in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done today and certainly in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done today and certainly in the other
+readings that Professor McCann has given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings that Professor McCann has given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings that Professor McCann has given
+you is to find the balancing act between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is to find the balancing act between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is to find the balancing act between
+the two and to be a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and to be a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and to be a little bit of the
+anacronist and a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anacronist and a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anacronist and a little bit of the
+antiquarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarian
+uh whenever necessary but to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whenever necessary but to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whenever necessary but to have an
+appreciation for both past and present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for both past and present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for both past and present
+and trying to construct these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to construct these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to construct these
+narratives. What were you going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives. What were you going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives. What were you going to say
+Miranda? Um I think there's also there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miranda? Um I think there's also there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miranda? Um I think there's also there's
+a lot of what I've seen is like I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what I've seen is like I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of what I've seen is like I've
+done some study in terms of psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some study in terms of psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done some study in terms of psych
+psychology and stuff and some historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and stuff and some historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and stuff and some historical
+psychology and I think that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and I think that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and I think that it's not
+just sort of getting the history of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of getting the history of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of getting the history of you
+know you you know study history to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you know study history to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you know study history to to
+figure out the society of nowadays but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the society of nowadays but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the society of nowadays but
+it's it's looking at you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's looking at you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's looking at you know these
+fasting women as individual people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting women as individual people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasting women as individual people and
+you go you either go okay well obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go you either go okay well obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go you either go okay well obviously
+I would have done that you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have done that you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have done that you know I mean
+not with the fasting women but like look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with the fasting women but like look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with the fasting women but like look
+at this with you know other people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this with you know other people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this with you know other people like
+I mean I've I mean I love classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I've I mean I love classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I've I mean I love classic
+histories and stuff like that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories and stuff like that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories and stuff like that and I
+probably am an antiquarian completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably am an antiquarian completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably am an antiquarian completely
+but and but like I'll read some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and but like I'll read some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and but like I'll read some of these
+ones and it'll be like they'll make per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and it'll be like they'll make per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and it'll be like they'll make per
+like the woman will do something I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the woman will do something I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the woman will do something I'll
+just like you know it just seem somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you know it just seem somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you know it just seem somehow
+like connects with a lot of what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like connects with a lot of what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like connects with a lot of what I'll
+either see of myself or like as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either see of myself or like as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either see of myself or like as you know
+interpersonal relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal relationships between
+people I've seen around or like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I've seen around or like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I've seen around or like the
+psychology of what people are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of what people are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology of what people are now
+actually you know systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know systematically
+studying trying to do experiments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying trying to do experiments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying trying to do experiments for
+and I feel like you can do a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like you can do a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like you can do a lot of that
+just from looking at what these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from looking at what these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from looking at what these things
+you know in the history you have of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the history you have of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the history you have of that
+of the just the psychology of how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the just the psychology of how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the just the psychology of how people
+have both changed and it's not I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both changed and it's not I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both changed and it's not I mean it
+you know it gets very much affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it gets very much affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it gets very much affected by
+like what is their you know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is their you know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is their you know what is
+their belief in the universe but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their belief in the universe but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their belief in the universe but there's
+a lot of the feeling of well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the feeling of well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the feeling of well you know
+humans ideas don't ch change but human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans ideas don't ch change but human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans ideas don't ch change but human
+human nature doesn't and sort of I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature doesn't and sort of I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature doesn't and sort of I think
+ideas do change ideas change but human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas do change ideas change but human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas do change ideas change but human
+nature doesn't and so it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature doesn't and so it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature doesn't and so it's sort of
+whether or not that's true or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not that's true or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not that's true or not and
+going through history figuring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through history figuring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through history figuring that
+Well, let me let me ask you a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me let me ask you a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let me let me ask you a completely
+Were there any other hands up? No. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Were there any other hands up? No. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Were there any other hands up? No. Okay.
+Let me ask you a completely off-the-wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me ask you a completely off-the-wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me ask you a completely off-the-wall
+question. Um, and this is something I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Um, and this is something I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Um, and this is something I've
+actually thought a lot about. Um, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought a lot about. Um, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought a lot about. Um, and it
+and it and it comes out of my interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and it comes out of my interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and it comes out of my interests
+in big questions about standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in big questions about standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in big questions about standard of
+living. Uh, and I've done a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living. Uh, and I've done a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living. Uh, and I've done a lot of work
+on diets and sort of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on diets and sort of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on diets and sort of the material
+manifestations of welfare. And I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations of welfare. And I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations of welfare. And I mean,
+you've seen, you know, a sort of a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen, you know, a sort of a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen, you know, a sort of a side
+piece of that. But anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of that. But anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of that. But anyway,
+um, and and the question is this is, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, and and the question is this is, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, and and the question is this is, is
+pain historically constructed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain historically constructed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain historically constructed or
+socially constructed? That is, is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially constructed? That is, is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially constructed? That is, is my
+experience of pain as somebody who lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of pain as somebody who lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of pain as somebody who lives
+in the 21st century the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 21st century the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 21st century the same or
+different than someone's experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than someone's experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than someone's experience of
+pain who say lived in the 4th century.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain who say lived in the 4th century.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain who say lived in the 4th century.
+And how could I think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how could I think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how could I think about that
+problem? In other words, is pain real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? In other words, is pain real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? In other words, is pain real
+and true for all time as a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and true for all time as a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and true for all time as a human
+experience or is it mediated?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or is it mediated?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience or is it mediated?
+We talk about this piece. We must have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talk about this piece. We must have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talk about this piece. We must have.
+It's an issue that really really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an issue that really really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an issue that really really really
+interests me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests me.
+But but I mean it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but I mean it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but I mean it it
+it strikes me as so problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it strikes me as so problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it strikes me as so problematic
+precisely because it speaks to the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because it speaks to the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because it speaks to the core
+problem of being a historian. Right? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of being a historian. Right? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of being a historian. Right? If
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+um I had had a colleague who once said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I had had a colleague who once said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I had had a colleague who once said
+that the only historical fact that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only historical fact that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only historical fact that is
+absolutely certain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+death. Okay, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death. Okay, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death. Okay, that's
+taxes. Taxes are highly mediated, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes. Taxes are highly mediated, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes. Taxes are highly mediated, let me
+tell you. Let me tell you. Um, and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you. Let me tell you. Um, and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you. Let me tell you. Um, and and
+and the point there is that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point there is that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point there is that when the
+subject is dead, the subject is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is dead, the subject is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is dead, the subject is really
+dead. Of course, not Martin G. Yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead. Of course, not Martin G. Yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead. Of course, not Martin G. Yeah, I
+was going to say that's true. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say that's true. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say that's true. That's
+true. Um, but I mean, at least to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Um, but I mean, at least to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Um, but I mean, at least to sort
+of our level of comfort standards. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our level of comfort standards. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our level of comfort standards. Um,
+and and some people would say if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and some people would say if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and some people would say if the
+subject is starving, the subject is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is starving, the subject is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is starving, the subject is
+really starving. If the subject is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really starving. If the subject is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really starving. If the subject is in
+pain, the subject is really in pain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain, the subject is really in pain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain, the subject is really in pain.
+Right? they would add, you know, things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? they would add, you know, things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? they would add, you know, things
+like pain and starvation or whatever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pain and starvation or whatever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pain and starvation or whatever to
+to the set of the facts that we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of the facts that we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the set of the facts that we can be
+comfortable with. Others would not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with. Others would not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with. Others would not.
+And and I think how we think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and I think how we think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and I think how we think about those
+kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will
+inform to a great deal how we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform to a great deal how we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform to a great deal how we think
+about this sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of you
+know the the way the way that Jeff has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the way the way that Jeff has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the way the way that Jeff has
+posed the problem. Are we, you know, are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed the problem. Are we, you know, are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed the problem. Are we, you know, are
+we antiquarians or are we um anac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we antiquarians or are we um anac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we antiquarians or are we um anac
+anacronists?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anacronists?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anacronists?
+Um because it it it has something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um because it it it has something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um because it it it has something to do
+with what we think is really true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we think is really true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we think is really true and
+immutable versus what we think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable versus what we think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable versus what we think is
+possibly open to change, right? And and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly open to change, right? And and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly open to change, right? And and
+the more of the human experience that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more of the human experience that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more of the human experience that we
+can put into the immutable category,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put into the immutable category,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put into the immutable category,
+then the better able we are to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the better able we are to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the better able we are to make the
+big leaps. Right? If I think lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big leaps. Right? If I think lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big leaps. Right? If I think lots of
+human experience is immutable, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experience is immutable, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experience is immutable, it's
+driven by our biology, by our sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by our biology, by our sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by our biology, by our sensory
+experience, by the fact that we're made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, by the fact that we're made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, by the fact that we're made
+up of cells. Presumably, ourselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of cells. Presumably, ourselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of cells. Presumably, ourselves and
+the cells of Walker Binum subjects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of Walker Binum subjects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of Walker Binum subjects are
+the same, right? They had the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same, right? They had the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same, right? They had the same kind
+of configuration of atoms and nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of configuration of atoms and nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of configuration of atoms and nuclei and
+yada yada yada, right? And the the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yada yada yada, right? And the the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yada yada yada, right? And the the more
+I the more I believe that that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the more I believe that that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the more I believe that that kind of
+experience stays the same over time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience stays the same over time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience stays the same over time,
+then the easier it's going to be for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the easier it's going to be for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the easier it's going to be for me
+to make these bigger connections, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these bigger connections, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these bigger connections, right?
+If if I think that all kinds of stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if I think that all kinds of stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if I think that all kinds of stuff is
+socially mediated or historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially mediated or historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially mediated or historically
+mediated or subject to change over time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated or subject to change over time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated or subject to change over time,
+then it gets both harder and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gets both harder and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gets both harder and more
+interesting, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, right?
+And this is a question we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a question we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a question we can't
+answer. I mean, we can argue about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. I mean, we can argue about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. I mean, we can argue about it.
+We can feel strongly and passionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can feel strongly and passionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can feel strongly and passionately
+about it. We can disagree completely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. We can disagree completely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. We can disagree completely and
+both sides be completely convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides be completely convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides be completely convinced that
+they're right. But the truth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right. But the truth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right. But the truth of the
+matter is we can't we can't settle it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is we can't we can't settle it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is we can't we can't settle it.
+So, do you have some ideas for where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, do you have some ideas for where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, do you have some ideas for where
+you're going to look about your history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to look about your history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to look about your history
+of pain?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pain?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pain?
+Well, you know, all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know, all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know, all of this
+bioarchchaeology stuff actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioarchchaeology stuff actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioarchchaeology stuff actually I think
+speaks to this question really well. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to this question really well. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to this question really well. you
+know, this this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this this sort of
+um well, bioarchchaeology is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well, bioarchchaeology is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well, bioarchchaeology is another
+good example of those two disciplines,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of those two disciplines,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of those two disciplines,
+history and biology, taking over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and biology, taking over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and biology, taking over the
+rest of the academy. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the academy. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the academy. Um the
+bioarchchaeologists are collecting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioarchchaeologists are collecting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioarchchaeologists are collecting all
+of the skeletal material and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the skeletal material and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the skeletal material and they're
+doing all kinds of fun forensic stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all kinds of fun forensic stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all kinds of fun forensic stuff.
+They're assessing, you know, hypoplas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're assessing, you know, hypoplas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're assessing, you know, hypoplas on
+the teeth and evidence of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teeth and evidence of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teeth and evidence of iron
+deficiency anemia in the bone structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency anemia in the bone structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficiency anemia in the bone structure
+and they're looking at um violence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're looking at um violence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're looking at um violence,
+right? the presence of bullet holes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? the presence of bullet holes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? the presence of bullet holes and
+skulls and um you know arot tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls and um you know arot tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls and um you know arot tips
+embedded in bones and all kinds of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in bones and all kinds of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in bones and all kinds of I
+mean amazingly cool stuff right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean amazingly cool stuff right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean amazingly cool stuff right if you
+can go to just like one history talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to just like one history talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to just like one history talk a
+year you should go hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you should go hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you should go hear a
+bioarchchaeologist because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioarchchaeologist because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioarchchaeologist because they have
+good slides and you know they tell great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good slides and you know they tell great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good slides and you know they tell great
+stories and exactly um and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and exactly um and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and exactly um and and you know
+my reading of that literature and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my reading of that literature and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my reading of that literature and I've
+actually been trying to read a lot in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been trying to read a lot in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been trying to read a lot in it
+because it's so endlessly fascinating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so endlessly fascinating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so endlessly fascinating to
+me Um my my reading of that is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Um my my reading of that is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Um my my reading of that is that that
+pain probably is historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain probably is historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain probably is historically
+mediated. Uh because if I if I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated. Uh because if I if I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated. Uh because if I if I sort of
+catalog that set of experiences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog that set of experiences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog that set of experiences that are
+recorded in the bone structure and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in the bone structure and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in the bone structure and I
+think about continuing to work and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about continuing to work and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about continuing to work and all
+kinds of other stuff, right? or when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other stuff, right? or when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other stuff, right? or when we
+read them and we think what were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them and we think what were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them and we think what were these
+people doing cutting themselves up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing cutting themselves up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing cutting themselves up and
+flagagillating themselves and starving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagagillating themselves and starving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flagagillating themselves and starving
+themselves and you know having such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and you know having such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and you know having such
+severe gastrointestinal pain well duh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe gastrointestinal pain well duh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe gastrointestinal pain well duh
+you haven't eaten for seven years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't eaten for seven years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't eaten for seven years of
+course you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you're going to have
+gastrointestinal pain right but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gastrointestinal pain right but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gastrointestinal pain right but I mean
+if we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if
+we think about those that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about those that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about those that kind of
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+um to me anyway it's suggestive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to me anyway it's suggestive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to me anyway it's suggestive
+of modifications in the human experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modifications in the human experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modifications in the human experience
+or at least modifications from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least modifications from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least modifications from one
+person to another, whether they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to another, whether they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to another, whether they have a
+historical component, too. Um, another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical component, too. Um, another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical component, too. Um, another
+former colleague of mine at one point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former colleague of mine at one point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former colleague of mine at one point in
+a most disparaging comment because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a most disparaging comment because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a most disparaging comment because he
+didn't approve of the kind of history I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't approve of the kind of history I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't approve of the kind of history I
+did at all. Um, said to me um after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did at all. Um, said to me um after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did at all. Um, said to me um after a
+talk, he said, "I suppose you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk, he said, "I suppose you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk, he said, "I suppose you're going
+to try to tell me next that starvation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to tell me next that starvation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to tell me next that starvation
+is socially constructed." And he said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is socially constructed." And he said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is socially constructed." And he said it
+with just dripping sarcasm and contempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just dripping sarcasm and contempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just dripping sarcasm and contempt
+and I don't remember what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't remember what I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't remember what I said
+probably like you buffoon go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like you buffoon go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like you buffoon go
+away and eventually he did and he did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and eventually he did and he did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and eventually he did and he did.
+Um okay so let let's let's throw out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so let let's let's throw out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so let let's let's throw out one
+last question. So what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question. So what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question. So what do you think
+happens when all these historians like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when all these historians like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when all these historians like
+get together and drink too much or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I meant what I really meant was when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I meant what I really meant was when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I meant what I really meant was when
+they have when they have faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have when they have faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have when they have faculty
+meetings. That's what I meant to say. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings. That's what I meant to say. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings. That's what I meant to say. So
+what? So I mean, how do we talk? How do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? So I mean, how do we talk? How do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? So I mean, how do we talk? How do
+we talk to each other? How do we talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk to each other? How do we talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk to each other? How do we talk to
+each other? Talk about baseball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jeff tries. But you see, we don't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff tries. But you see, we don't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff tries. But you see, we don't all
+share that passion either. Some of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that passion either. Some of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that passion either. Some of us
+hold baseball in utter contempt. Utter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold baseball in utter contempt. Utter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold baseball in utter contempt. Utter
+contempt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contempt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contempt.
+I can say that anywhere I want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say that anywhere I want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say that anywhere I want.
+In fact, in fact, since you've asked,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, in fact, since you've asked,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, in fact, since you've asked,
+you haven't asked, but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't asked, but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't asked, but but
+but the best thing about Jeff is that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the best thing about Jeff is that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the best thing about Jeff is that he
+has periodically taken my children to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has periodically taken my children to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has periodically taken my children to a
+baseball game so that I don't have to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball game so that I don't have to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball game so that I don't have to.
+All right. So, go home and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, go home and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, go home and think about
+that. Um, when when disciplines are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, when when disciplines are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, when when disciplines are this
+fractured, if you will, how do they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractured, if you will, how do they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractured, if you will, how do they talk
+to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each
+other? I don't need all of them back,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other? I don't need all of them back,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other? I don't need all of them back,
+but I need at least like one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I need at least like one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I need at least like one of them
+back. Um otherwise I'll have no single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Um otherwise I'll have no single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Um otherwise I'll have no single
+copy. That was that was my concern. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy. That was that was my concern. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy. That was that was my concern. The
+real concern is what happens national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real concern is what happens national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real concern is what happens national
+start.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start.
+That's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right.
+Where did baseball start?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did it really?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rNfMwqjohC8.txt b/rNfMwqjohC8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1148e2aed62671c47cc809b72d3a6029ce934e5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rNfMwqjohC8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+be ready the the project that I chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready the the project that I chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready the the project that I chose to
+work on is a 2d puzzle game and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on is a 2d puzzle game and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on is a 2d puzzle game and it's
+based on a puzzle version of Tetris that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a puzzle version of Tetris that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a puzzle version of Tetris that
+I've created over many years I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've created over many years I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've created over many years I
+programmed it a different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed it a different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed it a different you know
+different formats but I haven't figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formats but I haven't figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formats but I haven't figured
+out a good way to deploy it so I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a good way to deploy it so I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a good way to deploy it so I thought
+maybe unity would be a good option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe unity would be a good option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe unity would be a good option
+because it claims that be cross-platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it claims that be cross-platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it claims that be cross-platform
+so anyway I saw the one-person project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway I saw the one-person project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway I saw the one-person project
+but that's okay it was a fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay it was a fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay it was a fascinating
+learning experience and I made decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience and I made decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience and I made decent
+progress the game that you're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress the game that you're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress the game that you're gonna see
+is not very something wrong with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very something wrong with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very something wrong with the
+canvas needs to get away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas needs to get away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas needs to get away from the
+playing board if they're away anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing board if they're away anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing board if they're away anyway so
+the game's very low what went graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game's very low what went graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game's very low what went graphics
+it's very bare-bones but conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very bare-bones but conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very bare-bones but conceptually
+it's an implementation of Tetris with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an implementation of Tetris with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an implementation of Tetris with
+the variation that only certain pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation that only certain pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation that only certain pieces
+are used and it has a puzzle objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used and it has a puzzle objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used and it has a puzzle objective
+so you could actually win the game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could actually win the game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could actually win the game or
+solve it the objective is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it the objective is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it the objective is simple
+objective is a wipeout where you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is a wipeout where you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is a wipeout where you want to
+clear the board exactly so that the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the board exactly so that the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the board exactly so that the last
+piece clears all the roads is everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece clears all the roads is everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece clears all the roads is everyone
+familiar with Tetris and the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Tetris and the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Tetris and the road
+clearing Mecca doesn't mess up I hope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing Mecca doesn't mess up I hope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing Mecca doesn't mess up I hope so
+you'll see it and figure it out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it and figure it out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it and figure it out if
+you're not if I couldn't I knew I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not if I couldn't I knew I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not if I couldn't I knew I wanted
+to do a two gate 2-d game grid grid type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a two gate 2-d game grid grid type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a two gate 2-d game grid grid type
+puzzle because that's what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle because that's what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle because that's what I've been
+working on a lot is developing various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a lot is developing various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a lot is developing various
+ideas for logic puzzles that use 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for logic puzzles that use 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for logic puzzles that use 2d
+grids and I thought Tetris might be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids and I thought Tetris might be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids and I thought Tetris might be too
+ambitious so I was looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious so I was looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious so I was looking at the
+tutorials I found on the Unity site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials I found on the Unity site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials I found on the Unity site
+there were some map there was one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some map there was one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some map there was one for
+minesweeper so I was originally good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minesweeper so I was originally good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minesweeper so I was originally good to
+do that but then when I found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but then when I found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but then when I found the
+textures Tetris tutorial I said oh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures Tetris tutorial I said oh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textures Tetris tutorial I said oh maybe
+I could go with this so my first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go with this so my first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go with this so my first step
+was to implement the Tetris tutorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to implement the Tetris tutorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to implement the Tetris tutorial
+implement the code from the Tetris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the code from the Tetris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the code from the Tetris
+tutorial which that code was for a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial which that code was for a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial which that code was for a full
+Tetris game with a ten wide board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetris game with a ten wide board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetris game with a ten wide board and
+all the pieces of standard Tetris but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pieces of standard Tetris but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pieces of standard Tetris but
+what I wanted is just a couple of pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted is just a couple of pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted is just a couple of pieces
+that work well for for the wipeout games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work well for for the wipeout games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work well for for the wipeout games
+that I do the puzzles so I just needed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do the puzzles so I just needed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do the puzzles so I just needed a
+TPS in an L piece so that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPS in an L piece so that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPS in an L piece so that's all I
+implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+so I adapted the tetris code a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I adapted the tetris code a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I adapted the tetris code a lot so
+let me just jump it and show you a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just jump it and show you a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just jump it and show you a quick
+demo if I could where's my mouse well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo if I could where's my mouse well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo if I could where's my mouse well
+it's there's two screens okay so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's two screens okay so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's two screens okay so before
+the code yeah the game is already going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code yeah the game is already going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code yeah the game is already going
+so you can collect you can select which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can collect you can select which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can collect you can select which
+width you want the board could be I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width you want the board could be I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width you want the board could be I'll
+show you how that moves you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how that moves you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how that moves you need the
+board could be seven wide or we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board could be seven wide or we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board could be seven wide or we'll start
+with five why because that's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five why because that's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five why because that's easier to
+finish the way about ten wide you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the way about ten wide you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the way about ten wide you know
+is really slow it's possible to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really slow it's possible to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really slow it's possible to play
+this wipeout game with wider boards but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wipeout game with wider boards but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wipeout game with wider boards but
+it just takes so much longer and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just takes so much longer and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just takes so much longer and it's
+tedious so I find that five six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious so I find that five six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious so I find that five six and
+seven are the most fun and challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven are the most fun and challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven are the most fun and challenging
+levels and the game can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and the game can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and the game can be very
+challenging you need to learn patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you need to learn patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging you need to learn patterns
+as you'll see so then you have a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll see so then you have a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll see so then you have a choice
+of three piece options there's either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three piece options there's either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three piece options there's either a
+TPS which I'll start with or you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPS which I'll start with or you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPS which I'll start with or you can do
+a tell piece or the T and L together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tell piece or the T and L together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tell piece or the T and L together
+which under the current of limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which under the current of limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which under the current of limitation
+they're randomly chosen which makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're randomly chosen which makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're randomly chosen which makes the
+game extremely hard because it yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game extremely hard because it yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game extremely hard because it yeah it's
+much easier to solve if you could plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to solve if you could plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to solve if you could plan
+ahead a little as you get to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead a little as you get to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead a little as you get to the point
+where and wow jumping ahead so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and wow jumping ahead so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and wow jumping ahead so let's do
+the T piece and show the game in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T piece and show the game in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T piece and show the game in action
+so this is what it looks like we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what it looks like we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what it looks like we start
+with a piece out at the bottom it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a piece out at the bottom it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a piece out at the bottom it
+manually drops it or my cursor keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually drops it or my cursor keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually drops it or my cursor keys
+gonna work here yeah all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work here yeah all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna work here yeah all right so
+there's basically four the four arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically four the four arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically four the four arrow
+keys are used to control this the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys are used to control this the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys are used to control this the pieces
+fall like in Tetris so you could wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall like in Tetris so you could wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall like in Tetris so you could wrote
+there's only one rotate so right arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one rotate so right arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one rotate so right arrow
+is rotate clockwise and you could drop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotate clockwise and you could drop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotate clockwise and you could drop a
+piece and then the roll is clear that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then the roll is clear that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then the roll is clear that's
+the tetris mechanism so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this takes a little longer to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this takes a little longer to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this takes a little longer to do a
+wipeout but I'll show you the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipeout but I'll show you the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipeout but I'll show you the basic idea
+the trick is that you learn patterns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick is that you learn patterns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick is that you learn patterns so
+you'll start to see a pattern here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start to see a pattern here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start to see a pattern here so I
+could fear that and now I can clear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fear that and now I can clear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fear that and now I can clear a
+row by putting this it takes four pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by putting this it takes four pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by putting this it takes four pieces
+to clear a row it's eight more pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear a row it's eight more pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear a row it's eight more pieces
+and I'll be down I'll get the white down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll be down I'll get the white down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll be down I'll get the white down
+so let's just plow through that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just plow through that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just plow through that so you
+can see what happens one more so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what happens one more so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what happens one more so it's
+you see the pattern so part of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the pattern so part of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the pattern so part of what I
+think is fun about this game is learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is fun about this game is learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is fun about this game is learning
+these patterns it's challenging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns it's challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns it's challenging to
+figure out the learned patterns this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the learned patterns this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the learned patterns this
+were like macros so let's just try when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like macros so let's just try when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like macros so let's just try when
+I don't know how much time I have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how much time I have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how much time I have so
+let's just do one more so we can discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do one more so we can discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do one more so we can discuss
+what went into it oh there were a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went into it oh there were a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went into it oh there were a number
+of sort of steps forward and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of steps forward and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of steps forward and in the
+learning experience first was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience first was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience first was
+implementing the tetris game modified to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the tetris game modified to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing the tetris game modified to
+use only the two pieces so I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use only the two pieces so I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use only the two pieces so I started
+with just the two pieces and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the two pieces and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the two pieces and and then
+let's see the next step I wanted to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the next step I wanted to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the next step I wanted to set
+up controls to let me select yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up controls to let me select yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up controls to let me select yeah so the
+first thing I did was the the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I did was the the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I did was the the width
+buttons to modify the width it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons to modify the width it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons to modify the width it's just
+one thing that's control which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's control which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that's control which is the
+rate border as you saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who moves around so so learning to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who moves around so so learning to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who moves around so so learning to move
+that was my first learning experience I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my first learning experience I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was my first learning experience I
+was happy when I got that to work and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happy when I got that to work and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happy when I got that to work and I
+had to figure out along the way how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to figure out along the way how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to figure out along the way how to
+make buttons work how to connect to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make buttons work how to connect to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make buttons work how to connect to them
+and you know run scripts from buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know run scripts from buttons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know run scripts from buttons
+and things like that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that was very
+challenging and I had never programmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and I had never programmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and I had never programmed
+c-sharp before so that was a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-sharp before so that was a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-sharp before so that was a challenge
+in itself but yeah I'd made progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself but yeah I'd made progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself but yeah I'd made progress
+with that once I figured out buttons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that once I figured out buttons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that once I figured out buttons I
+said all right I'm running with buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all right I'm running with buttons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all right I'm running with buttons
+I didn't use buttons for all they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't use buttons for all they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't use buttons for all they're
+worth so I tried to do the the fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth so I tried to do the the fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth so I tried to do the the fee
+selection buttons and then the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection buttons and then the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection buttons and then the start
+button is and the stop button doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button is and the stop button doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button is and the stop button doesn't
+quite work it sort of works but it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite work it sort of works but it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite work it sort of works but it seems
+to create something wrong and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create something wrong and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create something wrong and the data
+structures so that when I run the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so that when I run the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so that when I run the next
+game it crashes that's not good so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it crashes that's not good so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it crashes that's not good so I
+avoid the stop button now all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the stop button now all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the stop button now all right so
+let me show you the six white board with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you the six white board with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you the six white board with
+the TP sawl sawl maybe I should do the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TP sawl sawl maybe I should do the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TP sawl sawl maybe I should do the L
+piece just to show you a different piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece just to show you a different piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece just to show you a different piece
+visit I may not be able to get beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit I may not be able to get beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit I may not be able to get beyond
+this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this will work so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this will work so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this will work so one of the
+patterns you learned is that with - well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns you learned is that with - well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns you learned is that with - well
+pieces together you can make a 2 by 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces together you can make a 2 by 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces together you can make a 2 by 4
+rectangle so if I put this one down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so if I put this one down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle so if I put this one down here
+then the other one completes the 2 by 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one completes the 2 by 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one completes the 2 by 4
+rectangle on that rectangle you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle on that rectangle you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle on that rectangle you can see
+fills in the remaining pieces so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I won't have time to finish it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't have time to finish it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't have time to finish it but
+I'll just show you what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just show you what happens when you
+have the pieces let's do it with say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the pieces let's do it with say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the pieces let's do it with say the
+five wide board so you see so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five wide board so you see so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five wide board so you see so we
+randomly get an L or a tee piece now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly get an L or a tee piece now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly get an L or a tee piece now
+notice there's only one kind of L which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there's only one kind of L which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there's only one kind of L which
+is the ll not the reflected L so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ll not the reflected L so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ll not the reflected L so how do
+I want to do this yeah so part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do this yeah so part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do this yeah so part of the
+problem here is that this L will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that this L will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that this L will not
+turn around to go in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around to go in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around to go in the other direction
+so now I if I'm fast I can flip things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I if I'm fast I can flip things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I if I'm fast I can flip things
+in before it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I implemented the drop so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I implemented the drop so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I implemented the drop so that it
+drops let me just get my piece ready and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops let me just get my piece ready and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops let me just get my piece ready and
+I want it to go there so drop will drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it to go there so drop will drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it to go there so drop will drop
+it not freeze the piece so it the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not freeze the piece so it the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not freeze the piece so it the code
+actually waits until til there's a fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually waits until til there's a fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually waits until til there's a fall
+you see that every second the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that every second the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that every second the piece
+tries to fall another step in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to fall another step in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to fall another step in and the
+piece freezes when they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece freezes when they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece freezes when they can't
+successfully call in response to a fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully call in response to a fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully call in response to a fall
+action so all right this isn't yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so all right this isn't yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so all right this isn't yeah you
+can start asking questions while I muck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start asking questions while I muck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start asking questions while I muck
+with this oh yeah absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this oh yeah absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this oh yeah absolutely
+it's just a little more tedious like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a little more tedious like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a little more tedious like I
+said thank you no it's definitely doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said thank you no it's definitely doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said thank you no it's definitely doable
+it just sometimes it takes multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sometimes it takes multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sometimes it takes multiple
+tries because alright here's here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries because alright here's here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries because alright here's here's a
+trick because I preparing for elves so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick because I preparing for elves so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick because I preparing for elves so I
+didn't get it now but I could put a T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get it now but I could put a T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get it now but I could put a T in
+here if I get it all next good then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I get it all next good then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I get it all next good then I
+could put this here and now if I get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put this here and now if I get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put this here and now if I get it
+out I'll wipe out all those three rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'll wipe out all those three rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'll wipe out all those three rows
+so I want to do things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do things like that
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all right this could work I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all right this could work I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all right this could work I get
+another L no didn't so how do I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another L no didn't so how do I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another L no didn't so how do I wanted
+to do this so you don't always get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so you don't always get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this so you don't always get the
+piece you want of course because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you want of course because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you want of course because it's
+random all right let's see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random all right let's see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random all right let's see how this
+works this will get it down to almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works this will get it down to almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works this will get it down to almost
+one row I didn't want more L pieces but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row I didn't want more L pieces but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row I didn't want more L pieces but
+decide what to do with it I guess I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to do with it I guess I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what to do with it I guess I'll
+just bite the bullet and do that so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bite the bullet and do that so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bite the bullet and do that so all
+right now try again yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now try again yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now try again yes
+now if I whichever prefer a tea piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I whichever prefer a tea piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I whichever prefer a tea piece
+now yeah okay so I can get it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah okay so I can get it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah okay so I can get it down to
+one so close to a wipeout but not what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so close to a wipeout but not what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so close to a wipeout but not what I
+wanted all right if I can get a TP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted all right if I can get a TP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted all right if I can get a TP so
+this is good I like getting making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good I like getting making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good I like getting making the
+shape of a tea piece at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a tea piece at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a tea piece at the bottom
+because there is a way to win if I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a way to win if I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a way to win if I get
+the right pieces so I need a tea in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right pieces so I need a tea in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right pieces so I need a tea in a
+now okay let's hope for a doll next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay let's hope for a doll next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay let's hope for a doll next the
+scripting was a big challenge in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripting was a big challenge in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripting was a big challenge in my
+morning to get learning to get this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning to get learning to get this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning to get learning to get this to
+work properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work properly
+oh the text that's what I did last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the text that's what I did last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the text that's what I did last night
+I figured I had one able text someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figured I had one able text someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figured I had one able text someone
+gave me a hint that I wanted to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me a hint that I wanted to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me a hint that I wanted to set
+enable true or something but it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable true or something but it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable true or something but it was very
+hard and one script that detected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and one script that detected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and one script that detected the
+wipeout so I wrote the code last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipeout so I wrote the code last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipeout so I wrote the code last night
+to detect the wipeout I checked him for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the wipeout I checked him for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the wipeout I checked him for
+all the rows appeared there's a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rows appeared there's a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rows appeared there's a grid
+that's hidden behind this little matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hidden behind this little matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hidden behind this little matrix
+you know that has holds a box and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that has holds a box and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that has holds a box and the
+script operates on that and so so I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script operates on that and so so I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script operates on that and so so I had
+this script that you know the checks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this script that you know the checks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this script that you know the checks for
+the wipeout and if it finds as a wipeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wipeout and if it finds as a wipeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wipeout and if it finds as a wipeout
+that it needs to call another script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it needs to call another script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it needs to call another script
+while it basically needs to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it basically needs to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it basically needs to you know
+tell the text to enable so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the text to enable so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the text to enable so that you
+could see it so I created the text but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it so I created the text but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it so I created the text but
+and disabled it at the start but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disabled it at the start but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disabled it at the start but then I
+needed to be able to programmatically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be able to programmatically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be able to programmatically or
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+turn it off in line which these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off in line which these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off in line which these things
+sounds simple but they're non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds simple but they're non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds simple but they're non-trivial
+when you're first encountering them so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're first encountering them so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're first encountering them so I
+struggled you know look doing googling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled you know look doing googling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled you know look doing googling
+looking for things like how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for things like how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for things like how to how to
+find an object and so there's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an object and so there's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an object and so there's what a
+fine object by type and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine object by type and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine object by type and then there's
+game object not find which lets you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game object not find which lets you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game object not find which lets you find
+by name which was very useful so once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by name which was very useful so once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by name which was very useful so once I
+figured that out I could look up my I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that out I could look up my I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that out I could look up my I
+think it was the text object I had I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was the text object I had I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was the text object I had I had
+a text object that I created but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a text object that I created but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a text object that I created but that
+wasn't good enough I needed to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't good enough I needed to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't good enough I needed to get the
+text component itself so I had to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text component itself so I had to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text component itself so I had to call
+get component and figure out what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get component and figure out what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get component and figure out what kind
+of specification to put after that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specification to put after that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specification to put after that to
+tell it what kind of component to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it what kind of component to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it what kind of component to find
+the syntax was tricky one one website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax was tricky one one website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax was tricky one one website
+said you needed a dot before the tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you needed a dot before the tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you needed a dot before the tech
+angle bracket X on another one but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle bracket X on another one but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle bracket X on another one but what
+worked was not having the dot there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked was not having the dot there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked was not having the dot there so
+there's misinformation out there or else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's misinformation out there or else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's misinformation out there or else
+unity changed I don't know but finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity changed I don't know but finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity changed I don't know but finally I
+got it and I thought there was a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it and I thought there was a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it and I thought there was a method
+called enable that I could say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called enable that I could say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called enable that I could say you know
+enable or disable that turns out it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable or disable that turns out it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable or disable that turns out it's a
+variable it's a I guess a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's a I guess a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's a I guess a component
+variable or something that you can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or something that you can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or something that you can set
+to true or false finally I figured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to true or false finally I figured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to true or false finally I figured it
+out and I was able to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I was able to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I was able to get the
+congratulatory text to appear all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sffRo1-_D8E.txt b/sffRo1-_D8E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a37e10e38af4e189710deff9efc656b57080c5b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sffRo1-_D8E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1878 @@
+So I would like to tell
+you about friction today.
+
+Friction is a very
+mysterious subject,
+
+because it has such simple
+rules at the macroscopic scale,
+
+and yet-- as I will
+show you and tell you
+
+a little bit about today--
+very different rules
+
+at the nanoscopic scale.
+
+So I would like to tell you
+about friction at the nano
+
+scale.
+
+So at the macro scale,
+there are classic rules that
+
+were discovered very early on.
+
+For macroscopic
+objects, it was actually
+
+Leonardo da Vinci who
+found the first laws
+
+of so-called "dry" friction.
+
+So this was da Vinci as
+early as in the 15th century.
+
+And basically, he discovered
+that friction depends
+
+on the force, on the weight
+of the object on the surface,
+
+and that there's a
+certain coefficient that
+
+depends on the material.
+
+Da Vinci did not
+publish his notes.
+
+They were just hidden in his
+notebooks for a long time.
+
+And Amontons in the 17th century
+rediscovered the very same laws
+
+that da Vinci had found.
+
+And these are two
+very simple laws.
+
+The first law is that if
+you have an object sliding
+
+on a surface-- so there's a
+force that you are pulling
+
+on the object, and there's
+the friction force acting
+
+on it in the opposite
+direction-- then
+
+Amontons found that
+the friction force is
+
+proportional to
+the normal force.
+
+So the normal force is
+the weight of the object.
+
+So he found that
+the friction force
+
+as a function of
+normal force is just
+
+the simple interdependence.
+
+So if you make the
+object twice as heavy,
+
+the friction force
+will be twice as large.
+
+This makes, maybe, sense.
+
+It agrees with our intuition
+that maybe an object
+
+twice as heavy should have
+a force twice as large.
+
+The second law of friction is
+much more surprising-- namely,
+
+that if you have two
+objects of the same weight--
+
+so you have the same normal
+force-- but very different
+
+areas of contact, then the
+friction force is the same.
+
+So if you have a friction
+force for this object--
+
+let me call it
+friction force one--
+
+and the friction force
+of this object-- friction
+
+force two-- then the
+friction forces are the same.
+
+One equals friction force two.
+
+So surprisingly,
+the friction force
+
+is independent of contact area.
+
+This seems very
+counter-intuitive,
+
+because if you think of friction
+as some kind of sticking,
+
+some kind of effect where
+two surfaces rub together,
+
+then we might naively assume
+that the larger the surface,
+
+the larger the friction force.
+
+So one maybe intuition
+of why this might not
+
+be the case, or one
+possible explanation,
+
+is that surfaces
+always have roughness.
+
+And so the actual
+contact area between two
+
+surfaces-- so if I really
+draw the surface of the object
+
+here-- then the actual contact
+area between two surfaces
+
+might not be the observed area
+of the macroscopic object.
+
+And so this may be one way to
+explain why the friction is
+
+independent of the area,
+because it might only
+
+be proportional to the actual
+contact area of the system.
+
+We have already
+described two of the laws
+
+of macroscopic friction.
+
+There's a third law that was
+actually discovered by Coulomb.
+
+And again, this is a little
+bit surprising result-- namely,
+
+that for this kind of
+friction, the dry friction,
+
+it is independent of the
+velocity of the object.
+
+So this is, for
+instance, something that
+
+is not true for air resistance.
+
+If you drive a car,
+the faster you go,
+
+the more friction there is, the
+more air resistance there is.
+
+But if you have two surfaces
+sliding on top of each other,
+
+then Coulomb found
+that the friction force
+
+is independent of velocity.
+
+Again, this is something
+quite counter--
+
+not quite, but somewhat
+counter-intuitive.
+
+And as I will show you
+a little bit later,
+
+it actually is no
+longer true when
+
+you look at the nano scale.
+
+Coulomb was also the first one
+to distinguish static friction,
+
+which is the force with
+which an object resists
+
+motion for a while.
+
+You make the force larger
+and larger, so for a while,
+
+the object will stick.
+
+And then it will start sliding.
+
+So he distinguished static
+friction from dynamic friction.
+
+And because we
+have this law that
+
+says that the
+frictional force is
+
+proportional to
+the normal force,
+
+I will remind you of the first
+law-- the friction force being
+
+proportional to
+the normal force,
+
+like so-- we can define a slope.
+
+So we can write
+the friction force
+
+as some slope, mu,
+times the normal force.
+
+These are both forces, so
+they have the same units,
+
+which means that the so-called
+coefficient of friction-- which
+
+could be therefore
+static frictional
+
+or for dynamic friction,
+for kinetic friction--
+
+this coefficient
+is just a number.
+
+And typically, this number
+is between 0.3 and 0.6.
+
+This makes a lot of sense.
+
+The friction force is not quite
+as strong as the normal force.
+
+So the friction force with
+which an object resists motion
+
+is not quite as large
+as the normal force
+
+with which it pushes down
+on a certain surface.
+
+However, surprisingly,
+there are materials where
+
+mu is actually larger than 1.
+
+It's possible, for
+instance, for rubber.
+
+Which means that an object
+can be harder to pull sideways
+
+than actually-- it can be harder
+to pull an object sideways
+
+than to actually lift
+it from the surface.
+
+So this is a surprising result.
+
+Now, it turns out that despite
+these very simple laws,
+
+our fundamental understanding
+of friction is rather limited.
+
+So for instance,
+nobody in the world
+
+can predict this
+coefficient mu of friction.
+
+Nobody in the world can,
+from microscopic or principle
+
+say-- being told what
+the two surfaces are,
+
+say plastic or wood-- what
+is the friction coefficient.
+
+Can you calculate it for me?
+
+We cannot predict it.
+
+We can only measure it, and then
+tabulate it-- make a table--
+
+and say this kind of object
+on this kind of surface
+
+has this kind of
+coefficient for friction.
+
+So that's one, if you
+want, failure of physics.
+
+How is it possible that we can't
+describe, and quantitatively
+
+describe, something
+as simple as that?
+
+Also, in many
+instances, we would
+
+like to change the
+coefficient to friction.
+
+Typically, we would
+like to reduce friction,
+
+because friction is something
+where we dissipate energy.
+
+It is estimated that as much
+as 3% of the nation's GDP
+
+is "wasted" on friction.
+
+So friction destroys energy
+in the amount of billions
+
+and billions of dollars--
+cars driving on streets,
+
+machines working, and so on.
+
+Sometimes friction is,
+of course, desirable.
+
+If you want to stop
+your car on the road,
+
+you want friction
+to actually work.
+
+You wouldn't like to do
+away with it completely.
+
+But in many instances, it's
+just a source of energy loss.
+
+So if we could even make a
+small change in the friction,
+
+this would be not only
+important for science,
+
+but it might also be very
+important for technology.
+
+So here, I've told
+you about friction
+
+of macroscopic objects.
+
+Now people-- chemists,
+physicists, other scientists,
+
+engineers-- are able to build
+smaller and smaller machines.
+
+And there's tremendous interest
+to build nanoscopic machines--
+
+machines that are maybe only a
+few molecules or a small number
+
+of molecules or
+atoms wide and big.
+
+And there's been
+tremendous success.
+
+People have built nano pumps--
+tiny pumps-- even a tiny car,
+
+consisting of a relatively
+small number of molecules
+
+that can move on the surface
+if you inject the electrons.
+
+So as I would like now to tell
+you about how bad friction
+
+is at the nano scale.
+
+So let's ask the
+following question--
+
+how bad is friction
+at the nano scale?
+
+Your general intuition
+might be that friction
+
+gets worse at the nano scale,
+simply because the bulk--
+
+the volume of an
+object-- is what
+
+determines how many
+atoms are in it,
+
+whereas friction is
+a surface effect.
+
+And because the volume
+increases more quickly
+
+with the size of the object
+then does the surface,
+
+you might think that
+probably, there's
+
+a bigger problem with
+friction at the nano scale
+
+than there is for
+macroscopic objects.
+
+To illustrate how
+bad this really is,
+
+let's consider a tire of a car.
+
+So this tire is rolling
+as your car is driving.
+
+And we can try to
+estimate what happens
+
+to the wear of this tire.
+
+So let's say that this
+tire maybe wears off.
+
+Wear is on the order
+of maybe, let's say,
+
+10 millimeters every,
+maybe, 50,000 kilometers.
+
+So that means we take off
+a number of atomic layers
+
+here every 50,000 kilometers.
+
+Now, how many atomic
+layers is 10 millimeter?
+
+If we say that one
+atomic layer is
+
+on the order of, let's call
+it 1 Angstrom-- which is 10
+
+to the minus 10 meters--
+then 10 millimeters
+
+is 10 to the minus 2 meters.
+
+So that is equal--
+since one layer
+
+is 10 to minus 10 meters--
+that is equal to 10
+
+to the 8 atomic layers.
+
+We can also ask ourself, how
+far has the tire been moving?
+
+So if we assume that the
+circumference of the tire-- so
+
+this is the radius of the tire.
+
+Let's guess that maybe the
+circumference of the tire here,
+
+which is given by 2 pi r,
+is on the order of 1 meter.
+
+Then this means that 50,000
+kilometers-- or 5 times 10
+
+to the 7 meters, which
+is 50,000 kilometers--
+
+is basically 5 times 10
+to the 7 revolutions.
+
+So in 50 million revolutions-- 5
+times 10 to the 7 revolutions--
+
+we lose 10 to the
+8 atomic layers.
+
+So it comes out that we lose
+one to two atomic layers
+
+per revolution.
+
+If we had used maybe
+a size of an atom
+
+more closely as
+two Angstroms, we
+
+would come out at
+about one atomic layer.
+
+So this is a remarkable effect.
+
+Even when we drive our car,
+each time the tire rolls around,
+
+we leave one atomic
+layer on the street.
+
+For a macroscopic object, as
+we see, it doesn't matter.
+
+We can drive a very large
+macroscopic distance
+
+before we wear off a few
+millimeters of the tire.
+
+But if the tire of
+the car was itself
+
+only a few atomic
+layers big, then you
+
+see we would have
+a huge problem.
+
+So this is why people are
+interested in understanding,
+
+and maybe manipulating,
+friction at the nano scale.
+
+So what does friction at the
+nano scale really look like?
+
+And why are people
+interested in it
+
+after so many centuries of
+first studying friction?
+
+One reason is that now
+one can do experiments
+
+at the nano scale.
+
+And the new tool
+that has enabled that
+
+is what is called an
+atomic force microscope.
+
+What is an atomic
+force microscope?
+
+Well, it's essentially
+a very, very sharp tip--
+
+atomically sharp tip.
+
+So you have a surface here,
+which consists of atoms.
+
+And these are individual atoms.
+
+And you're trying to
+study the friction.
+
+And now what you do is, you
+bring an object here shaped
+
+in the form of the tip,
+which also consists of atoms.
+
+And the object is so
+sharp that you have,
+
+ideally, just one atom
+near the surface-- one
+
+or more atoms near the surface.
+
+So this is what an atomic
+force microscope is.
+
+You can pull on this
+with some force.
+
+And then you can try to measure
+the force of resistance--
+
+the friction force that
+is due to the interaction
+
+between the atom near
+the surface and the atoms
+
+forming the surface.
+
+So we might call
+this the substrate.
+
+And this would be
+the moving object.
+
+And we can either
+study static friction
+
+by pulling the objects, but
+not with a force large enough
+
+to move, or maybe we
+can apply a larger force
+
+so the object starts moving
+at a certain velocity v,
+
+and we can measure friction.
+
+Now this, as simple
+as it may seem,
+
+is still too complicated
+for physicists.
+
+So we try to make the
+model even simpler.
+
+So how do physicists do this?
+
+Well, they say that the surface
+still consists of atoms,
+
+but now we're mostly interested
+what happens to this tip.
+
+We're going to
+say, well, somehow,
+
+what matters is that this
+atom is bound to the tip.
+
+So maybe we can model
+it in the following way.
+
+We have here the
+macroscopic part of the tip.
+
+And then we're going to say
+that the surface atom is really
+
+bound in some way to the tip.
+
+And the simplest way that we
+can imagine the surface atom
+
+to be bound to the
+tip is via some spring
+
+with some specific
+spring constant.
+
+So basically, the
+one atom that makes
+
+the contact with the
+surface is bound via spring
+
+to the rest of a
+tip that is moving--
+
+to the rest of
+the moving object.
+
+So this is how we view the tip
+as physicists, to make a model.
+
+And then how do we view the
+surface to make a model?
+
+Well, we say this is really
+a periodic arrangement
+
+of the atoms.
+
+So maybe it makes
+sense to kind of assume
+
+that the associated
+potential is also
+
+periodic at the atomic scale.
+
+So this is the potential
+as a function of position.
+
+So basically, we model
+friction as spring
+
+plus periodic potential.
+
+This is a very simple model.
+
+And it was first introduced
+now about 90 years ago.
+
+So by Prandtl-- by
+a German physicist
+
+called Prandtl--
+and independently
+
+by another physicist
+called Tomlinson.
+
+And this is called the
+Prandtl-Tomlinson model.
+
+And they discovered
+it, or introduced it,
+
+in 1928 and 1929.
+
+And it turns out that
+this very simple model
+
+of a spring and the
+periodic potential
+
+captures much of the
+essence of nano friction.
+
+So as physicists,
+now we have a spring
+
+and the periodic potential.
+
+How do we think about this?
+
+Well, one way is to think
+about the energy in the system.
+
+So we can plot the energy
+as a function of position.
+
+And now we have our
+periodic potential, like so.
+
+And how do we model the spring?
+
+Well, this is going to be
+the potential energy, v. How
+
+do we model the spring?
+
+Well, the spring
+has a linear force.
+
+The force is proportional
+to the displacement,
+
+which means the potential is
+quadratic in this placement.
+
+So this is the
+potential for spring.
+
+This is what the
+spring does, and this
+
+is what the substrate does.
+
+And what we need to do is, we
+need to add these two together.
+
+So what that means
+qualitatively is
+
+that the total
+potential of the system
+
+might look something like this.
+
+So as we now
+translate the spring
+
+across the surface
+with some velocity,
+
+then you can see
+that this addition
+
+between the fixed substrate
+potential-- this one is fixed--
+
+and this spring
+potential is moving.
+
+You can see that this will lead
+to a time-varying potential
+
+for the object.
+
+So let's look now, in a
+simulation, what that time
+
+variation might look like.
+
+So what you see here
+is a combination
+
+of a spring and the
+periodic potential.
+
+And the periodic
+potential has been
+
+chosen a slightly
+different strength
+
+than I'm showing you here.
+
+It has been chosen
+weaker so that instead
+
+of many minima in
+this total potential,
+
+there are only two minima.
+
+And what you see
+happening in this system
+
+is that, as the
+particle is moving,
+
+the spring tries to
+pull it across a maximum
+
+of the periodic potential.
+
+At some point, the
+atom is released,
+
+and it releases energy
+that is taken up
+
+as heat by the substrate.
+
+And then, the object is pulled
+towards the next minimum.
+
+The minimum disappears slowly.
+
+The object is released
+again, et cetera.
+
+So basically, in this model,
+we can understand friction
+
+as the external force
+pulling the object
+
+over successive maxima.
+
+So that's nice.
+
+In this model we can understand
+why there is heat generated.
+
+There's always heat
+generated when the atom loses
+
+this extra energy,
+because it is stuck
+
+for a while in a minimum
+of the potential, which
+
+is not the absolute
+minimum of the potential.
+
+And then the moment
+it's released,
+
+it releases kinetic energy
+that is converted into heat.
+
+Now we can have a
+different situation.
+
+So this was for strong or
+moderately strong potential.
+
+So basically, this
+was a situation
+
+where there are just two minima
+in the potential, like so.
+
+We can make the potential
+a little bit weaker.
+
+And in that case, the
+curvature of this potential--
+
+of the periodic potential--
+the curvature in one direction
+
+might not be enough to
+overcome the opposite curvature
+
+of the spring.
+
+So in this case, we can end up
+with a potential just slightly
+
+distorted, but we
+have only one minimum.
+
+So in the next movie,
+I will show you
+
+what happens when we
+have just one minimum.
+
+In that case, you can
+see that, because there
+
+is no second minimum in
+the system, the object--
+
+in this case, the tip--
+follows quite smoothly
+
+the minimum of the potential.
+
+And no energy is released.
+
+No heat is released
+in the problem.
+
+This model-- this
+Prandtl-Tomlinson model--
+
+is interesting.
+
+If in this model, we
+plot the friction force
+
+versus the corrugation of
+the potential corrugation--
+
+so we'll call this the
+corrugation of the potential,
+
+u, which is proportional
+to the normal force
+
+for a macroscopic object--
+then what we find is,
+
+yes, we find a
+linear dependence.
+
+So this is, if you
+want, the corrugation
+
+or the normal force.
+
+What we find is a linear
+dependence, but only
+
+above a certain critical value.
+
+So the friction force
+actually looks like this.
+
+It's 0 until the potential
+becomes strong enough.
+
+Basically, you can think of
+this curvature becoming larger
+
+than that curvature.
+
+And then, the friction
+force sets in.
+
+So this is at the nano scale.
+
+And our simple
+macroscopic friction law
+
+would have predicted
+something of the same slope
+
+at the macro scale--
+something of the same slope
+
+with a [INAUDIBLE] offset.
+
+So we can kind of see
+that, at the nano scale,
+
+the friction is a little
+bit more complicated.
+
+There's a region where there's
+no friction whatsoever.
+
+But then it increases linearly
+with the normal force.
+
+So you can imagine that if I
+go to macroscopic normal loads,
+
+then the difference between
+these curves, at least
+
+fractionally, will
+be quite small.
+
+The difference between these
+curves, at least fractionally,
+
+will be quite small.
+
+And so we can see how the
+law of the nano scale,
+
+explained by this very simple
+Prandtl-Tomlinson model,
+
+approaches the law
+at the macro scale.
+
+So far, I have told you
+about something very simple--
+
+namely when the contact
+is a single atom.
+
+And even making this very
+simple approximation,
+
+we can already understand
+why the friction
+
+force is approximately
+proportional
+
+to the normal force.
+
+Now in real life, probably
+there is more than one atom
+
+touching the surface.
+
+So let's consider a contact
+area where several atoms-- maybe
+
+a long chain, maybe just a few
+atoms, in the case of nanoscale
+
+probably just a few atoms--
+several atoms will be making up
+
+the contact.
+
+So instead of considering
+this situation
+
+with one atom on a spring,
+which is the single atom case,
+
+now let's consider a situation
+where several atoms make up
+
+the contact.
+
+So again, here we
+have the substrate
+
+with our periodic potential
+that is ultimately coming
+
+from the individual atoms.
+
+But now we will consider
+more than one atom making up
+
+the surface.
+
+So in this case, how
+do we model the system?
+
+Well, we think that these atoms
+are still connected by springs
+
+to the macroscopic object.
+
+But typically, these atoms will
+also have forces between them.
+
+So this is my
+physicist's model of what
+
+happens when more than one
+atom touches the surface.
+
+Now these are only
+masses of springs
+
+and some simple
+periodic potential,
+
+and yet the situation is quite
+complex, and in many ways,
+
+counter-intuitive.
+
+And the first thing that changes
+compared to the single atom
+
+is that now I have the
+distance between the atoms
+
+as a parameter.
+
+So if I label the period
+of the periodic potential
+
+as a, and maybe the period
+of my object of the distance
+
+between the atoms
+in the object as d,
+
+then I can have
+different situations.
+
+So one very simple
+case is when d
+
+is equal to a-- when the
+two periods are the same--
+
+or in general, when d is
+a multiple integer of a,
+
+and n is an integer.
+
+So let's see what
+happens in this case.
+
+Very naively, all the atoms
+are doing the same thing
+
+relative to the surface.
+
+So you might expect
+them, maybe, to move
+
+in exactly the same way.
+
+They will all move together.
+
+And these springs between
+them will not stretch.
+
+In this case, I can
+forget about the springs
+
+between the atoms
+in this simple case
+
+that we'll call commensurate.
+
+Basically, when the
+period of the object
+
+matches the period
+of the substrate--
+
+the commensurate case--
+then the atoms are
+
+at equivalent positions
+throughout the substrate
+
+period, the lattice of
+the springs between them
+
+will not stretch.
+
+And it's as if
+they are not there.
+
+So in the commensurate
+case, what
+
+you can see here is,
+as the atoms are pulled
+
+across the periodic
+potential, because
+
+of this commensurability
+condition where d is equal to a
+
+or a multiple integer
+of a-- basically,
+
+two periods are
+matched-- all the atoms
+
+are doing the same
+thing at the same time.
+
+So they get pulled,
+pulled, pulled.
+
+They first stick, and then
+they all slip at the same time.
+
+And you can imagine-- and
+you can kind of see visually
+
+in this case-- that
+the friction is
+
+the same as the single atom
+friction multiplied simply
+
+by n.
+
+So this is just the
+single atom friction
+
+that we have seen
+before multiplied
+
+by just the number of atoms
+that makes up the contact area.
+
+Now there's a
+different case, which
+
+we might call incommensurate,
+where d is not equal to a,
+
+and d is not an
+integer multiple of a.
+
+So maybe d could be 1.5 a, or
+2/3 of a, or some other number.
+
+And what is the most
+incommensurate case
+
+that we can imagine?
+
+Well, the most incommensurate
+case for d and a
+
+is that the ratio of d and
+a is an irrational number.
+
+So an irrational number
+would be something
+
+like square root of 2,
+or for our purposes,
+
+it turns out that the
+most irrational number
+
+in a mathematical sense is
+1/2 squared of 5 plus 1.
+
+This is the so-called
+Golden Ratio.
+
+The ancient Greeks believed
+that it had magical properties.
+
+For instance, when they
+built the temples, the two
+
+sides of the temples-- the
+two sides of the rectangle--
+
+were related by this
+very strange number,
+
+the so-called Golden Ratio.
+
+It is assumed to be
+aesthetically very pleasing.
+
+Now mathematically
+speaking, the Golden Ratio
+
+is very interesting, because it
+is the most irrational number,
+
+in some sense, that
+you can devise.
+
+Now we can choose such
+an incommensurate ratio
+
+of d over a, and see what
+happens in this case.
+
+So you can see here
+that, in the case
+
+of an incommensurate ratio,
+the behavior of the transport--
+
+the behavior of the
+motion of the object--
+
+changes dramatically.
+
+Instead of all the atoms
+sticking and slipping together,
+
+like we had in the
+commensurate case,
+
+now the atoms move one by one.
+
+Basically, the first atom moves
+over the barrier, the spring
+
+stretches, which
+facilitates the motion
+
+of the next atom over the
+barrier, the next atom,
+
+and so on.
+
+So these atom chains
+move like a caterpillar.
+
+They essentially
+move one by one.
+
+In technical language, we
+call these things kinks.
+
+You can see that they are
+periodic compressions.
+
+They are compressions
+in the chain
+
+and stretches in the chain.
+
+And so these atoms move
+like a caterpillar.
+
+And now an interesting
+fact is that in this case,
+
+friction is
+dramatically reduced.
+
+And depending on
+which regime you are,
+
+the friction can even disappear
+altogether at the nano scale.
+
+The reduction was so large
+that some people have even
+
+coined this with the
+word superlubricity.
+
+Interestingly enough, even
+though this is a very simple
+
+system, it's just, if you
+want, balls and springs,
+
+this superlubricity was only
+discovered in the late 1980s,
+
+even though we know
+all the physics
+
+for more than a century.
+
+So you can see just a tiny, tiny
+rearrangement of the atoms--
+
+not to be any more
+commensurate with the lattice,
+
+but to be
+incommensurate in terms
+
+of an irrational number--
+can change friction
+
+properties dramatically.
+
+In fact, there was
+a French scientist
+
+called Aubry that
+first pointed out
+
+that there's a very interesting
+transition that happens
+
+in this system of a
+periodic potential
+
+and atoms connected with springs
+when you choose, as the ratio
+
+between these two length
+scales, the Golden Ratio.
+
+And this is called
+the Aubry Transition.
+
+So far, we have
+considered only, if you
+
+want, the mechanics
+of the motion, which
+
+is equivalent to saying that we
+have assumed that the system is
+
+at temperature T equal 0.
+
+Basically, the atoms
+remains at the minimum.
+
+It doesn't wiggle around
+because of temperature,
+
+and we have derived the
+friction in this limit.
+
+Now what happens for
+finite temperature--
+
+by finite, meaning a temperature
+that is larger than 0.
+
+Well, if you think back of
+our simple single-atom model
+
+of friction, where maybe
+an atom is stuck here
+
+as the potential is moving
+with some velocity v,
+
+then in the 0 temperature
+limit, this atom
+
+would only be released at the
+time when this minimum actually
+
+disappears.
+
+And then it would
+have a high energy
+
+and it would
+dissipate this energy
+
+to be cooled to
+the next minimum.
+
+However, if we have a
+finite temperature T--
+
+some temperature
+scale T-- that means
+
+that the energy of the atom
+in the potential is not 0,
+
+the kinetic energy.
+
+But the atom has a
+smeared-out kinetic energy
+
+and potential energy
+that is like so.
+
+So what that means is that the
+atom can [INAUDIBLE] hop over
+
+the barrier and find the new
+minimum, without actually
+
+having to be pulled
+over this maximum.
+
+So what we expect is
+that temperature effect
+
+might reduce friction.
+
+So people call this
+thermolubricity-- the effect
+
+that when you heat
+up the surface--
+
+and in many instances, you would
+have to substantially heat up
+
+the surface-- then
+friction is reduced,
+
+because the atom can find the
+new minimum of the potential
+
+without actually having to
+be pulled over the barrier.
+
+So let's see in a
+small simulation what
+
+that might look like.
+
+What you see here
+is now that the atom
+
+has a chance of hopping between
+the two minima, back and forth.
+
+And it has a certain
+probability to be
+
+found at either one
+of the two minima,
+
+which is indicated by the
+size of the red circle,
+
+in this case.
+
+So you can see that when
+temperature is present,
+
+then the atom can follow
+the minimum locally--
+
+the absolute global
+minimum-- simply because it
+
+can hop back and forth
+between the barrier
+
+without actually
+experiencing much friction.
+
+So in particular in the limit
+when the temperature is very,
+
+very high, or the
+velocity of the atom
+
+is very, very low, then the
+atom with hop many times back
+
+and forth between
+the two minima.
+
+And the distribution
+between the two minima
+
+would be simply given by the
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution,
+
+which means that the atom
+will be predominantly found
+
+in the global minimum.
+
+And they'll just be
+following the potential along
+
+and the friction in this
+system will be quite small.
+
+So in this case, if we do
+a measurement of friction
+
+versus velocity in a
+simulator-- that we do,
+
+then this is what the
+result might look like,
+
+or what the result
+does look like.
+
+We see here different
+ranges of friction.
+
+We see a range where
+the friction does not
+
+depend on velocity at all.
+
+Friction is 0.
+
+Then there's a range where
+the friction increases
+
+with velocity, but only
+very weakly logarithmically.
+
+Please notice that this
+is a logarithmic scale
+
+for the velocity.
+
+So the velocity here changes
+over five orders of magnitude.
+
+So friction increases
+with increasing velocity.
+
+Then there's a
+range of frictions
+
+actually independent
+of velocity,
+
+just like the simple
+macroscopic law would predict.
+
+And then it turns out when you
+move the atom very, very fast,
+
+then it basically
+doesn't have time
+
+to dissipate all the energy.
+
+And friction is reduced
+again, effectively,
+
+because the atom is hotter.
+
+So we can see that the simple
+macroscopic law of friction
+
+only applies in a region,
+which in this experiment
+
+was relatively narrow, of
+relatively low temperatures.
+
+So let's summarize what happens
+to the loss at the macro scale.
+
+So the first law
+at the macro scale
+
+was that the friction
+force was proportional
+
+to the normal force.
+
+And we found that at the nano
+scale, actually what happens
+
+is a displaced
+curve, where there
+
+is no friction in
+a certain region,
+
+and then the friction follows
+parallel to the macro results.
+
+So this would be the actual
+friction at the nano scale.
+
+And we see that it's a
+fairly good approximation
+
+to the macroscopic friction,
+but with a small offset.
+
+Our second law of
+friction was that friction
+
+is independent of surface
+area, of contact area--
+
+basically, the idea
+that a high object
+
+and a flat object
+of the same mass
+
+experience the same friction.
+
+And we see that
+at the nano scale,
+
+it's replaced by a much
+more complicated law that
+
+depends on the arrangement of
+the atoms, or on, if you want,
+
+commensurability.
+
+so we have non-equivalent
+arrangements
+
+of the atoms that
+can either lead
+
+to large or small friction.
+
+And somehow, the
+macroscopic law is some kind
+
+of average over these behaviors,
+if we allow for randomness
+
+in the positions
+of the surfaces.
+
+And finally, our third law--
+that at the macroscopic scale,
+
+friction is independent
+of velocity--
+
+we found at the nano scale
+that this can be true,
+
+but it is generally true only in
+some finite temperature range--
+
+namely, that if you move the
+object very, very slowly,
+
+then thermal excitations
+allow you to always find
+
+the global minimum, and
+friction disappears-- the effect
+
+called thermolubricity.
+
+So one can see that there
+are nice connections
+
+between the nano scale
+and the macro scale.
+
+But many open questions
+remain, in particular,
+
+concerning the
+point two, which is
+
+that the friction is
+independent of the contact area.
+
+What does the
+contact area really
+
+look like for two
+macroscopic objects?
+
+And how is it that this
+independence on the surface
+
+area-- or at least on the
+apparent contact area--
+
+actually arises from the
+properties of friction
+
+at the nano scale?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uNqMBBbb6UI.txt b/uNqMBBbb6UI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..556bc9ba8275e279057cf28c413ebbe5985d6bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uNqMBBbb6UI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
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+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
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+the following content is provided under
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
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+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
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+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
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+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
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+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to we're going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to we're going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to we're going to sort of
+come back to central banking I I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to central banking I I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to central banking I I thought
+it was appropriate to have two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was appropriate to have two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was appropriate to have two classes
+on this when I was laying out the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this when I was laying out the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this when I was laying out the whole
+semester and in August thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and in August thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and in August thinking about
+how to build the class in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to build the class in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to build the class in part because
+central banks but play such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks but play such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks but play such a
+significant role to the world of Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant role to the world of Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant role to the world of Finance
+but it's really about their role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really about their role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really about their role in
+money I mean money and central banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I mean money and central banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I mean money and central banking
+have been so intertwined for three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so intertwined for three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been so intertwined for three or
+four hundred years and they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hundred years and they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hundred years and they are the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+custodians of essence of what fiat money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custodians of essence of what fiat money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custodians of essence of what fiat money
+is and of course this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and of course this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and of course this course is
+blockchain and money and many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and money and many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and money and many of the
+things we're talking about here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're talking about here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're talking about here actually
+do relate to Bitcoin and crypto finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do relate to Bitcoin and crypto finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do relate to Bitcoin and crypto finance
+even though a central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though a central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though a central bank digital
+currency doesn't have to be tied to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency doesn't have to be tied to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency doesn't have to be tied to a
+blockchain technology so I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology so I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology so I'm going to do
+a little bit a little bit back to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit a little bit back to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit a little bit back to what
+we talked about Tuesday partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about Tuesday partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about Tuesday partly because
+Rob Ali was with us on Tuesday I moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob Ali was with us on Tuesday I moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob Ali was with us on Tuesday I moved
+up some of the content from today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some of the content from today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some of the content from today to
+that as well just to go through that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well just to go through that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well just to go through that and
+of course if we do end up and early we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if we do end up and early we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if we do end up and early we
+can always talk about Tuesday's election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always talk about Tuesday's election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always talk about Tuesday's election
+- that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- that's all right
+so we're gonna do is always sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna do is always sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna do is always sort of
+touch on the readings I'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on the readings I'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on the readings I'm gonna be
+asking you all bunch of questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you all bunch of questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you all bunch of questions about
+things like Ecuador and Senegal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Ecuador and Senegal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Ecuador and Senegal and
+Sweden and maybe the Philippines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden and maybe the Philippines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden and maybe the Philippines that
+were in in the readings and so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in in the readings and so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in in the readings and so forth but
+you know it's all it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's all it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's all it's all
+experimentation by those four countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation by those four countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation by those four countries
+and others we're gonna we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others we're gonna we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others we're gonna we're going to
+talk a little bit of that I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit of that I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit of that I'm just gonna
+try to come back to what we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come back to what we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come back to what we were talking
+about Tuesday and why again I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tuesday and why again I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tuesday and why again I think it's
+relevant to any course in blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to any course in blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to any course in blockchain
+technology and particularly if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and particularly if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and particularly if you're
+interested in Bitcoin and crypto finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introduce a new subject really which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new subject really which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new subject really which is
+stable value tokens which are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable value tokens which are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable value tokens which are a
+significant part of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant part of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant part of experiment
+Station right now again in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Station right now again in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Station right now again in the world of
+crypto finance but relate them back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto finance but relate them back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto finance but relate them back to
+the world of private banknotes because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of private banknotes because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of private banknotes because I
+see in the current approach to stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the current approach to stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the current approach to stable
+value tokens something similar that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value tokens something similar that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value tokens something similar that we
+saw in the past central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the past central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the past central bank digital
+currency which we introduced on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency which we introduced on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency which we introduced on Tuesday
+and that's gonna be the folk of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's gonna be the folk of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's gonna be the folk of what we
+talk about today and you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and you're gonna
+hopefully will have a nice discussion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully will have a nice discussion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully will have a nice discussion to
+see what all of you think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what all of you think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what all of you think of these
+Sweden and Senegal Ecuador and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden and Senegal Ecuador and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden and Senegal Ecuador and the
+Philippines a bit and so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines a bit and so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines a bit and so that's that's
+what we're gonna try to do and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna try to do and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna try to do and again
+we're going to sort of dive into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort of dive into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to sort of dive into these
+questions as we go through those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions as we go through those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions as we go through those four
+countries we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries we talked a little bit about
+MasterCard when shreya was with us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MasterCard when shreya was with us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MasterCard when shreya was with us right
+Priya's husband was with us because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priya's husband was with us because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Priya's husband was with us because he
+was with MasterCard but we can touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with MasterCard but we can touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was with MasterCard but we can touch
+back that was really a reading for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that was really a reading for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that was really a reading for today
+and MasterCard took a out of a patent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MasterCard took a out of a patent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MasterCard took a out of a patent on
+fractional banking so central bank goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional banking so central bank goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional banking so central bank goals
+and functions anybody remember we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and functions anybody remember we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and functions anybody remember we talked
+about Tuesday as to what what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tuesday as to what what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tuesday as to what what what are
+central bank's about and what what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank's about and what what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank's about and what what their
+main goals are and their functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main goals are and their functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main goals are and their functions
+anybody want to there's an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to there's an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to there's an economic
+function that central bank's in almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that central bank's in almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that central bank's in almost
+every country have taken on some role to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every country have taken on some role to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every country have taken on some role to
+promote the economy but dominantly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the economy but dominantly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the economy but dominantly it's
+about price stability and how does price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about price stability and how does price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about price stability and how does price
+stability relate to money anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability relate to money anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability relate to money anybody
+James is that a hand up no but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James is that a hand up no but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James is that a hand up no but I can
+give it ghost that's cost of money right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it ghost that's cost of money right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it ghost that's cost of money right
+so price stability and and money relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so price stability and and money relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so price stability and and money relate
+because what's the three functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the three functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the three functions of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hannibal unit of account it's right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannibal unit of account it's right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannibal unit of account it's right in
+that so the third function of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the third function of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the third function of money
+store value meaning of exchange a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value meaning of exchange a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value meaning of exchange a unit
+of account so stable pricing is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of account so stable pricing is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of account so stable pricing is about
+making sure that unit of accounting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that unit of accounting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that unit of accounting that
+unit of pricing has some stability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of pricing has some stability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of pricing has some stability so
+price stability is really about money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price stability is really about money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price stability is really about money
+and it also promotes an economy they sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also promotes an economy they sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also promotes an economy they sit
+at the center of the money system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of the money system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of the money system
+central banks at first at chekalin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks at first at chekalin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks at first at chekalin the
+King to make sure that the King didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King to make sure that the King didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King to make sure that the King didn't
+overspend when he was at war with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overspend when he was at war with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overspend when he was at war with
+another King in another country that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another King in another country that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another King in another country that's
+where it kind of all started but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it kind of all started but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it kind of all started but it's
+sit right at the center of money so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit right at the center of money so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit right at the center of money so the
+four things we talked about they managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things we talked about they managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things we talked about they managed
+the nation's fiat money in every country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation's fiat money in every country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation's fiat money in every country
+the supply the price the payment systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply the price the payment systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply the price the payment systems
+payment systems are how we move money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems are how we move money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems are how we move money
+around so if you really want to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so if you really want to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so if you really want to you know
+just boil down you can take a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just boil down you can take a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just boil down you can take a whole
+course there's wonderful professors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's wonderful professors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's wonderful professors here
+that teach central banking but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teach central banking but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teach central banking but I would
+say manage the mace nation's fiat money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say manage the mace nation's fiat money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say manage the mace nation's fiat money
+oversee the banking system because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversee the banking system because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversee the banking system because the
+banking system is a way to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system is a way to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system is a way to basically
+move money around the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move money around the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move money around the system and
+provides credit Tom what does a bank do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides credit Tom what does a bank do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides credit Tom what does a bank do
+when it provides credit just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it provides credit just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it provides credit just use the
+word money somewhere in your definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experience the quantity money and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the quantity money and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the quantity money and how
+does it do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so banks stand in between investors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so banks stand in between investors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so banks stand in between investors or
+savers we can call them depositors so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savers we can call them depositors so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savers we can call them depositors so on
+the one hand you have depositors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand you have depositors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand you have depositors or
+investors on the other hand you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors on the other hand you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors on the other hand you have
+borrowers and banks are just the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowers and banks are just the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowers and banks are just the in the
+middle and that's why it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and that's why it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and that's why it's called
+financial intermediation intermediates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial intermediation intermediates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial intermediation intermediates
+they're just in the middle it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just in the middle it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just in the middle it's more
+than just being in the middle I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just being in the middle I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just being in the middle I mean
+it's a big role but so the banks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big role but so the banks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big role but so the banks in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+are all about money and says central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all about money and says central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all about money and says central
+bank's want to get involved and manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank's want to get involved and manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank's want to get involved and manage
+those institution initially commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those institution initially commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those institution initially commercial
+banks came before central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks came before central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks came before central banks
+commercial banks were around and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks were around and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks were around and they
+kept failing even at a time of the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept failing even at a time of the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept failing even at a time of the small
+Italian states they would fail and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian states they would fail and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italian states they would fail and there
+was some family usually or a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some family usually or a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some family usually or a central
+authority that helped out and ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority that helped out and ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority that helped out and ultimately
+the central bank seemed still today it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank seemed still today it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank seemed still today it
+seems like the central banks came first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like the central banks came first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like the central banks came first
+but the commercial banks kind of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the commercial banks kind of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the commercial banks kind of first
+and then there was a central way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there was a central way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there was a central way to
+protect the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the system
+senator banks are bankers to their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator banks are bankers to their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator banks are bankers to their own
+governments Paul Tucker who teaches over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments Paul Tucker who teaches over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments Paul Tucker who teaches over
+at the Harvard Kennedy School but Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Harvard Kennedy School but Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Harvard Kennedy School but Paul
+Tucker just came out with a book he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tucker just came out with a book he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tucker just came out with a book he was
+a deputy governor of the Bank of England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deputy governor of the Bank of England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deputy governor of the Bank of England
+about the unelected power and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the unelected power and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the unelected power and and
+central banks are unelected usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks are unelected usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks are unelected usually
+they're not they don't stand before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they don't stand before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they don't stand before the
+voters there but they have a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voters there but they have a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voters there but they have a tremendous
+amount of authority so the four types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of authority so the four types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of authority so the four types of
+buckets and things they do so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets and things they do so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets and things they do so then we
+talked about I use this chart the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about I use this chart the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about I use this chart the other
+day a little bit but the three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day a little bit but the three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day a little bit but the three different
+types of money please this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of money please this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of money please this is how
+without also the central bank says about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without also the central bank says about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without also the central bank says about
+key role in international payments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role in international payments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role in international payments and
+international research so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international research so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international research so the question
+is will the central banks have a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is will the central banks have a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is will the central banks have a similar
+role for crypto currencies anybody want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role for crypto currencies anybody want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role for crypto currencies anybody want
+to take one side or the other about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one side or the other about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one side or the other about it
+Ali and you think it's going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ali and you think it's going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ali and you think it's going to go to
+zero so you would probably say central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you would probably say central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you would probably say central
+banks will not have any role if crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks will not have any role if crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks will not have any role if crypto
+currencies go to zero the question would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies go to zero the question would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies go to zero the question would
+do central banks have to do all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do central banks have to do all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do central banks have to do all right so
+Elena just took the other side he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elena just took the other side he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elena just took the other side he said
+what is central banks have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is central banks have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is central banks have to do with
+crypto currencies he's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto currencies he's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto currencies he's going to be a
+principal one country they will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal one country they will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal one country they will still
+need to manage international reserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to manage international reserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to manage international reserves
+and manage international cross-border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manage international cross-border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manage international cross-border
+payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments
+the like a global currency they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like a global currency they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like a global currency they need to
+read over so it it's a hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+currency to float versus Bitcoin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency to float versus Bitcoin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency to float versus Bitcoin or
+whether you want to defensively buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to defensively buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to defensively buy
+Bitcoin and have your currency I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and have your currency I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and have your currency I think
+like the central bank has a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the central bank has a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the central bank has a choice
+Brazil so anyway other views when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil so anyway other views when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil so anyway other views when
+whether central banks will get deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether central banks will get deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether central banks will get deeply
+involved in Bitcoin and crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in Bitcoin and crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in Bitcoin and crypto
+currencies perish can circle of its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies perish can circle of its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies perish can circle of its own
+in terms of transactions where it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of transactions where it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of transactions where it does
+not need to interact with the fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to interact with the fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need to interact with the fiat
+currencies then the role of central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies then the role of central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies then the role of central bank
+could be completely restricted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be completely restricted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be completely restricted to the
+governance of the activities is handli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance of the activities is handli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance of the activities is handli
+whether it needs to get involved in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it needs to get involved in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it needs to get involved in that
+yes from the risk it poses to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes from the risk it poses to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes from the risk it poses to the
+picture but if it is interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but if it is interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but if it is interacting with
+the fiat currency at any level then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiat currency at any level then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiat currency at any level then the
+central bank's move becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank's move becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank's move becomes more
+important so isn't it isn't it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so isn't it isn't it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so isn't it isn't it possible
+that I mean we don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean we don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean we don't know what the
+future will bring and allene might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future will bring and allene might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future will bring and allene might be
+right if cryptocurrency doesn't take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if cryptocurrency doesn't take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if cryptocurrency doesn't take off
+then central banks can kind of just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then central banks can kind of just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then central banks can kind of just just
+wave it away some experiment on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave it away some experiment on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave it away some experiment on the side
+of Finance but if it starts to take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance but if it starts to take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance but if it starts to take off
+I think you're pronouncing qml yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're pronouncing qml yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're pronouncing qml yeah
+Guillermo says that if it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guillermo says that if it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guillermo says that if it becomes
+somewhat central is brutish and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat central is brutish and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat central is brutish and others
+have said I think that there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said I think that there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said I think that there would be a
+role for central bank's if a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role for central bank's if a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role for central bank's if a country
+actually was going to use it as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was going to use it as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was going to use it as its
+medium of exchange a unit of account a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange a unit of account a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange a unit of account a
+store value and particularly if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value and particularly if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store value and particularly if there
+became fractional crypto banking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became fractional crypto banking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became fractional crypto banking this
+MasterCard patent like if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MasterCard patent like if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MasterCard patent like if you actually
+saw somebody taking crypto deposits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw somebody taking crypto deposits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw somebody taking crypto deposits and
+making crypto loans and you had credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making crypto loans and you had credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making crypto loans and you had credit
+facility through crypto we're a far way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility through crypto we're a far way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility through crypto we're a far way
+away from that we're not there but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that we're not there but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that we're not there but I'm
+saying if that happened Shawn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if that happened Shawn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if that happened Shawn the
+monetary supply and in order for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary supply and in order for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary supply and in order for the
+central bank to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank to you
+it's functionality just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's functionality just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's functionality just like the
+completely open open market operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open open market operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open open market operations
+so does that also apply to kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that also apply to kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that also apply to kind of the
+cryptocurrency plays that are all does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency plays that are all does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency plays that are all does
+that also apply to Sean's asking if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also apply to Sean's asking if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also apply to Sean's asking if we
+really were in this in this world we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were in this in this world we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were in this in this world we're
+not yet in and cryptocurrency was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet in and cryptocurrency was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet in and cryptocurrency was a
+dominant form of finance banking and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant form of finance banking and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant form of finance banking and so
+forth would you envision the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth would you envision the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth would you envision the central
+bank trying to do an open market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank trying to do an open market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank trying to do an open market
+operation anybody want to tell the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation anybody want to tell the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation anybody want to tell the class
+what open market it's not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what open market it's not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what open market it's not in the
+readings but what open market operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings but what open market operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings but what open market operations
+are used for the central bank can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used for the central bank can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used for the central bank can buy
+some of the money or sell some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the money or sell some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the money or sell some of the
+money which affects the supply and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money which affects the supply and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money which affects the supply and thus
+affects the price so open market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the price so open market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the price so open market
+operations effectively affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations effectively affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations effectively affects the
+interest rate you have often probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you have often probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate you have often probably
+read the interest rate targets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the interest rate targets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the interest rate targets the
+Federal Reserve has a target but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve has a target but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve has a target but what
+they're doing in an open market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing in an open market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing in an open market
+operation is really buying and selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is really buying and selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is really buying and selling
+supply of money and when you influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of money and when you influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of money and when you influence
+the supply of something you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply of something you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply of something you change the
+price and the price of money is measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and the price of money is measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and the price of money is measured
+in interest rates or foreign exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interest rates or foreign exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interest rates or foreign exchange
+rates so Shaun I would say that if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so Shaun I would say that if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so Shaun I would say that if it
+becomes a dominant part of an economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a dominant part of an economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a dominant part of an economy
+then some central authority might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some central authority might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some central authority might want
+to try to influence its price but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to influence its price but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to influence its price but
+there's a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a challenge
+does anybody want to guess what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want to guess what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want to guess what what
+challenge I'm thinking about about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge I'm thinking about about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge I'm thinking about about why
+cryptocurrency let's say Venezuela was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency let's say Venezuela was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency let's say Venezuela was
+adopting Bitcoin as a central means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting Bitcoin as a central means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting Bitcoin as a central means in
+that country what what what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that country what what what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that country what what what would be
+their challenge of trying to influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their challenge of trying to influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their challenge of trying to influence
+the price of Bitcoin in Venezuela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Venezuela might be only a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Venezuela might be only a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Venezuela might be only a small
+portion of the overall Bitcoin usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the overall Bitcoin usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the overall Bitcoin usage
+around the globe so it's one thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe so it's one thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe so it's one thing if
+you are one country and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are one country and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are one country and trying to
+influence the price of the currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the price of the currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the price of the currency
+that's in use in that country if Sweden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in use in that country if Sweden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in use in that country if Sweden
+wants to influence the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to influence the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to influence the price of the
+corona or Israel the shekel but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona or Israel the shekel but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona or Israel the shekel but it's
+it's for more problematic if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for more problematic if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for more problematic if it's a
+worldwide currency Hugo and then Tom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide currency Hugo and then Tom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide currency Hugo and then Tom I
+mean I could see that being kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I could see that being kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I could see that being kind of like
+what we saw earlier this year last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw earlier this year last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw earlier this year last year
+when there was like a Korean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was like a Korean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was like a Korean the the
+price of Bitcoin in Korea was higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of Bitcoin in Korea was higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of Bitcoin in Korea was higher
+than the price of Bitcoin the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the price of Bitcoin the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the price of Bitcoin the rest of
+the world because there was so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world because there was so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world because there was so much
+demand there so if you get like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand there so if you get like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand there so if you get like the
+central bank of a certain country buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank of a certain country buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank of a certain country buying
+Bitcoin in their currency they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin in their currency they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin in their currency they're
+basically devaluing their currency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically devaluing their currency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically devaluing their currency in
+relation to Bitcoin it might not but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to Bitcoin it might not but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to Bitcoin it might not but it
+might not affect the world market in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not affect the world market in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not affect the world market in the
+way that they think it was right unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they think it was right unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they think it was right unless
+they're like effectively buying Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like effectively buying Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like effectively buying Bitcoin
+on all open markets all around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all open markets all around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all open markets all around the world
+and do you do when do you have a view as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you do when do you have a view as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you do when do you have a view as
+to why the pricing went up in Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why the pricing went up in Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why the pricing went up in Korea
+versus elsewhere is called the kimchi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus elsewhere is called the kimchi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus elsewhere is called the kimchi
+premium those literally I don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium those literally I don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium those literally I don't make
+this up but that was what it was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up but that was what it was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up but that was what it was called
+in Bitcoin the kimchi premium which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin the kimchi premium which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin the kimchi premium which was
+that Bitcoin was valued at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bitcoin was valued at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bitcoin was valued at a higher
+price in Korea than elsewhere Hugo do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price in Korea than elsewhere Hugo do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price in Korea than elsewhere Hugo do
+you have a you had one reason you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a you had one reason you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a you had one reason you said
+it just thought that the Koreans were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just thought that the Koreans were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just thought that the Koreans were
+trying to buy a lot of it so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to buy a lot of it so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to buy a lot of it so there was a
+kimchi premium other Tom we're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimchi premium other Tom we're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kimchi premium other Tom we're gonna get
+to it late in order to open an account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it late in order to open an account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it late in order to open an account
+on a Korean exchange I think it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a Korean exchange I think it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a Korean exchange I think it'd be
+very interesting so like you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting so like you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting so like you weren't
+really able to arbitrage very so Hugo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really able to arbitrage very so Hugo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really able to arbitrage very so Hugo
+you're onto something you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're onto something you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're onto something you're saying
+arbitrage been so it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage been so it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage been so it's difficult to
+arbitrage so the basics of Finance we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage so the basics of Finance we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrage so the basics of Finance we're
+moving a little way from Bitcoin but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little way from Bitcoin but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little way from Bitcoin but the
+basis of finances arbitrage has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of finances arbitrage has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of finances arbitrage has been a
+part of Finance we're again thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Finance we're again thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Finance we're again thousands of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+if I can buy something in France and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can buy something in France and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can buy something in France and
+sell it for a different price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it for a different price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it for a different price in
+Switzerland and it doesn't cost too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland and it doesn't cost too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland and it doesn't cost too much
+to travel the roads between France and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel the roads between France and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to travel the roads between France and
+Switzerland I might buy it in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland I might buy it in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland I might buy it in one
+country sell it in another and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country sell it in another and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country sell it in another and that's
+called location or Geographic arbitrage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called location or Geographic arbitrage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called location or Geographic arbitrage
+in a modern digital age digital assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a modern digital age digital assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a modern digital age digital assets
+don't have much locational arbitrage oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much locational arbitrage oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have much locational arbitrage oil
+still has locational arbitrage because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has locational arbitrage because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still has locational arbitrage because
+you might be buying it in the Gulf Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be buying it in the Gulf Coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be buying it in the Gulf Coast
+and selling it in Africa or so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling it in Africa or so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selling it in Africa or so you know
+there might be locational arbitrage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be locational arbitrage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be locational arbitrage and
+physical commodities but in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical commodities but in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical commodities but in digital
+financial assets there's for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial assets there's for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial assets there's for a little
+locational arbitrage and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational arbitrage and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational arbitrage and it's
+interesting in Korea's case there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in Korea's case there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in Korea's case there was a
+locational arbitrage what was this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational arbitrage what was this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locational arbitrage what was this about
+and it was because it was hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was because it was hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was because it was hard for
+regulatory reasons so there was a kimchi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory reasons so there was a kimchi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory reasons so there was a kimchi
+premium literally for quite some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium literally for quite some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium literally for quite some time
+because it was hard to move Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was hard to move Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was hard to move Bitcoin
+across the borders for regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the borders for regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the borders for regulatory
+constraints and so forth but now we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and so forth but now we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and so forth but now we got
+Tom you orcas yeah the user probes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom you orcas yeah the user probes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom you orcas yeah the user probes are
+wire banks to hold dollars anybody been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire banks to hold dollars anybody been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire banks to hold dollars anybody been
+in banking want to answer Tom's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Josh you spent a lifetime in banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh you spent a lifetime in banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh you spent a lifetime in banking
+right if you hold it in Treasuries which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you hold it in Treasuries which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you hold it in Treasuries which
+are very liquid and you could get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very liquid and you could get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very liquid and you could get out of
+them in a certain amount of time there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a certain amount of time there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a certain amount of time there's
+a big premium to to hold your capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big premium to to hold your capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big premium to to hold your capital
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so I think the rules don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the rules don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the rules don't necessarily
+specify whether it's dollars or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify whether it's dollars or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify whether it's dollars or another
+currency so josh is right it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so josh is right it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so josh is right it's basically
+it's all brought back to the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all brought back to the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all brought back to the home
+nations currency unit dollars or Euros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations currency unit dollars or Euros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations currency unit dollars or Euros
+or remember and some accounting books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remember and some accounting books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remember and some accounting books
+it's brought back into that but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's brought back into that but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's brought back into that but there's
+different haircuts or weights depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different haircuts or weights depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different haircuts or weights depending
+upon some perceived model of liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon some perceived model of liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon some perceived model of liquidity
+so a US Treasury bond versus a German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a US Treasury bond versus a German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a US Treasury bond versus a German
+government bond might have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bond might have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bond might have similar
+liquidity and and and the regulator's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity and and and the regulator's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity and and and the regulator's
+will count it the same but you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will count it the same but you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will count it the same but you're in a
+very real time basis using the foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very real time basis using the foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very real time basis using the foreign
+exchange rate to bring it back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate to bring it back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate to bring it back to the
+unit of your home country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of your home country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of your home country
+I'm jumping the shark a little bit on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm jumping the shark a little bit on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm jumping the shark a little bit on my
+knowledge about Bitcoin becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about Bitcoin becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about Bitcoin becomes a
+reserve currency or or whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve currency or or whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve currency or or whether or not
+things hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things hold it
+here most point if central banks aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here most point if central banks aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here most point if central banks aren't
+allowing financial institutions to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing financial institutions to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing financial institutions to get
+credit for holding well currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for holding well currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for holding well currently
+central banks are not that favorable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks are not that favorable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks are not that favorable to
+Bitcoin and crypto currencies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and crypto currencies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and crypto currencies but
+they're probably right there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably right there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably right there's not
+there's not a deep history there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a deep history there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a deep history there's not a
+lot of liquidity and there's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of liquidity and there's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of liquidity and there's high
+volatility and the underlying markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and the underlying markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility and the underlying markets
+are highly susceptible to manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly susceptible to manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly susceptible to manipulation
+we don't know for sure what the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know for sure what the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know for sure what the real
+pricing is in an income and time but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing is in an income and time but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing is in an income and time but in
+the hypothetical world where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothetical world where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothetical world where it's
+becoming largely adopted I would suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming largely adopted I would suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming largely adopted I would suspect
+that central banks around the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that central banks around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that central banks around the globe
+would have some capital regime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have some capital regime that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have some capital regime that
+would treat it more favorably than its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would treat it more favorably than its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would treat it more favorably than its
+treated today but less favorably than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated today but less favorably than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated today but less favorably than
+government fiat currency I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more so than you do decentralized three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so than you do decentralized three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so than you do decentralized three
+types of money that central banks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of money that central banks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of money that central banks are
+involved in us anybody remember there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in us anybody remember there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in us anybody remember there's
+even a chart up here you can you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a chart up here you can you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a chart up here you can you can see
+you can grab it from Akira life see ya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can grab it from Akira life see ya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can grab it from Akira life see ya
+collateralized no that's we're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateralized no that's we're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateralized no that's we're gonna get
+there that's gonna be about stable value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's gonna be about stable value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's gonna be about stable value
+tokens I'm talking about so we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens I'm talking about so we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens I'm talking about so we talk
+about m1 m2 m3 so what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about m1 m2 m3 so what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about m1 m2 m3 so what's the what's the
+first thing that you might think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I heard the word cash but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I heard the word cash but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I heard the word cash but some
+deposits but starting with just cash is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits but starting with just cash is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits but starting with just cash is
+money so did I make it green yes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so did I make it green yes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so did I make it green yes there
+we go thank you I got some help here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go thank you I got some help here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go thank you I got some help here
+cash that's one form of money and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash that's one form of money and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash that's one form of money and we all
+have it or actually I've never asked I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it or actually I've never asked I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it or actually I've never asked I
+always have cash in my pocket how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have cash in my pocket how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have cash in my pocket how many
+people in this room actually currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this room actually currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this room actually currently
+have cash of some some country in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cash of some some country in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cash of some some country in their
+pocket so we're down to about seventy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket so we're down to about seventy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket so we're down to about seventy
+percent but thirty percent have no cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent but thirty percent have no cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent but thirty percent have no cash
+in their pocket you're putting yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their pocket you're putting yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their pocket you're putting yours
+away one dollar we were in Japan it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away one dollar we were in Japan it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away one dollar we were in Japan it
+would probably be higher though right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be higher though right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be higher though right so
+one form of money is cash another form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of money is cash another form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of money is cash another form
+of money that the central bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money that the central bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money that the central bank's
+reserves let see if I made that green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves let see if I made that green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves let see if I made that green
+yes so central bank reserves again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so central bank reserves again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so central bank reserves again I'm
+just going back through this for from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going back through this for from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going back through this for from
+Tuesday reserves storied but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday reserves storied but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday reserves storied but because
+they were commercial banks and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were commercial banks and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were commercial banks and when
+government set up central banks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government set up central banks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government set up central banks they
+said you have to say and put some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have to say and put some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have to say and put some of
+your money a reserve with the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money a reserve with the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money a reserve with the central
+bank so that we might give you deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank so that we might give you deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank so that we might give you deposit
+insurance we might give you access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance we might give you access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance we might give you access to
+liquidity and hard times which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity and hard times which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity and hard times which is called
+opening up some liquidity or lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up some liquidity or lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up some liquidity or lending
+facilities so you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities so you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities so you have to keep
+serve from us that's that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve from us that's that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve from us that's that's where the
+word came from but it's a form of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word came from but it's a form of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word came from but it's a form of money
+and the third form of money the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third form of money the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third form of money the form of
+money that almost everybody in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that almost everybody in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that almost everybody in this room
+uses the one of daily basis the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the one of daily basis the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the one of daily basis the real
+form of money that we use almost all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of money that we use almost all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of money that we use almost all all
+the time we had cash we had central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we had cash we had central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we had cash we had central bank
+reserves what do we actually use almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves what do we actually use almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves what do we actually use almost
+every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+what's that deposits so our bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that deposits so our bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that deposits so our bank
+deposits we are actually transacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits we are actually transacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits we are actually transacting
+when we go into Starbucks I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go into Starbucks I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go into Starbucks I know it
+doesn't feel this way but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't feel this way but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't feel this way but you're
+actually moving some of your bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving some of your bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving some of your bank
+deposits to their bank deposits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits to their bank deposits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits to their bank deposits that
+that's how we're really moving money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we're really moving money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we're really moving money so
+those are the three forms of money we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the three forms of money we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the three forms of money we
+never see Federal Reserve or or central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see Federal Reserve or or central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see Federal Reserve or or central
+bank reserves we just see the cash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank reserves we just see the cash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank reserves we just see the cash and
+the bank deposits or the central bank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank deposits or the central bank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank deposits or the central bank so
+Kelly's asking you know we all lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly's asking you know we all lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly's asking you know we all lived
+through the financial crisis how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the financial crisis how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the financial crisis how many of
+you in 2008 were in banking in anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you were at Goldman Sachs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were at Goldman Sachs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were at Goldman Sachs
+I got heard of them the other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got heard of them the other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got heard of them the other people
+that raised their hands who else raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that raised their hands who else raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that raised their hands who else raise
+their hand like where were you working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for them very big back Josh a hedge fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them very big back Josh a hedge fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them very big back Josh a hedge fund
+right mortgage hedge fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mortgage hedge fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mortgage hedge fund
+yeah yeah we thank you Josh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we thank you Josh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we thank you Josh so the
+question is how would Josh alpha or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how would Josh alpha or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how would Josh alpha or a
+cure I get money today who did anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure I get money today who did anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure I get money today who did anybody
+work in central banking No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in central banking No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in central banking No
+so the 2008 crisis came along and Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 2008 crisis came along and Josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 2008 crisis came along and Josh
+we let him fail he was a mortgage hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we let him fail he was a mortgage hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we let him fail he was a mortgage hedge
+fund okay what's that goldman sachs got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund okay what's that goldman sachs got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund okay what's that goldman sachs got
+a bit of government support bank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of government support bank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of government support bank of
+Tokyo mr. Pitts see did you get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tokyo mr. Pitts see did you get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tokyo mr. Pitts see did you get any
+government support but the central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government support but the central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government support but the central banks
+around the globe particularly here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe particularly here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe particularly here in
+the u.s. provided liquidity in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. provided liquidity in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. provided liquidity in multiple
+ways but it wasn't going to be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but it wasn't going to be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but it wasn't going to be enough
+they were providing liquidity one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were providing liquidity one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were providing liquidity one for
+some banks that were failing bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some banks that were failing bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some banks that were failing bear
+stearns and 2007 failed and through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stearns and 2007 failed and through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stearns and 2007 failed and through a
+legal authority that had from congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal authority that had from congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal authority that had from congress
+from the 1930s where you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 1930s where you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 1930s where you could actually
+lend to a financial institution actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend to a financial institution actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend to a financial institution actually
+you could lend to any any company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could lend to any any company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could lend to any any company in
+society but but they only they had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but but they only they had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but but they only they had never
+used the authority but they used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the authority but they used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the authority but they used the
+authority that you could lend versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority that you could lend versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority that you could lend versus
+collateral and and that was done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral and and that was done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral and and that was done with
+bear stearns in 2007 and then it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear stearns in 2007 and then it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear stearns in 2007 and then it was
+done again in 2008 for others and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done again in 2008 for others and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done again in 2008 for others and what
+did they do with Lehman Brothers when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they do with Lehman Brothers when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they do with Lehman Brothers when
+the fateful weekend that Lehman Brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fateful weekend that Lehman Brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fateful weekend that Lehman Brothers
+failed what did the Federal Reserve say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed what did the Federal Reserve say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed what did the Federal Reserve say
+to Lehman Brothers James said they let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Lehman Brothers James said they let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Lehman Brothers James said they let
+him go bust that is correct they said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him go bust that is correct they said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him go bust that is correct they said we
+can't use this Authority and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use this Authority and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use this Authority and and then
+you know we all know the history books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we all know the history books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we all know the history books
+are written how that that fateful week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written how that that fateful week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written how that that fateful week
+in September 2008 then everything falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in September 2008 then everything falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in September 2008 then everything falls
+bust because there was there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bust because there was there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bust because there was there was
+uncertainty in the marketplace and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the marketplace and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the marketplace and so
+what they did next Kelley so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did next Kelley so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did next Kelley so they were
+using traditional authorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using traditional authorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using traditional authorities
+what they did in excess they started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did in excess they started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did in excess they started to
+test the limits of their legal authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the limits of their legal authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the limits of their legal authority
+along with the Treasury Department and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the Treasury Department and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the Treasury Department and
+the Federal Deposit Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federal Deposit Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federal Deposit Insurance
+Corporation and they put a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation and they put a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation and they put a series of
+other things in and under an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in and under an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in and under an old
+authority of the Federal Deposit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority of the Federal Deposit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority of the Federal Deposit
+Insurance Company Corporation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance Company Corporation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insurance Company Corporation they
+actually guaranteed all debts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually guaranteed all debts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually guaranteed all debts of the
+banking system in the US for a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system in the US for a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system in the US for a period of
+time under other authorities have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time under other authorities have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time under other authorities have
+figured out how to put a guarantee or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to put a guarantee or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to put a guarantee or
+money market funds was about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money market funds was about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money market funds was about two
+trillion dollars in money market funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollars in money market funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollars in money market funds
+all of these almost extra legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these almost extra legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these almost extra legal
+authorities I mean they were not written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities I mean they were not written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities I mean they were not written
+right in the concur in to congressional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the concur in to congressional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the concur in to congressional
+law into law push the outer boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law into law push the outer boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law into law push the outer boundaries
+and we mean we knew when Larry Lessig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we mean we knew when Larry Lessig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we mean we knew when Larry Lessig
+was here he said that every contract has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here he said that every contract has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here he said that every contract has
+some ambiguity every law has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ambiguity every law has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ambiguity every law has some
+ambiguity and the best lawyers at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity and the best lawyers at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity and the best lawyers at the
+Federal Reserve the best lawyers at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve the best lawyers at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve the best lawyers at the
+US Department of Treasury and elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Department of Treasury and elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Department of Treasury and elsewhere
+we're thinking where is the ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking where is the ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking where is the ambiguity
+and can can we use that uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can can we use that uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can can we use that uncertainty in
+the law to save the system and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law to save the system and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law to save the system and then they
+went to Congress they went to Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Congress they went to Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Congress they went to Congress
+and asked for 700 billion dollars when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked for 700 billion dollars when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked for 700 billion dollars when
+Hank Paulson treasury secretary went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hank Paulson treasury secretary went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hank Paulson treasury secretary went to
+Congress they sent a four page but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress they sent a four page but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress they sent a four page but it
+might have been three paged legislative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been three paged legislative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been three paged legislative
+requests for 700 billion dollars I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests for 700 billion dollars I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests for 700 billion dollars I
+remember I first read that three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I first read that three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I first read that three or four
+page requests because then a senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page requests because then a senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page requests because then a senator
+from New York Hillary Clinton asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from New York Hillary Clinton asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from New York Hillary Clinton asked me
+what this thing's come up will you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing's come up will you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing's come up will you read
+it and give me your advice it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and give me your advice it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and give me your advice it didn't
+take me long to read three pages it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me long to read three pages it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take me long to read three pages it was
+an outright request for 700 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outright request for 700 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outright request for 700 billion
+dollars it finally did pass it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars it finally did pass it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars it finally did pass it first
+failed in the House of Representative it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed in the House of Representative it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed in the House of Representative it
+became I think a couple of hundred page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became I think a couple of hundred page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became I think a couple of hundred page
+document but 700 billion dollars of US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document but 700 billion dollars of US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document but 700 billion dollars of US
+taxpayer money went to the Treasury and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxpayer money went to the Treasury and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxpayer money went to the Treasury and
+the Treasury then lend it out and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Treasury then lend it out and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Treasury then lend it out and so
+forth so it was multiple things ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so it was multiple things ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so it was multiple things ten
+years later ten years later a law here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later ten years later a law here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later ten years later a law here
+dodd-frank limits some of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodd-frank limits some of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodd-frank limits some of what the
+federal government can do it tightened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government can do it tightened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government can do it tightened
+the ability to be the fire department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to be the fire department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to be the fire department
+and the midst of a raging fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the midst of a raging fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the midst of a raging fire
+and there's lively public debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lively public debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lively public debate
+recently Tim Geithner who was Treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently Tim Geithner who was Treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently Tim Geithner who was Treasury
+secretary at the time has come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary at the time has come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary at the time has come out
+publicly and Ben Bernanke I think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly and Ben Bernanke I think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly and Ben Bernanke I think and
+they've written an op-ed and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've written an op-ed and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've written an op-ed and some other
+pieces saying it would be good to loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces saying it would be good to loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces saying it would be good to loose
+and some of those dodd-frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those dodd-frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those dodd-frank
+restrictions but there's others on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions but there's others on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions but there's others on the
+other side who said no we need to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side who said no we need to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side who said no we need to keep
+those restrictions tight because if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those restrictions tight because if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those restrictions tight because if the
+restrictions are loose then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions are loose then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions are loose then we have
+something called moral hazard does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called moral hazard does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called moral hazard does
+anybody know what what what moral hazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what what what moral hazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know what what what moral hazard
+might be I think it's you run a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be I think it's you run a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be I think it's you run a risk
+that he's not commensurate so the banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's not commensurate so the banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's not commensurate so the banks
+are financial institutions if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are financial institutions if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are financial institutions if you know
+you're going to be bailed out we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be bailed out we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be bailed out we'll take
+more risk it's human it's it's it's who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more risk it's human it's it's it's who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more risk it's human it's it's it's who
+we are so my father had a small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are so my father had a small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are so my father had a small business
+in Baltimore he never had more than 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Baltimore he never had more than 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Baltimore he never had more than 30
+employees it was a cigarette and candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees it was a cigarette and candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees it was a cigarette and candy
+and pinball machine business if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pinball machine business if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pinball machine business if he
+couldn't make payroll on Friday the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't make payroll on Friday the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't make payroll on Friday the city
+of Baltimore was not going to help him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Baltimore was not going to help him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Baltimore was not going to help him
+out on Monday his employees might give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on Monday his employees might give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on Monday his employees might give
+him another week or two hey Sam like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him another week or two hey Sam like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him another week or two hey Sam like
+that's named Sam you know well give mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's named Sam you know well give mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's named Sam you know well give mr.
+Sam another week but two or three weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam another week but two or three weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam another week but two or three weeks
+later they would have all quit but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they would have all quit but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later they would have all quit but the
+banks so large so tied into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks so large so tied into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks so large so tied into their
+economies for many decades 2008 wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies for many decades 2008 wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies for many decades 2008 wasn't
+the only time the sovereign steps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time the sovereign steps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time the sovereign steps in the
+central bank step said so Kelly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank step said so Kelly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank step said so Kelly the
+answer your question is there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question is there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question is there's probably
+less ability for the central bank in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ability for the central bank in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ability for the central bank in the
+u.s. to step in they still have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. to step in they still have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. to step in they still have very
+real tools to be the firefighter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real tools to be the firefighter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real tools to be the firefighter in the
+middle of a raging fire but they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a raging fire but they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a raging fire but they're a
+little bit more constrained we as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more constrained we as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more constrained we as a
+society spoke through our Congress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society spoke through our Congress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society spoke through our Congress and
+said we don't want bailouts but the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we don't want bailouts but the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we don't want bailouts but the in
+the midst of the next crisis some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midst of the next crisis some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midst of the next crisis some
+Treasury secretary and some Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury secretary and some Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury secretary and some Federal
+Reserve chair and maybe some president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve chair and maybe some president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve chair and maybe some president
+will be testing the limits of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be testing the limits of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be testing the limits of those
+statutory authorities and they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statutory authorities and they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statutory authorities and they might
+knocking on the doors of Congress again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking on the doors of Congress again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking on the doors of Congress again
+I guess my question is more touchy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess my question is more touchy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess my question is more touchy on
+the implications of it we were to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of it we were to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of it we were to have
+for example if Bitcoin were to be backed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if Bitcoin were to be backed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if Bitcoin were to be backed
+by central banks what those implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by central banks what those implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by central banks what those implications
+would be you know so anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know so anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know so anybody want to
+take the other side of Kelly's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the other side of Kelly's question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the other side of Kelly's question
+bitcoins now the the currency that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins now the the currency that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins now the the currency that's it
+hypothetically the Bitcoin or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically the Bitcoin or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically the Bitcoin or some
+crypto a lien would tell us it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto a lien would tell us it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto a lien would tell us it would be
+some other crypto it's maybe it's Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other crypto it's maybe it's Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other crypto it's maybe it's Al
+Gore and or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gore and or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gore and or something
+what happens what what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens what what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens what what's going to happen
+to the flexibility of a central bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the flexibility of a central bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the flexibility of a central bank and
+a government to bail out their economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a government to bail out their economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a government to bail out their economy
+if it was a crypto remember your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a crypto remember your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a crypto remember your first
+Isaac so I success it goes down what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac so I success it goes down what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac so I success it goes down what do
+you mean it means it their flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean it means it their flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean it means it their flexibility
+goes down and there has to be consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down and there has to be consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down and there has to be consensus
+protocol that has to be so Tom content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that has to be so Tom content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that has to be so Tom content
+Isaac says it gets a lot harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac says it gets a lot harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac says it gets a lot harder
+Tom says it's not just harder it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom says it's not just harder it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom says it's not just harder it's
+impossible Eric in some the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible Eric in some the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible Eric in some the design of
+the conspiracy platform that underlies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conspiracy platform that underlies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conspiracy platform that underlies
+that peep-toe has been used because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peep-toe has been used because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peep-toe has been used because we
+will see maybe later discuss there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see maybe later discuss there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see maybe later discuss there some
+non collateralize simple coins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non collateralize simple coins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non collateralize simple coins that
+actually have smart comfort that enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have smart comfort that enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have smart comfort that enforce
+the money supply policies to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money supply policies to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money supply policies to keep the
+stable which is really similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable which is really similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable which is really similar to
+handling one a supply in an automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling one a supply in an automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling one a supply in an automatic
+way so Eric is saying it's the coin I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so Eric is saying it's the coin I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so Eric is saying it's the coin I
+santosh if you control like the mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+santosh if you control like the mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+santosh if you control like the mining
+system can change the protocol what Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can change the protocol what Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can change the protocol what Eric
+and Santosh are saying is there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Santosh are saying is there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Santosh are saying is there's some
+flexibility either flexibility written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility either flexibility written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility either flexibility written
+into the algorithm or flexibility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the algorithm or flexibility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the algorithm or flexibility in
+that the 51% if there's a consensus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 51% if there's a consensus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 51% if there's a consensus or
+hard fork you might be able to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork you might be able to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard fork you might be able to adjust
+but at its core it's probably as Isaac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at its core it's probably as Isaac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at its core it's probably as Isaac
+introduced it it's harder I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced it it's harder I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced it it's harder I don't know
+if it's impossible but I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's impossible but I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's impossible but I think it's a
+lot harder just like the European Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder just like the European Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot harder just like the European Union
+has a lot harder time helping out Greece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot harder time helping out Greece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot harder time helping out Greece
+because you now have multiple countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you now have multiple countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you now have multiple countries
+involved in the decision making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the decision making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the decision making the
+consensus what satisfies German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus what satisfies German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus what satisfies German
+economics and German politics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and German politics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and German politics is
+different than what might satisfy Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what might satisfy Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what might satisfy Greek
+economics and Greek politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you say central banks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say central banks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you say central banks in
+cryptocurrency you don't mean central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency you don't mean central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency you don't mean central
+banks in CBBC's yeah I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in CBBC's yeah I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in CBBC's yeah I think we're
+dealing in a hypothetical discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing in a hypothetical discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing in a hypothetical discussion
+what if a cryptocurrency were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if a cryptocurrency were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if a cryptocurrency were to
+actually take hold like a Bitcoin in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take hold like a Bitcoin in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take hold like a Bitcoin in the
+future I think that's what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I think that's what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I think that's what your
+questions were about the Aronoff used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were about the Aronoff used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were about the Aronoff used
+enough as a store of value used enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough as a store of value used enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough as a store of value used enough
+as a medium of exchange and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a medium of exchange and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a medium of exchange and and then
+there was a crisis very different than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a crisis very different than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a crisis very different than a
+central bank digital currency yes it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank digital currency yes it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank digital currency yes it was
+hard selling then they could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard selling then they could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard selling then they could actually
+come in be asking could the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in be asking could the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in be asking could the private
+sector be sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector be sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector be sort of like
+really works you know the central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works you know the central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works you know the central bank
+in essence come in and support a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence come in and support a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence come in and support a
+cryptocurrency to some extent for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency to some extent for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptocurrency to some extent for sure
+depends on what their reserves are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what their reserves are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what their reserves are and
+they also of course are part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also of course are part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also of course are part of a
+government that as a taxing authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that as a taxing authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that as a taxing authority
+has a military and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a military and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a military and there's a lot of
+extra might that comes with being part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra might that comes with being part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra might that comes with being part
+of a government so I think the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a government so I think the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a government so I think the answer is
+yes but multi jurisdictional currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but multi jurisdictional currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but multi jurisdictional currencies
+usually fail on some level the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually fail on some level the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually fail on some level the European
+the URL is still an experiment it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URL is still an experiment it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URL is still an experiment it may
+still fail some decades in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fail some decades in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fail some decades in the future
+it's been tested but multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been tested but multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been tested but multi
+jurisdictional currencies in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictional currencies in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictional currencies in the past
+high probabilities they usually fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probabilities they usually fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probabilities they usually fail
+because you don't have one political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have one political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have one political
+system one unified set of government two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one unified set of government two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one unified set of government two
+counts one taxing authority you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts one taxing authority you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts one taxing authority you know
+there's a bunch of challenges let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of challenges let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of challenges let's move
+on and try to hit some of the things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and try to hit some of the things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and try to hit some of the things on
+so that's just that's kind of review a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just that's kind of review a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just that's kind of review a
+little bit of the other day we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the other day we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the other day we said
+what's fiat currency we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's fiat currency we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's fiat currency we've talked about
+of course fiat currency then represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course fiat currency then represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course fiat currency then represents
+all three forms bank deposits and notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three forms bank deposits and notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three forms bank deposits and notes
+and reserves and it's accepted for taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reserves and it's accepted for taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reserves and it's accepted for taxes
+and it's legal tender in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's legal tender in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's legal tender in this
+hypothetical case we hadn't even gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical case we hadn't even gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical case we hadn't even gotten
+to whether would Bitcoin be accepted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether would Bitcoin be accepted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether would Bitcoin be accepted for
+taxes with Bitcoin or crypto be accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes with Bitcoin or crypto be accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes with Bitcoin or crypto be accepted
+as legal tender but I would I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as legal tender but I would I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as legal tender but I would I would
+might remind everybody whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might remind everybody whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might remind everybody whatever the
+future holds I think wide adoption in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future holds I think wide adoption in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future holds I think wide adoption in
+any country you'd have to address will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any country you'd have to address will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any country you'd have to address will
+the government accept it for taxes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government accept it for taxes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government accept it for taxes well
+the government say it's accepted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government say it's accepted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government say it's accepted as
+legal tender until unless that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender until unless that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender until unless that happens
+you know usually wouldn't have wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually wouldn't have wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually wouldn't have wide
+adoption even in a country that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption even in a country that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption even in a country that's in
+distress and again we're not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress and again we're not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress and again we're not talking
+about central bank digital currency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about central bank digital currency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about central bank digital currency but
+you could say the same thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say the same thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say the same thing about
+central bank digital currency unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank digital currency unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank digital currency unless
+it's accepted for taxes which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accepted for taxes which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accepted for taxes which it
+probably would be or accepted as legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would be or accepted as legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would be or accepted as legal
+tender so I wanted to go back to private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tender so I wanted to go back to private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tender so I wanted to go back to private
+bank notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank notes
+so commercial banks have issued notes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so commercial banks have issued notes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so commercial banks have issued notes in
+the past think of this is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past think of this is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past think of this is basically a
+piece of paper that represents a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper that represents a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper that represents a bank
+deposit the same way that we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit the same way that we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit the same way that we might be
+moving mobile money now think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving mobile money now think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving mobile money now think of it
+but most of this was done before there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of this was done before there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of this was done before there
+was a time of central banks and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time of central banks and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time of central banks and in the
+u.s. it was called the free banking era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. it was called the free banking era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. it was called the free banking era
+Andrew Jackson was the seventh President
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Jackson was the seventh President
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Jackson was the seventh President
+of the United States and he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States and he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States and he really
+didn't like a central bank it was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like a central bank it was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like a central bank it was called
+the second bank of the United States but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second bank of the United States but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second bank of the United States but
+he let it he let it expire in the 1830s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he let it he let it expire in the 1830s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he let it he let it expire in the 1830s
+Andrew Jackson does anybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Jackson does anybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Jackson does anybody know what
+what piece of currency Andrew Jackson is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what piece of currency Andrew Jackson is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what piece of currency Andrew Jackson is
+on where is his portrait $20 bill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where is his portrait $20 bill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where is his portrait $20 bill that
+one that we keep passing around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we keep passing around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we keep passing around and
+everything Andrew Jackson also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Andrew Jackson also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Andrew Jackson also as
+president a period of time that he paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president a period of time that he paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president a period of time that he paid
+off the national debt paid it off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the national debt paid it off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the national debt paid it off to
+zero is it Tennessee and then had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is it Tennessee and then had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is it Tennessee and then had a
+strong view about finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong view about finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong view about finance
+we had a very tough time in the 1840s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a very tough time in the 1840s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a very tough time in the 1840s so
+I'm not sure we should have paid off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we should have paid off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we should have paid off the
+debt completely but the free banking era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt completely but the free banking era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt completely but the free banking era
+the notes that went around in the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes that went around in the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes that went around in the u.s.
+for 20 to 30 years were all bank notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 to 30 years were all bank notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 20 to 30 years were all bank notes
+and then the Civil War came along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Civil War came along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Civil War came along and
+the US government needed to finance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US government needed to finance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US government needed to finance a
+war and the word greenback comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and the word greenback comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and the word greenback comes from
+1863 when the North the Union wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1863 when the North the Union wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1863 when the North the Union wanted to
+raise some money and they were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise some money and they were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise some money and they were there
+literally started printing greenbacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally started printing greenbacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally started printing greenbacks
+and also the First National Bank Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the First National Bank Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the First National Bank Act
+passed during the Civil War and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed during the Civil War and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed during the Civil War and the
+National Bank Act set up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Bank Act set up something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Bank Act set up something
+called the controller of the currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the controller of the currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the controller of the currency
+and the controller of the currency those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the controller of the currency those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the controller of the currency those
+two words they confused me a lot when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two words they confused me a lot when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two words they confused me a lot when I
+was on Wall Street why was the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on Wall Street why was the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on Wall Street why was the bank
+regulator called the controller of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator called the controller of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator called the controller of the
+currency but in the 1860s it was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency but in the 1860s it was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency but in the 1860s it was to
+control all of these banknotes that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all of these banknotes that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control all of these banknotes that were
+being issued by a bunch of commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being issued by a bunch of commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being issued by a bunch of commercial
+banks most of which that failed hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks most of which that failed hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks most of which that failed hundreds
+failed many of the pieces of paper which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed many of the pieces of paper which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed many of the pieces of paper which
+different values discounts to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values discounts to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values discounts to each other
+and so forth and some say that the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and some say that the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and some say that the world
+we're living in now with cryptocurrency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living in now with cryptocurrency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living in now with cryptocurrency
+this new market is a little bit like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new market is a little bit like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new market is a little bit like the
+private note period interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private note period interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private note period interestingly
+there's two countries or two areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two countries or two areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two countries or two areas that
+still use private banknotes anybody from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use private banknotes anybody from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use private banknotes anybody from
+Hong Kong James and Anton so who issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong Kong James and Anton so who issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong Kong James and Anton so who issues
+your your currency your cash there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your currency your cash there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your currency your cash there are
+three banks so Bank of China represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three banks so Bank of China represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three banks so Bank of China represents
+of People's Republic China i HT HSBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of People's Republic China i HT HSBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of People's Republic China i HT HSBC
+brand represented a local Hong Kong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand represented a local Hong Kong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand represented a local Hong Kong and
+standard County represented they do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard County represented they do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard County represented they do but
+it's not really a private bank so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a private bank so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a private bank so in
+Hong Kong the notes the the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong Kong the notes the the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong Kong the notes the the dominant
+notes my right or anything over ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes my right or anything over ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes my right or anything over ten
+dollars is by a bank they have to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars is by a bank they have to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars is by a bank they have to follow
+the rules of the central bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of the central bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of the central bank and
+anybody from Scotland or Ireland oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that - for North but similarly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that - for North but similarly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that - for North but similarly in
+the United Kingdom there's sterling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United Kingdom there's sterling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United Kingdom there's sterling
+banknotes so we still do have some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banknotes so we still do have some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banknotes so we still do have some of
+this there's still a little legacy of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's still a little legacy of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's still a little legacy of it
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+tightly highly constrained legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly highly constrained legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly highly constrained legacy
+because it's the Monetary Authority it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the Monetary Authority it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the Monetary Authority it's
+caught in Hong Kong because it caught a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught in Hong Kong because it caught a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught in Hong Kong because it caught a
+central bank monetary and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank monetary and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank monetary and financial
+Authority so the word monetary is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority so the word monetary is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority so the word monetary is right
+in there just like in the 1860s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there just like in the 1860s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there just like in the 1860s in the
+u.s. the bank authority was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. the bank authority was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. the bank authority was called the
+controller of the currency and it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller of the currency and it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller of the currency and it still
+is called the controller for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the controller for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the controller for the
+currency the person given to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency the person given to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency the person given to you because
+you're spending the bread in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending the bread in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending the bread in England
+everyone panics it's like what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone panics it's like what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone panics it's like what is this
+this does not look like the usual bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not look like the usual bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not look like the usual bank
+though it is technically legal tender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is technically legal tender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is technically legal tender
+but people go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people go
+so it's not good north of a certain sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not good north of a certain sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not good north of a certain sort
+itself is something red that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is something red that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is something red that it's not
+legal tender in South but it's also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender in South but it's also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender in South but it's also not
+legal tender in Scotland so they can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender in Scotland so they can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal tender in Scotland so they can use
+them in Scotland as a matter of custom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in Scotland as a matter of custom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in Scotland as a matter of custom I
+got a question I had but as a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a question I had but as a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a question I had but as a technical
+legal matter it's actually not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal matter it's actually not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal matter it's actually not it
+doesn't extinguish the debt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extinguish the debt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extinguish the debt that
+somebody wants I believe I believe Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants I believe I believe Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants I believe I believe Ross
+is right but for those who don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right but for those who don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right but for those who don't know
+Ross has spent a career as a bankruptcy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross has spent a career as a bankruptcy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross has spent a career as a bankruptcy
+lawyer as a partner of a firm before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer as a partner of a firm before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer as a partner of a firm before he
+came back for a slow and MBA so I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back for a slow and MBA so I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back for a slow and MBA so I'll go
+with Ross on this one so stable value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Ross on this one so stable value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Ross on this one so stable value
+tokens what's the moral on this James if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens what's the moral on this James if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens what's the moral on this James if
+you get a stable value token do you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a stable value token do you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a stable value token do you give
+it back so what are stable value tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back so what are stable value tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back so what are stable value tokens
+and what what what value might they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what what value might they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what what value might they have
+what pain point in the crypto space why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pain point in the crypto space why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pain point in the crypto space why
+did they come about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they come about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they come about
+there was a reading on it so maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a reading on it so maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a reading on it so maybe it
+was volatile 'ti eased to dampen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was volatile 'ti eased to dampen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was volatile 'ti eased to dampen the
+volatility why would somebody want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility why would somebody want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility why would somebody want a
+crypto asset but ease the volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto asset but ease the volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto asset but ease the volatility
+what are the use cases for crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the use cases for crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the use cases for crypto
+without volatility trading betray what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without volatility trading betray what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without volatility trading betray what
+kind of cryptocurrencies crypto currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cryptocurrencies crypto currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cryptocurrencies crypto currency
+trading you want to tell you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading you want to tell you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading you want to tell you go back to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+stable one thing going back to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable one thing going back to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable one thing going back to another
+crispy crunchy you don't have to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crispy crunchy you don't have to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crispy crunchy you don't have to go into
+the banking system all right so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banking system all right so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banking system all right so maybe
+it's also being used for trading so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also being used for trading so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also being used for trading so I've
+heard that it dampens volatility I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that it dampens volatility I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that it dampens volatility I agree
+it could be used for trading because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be used for trading because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be used for trading because you
+might go crypto - Krypto - crypto but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go crypto - Krypto - crypto but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go crypto - Krypto - crypto but
+you want to keep a better store value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep a better store value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep a better store value in
+a stable token as well and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable token as well and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable token as well and and that's
+what what it's it's been I I list four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it's it's been I I list four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what it's it's been I I list four
+different approaches to it these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches to it these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches to it these are
+design features they all are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design features they all are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design features they all are trying to
+do the same thing have a crypto currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing have a crypto currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing have a crypto currency
+that's not centralized or at least not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not centralized or at least not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not centralized or at least not
+backed by government not centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by government not centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by government not centralized
+that way it might be centralized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it might be centralized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it might be centralized that
+the algorithm and the software is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm and the software is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm and the software is
+centralized and for different design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized and for different design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized and for different design
+features and I think there was a reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and I think there was a reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and I think there was a reading
+on this if I remember as anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this if I remember as anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this if I remember as anybody want to
+say anything about tether I mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about tether I mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about tether I mean what
+basically backed by u.s. dollars were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically backed by u.s. dollars were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically backed by u.s. dollars were to
+be like really adopted you would need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like really adopted you would need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like really adopted you would need to
+have a ton of collateral to make it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of collateral to make it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of collateral to make it like
+useful people and then the other issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful people and then the other issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful people and then the other issue
+is that you'd also probably need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you'd also probably need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you'd also probably need a
+central bank like the Fed to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank like the Fed to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank like the Fed to actually
+like you know be there intervening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know be there intervening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know be there intervening and
+Stephanie's saying if it really took off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie's saying if it really took off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie's saying if it really took off
+you'd need a ton of collateral what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd need a ton of collateral what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd need a ton of collateral what if
+tether it or any fiat collateralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tether it or any fiat collateralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tether it or any fiat collateralized
+currency was not just a couple billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency was not just a couple billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency was not just a couple billion
+dollars but it was a trillion dollars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars but it was a trillion dollars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars but it was a trillion dollars or
+a couple of trillion the whole US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of trillion the whole US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of trillion the whole US
+banking system is about sixteen trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system is about sixteen trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system is about sixteen trillion
+dollars there's 13 ish trillion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars there's 13 ish trillion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars there's 13 ish trillion dollars
+of deposits what if you were head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deposits what if you were head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deposits what if you were head of
+coin that's one trillion of that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that's one trillion of that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin that's one trillion of that it's
+supposedly backed by if it's that large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly backed by if it's that large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly backed by if it's that large
+and it's supposedly backed by US dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's supposedly backed by US dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's supposedly backed by US dollars
+the two choices with three choices right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two choices with three choices right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two choices with three choices right
+you either have a stack of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either have a stack of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either have a stack of a hundred
+four trillion dollars physical okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four trillion dollars physical okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four trillion dollars physical okay
+where you at bank deposits which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you at bank deposits which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you at bank deposits which is what
+you're trying to get out of or you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get out of or you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get out of or you've
+got the money with the federal observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the money with the federal observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the money with the federal observer
+which you're also trying to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're also trying to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're also trying to get out
+those are your only three choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your only three choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your only three choices for
+where actually is the collateral it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where actually is the collateral it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where actually is the collateral it has
+to be something but the reason it drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something but the reason it drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something but the reason it drill
+into this this is part of the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this this is part of the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this this is part of the motivation
+of why central banks are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why central banks are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why central banks are looking at
+central bank digital currency they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank digital currency they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank digital currency they've
+been watching not just Bitcoin in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been watching not just Bitcoin in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been watching not just Bitcoin in the
+whole crypto space but then they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole crypto space but then they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole crypto space but then they've
+watched stable value tokens come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched stable value tokens come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched stable value tokens come along
+stable value tokens that are generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable value tokens that are generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable value tokens that are generally
+backed by some blockchain technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by some blockchain technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by some blockchain technology and
+blockchain initiative that frankly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain initiative that frankly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain initiative that frankly they
+don't have to be blockchain I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be blockchain I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be blockchain I think you
+could build something without it and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build something without it and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build something without it and why
+there's and there's also a business case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's and there's also a business case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's and there's also a business case
+where let's just go above a dollar the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where let's just go above a dollar the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where let's just go above a dollar the
+coin goes above another below a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin goes above another below a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin goes above another below a dollar
+you can either issue more difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either issue more difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either issue more difference and
+you can potentially if it's small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can potentially if it's small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can potentially if it's small enough
+a bank you can get interest on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bank you can get interest on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bank you can get interest on
+collateral but I do agree with you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral but I do agree with you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral but I do agree with you the
+problem comes along when you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem comes along when you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem comes along when you have like
+this huge scale a trillion at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge scale a trillion at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge scale a trillion at that point
+trillion wouldn't you run into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion wouldn't you run into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion wouldn't you run into the same
+type of scenario where at the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reserves so is your thought being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves so is your thought being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves so is your thought being that
+if it really grow and it there was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it really grow and it there was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it really grow and it there was it
+was accepted in commerce that maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was accepted in commerce that maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was accepted in commerce that maybe it
+wouldn't have to be tethered to the fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to be tethered to the fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to be tethered to the fiat
+currency it would then become trust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency it would then become trust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency it would then become trust the
+trusted the way that the paper currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted the way that the paper currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted the way that the paper currency
+became trusted and and Richard Nixon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became trusted and and Richard Nixon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became trusted and and Richard Nixon in
+1971 could say we're no longer going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 could say we're no longer going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 could say we're no longer going to
+follow Bretton Woods or in 1933 when FDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow Bretton Woods or in 1933 when FDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow Bretton Woods or in 1933 when FDR
+in our country said we're going off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our country said we're going off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our country said we're going off the
+gold standard I think you raise an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard I think you raise an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard I think you raise an
+interesting point I think we're well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point I think we're well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point I think we're well
+well before before that I think right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before before that I think right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before before that I think right
+now though the interesting thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now though the interesting thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now though the interesting thing is
+there's a lot of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of a lot of
+entrepreneurial activity and stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial activity and stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial activity and stable
+value tokens my observation is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value tokens my observation is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value tokens my observation is one of
+the leading reasons is it was stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading reasons is it was stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading reasons is it was stated
+right here that in the crypto exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that in the crypto exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here that in the crypto exchange
+markets which we'll talk about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets which we'll talk about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets which we'll talk about next
+Tuesday and the crypto exchange markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday and the crypto exchange markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday and the crypto exchange markets
+a lot of people want to go and trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people want to go and trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people want to go and trade
+crypto to crypto and not crypto to fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto to crypto and not crypto to fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto to crypto and not crypto to fiat
+and what are some of the regulatory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are some of the regulatory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are some of the regulatory or
+economic reasons they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic reasons they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic reasons they don't want to
+trade crypto to Fiat Tom taxes anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade crypto to Fiat Tom taxes anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade crypto to Fiat Tom taxes anything
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+what's another big thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentially be maybe more readily traced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be maybe more readily traced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be maybe more readily traced
+Ben okay well I see you were gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben okay well I see you were gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben okay well I see you were gonna
+remind the class what those letters mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a whole regime around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole regime around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole regime around the
+world in the u.s. it's called the Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in the u.s. it's called the Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in the u.s. it's called the Bank
+Secrecy Act but around the world about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secrecy Act but around the world about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secrecy Act but around the world about
+knowing one's customer tracking anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing one's customer tracking anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing one's customer tracking anti
+money laundering and so forth one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering and so forth one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering and so forth one of the
+dominant things in crypto that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant things in crypto that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant things in crypto that's going
+on maybe mistakenly maybe just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on maybe mistakenly maybe just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on maybe mistakenly maybe just because
+it's an early stage is that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an early stage is that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an early stage is that some people
+who have crypto assets feel I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have crypto assets feel I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have crypto assets feel I don't want
+to trade that for a fiat asset I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade that for a fiat asset I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade that for a fiat asset I don't
+want to trade in two euros or dollars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trade in two euros or dollars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trade in two euros or dollars or
+yen because then it's more likely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yen because then it's more likely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yen because then it's more likely the
+official sector can track me for taxes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector can track me for taxes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector can track me for taxes I
+think there was a false notion that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was a false notion that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there was a false notion that if I
+sell something crypto and I buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell something crypto and I buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell something crypto and I buy
+something else crypto I do not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else crypto I do not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else crypto I do not have to
+report my gains or losses in my taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report my gains or losses in my taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report my gains or losses in my taxes
+now the US has clarified that you do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the US has clarified that you do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the US has clarified that you do but
+for a couple of years people were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple of years people were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a couple of years people were going
+well maybe it's just what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's just what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe it's just what's called a
+like-kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like-kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like-kind
+like selling one piece of real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like selling one piece of real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like selling one piece of real estate
+for another piece of real estate by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another piece of real estate by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another piece of real estate by the
+way if you sold gold and bought silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you sold gold and bought silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you sold gold and bought silver
+gold for silver that was not a like-kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold for silver that was not a like-kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold for silver that was not a like-kind
+exchange on a US tax law but there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange on a US tax law but there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange on a US tax law but there were
+tax advisers going around saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax advisers going around saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax advisers going around saying well
+there's some ambiguity maybe you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some ambiguity maybe you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some ambiguity maybe you don't
+need to pay your taxes if you went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay your taxes if you went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay your taxes if you went from
+Bitcoin to ether the tax bill that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin to ether the tax bill that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin to ether the tax bill that was
+passed in December let's call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in December let's call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed in December let's call it the
+Trump tax bill that closed that window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump tax bill that closed that window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump tax bill that closed that window
+one of the few things that closed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few things that closed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few things that closed but
+but I think because of illicit activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think because of illicit activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think because of illicit activity
+because of taxes there's still a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of taxes there's still a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of taxes there's still a lot of
+people that say I just rather go crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that say I just rather go crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that say I just rather go crypto
+decrypter but there's there's one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypter but there's there's one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypter but there's there's one other
+thing the reason why people might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the reason why people might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the reason why people might want
+to stable value token about the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stable value token about the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stable value token about the payment
+system we talked about it last week do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we talked about it last week do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we talked about it last week do I
+see a hand up help me out so it's quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a hand up help me out so it's quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a hand up help me out so it's quick
+and it might be cost-efficient we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might be cost-efficient we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might be cost-efficient we talked
+about and I had a chart about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and I had a chart about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and I had a chart about using
+crypto as a bridge currency to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto as a bridge currency to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto as a bridge currency to move
+cross-border payments if you're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border payments if you're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border payments if you're moving
+from US Dollars to Mexican peso that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from US Dollars to Mexican peso that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from US Dollars to Mexican peso that can
+take two three four days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two three four days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two three four days and
+correspondent banking systems and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondent banking systems and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondent banking systems and the
+like but what if you use from u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but what if you use from u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but what if you use from u.s.
+dollars to crypto to Mexican peso very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to crypto to Mexican peso very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to crypto to Mexican peso very
+legitimate use case they can lower your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate use case they can lower your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate use case they can lower your
+your your cross-border payment down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your cross-border payment down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your cross-border payment down to
+seconds rather than days very legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds rather than days very legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds rather than days very legitimate
+use case that may be stable value tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use case that may be stable value tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use case that may be stable value tokens
+would be a good use case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good use case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good use case
+so again if anybody's interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again if anybody's interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again if anybody's interested in the
+different design characteristics there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different design characteristics there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different design characteristics there's
+a interesting there's a professor over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a interesting there's a professor over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a interesting there's a professor over
+at Harvard that came to see me Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard that came to see me Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard that came to see me Harvard
+he teaches Harvard Business School came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he teaches Harvard Business School came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he teaches Harvard Business School came
+to see me that he's creating a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see me that he's creating a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see me that he's creating a non
+collateralized senior age based stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateralized senior age based stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateralized senior age based stable
+value token so just even here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value token so just even here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value token so just even here in
+Cambridge there's a bunch of people look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge there's a bunch of people look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge there's a bunch of people look
+looking at trying to create things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at trying to create things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at trying to create things and
+do things and a lot of energy they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things and a lot of energy they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things and a lot of energy they're
+always asking me what's a real use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always asking me what's a real use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always asking me what's a real use
+blockchain you're some of it's just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain you're some of it's just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain you're some of it's just in
+this area you go and then we'll move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area you go and then we'll move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area you go and then we'll move on
+yeah collateralized ones that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah collateralized ones that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah collateralized ones that you don't
+upon there it's like Gemini the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon there it's like Gemini the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon there it's like Gemini the exchange
+recently created one and circle created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently created one and circle created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently created one and circle created
+one that coinbase adopted and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that coinbase adopted and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that coinbase adopted and those are
+both on top of aetherium and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on top of aetherium and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on top of aetherium and I think
+actually at least with Gemini I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at least with Gemini I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at least with Gemini I'm not
+positive about the circle one like coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive about the circle one like coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive about the circle one like coded
+into the smart contract is the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the smart contract is the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the smart contract is the ability
+to freeze tokens so like you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to freeze tokens so like you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to freeze tokens so like you could say
+that's a like an a ml type of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a like an a ml type of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a like an a ml type of thing
+right like if they see something going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like if they see something going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like if they see something going
+weird with with transactions with like G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird with with transactions with like G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird with with transactions with like G
+USD then they could actually like stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USD then they could actually like stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USD then they could actually like stop
+and see what's the mood of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what's the mood of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what's the mood of the class
+around stable value tokens that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around stable value tokens that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around stable value tokens that can be
+frozen right in a smart contract does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen right in a smart contract does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen right in a smart contract does
+that seem in the spirit of Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem in the spirit of Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem in the spirit of Satoshi
+Nakamoto what's that Hugo no whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto what's that Hugo no whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto what's that Hugo no whoever
+controls the smart contract in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the smart contract in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the smart contract in that case
+that would be a crypto exchange run by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a crypto exchange run by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a crypto exchange run by
+whose Gemini run by a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose Gemini run by a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose Gemini run by a couple of
+identical twins not the genzler's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins not the genzler's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins not the genzler's well
+again slurs weren't in a movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again slurs weren't in a movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again slurs weren't in a movie and
+didn't make a lot of money on crypto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make a lot of money on crypto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make a lot of money on crypto the
+Winklevoss twins by the way who were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winklevoss twins by the way who were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winklevoss twins by the way who were at
+the wonderful story with Mark Zuckerberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful story with Mark Zuckerberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful story with Mark Zuckerberg
+at Harvard if you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard if you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard if you remember the
+Winklevoss twins and their rowing part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winklevoss twins and their rowing part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winklevoss twins and their rowing part
+of a rowing elite to have made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rowing elite to have made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rowing elite to have made a lot of
+money in crypto and we'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in crypto and we'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in crypto and we'll talk a little
+bit about them next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then central bank's and crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then central bank's and crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then central bank's and crypto
+currencies there were there was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies there were there was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies there were there was we
+talked about this the other day there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this the other day there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this the other day there's
+four things they're really doing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things they're really doing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things they're really doing they're
+monitoring and studying some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and studying some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring and studying some are
+restricting the use like the Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting the use like the Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting the use like the Central
+Bank of China some are trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of China some are trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of China some are trying to do
+payment system and experimentation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system and experimentation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment system and experimentation we
+talked about Singapore and Canada those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Singapore and Canada those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Singapore and Canada those
+are real blockchain initiatives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real blockchain initiatives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real blockchain initiatives the
+payment systems schools still out as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems schools still out as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems schools still out as to
+whether they need to use the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they need to use the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they need to use the blockchain
+technology but they are seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but they are seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but they are seriously
+leaning in particularly in Singapore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning in particularly in Singapore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning in particularly in Singapore in
+Canada saying there might be a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada saying there might be a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada saying there might be a more
+resilient payment system if we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient payment system if we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient payment system if we use a
+decentralized distributed blockchain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized distributed blockchain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized distributed blockchain to
+ecology based on quorum or corridor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology based on quorum or corridor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology based on quorum or corridor
+hyper ledger fabric I think we're a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper ledger fabric I think we're a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper ledger fabric I think we're a few
+years away from them sort of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years away from them sort of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years away from them sort of coming
+is there enough there enough they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there enough there enough they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there enough there enough they're
+there that it would be better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that it would be better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that it would be better than
+traditional databases but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases but they are
+definitely putting a lot of energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely putting a lot of energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely putting a lot of energy and
+even the European Central Bank with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the European Central Bank with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the European Central Bank with the
+Bank of Japan has an initiative as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of Japan has an initiative as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of Japan has an initiative as well
+but in the fourth category central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the fourth category central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the fourth category central bank
+digital currency initiatives like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currency initiatives like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currency initiatives like
+caution everybody you don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution everybody you don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution everybody you don't necessarily
+need to use blockchain technology this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use blockchain technology this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use blockchain technology this
+is the part of the course to say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part of the course to say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part of the course to say this is
+something clearly inspired by Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something clearly inspired by Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something clearly inspired by Satoshi
+nakamoto's innovation and inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto's innovation and inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto's innovation and inspired by
+stable value tokens but when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable value tokens but when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable value tokens but when we talk
+about the Bank of sweden's initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Bank of sweden's initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Bank of sweden's initiative
+and some of these other initiatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these other initiatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of these other initiatives
+you'll find that to my knowledge they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that to my knowledge they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that to my knowledge they're
+not built built on blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not built built on blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not built built on blockchain technology
+that doesn't mean they couldn't be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean they couldn't be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean they couldn't be in
+the future but I think they're important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future but I think they're important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future but I think they're important
+because they're really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're really important to
+blockchain and money and how central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and money and how central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and money and how central
+banks are thinking about this area right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are thinking about this area right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are thinking about this area right
+now we talked about this last week that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we talked about this last week that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we talked about this last week that
+the first wave of payments were all on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave of payments were all on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first wave of payments were all on
+aetherium and as I said they've moved on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium and as I said they've moved on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium and as I said they've moved on
+from aetherium and the second wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from aetherium and the second wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from aetherium and the second wave of
+the payment system initiatives are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment system initiatives are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment system initiatives are all
+permission block chains and now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission block chains and now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission block chains and now they're
+looking at a third wave if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a third wave if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a third wave if there's
+further questions about how central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further questions about how central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further questions about how central
+banks are looking I'll take them now or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are looking I'll take them now or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are looking I'll take them now or
+we'll go on to the central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go on to the central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go on to the central bank digital
+currencies please only use two matically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies please only use two matically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies please only use two matically
+whose deposits are like it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose deposits are like it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose deposits are like it's more
+recently some positive goldman sachs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently some positive goldman sachs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently some positive goldman sachs
+deposits one day like exchange deposits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits one day like exchange deposits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits one day like exchange deposits
+within the central bank what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the central bank what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the central bank what do they
+currently use vanish use various forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently use vanish use various forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently use vanish use various forms
+of traditional databases and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traditional databases and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traditional databases and I'm not
+going to pretend that I know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pretend that I know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pretend that I know exactly
+each of those databases but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those databases but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those databases but they're
+usually for interbank money as you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for interbank money as you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for interbank money as you've
+talked about Morgan Stanley or Goldman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Morgan Stanley or Goldman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Morgan Stanley or Goldman
+Sachs they would call it the real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs they would call it the real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs they would call it the real-time
+gross settlement system or TGS system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross settlement system or TGS system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross settlement system or TGS system
+but the actual underlying database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the actual underlying database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the actual underlying database
+structure frankly probably goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure frankly probably goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure frankly probably goes back to
+batch processing most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch processing most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch processing most of
+we're still batch processing in the US I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still batch processing in the US I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still batch processing in the US I
+think we'll roll out a faster payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll roll out a faster payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll roll out a faster payment
+structure in 2020 and shreem who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in 2020 and shreem who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in 2020 and shreem who was
+visiting with us was on a whole big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting with us was on a whole big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting with us was on a whole big
+advisory group to the Federal Reserve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory group to the Federal Reserve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory group to the Federal Reserve to
+do that does that help a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that does that help a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that does that help a little bit but
+the question really is could blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question really is could blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question really is could blockchain
+technology inspired the next generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology inspired the next generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology inspired the next generation
+for the mid-2020s for any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mid-2020s for any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mid-2020s for any of these
+countries to have 24 hour seven days a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to have 24 hour seven days a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to have 24 hour seven days a
+week but also no one central place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but also no one central place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but also no one central place where
+the ledger is kept with multiple parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ledger is kept with multiple parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ledger is kept with multiple parties
+sharing the ledger and as lene said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the ledger and as lene said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the ledger and as lene said but
+wait a minute witness central bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute witness central bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute witness central bank's
+still want to have authority over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want to have authority over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want to have authority over the
+protocol the protocol amongst 20 or 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the protocol amongst 20 or 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the protocol amongst 20 or 50
+banks and the answer is probably yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks and the answer is probably yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks and the answer is probably yes but
+trying to explore what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explore what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explore what's the most
+resilient system so central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient system so central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient system so central bank digital
+currencies the central bank's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies the central bank's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies the central bank's of course
+already issued digital reserves so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already issued digital reserves so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already issued digital reserves so the
+real question is this should access be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real question is this should access be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real question is this should access be
+given to others should it be expanded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to others should it be expanded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to others should it be expanded to
+the retail public and so these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail public and so these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retail public and so these were the
+ones we chatted about and we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we chatted about and we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we chatted about and we're just
+going to go through four of them quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through four of them quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through four of them quickly
+just to say and you had a little reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say and you had a little reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say and you had a little reading
+on each of Ecuador Senegal Sweden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of Ecuador Senegal Sweden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of Ecuador Senegal Sweden and
+the Philippines these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philippines these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philippines these are the
+opportunities that the central bankers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that the central bankers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that the central bankers
+even talked about basically in Sweden's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talked about basically in Sweden's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even talked about basically in Sweden's
+perspective they want to stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective they want to stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective they want to stay in the
+business of providing a means of payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of providing a means of payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of providing a means of payment
+and the krona is so barely used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the krona is so barely used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the krona is so barely used
+nobody's here from Scandinavia no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's here from Scandinavia no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's here from Scandinavia no the
+corona is so barely used they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona is so barely used they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corona is so barely used they want to
+keep it you having some influence I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it you having some influence I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it you having some influence I'm
+trying to think if I put the chart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think if I put the chart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think if I put the chart in
+I'm going to skip over a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip over a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip over a couple things
+you know I didn't put the chart in so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I didn't put the chart in so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I didn't put the chart in so I
+apologize so what challenges do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize so what challenges do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize so what challenges do you
+think are really there from our readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are really there from our readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are really there from our readings
+which of these challenges do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these challenges do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these challenges do you think
+scares the central banks the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scares the central banks the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scares the central banks the most
+is it financial stability is it changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it financial stability is it changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it financial stability is it changing
+the credit intermediation of banks is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit intermediation of banks is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit intermediation of banks is it
+monetary policies at the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policies at the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policies at the payment
+structure or is it all of the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or is it all of the above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or is it all of the above
+allene financial stability basically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allene financial stability basically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allene financial stability basically are
+a run on the backs I don't know I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a run on the backs I don't know I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a run on the backs I don't know I would
+say that in my conversations and Rob Ali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that in my conversations and Rob Ali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that in my conversations and Rob Ali
+has many more of them but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many more of them but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many more of them but my
+conversations with central bankers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with central bankers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with central bankers it's
+a mixture of the first one the one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture of the first one the one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture of the first one the one a
+lien did say and then basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien did say and then basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lien did say and then basically the
+third one credit allocation that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one credit allocation that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one credit allocation that they
+feel like if we insert the central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like if we insert the central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like if we insert the central bank
+more directly into taking retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly into taking retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly into taking retail
+deposits are we going to be inserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits are we going to be inserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits are we going to be inserting
+the center Bank more into credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center Bank more into credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center Bank more into credit
+allocation or in essence if we shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation or in essence if we shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation or in essence if we shrink
+the need for commercial banks or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need for commercial banks or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need for commercial banks or we
+somehow shrinking the credit allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow shrinking the credit allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow shrinking the credit allocation
+and the economy so in normal times they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the economy so in normal times they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the economy so in normal times they
+worry in essence about credit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry in essence about credit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry in essence about credit and the
+extension of credit and in crisis they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of credit and in crisis they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of credit and in crisis they
+worry about being that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about being that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about being that it would be
+destabilize this system that's been my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilize this system that's been my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilize this system that's been my
+you know experience talking just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know experience talking just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know experience talking just in
+these eight months to central bankers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that might just flow back through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that might just flow back through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that might just flow back through
+when the central bank is determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Isaac saying is couldn't you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac saying is couldn't you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac saying is couldn't you just
+address this as a central bank through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this as a central bank through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this as a central bank through
+interest rate policy and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate policy and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate policy and some
+differential interest rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential interest rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential interest rate and the
+pricing of money and I think some would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing of money and I think some would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing of money and I think some would
+contend you could but on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend you could but on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend you could but on the other side
+anybody want to take the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to take the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to take the other side
+question the question really is is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question really is is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question really is is does
+the central bank want to start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank want to start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank want to start making
+loans now the US central bank has a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans now the US central bank has a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans now the US central bank has a four
+and a half trillion dollar balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half trillion dollar balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half trillion dollar balance sheet
+as we talked about two days ago and owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about two days ago and owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talked about two days ago and owns
+about two little less than two trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two little less than two trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two little less than two trillion
+won a half trillion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a half trillion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a half trillion dollars
+mortgages so in a sense the central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages so in a sense the central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages so in a sense the central bank
+is already making a credit decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already making a credit decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already making a credit decision
+they're lending to the mortgage market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lending to the mortgage market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lending to the mortgage market
+but the question is do you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is do you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the question is do you want to go
+even further and have the senator Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and have the senator Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and have the senator Bank
+picking individual companies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking individual companies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking individual companies or
+individual homeowners to lend to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual homeowners to lend to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual homeowners to lend to and
+that's what if it got to any scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what if it got to any scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what if it got to any scale or
+size they talked about of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size they talked about of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size they talked about of course they
+could just lend to the commercial bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just lend to the commercial bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just lend to the commercial bank
+system and then the public would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then the public would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then the public would be
+lending that a central bank and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending that a central bank and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending that a central bank and the
+central bank would be lending to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank would be lending to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank would be lending to the
+commercial banks so the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks so the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks so the design
+considerations and we didn't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations and we didn't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations and we didn't talk about
+these these eight design considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these eight design considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these eight design considerations
+are all in the loop does everybody get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in the loop does everybody get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all in the loop does everybody get
+it - only a few people get it as a token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it - only a few people get it as a token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it - only a few people get it as a token
+or account and so forth this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or account and so forth this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or account and so forth this little
+money flower that Garrett has put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money flower that Garrett has put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money flower that Garrett has put out
+there and central bank's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and central bank's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and central bank's talk about the
+money flower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where's Bitcoin on this who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's Bitcoin on this who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's Bitcoin on this who wants to
+tell me where Bitcoin is we'll bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where Bitcoin is we'll bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where Bitcoin is we'll bring it
+back to blockchain I'll on wait so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to blockchain I'll on wait so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to blockchain I'll on wait so where
+where am i pointing you an orange blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am i pointing you an orange blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am i pointing you an orange blue
+and orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and orange
+oh it's written there right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without the red right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the red right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the red right here
+private digital tokes tokens Jose lonely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private digital tokes tokens Jose lonely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private digital tokes tokens Jose lonely
+no tell me where you want me to point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tell me where you want me to point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no tell me where you want me to point it
+sits so you're saying it's orange and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits so you're saying it's orange and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits so you're saying it's orange and
+what and then blue it is widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then blue it is widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then blue it is widely
+acceptable bitcoins widely accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable bitcoins widely accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable bitcoins widely accessible
+meaning anybody can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would say you can put any form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say you can put any form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say you can put any form of
+money into one of these little blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+government-backed and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-backed and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-backed and not
+government-backed we're stable value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-backed we're stable value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government-backed we're stable value
+tokens look at this you read the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens look at this you read the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens look at this you read the closest
+and I can't remember your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't remember your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can't remember your name
+Connery we're stable value tokens well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connery we're stable value tokens well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connery we're stable value tokens well
+it's not central back issue it I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not central back issue it I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not central back issue it I'll give
+you a hint so it's not in the green it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hint so it's not in the green it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hint so it's not in the green it's
+private digital tokens you could make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private digital tokens you could make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private digital tokens you could make it
+widely accessible like this so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely accessible like this so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely accessible like this so I think
+it's an excellent point a stable value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an excellent point a stable value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an excellent point a stable value
+token that is backed by a fiat currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token that is backed by a fiat currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token that is backed by a fiat currency
+is not central bank issue I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not central bank issue I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not central bank issue I would say
+that it's not in the light green but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not in the light green but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not in the light green but
+it's it it's it's highly dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it's it's highly dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it's it's highly dependent on
+the central bank it's highly dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank it's highly dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank it's highly dependent
+on putting deposits in commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on putting deposits in commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on putting deposits in commercial banks
+tether which purports to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tether which purports to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tether which purports to be a little
+over two two-and-a-half billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two two-and-a-half billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two two-and-a-half billion dollar
+crypto which is all backed by US dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto which is all backed by US dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto which is all backed by US dollars
+at one point in time last year they lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point in time last year they lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one point in time last year they lost
+some of their commercial bank accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their commercial bank accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their commercial bank accounts
+meaning the commercial banks would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the commercial banks would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the commercial banks would not
+take their dollars the commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their dollars the commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their dollars the commercial banks
+in many countries said forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many countries said forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many countries said forget it
+I can't I can't have you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I can't have you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I can't have you because
+customer I can't follow you for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer I can't follow you for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer I can't follow you for any
+money laundering and otherwise and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering and otherwise and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering and otherwise and so
+that in essence you're highly dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in essence you're highly dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in essence you're highly dependent
+if you're a custodial stable value on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a custodial stable value on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a custodial stable value on
+the central bank I agree with that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank I agree with that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank I agree with that but I
+think you're not central bank there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're not central bank there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're not central bank there's a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+it's just central it is central right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just central it is central right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just central it is central right so
+there's a lot of paradoxes in irony and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of paradoxes in irony and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of paradoxes in irony and
+the blockchain crypto spaces - how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain crypto spaces - how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain crypto spaces - how
+centralized something in us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized something in us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized something in us how
+decentralized and from Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized and from Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized and from Satoshi
+nakamoto's very decentralized way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto's very decentralized way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nakamoto's very decentralized way so
+we're going back to these and so Ecuador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody read the Ecuador thing want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody read the Ecuador thing want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody read the Ecuador thing want to
+tell us a little bit about Leonardo well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us a little bit about Leonardo well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us a little bit about Leonardo well
+I think it was a story of Vader was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was a story of Vader was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was a story of Vader was
+backed by the central bank but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by the central bank but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by the central bank but the
+central bank had no credibility or trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank had no credibility or trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank had no credibility or trust
+from the users so you never to call so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the users so you never to call so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the users so you never to call so
+this the government of Ecuador had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the government of Ecuador had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the government of Ecuador had just
+defaulted Cuba for the launch this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaulted Cuba for the launch this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaulted Cuba for the launch this the
+economy was memorized so they issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy was memorized so they issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy was memorized so they issued
+something where people didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where people didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where people didn't really
+know whether it would would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it would would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it would would still be
+there within a few years the usage was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there within a few years the usage was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there within a few years the usage was
+extremely disappointing compared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely disappointing compared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely disappointing compared with
+the initial financial institutions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial financial institutions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial financial institutions were
+not obliged I sort of wonder if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obliged I sort of wonder if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obliged I sort of wonder if there
+had been like a minimum level of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been like a minimum level of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been like a minimum level of you
+know bound sheets at these institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bound sheets at these institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bound sheets at these institutions
+where they were quite about tapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were quite about tapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were quite about tapping
+using one level of the crypto currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one level of the crypto currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one level of the crypto currency
+could that have helped a little bit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that have helped a little bit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that have helped a little bit as
+far as I remember they also failed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I remember they also failed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I remember they also failed to
+manage expectations because even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage expectations because even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage expectations because even in the
+first year but they are saying what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year but they are saying what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year but they are saying what they
+are claiming is there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are claiming is there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are claiming is there are going to be
+500,000 users or something I mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 users or something I mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 users or something I mean what
+turns out just 5,000 account so users so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out just 5,000 account so users so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out just 5,000 account so users so
+it's it's a it's a great story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was also there's mismatching benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also there's mismatching benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also there's mismatching benefits
+and costs that were associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and costs that were associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and costs that were associated with the
+project they kind of Africa calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they kind of Africa calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project they kind of Africa calculations
+were made the benefits were less of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made the benefits were less of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made the benefits were less of a
+million dollars compared to almost 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars compared to almost 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars compared to almost 7
+million that the whole implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that the whole implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that the whole implementation
+was from the start from from the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from the start from from the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from the start from from the outside
+the design wasn't conceived again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design wasn't conceived again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design wasn't conceived again this
+is somewhat inspired by crypto finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat inspired by crypto finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat inspired by crypto finance
+no blockchain technology involved in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no blockchain technology involved in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no blockchain technology involved in it
+which by the way is going to be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way is going to be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way is going to be true for
+the next three examples as well but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three examples as well but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three examples as well but it's
+relevant this is sort of also inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant this is sort of also inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant this is sort of also inspired
+by initiatives like M pace and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by initiatives like M pace and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by initiatives like M pace and so forth
+it's like how do we get more inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like how do we get more inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like how do we get more inclusion
+in use dollars Kellee and then we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use dollars Kellee and then we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in use dollars Kellee and then we'll go
+to an attempt to make profits because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an attempt to make profits because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an attempt to make profits because
+they said that basically like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said that basically like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said that basically like this and
+as Leonardo mentioned there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Leonardo mentioned there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Leonardo mentioned there was
+previously hyperinflation so once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously hyperinflation so once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously hyperinflation so once they
+discovered that it really I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that it really I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that it really I don't really
+think you're probably right about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're probably right about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're probably right about that
+one good thing that came out of it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good thing that came out of it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good thing that came out of it they
+finally sort of admitted that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally sort of admitted that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally sort of admitted that they
+shouldn't maybe be in the monopoly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't maybe be in the monopoly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't maybe be in the monopoly and
+they let mobile phone payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they let mobile phone payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they let mobile phone payment
+alternatives were authorized for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives were authorized for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives were authorized for the
+phone companies but I'm not close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone companies but I'm not close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone companies but I'm not close enough
+to Ecuador to know whether that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ecuador to know whether that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ecuador to know whether that was
+really done maybe it's now just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done maybe it's now just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done maybe it's now just a
+duopoly of a couple of phone companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly of a couple of phone companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duopoly of a couple of phone companies
+doing it so they might have just shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so they might have just shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so they might have just shifted
+some economic rents from the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some economic rents from the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some economic rents from the government
+to a couple of major companies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a couple of major companies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a couple of major companies that are
+friends of the government or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends of the government or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends of the government or something
+the Philippines I think there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philippines I think there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Philippines I think there was a
+reading on anybody want to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on anybody want to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading on anybody want to say something
+about anybody from the Philippines no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anybody from the Philippines no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anybody from the Philippines no
+anybody want to say something about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say something about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say something about what
+happened in the Philippines and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the Philippines and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the Philippines and you're
+gonna see something that's similar about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see something that's similar about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see something that's similar about
+this in Senegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a software provider called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a software provider called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a software provider called a
+currency mint limited in Ireland that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency mint limited in Ireland that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency mint limited in Ireland that is
+marketing around the globe to do digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing around the globe to do digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing around the globe to do digital
+fiat currency I think they're careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency I think they're careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency I think they're careful
+they call it digital fiat currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it digital fiat currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it digital fiat currency
+rather than the central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the central bank digital
+currency but nonetheless every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency but nonetheless every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency but nonetheless every time
+there's a press release whether from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a press release whether from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a press release whether from the
+Philippines or Senegal or elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines or Senegal or elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philippines or Senegal or elsewhere
+there's somewhere in the press release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somewhere in the press release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somewhere in the press release
+you see blockchain technology use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see blockchain technology use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see blockchain technology use for
+I've done my best to read everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done my best to read everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done my best to read everything I
+can on these two since last summer when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can on these two since last summer when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can on these two since last summer when
+I stumbled upon them in July I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stumbled upon them in July I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stumbled upon them in July I do not
+believe that either are using blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that either are using blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that either are using blockchain
+technology but they're sort of using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but they're sort of using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but they're sort of using the
+gloss of the terminology but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloss of the terminology but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloss of the terminology but it's still
+Senegal more than the Philippines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senegal more than the Philippines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senegal more than the Philippines is
+something that central bankers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that central bankers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that central bankers are
+looking at importantly it's issued by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at importantly it's issued by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at importantly it's issued by
+commercial bank it's not technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial bank it's not technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial bank it's not technically
+issued by the central bank the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued by the central bank the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued by the central bank the central
+bank has actually put out a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank has actually put out a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank has actually put out a statement
+and saying this is a test and a learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying this is a test and a learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying this is a test and a learn
+thing in a regulatory sandbox so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in a regulatory sandbox so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in a regulatory sandbox so the
+central bank is sort of saying all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank is sort of saying all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank is sort of saying all right
+we'll let this is a little bit more akin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let this is a little bit more akin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let this is a little bit more akin
+to private banknotes in the nineteenth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to private banknotes in the nineteenth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to private banknotes in the nineteenth
+century in the US and and I'll flip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in the US and and I'll flip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in the US and and I'll flip to
+the Senegal wine this this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Senegal wine this this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Senegal wine this this is in the
+West African economic and monetary union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West African economic and monetary union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West African economic and monetary union
+so there's a monetary union I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a monetary union I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a monetary union I think of
+14 countries all using a currency it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 countries all using a currency it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 countries all using a currency it's
+called the franc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the franc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the franc
+I think the F is that what is it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the F is that what is it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the F is that what is it have
+you ever used it do you know it so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever used it do you know it so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever used it do you know it so one
+country in a 14 nation bloc has said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in a 14 nation bloc has said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in a 14 nation bloc has said we
+can maybe get more Financial Inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe get more Financial Inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe get more Financial Inclusion
+good I think there's a good motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I think there's a good motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I think there's a good motivation
+there we can get more financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we can get more financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we can get more financial
+inclusion we can put safer did I say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion we can put safer did I say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion we can put safer did I say it
+right safe on an electronic platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right safe on an electronic platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right safe on an electronic platform
+we'll use this software provider out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this software provider out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this software provider out of
+Ireland that keeps knocking on our door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland that keeps knocking on our door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland that keeps knocking on our door
+and and we'll see if we can push it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll see if we can push it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll see if we can push it out
+a little bit under some emoney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit under some emoney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit under some emoney
+regulations technically its Emani
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations technically its Emani
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations technically its Emani
+underwrite pre-existing regulations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwrite pre-existing regulations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwrite pre-existing regulations but
+i would say a lot of central bankers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say a lot of central bankers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would say a lot of central bankers are
+kind of elsewhere around the globe sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of elsewhere around the globe sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of elsewhere around the globe sort
+of watching what does that do what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of watching what does that do what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of watching what does that do what does
+that mean does it increase Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean does it increase Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean does it increase Financial
+Inclusion and probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inclusion and probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inclusion and probably the most
+interesting one really is is in Sweden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one really is is in Sweden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one really is is in Sweden
+Sweden has said these are the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden has said these are the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden has said these are the benefits
+these are written in a document they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are written in a document they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are written in a document they've
+written now they're the third document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written now they're the third document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written now they're the third document
+on this it came out a couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this it came out a couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this it came out a couple of weeks
+ago it was not assigned reading because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it was not assigned reading because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it was not assigned reading because
+it just came out and it's 50 or 60 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just came out and it's 50 or 60 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just came out and it's 50 or 60 pages
+anybody wants to log through it they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to log through it they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to log through it they say
+it's going to continue the public access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to continue the public access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to continue the public access
+to the risk free guaranteed means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the risk free guaranteed means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the risk free guaranteed means a
+payment that's that's the key thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment that's that's the key thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment that's that's the key thing to
+them you have cash in your pocket right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you have cash in your pocket right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you have cash in your pocket right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+Crona but very few people have it so few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crona but very few people have it so few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crona but very few people have it so few
+people have it that most retailers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have it that most retailers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have it that most retailers in
+Sweden are now saying I will not accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden are now saying I will not accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden are now saying I will not accept
+Crona and it's not such a big country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crona and it's not such a big country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crona and it's not such a big country
+that a bunch of people want to own Crona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a bunch of people want to own Crona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a bunch of people want to own Crona
+for a store of value so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a store of value so the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a store of value so the total
+outstanding is our question it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding is our question it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding is our question it's not
+cute at all but they stock markets like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute at all but they stock markets like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute at all but they stock markets like
+the companies which are listed they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies which are listed they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies which are listed they're
+listed in crona's right so they how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in crona's right so they how come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in crona's right so they how come
+it's not use at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not use at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not use at all
+it's not what no Crona is used digitally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not what no Crona is used digitally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not what no Crona is used digitally
+I'm saying paper crona's not used paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying paper crona's not used paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying paper crona's not used paper
+Crona but they're saying we maybe want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crona but they're saying we maybe want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crona but they're saying we maybe want
+to make sure that there's a government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that there's a government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that there's a government
+direct relationship to electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct relationship to electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct relationship to electronic
+government money the properties they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government money the properties they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government money the properties they've
+said they're willing to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they're willing to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they're willing to put a
+comprehensive range of services in make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive range of services in make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive range of services in make
+it widely available they've answered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it widely available they've answered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it widely available they've answered the
+design considerations and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design considerations and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design considerations and they actually
+say that they're looking at putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they're looking at putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they're looking at putting
+interest rate on this they think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate on this they think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate on this they think that
+putting an interest rate on it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an interest rate on it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an interest rate on it make
+cents and that it should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents and that it should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents and that it should have a
+identification they say it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification they say it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification they say it will be
+traceable they've already said in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traceable they've already said in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traceable they've already said in their
+documents they're not going to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents they're not going to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents they're not going to go with
+the totally anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the totally anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the totally anonymous
+imani this is out of their report but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imani this is out of their report but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imani this is out of their report but as
+you can see the blue line is Sweden that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the blue line is Sweden that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the blue line is Sweden that
+their total outstanding cash this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their total outstanding cash this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their total outstanding cash this is
+physical tokenized cash was four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical tokenized cash was four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical tokenized cash was four percent
+of their GDP it's now less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their GDP it's now less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their GDP it's now less than two
+percent of their GDP the US and Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their GDP the US and Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their GDP the US and Europe
+would be the Green Line we're up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the Green Line we're up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the Green Line we're up to
+about 10 percent but as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 percent but as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 percent but as we talked about
+on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Tuesday
+eight of those ten points in the US or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of those ten points in the US or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of those ten points in the US or
+hundred dollar bills and four or five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollar bills and four or five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollar bills and four or five of
+the ten points in the u.s. are outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ten points in the u.s. are outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ten points in the u.s. are outside
+of the US this because reserves what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US this because reserves what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the US this because reserves what we
+would hold in vaults the banks here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hold in vaults the banks here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hold in vaults the banks here are
+holding in rows this would be this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding in rows this would be this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding in rows this would be this would
+be cash that's outside that the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cash that's outside that the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cash that's outside that the public
+calls or the public in banks that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls or the public in banks that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls or the public in banks that is
+correct so if it's if it's cash that JP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if it's if it's cash that JP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if it's if it's cash that JP
+Morgan is holding physically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan is holding physically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan is holding physically just
+because they're putting it in that daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're putting it in that daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're putting it in that daily
+ATM machine it might be included I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATM machine it might be included I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATM machine it might be included I like
+the X number of dollars in everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X number of dollars in everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X number of dollars in everyone's
+bank accounts is bank deposits this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank accounts is bank deposits this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank accounts is bank deposits this is
+actually only about half of m1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only about half of m1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only about half of m1 this is
+the 1.6 or 1.7 trillion dollars of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1.6 or 1.7 trillion dollars of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1.6 or 1.7 trillion dollars of it's
+about 1.8 trillion 1.8 trillion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.8 trillion 1.8 trillion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.8 trillion 1.8 trillion in the
+u.s. of which 1.6 trillion or 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. of which 1.6 trillion or 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. of which 1.6 trillion or 1.5
+trillion is hundred-dollar bills there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion is hundred-dollar bills there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion is hundred-dollar bills there's
+only two to three hundred billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two to three hundred billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two to three hundred billion
+dollars of US currency paper currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of US currency paper currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of US currency paper currency
+that is not $100 bills and well over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not $100 bills and well over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not $100 bills and well over
+half of the hundred dollar bills are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the hundred dollar bills are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the hundred dollar bills are
+outside of the US perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the US perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the US perfect
+Reserve statistics I think 57% how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve statistics I think 57% how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve statistics I think 57% how they
+trace that that would be another story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace that that would be another story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace that that would be another story
+for another day but Sweden doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another day but Sweden doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another day but Sweden doesn't have
+a bunch of people holding the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of people holding the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of people holding the equivalent
+of $100 bills or 500 euro notes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $100 bills or 500 euro notes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $100 bills or 500 euro notes as a
+store of value and so you see a decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store of value and so you see a decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store of value and so you see a decline
+of their paper you see the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their paper you see the retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their paper you see the retail
+Merchants aren't taking it people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchants aren't taking it people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchants aren't taking it people aren't
+using it so Sweden feels compelled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it so Sweden feels compelled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it so Sweden feels compelled to
+say I want to do something here Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want to do something here Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want to do something here Tuesday
+we're going to be talking about crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about crypto
+exchanges it's a bit of a set up also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges it's a bit of a set up also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges it's a bit of a set up also
+for Thursday when we've got our outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Thursday when we've got our outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Thursday when we've got our outside
+speaker so I keep chatting about I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker so I keep chatting about I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker so I keep chatting about I think
+talita what Selita had to leave early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talita what Selita had to leave early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talita what Selita had to leave early
+today but I think Tilly is gonna send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I think Tilly is gonna send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I think Tilly is gonna send
+you a message or put up on the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a message or put up on the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a message or put up on the website
+Jeff Sprecher and Kelly sent a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Sprecher and Kelly sent a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Sprecher and Kelly sent a list of
+readings I guess they're used to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I guess they're used to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I guess they're used to like
+being you know denote they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know denote they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know denote they're not
+actually used to doing they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to doing they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to doing they're doing
+this as a favor for me I got to know him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a favor for me I got to know him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a favor for me I got to know him
+very well when I was at the Commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well when I was at the Commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well when I was at the Commodity
+Futures Trading Commission they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Trading Commission they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures Trading Commission they're
+rolling out the both the crypto exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling out the both the crypto exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling out the both the crypto exchange
+and a payment alternative and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a payment alternative and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a payment alternative and so they
+sent a bunch of things that they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent a bunch of things that they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent a bunch of things that they thought
+you might want to read so we put them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to read so we put them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to read so we put them up
+on the website midday to day I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website midday to day I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the website midday to day I know that
+you've got a lot of other things to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a lot of other things to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a lot of other things to do
+and it's getting to that time of year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's getting to that time of year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's getting to that time of year
+where there's fewer and fewer things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's fewer and fewer things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's fewer and fewer things
+you're reading but what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading but what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading but what we're trying to
+do on Thursday is I'm going to open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on Thursday is I'm going to open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on Thursday is I'm going to open up
+with a little fireside chat they want me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little fireside chat they want me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little fireside chat they want me
+to ask them a few questions for 10 or 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask them a few questions for 10 or 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask them a few questions for 10 or 15
+minutes and then we're going to open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then we're going to open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then we're going to open it
+up it's all gonna be your time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's all gonna be your time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's all gonna be your time there
+with us about an hour now we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us about an hour now we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us about an hour now we might
+encourage them to stay till the end but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage them to stay till the end but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage them to stay till the end but
+they're here from 2:30 to 3:30 now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're here from 2:30 to 3:30 now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're here from 2:30 to 3:30 now I
+know we always start at 2:35 but if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we always start at 2:35 but if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we always start at 2:35 but if if
+they're ready to go at to 32 or 33 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready to go at to 32 or 33 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready to go at to 32 or 33 I
+might start with them and start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start with them and start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might start with them and start the
+fireside chat and then it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fireside chat and then it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fireside chat and then it's going to be
+you're asking them questions so to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking them questions so to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking them questions so to the
+extent that you read their the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that you read their the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that you read their the things
+that they sent around better for you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sent around better for you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they sent around better for you I
+will say this in advance because one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say this in advance because one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say this in advance because one or
+two of you have already come saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you have already come saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you have already come saying I
+want to I want to see if I could go work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to see if I could go work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to see if I could go work
+for the company that owns a New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the company that owns a New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the company that owns a New York
+Stock Exchange and Owens backed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange and Owens backed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange and Owens backed and
+everything I will be glad to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I will be glad to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I will be glad to send
+whatever resumes or anything you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever resumes or anything you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever resumes or anything you want to
+Jeff and Kelly I'll act as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff and Kelly I'll act as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff and Kelly I'll act as a
+clearinghouse and send it if that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearinghouse and send it if that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearinghouse and send it if that's your
+call but in advance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call but in advance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call but in advance I
+not going to you know give their private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to you know give their private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to you know give their private
+emails to you and everything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails to you and everything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails to you and everything like that
+but but I think that will be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think that will be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think that will be an
+interesting conversation next week so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting conversation next week so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting conversation next week so
+central bank's play an important role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank's play an important role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank's play an important role in
+the economy we already live in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy we already live in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy we already live in an
+electronic age but they really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic age but they really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic age but they really are
+absolutely at the at the epicenter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely at the at the epicenter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely at the at the epicenter of
+money and how money's been defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and how money's been defined for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and how money's been defined for
+three or four hundred years payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four hundred years payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four hundred years payment
+systems and fiat currencies have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and fiat currencies have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and fiat currencies have had
+challenges I still continue to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges I still continue to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges I still continue to think
+blockchain I told you I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I told you I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I told you I'm not a
+maximalist but blockchain technology can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist but blockchain technology can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist but blockchain technology can
+be a catalyst for change central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a catalyst for change central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a catalyst for change central bank
+digital currencies is evidence of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currencies is evidence of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currencies is evidence of that
+even if it's not based on blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's not based on blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's not based on blockchain
+technology I think it's partly inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I think it's partly inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I think it's partly inspired
+and urged on by by this it doesn't solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and urged on by by this it doesn't solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and urged on by by this it doesn't solve
+what blockchain technology would do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what blockchain technology would do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what blockchain technology would do for
+it but I think that central banks by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I think that central banks by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I think that central banks by and
+large are monitoring they're exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large are monitoring they're exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large are monitoring they're exploring
+payment systems and a handful are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems and a handful are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems and a handful are
+looking at the central bank digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the central bank digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the central bank digital
+currencies I think and this is my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies I think and this is my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies I think and this is my own
+prediction though with 180 countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction though with 180 countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction though with 180 countries
+somebody Sweden might be the one to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody Sweden might be the one to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody Sweden might be the one to do
+it we'll be there to do some central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll be there to do some central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'll be there to do some central
+bank digital currency Venezuela says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank digital currency Venezuela says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank digital currency Venezuela says
+they're doing one backed by oil so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing one backed by oil so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing one backed by oil so it
+might be the other end Iran says they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the other end Iran says they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the other end Iran says they
+want to do one to avert sanctions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do one to avert sanctions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do one to avert sanctions we
+didn't talk about that but sanction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about that but sanction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about that but sanction
+countries are looking at ways to avert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are looking at ways to avert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are looking at ways to avert
+sanctions so there could be company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions so there could be company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions so there could be company
+countries in distress countries looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in distress countries looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in distress countries looking
+to avert sanctions or or you know kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avert sanctions or or you know kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avert sanctions or or you know kind
+of first tier economic countries like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first tier economic countries like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first tier economic countries like
+Sweden that are looking at it so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden that are looking at it so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweden that are looking at it so I will
+see you next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w4y12u5S0HE.txt b/w4y12u5S0HE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f621c577c602e4b5e885cb88dce1d16f04e09500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w4y12u5S0HE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do neurons send chemical signals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do neurons send chemical signals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do neurons send chemical signals to
+neighboring neurons why do you wear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring neurons why do you wear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring neurons why do you wear a
+jacket in the winter why do some animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket in the winter why do some animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket in the winter why do some animals
+have circulatory systems these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have circulatory systems these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have circulatory systems these questions
+depend on random walks and diffusion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on random walks and diffusion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on random walks and diffusion in
+this video using a very simple model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video using a very simple model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video using a very simple model you
+will learn the fundamental difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn the fundamental difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn the fundamental difference
+between a regular and a random walk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a regular and a random walk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a regular and a random walk and
+be able to predict the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to predict the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to predict the consequences of
+that difference for biophysical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference for biophysical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference for biophysical systems
+this video is part of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is part of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is part of the probability
+and statistics video series many events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistics video series many events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistics video series many events
+and phenomena are probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phenomena are probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phenomena are probabilistic
+engineers designers and architects often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers designers and architects often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers designers and architects often
+use probability distributions to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use probability distributions to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use probability distributions to predict
+system behavior hi my name is Sanjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system behavior hi my name is Sanjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system behavior hi my name is Sanjoy
+Mahajan and I'm a professor of applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mahajan and I'm a professor of applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mahajan and I'm a professor of applied
+science and engineering at Olin College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering at Olin College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering at Olin College
+before watching this video you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before watching this video you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before watching this video you should be
+familiar with moments of distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with moments of distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with moments of distributions
+and with concentration gradients after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with concentration gradients after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with concentration gradients after
+watching this video you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video you will be able to
+describe the difference between regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the difference between regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the difference between regular
+and random walks and explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and random walks and explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and random walks and explain the
+structure of ficks law for flux between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of ficks law for flux between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of ficks law for flux between
+neurons molecules travel by diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons molecules travel by diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons molecules travel by diffusion
+they wander a bit collide change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wander a bit collide change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wander a bit collide change
+directions wander back collide again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions wander back collide again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions wander back collide again and
+Hegel and jiggle their way across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hegel and jiggle their way across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hegel and jiggle their way across the
+neural gap the synaptic cleft here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural gap the synaptic cleft here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural gap the synaptic cleft here's a
+diagram of it this is the inside of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of it this is the inside of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of it this is the inside of one
+neuron here is the inside of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron here is the inside of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron here is the inside of the other
+neuron and here is the synaptic cleft in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and here is the synaptic cleft in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and here is the synaptic cleft in
+which there are molecules wandering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are molecules wandering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are molecules wandering
+across from the left neuron to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from the left neuron to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across from the left neuron to the right
+where they are received and picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are received and picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are received and picked up
+and used to generate a signal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used to generate a signal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used to generate a signal in the
+second neuron an extremely simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second neuron an extremely simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second neuron an extremely simple model
+of this process which has the merit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process which has the merit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process which has the merit of
+containing all the essential physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing all the essential physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing all the essential physics is
+a molecule making a random walk on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule making a random walk on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule making a random walk on a
+one-dimensional number line to further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional number line to further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional number line to further
+simplify our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify our life
+this model molecule moves only at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model molecule moves only at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model molecule moves only at every
+clock tick and sits peacefully waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock tick and sits peacefully waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock tick and sits peacefully waiting
+for the clock tick at each clock tick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the clock tick at each clock tick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the clock tick at each clock tick it
+moves left to right by one unit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves left to right by one unit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves left to right by one unit with
+equal probability 50% of moving in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability 50% of moving in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability 50% of moving in each
+direction our molecule here after a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction our molecule here after a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction our molecule here after a few
+ticks has reached x equals 4 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks has reached x equals 4 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks has reached x equals 4 so the
+probability of finding it at x equals 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding it at x equals 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding it at x equals 4
+is 1 what will happen to it in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 what will happen to it in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 what will happen to it in the next
+time ticks after the next tick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ticks after the next tick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ticks after the next tick the
+molecule is equally likely to be at 3 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is equally likely to be at 3 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is equally likely to be at 3 or
+5 that changes the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 that changes the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 that changes the probability
+distribution to the following thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to the following thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to the following thus
+although we don't know exactly where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we don't know exactly where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we don't know exactly where it
+will be we know that the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be we know that the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be we know that the expected value
+of x is still 4 pause the video here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is still 4 pause the video here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is still 4 pause the video here and
+find the expected value after one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the expected value after one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the expected value after one more
+tick that is two ticks after was known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick that is two ticks after was known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick that is two ticks after was known
+to be at 4 you should have found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at 4 you should have found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at 4 you should have found that
+the expected value is still 4 here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value is still 4 here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value is still 4 here is
+the probability distribution it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution it has a
+1/4 chance to be a 2 a 1/2 chance to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 chance to be a 2 a 1/2 chance to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 chance to be a 2 a 1/2 chance to be
+a 4 and a 1/4 chance to be at 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4 and a 1/4 chance to be at 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4 and a 1/4 chance to be at 6
+thus the expected value of x is 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the expected value of x is 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the expected value of x is 1/4
+times 2 plus 1/2 times 4 plus 1/4 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 plus 1/2 times 4 plus 1/4 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 plus 1/2 times 4 plus 1/4 times
+6 which equals 4 in short the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 which equals 4 in short the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 which equals 4 in short the expected
+value never changes alone it is thus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value never changes alone it is thus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value never changes alone it is thus not
+a good way of characterizing how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way of characterizing how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way of characterizing how the
+molecule wanders we also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule wanders we also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule wanders we also need to
+characterize the spread in its position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the spread in its position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize the spread in its position
+thus we use a higher moment the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus we use a higher moment the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus we use a higher moment the second
+moment the expected value of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the expected value of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the expected value of x squared
+and first when the molecule was at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first when the molecule was at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first when the molecule was at x
+equals 4 right here and it was for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 4 right here and it was for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 4 right here and it was for sure
+there then the expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then the expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then the expected value of x
+squared was just 4 squared or 16 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared was just 4 squared or 16 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared was just 4 squared or 16 what
+about after one clock tick pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after one clock tick pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after one clock tick pause the
+video here and work out the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video here and work out the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video here and work out the expected
+value of x squared after one tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should have found that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have found that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have found that the expected
+value of x squared is now 17 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x squared is now 17 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x squared is now 17 the
+molecule is equally likely to be here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is equally likely to be here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is equally likely to be here or
+here what happens after one more tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what happens after one more tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what happens after one more tick
+after one more tick the molecule has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one more tick the molecule has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after one more tick the molecule has a
+1/4 chance of being up to a 1/2 chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 chance of being up to a 1/2 chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 chance of being up to a 1/2 chance
+of being at 4 and a 1/4 chance being at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being at 4 and a 1/4 chance being at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being at 4 and a 1/4 chance being at
+6 we find that the expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 we find that the expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 we find that the expected value of x
+squared equals 18 hmm seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equals 18 hmm seems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equals 18 hmm seems like the
+expected value increases by one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value increases by one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value increases by one with
+every clock tick that's true in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every clock tick that's true in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every clock tick that's true in general
+no matter how many ticks you wait or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how many ticks you wait or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how many ticks you wait or
+where the molecule started thus for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the molecule started thus for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the molecule started thus for a
+molecule starting at the origin at 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule starting at the origin at 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule starting at the origin at 0 the
+expected value of x squared is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x squared is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of x squared is just the
+number of clock ticks this equality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of clock ticks this equality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of clock ticks this equality is
+fascinating because it contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating because it contains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating because it contains the
+difference between this kind of walk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this kind of walk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this kind of walk a
+random walk and a regular walk if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk and a regular walk if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk and a regular walk if the
+molecule did a regular walk moving one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule did a regular walk moving one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule did a regular walk moving one
+step every clock take without switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step every clock take without switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step every clock take without switching
+directions then the number of clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions then the number of clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions then the number of clock
+ticks would be the expected value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks would be the expected value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks would be the expected value of x
+not x squared the random walk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not x squared the random walk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not x squared the random walk is
+fundamentally different and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different and that
+fundamental difference will explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference will explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference will explain
+among a vast number of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among a vast number of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among a vast number of physical
+phenomena why you wear a jacket in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena why you wear a jacket in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena why you wear a jacket in the
+winter and why some animals have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter and why some animals have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter and why some animals have
+circulatory systems now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory systems now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory systems now instead of
+speaking of counting clock ticks let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of counting clock ticks let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of counting clock ticks let's
+measure actual time instead of counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure actual time instead of counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure actual time instead of counting
+units left or right let's measure actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units left or right let's measure actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units left or right let's measure actual
+distance if each clock tick takes time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance if each clock tick takes time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance if each clock tick takes time
+tau and each distance unit is lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau and each distance unit is lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau and each distance unit is lambda
+instead of 1 as before then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1 as before then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1 as before then these
+relationships here change slightly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships here change slightly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships here change slightly to
+include the dimensions and units for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the dimensions and units for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the dimensions and units for the
+regular walk X is lambda times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular walk X is lambda times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular walk X is lambda times the
+number of ticks the number of clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ticks the number of clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ticks the number of clock
+ticks is T over tau so the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks is T over tau so the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticks is T over tau so the expected
+value of x squared is lambda squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x squared is lambda squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x squared is lambda squared
+times T over tau and here we have lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T over tau and here we have lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T over tau and here we have lambda
+times T over tau for the regular walk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T over tau for the regular walk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T over tau for the regular walk in
+the regular walk we can rewrite that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular walk we can rewrite that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular walk we can rewrite that as
+lambda over tau times T that lambda over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over tau times T that lambda over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over tau times T that lambda over
+tau here has a special name the speed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau here has a special name the speed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau here has a special name the speed in
+a random walk the constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random walk the constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random walk the constant of
+proportionality is lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality is lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality is lambda
+squared over tau this constant lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over tau this constant lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over tau this constant lambda
+squared over tau which has dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over tau which has dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over tau which has dimensions of
+length squared per time is the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared per time is the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared per time is the diffusion
+constant D let's see how fast a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant D let's see how fast a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant D let's see how fast a random
+walk goes in comparison with a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk goes in comparison with a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk goes in comparison with a regular
+walk suppose that the molecule has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk suppose that the molecule has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk suppose that the molecule has to
+cross the narrow gap between two neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the narrow gap between two neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the narrow gap between two neurons
+a synaptic cleft which has width L if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synaptic cleft which has width L if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synaptic cleft which has width L if we
+wait long enough until the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait long enough until the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait long enough until the expected
+value of x squared is roughly L squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x squared is roughly L squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x squared is roughly L squared
+the molecule is likely to have cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is likely to have cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule is likely to have cross the
+gap how long do we wait on average until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap how long do we wait on average until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap how long do we wait on average until
+T here is about l squared over D thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T here is about l squared over D thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T here is about l squared over D thus
+the speed of the random walk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the random walk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the random walk is
+something like the distance divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the distance divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the distance divided by
+this time T and that time T is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time T and that time T is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time T and that time T is a
+distance square divided by the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance square divided by the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance square divided by the diffusion
+constant so this speed is a diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this speed is a diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this speed is a diffusion
+constant divided by distance again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by distance again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by distance again we
+see the fundamental difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the fundamental difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the fundamental difference between a
+regular and a random walk a regular walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and a random walk a regular walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and a random walk a regular walk
+has a constant speed here of lambda over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a constant speed here of lambda over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a constant speed here of lambda over
+tau as long as lambda and tau don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau as long as lambda and tau don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau as long as lambda and tau don't
+change in contrast in a random walk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in contrast in a random walk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in contrast in a random walk the
+speed is inversely proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is inversely proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is inversely proportional to the
+gap L this result explains the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap L this result explains the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap L this result explains the structure
+of ficks law for the flux of stuff flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ficks law for the flux of stuff flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ficks law for the flux of stuff flux
+is particles per area per time flux says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is particles per area per time flux says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is particles per area per time flux says
+ficks law equals the diffusion constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ficks law equals the diffusion constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ficks law equals the diffusion constant
+times the concentration gradient DN DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration gradient DN DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration gradient DN DX
+where n is the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is the concentration
+how are the flux and diffusion velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are the flux and diffusion velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are the flux and diffusion velocity
+connected well flux is also equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected well flux is also equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected well flux is also equal to the
+concentration n times the speed and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration n times the speed and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration n times the speed and here
+the speed is d over l but where did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed is d over l but where did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed is d over l but where did the
+DX here in the DN here come from what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX here in the DN here come from what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX here in the DN here come from what do
+those have to do with N and L imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to do with N and L imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have to do with N and L imagine
+two regions one with concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two regions one with concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two regions one with concentration and
+one and another with concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and another with concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and another with concentration and
+two separated by a distance Delta X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separated by a distance Delta X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two separated by a distance Delta X so
+this is the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the concentration of
+neurotransmitter here at one end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter here at one end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter here at one end and
+concentration of neurotransmitter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of neurotransmitter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of neurotransmitter here
+at the other end of say a gap we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end of say a gap we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end of say a gap we could
+use the same model for oxygen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same model for oxygen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same model for oxygen in a
+circulatory system then the flux in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system then the flux in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system then the flux in one
+direction is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is this
+and in the reverse direction is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the reverse direction is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the reverse direction is this the
+net flux is n 2 minus N 1 times D over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net flux is n 2 minus N 1 times D over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net flux is n 2 minus N 1 times D over
+Delta X so we've explained the D and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so we've explained the D and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so we've explained the D and the
+Delta X in ficks law over here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X in ficks law over here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X in ficks law over here what
+about the DN well n 2 minus N 1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the DN well n 2 minus N 1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the DN well n 2 minus N 1 is the
+difference in n or just d n so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in n or just d n so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in n or just d n so this
+piece here is DN this is DX and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here is DN this is DX and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece here is DN this is DX and this is
+D with us arrive at ficks law based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D with us arrive at ficks law based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D with us arrive at ficks law based on
+the realization that flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realization that flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realization that flux is
+concentration times speed and the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times speed and the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times speed and the speed
+here and a random walk is the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a random walk is the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a random walk is the diffusion
+constant divided by L and that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by L and that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant divided by L and that's why you
+wear a coat rather than a thin shirt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear a coat rather than a thin shirt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear a coat rather than a thin shirt in
+the winter the thin shirt has a DX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter the thin shirt has a DX of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winter the thin shirt has a DX of
+maybe 2 millimeters but the winter coat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 2 millimeters but the winter coat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 2 millimeters but the winter coat
+maybe 2 centimeters thick that reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 2 centimeters thick that reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 2 centimeters thick that reduces
+the heat flux by a factor of 10 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat flux by a factor of 10 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat flux by a factor of 10 through
+your coat compared to the shirt and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coat compared to the shirt and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coat compared to the shirt and you
+can stay warm just using the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stay warm just using the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stay warm just using the heat
+produced by your basal metabolism about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by your basal metabolism about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by your basal metabolism about
+100 watts for our final calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 watts for our final calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 watts for our final calculations
+let's return to the neurotransmitter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's return to the neurotransmitter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's return to the neurotransmitter and
+then discuss circulatory systems how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then discuss circulatory systems how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then discuss circulatory systems how
+long would it take a neurotransmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long would it take a neurotransmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long would it take a neurotransmitter
+molecule to diffuse across a 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to diffuse across a 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to diffuse across a 20
+nanometer synaptic cleft the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer synaptic cleft the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer synaptic cleft the diffusion
+constant for a typical neurotransmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for a typical neurotransmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for a typical neurotransmitter
+molecule wandering in water which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule wandering in water which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule wandering in water which is
+mostly what's in between neurons it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly what's in between neurons it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly what's in between neurons it's
+about 10 to the minus 10 meter squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 to the minus 10 meter squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 to the minus 10 meter squared
+per second pause the video here and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second pause the video here and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second pause the video here and make
+your estimate of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should have found that the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have found that the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have found that the time is
+about four microseconds is that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four microseconds is that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four microseconds is that time
+short or long it's short because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short or long it's short because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short or long it's short because it's
+much smaller than say the rise time of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than say the rise time of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than say the rise time of a
+nerve signal or the timing accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve signal or the timing accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve signal or the timing accuracy of
+nerve signals over the short distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve signals over the short distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve signals over the short distance of
+the synaptic cleft diffusion is a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synaptic cleft diffusion is a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synaptic cleft diffusion is a fast
+and efficient way to transport molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficient way to transport molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficient way to transport molecules
+how does this analysis apply to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this analysis apply to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this analysis apply to a
+circulatory system imagine a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system imagine a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system imagine a big
+organism say you were me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism say you were me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism say you were me
+but without a circulatory system how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without a circulatory system how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but without a circulatory system how
+long would oxidize from the lung to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long would oxidize from the lung to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long would oxidize from the lung to a
+leg muscle say one meter away that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg muscle say one meter away that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg muscle say one meter away that's
+where the oxygen is needed to burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the oxygen is needed to burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the oxygen is needed to burn
+glucose and produce energy oxygen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and produce energy oxygen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and produce energy oxygen a
+small molecule has a slightly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule has a slightly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule has a slightly higher
+diffusion constant than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant than a
+neurotransmitter molecule does D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter molecule does D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter molecule does D is
+roughly 10 to the minus 9 meter squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 to the minus 9 meter squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 to the minus 9 meter squared
+per second pause the video and make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second pause the video and make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second pause the video and make your
+estimate of the diffusion time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the diffusion time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the diffusion time you
+should have found that the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have found that the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have found that the diffusion
+time is roughly ten to the ninth seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is roughly ten to the ninth seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is roughly ten to the ninth seconds
+that's roughly 30 years over long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly 30 years over long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly 30 years over long
+distances diffusion is a lousy method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances diffusion is a lousy method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances diffusion is a lousy method of
+transport that's why we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport that's why we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport that's why we need a
+circulatory system using a dense network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system using a dense network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory system using a dense network
+of capillaries the circulatory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capillaries the circulatory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capillaries the circulatory system
+brings an oxygen-rich blood near every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings an oxygen-rich blood near every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings an oxygen-rich blood near every
+cell and only then when the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and only then when the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and only then when the remaining
+distance is tiny does it let diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is tiny does it let diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is tiny does it let diffusion
+finish the job in this video we saw hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the job in this video we saw hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the job in this video we saw hi
+random walk which is the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk which is the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk which is the process
+underlying diffusion is fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying diffusion is fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying diffusion is fundamentally
+different from a regular walk and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from a regular walk and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from a regular walk and how
+that difference explains the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference explains the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference explains the structure
+of ficks law and allows us to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ficks law and allows us to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ficks law and allows us to estimate
+diffusion times the moral is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion times the moral is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion times the moral is that we
+live and breathe based on the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and breathe based on the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and breathe based on the random
+walk whose physics we can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk whose physics we can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk whose physics we can understand
+with a simple number line and moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple number line and moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a simple number line and moments of
+distributions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wWPh_6ex8qw.txt b/wWPh_6ex8qw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06105fea0bd06268519c1dd5248b4b03507cd24b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wWPh_6ex8qw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we have to discuss harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have to discuss harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have to discuss harmonic
+perturbation so we've done Fermi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so we've done Fermi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so we've done Fermi's
+golden rule for constant transitions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule for constant transitions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule for constant transitions we
+saw transitions from a discrete state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw transitions from a discrete state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw transitions from a discrete state or
+continuum and by integrating over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum and by integrating over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum and by integrating over the
+continuum we found a nice rule Fermi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum we found a nice rule Fermi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum we found a nice rule Fermi's
+golden rule that govern the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule that govern the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule that govern the transition
+rate for this process so the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for this process so the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate for this process so the only thing
+you have to do different now is consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do different now is consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do different now is consider
+the case that the perturbation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that the perturbation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that the perturbation is not
+just a step that gets up and stays there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a step that gets up and stays there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a step that gets up and stays there
+but it has a frequency dependence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has a frequency dependence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has a frequency dependence so
+that will bring a couple of novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will bring a couple of novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will bring a couple of novel
+features but at the end of the day as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but at the end of the day as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but at the end of the day as we
+will see our firm is golden rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see our firm is golden rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see our firm is golden rule is
+gonna look pretty similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look pretty similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look pretty similar to the
+original Fermi's golden rule a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Fermi's golden rule a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Fermi's golden rule a nice
+application of Fermi's golden rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of Fermi's golden rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of Fermi's golden rule is
+the calculation of the ionization rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation of the ionization rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation of the ionization rate
+for hydrogen in which you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hydrogen in which you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hydrogen in which you take a
+hydrogen atom you put it in an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom you put it in an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom you put it in an electric
+field or send a light wave and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or send a light wave and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or send a light wave and then
+suddenly the electron and the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the electron and the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the electron and the hydrogen
+atom from the ground state ionizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom from the ground state ionizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom from the ground state ionizes and
+we can compute already we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute already we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute already we have the
+technology to compute the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to compute the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to compute the ionization
+rate that's a pretty physical quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's a pretty physical quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's a pretty physical quantity
+and that will be an example we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be an example we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be an example we'll
+develop today those rates have the funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop today those rates have the funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop today those rates have the funny
+situation that the calculation can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that the calculation can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that the calculation can be
+somewhat involved and interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat involved and interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat involved and interesting and
+the answer is January by the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is January by the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is January by the time you
+simplify them are pretty simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify them are pretty simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify them are pretty simple and
+pretty nice so it's a good idea you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice so it's a good idea you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice so it's a good idea you have
+to have patience with those conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have patience with those conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have patience with those conditions
+to simplify till the till the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify till the till the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify till the till the end and
+that's pretty instructive so we begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty instructive so we begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty instructive so we begin
+with harmonic perturbations so with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with harmonic perturbations so with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with harmonic perturbations so with we
+did constant perturbations already so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did constant perturbations already so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did constant perturbations already so
+now harmonic perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our situation is that in which H of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our situation is that in which H of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our situation is that in which H of T
+is equal to a non-final tolian plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a non-final tolian plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a non-final tolian plus
+Delta H of T and this time Delta H of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H of T and this time Delta H of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H of T and this time Delta H of T
+is conventionally written as 2 H prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conventionally written as 2 H prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conventionally written as 2 H prime
+cosine Omega T for some T between T 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T for some T between T 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T for some T between T 0
+and 0 and 0 otherwise all of us wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 and 0 otherwise all of us wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 and 0 otherwise all of us wonder
+why the two here wouldn't reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the two here wouldn't reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the two here wouldn't reason for
+it's all convention of course you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all convention of course you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all convention of course you know
+you have your perturbation and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your perturbation and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your perturbation and what you
+call e H prime or what you go to H prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call e H prime or what you go to H prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call e H prime or what you go to H prime
+is your choice but this too has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your choice but this too has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your choice but this too has the
+advantage that when you describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that when you describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that when you describe the
+cosine in terms of Exponential's e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine in terms of Exponential's e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine in terms of Exponential's e to
+the I Omega T plus e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Omega T plus e to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I Omega T plus e to the minus I
+Omega over 2 it cancels this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over 2 it cancels this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over 2 it cancels this one and
+that makes firm is Golden Rule that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes firm is Golden Rule that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes firm is Golden Rule that will
+follow also and will be valid for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow also and will be valid for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow also and will be valid for this
+perturbation take exactly the same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation take exactly the same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation take exactly the same form
+as it did for the case of constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it did for the case of constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it did for the case of constant
+perturbation so it's it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so it's it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so it's it's fairly
+convenient to put that too and we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to put that too and we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to put that too and we'll put
+it in some books don't and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some books don't and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some books don't and then they
+have different looking formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different looking formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different looking formulas for
+Fermi Golden Rule depending to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi Golden Rule depending to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fermi Golden Rule depending to which
+case you're talking about of course when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're talking about of course when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're talking about of course when
+we mean that this is a the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean that this is a the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean that this is a the time
+dependence we are implying that H prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence we are implying that H prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence we are implying that H prime
+is time independent because the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time independent because the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time independent because the time
+dependence is this one that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is this one that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence is this one that's what we're
+interested in considering of course has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in considering of course has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in considering of course has
+been asked some times H prime can depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been asked some times H prime can depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been asked some times H prime can depend
+on all kinds of other thing position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all kinds of other thing position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all kinds of other thing position
+coordinates other quantities but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates other quantities but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates other quantities but we're
+focusing on time here so we'll leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on time here so we'll leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on time here so we'll leave it
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+moreover for reasons of convention just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover for reasons of convention just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover for reasons of convention just
+let's always think of Omega as positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's always think of Omega as positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's always think of Omega as positive
+it wouldn't make a difference if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't make a difference if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't make a difference if it
+would be negative here with the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be negative here with the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be negative here with the cosine
+function but let's just set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but let's just set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but let's just set by
+convention there Omega is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention there Omega is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention there Omega is positive
+finally we're gonna do transitions again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're gonna do transitions again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're gonna do transitions again
+from an initial to a final state so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an initial to a final state so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an initial to a final state so we
+will consider the case when we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider the case when we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider the case when we go from
+an initial state to a final state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial state to a final state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial state to a final state and
+therefore we will say that they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we will say that they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we will say that they will
+work in this language with this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in this language with this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in this language with this constant
+coefficients C ends this coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients C ends this coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients C ends this coefficients
+and multiply the states in side tilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply the states in side tilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply the states in side tilled
+up sigh tilde is equal to C and n of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up sigh tilde is equal to C and n of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up sigh tilde is equal to C and n of T
+sum over N and this C ends at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over N and this C ends at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over N and this C ends at time
+equals zero will be equal to Delta and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero will be equal to Delta and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero will be equal to Delta and I
+which means that they are all 0 except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that they are all 0 except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that they are all 0 except
+when we're talking about CI at 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about CI at 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about CI at 0 is
+equal to 1 because we start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 because we start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 because we start with an
+initial state we had a general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state we had a general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state we had a general formula
+for the transition coefficient and cm-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transition coefficient and cm-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transition coefficient and cm-1
+at time equal T or I'll put T naught is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time equal T or I'll put T naught is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time equal T or I'll put T naught is
+equal the sum over N integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the sum over N integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the sum over N integral from 0 to
+t naught e to the I Omega m and T prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t naught e to the I Omega m and T prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t naught e to the I Omega m and T prime
+delta eij m n of T prime over I h-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta eij m n of T prime over I h-bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta eij m n of T prime over I h-bar
+see em at time equals 0 DT prime this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see em at time equals 0 DT prime this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see em at time equals 0 DT prime this
+was our general formula for transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our general formula for transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our general formula for transition
+coefficients the CM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the CM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the CM
+is the coefficient or the amplitude for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coefficient or the amplitude for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coefficient or the amplitude for
+the state to be found in the M I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state to be found in the M I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state to be found in the M I can
+state at time T 0 to first order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at time T 0 to first order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at time T 0 to first order in
+perturbation theory and it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and it depends on
+where you start it on that's why the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start it on that's why the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start it on that's why the sum
+over m here with the initial States but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m here with the initial States but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m here with the initial States but
+this sum is going to collapse because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum is going to collapse because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum is going to collapse because we
+know we start with a state I so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we start with a state I so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we start with a state I so when we
+substitute CM equal to this the sum only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute CM equal to this the sum only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute CM equal to this the sum only
+works when n is equal to I so we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when n is equal to I so we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works when n is equal to I so we'll put
+for n eyes and of course we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n eyes and of course we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n eyes and of course we're going to
+also take for the final state to be F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take for the final state to be F so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take for the final state to be F so
+the formula now reads C F 1 at T naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula now reads C F 1 at T naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula now reads C F 1 at T naught
+is equal to interval from 0 to T naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to interval from 0 to T naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to interval from 0 to T naught
+e to the I Omega F m was f I T prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I Omega F m was f I T prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I Omega F m was f I T prime and
+now the Delta H the Delta H is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Delta H the Delta H is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Delta H the Delta H is this
+whole quantity so we have to substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole quantity so we have to substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole quantity so we have to substitute
+it so 2 H prime is the only part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so 2 H prime is the only part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so 2 H prime is the only part that
+has matrix elements that close and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has matrix elements that close and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has matrix elements that close and Omega
+T is just a function so is H prime F I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is just a function so is H prime F I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is just a function so is H prime F I
+cosine Omega T Prime and DT Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's the IH bar so I think I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the IH bar so I think I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the IH bar so I think I got
+everything right the sum collapsed MN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right the sum collapsed MN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right the sum collapsed MN is
+been replaced by the right labels mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been replaced by the right labels mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been replaced by the right labels mm
+here this is the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the expectation value
+between m and n and that becomes between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between m and n and that becomes between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between m and n and that becomes between
+F and I and it affects this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and I and it affects this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and I and it affects this whole thing
+but it just ends up affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it just ends up affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it just ends up affecting the
+Hamiltonian H prime here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian H prime here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian H prime here
+so I think we're okay we have everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we're okay we have everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we're okay we have everything
+there and HFI of course doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and HFI of course doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and HFI of course doesn't have
+time dependents so we said H Prime has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependents so we said H Prime has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependents so we said H Prime has
+no time dependence so that thing can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time dependence so that thing can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time dependence so that thing can go
+out of the integral so this will go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the integral so this will go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the integral so this will go out
+and the integral is simple because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integral is simple because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integral is simple because you
+have now h f i prime over r h bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now h f i prime over r h bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now h f i prime over r h bar and
+the two will leave it for the cosine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two will leave it for the cosine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two will leave it for the cosine so
+we get two integrals p naught e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get two integrals p naught e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get two integrals p naught e to the I
+Omega F I plus Omega T Prime from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega F I plus Omega T Prime from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega F I plus Omega T Prime from the
+first exponential in the cosine plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exponential in the cosine plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first exponential in the cosine plus and
+e to the I Omega F Phi I minus Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I Omega F Phi I minus Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I Omega F Phi I minus Omega T
+Prime from the second exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime from the second exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime from the second exponential
+because I'm DT Prime well that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm DT Prime well that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm DT Prime well that's very
+nice this is all doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice this is all doable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice this is all doable
+the hf5 doesn't give us any trouble it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hf5 doesn't give us any trouble it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hf5 doesn't give us any trouble it's
+the constant it's out of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant it's out of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant it's out of the integral
+it's all pretty nice and simple so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all pretty nice and simple so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all pretty nice and simple so we
+can do this two into growth their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this two into growth their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this two into growth their
+integrals of exponential so it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of exponential so it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of exponential so it's just an
+exponential divided by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential divided by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential divided by those
+coefficients so I'll just do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so I'll just do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so I'll just do it and
+evaluate it between T naught and zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it between T naught and zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it between T naught and zero so
+what do we get - i hf i prime over h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get - i hf i prime over h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get - i hf i prime over h bar
+e to the I Omega F I plus Omega T naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I Omega F I plus Omega T naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I Omega F I plus Omega T naught
+minus 1 over Omega F I plus Omega you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over Omega F I plus Omega you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over Omega F I plus Omega you
+can imagine that e to the I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that e to the I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that e to the I Omega T
+integrates to e to the I Omega T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to e to the I Omega T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates to e to the I Omega T over
+Omega so that's why that works and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so that's why that works and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so that's why that works and the
+two limits at e naught are than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two limits at e naught are than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two limits at e naught are than zero
+plus e to the I Omega F fi minus Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the I Omega F fi minus Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the I Omega F fi minus Omega T
+0 minus 1 again over Omega fi minus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 minus 1 again over Omega fi minus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 minus 1 again over Omega fi minus on
+ik great our integral is there it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ik great our integral is there it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ik great our integral is there it's done
+and now it's time to appreciate what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's time to appreciate what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's time to appreciate what it
+tells us because it tells us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us because it tells us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us because it tells us something
+very important this formula so you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important this formula so you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important this formula so you look
+at this and you say well ok this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this and you say well ok this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this and you say well ok this is the
+transition amplitude to a state Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitude to a state Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitude to a state Omega
+I'm sorry state F final state and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry state F final state and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry state F final state and it
+depends on Omega F I and Omega F I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Omega F I and Omega F I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Omega F I and Omega F I is
+just e F minus e I over H bar so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e F minus e I over H bar so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e F minus e I over H bar so if I
+know my final discrete state EF I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my final discrete state EF I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my final discrete state EF I can
+figure out what is the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the transition
+probability now these denominators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability now these denominators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability now these denominators are
+intriguing because maybe if you are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing because maybe if you are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intriguing because maybe if you are just
+the frequency or me let's suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency or me let's suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency or me let's suppose you
+have an initial state and a final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an initial state and a final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an initial state and a final state
+here you may adjust the frequency Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you may adjust the frequency Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you may adjust the frequency Omega
+to match them until and in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match them until and in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match them until and in that case
+maybe make the denominators equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make the denominators equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe make the denominators equal to 0
+and that's exactly what kind of happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what kind of happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what kind of happens
+here so first of all if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so first of all if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so first of all if you look at this
+expression this is sum of two terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this is sum of two terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this is sum of two terms that
+are added together and multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added together and multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added together and multiplied by a
+constant a steam not really goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a steam not really goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a steam not really goes to zero
+completely goes to 0 T not each factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely goes to 0 T not each factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely goes to 0 T not each factor
+actually if you see the Taylor expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you see the Taylor expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you see the Taylor expansion
+of exponential you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exponential you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exponential you
+cancel the one and you then cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the one and you then cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the one and you then cancel the
+linear term with the denominator this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term with the denominator this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term with the denominator this is
+just IT not and this is also IT not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just IT not and this is also IT not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just IT not and this is also IT not so
+they're comparable as time is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're comparable as time is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're comparable as time is really
+going to zero but time going to zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero but time going to zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero but time going to zero is
+never of interest for us for us we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never of interest for us for us we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never of interest for us for us we need
+to be the tempt a little big or ready so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the tempt a little big or ready so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the tempt a little big or ready so
+that our calculations as we did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our calculations as we did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our calculations as we did in the
+concentrations that had lobes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations that had lobes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations that had lobes that
+decreases constants over T naught we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases constants over T naught we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases constants over T naught we
+needed the time to be sufficiently large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed the time to be sufficiently large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed the time to be sufficiently large
+so that the lobes are narrow and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the lobes are narrow and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the lobes are narrow and that we
+could guarantee so T dot going to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could guarantee so T dot going to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could guarantee so T dot going to zero
+is not very interesting we need T not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very interesting we need T not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very interesting we need T not a
+little bigger not too big that the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bigger not too big that the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bigger not too big that the rate
+of a process overwhelms the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a process overwhelms the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a process overwhelms the probability
+but we need a little big so in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need a little big so in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need a little big so in that case
+the numerators are going to be bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerators are going to be bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerators are going to be bounded
+numbers you see you have an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you see you have an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you see you have an exponential
+minus 1 so that varies from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so that varies from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so that varies from the
+magnitude of this thing varies from 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this thing varies from 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this thing varies from 2 to
+0 basically in fact in this numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 basically in fact in this numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 basically in fact in this numerator
+you can see if this is the face is 0 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if this is the face is 0 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if this is the face is 0 for
+some particular value if the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular value if the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular value if the exponential
+has a face is proportional to 2 pi this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a face is proportional to 2 pi this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a face is proportional to 2 pi this
+is 0 and then sometimes this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 and then sometimes this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 and then sometimes this exponential
+is minus 1 so it gets to minus 2 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 so it gets to minus 2 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 1 so it gets to minus 2 so it's
+finite and the same is here so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and the same is here so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and the same is here so these are
+bounded numerators on the other hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded numerators on the other hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded numerators on the other hand you
+may have the possibility these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have the possibility these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have the possibility these things
+become 0 and those are the cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 0 and those are the cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become 0 and those are the cases that
+are of interest to us the cases when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of interest to us the cases when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of interest to us the cases when
+those terms are going to be 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/x18bMLW4eO4.txt b/x18bMLW4eO4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20e6d0ca3bae69ebd218251ef9c17b552a5beac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/x18bMLW4eO4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Well, welcome everybody. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, welcome everybody. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, welcome everybody. I think
+uh most of the people here in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of the people here in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of the people here in this uh
+class, the presentations uh in this hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, the presentations uh in this hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, the presentations uh in this hour
+are teams Kate, Don, and Chris. So, team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are teams Kate, Don, and Chris. So, team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are teams Kate, Don, and Chris. So, team
+Don in particular, if you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don in particular, if you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don in particular, if you want to make
+sure you're queued up and ready to go,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're queued up and ready to go,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're queued up and ready to go,
+that would be great. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be great. Um the
+presentations are uh 9 minutes in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations are uh 9 minutes in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations are uh 9 minutes in in
+length. We will uh have a hard stop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. We will uh have a hard stop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. We will uh have a hard stop at
+at 9 minutes. Um I have some signs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 9 minutes. Um I have some signs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 9 minutes. Um I have some signs that
+uh will show and uh why don't we uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will show and uh why don't we uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will show and uh why don't we uh get
+to it. We have three presentations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. We have three presentations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. We have three presentations in
+this hour. We should introduce the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hour. We should introduce the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hour. We should introduce the uh
+panelists uh quickly um as well. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists uh quickly um as well. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists uh quickly um as well. Um
+Julie, do you want to start and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julie, do you want to start and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julie, do you want to start and then
+maybe Rob as well? You just want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Rob as well? You just want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Rob as well? You just want to give
+a quick introduction that Sure. Hi, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick introduction that Sure. Hi, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick introduction that Sure. Hi, I'm
+Julie Greenberg. Um I work for uh MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julie Greenberg. Um I work for uh MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julie Greenberg. Um I work for uh MIT
+through the Institute of Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Institute of Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Institute of Medical
+Engineering and Science and the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering and Science and the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering and Science and the program
+in health science and technology and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in health science and technology and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in health science and technology and I'm
+excited to give this presentation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to give this presentation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to give this presentation.
+And I'm Rob Miller. I'm professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm Rob Miller. I'm professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm Rob Miller. I'm professor of
+computer science here and I'm one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science here and I'm one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science here and I'm one of the
+Okay. Okay. Tim Kate, take it away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, hello everyone. We are Tim Kate. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, hello everyone. We are Tim Kate. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, hello everyone. We are Tim Kate. Uh,
+my name is Philip Abel and with me here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Philip Abel and with me here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Philip Abel and with me here
+is Rockwell, Jenny, and Droo. Um, today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Rockwell, Jenny, and Droo. Um, today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Rockwell, Jenny, and Droo. Um, today
+we're going to talk about the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the project
+that we worked on all semester. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we worked on all semester. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we worked on all semester. Um,
+particularly on the different prototypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly on the different prototypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly on the different prototypes
+that we created for um different um clay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we created for um different um clay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we created for um different um clay
+implant covers that we created over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant covers that we created over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant covers that we created over the
+course of this semester. um the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of this semester. um the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of this semester. um the design
+process that we went through um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that we went through um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that we went through um the
+different experiments that we ran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experiments that we ran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experiments that we ran and
+the results we got and what we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results we got and what we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results we got and what we learned
+from the process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the process.
+So let's talk about our clients Kate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's talk about our clients Kate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's talk about our clients Kate.
+Kate is works at the Cambridge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kate is works at the Cambridge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kate is works at the Cambridge um
+disability center which mentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability center which mentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability center which mentions
+particularly concerned with ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly concerned with ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly concerned with ensuring
+that homeowners in the Cambridge area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homeowners in the Cambridge area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that homeowners in the Cambridge area
+follow the guidelines that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the guidelines that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the guidelines that uh that
+ensure that people with special needs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that people with special needs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that people with special needs uh
+can access buildings in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can access buildings in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can access buildings in the in the
+Cambridge area specifically. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge area specifically. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge area specifically. So that's
+like that's just an example of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's just an example of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's just an example of one of
+the things she does. In addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things she does. In addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things she does. In addition to
+that, she has a profound hearing loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, she has a profound hearing loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, she has a profound hearing loss
+and wears clear implants. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wears clear implants. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wears clear implants. There are
+two main problems with this that Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main problems with this that Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two main problems with this that Kate
+wants um at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants um at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants um at the beginning of the
+semester. Two main problems that Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Two main problems that Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Two main problems that Kate
+wanted us to address was the issue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted us to address was the issue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted us to address was the issue um
+the issue that her clear implants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue that her clear implants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue that her clear implants
+weren't water resistant and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't water resistant and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't water resistant and then in
+addition to that the implants she wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that the implants she wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that the implants she wasn't
+able to properly distinguish between um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to properly distinguish between um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to properly distinguish between um
+noise from behind her or when someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise from behind her or when someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise from behind her or when someone
+was speaking in front of her whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was speaking in front of her whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was speaking in front of her whenever
+she was in a noisy settings in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was in a noisy settings in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was in a noisy settings in a in a
+noisy settings sorry. So it was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy settings sorry. So it was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy settings sorry. So it was this
+problem that we decided to tackle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we decided to tackle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we decided to tackle and
+for this we came up with a hat context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this we came up with a hat context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this we came up with a hat context
+which was to create cockar implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to create cockar implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to create cockar implant
+attachments that provide water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments that provide water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments that provide water
+resistance and then also enable sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and then also enable sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and then also enable sound
+blocking. So the idea of having water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking. So the idea of having water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking. So the idea of having water
+resistance was to have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance was to have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance was to have something that
+would help Kate to be able to, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help Kate to be able to, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help Kate to be able to, you know,
+go out when, let's say, in seasons when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out when, let's say, in seasons when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out when, let's say, in seasons when
+it rains more often, she would be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rains more often, she would be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rains more often, she would be able
+to go out and have not have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out and have not have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out and have not have to worry
+about whether her implants are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether her implants are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether her implants are going to
+get wet or not. And then in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wet or not. And then in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wet or not. And then in addition to
+that, we decided we also thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we decided we also thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we decided we also thought about
+making covers that would enable her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making covers that would enable her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making covers that would enable her to
+hear more clearly whenever she's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more clearly whenever she's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more clearly whenever she's in a
+noisy setting. in particular she she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy setting. in particular she she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy setting. in particular she she
+would be able to distinguish between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to distinguish between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to distinguish between the
+sound that is coming in front of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that is coming in front of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that is coming in front of her
+from the one behind her. Then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one behind her. Then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one behind her. Then in
+addition to that we didn't really tackle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that we didn't really tackle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that we didn't really tackle
+the problem of attachment but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of attachment but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of attachment but it was
+just one main idea that we we try uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one main idea that we we try uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one main idea that we we try uh we
+tried to integrate into like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to integrate into like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to integrate into like all the
+different covers that we made to ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different covers that we made to ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different covers that we made to ensure
+that you know um whenever she attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know um whenever she attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know um whenever she attached
+it on her ear it wouldn't fall off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on her ear it wouldn't fall off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on her ear it wouldn't fall off.
+So over the course of the semester, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So over the course of the semester, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So over the course of the semester, we
+brainstormed different um prototypes. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstormed different um prototypes. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstormed different um prototypes. Um
+start at first we we began with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at first we we began with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at first we we began with this
+idea of creating one compact um cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of creating one compact um cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of creating one compact um cover
+that would be able to that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be able to that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be able to that would have
+all the functionality she wanted. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the functionality she wanted. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the functionality she wanted. For
+example, a cover that would be water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, a cover that would be water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, a cover that would be water
+resistant in addition to um blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant in addition to um blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant in addition to um blocking
+sound. But when we spoke with Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. But when we spoke with Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. But when we spoke with Kate
+during the iterative design process,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the iterative design process,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the iterative design process,
+Kate told us she would want a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kate told us she would want a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kate told us she would want a more
+modular design. So we decided to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular design. So we decided to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular design. So we decided to go with
+a modular eye project. So Raquel will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modular eye project. So Raquel will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modular eye project. So Raquel will
+take it off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I'm going to talk now about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'm going to talk now about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'm going to talk now about um
+the process of creating our prototype.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of creating our prototype.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of creating our prototype.
+So here you see kind of our version one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here you see kind of our version one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here you see kind of our version one
+of our prototypes. What we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our prototypes. What we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our prototypes. What we used
+originally was just plain instamorph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was just plain instamorph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was just plain instamorph
+which is um plastic pellets that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um plastic pellets that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um plastic pellets that you can
+melt down and form into a solid plastic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt down and form into a solid plastic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt down and form into a solid plastic.
+So if you see in the top left here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you see in the top left here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you see in the top left here,
+those were our just original ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were our just original ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were our just original ideas for
+the rain cover. So something to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rain cover. So something to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rain cover. So something to cover
+the ear piece of the coar implant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear piece of the coar implant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear piece of the coar implant and
+then something to cover the coil piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then something to cover the coil piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then something to cover the coil piece
+which is the flat disc like piece. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the flat disc like piece. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the flat disc like piece. Um
+and then on the right here were our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the right here were our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the right here were our
+ideas for the sound blocking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for the sound blocking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for the sound blocking um
+attachments. So we had this idea to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments. So we had this idea to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments. So we had this idea to just
+slip something onto the implant itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip something onto the implant itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip something onto the implant itself.
+If you look in the picture above, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look in the picture above, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look in the picture above, the
+microphone is actually um located right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone is actually um located right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone is actually um located right
+on the very top of that curve. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the very top of that curve. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the very top of that curve. So that's
+why we're creating these pieces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're creating these pieces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're creating these pieces to
+basically fit right there on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fit right there on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fit right there on the top
+where the microphone is located. Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the microphone is located. Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the microphone is located. Um, we
+also did dabbled a little bit in trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also did dabbled a little bit in trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also did dabbled a little bit in trying
+to create some things out of silicone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create some things out of silicone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create some things out of silicone
+and clear resin and didn't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear resin and didn't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clear resin and didn't have much
+success on that, but it was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success on that, but it was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success on that, but it was part of the
+process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process.
+Um, so these are V2 prototypes. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so these are V2 prototypes. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so these are V2 prototypes. So we
+started to try and think about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to try and think about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to try and think about how we
+can make these more aesthetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make these more aesthetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make these more aesthetically
+pleasing. Uh, we tried to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing. Uh, we tried to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing. Uh, we tried to start
+incorporating color into the Instamorph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating color into the Instamorph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating color into the Instamorph.
+um incorporating a little hood for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um incorporating a little hood for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um incorporating a little hood for the
+cord that comes out of the implant. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord that comes out of the implant. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord that comes out of the implant. Um
+and also incorporating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also incorporating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also incorporating
+a back layer to the the rain cover. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a back layer to the the rain cover. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a back layer to the the rain cover. So
+here you see kind of like a plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see kind of like a plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see kind of like a plastic
+sheet to provide uh water resistance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet to provide uh water resistance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet to provide uh water resistance on
+the back side of the cover as well. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back side of the cover as well. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back side of the cover as well. And
+then here's a version of the the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's a version of the the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's a version of the the next
+version of the sound blocking prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the sound blocking prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the sound blocking prototype
+which we made out of Sugru which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we made out of Sugru which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we made out of Sugru which we
+found we could just make look a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found we could just make look a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found we could just make look a lot
+nicer and smoother than with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer and smoother than with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer and smoother than with the
+Instamorph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um okay. Okay, so then on to our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. Okay, so then on to our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. Okay, so then on to our final
+prototypes, kind of the next round. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes, kind of the next round. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes, kind of the next round. So
+on the left is a a new version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left is a a new version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left is a a new version of the
+sound blocking with Sugru, but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound blocking with Sugru, but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound blocking with Sugru, but with a
+lot less Sugru, so it's a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less Sugru, so it's a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less Sugru, so it's a lot less
+heavier. Um, and then we incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier. Um, and then we incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier. Um, and then we incorporated
+Daisy, which is a material that provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daisy, which is a material that provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daisy, which is a material that provides
+grip. So now, because we were having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip. So now, because we were having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grip. So now, because we were having an
+issue with it falling off the implant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with it falling off the implant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with it falling off the implant.
+Um, the middle part is the coil cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the middle part is the coil cover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the middle part is the coil cover.
+So we did use end up using Instammorph,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we did use end up using Instammorph,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we did use end up using Instammorph,
+uh, black instammorph with a back cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, black instammorph with a back cover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, black instammorph with a back cover.
+I'll just say really quickly. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say really quickly. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say really quickly. Uh and
+then a vinyl cover for the water cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a vinyl cover for the water cover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a vinyl cover for the water cover.
+Uh final prototypes too. So we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh final prototypes too. So we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh final prototypes too. So we are
+moving forward with the ear cover with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward with the ear cover with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward with the ear cover with
+3D printing. So these are our first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D printing. So these are our first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D printing. So these are our first uh
+prints of that and we're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints of that and we're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints of that and we're working with
+Danger Awesome to uh make these look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danger Awesome to uh make these look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danger Awesome to uh make these look a
+little nicer and continue on with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um in order to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um in order to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um in order to determine the
+usefulness of a prototype uh we perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefulness of a prototype uh we perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefulness of a prototype uh we perform
+uh two sets of experiments. So one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two sets of experiments. So one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two sets of experiments. So one is
+the sound block and experiment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound block and experiment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound block and experiment and the
+other was the water resistance test. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was the water resistance test. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was the water resistance test. So
+in the sound blocking experiment uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sound blocking experiment uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sound blocking experiment uh we
+actually divided into two parts. So one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually divided into two parts. So one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually divided into two parts. So one
+was the quantitative estimation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the quantitative estimation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the quantitative estimation where we
+wanted to quantify how well the calcul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to quantify how well the calcul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to quantify how well the calcul
+how well our cover actually block time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well our cover actually block time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well our cover actually block time
+from behind and enhance time from front.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from behind and enhance time from front.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from behind and enhance time from front.
+The other was the qualitative analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other was the qualitative analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other was the qualitative analysis
+in which uh we wanted to value the cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh we wanted to value the cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh we wanted to value the cover
+actually cause increased comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause increased comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cause increased comprehension
+for create or not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for create or not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for create or not.
+And the other test was the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other test was the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the other test was the water
+resistant touch in which the goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant touch in which the goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant touch in which the goal was to
+restrict the amount of water that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the amount of water that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the amount of water that goes
+into the implant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh for the sound blocking experiment, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for the sound blocking experiment, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for the sound blocking experiment, we
+asked kids to sit in the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked kids to sit in the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked kids to sit in the center of the
+pool of tables in one of the quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool of tables in one of the quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool of tables in one of the quiet
+classrooms of the arrow department. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms of the arrow department. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms of the arrow department. We
+place the laptop at various angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the laptop at various angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the laptop at various angles
+across around key and place at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across around key and place at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across around key and place at different
+frequencies and intensity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and intensity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and intensity.
+for each angle and for each frequency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each angle and for each frequency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each angle and for each frequency.
+We wanted to determine the minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We wanted to determine the minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We wanted to determine the minimal
+threshold at which Kate is able to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold at which Kate is able to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold at which Kate is able to hear
+the sound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound.
+Uh this experiment was performed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this experiment was performed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this experiment was performed for
+both with and without the cover.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both with and without the cover.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both with and without the cover.
+On the right, you can see the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the right, you can see the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the right, you can see the comparison
+of the result for both with and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the result for both with and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the result for both with and without
+the cover at a frequency of 1,00 hertz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover at a frequency of 1,00 hertz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover at a frequency of 1,00 hertz.
+As you can see the listening of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As you can see the listening of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As you can see the listening of sound
+were enhanced and in the field of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were enhanced and in the field of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were enhanced and in the field of view
+of Kate and was substantially reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kate and was substantially reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kate and was substantially reduced
+behind Kate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um for the water resistance testing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um for the water resistance testing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um for the water resistance testing we
+did two tests. One was um this water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did two tests. One was um this water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did two tests. One was um this water
+bead test where we put um water on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead test where we put um water on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead test where we put um water on top
+of the cover uh to just to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cover uh to just to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cover uh to just to measure
+whether the cover was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the cover was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the cover was actually
+waterproof or not. And we put um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterproof or not. And we put um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterproof or not. And we put um the
+implant and then a paper towel and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant and then a paper towel and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant and then a paper towel and then
+um the cover on top and let the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cover on top and let the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the cover on top and let the water
+sit for both 10 seconds and then 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit for both 10 seconds and then 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit for both 10 seconds and then 10
+minutes and then s um check to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then s um check to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then s um check to see if
+there was any wetness underneath that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was any wetness underneath that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was any wetness underneath that
+seeped onto the paper towel. Um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeped onto the paper towel. Um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeped onto the paper towel. Um there
+ended up not um being any wetness on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up not um being any wetness on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up not um being any wetness on the
+water bead test and for the water bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bead test and for the water bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bead test and for the water bead
+test and the rain test. Um and the rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and the rain test. Um and the rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and the rain test. Um and the rain
+test was just another one where it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was just another one where it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was just another one where it is a
+little more realistic. We placed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more realistic. We placed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more realistic. We placed the
+implant um on a vertical surface um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant um on a vertical surface um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant um on a vertical surface um with
+the coil cover as well and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil cover as well and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil cover as well and then like
+splashed water on it as if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splashed water on it as if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splashed water on it as if it were
+raining. Um uh and we also found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining. Um uh and we also found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining. Um uh and we also found that
+there was no wetness either.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, um, for the subjective results, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, for the subjective results, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, for the subjective results, this
+is, I guess, another term for Kate's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, I guess, another term for Kate's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, I guess, another term for Kate's
+feedback. And, um, she provided very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback. And, um, she provided very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback. And, um, she provided very
+good feedback from the beginning. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feedback from the beginning. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feedback from the beginning. Um,
+she's really involved with our design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's really involved with our design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's really involved with our design
+process. And these are a couple quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. And these are a couple quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. And these are a couple quotes
+that we pulled, um, from the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we pulled, um, from the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we pulled, um, from the most recent
+feedback she gave us on the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback she gave us on the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback she gave us on the sound
+blocking covers. Um, and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking covers. Um, and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking covers. Um, and we actually
+tested them out at a restaurant, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested them out at a restaurant, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested them out at a restaurant, like
+using them at a restaurant in a noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them at a restaurant in a noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them at a restaurant in a noisy
+environment. Um, just to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Um, just to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Um, just to find a
+realistic setting and found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic setting and found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic setting and found that the
+designs uh, worked well. Another 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh, worked well. Another 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh, worked well. Another 30
+seconds or so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or so.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or so.
+So, it's perfect because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's perfect because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's perfect because this is the
+last slide. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last slide. Um,
+so a few things we learned. Um, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a few things we learned. Um, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a few things we learned. Um, our
+project was kind of this assist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was kind of this assist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was kind of this assist of
+technology that we were augmenting on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we were augmenting on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we were augmenting on to
+Kate's assist of technology, her coar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kate's assist of technology, her coar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kate's assist of technology, her coar
+implants. And that was interesting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants. And that was interesting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants. And that was interesting for
+us to learn that like, of course, assist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to learn that like, of course, assist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to learn that like, of course, assist
+of technology is supposed to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology is supposed to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology is supposed to help
+someone with their disability, but um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with their disability, but um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with their disability, but um,
+it's of course not perfect and we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of course not perfect and we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of course not perfect and we had to
+kind of patch it to make it even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of patch it to make it even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of patch it to make it even better
+and more useful for Kate. Um throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more useful for Kate. Um throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more useful for Kate. Um throughout
+the design process we found we explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design process we found we explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design process we found we explored
+a lot of options and we felt that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of options and we felt that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of options and we felt that we
+could have gone through those processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gone through those processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have gone through those processes
+faster um finding deadends quicker so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster um finding deadends quicker so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster um finding deadends quicker so
+that we could have moved on and created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have moved on and created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have moved on and created
+more prototypes and gone even further in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prototypes and gone even further in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prototypes and gone even further in
+our project. Great. Thanks very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We'll get questions from the panelists.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll get questions from the panelists.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll get questions from the panelists.
+Uh first Rob, Julie, sure I can start.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh first Rob, Julie, sure I can start.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh first Rob, Julie, sure I can start.
+So, how many of these prototypes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how many of these prototypes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how many of these prototypes you
+showed a whole range of things? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed a whole range of things? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed a whole range of things? Um,
+which of those actually made?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those actually made?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those actually made?
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um, this prototype, the 3D printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, this prototype, the 3D printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, this prototype, the 3D printed
+piece, is something we're actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece, is something we're actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece, is something we're actually going
+to go with. And all of them, I guess,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with. And all of them, I guess,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with. And all of them, I guess,
+made it onto Kate's ears. Like, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it onto Kate's ears. Like, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it onto Kate's ears. Like, they
+actually wore them all at some point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wore them all at some point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wore them all at some point.
+But this is the final final one. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is the final final one. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is the final final one. Um, and
+then the coil that you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the coil that you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the coil that you see in the
+middle, this one here is the it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle, this one here is the it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle, this one here is the it's made
+out of Instamorph and we decided not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Instamorph and we decided not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Instamorph and we decided not to
+3D print that um because this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D print that um because this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D print that um because this was
+already a pretty of pretty good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a pretty of pretty good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a pretty of pretty good quality
+or like of quality good enough that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like of quality good enough that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like of quality good enough that we
+wanted to use for our final prototype.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use for our final prototype.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use for our final prototype.
+So, this is also going to be used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is also going to be used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is also going to be used as
+well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Could you go to the slide that shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could you go to the slide that shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could you go to the slide that shows the
+sound testing? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And could you Oh, thank you. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, your results show that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, your results show that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, your results show that it was
+enhanced a little bit for sounds coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced a little bit for sounds coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced a little bit for sounds coming
+from the front and it was mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the front and it was mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the front and it was mostly
+suppression for sounds coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression for sounds coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression for sounds coming from the
+rear. Yes. And that was all tested for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear. Yes. And that was all tested for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear. Yes. And that was all tested for
+1,00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there
+were there were m there were multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were m there were multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there were m there were multiple
+frequencies at which we tested. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at which we tested. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at which we tested. These
+are the results. So the are yeah these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the results. So the are yeah these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the results. So the are yeah these
+are the results that we got from that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the results that we got from that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the results that we got from that.
+Uh sorry I think Duv was the one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh sorry I think Duv was the one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh sorry I think Duv was the one in
+charge of the sound directionality test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of the sound directionality test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of the sound directionality test.
+So um actually um it was tested at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um actually um it was tested at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um actually um it was tested at
+different frequencies like u that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies like u that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies like u that's the
+nominal frequency for creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal frequency for creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal frequency for creating an
+audiogram which is like cast from 250 Hz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiogram which is like cast from 250 Hz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiogram which is like cast from 250 Hz
+and goes up to 8 kohz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes up to 8 kohz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes up to 8 kohz.
+So but the result that we have shown is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So but the result that we have shown is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So but the result that we have shown is
+that for like one frequency which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for like one frequency which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for like one frequency which is
+like 1 kHz but in the final report that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 kHz but in the final report that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 kHz but in the final report that
+we are submitting we will mention about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are submitting we will mention about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are submitting we will mention about
+all the frequencies with all the tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the frequencies with all the tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the frequencies with all the tables
+and data and everything. So that to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data and everything. So that to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data and everything. So that to give
+an idea of how the that performed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how the that performed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how the that performed we
+actually mentioned only one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mentioned only one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mentioned only one kind of
+frequency in the presentation but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the presentation but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the presentation but I
+wanted to understand this but now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to understand this but now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to understand this but now I want
+to ask the so at the beginning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the so at the beginning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the so at the beginning you
+mentioned um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um
+so I I I wanted to see if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I I wanted to see if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I I wanted to see if you could
+clarify both what the goals were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify both what the goals were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify both what the goals were in
+terms of was it about distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of was it about distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of was it about distinguishing
+sounds from that or was it suppressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds from that or was it suppressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds from that or was it suppressing
+some and enhancing others? Um, could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some and enhancing others? Um, could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some and enhancing others? Um, could you
+repeat the question? I'm sorry. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question? I'm sorry. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question? I'm sorry. You
+haven't hearing last. Could you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't hearing last. Could you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't hearing last. Could you repeat
+the question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question?
+Was the goal of the design to help Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Was the goal of the design to help Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Was the goal of the design to help Kate
+distinguish where the sound is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish where the sound is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish where the sound is coming
+from or to help her hear some sounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from or to help her hear some sounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from or to help her hear some sounds and
+not others depending on the director?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not others depending on the director?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not others depending on the director?
+Uh, I would say uh no to both. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I would say uh no to both. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I would say uh no to both. It was
+more about you know blocking sound from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about you know blocking sound from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about you know blocking sound from
+behind and you know enhancing sound from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and you know enhancing sound from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and you know enhancing sound from
+front so that you know it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so that you know it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so that you know it's about
+tunnelizing the 3D space around gate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnelizing the 3D space around gate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnelizing the 3D space around gate so
+that they could block the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could block the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could block the background
+noise and actually enhance the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and actually enhance the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and actually enhance the sound
+that is coming from the concentration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is coming from the concentration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is coming from the concentration in
+the front. Okay. So you were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front. Okay. So you were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front. Okay. So you were using
+direction to define what was desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to define what was desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to define what was desirable
+and what was unable. Exactly. Um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was unable. Exactly. Um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was unable. Exactly. Um I mean
+it was not very well defined but yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not very well defined but yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not very well defined but yeah I
+mean you could see the field of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could see the field of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could see the field of view
+that we have created here from uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have created here from uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have created here from uh from
+the atric standard for the human point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atric standard for the human point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atric standard for the human point
+of view. It's about a 135 degree and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view. It's about a 135 degree and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view. It's about a 135 degree and we
+were able to argue that um in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to argue that um in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to argue that um in the field
+of view that is about 135 degree for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view that is about 135 degree for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view that is about 135 degree for a
+nominal human we were able to enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal human we were able to enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal human we were able to enhance
+and from the behind that is outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the behind that is outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the behind that is outside the
+field of view able to delete the sound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view able to delete the sound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of view able to delete the sound.
+So how did that goal then affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how did that goal then affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how did that goal then affect your
+design? Because the the other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design? Because the the other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design? Because the the other thing that
+um I was hoping you could clarify, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was hoping you could clarify, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was hoping you could clarify, I
+think this is really a question for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is really a question for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is really a question for the
+whole team, is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole team, is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole team, is um
+the fact that at one point you said Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that at one point you said Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that at one point you said Kate
+wanted modular solutions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted modular solutions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted modular solutions,
+but you attempted to design something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you attempted to design something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you attempted to design something
+that would that would provide both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would provide both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would provide both the
+water resistance and the sound blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water resistance and the sound blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water resistance and the sound blocking
+in a single device. So how how did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single device. So how how did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single device. So how how did that
+all fit together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fit together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fit together?
+Yes. Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Sure.
+Um so what you said is right. The our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so what you said is right. The our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so what you said is right. The our
+first thought was let's make one large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought was let's make one large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought was let's make one large
+cover that can provide the rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that can provide the rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that can provide the rain
+protection and also some sound blocking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and also some sound blocking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and also some sound blocking.
+Um but she wanted a more modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but she wanted a more modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but she wanted a more modular
+approach I think to because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I think to because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I think to because it's not
+always raining and you don't always need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always raining and you don't always need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always raining and you don't always need
+this large cover. So, she wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large cover. So, she wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large cover. So, she wanted
+something smaller that she can just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller that she can just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller that she can just put
+on a little bit more discreetly, like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a little bit more discreetly, like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a little bit more discreetly, like if
+she's in a meeting, for example, and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's in a meeting, for example, and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's in a meeting, for example, and and
+she's really more focused on the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's really more focused on the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's really more focused on the sound
+directionality or if she's out with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality or if she's out with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality or if she's out with her
+friends and she's really more focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and she's really more focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and she's really more focused on
+hearing what they're saying in a noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing what they're saying in a noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing what they're saying in a noisy
+environment. Um, so did you design two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Um, so did you design two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. Um, so did you design two
+different I guess I'm still confused.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I guess I'm still confused.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I guess I'm still confused.
+Did you design two different things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did you design two different things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did you design two different things and
+which one of that was the Yeah. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of that was the Yeah. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of that was the Yeah. So, if
+you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we did design two different things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we did design two different things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we did design two different things.
+So, one is a set of rain covers. So, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one is a set of rain covers. So, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one is a set of rain covers. So, a
+cover for the ear processor, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover for the ear processor, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover for the ear processor, which is
+the curved part, and then a cover for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curved part, and then a cover for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curved part, and then a cover for
+the coil that you see on the right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil that you see on the right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil that you see on the right here.
+And then the left picture is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the left picture is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the left picture is the
+separate piece, which is the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate piece, which is the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate piece, which is the sound
+blocking piece.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking piece.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking piece.
+Great. I think in the interest of time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. I think in the interest of time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. I think in the interest of time,
+we have to move on. But, uh, thank you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to move on. But, uh, thank you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to move on. But, uh, thank you,
+team Kate. I think you've done great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team Kate. I think you've done great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team Kate. I think you've done great
+work sort of prototyping through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sort of prototyping through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sort of prototyping through the
+through the through the semester. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the through the semester. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the through the semester. All
+right. Great. We're going to do team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Great. We're going to do team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Great. We're going to do team
+Chris next. All right. Thanks. Get set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris next. All right. Thanks. Get set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris next. All right. Thanks. Get set
+up. That'd be great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm Carolyn and this is Phoebe, Dirk,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Carolyn and this is Phoebe, Dirk,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Carolyn and this is Phoebe, Dirk,
+and Arthy and we are team Chris. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Arthy and we are team Chris. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Arthy and we are team Chris. So,
+some context on our client um his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some context on our client um his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some context on our client um his
+activities that he wants to do and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that he wants to do and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities that he wants to do and his
+assisted technology is that Chris is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted technology is that Chris is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted technology is that Chris is an
+MBA student at Boston College and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA student at Boston College and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA student at Boston College and he has
+a genetic condition called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genetic condition called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genetic condition called
+myioshimopathy. Myoshiopathy is a late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myioshimopathy. Myoshiopathy is a late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myioshimopathy. Myoshiopathy is a late
+onset form of musculardrophe. So, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset form of musculardrophe. So, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onset form of musculardrophe. So, when
+Chris was about 22, he started to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris was about 22, he started to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris was about 22, he started to feel
+some weakness in his muscles, especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weakness in his muscles, especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weakness in his muscles, especially
+in his legs. And now he uses crutches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his legs. And now he uses crutches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his legs. And now he uses crutches
+and a scooter depending upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a scooter depending upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a scooter depending upon the
+distance that he wants to go um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that he wants to go um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that he wants to go um on
+campus and at home. Um so because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and at home. Um so because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and at home. Um so because he
+uses these devices, he needs to know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses these devices, he needs to know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses these devices, he needs to know a
+little bit more about his surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about his surroundings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about his surroundings
+before he leaves. He needs to know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he leaves. He needs to know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he leaves. He needs to know if
+his route is accessible and if his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his route is accessible and if his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his route is accessible and if his
+destination is going to be accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination is going to be accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination is going to be accessible
+for him. And right now he uses a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him. And right now he uses a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him. And right now he uses a few
+different things to help him with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to help him with that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to help him with that.
+He uses Google Maps, he uses Yelp, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He uses Google Maps, he uses Yelp, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He uses Google Maps, he uses Yelp, and
+sometimes he even calls ahead to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes he even calls ahead to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes he even calls ahead to see
+what the features of the building are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the features of the building are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the features of the building are
+before he arrives. But what he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he arrives. But what he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he arrives. But what he really
+needs is something that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs is something that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs is something that's more
+centralized and more comprehensive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized and more comprehensive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized and more comprehensive so
+that he knows exactly what his route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he knows exactly what his route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he knows exactly what his route
+will look like and exactly what features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like and exactly what features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like and exactly what features
+are in the building before he leaves his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the building before he leaves his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the building before he leaves his
+house. So that's what we tried to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. So that's what we tried to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. So that's what we tried to do is
+create the central location for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the central location for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the central location for all of
+that data so that he has one place to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data so that he has one place to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data so that he has one place to go
+and he will know ahead of time if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he will know ahead of time if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he will know ahead of time if he's
+going to be able to use the building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to use the building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to use the building the
+way he wants to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um to do that we made a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um to do that we made a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um to do that we made a website
+called successful maps and it we based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called successful maps and it we based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called successful maps and it we based
+it on Boston College um first to scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on Boston College um first to scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on Boston College um first to scope
+it down a bit. Um our first step was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down a bit. Um our first step was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down a bit. Um our first step was to
+make paper prototypes. So each uh team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make paper prototypes. So each uh team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make paper prototypes. So each uh team
+member made pretty much drawings of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member made pretty much drawings of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member made pretty much drawings of what
+we thought the website should look like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought the website should look like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought the website should look like.
+This consisted of either like text um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This consisted of either like text um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This consisted of either like text um or
+just image based. And we presented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just image based. And we presented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just image based. And we presented this
+to Chris and he picked his favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Chris and he picked his favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Chris and he picked his favorite
+features out of each of them. and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features out of each of them. and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features out of each of them. and we
+used that feedback to create our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that feedback to create our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that feedback to create our second
+paper prototype. Um, and here his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype. Um, and here his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype. Um, and here his
+feedback was that he liked the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback was that he liked the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback was that he liked the map
+interface and he liked how we had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and he liked how we had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and he liked how we had um
+popups for obstacles such as potholes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popups for obstacles such as potholes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popups for obstacles such as potholes um
+as well as a bigger popup on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as a bigger popup on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as a bigger popup on top of each
+building's floor plans and in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building's floor plans and in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building's floor plans and in there
+flags of um obstacles inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags of um obstacles inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags of um obstacles inside the
+building and pictures of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and pictures of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and pictures of different
+rooms. Feedback on this prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms. Feedback on this prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms. Feedback on this prototype
+included um a clearer distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included um a clearer distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included um a clearer distinction
+between the floor plan and the text text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the floor plan and the text text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the floor plan and the text text
+description we had um of each um floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description we had um of each um floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description we had um of each um floor
+uh as well as a summary page for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well as a summary page for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well as a summary page for every
+buildings. That's a general overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings. That's a general overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings. That's a general overview of
+different entrances and exits for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entrances and exits for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entrances and exits for every
+building. Our um next prototype or sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. Our um next prototype or sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. Our um next prototype or sets
+of prototypes are the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prototypes are the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prototypes are the software
+prototypes which um included our backend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes which um included our backend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes which um included our backend
+uh model of the data such as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh model of the data such as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh model of the data such as um
+buildings and flags and floor plans as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and flags and floor plans as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and flags and floor plans as
+well as the uh front end of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the uh front end of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the uh front end of how the
+website would look and feel for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website would look and feel for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website would look and feel for our
+client. Um the feedback for this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client. Um the feedback for this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client. Um the feedback for this was
+that um Chris liked it and he wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Chris liked it and he wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Chris liked it and he wanted to
+see a couple more icons such as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a couple more icons such as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a couple more icons such as an
+elevator icon um as well as timestamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator icon um as well as timestamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator icon um as well as timestamps
+for every flag obstacle um or obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every flag obstacle um or obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every flag obstacle um or obstacle
+flag or um things that pop up so that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag or um things that pop up so that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag or um things that pop up so that he
+can keep track of what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep track of what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep track of what is actually
+recent and um relevant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As far as our success metrics go, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As far as our success metrics go, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As far as our success metrics go, we had
+three main criteria we were looking at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main criteria we were looking at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main criteria we were looking at.
+One of which is the number of clicks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of which is the number of clicks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of which is the number of clicks it
+takes to access the information. Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to access the information. Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to access the information. Second
+of which is how long it actually takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is how long it actually takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is how long it actually takes
+to get the information Chris is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the information Chris is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the information Chris is
+interested in. And finally the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. And finally the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. And finally the amount of
+uncertainty that he is left with after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that he is left with after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that he is left with after
+using the application to get all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the application to get all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the application to get all of the
+information. Uh to address this um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Uh to address this um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Uh to address this um we
+tried to design that all into our app.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to design that all into our app.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to design that all into our app.
+Uh so I can give a quick demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so I can give a quick demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so I can give a quick demonstration
+right now. So we created it. Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, our app ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, our app ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, our app ended up
+Sorry about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry, just a second here and I'll pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, just a second here and I'll pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, just a second here and I'll pull
+it up to show you exactly what we did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to show you exactly what we did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up to show you exactly what we did.
+Um, it is a There we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it is a There we go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it is a There we go.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+Sorry about that. So, we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry about that. So, we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry about that. So, we have two
+different methods in which we went about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods in which we went about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods in which we went about
+um presenting the information that Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um presenting the information that Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um presenting the information that Chris
+is interested in. The first of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interested in. The first of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interested in. The first of which is
+we have various flags um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various flags um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various flags um that
+uh call outs for different information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh call outs for different information.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh call outs for different information.
+So for example, accessible entrances.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, accessible entrances.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, accessible entrances.
+You can click on the flag and it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can click on the flag and it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can click on the flag and it tells
+you that say this is the only accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that say this is the only accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that say this is the only accessible
+door to soaks hall and that specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door to soaks hall and that specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door to soaks hall and that specific
+information about um that location as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about um that location as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about um that location as
+it's overlaid on the Google maps. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overlaid on the Google maps. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overlaid on the Google maps. You
+can see what it actually looks like. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what it actually looks like. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what it actually looks like. Um,
+we also have things like alerts um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have things like alerts um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have things like alerts um at
+various other locations that can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other locations that can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other locations that can call
+attention to other types of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to other types of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to other types of of
+information that might not be um seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might not be um seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might not be um seen in
+in other manners. Finally, on buildings,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other manners. Finally, on buildings,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other manners. Finally, on buildings,
+you can click on the building itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click on the building itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click on the building itself and
+view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the
+information about the building and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the building and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the building and its
+floor plans. So you can click on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plans. So you can click on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor plans. So you can click on an
+individual floor and see the floor plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual floor and see the floor plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual floor and see the floor plan
+and pieces of information about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pieces of information about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pieces of information about that
+floor such as locations of accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor such as locations of accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor such as locations of accessible
+bathrooms or where the elevators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathrooms or where the elevators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathrooms or where the elevators are
+located.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located.
+Now Chris um stated that as far as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now Chris um stated that as far as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now Chris um stated that as far as our
+our metrics go, we succeeded on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our metrics go, we succeeded on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our metrics go, we succeeded on the
+metric of the number of clicks as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric of the number of clicks as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric of the number of clicks as it
+takes less than three to get to our um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes less than three to get to our um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes less than three to get to our um
+the desired information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired information about the
+buildings. And as far as the actual time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings. And as far as the actual time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings. And as far as the actual time
+that it takes to accomplish it, uh Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes to accomplish it, uh Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it takes to accomplish it, uh Chris
+said using previous methods, he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said using previous methods, he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said using previous methods, he would
+take up to 20 minutes to figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up to 20 minutes to figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up to 20 minutes to figure out a
+route from building to building. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route from building to building. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route from building to building. And
+with our app, he believes he can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our app, he believes he can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our app, he believes he can do it
+in 5 to 10 minutes. So a 50 to 75%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5 to 10 minutes. So a 50 to 75%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5 to 10 minutes. So a 50 to 75%
+reduction there, which was we're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction there, which was we're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction there, which was we're pretty
+happy about. And then he found it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about. And then he found it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about. And then he found it very
+easy to utilize and was able to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to utilize and was able to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to utilize and was able to find the
+relevant information very quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant information very quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant information very quickly.
+Um they he gave us a couple more pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they he gave us a couple more pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um they he gave us a couple more pieces
+of feedback which we are um going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of feedback which we are um going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of feedback which we are um going to
+continue to incorporate in such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to incorporate in such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to incorporate in such as
+adding um the labels onto the buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding um the labels onto the buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding um the labels onto the buildings
+uh to say what their names are and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to say what their names are and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to say what their names are and some
+images actually into the flags and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images actually into the flags and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images actually into the flags and the
+alerts to show more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts to show more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alerts to show more specific
+information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, a few of the lessons that we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a few of the lessons that we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a few of the lessons that we learned
+throughout the semester while working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester while working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester while working on
+this project were so specifically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project were so specifically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project were so specifically for
+Chris, we learned that um for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris, we learned that um for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris, we learned that um for his
+specific problem, we learned that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem, we learned that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific problem, we learned that things
+that are labeled as accessible don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are labeled as accessible don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are labeled as accessible don't
+necessarily mean they are accessible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean they are accessible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean they are accessible to
+him. So, in general, what he wanted us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. So, in general, what he wanted us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. So, in general, what he wanted us
+to do for the semester was gather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for the semester was gather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do for the semester was gather the
+specific facts that he can use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific facts that he can use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific facts that he can use and
+figure out for himself if the facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for himself if the facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for himself if the facility
+is accessible for him. um because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accessible for him. um because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accessible for him. um because he
+didn't want to trust other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to trust other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to trust other people's
+opinions because it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions because it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions because it's not necessarily
+true for him specifically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for him specifically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for him specifically.
+And so other lessons we learned um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so other lessons we learned um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so other lessons we learned um which
+were overall assist of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were overall assist of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were overall assist of technology
+specific or just design specific were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific or just design specific were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific or just design specific were
+that you really need to get to know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really need to get to know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really need to get to know your
+client really well. So you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client really well. So you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client really well. So you have to get
+to know their needs, their specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know their needs, their specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know their needs, their specific
+wants. Um and don't go in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants. Um and don't go in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants. Um and don't go in with
+assumptions. So we went in with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions. So we went in with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions. So we went in with a few
+but like they were knocked down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like they were knocked down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like they were knocked down like
+once we just had conversations with him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we just had conversations with him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we just had conversations with him.
+Um, and also in general universal design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and also in general universal design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and also in general universal design
+is really difficult and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really difficult and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really difficult and you have to
+think really hard about it. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think really hard about it. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think really hard about it. So this
+product that we made is specific for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that we made is specific for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that we made is specific for
+Chris, but if we want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris, but if we want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris, but if we want to make it
+accessible to people with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to people with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to people with different
+types of disabilities, there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of disabilities, there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of disabilities, there's a lot of
+more a lot more work that we have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a lot more work that we have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a lot more work that we have to put
+into it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it.
+overall engineering uh lessons that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall engineering uh lessons that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall engineering uh lessons that we
+learned were one to continue use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned were one to continue use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned were one to continue use the
+iterative design process and for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative design process and for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative design process and for our
+team specifically a huge lesson we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team specifically a huge lesson we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team specifically a huge lesson we
+learned was throughout the semester we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned was throughout the semester we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned was throughout the semester we
+separated tasks and we were very modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated tasks and we were very modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated tasks and we were very modular
+with it so we separated front end from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so we separated front end from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so we separated front end from
+backend entirely um but when we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend entirely um but when we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend entirely um but when we wanted
+to put them together a few weeks ago it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them together a few weeks ago it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them together a few weeks ago it
+became really difficult because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became really difficult because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became really difficult because the
+front end people didn't know what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end people didn't know what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end people didn't know what was
+happening in back end backend didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in back end backend didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in back end backend didn't
+know front end and so we learned that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know front end and so we learned that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know front end and so we learned that we
+have to continue throughout the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to continue throughout the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to continue throughout the semester
+to at least like update each other on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least like update each other on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at least like update each other on
+what's going on so that we know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so that we know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so that we know in
+general what's happening in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general what's happening in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general what's happening in the whole
+scope of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of things.
+And so that's what we learned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's what we learned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's what we learned this
+semester and thank you. Any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and thank you. Any questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and thank you. Any questions?
+Thanks very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks very much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks very much.
+We'll go to the panelists.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll go to the panelists.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll go to the panelists.
+Um you said that Chris thought that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you said that Chris thought that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you said that Chris thought that he
+would be able to do like four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to do like four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to do like four times
+better, four times faster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+On that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Yeah. So, so the um the reason that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so the um the reason that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, so the um the reason that I
+said that is that we did models after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that is that we did models after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that is that we did models after
+the Boston College campus um which he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston College campus um which he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston College campus um which he is
+already familiar with. Um so he he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already familiar with. Um so he he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already familiar with. Um so he he did
+actually go through the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through the process of
+looking up the information but I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up the information but I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up the information but I mean so
+I said like he thought that he could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said like he thought that he could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said like he thought that he could do
+it in that time because that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that time because that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in that time because that's what it
+it took him to look it up even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took him to look it up even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took him to look it up even though
+he's already familiar with it. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's already familiar with it. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's already familiar with it. It's not
+really an unfamiliar place. um we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an unfamiliar place. um we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an unfamiliar place. um we chose
+to focus on Boston College because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on Boston College because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on Boston College because that
+was um it was more directly we we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um it was more directly we we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um it was more directly we we had
+the information and we could see exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information and we could see exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information and we could see exactly
+get a better idea of what it was that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better idea of what it was that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a better idea of what it was that he
+wanted because he had sort of seen all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted because he had sort of seen all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted because he had sort of seen all
+of the bad parts and know knew what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bad parts and know knew what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bad parts and know knew what
+information he wished he would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information he wished he would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information he wished he would have
+known at that point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Julie question. Okay. Um I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julie question. Okay. Um I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julie question. Okay. Um I have a
+question just on the uh on the data side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just on the uh on the data side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just on the uh on the data side
+of things. Uh the data that you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. Uh the data that you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. Uh the data that you use to
+populate your map, did you sort of hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populate your map, did you sort of hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populate your map, did you sort of hand
+collect that? And are there certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect that? And are there certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect that? And are there certain
+sources of data that might be useful?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of data that might be useful?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of data that might be useful?
+It's for the rest of campus or for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's for the rest of campus or for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's for the rest of campus or for other
+uh like sort of structured data stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like sort of structured data stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like sort of structured data stored
+uh sets that might be useful for um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sets that might be useful for um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sets that might be useful for um a
+project like yours. So uh right now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project like yours. So uh right now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project like yours. So uh right now we
+put in all of the data that we're using,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all of the data that we're using,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all of the data that we're using,
+but one thing I didn't actually show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing I didn't actually show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing I didn't actually show is
+that users can input new information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that users can input new information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that users can input new information
+into the app. So they're able to add new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the app. So they're able to add new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the app. So they're able to add new
+flags very easily as well as new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags very easily as well as new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags very easily as well as new
+buildings, new floors onto buildings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, new floors onto buildings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, new floors onto buildings and
+update that with information. So right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update that with information. So right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update that with information. So right
+now it is fully dependent upon users to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is fully dependent upon users to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is fully dependent upon users to
+input the information. But any user can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the information. But any user can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the information. But any user can
+put that information into the database.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that information into the database.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that information into the database.
+Other questions from mentors or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other questions from mentors or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other questions from mentors or from
+students in the class? Anyone?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Yeah, I think I think your team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah, I think I think your team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yeah, I think I think your team
+has really uh done some uh interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really uh done some uh interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really uh done some uh interesting
+work on some very good work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on some very good work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on some very good work on this
+campus accessibility question or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus accessibility question or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus accessibility question or this
+environmental accessibility question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental accessibility question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental accessibility question.
+So, uh well done. Great. Thanks a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone, my name is Ian and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, my name is Ian and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone, my name is Ian and this is
+Christina and our third member Jan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christina and our third member Jan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christina and our third member Jan is
+not here today, but our team is team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here today, but our team is team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here today, but our team is team
+Dawn and we created an app called your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawn and we created an app called your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dawn and we created an app called your
+friendly reminder. Your friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly reminder. Your friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly reminder. Your friendly
+reminder is a reminder system that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder is a reminder system that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder is a reminder system that will
+send daily emails to our client Dawn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send daily emails to our client Dawn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send daily emails to our client Dawn and
+allow him to see his list of calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow him to see his list of calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow him to see his list of calendar
+events in the early afternoon where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the early afternoon where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the early afternoon where he
+typically tends to have a cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically tends to have a cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically tends to have a cognitive
+deficit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit.
+So, first we'll go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, first we'll go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, first we'll go through the
+background of our client and then let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of our client and then let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of our client and then let
+you little in a little bit about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you little in a little bit about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you little in a little bit about our
+design process and how we kind of came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process and how we kind of came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process and how we kind of came
+to this design and then we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this design and then we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this design and then we'll go through
+our our final prototype and along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our final prototype and along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our final prototype and along with
+our testing and our reflections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so, a little bit of background about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so, a little bit of background about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so, a little bit of background about
+Don. Um he lives independently and he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don. Um he lives independently and he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don. Um he lives independently and he is
+but he's actually very active and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's actually very active and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's actually very active and uh
+he's an advocate for people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an advocate for people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's an advocate for people with
+disabilities. So he goes out to meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities. So he goes out to meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities. So he goes out to meetings
+all the time to speak at them. And um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time to speak at them. And um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time to speak at them. And um he
+when during his childhood he contracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when during his childhood he contracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when during his childhood he contracted
+polio which affected his left leg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polio which affected his left leg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polio which affected his left leg and
+back in 2002 he had a stroke and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 2002 he had a stroke and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 2002 he had a stroke and this
+limited the use of the left side of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited the use of the left side of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited the use of the left side of his
+body and also um as an as a result he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and also um as an as a result he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and also um as an as a result he
+has cognitive difficulties which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cognitive difficulties which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cognitive difficulties which is what
+we focused on uh for our project during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focused on uh for our project during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focused on uh for our project during
+this semester. So, uh, about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester. So, uh, about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester. So, uh, about his
+cognitive difficulties, um, around 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive difficulties, um, around 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive difficulties, um, around 200
+p.m. every day on a typical day, uh, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. every day on a typical day, uh, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. every day on a typical day, uh, he
+would start to have, uh, trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start to have, uh, trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start to have, uh, trouble
+processing his thoughts. And this is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing his thoughts. And this is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing his thoughts. And this is,
+uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh,
+and it affects how he can communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it affects how he can communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it affects how he can communicate
+with people. So um one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people. So um one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people. So um one of the things
+that we wanted to focus on was to since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted to focus on was to since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted to focus on was to since
+he's a very busy person uh was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a very busy person uh was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a very busy person uh was to
+uh help him remind be reminded of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh help him remind be reminded of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh help him remind be reminded of and
+encouraged to complete like his tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to complete like his tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to complete like his tasks
+that he has scheduled throughout the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has scheduled throughout the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has scheduled throughout the day
+and also to ensure that he acknowledges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to ensure that he acknowledges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to ensure that he acknowledges
+uh the reminders rather than ignoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reminders rather than ignoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reminders rather than ignoring
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, some of the assisted technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, some of the assisted technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, some of the assisted technologies
+that he currently uses, um, he uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he currently uses, um, he uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he currently uses, um, he uses a
+leg brace to make sure that he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg brace to make sure that he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg brace to make sure that he doesn't
+hyper extend his knee. He also uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper extend his knee. He also uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper extend his knee. He also uses a
+cane to help him walk. Um, he has Velcro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cane to help him walk. Um, he has Velcro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cane to help him walk. Um, he has Velcro
+on his shoes, but one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his shoes, but one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his shoes, but one of the most
+important pieces of technology that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important pieces of technology that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important pieces of technology that he
+relies on is his iPhone. And so, uh, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on is his iPhone. And so, uh, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on is his iPhone. And so, uh, he
+pretty much stores everything, uh, on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much stores everything, uh, on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much stores everything, uh, on
+his iPhone, like everything about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his iPhone, like everything about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his iPhone, like everything about his
+day. And he keeps notes on his iPhone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. And he keeps notes on his iPhone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. And he keeps notes on his iPhone.
+And currently uh he has he enters all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And currently uh he has he enters all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And currently uh he has he enters all
+the events uh for his day into his Yahoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events uh for his day into his Yahoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events uh for his day into his Yahoo
+calendar which then is imported into his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar which then is imported into his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar which then is imported into his
+iical and then he accesses his events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iical and then he accesses his events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iical and then he accesses his events
+from there and from then he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and from then he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and from then he gets
+reminders about like when his events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders about like when his events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders about like when his events are
+and what they are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So from this uh we wanted to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So from this uh we wanted to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So from this uh we wanted to create a
+reminder system that would not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder system that would not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder system that would not only
+remind him of his upcoming tasks for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind him of his upcoming tasks for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind him of his upcoming tasks for the
+day but also encourage him to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but also encourage him to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day but also encourage him to stay
+focused uh while he's experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused uh while he's experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused uh while he's experiencing
+cognitive overload.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And uh the goals of our project was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh the goals of our project was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh the goals of our project was to
+make uh the reminders more gentle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh the reminders more gentle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh the reminders more gentle and
+humane so that he would be encouraged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humane so that he would be encouraged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humane so that he would be encouraged to
+actually look at them and reminders that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at them and reminders that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at them and reminders that
+would help him internalize uh the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help him internalize uh the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help him internalize uh the what
+the um upcoming task tasks are rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um upcoming task tasks are rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um upcoming task tasks are rather
+than just de dismissing them as he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just de dismissing them as he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just de dismissing them as he does
+now. And uh we also wanted to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. And uh we also wanted to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. And uh we also wanted to make sure
+that his calendar could be backed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his calendar could be backed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his calendar could be backed up
+because that's something that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's something that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's something that is very
+important to him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to him.
+So for our first uh prototype um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for our first uh prototype um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for our first uh prototype um we
+actually thought of making a app and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought of making a app and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thought of making a app and so
+we had him test out a paper prototype of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had him test out a paper prototype of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had him test out a paper prototype of
+this app where he could enter in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app where he could enter in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app where he could enter in his
+events and um it would create a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and um it would create a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and um it would create a reminder
+for him. And we were thinking about ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him. And we were thinking about ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him. And we were thinking about ways
+to make this more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this more of a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+more of an interaction where it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an interaction where it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an interaction where it would
+rather than stressing him out with like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than stressing him out with like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than stressing him out with like,
+oh, you have all these events for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, you have all these events for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, you have all these events for the
+rest of the day, it would help him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the day, it would help him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the day, it would help him to
+calm down and focus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so, one thing we figured out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, one thing we figured out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, one thing we figured out about
+this design is that we're basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design is that we're basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design is that we're basically just
+creating a new application that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a new application that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a new application that already
+does what iical does. And so we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what iical does. And so we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what iical does. And so we went to
+our second design where we where we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second design where we where we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second design where we where we use
+Google scripts to import his events from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google scripts to import his events from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google scripts to import his events from
+Google calendar and use that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google calendar and use that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google calendar and use that information
+to be able to reformat it and send him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to reformat it and send him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to reformat it and send him
+an email that will show him the his list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email that will show him the his list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email that will show him the his list
+of events. So you can see here in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events. So you can see here in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events. So you can see here in our
+second iteration that we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration that we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration that we were able to
+grab his calendar events, but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab his calendar events, but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab his calendar events, but it's just
+kind of a it's just in a list form. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a it's just in a list form. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a it's just in a list form. So
+he has pad, adapt, reminder, etc. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has pad, adapt, reminder, etc. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has pad, adapt, reminder, etc. And
+these and these events these calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and these events these calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and these events these calendar
+events would be listed in a in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events would be listed in a in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events would be listed in a in a single
+list so that Don could simply look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so that Don could simply look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so that Don could simply look at
+this email in the afternoon and be like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this email in the afternoon and be like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this email in the afternoon and be like,
+"Okay, I have all these events and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, I have all these events and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, I have all these events and this
+is just one more thing that will help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one more thing that will help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one more thing that will help me
+make sure I complete everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I complete everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I complete everything
+successfully and attend all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully and attend all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully and attend all of the
+events that I need to." And so we moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that I need to." And so we moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that I need to." And so we moved
+from this to our third iteration where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to our third iteration where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to our third iteration where
+we were able to focus on what it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to focus on what it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to focus on what it would
+look like in his phone. And so we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in his phone. And so we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in his phone. And so we wanted
+our reminders to be more gentle and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reminders to be more gentle and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reminders to be more gentle and more
+humane rather than a little popup from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humane rather than a little popup from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humane rather than a little popup from I
+from Apple saying or Siri saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Apple saying or Siri saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Apple saying or Siri saying
+reminder you have Xe event snooze or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder you have Xe event snooze or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder you have Xe event snooze or
+okay or dismiss. And so with this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or dismiss. And so with this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or dismiss. And so with this with
+this Google script we were able to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Google script we were able to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Google script we were able to send
+him a cute little email that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a cute little email that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a cute little email that not only
+would that not only had an image of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that not only had an image of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that not only had an image of a
+cute puppy or a kitten or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute puppy or a kitten or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute puppy or a kitten or something like
+that but also had had colors and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but also had had colors and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but also had had colors and it was
+personalized. And we found out later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized. And we found out later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized. And we found out later
+that Don really liked the idea of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Don really liked the idea of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Don really liked the idea of having
+a personalized email just for him. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personalized email just for him. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a personalized email just for him. And
+so this email, we called it your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this email, we called it your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this email, we called it your
+friendly reminder. And we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly reminder. And we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly reminder. And we were able to
+and we were able to use all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were able to use all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were able to use all the
+information that he already has, but be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that he already has, but be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that he already has, but be
+able to use it in a way where he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use it in a way where he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use it in a way where he he
+looks at it and he feels good. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at it and he feels good. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at it and he feels good. And so
+one of the problems that we ran into is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems that we ran into is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems that we ran into is
+that we really wanted a response system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really wanted a response system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really wanted a response system.
+And so we wanted to send him an email.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we wanted to send him an email.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we wanted to send him an email.
+We wanted him to be able to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We wanted him to be able to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We wanted him to be able to look at this
+email, but how are we going to check to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email, but how are we going to check to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email, but how are we going to check to
+see if we could do that there? It was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we could do that there? It was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we could do that there? It was we
+didn't really want to hack into his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really want to hack into his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really want to hack into his
+email and check what time he read it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email and check what time he read it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email and check what time he read it.
+And so the way that we decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the way that we decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the way that we decide to
+implement this was to have a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this was to have a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this was to have a response
+system. So he would he would simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So he would he would simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So he would he would simply
+respond muffins or whatever keyword we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond muffins or whatever keyword we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond muffins or whatever keyword we
+had. And so you can see right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. And so you can see right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. And so you can see right here
+there's a little there's a little text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little there's a little text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little there's a little text
+and it'll be bigger in a second. Um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be bigger in a second. Um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be bigger in a second. Um to
+stop the to stop these reminders, reply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the to stop these reminders, reply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the to stop these reminders, reply
+to this email with the word muffins. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this email with the word muffins. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this email with the word muffins. And
+so he would reply to this email with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he would reply to this email with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he would reply to this email with the
+word muffins and then we would send him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word muffins and then we would send him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word muffins and then we would send him
+another follow-up email saying, "Thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another follow-up email saying, "Thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another follow-up email saying, "Thanks
+for your reply. We got your message."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your reply. We got your message."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your reply. We got your message."
+And so one thing we found is that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so one thing we found is that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so one thing we found is that he
+didn't like the continuous spamming of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like the continuous spamming of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like the continuous spamming of
+the emails, which I'm sure we can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emails, which I'm sure we can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emails, which I'm sure we can all
+relate to. And um so we worked through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to. And um so we worked through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to. And um so we worked through
+that, which I'll tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, which I'll tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, which I'll tell you a little bit
+about in a second. And so our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a second. And so our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a second. And so our final
+prototype removes these constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype removes these constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype removes these constant
+reminders. And so there's just one email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders. And so there's just one email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminders. And so there's just one email
+that we'll send to him within an hour if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll send to him within an hour if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll send to him within an hour if
+he hasn't responded. And then we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hasn't responded. And then we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hasn't responded. And then we want to
+still be able to have this reply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be able to have this reply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be able to have this reply
+mechanism so that he's so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so that he's so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so that he's so that we can
+still make sure that he reads the email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make sure that he reads the email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make sure that he reads the email
+because as annoying as it is to keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as annoying as it is to keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as annoying as it is to keep on
+receiving emails, we want him to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving emails, we want him to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving emails, we want him to look at
+this email and we want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this email and we want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this email and we want it to be
+effective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective.
+So here's an example of what a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's an example of what a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's an example of what a sequence
+would look like. So he'd send him an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like. So he'd send him an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like. So he'd send him an
+email in the early afternoon. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email in the early afternoon. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email in the early afternoon. So, this
+one was sent around 2:26 p.m. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was sent around 2:26 p.m. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was sent around 2:26 p.m. And so,
+you can see his events for today. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see his events for today. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see his events for today. And
+we've changed the keyword to brownie.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've changed the keyword to brownie.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've changed the keyword to brownie.
+And then there's another cute kitty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's another cute kitty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's another cute kitty
+picture. And so, we in our backend, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. And so, we in our backend, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. And so, we in our backend, we
+have a rotation of these. And so, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rotation of these. And so, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rotation of these. And so, you
+can see that Don checks his email quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that Don checks his email quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that Don checks his email quite
+frequently. And he responded within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently. And he responded within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently. And he responded within one
+minute responding the word brownie. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute responding the word brownie. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute responding the word brownie. And
+so, we in response sent him one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we in response sent him one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we in response sent him one last
+email saying, "Got your message. Thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email saying, "Got your message. Thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email saying, "Got your message. Thanks
+for replying and have a great day." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for replying and have a great day." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for replying and have a great day." And
+so, this is what our final prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, this is what our final prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, this is what our final prototype
+looks like. And so when we tested it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like. And so when we tested it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like. And so when we tested it on
+him, like I said, we first tested it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him, like I said, we first tested it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him, like I said, we first tested it
+with trying to find a balance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trying to find a balance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trying to find a balance between
+sending him too many emails but ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending him too many emails but ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending him too many emails but ensuring
+that he checks our email and doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he checks our email and doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he checks our email and doesn't
+dismiss it like his other reminders. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismiss it like his other reminders. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismiss it like his other reminders. And
+so he found them to be kind of annoying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he found them to be kind of annoying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he found them to be kind of annoying.
+He might have even said, quote, I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He might have even said, quote, I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He might have even said, quote, I find
+it harassing. So, we tried to limit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it harassing. So, we tried to limit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it harassing. So, we tried to limit that
+to two emails because we still wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two emails because we still wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two emails because we still wanted to
+see how many what was the threshold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many what was the threshold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many what was the threshold of
+emails we could send before he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails we could send before he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails we could send before he really
+got so annoyed at us that he would chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so annoyed at us that he would chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so annoyed at us that he would chunk
+his phone at at the door. And so, he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his phone at at the door. And so, he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his phone at at the door. And so, he he
+still found them annoying. But then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still found them annoying. But then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still found them annoying. But then we
+tried testing him with zero follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried testing him with zero follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried testing him with zero follow-up
+emails. And we found that he still liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails. And we found that he still liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails. And we found that he still liked
+the idea of having to respond and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of having to respond and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of having to respond and having
+someone aka your friendly reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone aka your friendly reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone aka your friendly reminder
+follow up on him within an hour to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up on him within an hour to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up on him within an hour to make
+sure that he checked. And so in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that he checked. And so in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that he checked. And so in in
+conclusion, we've also learned that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion, we've also learned that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion, we've also learned that it's
+challenging to evaluate a system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to evaluate a system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to evaluate a system like
+this. How do we how do we use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. How do we how do we use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. How do we how do we use our
+success metrics and how do we use data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success metrics and how do we use data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success metrics and how do we use data
+points such as the time we send emails,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points such as the time we send emails,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points such as the time we send emails,
+the time he responds to emails, and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he responds to emails, and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he responds to emails, and how
+do we make sure that this product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we make sure that this product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we make sure that this product is
+effective for him. And so we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective for him. And so we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective for him. And so we found that
+that was really difficult to do. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really difficult to do. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really difficult to do. But I
+think we were able to because one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we were able to because one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we were able to because one of the
+things he said was it's one more step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he said was it's one more step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he said was it's one more step
+that leads me to the end. It might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads me to the end. It might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads me to the end. It might be
+one. It might be one more thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. It might be one more thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. It might be one more thing that
+will ultimately lead me to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ultimately lead me to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ultimately lead me to the end of
+the day where I've completed all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day where I've completed all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day where I've completed all my
+tasks even though I do have it in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks even though I do have it in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks even though I do have it in my
+calendar. I can look at it myself, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar. I can look at it myself, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar. I can look at it myself, but
+one more email helps me. And so, um, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more email helps me. And so, um, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more email helps me. And so, um, a
+little aside, after the 10th time, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aside, after the 10th time, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aside, after the 10th time, the
+puppy gets old. So, we started switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppy gets old. So, we started switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppy gets old. So, we started switching
+the pictures to different, um, kittens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures to different, um, kittens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures to different, um, kittens
+and frogs and little puppies. So, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frogs and little puppies. So, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frogs and little puppies. So, um,
+our final prototype was something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final prototype was something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final prototype was something that
+we believe will really help him and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe will really help him and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe will really help him and that
+we believe will really allow him to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe will really allow him to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe will really allow him to have
+more gentle, humane reminders that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gentle, humane reminders that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gentle, humane reminders that will
+ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately
+help him with his cognit cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him with his cognit cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him with his cognit cognitive
+deficit in the early afternoon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the next steps. We're looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next steps. We're looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next steps. We're looking for a
+workaround and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workaround and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workaround and um
+and we've already talked about this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already talked about this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already talked about this. So
+I will ask for questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will ask for questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will ask for questions.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Questions from the panel? Julie. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions from the panel? Julie. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions from the panel? Julie. So I
+think you're right. It's um it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right. It's um it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're right. It's um it is
+challenging to evaluate a system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to evaluate a system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to evaluate a system like
+this, but if you had a lot more time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but if you had a lot more time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but if you had a lot more time and
+resources, what would a more rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, what would a more rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, what would a more rigorous
+evaluation look like? So currently we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation look like? So currently we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation look like? So currently we we
+have a Google doc in the back end where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Google doc in the back end where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Google doc in the back end where
+all of the data that he all of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the data that he all of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the data that he all of the data
+that we have including what time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have including what time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have including what time the
+emails are sent out, what time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails are sent out, what time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails are sent out, what time he
+responds to them, and what time our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to them, and what time our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to them, and what time our
+system is responding to him. We have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is responding to him. We have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is responding to him. We have a
+few data points, but it's only about 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few data points, but it's only about 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few data points, but it's only about 3
+days worth since we've implemented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days worth since we've implemented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days worth since we've implemented this
+Google Doc. But we've been testing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Doc. But we've been testing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Doc. But we've been testing this
+for probably about a week and a half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for probably about a week and a half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for probably about a week and a half to
+two weeks. And each probably couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks. And each probably couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks. And each probably couple of
+days, we'll get some sort of reminder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days, we'll get some sort of reminder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days, we'll get some sort of reminder.
+we'll get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get um
+we'll get improvements that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get improvements that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get improvements that we will
+implement. Does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement. Does that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement. Does that answer your
+question? For example, the sending him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? For example, the sending him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? For example, the sending him
+two emails, two follow-up emails rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two emails, two follow-up emails rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two emails, two follow-up emails rather
+than four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um do you know if this is having any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um do you know if this is having any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um do you know if this is having any
+effect? I love the way you um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect? I love the way you um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect? I love the way you um you
+expressed one of your goals as getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed one of your goals as getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed one of your goals as getting
+them to internalize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to internalize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to internalize a
+not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um do you have any data whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we do not one of the things we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not one of the things we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not one of the things we really
+wanted to was to find how many times he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to was to find how many times he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to was to find how many times he
+comes back to this email because what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to this email because what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to this email because what we
+would like for him to do is at 5:00 p.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like for him to do is at 5:00 p.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like for him to do is at 5:00 p.m.
+be like, "Oh, what do I have going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, "Oh, what do I have going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, "Oh, what do I have going on
+today? Let me go back to this email that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today? Let me go back to this email that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today? Let me go back to this email that
+your friendly reminder has sent him."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friendly reminder has sent him."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friendly reminder has sent him."
+Um, so no, we do not have that data. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so no, we do not have that data. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so no, we do not have that data. The
+only thing we have is just his personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we have is just his personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we have is just his personal
+um I guess feelings about it, whether he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess feelings about it, whether he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess feelings about it, whether he
+feels like it helps him and which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like it helps him and which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like it helps him and which he
+says that it has. And so we're hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that it has. And so we're hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that it has. And so we're hoping
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+at this point it's enough for us to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point it's enough for us to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point it's enough for us to feel
+like we've done something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've done something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've done something.
+Uh follow question actually also about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh follow question actually also about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh follow question actually also about
+internalization. So this keyword idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalization. So this keyword idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalization. So this keyword idea
+for replying rather than just a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for replying rather than just a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for replying rather than just a way to
+do it on just simple button there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and runs the script and checks it off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and runs the script and checks it off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and runs the script and checks it off.
+Um but the keyword is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the keyword is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the keyword is interesting
+because it seems like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like there's a
+possibility that you can help him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that you can help him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that you can help him
+internalize it by making a keyword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize it by making a keyword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize it by making a keyword
+relevant to what he's supposed to do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what he's supposed to do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to what he's supposed to do,
+you know, um instead of just muffins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, um instead of just muffins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, um instead of just muffins
+unless you actually are supposed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you actually are supposed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you actually are supposed to make
+some muffins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some muffins.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some muffins.
+But if you're supposed to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're supposed to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're supposed to do something
+else with that, did you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else with that, did you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else with that, did you think about
+that? Did you talk about that? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Did you talk about that? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Did you talk about that? The
+keywords are currently just randomized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords are currently just randomized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords are currently just randomized.
+We were thinking of doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were thinking of doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were thinking of doing something
+along the lines of reading through his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of reading through his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of reading through his
+events and then picking out a word from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and then picking out a word from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and then picking out a word from
+that event and then making that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event and then making that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event and then making that the
+keyword. And that's something we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword. And that's something we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword. And that's something we did
+debate the debate, but we never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate the debate, but we never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate the debate, but we never really
+implemented that because we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented that because we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented that because we wanted to
+add the other features. But that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the other features. But that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the other features. But that is
+something that we have thought and is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we have thought and is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we have thought and is a
+good idea and then we could implement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea and then we could implement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea and then we could implement.
+Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any
+other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yes. I'm wondering, have you thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I'm wondering, have you thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I'm wondering, have you thought of
+using this application for persons with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this application for persons with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this application for persons with
+other type of disab such as psychiatric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of disab such as psychiatric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of disab such as psychiatric
+or having?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or having?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or having?
+Well, right now a lot of stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, right now a lot of stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, right now a lot of stuff is
+hardcoded, so we can't really extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcoded, so we can't really extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcoded, so we can't really extend
+this to more than one user. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to more than one user. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to more than one user. And that's
+something that we do want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we do want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we do want to try to
+expand, but apparently I tried to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand, but apparently I tried to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand, but apparently I tried to look
+all over Google and they don't save your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over Google and they don't save your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over Google and they don't save your
+first name for some reason. And so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name for some reason. And so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name for some reason. And so even
+your first name is hardcoded and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first name is hardcoded and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first name is hardcoded and that's
+something that we would need to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we would need to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we would need to step
+away from in order to expand this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from in order to expand this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from in order to expand this to
+other users. But that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other users. But that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other users. But that's something that
+we would really like to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would really like to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would really like to do.
+I think cognitive overload is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think cognitive overload is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think cognitive overload is something
+hard to empathize with sometimes. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to empathize with sometimes. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to empathize with sometimes. What
+were your experiences trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were your experiences trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were your experiences trying to
+empathize with Don during this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathize with Don during this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathize with Don during this entire
+semester?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester?
+So, I think the biggest one that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I think the biggest one that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I think the biggest one that did
+affect us was trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect us was trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect us was trying to get
+conversations steered in a direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations steered in a direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations steered in a direction.
+It's understandable that you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's understandable that you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's understandable that you have a lot
+of stuff going in your mind and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff going in your mind and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff going in your mind and just
+simply keeping a conversation going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply keeping a conversation going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply keeping a conversation going in
+one way did prove to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way did prove to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way did prove to be a little bit
+tougher than we expected. But that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher than we expected. But that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher than we expected. But that is in
+ter in part of the cognitive overload to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter in part of the cognitive overload to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter in part of the cognitive overload to
+have one goal in mind. And it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one goal in mind. And it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one goal in mind. And it it was
+hard to empathize with that with at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to empathize with that with at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to empathize with that with at the
+beginning. But the more we did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. But the more we did uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. But the more we did uh
+interact with Don, we understood that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with Don, we understood that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with Don, we understood that
+this is an issue and it's not his or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an issue and it's not his or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an issue and it's not his or our
+fault and we understood that we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault and we understood that we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault and we understood that we needed
+something to make this better for him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maybe related to that, can you talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe related to that, can you talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe related to that, can you talk a
+little bit about the design process?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the design process?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the design process?
+Does that mean that sometimes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that mean that sometimes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that mean that sometimes you have
+to kind of push or nudge ideas um in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of push or nudge ideas um in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of push or nudge ideas um in a
+certain direction? Um you know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain direction? Um you know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain direction? Um you know how do
+you sort of navigate kind of this user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of navigate kind of this user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of navigate kind of this user
+centered or user uh input in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered or user uh input in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered or user uh input in this
+process? Yeah. So just getting ideas at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process? Yeah. So just getting ideas at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process? Yeah. So just getting ideas at
+the beginning of the project was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the project was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the project was a
+little bit tricky especially if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky especially if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky especially if you guys
+didn't know we actually started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know we actually started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know we actually started off with
+a different project for most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different project for most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different project for most of the
+semester and then we decided to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and then we decided to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and then we decided to switch
+gears and go something more software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears and go something more software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears and go something more software
+oriented and that was definitely a tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented and that was definitely a tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented and that was definitely a tough
+process to go through but once we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to go through but once we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to go through but once we got
+something going it was a lot easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going it was a lot easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something going it was a lot easier to
+streamline the process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh I know that your team has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh I know that your team has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh I know that your team has uh
+you know had quite a ride this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know had quite a ride this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know had quite a ride this semester
+uh and uh but I think uh has come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh but I think uh has come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh but I think uh has come up
+with something uh very promising with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something uh very promising with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something uh very promising with
+some interesting results. So well done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting results. So well done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting results. So well done.
+Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Hi guys. We're team Jeffrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Hi guys. We're team Jeffrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Hi guys. We're team Jeffrey
+and then we're here to present our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're here to present our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're here to present our
+product which is called Touch and Sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which is called Touch and Sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which is called Touch and Sign
+which Jeffrey named. Yeah. So let's give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Jeffrey named. Yeah. So let's give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Jeffrey named. Yeah. So let's give
+a little overview first. Um, so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little overview first. Um, so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little overview first. Um, so our
+client is Jeffrey. He's sitting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client is Jeffrey. He's sitting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client is Jeffrey. He's sitting right
+over there. Um, so his disability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there. Um, so his disability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there. Um, so his disability is
+that he's blind. Um, and generally he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's blind. Um, and generally he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's blind. Um, and generally he
+lives with himself, but sometimes he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives with himself, but sometimes he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives with himself, but sometimes he has
+a seeing aid at his house and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seeing aid at his house and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seeing aid at his house and he
+actually goes out quite frequently. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes out quite frequently. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes out quite frequently. Like
+sometimes he goes out to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes he goes out to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes he goes out to like the
+neighborhoods, but like every week or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods, but like every week or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods, but like every week or so
+he'll sometimes go out to like further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll sometimes go out to like further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll sometimes go out to like further
+places like to watch a movie or like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like to watch a movie or like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like to watch a movie or like to
+catch an opera. Um, and he's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch an opera. Um, and he's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch an opera. Um, and he's also a
+pretty active member of like a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty active member of like a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty active member of like a number of
+community organizations and as such like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community organizations and as such like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community organizations and as such like
+he's in charge of like financial matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in charge of like financial matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in charge of like financial matters
+as well as like other matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as like other matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as like other matters and
+because of this he like often needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this he like often needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this he like often needs to
+sign like legal documents or just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign like legal documents or just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign like legal documents or just like
+other important papers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, the goal of our assisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, the goal of our assisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, the goal of our assisted
+assist of technology for this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist of technology for this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist of technology for this semester
+is to have a way for him to sign these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have a way for him to sign these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have a way for him to sign these
+legal documents that he needs to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal documents that he needs to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal documents that he needs to sign
+without the aid uh or without the help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the aid uh or without the help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the aid uh or without the help
+of his like seeing aid. And so, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his like seeing aid. And so, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his like seeing aid. And so, like
+before, usually he just has his seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, usually he just has his seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, usually he just has his seeing
+aid come over, which and then he'll like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid come over, which and then he'll like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid come over, which and then he'll like
+manually guide Jeffreey's hand to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually guide Jeffreey's hand to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually guide Jeffreey's hand to like
+the place he needs to sign, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place he needs to sign, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place he needs to sign, but
+sometimes he can't always be at his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes he can't always be at his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes he can't always be at his
+house. So, then we wanted to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. So, then we wanted to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. So, then we wanted to come up
+with a way for him to be able to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a way for him to be able to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a way for him to be able to like
+sign his signature on the paper even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign his signature on the paper even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign his signature on the paper even
+when his seeing aid wasn't there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his seeing aid wasn't there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his seeing aid wasn't there. And
+sometimes like for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like for certain
+organizations, they actually need his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations, they actually need his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations, they actually need his
+like actual written signature on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actual written signature on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actual written signature on the
+paper. So then like sometimes like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. So then like sometimes like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. So then like sometimes like we
+thought about maybe just like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about maybe just like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about maybe just like sort of
+somehow like printing it on there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow like printing it on there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow like printing it on there or
+like some other way of electronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some other way of electronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some other way of electronically
+putting it on there, but they need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it on there, but they need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it on there, but they need this
+thing called like a wet signature. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called like a wet signature. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called like a wet signature. So
+then this like was not always a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this like was not always a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this like was not always a possible
+solution. Um so what Jeffrey has already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. Um so what Jeffrey has already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. Um so what Jeffrey has already
+is he has a software called Jaws, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he has a software called Jaws, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he has a software called Jaws, which
+is this really cool software for blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this really cool software for blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this really cool software for blind
+people on like the PC that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on like the PC that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on like the PC that essentially
+reads out what's on the computer. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads out what's on the computer. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads out what's on the computer. and
+it's like pretty intuitive and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like pretty intuitive and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like pretty intuitive and it's like
+very detailed in terms of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very detailed in terms of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very detailed in terms of like the
+things it can describe to you. He also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it can describe to you. He also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it can describe to you. He also
+has a um like an OCR software, an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a um like an OCR software, an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a um like an OCR software, an
+optical character recognition software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical character recognition software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical character recognition software
+or like he has someone that can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like he has someone that can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like he has someone that can do it
+for him in which he can like convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him in which he can like convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him in which he can like convert
+general documents into word documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general documents into word documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general documents into word documents
+that like sort of has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like sort of has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like sort of has the same
+characters in the same places. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in the same places. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in the same places. Um so
+what he needs is like sort of like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he needs is like sort of like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he needs is like sort of like in
+two steps. The first step is he needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps. The first step is he needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps. The first step is he needs
+some way like given a word document to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way like given a word document to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way like given a word document to
+find like where he needs to sign on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like where he needs to sign on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like where he needs to sign on the
+word document. So like if you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word document. So like if you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word document. So like if you're given
+an electronic word document, he needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic word document, he needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic word document, he needs a
+way to like know on this document like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to like know on this document like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to like know on this document like
+where the signature is. And then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the signature is. And then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the signature is. And then after
+he has that, he needs to like from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has that, he needs to like from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has that, he needs to like from that
+information on the physical document, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the physical document, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the physical document, he
+needs to like be able to like locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to like be able to like locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to like be able to like locate
+that on the physical document. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the physical document. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the physical document. So then
+we broken up into two steps and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we broken up into two steps and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we broken up into two steps and then the
+first step is like a software step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is like a software step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is like a software step and
+then the second step is a hardware step,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second step is a hardware step,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second step is a hardware step,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Yeah. So basically here's the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So basically here's the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So basically here's the software
+design. So the first design we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So the first design we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So the first design we have is
+to activate through a macro toolbar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to activate through a macro toolbar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to activate through a macro toolbar in
+the Microsoft Word. So you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Microsoft Word. So you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Microsoft Word. So you can see that
+whenever uh we we find the signature bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever uh we we find the signature bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever uh we we find the signature bar
+when where we first scan the documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when where we first scan the documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when where we first scan the documents
+and then uh we locate so like the jaws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we locate so like the jaws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we locate so like the jaws
+will read like underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will read like underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will read like underscore
+so we know that it's a signature field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that it's a signature field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that it's a signature field.
+So then we trigger the macro we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then we trigger the macro we have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then we trigger the macro we have so
+it will reads out like the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will reads out like the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will reads out like the horizontal
+position and also the vertical position.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and also the vertical position.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and also the vertical position.
+Basically give Jeffree XY coordinates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically give Jeffree XY coordinates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically give Jeffree XY coordinates to
+work on at the mechanical software uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on at the mechanical software uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on at the mechanical software uh
+mechanical solution part. And uh it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical solution part. And uh it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical solution part. And uh it also
+tells him like which page is it is on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells him like which page is it is on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells him like which page is it is on.
+And also so like for the final design we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also so like for the final design we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also so like for the final design we
+basically simplifies this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically simplifies this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically simplifies this thing that
+Jeffree needs to remember and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffree needs to remember and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffree needs to remember and also the
+action that he has to do. So like we act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that he has to do. So like we act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that he has to do. So like we act
+activate the macro through like hot hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the macro through like hot hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the macro through like hot hot
+keys and also we have like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys and also we have like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys and also we have like more
+intuitive wording. So and also uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive wording. So and also uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive wording. So and also uh we
+rounded the decimal places because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded the decimal places because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded the decimal places because it
+doesn't have to be too like too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be too like too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be too like too
+accurate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the hardware design iteration one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the hardware design iteration one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the hardware design iteration one. So
+like the approach we have is that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the approach we have is that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the approach we have is that we do
+like fast prototyping. We have like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fast prototyping. We have like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fast prototyping. We have like me
+multiple iteration. So this is the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple iteration. So this is the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple iteration. So this is the like
+the the very first design we have. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the very first design we have. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the very first design we have. So um
+the feature it has is computer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature it has is computer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature it has is computer like
+completely made by cardboard and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely made by cardboard and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely made by cardboard and also
+floss and also um along the board you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floss and also um along the board you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floss and also um along the board you
+can see that there are dots along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there are dots along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there are dots along the
+edge to indicate the coordinates. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge to indicate the coordinates. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge to indicate the coordinates. So um
+and the XY bar are tied on the floss to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the XY bar are tied on the floss to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the XY bar are tied on the floss to
+slide through. So the feedback we got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide through. So the feedback we got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide through. So the feedback we got is
+that it's not like accurate enough like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not like accurate enough like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not like accurate enough like
+for the rails for Jeffrey to uh read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rails for Jeffrey to uh read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rails for Jeffrey to uh read the
+numbers and also it hard it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and also it hard it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and also it hard it's hard to
+pull the player on because the XY rails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the player on because the XY rails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the player on because the XY rails
+are tied onto the board and also Jeffrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tied onto the board and also Jeffrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tied onto the board and also Jeffrey
+has to count the number of the bump. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to count the number of the bump. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to count the number of the bump. So
+like if he like um be if he's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if he like um be if he's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if he like um be if he's like
+interrupted so he has to count again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted so he has to count again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted so he has to count again so
+which is u not very convenient for him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is u not very convenient for him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is u not very convenient for him.
+And also the second design is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also the second design is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also the second design is that we
+improve it by using a magnetic bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it by using a magnetic bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it by using a magnetic bar
+instead of using the bump that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the bump that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the bump that we
+manually made by the cardboard. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually made by the cardboard. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually made by the cardboard. So it's
+easy to use slides but then the guar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to use slides but then the guar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to use slides but then the guar
+like the guided bar are still too thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the guided bar are still too thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the guided bar are still too thin
+to be accurately lined up so that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be accurately lined up so that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be accurately lined up so that it can
+be like very like horizontal and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like very like horizontal and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like very like horizontal and uh
+vertical and also the movement on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and also the movement on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and also the movement on the
+magnetic stripe is not like smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic stripe is not like smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic stripe is not like smooth
+enough because the cardboard is not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because the cardboard is not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because the cardboard is not even
+like it's not even and also like hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not even and also like hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not even and also like hard to
+tell if the rails were straight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um this is like our third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um this is like our third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um this is like our third
+design. So, we took Jeffreey's advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So, we took Jeffreey's advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So, we took Jeffreey's advice
+and we made the board a lot bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we made the board a lot bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we made the board a lot bigger
+because he wanted to have shoulders so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he wanted to have shoulders so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he wanted to have shoulders so
+that if for example like one of the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if for example like one of the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if for example like one of the rule
+um if he needed to sign like um really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if he needed to sign like um really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if he needed to sign like um really
+close to the edge of the paper, we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the edge of the paper, we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the edge of the paper, we would
+be able to like move the rail to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to like move the rail to that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to like move the rail to that.
+So, um, for the third design, we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, for the third design, we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, for the third design, we wanted
+to do something different and we add we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something different and we add we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something different and we add we
+added the braille ruler onto like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the braille ruler onto like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the braille ruler onto like the
+horizontal guide bar so that um after he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal guide bar so that um after he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal guide bar so that um after he
+finds the vertical position, he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the vertical position, he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the vertical position, he can
+simply like put his move his hand along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply like put his move his hand along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply like put his move his hand along
+the braille ruler on the horizontal bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the braille ruler on the horizontal bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the braille ruler on the horizontal bar
+in order to um figure out like the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to um figure out like the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to um figure out like the um uh
+the X part the horizontal position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X part the horizontal position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X part the horizontal position of
+it. But um the feedback that we got was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But um the feedback that we got was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But um the feedback that we got was
+that the thicker guide bars made it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thicker guide bars made it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the thicker guide bars made it a
+lot more easy to line up because we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more easy to line up because we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more easy to line up because we had
+the braille rulers on the sides. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the braille rulers on the sides. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the braille rulers on the sides. So that
+um if we had like a three if the guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we had like a three if the guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we had like a three if the guide
+bars are like 3 in wide then he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars are like 3 in wide then he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars are like 3 in wide then he could
+like uh line it up against the brail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh line it up against the brail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh line it up against the brail
+ruler and have it very like and have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and have it very like and have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler and have it very like and have it
+be like very straight and that was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like very straight and that was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like very straight and that was like
+pretty accurate. But the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurate. But the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurate. But the problem was
+that like this design demanded too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like this design demanded too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like this design demanded too much
+of the user because if you had to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the user because if you had to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the user because if you had to use
+one hand to like move down the uh bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand to like move down the uh bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand to like move down the uh bar
+and then uh you had to use like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you had to use like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you had to use like the
+other hand to move along the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand to move along the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand to move along the horizontal
+position, it was very hard to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position, it was very hard to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position, it was very hard to keep track
+of like the horizontal position and sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the horizontal position and sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the horizontal position and sign
+at the same time. So, uh, Jeffrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time. So, uh, Jeffrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time. So, uh, Jeffrey
+actually preferred like the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually preferred like the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually preferred like the previous
+design that we had, um, over this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that we had, um, over this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that we had, um, over this one.
+So, um, we don't have a picture here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, we don't have a picture here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, we don't have a picture here,
+but basically what we did for like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically what we did for like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically what we did for like the
+three third iteration prime is we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three third iteration prime is we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three third iteration prime is we took
+stuff from the, uh, third design, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff from the, uh, third design, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff from the, uh, third design, but
+instead of like having just one guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like having just one guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of like having just one guide
+bar with a horizontal ruler attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar with a horizontal ruler attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar with a horizontal ruler attached to
+it, we put the um, horizontal braille
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, we put the um, horizontal braille
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, we put the um, horizontal braille
+ruler onto the uh, onto the board. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler onto the uh, onto the board. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler onto the uh, onto the board. And
+then we uh we added onto it like another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we uh we added onto it like another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we uh we added onto it like another
+guide bar so he would be able to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide bar so he would be able to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide bar so he would be able to like
+move two guide bars and not have to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two guide bars and not have to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move two guide bars and not have to like
+keep track of the position with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the position with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the position with his
+hand. And then we still use the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. And then we still use the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. And then we still use the same uh
+same base as uh before. So the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same base as uh before. So the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same base as uh before. So the feedback
+that we got was that again like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got was that again like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got was that again like the
+thicker guide bars made it a lot more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker guide bars made it a lot more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker guide bars made it a lot more uh
+accurate and then uh it was a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and then uh it was a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and then uh it was a lot more
+easy to use than the previous one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, uh, this is, so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh, this is, so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh, this is, so we actually
+found online at this place called like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found online at this place called like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found online at this place called like
+Maxi a like something that does like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxi a like something that does like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxi a like something that does like the
+same thing that we were trying to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that we were trying to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that we were trying to do.
+So, um, we kind of we bought it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, we kind of we bought it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, we kind of we bought it and we
+tried to test it out. Uh, so it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to test it out. Uh, so it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to test it out. Uh, so it's like a
+commercial product built on a clipboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial product built on a clipboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial product built on a clipboard
+and it has a ruler uh that goes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a ruler uh that goes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a ruler uh that goes down and
+then it has like a uh a thing that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has like a uh a thing that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has like a uh a thing that like
+clicks if you move it across so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks if you move it across so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks if you move it across so you can
+find like the XY positions. But uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like the XY positions. But uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like the XY positions. But uh the
+feedback was that like Jeffree really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback was that like Jeffree really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback was that like Jeffree really
+liked the idea of like holding stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the idea of like holding stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the idea of like holding stuff
+down with the clipboard because it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with the clipboard because it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with the clipboard because it makes
+it really stable. Um, and he likes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really stable. Um, and he likes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really stable. Um, and he likes how
+like I guess like the stability of it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess like the stability of it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess like the stability of it,
+but the problem was that um, it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem was that um, it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem was that um, it was just
+not a very accurate solution because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very accurate solution because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very accurate solution because it
+wobbled around a lot. Um, it could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobbled around a lot. Um, it could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobbled around a lot. Um, it could only
+click and the clicks were hard to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and the clicks were hard to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and the clicks were hard to count
+and, uh, there was no place on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and, uh, there was no place on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and, uh, there was no place on the board
+for a braille ruler, so it was hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a braille ruler, so it was hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a braille ruler, so it was hard to
+find like the position.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like the position.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find like the position.
+So, um, our final prototype, we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, our final prototype, we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, our final prototype, we decided
+to kind of just make a higher fidelity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of just make a higher fidelity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of just make a higher fidelity
+version of, um, the third design that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of, um, the third design that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of, um, the third design that we
+had. And instead of having, um, instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. And instead of having, um, instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. And instead of having, um, instead
+of having tapered edges, we decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having tapered edges, we decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having tapered edges, we decided to
+go with just like non-tapered edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with just like non-tapered edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with just like non-tapered edges
+because that would make it easier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would make it easier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would make it easier uh
+because we didn't really see the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't really see the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't really see the point
+of having tapered edges. And we made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having tapered edges. And we made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having tapered edges. And we made the
+whole board magnetic so that um, it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole board magnetic so that um, it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole board magnetic so that um, it'd be
+easier for the rails to uh, stick on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for the rails to uh, stick on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for the rails to uh, stick on and
+they wouldn't fall off. and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't fall off. and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't fall off. and it's very
+similar to uh the third design. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to uh the third design. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to uh the third design. Okay,
+we're going to watch a video of like him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to watch a video of like him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to watch a video of like him
+using the software.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, all right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's super.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's super.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's super.
+Can you take 30 seconds and wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you take 30 seconds and wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you take 30 seconds and wrap up
+please? Uh, yeah. Okay. Um, so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please? Uh, yeah. Okay. Um, so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please? Uh, yeah. Okay. Um, so this is
+him and this like what the result was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and this like what the result was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and this like what the result was.
+Um, yeah. And then like we measured like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah. And then like we measured like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah. And then like we measured like
+a bunch of I guess wanted to know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of I guess wanted to know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of I guess wanted to know like
+how accurate it was, how fast it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate it was, how fast it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate it was, how fast it took
+him to like use a mechanical prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to like use a mechanical prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to like use a mechanical prototype
+and what he thought of like his overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he thought of like his overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he thought of like his overall
+satisfaction and these are kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction and these are kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction and these are kind of like
+the summary of his results. And then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary of his results. And then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary of his results. And then um
+there are a lot of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of things that we
+learned through this. Yeah. So basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned through this. Yeah. So basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned through this. Yeah. So basically
+the first thing we learned is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we learned is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing we learned is that there
+could be a lot of more like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a lot of more like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a lot of more like a lot of
+challenges that we didn't like predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that we didn't like predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that we didn't like predict
+and also like but fast prototyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also like but fast prototyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also like but fast prototyping
+actually helps so that we can make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helps so that we can make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helps so that we can make more
+iterations and the second is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and the second is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and the second is that the
+details are the most important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are the most important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details are the most important part
+while we are doing the design and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we are doing the design and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we are doing the design and the
+third is that we need to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is that we need to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is that we need to take into
+account the burdens that we have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the burdens that we have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the burdens that we have on the
+our client and also like the manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our client and also like the manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our client and also like the manual
+testing is very like important to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is very like important to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is very like important to find
+the flaws and the bugs and the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flaws and the bugs and the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flaws and the bugs and the fifth
+thing is that like nothing can be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that like nothing can be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that like nothing can be really
+perfect. we have to make like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect. we have to make like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect. we have to make like
+trade-offs. So like we have to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs. So like we have to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs. So like we have to choose
+what we values more. And the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we values more. And the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we values more. And the last thing
+is that like documentation is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like documentation is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like documentation is really
+important. It's easy to fall behind. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It's easy to fall behind. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It's easy to fall behind. So
+we it's really hard to make it up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's really hard to make it up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's really hard to make it up.
+And that's a good ending. Okay. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a good ending. Okay. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a good ending. Okay. Thank
+you very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much.
+Let's start with questions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's start with questions from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's start with questions from the
+panel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel.
+I'm gonna use my question to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna use my question to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna use my question to ask you to
+back up the numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What do you think? What what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think? What what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think? What what do you
+think happened overall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was a commercial product? Yeah. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a commercial product? Yeah. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a commercial product? Yeah. So,
+we like Oh, that was Oh, that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like Oh, that was Oh, that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like Oh, that was Oh, that was the
+max. Yeah. So, we wanted to see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. Yeah. So, we wanted to see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. Yeah. So, we wanted to see like
+what we could take from that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could take from that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could take from that and we
+really like the clip part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the clip part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the clip part that
+stabilized the paper, but in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized the paper, but in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized the paper, but in terms of
+like accuracy, it was like hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like accuracy, it was like hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like accuracy, it was like hard for
+Jeffree to like count the clicks because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffree to like count the clicks because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffree to like count the clicks because
+which is the final support that you did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the final support that you did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the final support that you did.
+So, we have it here. Yeah. Right. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have it here. Yeah. Right. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have it here. Yeah. Right. But
+it's not in this chart. No, it's not. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in this chart. No, it's not. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in this chart. No, it's not. I
+mean, we didn't test it yet. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can you go back to explain the accuracy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you go back to explain the accuracy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you go back to explain the accuracy?
+Like how many times did you test it? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like how many times did you test it? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like how many times did you test it? How
+did you determine how accurate was it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you determine how accurate was it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you determine how accurate was it?
+Like one time like Yeah. So, we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like one time like Yeah. So, we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like one time like Yeah. So, we like
+tested it a few times for each and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it a few times for each and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it a few times for each and then
+we essentially looked at like so like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially looked at like so like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially looked at like so like um
+generally like the accuracy like wobbly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally like the accuracy like wobbly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally like the accuracy like wobbly
+was was like not a problem, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was like not a problem, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was like not a problem, but it's
+essentially like where the signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like where the signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like where the signature
+line started versus like where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line started versus like where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line started versus like where he
+started like signing it and we just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started like signing it and we just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started like signing it and we just like
+took like the average.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What did you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you find
+this project?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I think like personally we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think like personally we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think like personally we found the
+hardware side a bit more challenging. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware side a bit more challenging. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware side a bit more challenging. I
+think we are more like towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we are more like towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we are more like towards the
+software side as like studies. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software side as like studies. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software side as like studies. So it's
+like more out of our results to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more out of our results to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more out of our results to do the
+hardware side and part of it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware side and part of it is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware side and part of it is also
+like iterating on hardware is like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like iterating on hardware is like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like iterating on hardware is like more
+of a time inensive process. I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a time inensive process. I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a time inensive process. I think we
+had a hard time like trying to scope out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a hard time like trying to scope out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a hard time like trying to scope out
+our project like do we want to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project like do we want to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project like do we want to handle
+like documents of all sizes or like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like documents of all sizes or like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like documents of all sizes or like uh
+do we just want to do it for like 8 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we just want to do it for like 8 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we just want to do it for like 8 and
+1 half by 11 pieces of paper. And um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 half by 11 pieces of paper. And um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 half by 11 pieces of paper. And um I
+think we wanted to make the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we wanted to make the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we wanted to make the hardware
+solution like very elegant. So it took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution like very elegant. So it took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution like very elegant. So it took a
+lot of time to like figure out like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time to like figure out like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time to like figure out like how
+to make it so that it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so that it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so that it's easy
+simple enough to understand. Yeah. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough to understand. Yeah. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough to understand. Yeah. And
+also like a lot of challenges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like a lot of challenges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like a lot of challenges that
+Jeffrey has using our product, we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffrey has using our product, we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeffrey has using our product, we cannot
+see while we design. For example, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see while we design. For example, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see while we design. For example, he
+want the entire like surface to be flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the entire like surface to be flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the entire like surface to be flat
+and also he wants like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also he wants like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also he wants like to be able to
+have a bump to align with the bar. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bump to align with the bar. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bump to align with the bar. So we
+kind of like don't know that when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like don't know that when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like don't know that when we're
+like be able to see everything but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be able to see everything but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be able to see everything but like
+when he use it with them at that time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he use it with them at that time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he use it with them at that time we
+can realize like what's the flaw of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can realize like what's the flaw of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can realize like what's the flaw of the
+design is so we can like redo the thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Hey, I think this team has uh done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Hey, I think this team has uh done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Hey, I think this team has uh done
+some great iterations and uh and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great iterations and uh and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great iterations and uh and made
+good use of Jeffrey's abilities. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good use of Jeffrey's abilities. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good use of Jeffrey's abilities. So,
+well done. All right. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well done. All right. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well done. All right. Thank you.
+All right, we'll get team Felicity set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we'll get team Felicity set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we'll get team Felicity set
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hello everyone. Uh so our product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello everyone. Uh so our product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello everyone. Uh so our product is
+Vibeware. Uh my name is Ari and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vibeware. Uh my name is Ari and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vibeware. Uh my name is Ari and these
+are my teammates uh Becca and Simmyi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my teammates uh Becca and Simmyi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my teammates uh Becca and Simmyi.
+And our client is Felicity. Felicity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And our client is Felicity. Felicity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And our client is Felicity. Felicity has
+neurop fibromyitosis which has as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurop fibromyitosis which has as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurop fibromyitosis which has as a
+result left her uh profoundly deaf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result left her uh profoundly deaf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result left her uh profoundly deaf and
+uh with low vision. Um however, Felicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with low vision. Um however, Felicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with low vision. Um however, Felicity
+is very active and she tends to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very active and she tends to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very active and she tends to go out
+with friends. She has uh doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends. She has uh doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends. She has uh doctor
+appointments, goes to cafes and of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments, goes to cafes and of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments, goes to cafes and of all
+of these activities, she notices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these activities, she notices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these activities, she notices that
+it's really hard for other people to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard for other people to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard for other people to get
+her attention. So that's why we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her attention. So that's why we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her attention. So that's why we decided
+to create Vioware.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create Vioware.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create Vioware.
+Viboware is a device with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viboware is a device with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viboware is a device with two
+components. The first one Felicity wears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. The first one Felicity wears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. The first one Felicity wears
+and uh the other one she gives to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other one she gives to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other one she gives to a
+friend. When the friend wants to notify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend. When the friend wants to notify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend. When the friend wants to notify
+Felicity and get her attention, they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felicity and get her attention, they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felicity and get her attention, they can
+just toggle the button on the remote and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just toggle the button on the remote and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just toggle the button on the remote and
+then Felicity will get a vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Felicity will get a vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Felicity will get a vibration
+that'll let her be aware that someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll let her be aware that someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll let her be aware that someone's
+trying to notify her. Hence the terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to notify her. Hence the terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to notify her. Hence the terrible
+world word pun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world word pun.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world word pun.
+Um and we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we're going to talk about the
+design process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process.
+So through our project, we used an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So through our project, we used an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So through our project, we used an
+iterative design process. Um, and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative design process. Um, and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative design process. Um, and our
+iterations went as follows. Uh, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations went as follows. Uh, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations went as follows. Uh, our
+first design was a toy car uh, spin-off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first design was a toy car uh, spin-off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first design was a toy car uh, spin-off.
+Our second design was a light ring. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our second design was a light ring. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our second design was a light ring. Then
+we created a custom circuit and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created a custom circuit and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created a custom circuit and finally
+refined that to our final design. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined that to our final design. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined that to our final design. And
+I'll go over those more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go over those more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go over those more specifically
+now. So, in our first iteration, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So, in our first iteration, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So, in our first iteration, we
+asked ourselves a question, how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked ourselves a question, how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked ourselves a question, how do we
+get an RF signal to trigger a motor?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an RF signal to trigger a motor?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an RF signal to trigger a motor?
+We're all software um, focused in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're all software um, focused in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're all software um, focused in our
+studies, so we don't really know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies, so we don't really know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies, so we don't really know a lot
+about hardware. Um, but so we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hardware. Um, but so we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hardware. Um, but so we thought
+that the best way to do this is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the best way to do this is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the best way to do this is to use
+something that's already out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's already out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's already out there and
+that is a toy car. A toy car has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a toy car. A toy car has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a toy car. A toy car has two
+switches that essentially trigger um two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches that essentially trigger um two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches that essentially trigger um two
+different motors using an RF signal. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different motors using an RF signal. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different motors using an RF signal. So
+we took apart a toy car and we learned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took apart a toy car and we learned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took apart a toy car and we learned a
+lot through this process. We learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot through this process. We learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot through this process. We learned
+about RF signals. We learned about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about RF signals. We learned about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about RF signals. We learned about how
+this works, what components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works, what components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works, what components are
+necessary to make it work. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to make it work. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to make it work. And um
+through this design, we kind of played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this design, we kind of played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this design, we kind of played
+around to see what we could get, how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to see what we could get, how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to see what we could get, how big
+of a design we could get. Um but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a design we could get. Um but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a design we could get. Um but our
+pros in this design were that we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros in this design were that we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros in this design were that we learned
+about RF signals. We found something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about RF signals. We found something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about RF signals. We found something
+that works at a long range. The cons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works at a long range. The cons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works at a long range. The cons
+were obviously that it's huge and bulky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were obviously that it's huge and bulky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were obviously that it's huge and bulky
+and it has a lot of pieces that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a lot of pieces that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a lot of pieces that we don't
+need and it's not customized. So we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and it's not customized. So we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and it's not customized. So we went
+into our next iteration and we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our next iteration and we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our next iteration and we asked
+ourselves the question, is it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves the question, is it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves the question, is it possible
+to create this with a smaller design?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this with a smaller design?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this with a smaller design?
+Um, again, we went with something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, again, we went with something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, again, we went with something that's
+already out there. We went with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already out there. We went with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already out there. We went with this
+little tiny light switch that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny light switch that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny light switch that basically
+is remote controlled and we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remote controlled and we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remote controlled and we kind of
+hacked that to create our own little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacked that to create our own little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacked that to create our own little
+Vivawware ring. So, this essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivawware ring. So, this essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vivawware ring. So, this essentially is
+a little light with a motor attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little light with a motor attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little light with a motor attached
+that we hacked on and um the remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hacked on and um the remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hacked on and um the remote
+control essentially turns on the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control essentially turns on the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control essentially turns on the motor
+um as a notification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a notification.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a notification.
+The pros of this design were that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The pros of this design were that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The pros of this design were that it was
+very light and small, but the cons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very light and small, but the cons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very light and small, but the cons were
+that it works at a very limited range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works at a very limited range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works at a very limited range.
+The battery was short-lived, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The battery was short-lived, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The battery was short-lived, and the
+circuit was just hacked. It wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit was just hacked. It wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit was just hacked. It wasn't
+customized to what we wanted it to do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customized to what we wanted it to do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customized to what we wanted it to do,
+but we got something to work. So, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got something to work. So, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got something to work. So, now
+we're going to talk about iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about iteration
+three, which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, which basically
+progressed our design further by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressed our design further by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressed our design further by three
+steps. Um, we asked ourselves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. Um, we asked ourselves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. Um, we asked ourselves the
+question, can we get better range with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, can we get better range with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, can we get better range with a
+smaller device? And Ari's going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller device? And Ari's going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller device? And Ari's going to talk
+more about this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this.
+So, the first thing we felt was that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the first thing we felt was that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the first thing we felt was that we
+weren't going to be able to reach our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't going to be able to reach our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't going to be able to reach our
+design objectives using off-the-shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design objectives using off-the-shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design objectives using off-the-shelf
+hardware and we'd have to go and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and we'd have to go and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and we'd have to go and create
+our own circuit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own circuit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own circuit.
+So, this is our uh first endto-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is our uh first endto-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is our uh first endto-end
+custom circuit product that we made.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom circuit product that we made.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom circuit product that we made.
+Uh, and I'll talk about what we did. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I'll talk about what we did. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and I'll talk about what we did. So,
+basically, we did a search on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, we did a search on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, we did a search on different
+hardware components that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware components that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware components that we'd like to
+use. We ended up getting a small cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. We ended up getting a small cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. We ended up getting a small cell
+phone vibration motor from Sparkf fun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone vibration motor from Sparkf fun.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone vibration motor from Sparkf fun.
+And the uh other component we had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the uh other component we had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the uh other component we had was
+the receiver and the key fob. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver and the key fob. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver and the key fob. So, this
+was great. This had a remote control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great. This had a remote control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great. This had a remote control
+that was already made and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already made and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was already made and a
+corresponding chip that we just had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding chip that we just had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding chip that we just had to
+supply power to. Uh, you didn't need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply power to. Uh, you didn't need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply power to. Uh, you didn't need any
+other microcontrollers or extra stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other microcontrollers or extra stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other microcontrollers or extra stuff.
+And when you hit the remote, it would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you hit the remote, it would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you hit the remote, it would uh
+set one of the pins to high on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one of the pins to high on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one of the pins to high on this uh
+transmitter uh receiver device. It had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter uh receiver device. It had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter uh receiver device. It had
+up to 25 ft of range. Uh depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 25 ft of range. Uh depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 25 ft of range. Uh depending on
+line of sight obstructions, and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of sight obstructions, and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of sight obstructions, and it was
+only $12. So using that and other basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only $12. So using that and other basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only $12. So using that and other basic
+components like LEDs, push buttons, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like LEDs, push buttons, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like LEDs, push buttons, um
+we were able to create this uh design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to create this uh design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to create this uh design.
+So we started with the schematic. We had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started with the schematic. We had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started with the schematic. We had
+different uh pretty much the easiest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh pretty much the easiest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh pretty much the easiest way
+you could try to set this thing up. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to set this thing up. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could try to set this thing up. We
+tested it out on a breadboard and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it out on a breadboard and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested it out on a breadboard and then
+we tried to put it all into a small um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to put it all into a small um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to put it all into a small um
+protoboard and afterwards we put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protoboard and afterwards we put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protoboard and afterwards we put in a
+cardboard box. Uh so surprisingly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard box. Uh so surprisingly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard box. Uh so surprisingly this
+was uh Felicity was really excited when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh Felicity was really excited when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh Felicity was really excited when
+she received this and uh but we felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she received this and uh but we felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she received this and uh but we felt
+that we could probably do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could probably do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could probably do a little bit
+better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better.
+Um, so the pros of it was it was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so the pros of it was it was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so the pros of it was it was our
+fully functional circuit design. It had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully functional circuit design. It had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully functional circuit design. It had
+longer range than the ring and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer range than the ring and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer range than the ring and it was
+much smaller than our RC car. Uh, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than our RC car. Uh, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than our RC car. Uh, the
+con was we really didn't spend time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con was we really didn't spend time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con was we really didn't spend time
+thinking about the enclosure. Uh, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the enclosure. Uh, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the enclosure. Uh, this
+one also had a very large battery pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also had a very large battery pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also had a very large battery pack
+and again the circuit wasn't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the circuit wasn't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the circuit wasn't completely
+closed so it was a little bit fragile.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed so it was a little bit fragile.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed so it was a little bit fragile.
+So um, after this we said how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um, after this we said how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um, after this we said how can we
+improve this? How can we make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve this? How can we make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve this? How can we make it more
+durable?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable?
+So, I'm Becca and I'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm Becca and I'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm Becca and I'll talk about this
+final design that we put together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final design that we put together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final design that we put together.
+So, the goal of the final design was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the goal of the final design was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the goal of the final design was to
+make something that was more a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something that was more a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something that was more a bit more
+durable and compact. And so, we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable and compact. And so, we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable and compact. And so, we decided
+to do was create an acrylic shell for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was create an acrylic shell for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was create an acrylic shell for a
+final circuit. And we also wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final circuit. And we also wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final circuit. And we also wanted to
+think about how we can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we can make the
+vibration a little bit more strong. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration a little bit more strong. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration a little bit more strong. And
+so, we decided to go with a 9volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we decided to go with a 9volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we decided to go with a 9volt
+battery instead of the smaller batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery instead of the smaller batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery instead of the smaller batteries
+that we were using before. And in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were using before. And in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were using before. And in this
+final design, we've considered both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final design, we've considered both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final design, we've considered both
+maintainability and also usability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because we were using this 9volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we were using this 9volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we were using this 9volt
+battery, we had to make some minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery, we had to make some minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery, we had to make some minor
+circuit adjustments. So, uh since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit adjustments. So, uh since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit adjustments. So, uh since the
+receiver uses 5 volt, we had to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver uses 5 volt, we had to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver uses 5 volt, we had to use a
+linear voltage regulator to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear voltage regulator to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear voltage regulator to just
+interface the two components. And so, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the two components. And so, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the two components. And so, we
+edited that. And also in this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited that. And also in this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edited that. And also in this final
+design, we had to consider how Felicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, we had to consider how Felicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, we had to consider how Felicity
+was going to be using it. And so, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be using it. And so, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be using it. And so, how
+these various components like the motor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various components like the motor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various components like the motor,
+the switches, the LED, and the battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switches, the LED, and the battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switches, the LED, and the battery
+were going to be positioned the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be positioned the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be positioned the final
+design. So, I'll talk a bit about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So, I'll talk a bit about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So, I'll talk a bit about this
+later, but these are just sketches of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later, but these are just sketches of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later, but these are just sketches of us
+brainstorming as we were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming as we were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming as we were thinking about
+it. And also, as we were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And also, as we were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And also, as we were thinking about
+this, we decided to make the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, we decided to make the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, we decided to make the final
+design a necklace instead because at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a necklace instead because at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a necklace instead because at one
+point in our interview, Felicity had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in our interview, Felicity had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in our interview, Felicity had
+mentioned that her sternum is one of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that her sternum is one of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that her sternum is one of her
+most sensitive areas. And so, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sensitive areas. And so, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sensitive areas. And so, if we
+could leverage that and put a motor next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leverage that and put a motor next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leverage that and put a motor next
+to that, we thought that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that, we thought that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that, we thought that the
+notification would be more effective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notification would be more effective.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notification would be more effective.
+And so when we were making the acrylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when we were making the acrylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when we were making the acrylic
+shelling, we first designed it um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling, we first designed it um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling, we first designed it um in the
+software and then just use a laser cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and then just use a laser cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and then just use a laser cut
+laser cutter to create the acrylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cutter to create the acrylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cutter to create the acrylic
+shelling. And that's what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling. And that's what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelling. And that's what you can see
+here. And this was the size we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And this was the size we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And this was the size we had to
+make in order for the battery and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in order for the battery and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in order for the battery and the
+circuit to fit inside of it. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit to fit inside of it. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit to fit inside of it. And so this
+is our final design. It's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our final design. It's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our final design. It's actually a
+shiny black encasing, but we had to tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny black encasing, but we had to tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny black encasing, but we had to tape
+it when we were first testing it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we were first testing it out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we were first testing it out.
+But as you can see, first the antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as you can see, first the antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as you can see, first the antenna
+has to pop out because we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pop out because we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pop out because we want to
+maximize the signal strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the signal strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the signal strength
+and we put the LED at the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put the LED at the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put the LED at the top of the
+necklace device so that it maximizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necklace device so that it maximizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necklace device so that it maximizes the
+visibility when she sees it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility when she sees it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility when she sees it. And
+and we have two switches. So one switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have two switches. So one switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have two switches. So one switch
+is she flips it on when she first wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is she flips it on when she first wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is she flips it on when she first wants
+to use the device and then the LED will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the device and then the LED will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the device and then the LED will
+turn on then so she knows it's on. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on then so she knows it's on. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on then so she knows it's on. Then
+when her friend triggers the device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when her friend triggers the device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when her friend triggers the device and
+it starts vibrating, she can press a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts vibrating, she can press a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts vibrating, she can press a
+second switch, which is a push button to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second switch, which is a push button to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second switch, which is a push button to
+reset the device and turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset the device and turn off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset the device and turn off the
+vibration. But the device will keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration. But the device will keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration. But the device will keep on
+listening until she switches off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening until she switches off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening until she switches off the
+LED.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED.
+And so when we were put positioning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when we were put positioning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so when we were put positioning the
+switches, we knew that Felicity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches, we knew that Felicity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches, we knew that Felicity was
+right-handed and so we put the switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed and so we put the switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed and so we put the switches
+accordingly. And we also put the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly. And we also put the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly. And we also put the motor
+on the back side of the necklace so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back side of the necklace so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back side of the necklace so it
+was touching her skin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was touching her skin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was touching her skin.
+So some pros of this are more robust.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So some pros of this are more robust.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So some pros of this are more robust.
+Um, and we thought about the positioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we thought about the positioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we thought about the positioning
+a bit more, but inside the circuit is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more, but inside the circuit is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more, but inside the circuit is a
+bit messy and the battery is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit messy and the battery is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit messy and the battery is really
+heavy. So, the reason why we decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy. So, the reason why we decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy. So, the reason why we decided to
+go with the 9volt battery was because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with the 9volt battery was because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with the 9volt battery was because we
+wanted to make sure she can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure she can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure she can still
+replace it once we've given this to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it once we've given this to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it once we've given this to her
+a little while like later because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while like later because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while like later because we
+were really tempted to use a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really tempted to use a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really tempted to use a smaller
+battery, but it'd be a lot harder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery, but it'd be a lot harder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery, but it'd be a lot harder for
+her to replace and we really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to replace and we really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to replace and we really wanted to
+think about maintainability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so we're running out of time, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we're running out of time, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we're running out of time, but I
+guess we also considered distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we also considered distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we also considered distance and
+vibration. Um and she approved of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration. Um and she approved of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration. Um and she approved of the
+vibration strength and with the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration strength and with the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration strength and with the distance
+we ended up with 25 ft range which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with 25 ft range which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with 25 ft range which was
+good for the use cases that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the use cases that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the use cases that we are
+considering. And just wrapping up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering. And just wrapping up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering. And just wrapping up and
+talking about some learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about some learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about some learning and
+reflection that we had with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection that we had with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection that we had with this
+project. Personally it was really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. Personally it was really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. Personally it was really hard
+as a team for us to narrow the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a team for us to narrow the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a team for us to narrow the scope
+because Felicity had a lot of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Felicity had a lot of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Felicity had a lot of great
+project ideas. Um but we and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project ideas. Um but we and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project ideas. Um but we and we also
+were all software oriented. So it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all software oriented. So it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all software oriented. So it was
+hard to learn about the hardware.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to learn about the hardware.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to learn about the hardware.
+Designing at is really difficult um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Designing at is really difficult um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Designing at is really difficult um
+because you have to customize and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to customize and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to customize and we
+it's hard to scale something that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to scale something that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to scale something that you're
+customizing. But working with Phyis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customizing. But working with Phyis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customizing. But working with Phyis was
+amazing. She was a really fantastic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing. She was a really fantastic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing. She was a really fantastic and
+understanding client and we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding client and we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding client and we really
+learned a lot through the process. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot through the process. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot through the process. Okay.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so your your presentation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so your your presentation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so your your presentation was
+actually looked like a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked like a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked like a lot about
+exploring electronics, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring electronics, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring electronics, right?
+Um, I wonder if you can say more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I wonder if you can say more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I wonder if you can say more about
+uh what you learned about what some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you learned about what some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you learned about what some of
+this came out at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+areas but um can you say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas but um can you say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas but um can you say something about
+your sense of comfort wearing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sense of comfort wearing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sense of comfort wearing something
+like this? Yeah, so um so a few use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this? Yeah, so um so a few use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this? Yeah, so um so a few use
+cases. So, we thought about this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. So, we thought about this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. So, we thought about this idea
+like early on actually in the semester,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like early on actually in the semester,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like early on actually in the semester,
+but we went we we moved away from it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we went we we moved away from it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we went we we moved away from it.
+But some use cases that Felicity had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But some use cases that Felicity had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But some use cases that Felicity had
+initially mentioned was like during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially mentioned was like during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially mentioned was like during
+class um she takes some classes and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um she takes some classes and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um she takes some classes and it's
+really hard for her to know when someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard for her to know when someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard for her to know when someone
+has told her it's her turn to speak. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has told her it's her turn to speak. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has told her it's her turn to speak. And
+so this was one use case there. And also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was one use case there. And also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was one use case there. And also
+when she's with friends and she's at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she's with friends and she's at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she's with friends and she's at a
+concert or something and if she gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert or something and if she gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert or something and if she gets
+lost from her friends, this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost from her friends, this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost from her friends, this would be an
+easy way. she doesn't always carry her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way. she doesn't always carry her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way. she doesn't always carry her
+phone on her person and so if they text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone on her person and so if they text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone on her person and so if they text
+her, she doesn't always know or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her, she doesn't always know or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her, she doesn't always know or if
+they're calling her and so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling her and so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling her and so this would be
+a quick way to grab their attention. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick way to grab their attention. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick way to grab their attention. Um,
+one reason why we moved away was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why we moved away was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why we moved away was we
+thought about like security and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about like security and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about like security and like
+when we if she went to a coffee shop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we if she went to a coffee shop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we if she went to a coffee shop and
+she wanted them to use it, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted them to use it, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted them to use it, how
+comfortable would people feel when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable would people feel when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable would people feel when
+someone's just walking up to them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's just walking up to them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's just walking up to them with
+this random remote asking them to press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random remote asking them to press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random remote asking them to press
+a button to ask for attention. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button to ask for attention. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button to ask for attention. Um, so
+that's why we felt like socially it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we felt like socially it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we felt like socially it
+would be a really awkward device and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really awkward device and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a really awkward device and so
+we moved away from it. Did you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved away from it. Did you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved away from it. Did you ever
+actually try that? like go to a coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try that? like go to a coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try that? like go to a coffee
+shop. Yeah. Well, so we did it with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop. Yeah. Well, so we did it with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop. Yeah. Well, so we did it with we
+were just filming and we we asked them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just filming and we we asked them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just filming and we we asked them
+if we could like just videotape our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could like just videotape our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could like just videotape our
+conversation like while she was ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation like while she was ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation like while she was ordering
+something and they were already really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and they were already really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and they were already really
+uncomfortable and so well it wasn't Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable and so well it wasn't Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable and so well it wasn't Oh,
+sorry. Um so she actually told us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Um so she actually told us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Um so she actually told us that
+she was uncomfortable with giving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was uncomfortable with giving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was uncomfortable with giving this
+device to someone else. Um, I think part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device to someone else. Um, I think part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device to someone else. Um, I think part
+of one discussion we had was that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one discussion we had was that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one discussion we had was that she
+she didn't want to have to explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't want to have to explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't want to have to explain to
+someone else like why she's giving it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else like why she's giving it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else like why she's giving it to
+them because she already has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because she already has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because she already has like
+trouble like hearing them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble like hearing them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble like hearing them and
+communicating with them otherwise. She
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with them otherwise. She
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with them otherwise. She
+wants like every piece of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants like every piece of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants like every piece of information
+told right away so that she doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told right away so that she doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told right away so that she doesn't have
+to answer questions. And she was worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer questions. And she was worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer questions. And she was worried
+about the questions that she would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the questions that she would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the questions that she would have
+to answer if she gives someone this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer if she gives someone this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer if she gives someone this
+device. Yeah. And I guess the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. Yeah. And I guess the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. Yeah. And I guess the way we
+mediated that was in the end the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated that was in the end the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated that was in the end the use
+cases we have for her and the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we have for her and the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we have for her and the ones that
+she wants is like to use this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants is like to use this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants is like to use this with
+friends and people she's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and people she's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and people she's already
+familiar with. Question just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with. Question just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with. Question just quickly
+that was there was there any kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was there was there any kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was there was there any kind of um
+pre-fabricated circuits that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-fabricated circuits that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-fabricated circuits that you could
+have used. I mean, I love the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used. I mean, I love the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used. I mean, I love the fact that
+you were able to, you know, you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to, you know, you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to, you know, you were
+very instructive building building, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very instructive building building, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very instructive building building, but
+you know, here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would have been something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been something that
+could have served the purpose. Yeah. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have served the purpose. Yeah. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have served the purpose. Yeah. So,
+the receiver itself is pre-bought. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver itself is pre-bought. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver itself is pre-bought. So,
+that's something we use out of the box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we use out of the box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we use out of the box.
+Um, I think our functionalities are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I think our functionalities are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I think our functionalities are a
+bit more unsophisticated that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more unsophisticated that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more unsophisticated that we didn't
+have to turn towards Arduinas and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to turn towards Arduinas and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to turn towards Arduinas and more
+expensive things. Um the biggest like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive things. Um the biggest like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive things. Um the biggest like
+the bulkiest thing is a battery and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulkiest thing is a battery and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulkiest thing is a battery and that
+was just something we decided to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just something we decided to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just something we decided to use
+because it was easily replaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. I think um uh with your team I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I think um uh with your team I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. I think um uh with your team I I
+think over the course of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think over the course of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think over the course of the semester
+you've gotten to know Felicity better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten to know Felicity better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten to know Felicity better.
+You know I'm interested in seeing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know I'm interested in seeing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know I'm interested in seeing what
+the results are in evaluating with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are in evaluating with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are in evaluating with them
+and uh uh I think you've done uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh I think you've done uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh I think you've done uh some
+strong work putting together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong work putting together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong work putting together this
+prototype. Well done. All right. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're in your room. You're sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in your room. You're sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in your room. You're sitting in
+your wheelchair and you pull something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wheelchair and you pull something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wheelchair and you pull something
+out of a drawer. All of a sudden, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a drawer. All of a sudden, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a drawer. All of a sudden, the
+drawer starts falling on top of you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer starts falling on top of you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer starts falling on top of you.
+Now, because you have limited mobility,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, because you have limited mobility,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, because you have limited mobility,
+you can't just move that drawer back up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just move that drawer back up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just move that drawer back up.
+And because you aren't able to yell for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because you aren't able to yell for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because you aren't able to yell for
+help, you're pretty much helpless. My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help, you're pretty much helpless. My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help, you're pretty much helpless. My
+name is Beth. This is Tanya and Laura.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Beth. This is Tanya and Laura.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Beth. This is Tanya and Laura.
+And this semester, we had the pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this semester, we had the pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this semester, we had the pleasure
+of working with Margaret, our client.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working with Margaret, our client.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working with Margaret, our client.
+She found herself in this very situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She found herself in this very situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She found herself in this very situation
+and because of that she wanted to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that she wanted to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that she wanted to have a
+better way that she could call for help.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way that she could call for help.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way that she could call for help.
+She lives in the Boston home which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She lives in the Boston home which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She lives in the Boston home which is an
+assisted living community for about 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted living community for about 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted living community for about 90
+residents in Dorchester and she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents in Dorchester and she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents in Dorchester and she was
+diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. So
+she is bound to a wheelchair as is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is bound to a wheelchair as is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is bound to a wheelchair as is all
+of the residents of the home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the residents of the home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the residents of the home.
+And I like like I said, the goal of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I like like I said, the goal of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I like like I said, the goal of our
+project is to design a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is to design a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is to design a system that
+allows her to call for help. Currently,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows her to call for help. Currently,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows her to call for help. Currently,
+the system in place in the Boston home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in place in the Boston home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in place in the Boston home
+is just inaccessible for a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just inaccessible for a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just inaccessible for a large
+percentage of the time. Currently, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the time. Currently, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the time. Currently, it's
+a button that's attached to the wall,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button that's attached to the wall,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a button that's attached to the wall,
+and when you're pulling the drawer open,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're pulling the drawer open,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're pulling the drawer open,
+the buttons nowhere to be found. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buttons nowhere to be found. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buttons nowhere to be found. So,
+what we did was develop an iPad app. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was develop an iPad app. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was develop an iPad app. We
+call it Insta Aid, and it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Insta Aid, and it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Insta Aid, and it allows
+Margaret and many other residents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret and many other residents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret and many other residents to
+call for help.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we frequently visited the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we frequently visited the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we frequently visited the Boston
+home throughout the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home throughout the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home throughout the course of the
+semester to speak with both Margaret and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester to speak with both Margaret and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester to speak with both Margaret and
+other staff members at the home so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other staff members at the home so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other staff members at the home so that
+we could receive feedback as we iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could receive feedback as we iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could receive feedback as we iterated
+through several prototypes. Um, what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several prototypes. Um, what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through several prototypes. Um, what you
+see here is an iPad screenshot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is an iPad screenshot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is an iPad screenshot of our
+first prototype. Before we got to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first prototype. Before we got to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first prototype. Before we got to this
+stage, we did do some paper prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage, we did do some paper prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage, we did do some paper prototype
+sketches as well and then um implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches as well and then um implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches as well and then um implemented
+that on the iPad. And in our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the iPad. And in our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the iPad. And in our first
+iteration, our home screen was two large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration, our home screen was two large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration, our home screen was two large
+buttons for urgent and non-urgent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons for urgent and non-urgent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons for urgent and non-urgent
+requests. Pressing the urgent button um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests. Pressing the urgent button um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests. Pressing the urgent button um
+results in a video chat with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a video chat with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a video chat with the with
+the nurse at the um nurses station. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse at the um nurses station. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse at the um nurses station. And
+then pressing the non-urgent button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pressing the non-urgent button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pressing the non-urgent button
+leads you to um the screenshot you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads you to um the screenshot you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads you to um the screenshot you see
+in the middle with six cookie cutter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle with six cookie cutter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle with six cookie cutter um
+requests that residents commonly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests that residents commonly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests that residents commonly have
+such as please give me water. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as please give me water. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as please give me water. And
+pressing any of these buttons also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing any of these buttons also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing any of these buttons also um
+leads the resident to a video chat with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads the resident to a video chat with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads the resident to a video chat with
+the nurse to specify more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse to specify more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse to specify more information
+about the request.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the request.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the request.
+Some feedback we received from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some feedback we received from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some feedback we received from this
+iteration was that we should replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration was that we should replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration was that we should replace the
+colorful icons that we previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful icons that we previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful icons that we previously
+previously had with larger and um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously had with larger and um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously had with larger and um more
+contrast icons so that it's easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast icons so that it's easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast icons so that it's easier for
+residents to distinguish. And we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents to distinguish. And we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents to distinguish. And we were
+also um advised to remove the urgent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um advised to remove the urgent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um advised to remove the urgent and
+non-urgent distinction for requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-urgent distinction for requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-urgent distinction for requests
+because each resident at the Boston home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each resident at the Boston home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each resident at the Boston home
+might have different views of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have different views of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have different views of what
+urgent means to them. And finally, we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgent means to them. And finally, we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgent means to them. And finally, we um
+after pressing one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after pressing one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after pressing one of the one of the
+buttons for common requests, we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons for common requests, we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons for common requests, we in
+rather than being taken to a video chat,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being taken to a video chat,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being taken to a video chat,
+we showed the resident um a screen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed the resident um a screen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed the resident um a screen that
+gave them information about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them information about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them information about whether
+their request has been received by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their request has been received by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their request has been received by the
+nurse and whether it's currently being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse and whether it's currently being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse and whether it's currently being
+addressed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed.
+So with this in mind, we moved on to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So with this in mind, we moved on to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So with this in mind, we moved on to our
+second iteration. So you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration. So you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration. So you can see the
+difference in icons that we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in icons that we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in icons that we have here
+with with the black and white the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the black and white the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the black and white the higher
+contrast and um so we now have um video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and um so we now have um video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast and um so we now have um video
+chat and send and send message as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat and send and send message as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat and send and send message as two
+special um icons that we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special um icons that we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special um icons that we hadn't
+implemented yet. But then the other four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented yet. But then the other four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented yet. But then the other four
+buttons lead to the request sent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons lead to the request sent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons lead to the request sent um
+screen that you see on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that you see on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that you see on the right hand
+side and it also gives the option to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and it also gives the option to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and it also gives the option to
+close the request.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the request.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the request.
+And we also um made a prototype for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also um made a prototype for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we also um made a prototype for the
+nurse in this iteration. Um you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse in this iteration. Um you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse in this iteration. Um you can see
+here on the left hand side that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left hand side that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left hand side that the
+nurse currently has two outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse currently has two outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse currently has two outstanding
+requests. Um and then if she presses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests. Um and then if she presses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests. Um and then if she presses the
+process request button, it turns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process request button, it turns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process request button, it turns to
+green and then she can um close it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and then she can um close it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and then she can um close it once
+it's completely fulfilled.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely fulfilled.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely fulfilled.
+Um some feedback from this iteration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um some feedback from this iteration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um some feedback from this iteration is
+that we should introduce um a login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should introduce um a login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should introduce um a login
+system so that um that persists even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that um that persists even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that um that persists even
+when the app closes so that residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the app closes so that residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the app closes so that residents
+still needs to log in every time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still needs to log in every time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still needs to log in every time they
+open the app. And at this point we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the app. And at this point we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the app. And at this point we still
+needed to implement um sending custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to implement um sending custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to implement um sending custom
+text messages to the nurse and the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text messages to the nurse and the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text messages to the nurse and the video
+chat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So before we went on to test our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So before we went on to test our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So before we went on to test our final
+prototype and um go on to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype and um go on to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype and um go on to actually
+deploy this at the Boston home, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy this at the Boston home, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy this at the Boston home, we
+decided to conduct a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to conduct a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to conduct a couple of
+experiments uh so that we knew what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh so that we knew what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh so that we knew what we
+were dealing with. So the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dealing with. So the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were dealing with. So the first thing we
+asked Margaret was how often she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Margaret was how often she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Margaret was how often she was
+unable to access the call light system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to access the call light system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to access the call light system
+when she was um when she needed aid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was um when she needed aid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was um when she needed aid and
+she responded that it was about 90% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she responded that it was about 90% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she responded that it was about 90% of
+the time. Um, and we also timed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time. Um, and we also timed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time. Um, and we also timed the
+amount of time that it took for a nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time that it took for a nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time that it took for a nurse
+to respond to her um, request by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to her um, request by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to her um, request by
+pressing the callite button. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing the callite button. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing the callite button. Um, and
+that ended up being approximately 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ended up being approximately 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ended up being approximately 8
+minutes every time she did that. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes every time she did that. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes every time she did that. Um, and
+finally, because we're using this iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, because we're using this iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, because we're using this iPad
+application and it depended on her being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and it depended on her being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and it depended on her being
+able to send this request to the nurses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to send this request to the nurses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to send this request to the nurses
+station, uh, we wanted to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station, uh, we wanted to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station, uh, we wanted to make sure that
+the Wi-Fi network was robust enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wi-Fi network was robust enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wi-Fi network was robust enough to
+handle this. Um, and we found that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this. Um, and we found that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this. Um, and we found that it
+was pretty adequate, that it covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty adequate, that it covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty adequate, that it covered
+most of the Boston home, but there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the Boston home, but there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the Boston home, but there were
+a couple of dead zones. um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of dead zones. um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of dead zones. um and
+transitions might have been an issue if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions might have been an issue if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions might have been an issue if
+she was moving while she was doing this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was moving while she was doing this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was moving while she was doing this.
+So, taking this all into account, we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, taking this all into account, we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, taking this all into account, we um
+made our final prototype and we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made our final prototype and we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made our final prototype and we're able
+to um give this to Margaret at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um give this to Margaret at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um give this to Margaret at the
+Boston Home. So, I'll just walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Home. So, I'll just walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Home. So, I'll just walk you
+through a workflow of potentially what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a workflow of potentially what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a workflow of potentially what a
+resident might do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, they are led to this home screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, they are led to this home screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, they are led to this home screen
+with the high contrast buttons and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the high contrast buttons and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the high contrast buttons and can
+press something like bring water, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press something like bring water, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press something like bring water, in
+which case they're gone to the request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case they're gone to the request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case they're gone to the request
+sent button. Um that request is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent button. Um that request is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent button. Um that request is then
+sent to the nurs's side. It'll appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to the nurs's side. It'll appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent to the nurs's side. It'll appear
+and they can go ahead and say that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can go ahead and say that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can go ahead and say that they
+want to process the request that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to process the request that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to process the request that they've
+received it. Um and then that'll show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received it. Um and then that'll show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received it. Um and then that'll show up
+on the uh resident side saying request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh resident side saying request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh resident side saying request
+process. They can go ahead and close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. They can go ahead and close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. They can go ahead and close the
+request if they want. The nurse can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request if they want. The nurse can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request if they want. The nurse can also
+um go ahead and close the request on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go ahead and close the request on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go ahead and close the request on
+their side as well once it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their side as well once it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their side as well once it's been
+fulfilled. Um residents can also send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled. Um residents can also send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled. Um residents can also send a
+text message. So it's a custom message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text message. So it's a custom message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text message. So it's a custom message
+that they can send if they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can send if they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can send if they don't have
+any of the preset ones. So I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the preset ones. So I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the preset ones. So I need to
+take my medications. Um, and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my medications. Um, and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my medications. Um, and they can
+tell the nurse that they want that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the nurse that they want that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the nurse that they want that and
+that will show up as a custom message on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show up as a custom message on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show up as a custom message on
+the nurse's site as well. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse's site as well. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse's site as well. And it
+proceeds from there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so this wasn't shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this wasn't shown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this wasn't shown in the
+screencast, but uh there's also video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screencast, but uh there's also video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screencast, but uh there's also video
+chat capability. So this is us testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat capability. So this is us testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat capability. So this is us testing
+it with Margaret. um she can simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with Margaret. um she can simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with Margaret. um she can simply
+press the button and then it connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the button and then it connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the button and then it connects
+directly with the iPad. So, she's able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the iPad. So, she's able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the iPad. So, she's able
+to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And what was great was when we left it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what was great was when we left it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what was great was when we left it
+at the uh Boston home for a week, Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh Boston home for a week, Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh Boston home for a week, Don
+actually was kind enough to make this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was kind enough to make this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was kind enough to make this um
+nurse's iPad mount. So, as you can see,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse's iPad mount. So, as you can see,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse's iPad mount. So, as you can see,
+it's at the nurs's station with um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the nurs's station with um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the nurs's station with um a
+bunch of the other devices there. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the other devices there. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the other devices there. So,
+the nurse typically needs a computer, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse typically needs a computer, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse typically needs a computer, uh
+the callite system itself, as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the callite system itself, as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the callite system itself, as well as a
+desk space for paperwork. So, we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk space for paperwork. So, we put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk space for paperwork. So, we put it
+right in the center of the desk so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the center of the desk so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the center of the desk so that
+they'll be able to see it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be able to see it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be able to see it and it's
+always going to be on. It's never going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be on. It's never going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be on. It's never going
+to turn off. Um, and so that's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn off. Um, and so that's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn off. Um, and so that's just like
+a closer up version of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closer up version of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closer up version of that.
+So, after this, we went back, visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, after this, we went back, visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, after this, we went back, visited
+our experiments, and tried to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our experiments, and tried to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our experiments, and tried to see what
+the results of our weeklong test were.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of our weeklong test were.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of our weeklong test were.
+Um, and we found that Margaret was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we found that Margaret was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we found that Margaret was
+successfully able to send the request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully able to send the request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully able to send the request
+via her iPad and then receive aid from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via her iPad and then receive aid from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via her iPad and then receive aid from
+the nurse uh when she requested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse uh when she requested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nurse uh when she requested
+something. So, um, the iPad was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. So, um, the iPad was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. So, um, the iPad was actually
+only inaccessible one time, but during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inaccessible one time, but during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inaccessible one time, but during
+that one time, the call light was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one time, the call light was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one time, the call light was also
+inaccessible. So, um, she had to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible. So, um, she had to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible. So, um, she had to find a
+different way to request aid. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to request aid. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to request aid. And we
+also found that the response time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also found that the response time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also found that the response time was
+faster. It was about 3 minutes. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. It was about 3 minutes. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. It was about 3 minutes. Um, and
+we're not completely sure about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not completely sure about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not completely sure about how
+that's going to work logistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to work logistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to work logistically
+because we believe that this might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we believe that this might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we believe that this might be a
+faster response time because it's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster response time because it's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster response time because it's a new
+system. Um, but we kind of want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Um, but we kind of want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Um, but we kind of want to see
+how it pans out uh, in the long run. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it pans out uh, in the long run. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it pans out uh, in the long run. And
+we also found that there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also found that there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also found that there were no
+problems with Wi-Fi connectivity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So from the very beginning, Margaret's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So from the very beginning, Margaret's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So from the very beginning, Margaret's
+vision was for her to not just be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision was for her to not just be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision was for her to not just be the
+only client, for the entirety of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only client, for the entirety of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only client, for the entirety of the
+Boston home to be the client. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston home to be the client. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston home to be the client. So in this
+current week, we've actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current week, we've actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current week, we've actually been
+working to deploy the system on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to deploy the system on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to deploy the system on more
+residents iPads and we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents iPads and we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents iPads and we've already
+received feedback and we're hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received feedback and we're hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received feedback and we're hoping to
+incorporate that. Um, we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that. Um, we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that. Um, we've also
+received the piece of feedback that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the piece of feedback that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the piece of feedback that it
+would be very helpful to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very helpful to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very helpful to have the
+location of the resident when they send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the resident when they send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the resident when they send
+the request and that's something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the request and that's something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the request and that's something that we
+would propose as a future project.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would propose as a future project.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would propose as a future project.
+So ultimately through working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So ultimately through working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So ultimately through working on this
+project we want to reiterate that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we want to reiterate that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we want to reiterate that when
+you design for one client that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design for one client that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you design for one client that doesn't
+necessarily scale for all. We learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily scale for all. We learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily scale for all. We learned
+this uh we also learned that uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we also learned that uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we also learned that uh it's
+very helpful to receive feedback from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful to receive feedback from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful to receive feedback from
+many many individuals not just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many individuals not just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many individuals not just your
+direct clients. So we worked with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct clients. So we worked with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct clients. So we worked with a lot
+of the individuals in the Boston home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individuals in the Boston home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individuals in the Boston home.
+And finally it was difficult for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally it was difficult for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally it was difficult for us to
+scope this project initially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope this project initially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope this project initially because
+there is so much potential but we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so much potential but we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so much potential but we wanted
+to deliver a product that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver a product that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver a product that was very
+useful in the time constraints of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the time constraints of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in the time constraints of this
+class. Ultimately, we'd really like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Ultimately, we'd really like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Ultimately, we'd really like to
+thank our client Margaret uh Don Ferdet,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank our client Margaret uh Don Ferdet,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank our client Margaret uh Don Ferdet,
+who many of you have worked with. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who many of you have worked with. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who many of you have worked with. We
+really appreciate his help on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate his help on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate his help on our
+project and all of the Boston Home staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and all of the Boston Home staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and all of the Boston Home staff
+who's been really great at giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been really great at giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's been really great at giving us
+feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback.
+Thank you. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Just wondering what the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just wondering what the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just wondering what the variables
+responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+things that we sort of control that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we sort of control that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we sort of control that in
+an ideal world have control over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal world have control over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal world have control over this
+program.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program.
+Um I think one of the main things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think one of the main things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think one of the main things is
+definitely like working with the nurses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely like working with the nurses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely like working with the nurses.
+Um, so we had started out with um, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we had started out with um, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we had started out with um, of
+course talking to Margaret and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course talking to Margaret and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course talking to Margaret and then we
+found that as much as we need to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that as much as we need to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that as much as we need to talk to
+Margaret, we also needed to talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret, we also needed to talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret, we also needed to talk to the
+nurse uh, to get her input on the UI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse uh, to get her input on the UI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse uh, to get her input on the UI and
+so on and make sure that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and make sure that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and make sure that she's
+comfortable with using the system at her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with using the system at her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with using the system at her
+desk. Um, but one, it was kind of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk. Um, but one, it was kind of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk. Um, but one, it was kind of hard
+for her for us to meet with her because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her for us to meet with her because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her for us to meet with her because
+every time she was there, she was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time she was there, she was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time she was there, she was always
+busy addressing other residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy addressing other residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy addressing other residents
+requests. Um, and secondly, she actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests. Um, and secondly, she actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests. Um, and secondly, she actually
+ended up leaving halfway through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up leaving halfway through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up leaving halfway through the
+semester. So the feedback that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. So the feedback that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. So the feedback that we had
+gotten from her um was not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten from her um was not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten from her um was not necessarily
+ported over to the next person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ported over to the next person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ported over to the next person who's
+going to be there. Um so working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be there. Um so working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be there. Um so working with
+that and making sure that whatever was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and making sure that whatever was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and making sure that whatever was
+going to be used from the nurse's side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used from the nurse's side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used from the nurse's side
+would actually be used. Um even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be used. Um even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be used. Um even though
+the residents would be comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residents would be comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residents would be comfortable with
+the system, it's not necessarily certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system, it's not necessarily certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system, it's not necessarily certain
+that the nurse would be able to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nurse would be able to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nurse would be able to do that.
+So um that was a bit of a hardship.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I'm wondering how much you had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm wondering how much you had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm wondering how much you had you
+had a slide about experiments and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a slide about experiments and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a slide about experiments and you
+had a slide with sort of prototype. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a slide with sort of prototype. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a slide with sort of prototype. How
+much data was behind each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data was behind each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data was behind each of those
+slides? So when you're measuring eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides? So when you're measuring eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides? So when you're measuring eight
+minutes of the response time, how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the response time, how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the response time, how many
+trials was that when you were measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials was that when you were measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials was that when you were measuring
+uh her success with the new system over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her success with the new system over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her success with the new system over
+the course of the week? How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the week? How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the week? How many
+requests did she actually?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests did she actually?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests did she actually?
+So that's a very good question and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a very good question and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a very good question and I'm
+we're going to answer honestly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to answer honestly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to answer honestly not
+enough for a very good metric. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for a very good metric. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for a very good metric. Um so
+honestly we spent an hour with her. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly we spent an hour with her. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly we spent an hour with her. We
+did it maybe five times and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it maybe five times and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it maybe five times and that was
+kind of the average. However
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the average. However
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the average. However
+to have a really good metric we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a really good metric we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a really good metric we would
+five times using the old system you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times using the old system you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times using the old system you and
+and five times using the new system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five times using the new system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five times using the new system um
+to have some kind of a comparison.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some kind of a comparison.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some kind of a comparison.
+But uh of course it's variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh of course it's variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh of course it's variable
+throughout the course of the week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course of the week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course of the week and
+there are many different uh variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different uh variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different uh variables
+that would change that time. So a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would change that time. So a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would change that time. So a more
+rigorous amount of metrics we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous amount of metrics we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous amount of metrics we could
+write scripts for our current system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write scripts for our current system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write scripts for our current system to
+figure out when is how much time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out when is how much time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out when is how much time is
+elapsing between when the request is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsing between when the request is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elapsing between when the request is
+sent and when it's processed. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent and when it's processed. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent and when it's processed. And that's
+something that we would propose to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we would propose to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we would propose to do
+with for future work. She had it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for future work. She had it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for future work. She had it for a
+week but it wasn't actually logged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but it wasn't actually logged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but it wasn't actually logged in
+usage. We haven't analyzed the logging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage. We haven't analyzed the logging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage. We haven't analyzed the logging
+of we haven't logged it and we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we haven't logged it and we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we haven't logged it and we haven't
+analyzed it either.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed it either.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed it either.
+While team Beverly gets set up, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While team Beverly gets set up, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While team Beverly gets set up, I think
+it's impressive that what you've done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impressive that what you've done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impressive that what you've done to
+build this endto-end system. Can I ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this endto-end system. Can I ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this endto-end system. Can I ask a
+question? It was pretty early on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? It was pretty early on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question? It was pretty early on in the
+semester that you chose to go with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester that you chose to go with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester that you chose to go with an
+all software solution as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all software solution as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all software solution as opposed to
+plugging in some kind of wireless button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in some kind of wireless button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in some kind of wireless button
+into the wall. Um, as you know, uh, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the wall. Um, as you know, uh, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the wall. Um, as you know, uh, one
+might imagine you might uh go uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine you might uh go uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine you might uh go uh you
+might you might imagine it might go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might imagine it might go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you might imagine it might go in
+that direction. Can you reflect a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction. Can you reflect a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction. Can you reflect a little
+bit on on that? Do you think ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on on that? Do you think ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on on that? Do you think ultimately
+it was the right decision or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the right decision or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the right decision or you know
+when you made that decision did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you made that decision did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you made that decision did you know
+what you were uh going down? Sure. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were uh going down? Sure. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were uh going down? Sure. Um so
+all of us are software people. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us are software people. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us are software people. So that
+was um part partially um an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um part partially um an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um part partially um an initial
+reason for why we wanted to go down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for why we wanted to go down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for why we wanted to go down this
+route. But another reason um was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route. But another reason um was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route. But another reason um was just
+that we had a lot of great ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had a lot of great ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had a lot of great ideas for
+features that we wanted to see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we wanted to see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we wanted to see in this
+app that wouldn't be possible if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that wouldn't be possible if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app that wouldn't be possible if we had
+chosen to interface with the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to interface with the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to interface with the existing
+system. for example, this video chat,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. for example, this video chat,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. for example, this video chat,
+the concept of sending custom messages,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of sending custom messages,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of sending custom messages,
+maybe even um being able to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even um being able to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even um being able to receive
+feedback about um how far along in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about um how far along in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about um how far along in the
+process the request is in terms of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the request is in terms of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the request is in terms of being
+addressed. So um so all of us are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed. So um so all of us are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed. So um so all of us are really
+happy with the way it turned out. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with the way it turned out. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with the way it turned out. Um
+Margaret was excited about the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret was excited about the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Margaret was excited about the concept
+of video chatting and um other residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of video chatting and um other residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of video chatting and um other residents
+that we've tested this out on were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've tested this out on were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've tested this out on were also
+happy with the ability to send custom um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with the ability to send custom um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with the ability to send custom um
+text messages to. So we think it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text messages to. So we think it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text messages to. So we think it worked
+out well. Okay. Thank you very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+get team Beverly Anne to set up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Hi everyone. We're team Beverly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Hi everyone. We're team Beverly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Hi everyone. We're team Beverly
+Anne. I'm Vinnie. I'm Truthy. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anne. I'm Vinnie. I'm Truthy. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anne. I'm Vinnie. I'm Truthy. I'm
+Robert. And this is our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert. And this is our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert. And this is our final
+presentation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation.
+Our client our client's name is Beverly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our client our client's name is Beverly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our client our client's name is Beverly
+Anne. So she has a wide variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anne. So she has a wide variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anne. So she has a wide variety of
+interests. She she's a social worker for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests. She she's a social worker for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests. She she's a social worker for
+the department of children and families.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department of children and families.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department of children and families.
+She's learning how to code using Scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's learning how to code using Scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's learning how to code using Scratch
+and in an Arduino in her spare time. She
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in an Arduino in her spare time. She
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in an Arduino in her spare time. She
+loves Wii tennis. She has a backyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves Wii tennis. She has a backyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves Wii tennis. She has a backyard
+garden and her main goal is to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden and her main goal is to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden and her main goal is to maintain
+an active mind. And she's also been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an active mind. And she's also been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an active mind. And she's also been
+diagnosed for 11 years with Shco Marie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed for 11 years with Shco Marie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed for 11 years with Shco Marie
+tooth which is a neurodeenerative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth which is a neurodeenerative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth which is a neurodeenerative
+disease that affects the extremities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that affects the extremities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that affects the extremities.
+So um everyone's experience with CMT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um everyone's experience with CMT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um everyone's experience with CMT is
+different and in the case of Beverly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and in the case of Beverly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and in the case of Beverly it
+mainly manifests in sensory failure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly manifests in sensory failure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly manifests in sensory failure and
+muscular failure in her hands. Um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscular failure in her hands. Um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscular failure in her hands. Um so if
+you can see the diagrams over there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the diagrams over there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the diagrams over there on
+the left hand um the blue areas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand um the blue areas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand um the blue areas are
+completely functional but the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely functional but the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely functional but the green
+areas um are experiencing muscular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um are experiencing muscular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas um are experiencing muscular
+failure and they tend to curl in so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and they tend to curl in so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and they tend to curl in so they
+don't open and thus they're very useless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't open and thus they're very useless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't open and thus they're very useless
+to her. On her right hand um the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her. On her right hand um the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her. On her right hand um the sort of
+gray areas are areas where she can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray areas are areas where she can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray areas are areas where she can feel
+really well. Um but the red areas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. Um but the red areas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. Um but the red areas are
+areas where she cannot she feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where she cannot she feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where she cannot she feels
+numbness and so um she has trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbness and so um she has trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbness and so um she has trouble
+gripping things as a result because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripping things as a result because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripping things as a result because she
+loses she loses feeling in that hand. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses she loses feeling in that hand. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses she loses feeling in that hand. Um
+and so as a result she has to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as a result she has to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as a result she has to really
+consciously think about actions she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously think about actions she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously think about actions she
+performs and this includes like picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs and this includes like picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs and this includes like picking
+up and holding on to objects um typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and holding on to objects um typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and holding on to objects um typing
+and walking down stairwells with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walking down stairwells with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walking down stairwells with
+railings. Um and you'll see in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railings. Um and you'll see in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railings. Um and you'll see in the next
+uh few slides we chose to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh few slides we chose to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh few slides we chose to focus on the
+problem with her right hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the assistive technology challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the assistive technology challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the assistive technology challenge
+over here is that uh because Beverly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is that uh because Beverly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is that uh because Beverly is
+so worried that she's going to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so worried that she's going to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so worried that she's going to drop
+something whenever she's grabbing it. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whenever she's grabbing it. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whenever she's grabbing it. Uh
+she becomes less confident in grabbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she becomes less confident in grabbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she becomes less confident in grabbing
+objects with just one hand. Uh and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects with just one hand. Uh and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects with just one hand. Uh and here
+we are trying to reinstall her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to reinstall her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to reinstall her
+confidence in grabbing objects with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in grabbing objects with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in grabbing objects with her
+uh right hand by notifying her uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right hand by notifying her uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right hand by notifying her uh
+whenever her grip is becoming loose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And uh to design our product, we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh to design our product, we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh to design our product, we put
+them into three stages of prototypes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into three stages of prototypes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into three stages of prototypes.
+And so as we uh asy talked about before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so as we uh asy talked about before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so as we uh asy talked about before,
+we focus on the problem with her right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus on the problem with her right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus on the problem with her right
+hand because she normally uses her right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand because she normally uses her right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand because she normally uses her right
+hand to grab objects. And we uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to grab objects. And we uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to grab objects. And we uh very
+early on we decided that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on we decided that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on we decided that we want to
+quantify her grip pressure and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify her grip pressure and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify her grip pressure and then
+notify her when whenever her grip is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notify her when whenever her grip is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notify her when whenever her grip is
+becoming loose. Uh so this is um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming loose. Uh so this is um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming loose. Uh so this is um so
+these are the uh early stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the uh early stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the uh early stage
+brainstorming ideas we had um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming ideas we had um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming ideas we had um and we
+were focusing on exploring different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were focusing on exploring different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were focusing on exploring different
+choices of where to put the uh pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of where to put the uh pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of where to put the uh pressure
+sensors as well as the uh circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors as well as the uh circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors as well as the uh circuit
+boards. So uh the left part shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards. So uh the left part shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards. So uh the left part shows that
+we're putting the pressure sensor um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting the pressure sensor um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting the pressure sensor um on
+the upper palm and whereas the uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper palm and whereas the uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper palm and whereas the uh right
+part showing another idea of putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part showing another idea of putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part showing another idea of putting the
+pressure sensor on her fingertips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure sensor on her fingertips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure sensor on her fingertips and
+later on we uh we follow the uh second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we uh we follow the uh second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on we uh we follow the uh second
+idea. So this is our uh prototype stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. So this is our uh prototype stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. So this is our uh prototype stage
+one and it's a lowfidelity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's a lowfidelity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's a lowfidelity
+non-functional prototype. Um and we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-functional prototype. Um and we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-functional prototype. Um and we uh
+were exploring uh multiple designs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exploring uh multiple designs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exploring uh multiple designs for
+this lookike prototype uh by asking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lookike prototype uh by asking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lookike prototype uh by asking uh
+Beverly and to try out different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beverly and to try out different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beverly and to try out different
+versions and then see which one feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions and then see which one feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions and then see which one feels
+the most comfortable. And these uh upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most comfortable. And these uh upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most comfortable. And these uh upper
+part are the pictures that uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part are the pictures that uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part are the pictures that uh for the
+minimalistic design for um for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalistic design for um for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalistic design for um for the uh
+gloves. Um yeah, that's the stage one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves. Um yeah, that's the stage one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves. Um yeah, that's the stage one
+prototype.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+For the stage two prototype, we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the stage two prototype, we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the stage two prototype, we were
+mostly interested in making a functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly interested in making a functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly interested in making a functional
+design. So, basically fulfilling our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So, basically fulfilling our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So, basically fulfilling our
+goal of being able to notify her when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of being able to notify her when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of being able to notify her when
+she's gripping something and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gripping something and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gripping something and it's
+slipping. So, we made a we constructed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping. So, we made a we constructed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping. So, we made a we constructed a
+circuit on a breadboard and we hooked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit on a breadboard and we hooked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit on a breadboard and we hooked it
+up to an Arduino and then we coded we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to an Arduino and then we coded we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to an Arduino and then we coded we we
+uploaded code to the Arduino that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploaded code to the Arduino that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uploaded code to the Arduino that would
+cause a vibration motor to vibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a vibration motor to vibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a vibration motor to vibrate
+whenever um the sensors that are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever um the sensors that are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever um the sensors that are also
+hooked up to the circuit sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to the circuit sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to the circuit sense that
+you're gripping object and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gripping object and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gripping object and then it's
+released past a certain threshold. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released past a certain threshold. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released past a certain threshold. And
+we actually tested this with Beverly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually tested this with Beverly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually tested this with Beverly and
+she really liked how loud the v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she really liked how loud the v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she really liked how loud the v
+vibration motor was and how strong it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration motor was and how strong it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration motor was and how strong it
+was. And she mentioned that it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. And she mentioned that it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. And she mentioned that it actually
+helped her consciously remember like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped her consciously remember like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped her consciously remember like,
+oh, I need to regrip and grip stronger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, I need to regrip and grip stronger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, I need to regrip and grip stronger.
+And she actually also really liked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And she actually also really liked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And she actually also really liked the
+material of the glove that we used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of the glove that we used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of the glove that we used and
+she asked us not to act not to cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she asked us not to act not to cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she asked us not to act not to cut it
+like how we did for our first prototype.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how we did for our first prototype.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how we did for our first prototype.
+And it was also pretty easy to grip with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it was also pretty easy to grip with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it was also pretty easy to grip with
+the material we were using. And mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material we were using. And mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material we were using. And mostly
+we used this prototype to test the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used this prototype to test the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used this prototype to test the range
+of sensor values that output when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensor values that output when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensor values that output when she
+grabbed different types of objects. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed different types of objects. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed different types of objects. So
+for example like a cup or a mug or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example like a cup or a mug or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example like a cup or a mug or
+utensils and they actually turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utensils and they actually turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utensils and they actually turned out to
+be in around of a similar range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in around of a similar range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in around of a similar range.
+Okay. So um the main problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um the main problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um the main problem with the
+previous prototype was that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous prototype was that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous prototype was that it wasn't
+portable because we had to plug it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable because we had to plug it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable because we had to plug it into
+the computer. So the final prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer. So the final prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer. So the final prototype
+which is actually on my arm right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually on my arm right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually on my arm right now is
+both functional and portable. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both functional and portable. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both functional and portable. So the
+idea is that um we printed a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that um we printed a circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that um we printed a circuit
+board to do what our breadboard was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board to do what our breadboard was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board to do what our breadboard was
+originally doing, but that breadboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally doing, but that breadboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally doing, but that breadboard
+was way too heavy. Um so we got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was way too heavy. Um so we got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was way too heavy. Um so we got one
+custom made um and that's here. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom made um and that's here. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom made um and that's here. And then
+on the back we have an Arduino Lily pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back we have an Arduino Lily pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back we have an Arduino Lily pad
+which is a lighter version of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lighter version of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lighter version of an
+Arduino. Um and it provides like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arduino. Um and it provides like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arduino. Um and it provides like the
+code and the power supply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and the power supply to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and the power supply to the
+circuit. Um we have sensors attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit. Um we have sensors attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit. Um we have sensors attached to
+the gloves and then we have an armband.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gloves and then we have an armband.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gloves and then we have an armband.
+We discussed with her a lot how she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We discussed with her a lot how she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We discussed with her a lot how she
+wanted to carry this device around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to carry this device around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to carry this device around and
+her main constraint was that like she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her main constraint was that like she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her main constraint was that like she
+wanted it to be light um but like not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to be light um but like not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to be light um but like not on
+her upper arm or too close to her wrist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her upper arm or too close to her wrist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her upper arm or too close to her wrist
+somewhere where it would be stable. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where it would be stable. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where it would be stable. And
+so we chose to make an armband uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we chose to make an armband uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we chose to make an armband uh right
+around here um so that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here um so that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here um so that it would be
+portable. And the vibration motor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable. And the vibration motor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable. And the vibration motor is
+sewn into the armband so that if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewn into the armband so that if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewn into the armband so that if I were
+to turn the switch on to start it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn the switch on to start it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn the switch on to start it so
+that we don't waste battery life and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't waste battery life and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't waste battery life and uh
+squeeze it and then let go, I can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it and then let go, I can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it and then let go, I can feel
+the vibration even though you can't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration even though you can't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration even though you can't hear
+it so that it's not disruptive to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that it's not disruptive to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that it's not disruptive to other
+people around. Um and the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around. Um and the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around. Um and the other thing
+that we made sure to do was that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made sure to do was that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made sure to do was that our
+power supply is pretty light. It's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply is pretty light. It's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply is pretty light. It's only
+one AAA battery and because it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one AAA battery and because it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one AAA battery and because it's like a
+standard AAA battery, she can replace it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard AAA battery, she can replace it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard AAA battery, she can replace it
+whenever it goes out of battery. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it goes out of battery. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it goes out of battery. So we
+don't have to worry about um prolonging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about um prolonging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about um prolonging
+its lifespan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so for experimentation we mostly did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so for experimentation we mostly did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so for experimentation we mostly did
+with our stage two prototype when we met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our stage two prototype when we met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our stage two prototype when we met
+up with uh Bevern. So we focus on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with uh Bevern. So we focus on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with uh Bevern. So we focus on two
+things. The first scene is taser uh test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. The first scene is taser uh test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. The first scene is taser uh test
+whether the prototype is working as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the prototype is working as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the prototype is working as we
+expected in terms of notifying Beverly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected in terms of notifying Beverly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected in terms of notifying Beverly
+whenever her uh grip pressure becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever her uh grip pressure becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever her uh grip pressure becomes
+loose. Uh and also to see whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose. Uh and also to see whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose. Uh and also to see whether it
+actually decreases the uh time when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decreases the uh time when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decreases the uh time when she
+uh drops the objects. Um and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drops the objects. Um and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh drops the objects. Um and also the
+second thing we focus on is to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we focus on is to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we focus on is to compare
+two case. Uh one is when she wears a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two case. Uh one is when she wears a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two case. Uh one is when she wears a
+glove and then when uh the other case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glove and then when uh the other case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glove and then when uh the other case is
+when she does not wear the glove. Uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she does not wear the glove. Uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she does not wear the glove. Uh in
+terms of uh you know uh when when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh you know uh when when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh you know uh when when she
+grips different types of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grips different types of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grips different types of objects
+including a cup, phone, plate and a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a cup, phone, plate and a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a cup, phone, plate and a fork
+and uh record uh different um holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh record uh different um holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh record uh different um holding
+times for uh these uh in the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for uh these uh in the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for uh these uh in the case when
+she grabs various objects um uh in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she grabs various objects um uh in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she grabs various objects um uh in both
+when she wears a glove and when she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she wears a glove and when she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she wears a glove and when she does
+not wear the glove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so we took a lot of data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we took a lot of data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we took a lot of data in the
+beginning especially when we had to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning especially when we had to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning especially when we had to make
+our second prototype to figure out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second prototype to figure out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second prototype to figure out um
+how to sort of adjust the code so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to sort of adjust the code so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to sort of adjust the code so that
+it would work for her range of however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would work for her range of however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would work for her range of however
+she would grip. And so if you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would grip. And so if you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would grip. And so if you can see
+here this is like an example of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is like an example of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is like an example of the kind
+of data we had to get. A lot of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data we had to get. A lot of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data we had to get. A lot of it is
+just voltage readings, but it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just voltage readings, but it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just voltage readings, but it's like the
+key voltage uh values here are like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key voltage uh values here are like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key voltage uh values here are like what
+voltage do we see when she drops when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage do we see when she drops when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage do we see when she drops when
+she or she's about to drop the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she or she's about to drop the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she or she's about to drop the object
+that she's holding and like what finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's holding and like what finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she's holding and like what finger
+are we reading this value from? And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we reading this value from? And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we reading this value from? And so
+based on that, we were able to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that, we were able to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that, we were able to like
+figure out how to tune the code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to tune the code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to tune the code to
+accommodate for all of her fingers. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate for all of her fingers. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate for all of her fingers. Um
+we were also able to get time. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were also able to get time. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were also able to get time. So the
+time in the very last column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the very last column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the very last column is
+approximately how long she is holding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately how long she is holding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately how long she is holding it
+before she either unconsciously slips it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she either unconsciously slips it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she either unconsciously slips it
+or needs to put it down. Um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or needs to put it down. Um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or needs to put it down. Um and we
+actually saw like just between not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saw like just between not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saw like just between not
+having a prototype versus having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a prototype versus having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a prototype versus having that
+second prototype a noticeable increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second prototype a noticeable increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second prototype a noticeable increase
+in the amount of time uh by about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amount of time uh by about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amount of time uh by about like
+50%. Um, unfortunately, since our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. Um, unfortunately, since our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. Um, unfortunately, since our
+prototype only recently became portable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype only recently became portable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype only recently became portable,
+we weren't able to give it to her for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't able to give it to her for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't able to give it to her for a
+long period of time. And, um, so we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time. And, um, so we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time. And, um, so we'd
+like to measure her drop rate over about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to measure her drop rate over about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to measure her drop rate over about
+a week and then see after she's gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week and then see after she's gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week and then see after she's gotten
+accustomed to the device whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to the device whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to the device whether the
+time it takes for her to drop it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes for her to drop it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes for her to drop it is
+longer now instead of uh, what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer now instead of uh, what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer now instead of uh, what it was
+before. And that's what we'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And that's what we'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And that's what we'll be doing
+over the next few weeks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here are a couple reflections that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here are a couple reflections that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here are a couple reflections that we
+had on the design process. So one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on the design process. So one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on the design process. So one thing
+especially is that simplicity is key. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially is that simplicity is key. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially is that simplicity is key. I
+know this was something very emphasized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this was something very emphasized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this was something very emphasized
+in the class and that's very true. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class and that's very true. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class and that's very true. Um
+another thing is that in order to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is that in order to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing is that in order to design
+something that your client can use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that your client can use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that your client can use in
+real life, you need to it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life, you need to it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life, you need to it's very
+important to have multiple prototypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have multiple prototypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have multiple prototypes
+and to be able to deal with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be able to deal with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be able to deal with any
+technical difficulties that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difficulties that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difficulties that you have
+that come up with the process. And of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up with the process. And of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come up with the process. And of
+course you always have to listen to who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you always have to listen to who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you always have to listen to who
+you're working with because you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with because you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with because you're a
+partner in a team. you're not, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner in a team. you're not, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner in a team. you're not, you know,
+it's not a customer um company sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a customer um company sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a customer um company sort of
+relationship.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship.
+And some reflections on 6811 PPAT. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some reflections on 6811 PPAT. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some reflections on 6811 PPAT. Um we
+were all really glad we took the class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all really glad we took the class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all really glad we took the class.
+Um we kind of wish we had other ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we kind of wish we had other ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we kind of wish we had other ways to
+educate ourselves through about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate ourselves through about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate ourselves through about
+disabilities beforehand, but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities beforehand, but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities beforehand, but we're
+really glad this class gave us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really glad this class gave us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really glad this class gave us the
+opportunity to explore that. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to explore that. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to explore that. And I'm
+just going to leave you guys with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to leave you guys with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to leave you guys with this
+one quote. If there's one thing that Pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quote. If there's one thing that Pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quote. If there's one thing that Pep
+has taught me, it's that disability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taught me, it's that disability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taught me, it's that disability
+isn't a good enough reason to stop doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a good enough reason to stop doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a good enough reason to stop doing
+anything. Thanks. and we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Thanks. and we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Thanks. and we'll take
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Get set up while we take uh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in in your final design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your final design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your final design.
+Is that is that something she'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that is that something she'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that is that something she'll have
+difficulty wearing and using based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty wearing and using based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty wearing and using based on
+her lifestyle and the way the wires are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her lifestyle and the way the wires are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her lifestyle and the way the wires are
+are out? Is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out? Is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out? Is there
+casing it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casing it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casing it?
+Um, so in terms of actually being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so in terms of actually being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so in terms of actually being able
+to slip it on, we found that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slip it on, we found that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slip it on, we found that that's
+relatively easy. And in terms of body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy. And in terms of body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy. And in terms of body
+placement, we checked with her to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement, we checked with her to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement, we checked with her to make
+sure that was okay. Um, the wires are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that was okay. Um, the wires are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that was okay. Um, the wires are
+honestly our biggest problem right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly our biggest problem right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly our biggest problem right now
+because they um stick out and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they um stick out and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they um stick out and if they
+get caught onto something that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get caught onto something that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get caught onto something that could be
+really dangerous and could rip apart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous and could rip apart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous and could rip apart the
+circuitry. So, um, along with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry. So, um, along with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry. So, um, along with like
+giving her the prototype to see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving her the prototype to see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving her the prototype to see how it
+works for her, um, out in the field for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for her, um, out in the field for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for her, um, out in the field for
+like the next few weeks, we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the next few weeks, we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the next few weeks, we're also
+going to, uh, talk about how to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to, uh, talk about how to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to, uh, talk about how to cover
+all of this circuitry so that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this circuitry so that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this circuitry so that it doesn't
+stick out. And we're planning, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick out. And we're planning, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick out. And we're planning, we have
+like cloth and, um, other materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cloth and, um, other materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cloth and, um, other materials
+ready to like start sort of making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to like start sort of making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to like start sort of making this
+more compact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more compact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more compact.
+Have you thought about using conductive?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we did. Um the only issue was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we did. Um the only issue was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we did. Um the only issue was that
+um the board that we um were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the board that we um were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the board that we um were using
+required um some components that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required um some components that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required um some components that would
+require wires anyways. And so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require wires anyways. And so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require wires anyways. And so as a
+result and plus like actually connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and plus like actually connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and plus like actually connecting
+to the glove would have definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the glove would have definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the glove would have definitely
+required wires because there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required wires because there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required wires because there's there's
+like a gap in cloth here that she wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a gap in cloth here that she wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a gap in cloth here that she wanted
+to like have like a watch or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like have like a watch or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like have like a watch or like
+bangles and such. So, um, we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangles and such. So, um, we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangles and such. So, um, we needed to
+use wires anyway, so we figured that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use wires anyway, so we figured that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use wires anyway, so we figured that we
+might as well, um, go the whole way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well, um, go the whole way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well, um, go the whole way with
+wires, and this way we can modify stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires, and this way we can modify stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires, and this way we can modify stuff
+easier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier.
+The other thing about that, especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing about that, especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other thing about that, especially
+when she's working, she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, sure. My last question is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, sure. My last question is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, sure. My last question is actually
+so it seems that the the big thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems that the the big thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems that the the big thing for
+her is that she needs to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her is that she needs to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her is that she needs to remember that
+she is trying to do something and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is trying to do something and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is trying to do something and I
+wonder how much of that mind from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder how much of that mind from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder how much of that mind from
+wearing something on the head which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing something on the head which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing something on the head which is
+kind of healthy and she like oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of healthy and she like oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of healthy and she like oh yeah
+wearing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then does it really have to vibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then does it really have to vibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then does it really have to vibrate
+only when she's about to drop or if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when she's about to drop or if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when she's about to drop or if it's
+vibrating herself if it's vibrating for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating herself if it's vibrating for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating herself if it's vibrating for
+the entire time she's something is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire time she's something is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire time she's something is that
+kind of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of to
+um so I not really sure because when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I not really sure because when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I not really sure because when we
+were talking to her and she was focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking to her and she was focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking to her and she was focusing
+on it um so when she had the glove we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it um so when she had the glove we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it um so when she had the glove we
+ended up having to just ask her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having to just ask her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having to just ask her
+questions so her mind would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so her mind would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so her mind would be
+distracted off of so I think if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted off of so I think if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted off of so I think if it's a
+continuous um vibration she might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous um vibration she might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous um vibration she might get
+habituated to it and like not recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituated to it and like not recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habituated to it and like not recognize
+it as something that she has to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as something that she has to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as something that she has to respond
+to. That was that was our main concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. That was that was our main concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. That was that was our main concern
+that like if we if we just had some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like if we if we just had some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like if we if we just had some sort
+of static device that she would get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of static device that she would get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of static device that she would get used
+to it and then start ignoring it. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and then start ignoring it. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and then start ignoring it. Um but
+when we did the data analysis, we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did the data analysis, we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did the data analysis, we made
+sure that like as soon as her grip like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that like as soon as her grip like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that like as soon as her grip like
+starts to slip and we worked on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to slip and we worked on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to slip and we worked on this
+really carefully with her, it would buzz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really carefully with her, it would buzz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really carefully with her, it would buzz
+immediately and she she really felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and she she really felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and she she really felt that
+like it notified her as soon as she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it notified her as soon as she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it notified her as soon as she was
+in any danger of dropping something. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any danger of dropping something. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any danger of dropping something. So
+she was like this is much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was like this is much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was like this is much better than
+having some sort of consistent reminder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some sort of consistent reminder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some sort of consistent reminder.
+Um, also I feel like it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, also I feel like it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, also I feel like it's not really
+about her uh like forgot about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her uh like forgot about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about her uh like forgot about like
+she's grabbing something. Like she knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's grabbing something. Like she knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's grabbing something. Like she knows
+she's grabbing something but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's grabbing something but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's grabbing something but it's just
+gradually over time she's not sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually over time she's not sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually over time she's not sure how
+much force she's exerting because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much force she's exerting because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much force she's exerting because she
+cannot feel her like finger finger. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot feel her like finger finger. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot feel her like finger finger. So
+because of that she generally lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that she generally lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that she generally lose
+confidence in uh grabbing things just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in uh grabbing things just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in uh grabbing things just
+because of the fear of uh might she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fear of uh might she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fear of uh might she
+might drop it. So it's really more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might drop it. So it's really more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might drop it. So it's really more about
+uh telling her that you won't drop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh telling her that you won't drop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh telling her that you won't drop it
+and then just be confident with like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just be confident with like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just be confident with like you
+know uh grabbing things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh grabbing things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh grabbing things and then
+whenever you are about to drop it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you are about to drop it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you are about to drop it we
+will notify you. So having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will notify you. So having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will notify you. So having that
+confidence really puts her back into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence really puts her back into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence really puts her back into a
+normal condition where giving her the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal condition where giving her the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal condition where giving her the
+capability of grabbing things with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of grabbing things with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of grabbing things with like
+one hand. Yeah. Okay. Thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand. Yeah. Okay. Thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand. Yeah. Okay. Thank you very
+much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone. Uh, I'm Rachel. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone. Uh, I'm Rachel. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone. Uh, I'm Rachel. This is
+Jessica. And this is Stephanie. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica. And this is Stephanie. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica. And this is Stephanie. We're
+team Art, and we're here to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team Art, and we're here to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team Art, and we're here to talk to you
+about the vertical screw lift that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vertical screw lift that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vertical screw lift that we
+spent this semester designing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent this semester designing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent this semester designing and
+building. Um, first we'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. Um, first we'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. Um, first we'd like you to
+meet Art, who's actually right over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet Art, who's actually right over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet Art, who's actually right over
+there. We were really happy he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. We were really happy he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. We were really happy he was able
+to come today. Um, he is an avid hacker,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come today. Um, he is an avid hacker,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come today. Um, he is an avid hacker,
+rock climber, and member of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock climber, and member of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock climber, and member of his
+community, which is the town of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community, which is the town of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community, which is the town of
+Bolerica, Massachusetts, where he lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolerica, Massachusetts, where he lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolerica, Massachusetts, where he lives
+with his girlfriend. Um he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his girlfriend. Um he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his girlfriend. Um he's very
+active, gets himself around, is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active, gets himself around, is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active, gets himself around, is very
+independent and wanted to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and wanted to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and wanted to be able to
+take advantage or or he works a lot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage or or he works a lot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage or or he works a lot with
+mechanical tools and he wanted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical tools and he wanted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical tools and he wanted to be
+able to get in and out of his wheelchair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get in and out of his wheelchair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get in and out of his wheelchair
+onto the floor. Um he was in a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the floor. Um he was in a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the floor. Um he was in a chair
+because he has T5 AB paraplegia and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has T5 AB paraplegia and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has T5 AB paraplegia and that
+means he has no motor function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means he has no motor function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means he has no motor function and
+limited sensory function below the legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited sensory function below the legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited sensory function below the legs
+or below the waist, sorry. Um, he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below the waist, sorry. Um, he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or below the waist, sorry. Um, he has a
+hacker space at the Artisans Asylum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacker space at the Artisans Asylum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacker space at the Artisans Asylum in
+Somerville. And this is where we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville. And this is where we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville. And this is where we spent
+most of our time meeting with him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our time meeting with him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our time meeting with him.
+So, as I just said, our goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as I just said, our goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as I just said, our goal was to
+design a lift to help Art move up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a lift to help Art move up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a lift to help Art move up and
+down from the floor in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from the floor in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from the floor in multiple
+settings. So, the idea was he would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. So, the idea was he would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. So, the idea was he would be
+able to use it at his home or at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use it at his home or at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use it at his home or at the
+artisan's asylum or maybe bring it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisan's asylum or maybe bring it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisan's asylum or maybe bring it into
+his car to take it wherever he might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his car to take it wherever he might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his car to take it wherever he might be
+going. Um, and we had a couple of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. Um, and we had a couple of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. Um, and we had a couple of design
+goals with this. We wanted a clearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals with this. We wanted a clearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals with this. We wanted a clearance
+height of 4 in or less. Um, we wanted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of 4 in or less. Um, we wanted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of 4 in or less. Um, we wanted it
+to be able to lift art in less than 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to lift art in less than 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to lift art in less than 45
+seconds because existing devices like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because existing devices like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because existing devices like
+pool swings tend to be very slow. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool swings tend to be very slow. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool swings tend to be very slow. And we
+wanted it to weigh less than 20 lbs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to weigh less than 20 lbs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to weigh less than 20 lbs,
+which is what his girlfriend is capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what his girlfriend is capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what his girlfriend is capable
+of lifting, but lift up to 300.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifting, but lift up to 300.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lifting, but lift up to 300.
+Um, the bottom line though, really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the bottom line though, really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the bottom line though, really the
+most important thing in all of this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing in all of this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing in all of this was
+that we wanted our design to be portable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted our design to be portable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted our design to be portable
+and we wanted it to be safe to use. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted it to be safe to use. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted it to be safe to use. And
+with a mechanical device like this, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mechanical device like this, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mechanical device like this, this
+is surprisingly difficult to accomplish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is surprisingly difficult to accomplish.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is surprisingly difficult to accomplish.
+So, I wanted to walk you all through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I wanted to walk you all through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I wanted to walk you all through the
+sorts of designs we were considering um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of designs we were considering um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of designs we were considering um
+while we were doing this. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we were doing this. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we were doing this. The first
+thing we talked about as a team was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we talked about as a team was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we talked about as a team was this
+scissor lift design, which is used quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissor lift design, which is used quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissor lift design, which is used quite
+frequently in industrial settings. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently in industrial settings. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently in industrial settings. It's
+what you might see on uh one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might see on uh one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might see on uh one of those
+like cherry picker things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cherry picker things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cherry picker things that the
+telephone guy uses. Um but they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone guy uses. Um but they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone guy uses. Um but they are very
+complicated mechan pieces of machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mechan pieces of machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mechan pieces of machinery
+actually and the actuators and hinges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and the actuators and hinges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and the actuators and hinges
+are very expensive for them. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very expensive for them. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very expensive for them. So, we
+decided this is not a good option. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided this is not a good option. Next,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided this is not a good option. Next,
+we thought about a sort of like out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about a sort of like out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about a sort of like out
+there solution. Uh the idea of using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there solution. Uh the idea of using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there solution. Uh the idea of using a
+lifting cushion, but these we realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting cushion, but these we realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting cushion, but these we realized
+after talking to Art would present us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after talking to Art would present us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after talking to Art would present us
+with stability problems. If we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stability problems. If we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stability problems. If we wanted
+variable height, which we do, he might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable height, which we do, he might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable height, which we do, he might
+want to transfer to a 12-in surface or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to transfer to a 12-in surface or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to transfer to a 12-in surface or
+an 8 in surface or maybe to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8 in surface or maybe to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8 in surface or maybe to something
+higher than his chair. Even if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than his chair. Even if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than his chair. Even if it was
+only partially inflated, transferring on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only partially inflated, transferring on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only partially inflated, transferring on
+and off of the cushions would be a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off of the cushions would be a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and off of the cushions would be a huge
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+We so we started talking about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We so we started talking about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We so we started talking about using
+this tripod design which would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tripod design which would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tripod design which would be very
+stable and had fewer parts than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and had fewer parts than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and had fewer parts than the
+scissor jack. We thought um but the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissor jack. We thought um but the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissor jack. We thought um but the more
+we talked about it uh the more we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about it uh the more we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about it uh the more we
+realized that the pulley that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that the pulley that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that the pulley that we had
+designed like right here that pulls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed like right here that pulls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed like right here that pulls the
+seat up and down wasn't going to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat up and down wasn't going to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat up and down wasn't going to provide
+a safety for art when the motor was off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safety for art when the motor was off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safety for art when the motor was off.
+So the seat would be in danger of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the seat would be in danger of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the seat would be in danger of
+sliding up and down. And so we'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding up and down. And so we'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding up and down. And so we'd have to
+install some sort of manual brake or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install some sort of manual brake or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install some sort of manual brake or
+chain mechanism. And we thought long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain mechanism. And we thought long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain mechanism. And we thought long and
+hard about how to implement this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard about how to implement this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard about how to implement this and
+decided we weren't sure how to do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided we weren't sure how to do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided we weren't sure how to do it.
+So, we needed another idea. And those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we needed another idea. And those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we needed another idea. And those of
+you who were able to join us last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who were able to join us last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who were able to join us last time
+will remember that we brought in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will remember that we brought in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will remember that we brought in this
+cute little prototype about this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute little prototype about this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute little prototype about this big
+that had a screw built into it, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a screw built into it, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a screw built into it, which
+basically you turn the screw and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you turn the screw and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you turn the screw and the
+seat goes up or the seat goes down. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat goes up or the seat goes down. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat goes up or the seat goes down. And
+the thing that's really wonderful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's really wonderful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's really wonderful about
+this is that even when the motor's off,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that even when the motor's off,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that even when the motor's off,
+the seat doesn't move uh vertically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat doesn't move uh vertically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat doesn't move uh vertically at
+all. It's quite stationary. I mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. It's quite stationary. I mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. It's quite stationary. I mean like
+it's very stationary even on our big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very stationary even on our big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very stationary even on our big
+design, right? Um so we can go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, right? Um so we can go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, right? Um so we can go to the
+next slide. All right. So we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide. All right. So we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide. All right. So we will be
+showing you our product and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you our product and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you our product and our
+functions. So currently what Rachel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. So currently what Rachel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. So currently what Rachel is
+doing is connecting the um 24volt a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is connecting the um 24volt a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is connecting the um 24volt a few
+24volt batteries through Anderson plugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24volt batteries through Anderson plugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24volt batteries through Anderson plugs
+to our motor which was provided by Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our motor which was provided by Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our motor which was provided by Don
+Fedet of the Boston Home. It's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fedet of the Boston Home. It's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fedet of the Boston Home. It's been
+incredibly useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly useful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly useful.
+Okay. So, as you can see, because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, as you can see, because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, as you can see, because of
+that, that's a birectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, that's a birectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, that's a birectional
+uh because that's a birectional switch,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because that's a birectional switch,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because that's a birectional switch,
+we have the capability of having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the capability of having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the capability of having the
+motors turn in different directions. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors turn in different directions. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors turn in different directions. So,
+we can essentially move the Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Thanks.
+So, this is Yep. Um, as you can see, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is Yep. Um, as you can see, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this is Yep. Um, as you can see, it
+functions perfectly fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions perfectly fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions perfectly fine.
+So, how how what exactly is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how how what exactly is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how how what exactly is this
+contraption made of? Well, the frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraption made of? Well, the frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraption made of? Well, the frame is
+actually made of a bunch of 8020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made of a bunch of 8020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made of a bunch of 8020
+aluminum rods that we actually scred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum rods that we actually scred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum rods that we actually scred
+from an abandoned laser in the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an abandoned laser in the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an abandoned laser in the physics
+lab. So, this the entire frame would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab. So, this the entire frame would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab. So, this the entire frame would
+probably cost $200 to maybe $400 if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cost $200 to maybe $400 if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cost $200 to maybe $400 if we
+purchased it directly from the 8020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased it directly from the 8020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased it directly from the 8020
+site. So, we got really lucky there. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. So, we got really lucky there. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. So, we got really lucky there. Um,
+the lifting mechanism is actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifting mechanism is actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifting mechanism is actually it's
+it's essentially a an acme rod that we a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a an acme rod that we a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a an acme rod that we a
+threaded acme rod that we purchased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaded acme rod that we purchased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaded acme rod that we purchased
+ourselves. Um, and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves. Um, and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves. Um, and this is the
+life-sized version of the tiny screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-sized version of the tiny screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-sized version of the tiny screw
+that you guys saw in the previous Balsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys saw in the previous Balsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys saw in the previous Balsa
+wood uh tiny model. Um, and we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood uh tiny model. Um, and we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood uh tiny model. Um, and we were able
+to obtain that motor that's turning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain that motor that's turning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain that motor that's turning the
+Acme rod as um and these batteries from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acme rod as um and these batteries from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acme rod as um and these batteries from
+again Don Ferdet from the Boston home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Don Ferdet from the Boston home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Don Ferdet from the Boston home.
+Uh the seat is made of aluminum and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the seat is made of aluminum and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the seat is made of aluminum and it
+was actually water jetted by someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually water jetted by someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually water jetted by someone
+from the course 3 department. Um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the course 3 department. Um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the course 3 department. Um it's
+weighs approximately 8 to 10 lbs. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs approximately 8 to 10 lbs. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs approximately 8 to 10 lbs. So it
+bears a decent bulk of the weight. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears a decent bulk of the weight. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears a decent bulk of the weight. Um
+and the there's a lot of connective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the there's a lot of connective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the there's a lot of connective
+hardware in our in our device. um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware in our in our device. um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware in our in our device. um to
+actually interface the motor with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interface the motor with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interface the motor with the
+Acme rod, we had to purchase a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acme rod, we had to purchase a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acme rod, we had to purchase a few
+sprockets um in order and a chain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprockets um in order and a chain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprockets um in order and a chain in
+order to actually have the motor actuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to actually have the motor actuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to actually have the motor actuate
+um the spinning motion of the of the rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the spinning motion of the of the rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the spinning motion of the of the rod
+itself. And we had to purchase several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. And we had to purchase several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. And we had to purchase several
+flanges um flange bearings and thrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flanges um flange bearings and thrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flanges um flange bearings and thrust
+bearings in order to reduce friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearings in order to reduce friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearings in order to reduce friction
+between the Acme rod and the 8020 frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Acme rod and the 8020 frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Acme rod and the 8020 frame
+itself. um as well as actually connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. um as well as actually connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. um as well as actually connect
+the acme rod to the seat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acme rod to the seat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acme rod to the seat.
+So, as Rachel mentioned before, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as Rachel mentioned before, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as Rachel mentioned before, our
+design our desired features involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design our desired features involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design our desired features involve
+moving, preferably moving art um up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving, preferably moving art um up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving, preferably moving art um up and
+down about 20 to 22 to 24 in in less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down about 20 to 22 to 24 in in less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down about 20 to 22 to 24 in in less
+than 40 uh 45 seconds. We would like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 40 uh 45 seconds. We would like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 40 uh 45 seconds. We would like a
+clearance distance of 4 in and we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance distance of 4 in and we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance distance of 4 in and we wanted
+the device to weigh less than 20 pounds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device to weigh less than 20 pounds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device to weigh less than 20 pounds.
+Currently our device lifts and lowers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Currently our device lifts and lowers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Currently our device lifts and lowers um
+a complete length in approximately 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete length in approximately 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete length in approximately 30
+seconds. So we definitely met the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. So we definitely met the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. So we definitely met the first
+feature. Um we also met the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature. Um we also met the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature. Um we also met the second
+feature in the sense that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in the sense that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in the sense that we have a
+clearance distance of 4 in. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance distance of 4 in. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance distance of 4 in. Um
+unfortunately we were unable to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we were unable to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we were unable to make
+this apparatus weigh less than 15 pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this apparatus weigh less than 15 pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this apparatus weigh less than 15 pounds
+because it weighs 30 lbs and that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it weighs 30 lbs and that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it weighs 30 lbs and that can be
+attributed to the really really heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to the really really heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to the really really heavy
+aluminum frames. Um, and currently it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum frames. Um, and currently it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum frames. Um, and currently it
+actually does not lift weight because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does not lift weight because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does not lift weight because
+the motor is it does not provide enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor is it does not provide enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor is it does not provide enough
+torque to actually lift a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to actually lift a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to actually lift a significant
+amount of weight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+we got pretty close with this design,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got pretty close with this design,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got pretty close with this design,
+but there are still a few improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are still a few improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are still a few improvements
+that we would have liked to make. First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would have liked to make. First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would have liked to make. First
+and foremost, we need a higher torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foremost, we need a higher torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foremost, we need a higher torque
+motor. our current motor does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. our current motor does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. our current motor does not have
+enough torque to actually lift weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough torque to actually lift weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough torque to actually lift weight
+and that's the primary function of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the primary function of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the primary function of our
+device. So, we can't perform that. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. So, we can't perform that. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. So, we can't perform that. It's
+a problem. Uh we would also like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem. Uh we would also like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem. Uh we would also like to
+reduce the weight of this contraption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the weight of this contraption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the weight of this contraption
+because it is a little heavier than we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a little heavier than we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a little heavier than we'd
+like. So, lighter and thinner parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. So, lighter and thinner parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. So, lighter and thinner parts
+would be optimal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be optimal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be optimal.
+Another issue is portability. That was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another issue is portability. That was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another issue is portability. That was
+one of our original design goals and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our original design goals and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our original design goals and we
+haven't quite gotten there yet. Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't quite gotten there yet. Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't quite gotten there yet. Our
+current idea would be to add wheels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current idea would be to add wheels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current idea would be to add wheels to
+the back end of it and a handle so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back end of it and a handle so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back end of it and a handle so that
+you could tilt and pull back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tilt and pull back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tilt and pull back.
+And safety, the device is pretty safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And safety, the device is pretty safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And safety, the device is pretty safe
+except for the loose chain that's open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the loose chain that's open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the loose chain that's open
+here. So, we would like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, we would like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, we would like to be able to
+cover that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And some of the things that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some of the things that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some of the things that we've
+learned through this project are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned through this project are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned through this project are that
+parts are expensive. you know software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are expensive. you know software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are expensive. you know software
+is not so expensive, parts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so expensive, parts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so expensive, parts are
+expensive. Um, understanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive. Um, understanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive. Um, understanding and
+designing for your user is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing for your user is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing for your user is very
+important. Um, but you also have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Um, but you also have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Um, but you also have to keep
+in mind safety and feasibility and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind safety and feasibility and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind safety and feasibility and it's
+it can be pretty complicated. Iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be pretty complicated. Iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be pretty complicated. Iteration
+therefore is key. It is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is key. It is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is key. It is one of the most
+important things you can do and sadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things you can do and sadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things you can do and sadly
+with our limited time frame and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our limited time frame and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our limited time frame and our
+large device it was hard to iterate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large device it was hard to iterate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large device it was hard to iterate as
+much as we wanted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we wanted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we wanted.
+Like I said, the most valuable resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like I said, the most valuable resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like I said, the most valuable resource
+there of course would be time since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of course would be time since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of course would be time since we
+didn't have enough time to iterate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have enough time to iterate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have enough time to iterate as
+much as we'd liked.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we'd liked.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we'd liked.
+You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know,
+reaching out to others for assistance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching out to others for assistance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching out to others for assistance.
+That's super important. We received a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's super important. We received a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's super important. We received a
+lot of help from art from the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of help from art from the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of help from art from the department
+of material science.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material science.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material science.
+And you know, we received a lot of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, we received a lot of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know, we received a lot of help
+from Dawn who gave us a lot of parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Dawn who gave us a lot of parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Dawn who gave us a lot of parts and
+who helped us connect all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who helped us connect all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who helped us connect all of this
+together. and from the PAP staff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. and from the PAP staff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. and from the PAP staff in
+general. And so with that, we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. And so with that, we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. And so with that, we'd like to
+thank you guys and open the floor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you guys and open the floor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you guys and open the floor to
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh why don't you talk a bit about uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh why don't you talk a bit about uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh why don't you talk a bit about uh I
+know you said that it can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you said that it can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you said that it can't actually
+lift anybody, but uh they are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift anybody, but uh they are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift anybody, but uh they are trying to
+get on it. So, uh, what what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on it. So, uh, what what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on it. So, uh, what what is the
+process like for getting yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like for getting yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like for getting yourself
+situated on that platform and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated on that platform and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated on that platform and is it
+stable enough to do that safely without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable enough to do that safely without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable enough to do that safely without
+pulling it over?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling it over?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling it over?
+Um, so it's definitely uh based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it's definitely uh based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it's definitely uh based on
+Rachel actually just standing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel actually just standing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel actually just standing on the
+apparatus and jumping on it. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and jumping on it. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus and jumping on it. It's
+definitely stable in terms of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely stable in terms of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely stable in terms of actually
+holding up weight, but the issue is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding up weight, but the issue is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding up weight, but the issue is I
+should add that this is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add that this is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add that this is a new
+development. It was not that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. It was not that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. It was not that was not
+true until on Sunday when Art's machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true until on Sunday when Art's machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true until on Sunday when Art's machine
+apart to keep the seat stable. Yeah. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart to keep the seat stable. Yeah. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart to keep the seat stable. Yeah. Um,
+we had all of this working except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had all of this working except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had all of this working except the
+ste was wobbly for the longest time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ste was wobbly for the longest time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ste was wobbly for the longest time and
+we were really concerned about this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were really concerned about this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were really concerned about this as a
+design feature obviously. Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design feature obviously. Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design feature obviously. Um, we
+actually didn't get to a point of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't get to a point of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually didn't get to a point of having
+to try it, but we'd like to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ideally though, it there should be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideally though, it there should be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideally though, it there should be no
+issue with um with our transferring into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with um with our transferring into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with um with our transferring into
+out of the chair because this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the chair because this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the chair because this would be
+positioned right next to his wheelchair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned right next to his wheelchair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned right next to his wheelchair
+so that he would have to do a slide over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that he would have to do a slide over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that he would have to do a slide over
+onto the chair at once it's set at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the chair at once it's set at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the chair at once it's set at the
+ideal height.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal height.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal height.
+But if you're on the floor, if you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're on the floor, if you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're on the floor, if you're on
+the floor, then slide over it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor, then slide over it, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor, then slide over it, right?
+Lift yourself up at least a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lift yourself up at least a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lift yourself up at least a couple
+inches. Yeah. And that's the So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches. Yeah. And that's the So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches. Yeah. And that's the So the
+clearance of 4 in was a design goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance of 4 in was a design goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance of 4 in was a design goal
+given by art. Uh 4 in is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by art. Uh 4 in is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by art. Uh 4 in is the maximum
+distance he's comfortably able to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance he's comfortably able to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance he's comfortably able to move
+vertically to a different surface. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically to a different surface. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically to a different surface. So we
+were trying to account for that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to account for that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to account for that with the
+design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the that frame parallels his chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the that frame parallels his chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the that frame parallels his chair
+you come up to seat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Any questions? Sure. What do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Sure. What do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Sure. What do you think
+are the trade-offs of making it lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the trade-offs of making it lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the trade-offs of making it lighter
+and the safety coner?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the safety coner?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the safety coner?
+Like would it be easier to tip over?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like would it be easier to tip over?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like would it be easier to tip over?
+Like have you guys thought about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like have you guys thought about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like have you guys thought about what
+happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if
+so? I guess I should talk into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so? I guess I should talk into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so? I guess I should talk into the
+microphone, but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone, but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone, but um
+basically no because the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no because the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no because the center of mass
+of this contraption is always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this contraption is always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this contraption is always going to
+be over the center of the frame and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over the center of the frame and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over the center of the frame and with
+a user on it or like transferring onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user on it or like transferring onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user on it or like transferring onto
+it. There's always going to be weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. There's always going to be weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. There's always going to be weight
+over the like support base. Um in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the like support base. Um in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the like support base. Um in terms
+of making it lighter, we wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making it lighter, we wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making it lighter, we wouldn't be
+looking probably to replace the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking probably to replace the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking probably to replace the entire
+frame. We might make it out of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame. We might make it out of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame. We might make it out of like a
+smaller 8020. I feel like that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller 8020. I feel like that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller 8020. I feel like that was a
+possibility. But the biggest thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility. But the biggest thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility. But the biggest thing we
+could do to reduce weight is to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to reduce weight is to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to reduce weight is to reduce
+the thickness of the seat. 1/2-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the seat. 1/2-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness of the seat. 1/2-in
+aluminum holds up like 1,000 lbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum holds up like 1,000 lbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum holds up like 1,000 lbs and
+that's just unnecessary. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just unnecessary. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just unnecessary. It's just
+happened to have what we had lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to have what we had lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to have what we had lying
+around. Um it was what we didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Um it was what we didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Um it was what we didn't have to
+pay for. Um and if we had a lot of time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for. Um and if we had a lot of time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for. Um and if we had a lot of time,
+we would probably go and mill out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would probably go and mill out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would probably go and mill out some
+of some shapes in the bottom to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some shapes in the bottom to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some shapes in the bottom to like
+optimize thickness where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize thickness where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize thickness where it was
+necessary and cut out extra weight where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and cut out extra weight where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and cut out extra weight where
+it wasn't. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't. Um,
+the other reason part that that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason part that that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason part that that it's
+heavy in general is just that we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy in general is just that we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy in general is just that we ended
+up finding that lighter components, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up finding that lighter components, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up finding that lighter components, like
+components that weren't made for heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that weren't made for heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that weren't made for heavy
+duty usage, weren't going to stand up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty usage, weren't going to stand up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty usage, weren't going to stand up to
+the wear and tear. We expected this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wear and tear. We expected this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wear and tear. We expected this
+device to see. Um, we actually had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device to see. Um, we actually had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device to see. Um, we actually had a
+like second prototype that never made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like second prototype that never made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like second prototype that never made it
+in here because it was like terrible. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here because it was like terrible. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here because it was like terrible. We
+bought like cheap components and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought like cheap components and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought like cheap components and they
+were lighter components and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lighter components and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lighter components and they just
+didn't work um at the rotations. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work um at the rotations. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work um at the rotations. I mean
+that speed that that rod right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speed that that rod right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that speed that that rod right now is
+turning at 400 RPM and so it has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning at 400 RPM and so it has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning at 400 RPM and so it has to go
+be able to spin really smoothly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to spin really smoothly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to spin really smoothly and
+without bending and so any material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without bending and so any material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without bending and so any material
+that's not tool grade steel doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not tool grade steel doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not tool grade steel doesn't work
+and etc etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and etc etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and etc etc.
+Right time we should move on. Thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right time we should move on. Thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right time we should move on. Thank you
+very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Get team Paul to set up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, we're team Paul. My name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we're team Paul. My name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we're team Paul. My name is
+Ye. And uh I'm Lexi. And I'm Brady. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ye. And uh I'm Lexi. And I'm Brady. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ye. And uh I'm Lexi. And I'm Brady. And
+we are design a coffee crane, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are design a coffee crane, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are design a coffee crane, which
+we'll let you know. So, first just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let you know. So, first just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let you know. So, first just want
+to quickly review. So, our client is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly review. So, our client is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly review. So, our client is
+Paul. He has been an MPD for over 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul. He has been an MPD for over 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul. He has been an MPD for over 30
+years. So, he uses um these forearm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So, he uses um these forearm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. So, he uses um these forearm
+crutches to help him. And then because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crutches to help him. And then because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crutches to help him. And then because
+he had an injury I guess with his um hip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an injury I guess with his um hip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an injury I guess with his um hip
+before so that he's been kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so that he's been kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so that he's been kind of
+regaining his strength and then he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regaining his strength and then he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regaining his strength and then he's
+doing physical therapy now. So he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing physical therapy now. So he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing physical therapy now. So he's
+mostly staying home. So our client's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly staying home. So our client's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly staying home. So our client's not
+going to be um around. So we designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be um around. So we designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be um around. So we designing
+this for the home. So the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the home. So the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the home. So the problem
+statement is we want to design a device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is we want to design a device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is we want to design a device
+or mechanism that allows Paul to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mechanism that allows Paul to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mechanism that allows Paul to carry
+at least one full cup of coffee around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one full cup of coffee around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one full cup of coffee around
+his house without spilling or without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his house without spilling or without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his house without spilling or without
+gripping onto the cup like this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripping onto the cup like this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gripping onto the cup like this. So
+which is how he carries it. um before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how he carries it. um before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how he carries it. um before
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the success metrics that we had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the success metrics that we had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the success metrics that we had was
+current status well I guess the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current status well I guess the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current status well I guess the previous
+status is that coffee cup can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status is that coffee cup can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status is that coffee cup can only be
+filled to one/3 full so in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled to one/3 full so in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled to one/3 full so in the morning
+he can only fill up to one/3 walk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can only fill up to one/3 walk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can only fill up to one/3 walk to the
+sofa and then sit down and drink the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sofa and then sit down and drink the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sofa and then sit down and drink the one
+third cup of coffee and then go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third cup of coffee and then go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third cup of coffee and then go back to
+get more and then he had to clog grip on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and then he had to clog grip on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more and then he had to clog grip on
+the cup so because he's using crutches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cup so because he's using crutches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cup so because he's using crutches
+that sometimes can be turbulent so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes can be turbulent so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes can be turbulent so even
+if it's only one third full it can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's only one third full it can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's only one third full it can still
+spill on his hand. And so when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill on his hand. And so when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill on his hand. And so when we were
+coming up with goals, we had two goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with goals, we had two goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with goals, we had two goals
+like the livable goals and the ambitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the livable goals and the ambitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the livable goals and the ambitious
+goal. So we wanted to design something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal. So we wanted to design something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal. So we wanted to design something
+that doesn't spill when it's too full.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't spill when it's too full.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't spill when it's too full.
+And there's no need to hold on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's no need to hold on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's no need to hold on to the
+cup like he does now where it's clawing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup like he does now where it's clawing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup like he does now where it's clawing.
+And then hopefully it can be removable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then hopefully it can be removable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then hopefully it can be removable
+with 20 seconds on and off time. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 20 seconds on and off time. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 20 seconds on and off time. And
+then Paul gives a rating of six out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Paul gives a rating of six out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Paul gives a rating of six out of
+10 and it works for one of his mugs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and it works for one of his mugs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and it works for one of his mugs.
+That because that's one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That because that's one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That because that's one of the main
+thing Paul wants is like he wants to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Paul wants is like he wants to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Paul wants is like he wants to use
+his mugs instead of like maybe a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mugs instead of like maybe a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mugs instead of like maybe a thermal
+or something. And then the mission's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something. And then the mission's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something. And then the mission's
+goal is to no spill with coffee cups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to no spill with coffee cups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to no spill with coffee cups
+three4 full and then no need to hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three4 full and then no need to hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three4 full and then no need to hold it
+again and then removable within 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then removable within 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then removable within 10
+seconds and then Paul raise it eight out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then Paul raise it eight out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then Paul raise it eight out
+of 10 and it works for all of his mugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 and it works for all of his mugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 and it works for all of his mugs
+and then just some of our early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just some of our early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just some of our early
+prototypes. So, we were thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes. So, we were thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes. So, we were thinking of
+maybe we if you just cover the cup with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we if you just cover the cup with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we if you just cover the cup with
+one of these, which works really well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these, which works really well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these, which works really well,
+like it will not spill, and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it will not spill, and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it will not spill, and then just
+maybe put it in like one of the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe put it in like one of the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe put it in like one of the stage
+holder and then just put the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder and then just put the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder and then just put the stage
+holder on his crutches. And because his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder on his crutches. And because his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder on his crutches. And because his
+mug didn't fit in that, that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mug didn't fit in that, that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mug didn't fit in that, that's too
+small. And we were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. And we were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. And we were thinking
+another kind of cover, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of cover, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of cover, which is the
+flexi cover. So, it takes actually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexi cover. So, it takes actually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexi cover. So, it takes actually a lot
+of strength to put on and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strength to put on and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strength to put on and you have to
+like stretch it. And then we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stretch it. And then we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stretch it. And then we were
+thinking, well, maybe we can use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking, well, maybe we can use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking, well, maybe we can use some
+sort of um gyroscopic cup holder idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um gyroscopic cup holder idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um gyroscopic cup holder idea
+which allows it to swing. And then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows it to swing. And then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows it to swing. And then this
+works horrible and um there's filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works horrible and um there's filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works horrible and um there's filling
+even when you put the cup in. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you put the cup in. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when you put the cup in. And then
+we're thinking this kind of clamp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking this kind of clamp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking this kind of clamp to
+clamp onto his crutches, which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp onto his crutches, which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp onto his crutches, which we have
+here. And um uh Paul actually destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And um uh Paul actually destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And um uh Paul actually destroyed
+it because it's too weak. He like broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's too weak. He like broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's too weak. He like broke
+this thing when we tested it. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing when we tested it. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing when we tested it. And then
+after all this iteration and looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all this iteration and looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all this iteration and looking for
+the right products, we have final final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right products, we have final final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right products, we have final final
+prototype.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype.
+So our final prototype, one of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our final prototype, one of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our final prototype, one of the one
+of the main things that we um products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main things that we um products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main things that we um products
+that we found was the uh spill knot. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found was the uh spill knot. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found was the uh spill knot. And
+basically it's a product that if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's a product that if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's a product that if you put
+a coffee mug on it um you can put it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coffee mug on it um you can put it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coffee mug on it um you can put it at
+any angle basically and it won't spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any angle basically and it won't spill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any angle basically and it won't spill
+the contents. Um, and this has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents. Um, and this has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents. Um, and this has to do
+with like the forces as you move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like the forces as you move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like the forces as you move this
+way like counteract the other forces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like counteract the other forces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like counteract the other forces.
+So, um, magic. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, magic. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, magic. Um,
+uh, but basically this uh definitely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, but basically this uh definitely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, but basically this uh definitely it
+works with basically any mug that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with basically any mug that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with basically any mug that you
+could put in here and it definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put in here and it definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put in here and it definitely
+works with all of Paul's mugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with all of Paul's mugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with all of Paul's mugs and
+probably any he would get in the future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably any he would get in the future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably any he would get in the future.
+And it definitely is no spill. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it definitely is no spill. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it definitely is no spill. Uh the
+only time it would spill is if it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time it would spill is if it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time it would spill is if it hits
+something um or like gets jarred in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um or like gets jarred in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um or like gets jarred in any
+way. So uh we decided to put it on a rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So uh we decided to put it on a rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So uh we decided to put it on a rod
+like far away from his crutch so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like far away from his crutch so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like far away from his crutch so it
+wouldn't actually hit into his crutch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't actually hit into his crutch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't actually hit into his crutch.
+Uh and basically just put a hook on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and basically just put a hook on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and basically just put a hook on the
+end so that he could easily connect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so that he could easily connect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so that he could easily connect it
+onto the um onto the rod and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the um onto the rod and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the um onto the rod and then it
+would be easy to just slip on and off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easy to just slip on and off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easy to just slip on and off.
+Uh, and we needed a stronger clamp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and we needed a stronger clamp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and we needed a stronger clamp.
+Obviously, this is not actually the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously, this is not actually the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously, this is not actually the one
+we ended up using. I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up using. I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up using. I don't have a
+picture of it. We got uh clamps from Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it. We got uh clamps from Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it. We got uh clamps from Don
+Ferdet and um it was uh basically it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferdet and um it was uh basically it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferdet and um it was uh basically it's a
+clamp that he would leave on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp that he would leave on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp that he would leave on there
+permanently and he's really okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently and he's really okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently and he's really okay with
+that. He actually really likes that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. He actually really likes that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. He actually really likes that it's
+there and it's very solidly on his um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's very solidly on his um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's very solidly on his um
+crutch and then he can just attach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crutch and then he can just attach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crutch and then he can just attach this
+rod to um the clamp then. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod to um the clamp then. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod to um the clamp then. And then we
+added this handle on it uh for to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added this handle on it uh for to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added this handle on it uh for to make
+it even easier to put on. Um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even easier to put on. Um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even easier to put on. Um and this is
+the product on Paul's uh crotch. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product on Paul's uh crotch. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product on Paul's uh crotch. It
+doesn't have the handle on it yet. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the handle on it yet. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the handle on it yet. Uh
+this picture is taken before we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is taken before we put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is taken before we put it
+on. And um so some of the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And um so some of the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And um so some of the assumptions
+that we made while making this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made while making this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made while making this final
+prototype was that uh when he's putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype was that uh when he's putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype was that uh when he's putting
+the spill knot on and off, he would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spill knot on and off, he would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spill knot on and off, he would be
+able to like remain standing and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to like remain standing and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to like remain standing and he
+wouldn't spill anything and that mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't spill anything and that mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't spill anything and that mainly
+uh basically he would be able to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically he would be able to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically he would be able to move
+around his apartment and maneuver in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around his apartment and maneuver in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around his apartment and maneuver in
+there. Uh and so when we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Uh and so when we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Uh and so when we went to
+experiment with this, we actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with this, we actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with this, we actually uh
+were using the weaker clamp at the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using the weaker clamp at the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using the weaker clamp at the time.
+So, we basically couldn't uh test with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we basically couldn't uh test with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we basically couldn't uh test with
+the coffee cup in it, but we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coffee cup in it, but we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coffee cup in it, but we were able
+to test uh basically different rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test uh basically different rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test uh basically different rod
+lengths. Um so, there's 8 in and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths. Um so, there's 8 in and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths. Um so, there's 8 in and then we
+also tested a 12 in. And then we tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tested a 12 in. And then we tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tested a 12 in. And then we tested
+um where he was able to hold it out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where he was able to hold it out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where he was able to hold it out this
+way with his crutch and then this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with his crutch and then this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with his crutch and then this way
+and then this way basically. Um, and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this way basically. Um, and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this way basically. Um, and we
+found that straight ahead was the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that straight ahead was the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that straight ahead was the best
+orientation, um, because it didn't knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation, um, because it didn't knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation, um, because it didn't knock
+into the wall and all the other ones did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the wall and all the other ones did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the wall and all the other ones did
+with the 8 in. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the 8 in. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the 8 in. Um,
+so this is a video of Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a video of Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a video of Paul
+putting the clamp on and um, as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the clamp on and um, as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the clamp on and um, as you can
+see, it doesn't take very much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, it doesn't take very much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, it doesn't take very much time
+because the clamp or the clamp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the clamp or the clamp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the clamp or the clamp is
+already on there and he's just putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already on there and he's just putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already on there and he's just putting
+the rod on. And then he puts the spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod on. And then he puts the spill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod on. And then he puts the spill
+knot on top of it and he can maneuver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot on top of it and he can maneuver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot on top of it and he can maneuver
+with it. Um, and it's just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. Um, and it's just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. Um, and it's just kind of
+hanging out there. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out there. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out there. Uh,
+and um, he's able to maneuver. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um, he's able to maneuver. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um, he's able to maneuver. That's
+his cat. Um, he's able to maneuver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his cat. Um, he's able to maneuver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his cat. Um, he's able to maneuver
+around his apartment fairly easily. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around his apartment fairly easily. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around his apartment fairly easily. And
+yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh, as you can see from our success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, as you can see from our success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, as you can see from our success
+metrics, uh, we had Paul test out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics, uh, we had Paul test out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics, uh, we had Paul test out the
+prototype, left it with him for a week,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype, left it with him for a week,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype, left it with him for a week,
+uh, asked for his feedback, and he gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, asked for his feedback, and he gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, asked for his feedback, and he gave
+us very, very enthusiastic feedback. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us very, very enthusiastic feedback. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us very, very enthusiastic feedback. He
+loves it. He rates it 10 out of 10. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves it. He rates it 10 out of 10. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves it. He rates it 10 out of 10. Uh,
+it was actually really nice to see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually really nice to see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was actually really nice to see when
+we walked in the door, uh, when we met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we walked in the door, uh, when we met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we walked in the door, uh, when we met
+with him that he had the clamp still on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him that he had the clamp still on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him that he had the clamp still on.
+Uh, from when we'd given it to him last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, from when we'd given it to him last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, from when we'd given it to him last
+week, he said he hadn't taken it off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week, he said he hadn't taken it off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week, he said he hadn't taken it off.
+So, uh, that was really nice. Um, and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, that was really nice. Um, and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, that was really nice. Um, and he
+said he's been walking around his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he's been walking around his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he's been walking around his
+apartment with full cups of coffee. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment with full cups of coffee. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment with full cups of coffee. He
+hasn't spilled anything yet. Uh, so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't spilled anything yet. Uh, so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't spilled anything yet. Uh, so he
+was really, really happy about that. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really, really happy about that. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really, really happy about that. Um,
+obviously doesn't need to hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously doesn't need to hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously doesn't need to hold the
+coffee cup because it's out on the spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee cup because it's out on the spill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee cup because it's out on the spill
+knot. So, that was another one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot. So, that was another one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot. So, that was another one of our
+ambitious goals that we met. Uh the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious goals that we met. Uh the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious goals that we met. Uh the one
+part that we didn't quite meet is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that we didn't quite meet is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that we didn't quite meet is it
+does take a little bit longer to uh put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does take a little bit longer to uh put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does take a little bit longer to uh put
+on and take off because it is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and take off because it is uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and take off because it is uh that
+rotating motion uh putting on and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating motion uh putting on and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating motion uh putting on and taking
+off the extension as opposed to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the extension as opposed to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the extension as opposed to say a
+quick release clamp or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick release clamp or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick release clamp or something like
+that. But that was a trade-off we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But that was a trade-off we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But that was a trade-off we were
+willing to make because uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to make because uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to make because uh it's
+definitely more sturdy. Like we said, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely more sturdy. Like we said, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely more sturdy. Like we said, he
+destroyed our other clamp because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed our other clamp because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed our other clamp because he's
+got really really good grip strength. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got really really good grip strength. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got really really good grip strength. Um
+anyway, and so it and like we said, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, and so it and like we said, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, and so it and like we said, it
+works for all of Paul's mugs. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for all of Paul's mugs. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for all of Paul's mugs. So that
+part's fantastic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, what did we learn through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, what did we learn through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, what did we learn through
+all of this? Uh, nothing is as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this? Uh, nothing is as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this? Uh, nothing is as simple as
+it first appears. Uh, you know, it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first appears. Uh, you know, it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first appears. Uh, you know, it it's
+you kind of underestimate the task when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of underestimate the task when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of underestimate the task when
+you think, "Oh, I just need to have him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think, "Oh, I just need to have him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think, "Oh, I just need to have him
+walk around his apartment with a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around his apartment with a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around his apartment with a full
+cup of coffee. How hard can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup of coffee. How hard can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup of coffee. How hard can that
+possibly be?" But it turns out, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be?" But it turns out, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be?" But it turns out, you
+know, that was actually really, really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that was actually really, really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that was actually really, really
+difficult. And if it hadn't been for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. And if it hadn't been for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. And if it hadn't been for the
+spill knot, we probably wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill knot, we probably wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill knot, we probably wouldn't have
+been able to accomplish the goal uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to accomplish the goal uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to accomplish the goal uh that
+we had set for ourselves. But that spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had set for ourselves. But that spill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had set for ourselves. But that spill
+knot was definitely a lifesaver.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot was definitely a lifesaver.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot was definitely a lifesaver.
+um fail fast and iterate until success.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fail fast and iterate until success.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fail fast and iterate until success.
+Like we said, you know, the the covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like we said, you know, the the covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like we said, you know, the the covers
+probably would have worked okay, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would have worked okay, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would have worked okay, but
+they're really hard to put on and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really hard to put on and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really hard to put on and take
+off. So, from then that kind of sparked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. So, from then that kind of sparked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. So, from then that kind of sparked
+the rest of our ideas. Um and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of our ideas. Um and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of our ideas. Um and then with
+the spill knot, you know, we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spill knot, you know, we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spill knot, you know, we thought
+maybe he could just hang it off the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he could just hang it off the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he could just hang it off the the
+handle of his crutch, but you know, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle of his crutch, but you know, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle of his crutch, but you know, that
+doesn't really occur to you. Well, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really occur to you. Well, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really occur to you. Well, what
+happens if it bumps into his crutch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if it bumps into his crutch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if it bumps into his crutch and
+all of a sudden it starts spilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden it starts spilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden it starts spilling
+everywhere? So, fail fast and iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere? So, fail fast and iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere? So, fail fast and iterate
+from there. And finally, keep the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there. And finally, keep the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there. And finally, keep the end
+user involved. Uh Paul met with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user involved. Uh Paul met with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user involved. Uh Paul met with us
+pretty much every week. Q is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every week. Q is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much every week. Q is always
+available and it we definitely came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and it we definitely came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and it we definitely came up
+with something in the end that he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something in the end that he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something in the end that he's very
+very happy with. So um and from Paul we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy with. So um and from Paul we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy with. So um and from Paul we
+learned to be grateful for the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to be grateful for the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to be grateful for the small
+things such as being able to carry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things such as being able to carry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things such as being able to carry a
+full cup of coffee and his favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full cup of coffee and his favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full cup of coffee and his favorite
+quote in this the thing that he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote in this the thing that he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote in this the thing that he said
+literally every time we visited was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally every time we visited was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally every time we visited was you
+guys are doing wonderful stuff this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are doing wonderful stuff this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are doing wonderful stuff this is
+great so keep it up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, that's it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. So, what you ended up with still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, what you ended up with still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, what you ended up with still
+has like three parts to it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like three parts to it, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like three parts to it, right?
+There's bar and there's a still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's bar and there's a still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's bar and there's a still
+um did your explorer trying to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um did your explorer trying to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um did your explorer trying to put that
+down to two. I mean certainly you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two. I mean certainly you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to two. I mean certainly you need
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+but there can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you mean the uh as in like from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean the uh as in like from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean the uh as in like from here and
+eliminate the hook portion? Um, well, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the hook portion? Um, well, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the hook portion? Um, well, it
+would if when you're spinning it on, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if when you're spinning it on, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would if when you're spinning it on, it
+would kind of I mean, you could do it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kind of I mean, you could do it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kind of I mean, you could do it,
+but uh I think that it was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I think that it was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I think that it was a little bit
+hectic. If you wanted to spin it on, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hectic. If you wanted to spin it on, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hectic. If you wanted to spin it on, it
+would kind of like flip the spill knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kind of like flip the spill knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kind of like flip the spill knot
+around. Well, plus the other part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Well, plus the other part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. Well, plus the other part is
+when how Paul uses it is once he's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when how Paul uses it is once he's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when how Paul uses it is once he's out
+of the kitchen and into his living room,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kitchen and into his living room,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kitchen and into his living room,
+the table is actually at just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table is actually at just the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table is actually at just the right
+height where he can remain standing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height where he can remain standing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height where he can remain standing and
+gently set the spill knot onto the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently set the spill knot onto the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently set the spill knot onto the table
+and unhook it from his crutch. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unhook it from his crutch. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unhook it from his crutch. So then
+he doesn't run the risk of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't run the risk of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't run the risk of uh you know
+he he would he would have to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he would he would have to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he would he would have to remain
+standing and like try and unscrew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing and like try and unscrew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing and like try and unscrew it
+with the cup still on the spill nut. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cup still on the spill nut. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cup still on the spill nut. So
+it helps with it helps with the delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps with it helps with the delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps with it helps with the delivery
+time onto the Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time onto the Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time onto the Exactly.
+The other part of that would be that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other part of that would be that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other part of that would be that you
+could attach the clamp to the rod but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could attach the clamp to the rod but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could attach the clamp to the rod but
+was that difficult for him? So he he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that difficult for him? So he he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that difficult for him? So he he was
+he Yeah. the the clamp, finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Yeah. the the clamp, finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Yeah. the the clamp, finding the
+clamp, finding a clamp that worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp, finding a clamp that worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp, finding a clamp that worked
+really well, and then uh finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well, and then uh finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well, and then uh finding the
+correct length rod to keep it out away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct length rod to keep it out away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct length rod to keep it out away
+from the crutch was kind of an iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the crutch was kind of an iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the crutch was kind of an iterative
+process. Like we said, we tried out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Like we said, we tried out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Like we said, we tried out the
+12 in, we tried out the 8 in. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 in, we tried out the 8 in. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 in, we tried out the 8 in. Um, and
+the other thing is he he really liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is he he really liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is he he really liked
+the idea of keeping it on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of keeping it on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of keeping it on there
+permanently, at least the clamp. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently, at least the clamp. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently, at least the clamp. Um, and
+if there would have been a quick release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there would have been a quick release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there would have been a quick release
+clamp that worked very well, we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp that worked very well, we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp that worked very well, we probably
+would have looked into that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have looked into that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have looked into that a little bit
+further. Uh, but the clamp that he liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. Uh, but the clamp that he liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. Uh, but the clamp that he liked
+the best and that definitely worked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best and that definitely worked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best and that definitely worked the
+best is the one that was on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is the one that was on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is the one that was on there
+permanently. So, it made more sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently. So, it made more sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently. So, it made more sense to
+just be able to unscrew the the rod. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be able to unscrew the the rod. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be able to unscrew the the rod. So,
+could I suggest that maybe you look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I suggest that maybe you look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I suggest that maybe you look into
+getting him a crutch that you attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting him a crutch that you attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting him a crutch that you attach
+this to that he only uses in the house?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to that he only uses in the house?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to that he only uses in the house?
+So, Paul's crutches are actually custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Paul's crutches are actually custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Paul's crutches are actually custom
+and are super expensive. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are super expensive. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are super expensive. Yeah.
+I believe what did what the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe what did what the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe what did what the previous
+group mentioned like $200 to $400 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group mentioned like $200 to $400 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group mentioned like $200 to $400 for
+aluminum. We'd be at easily double that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum. We'd be at easily double that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum. We'd be at easily double that
+max price. So yeah, they bend you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max price. So yeah, they bend you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max price. So yeah, they bend you over
+for any kind of adaptive gear. Yep. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of adaptive gear. Yep. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of adaptive gear. Yep. What
+it's called? Anytime you said that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called? Anytime you said that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called? Anytime you said that you
+say, "Oh, adaptable equipment. Drop your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Oh, adaptable equipment. Drop your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Oh, adaptable equipment. Drop your
+doors and bend over because something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors and bend over because something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors and bend over because something
+you really don't like."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really don't like."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really don't like."
+Wondering if we could get t-shirts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wondering if we could get t-shirts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wondering if we could get t-shirts with
+that. Fail fast, iterate until success.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The MIT motto, right? For some time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The MIT motto, right? For some time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The MIT motto, right? For some time.
+Thank you very much. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi guys. I'm Kelly. I'm Eddie. I'm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi guys. I'm Kelly. I'm Eddie. I'm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi guys. I'm Kelly. I'm Eddie. I'm here
+to talk to you guys about script speak.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to you guys about script speak.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to you guys about script speak.
+Um so our client this semester was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so our client this semester was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so our client this semester was
+Barbara uh who was a former teacher who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbara uh who was a former teacher who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbara uh who was a former teacher who
+now lives at the Leonard Florence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now lives at the Leonard Florence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now lives at the Leonard Florence
+Center. Uh Barbara over a year ago found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center. Uh Barbara over a year ago found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center. Uh Barbara over a year ago found
+out that she was diagnosed with primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that she was diagnosed with primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that she was diagnosed with primary
+lateral sclerosis uh which is a neuro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral sclerosis uh which is a neuro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral sclerosis uh which is a neuro
+degenerative disease um which results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerative disease um which results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerative disease um which results in
+muscle weakness. Uh as a result speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle weakness. Uh as a result speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle weakness. Uh as a result speaking
+for her now is very hard and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her now is very hard and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her now is very hard and her
+speaking has gotten more unclear as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking has gotten more unclear as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking has gotten more unclear as time
+has progressed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has progressed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has progressed.
+Um because of her speech uh she's faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um because of her speech uh she's faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um because of her speech uh she's faced
+several challenges uh in different sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several challenges uh in different sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several challenges uh in different sorts
+of environments. Uh when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of environments. Uh when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of environments. Uh when it comes to
+group environments, it can be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group environments, it can be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group environments, it can be very hard
+for people to understand her. Be it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to understand her. Be it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to understand her. Be it like
+because often they're very very noisy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often they're very very noisy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often they're very very noisy.
+Um she also has trouble speaking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um she also has trouble speaking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um she also has trouble speaking to
+people who don't understand how her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't understand how her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't understand how her
+speech functions um such as non-native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech functions um such as non-native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech functions um such as non-native
+English speakers um or taxi drivers, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speakers um or taxi drivers, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speakers um or taxi drivers, uh
+people who just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who just don't have
+correspondence with her. She's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with her. She's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with her. She's also
+found that in virtual environments, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that in virtual environments, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that in virtual environments, it's
+also very difficult for her to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very difficult for her to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very difficult for her to talk to
+people, so through phone or video chats.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, so through phone or video chats.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, so through phone or video chats.
+Um currently she's tried out two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um currently she's tried out two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um currently she's tried out two
+solutions besides speaking. Um and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions besides speaking. Um and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions besides speaking. Um and one
+of them was called Prolock 4 text. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was called Prolock 4 text. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was called Prolock 4 text. Uh
+this is a um assistive voice sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a um assistive voice sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a um assistive voice sorry
+assistive tech text to um voice uh app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive tech text to um voice uh app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive tech text to um voice uh app
+and she found it very unintuitive to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she found it very unintuitive to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she found it very unintuitive to use
+because technology is not her forte. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because technology is not her forte. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because technology is not her forte. Um
+she also tried using something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also tried using something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she also tried using something called a
+boogie board which is a more physical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boogie board which is a more physical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boogie board which is a more physical uh
+board that she can use instead. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that she can use instead. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that she can use instead. Um, and
+through this she found that it was nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this she found that it was nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this she found that it was nice
+because she could write um, but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she could write um, but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she could write um, but also
+kind of inconvenient because she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inconvenient because she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of inconvenient because she would
+have to write out everything she wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write out everything she wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write out everything she wanted
+to say and she couldn't save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and she couldn't save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and she couldn't save it
+anywhere. And so both these solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. And so both these solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere. And so both these solutions
+were lacking something. Um, and knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lacking something. Um, and knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lacking something. Um, and knowing
+that she was technologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she was technologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she was technologically
+um, not very uh, equipped um, we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, not very uh, equipped um, we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, not very uh, equipped um, we knew
+that our app had to be simple um to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our app had to be simple um to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our app had to be simple um to fix
+her problem. And so we decided to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her problem. And so we decided to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her problem. And so we decided to create
+script speak. Uh, script speak is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script speak. Uh, script speak is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script speak. Uh, script speak is a
+texttovoice app um whose main purpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texttovoice app um whose main purpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texttovoice app um whose main purpose is
+to be as simple to use as possible as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as simple to use as possible as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as simple to use as possible as
+well as customizable so the user can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as customizable so the user can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as customizable so the user can
+enter in any phrases they want. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in any phrases they want. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in any phrases they want. Um, and
+ultimately it should expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it should expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it should expand the
+environment in which she can speak.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in which she can speak.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in which she can speak.
+All right. So our success metrics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So our success metrics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So our success metrics are
+here. Um, our livable goals is what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, our livable goals is what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, our livable goals is what I'll
+mainly cover which is we wanted her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly cover which is we wanted her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly cover which is we wanted her to
+be able to attempt to speak. Um, one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to attempt to speak. Um, one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to attempt to speak. Um, one of
+the main reasons is the you use it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reasons is the you use it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reasons is the you use it or
+use it or lose it, right? So, she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it or lose it, right? So, she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it or lose it, right? So, she
+continues to try and like use her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to try and like use her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to try and like use her
+speech, but even over the course of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech, but even over the course of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech, but even over the course of this
+class, uh, we have seen a a significant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, uh, we have seen a a significant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, uh, we have seen a a significant,
+uh, decrease in her ability to pronounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, decrease in her ability to pronounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, decrease in her ability to pronounce
+certain syllables. So, we want her to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain syllables. So, we want her to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain syllables. So, we want her to be
+able to try, but if she ends up not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to try, but if she ends up not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to try, but if she ends up not
+being able to speak, we want her be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to speak, we want her be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to speak, we want her be able
+to either type out the phrase or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either type out the phrase or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either type out the phrase or if
+she's already spoken that phrase, she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's already spoken that phrase, she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's already spoken that phrase, she
+can find it in her history or in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it in her history or in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it in her history or in her
+favorites within five clicks. We want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites within five clicks. We want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites within five clicks. We want to
+basically have her increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have her increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have her increase the
+efficiency of her speech uh by lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of her speech uh by lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of her speech uh by lowering
+uh her response time by about 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her response time by about 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh her response time by about 20%
+overall. So basically an advertised cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall. So basically an advertised cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall. So basically an advertised cost
+over like how many times she reuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over like how many times she reuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over like how many times she reuses
+phrases as opposed to her current method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases as opposed to her current method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases as opposed to her current method
+which she has to type out every phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she has to type out every phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she has to type out every phrase
+uh whenever she's going to speak it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whenever she's going to speak it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whenever she's going to speak it. So
+she can't really reuse or um use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can't really reuse or um use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can't really reuse or um use the
+components that are available even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that are available even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that are available even
+though the features are there. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the features are there. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the features are there. It's just
+very complicated for her. uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated for her. uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated for her. uh and uh
+larger noisier environments uh from 5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger noisier environments uh from 5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger noisier environments uh from 5 to
+10 people. So right now she's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 people. So right now she's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 people. So right now she's really
+okay with like speaking to you and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with like speaking to you and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with like speaking to you and using
+her current apps uh when it's one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her current apps uh when it's one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her current apps uh when it's one to one
+or one to like three especially for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one to like three especially for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one to like three especially for our
+meetings. But in other settings she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings. But in other settings she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings. But in other settings she
+wasn't able to use her apps because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't able to use her apps because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't able to use her apps because the
+iPhone is too low and the iPad app she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone is too low and the iPad app she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone is too low and the iPad app she
+hadn't used for an extended period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't used for an extended period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't used for an extended period of
+time. So she was very uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So she was very uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So she was very uncomfortable
+using it. So we wanted to give her a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it. So we wanted to give her a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it. So we wanted to give her a
+solution she can use in both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution she can use in both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution she can use in both of those
+settings. Um so we started prototyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. Um so we started prototyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. Um so we started prototyping
+with um her main her main point being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um her main her main point being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um her main her main point being
+keep it simple. The simpler the better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it simple. The simpler the better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it simple. The simpler the better.
+So we started off, we gave her this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started off, we gave her this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started off, we gave her this uh
+paper prototype where we had her test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype where we had her test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper prototype where we had her test
+and right from the start we found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right from the start we found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right from the start we found out
+that we found that every uh most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found that every uh most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found that every uh most of the
+common uh UI functionality that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh UI functionality that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh UI functionality that we're
+all used to with uh apps in the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all used to with uh apps in the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all used to with uh apps in the app
+store don't really seem intuitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store don't really seem intuitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store don't really seem intuitive to
+her. So swiping to delete and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her. So swiping to delete and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her. So swiping to delete and a few
+other of these characteristics were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of these characteristics were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of these characteristics were not
+um something she would use. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something she would use. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something she would use. So we
+stripped that down and we went back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped that down and we went back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped that down and we went back to
+like how UIs um are more intuitive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how UIs um are more intuitive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how UIs um are more intuitive in
+terms of you see and you click on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you see and you click on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you see and you click on it and
+that's what you get. Um so we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get. Um so we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get. Um so we see here
+the star for favoring and so on. Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star for favoring and so on. Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star for favoring and so on. Then we
+created our second prototype really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created our second prototype really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created our second prototype really
+quickly because we wanted to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because we wanted to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because we wanted to get
+something in her hand with appmentor. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in her hand with appmentor. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in her hand with appmentor. So
+we ba we built basically an app that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ba we built basically an app that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ba we built basically an app that she
+could click the text and uh it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could click the text and uh it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could click the text and uh it would
+like play and she can add text and store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play and she can add text and store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like play and she can add text and store
+that into her history. So that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into her history. So that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into her history. So that was our
+initial prototype. Then we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial prototype. Then we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial prototype. Then we started
+having the iOS app. So we didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the iOS app. So we didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the iOS app. So we didn't want to
+have no interaction until um too late.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no interaction until um too late.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no interaction until um too late.
+So we started off we had her history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started off we had her history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started off we had her history
+page and her favorites page right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and her favorites page right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and her favorites page right from
+the start. But um we needed to update a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start. But um we needed to update a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start. But um we needed to update a
+few things so we could have the stars uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things so we could have the stars uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things so we could have the stars uh
+be on and off as she would like it. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on and off as she would like it. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on and off as she would like it. Uh
+and then we connected both so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we connected both so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we connected both so whatever
+she did on the history page was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did on the history page was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did on the history page was
+reflected on the favorites page if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected on the favorites page if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected on the favorites page if it
+was necessary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was necessary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was necessary.
+And then after we finished this, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then after we finished this, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then after we finished this, we
+brought it to her and we got a feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it to her and we got a feedback.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought it to her and we got a feedback.
+We got a piece of feedback we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We got a piece of feedback we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We got a piece of feedback we didn't
+expect, which is that she wanted it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect, which is that she wanted it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect, which is that she wanted it to
+connect between her iPhone and her iPad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect between her iPhone and her iPad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect between her iPhone and her iPad.
+Initially, she she said that her iPhone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Initially, she she said that her iPhone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Initially, she she said that her iPhone
+was too low. Uh the volume was too low,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too low. Uh the volume was too low,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too low. Uh the volume was too low,
+so she really couldn't use it in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she really couldn't use it in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she really couldn't use it in most
+environments, but then she told us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments, but then she told us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments, but then she told us that
+uh if she's if she's going to be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if she's if she's going to be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if she's if she's going to be in a
+smaller setting, she's going to have her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller setting, she's going to have her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller setting, she's going to have her
+phone with her cuz it's like it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone with her cuz it's like it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone with her cuz it's like it's less
+heavy. So, we needed to connect both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy. So, we needed to connect both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy. So, we needed to connect both of
+them. So we've just connected the apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So we've just connected the apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So we've just connected the apps
+through parse and we're going to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through parse and we're going to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through parse and we're going to deliver
+that to her. So the functionality is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to her. So the functionality is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to her. So the functionality is the
+same. It's just now whatever she types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. It's just now whatever she types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. It's just now whatever she types
+in in one will be reflected in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in one will be reflected in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in one will be reflected in the
+other. Um so uh yeah. So we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Um so uh yeah. So we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Um so uh yeah. So we'll have a
+demo for you. Uh now we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo for you. Uh now we're going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo for you. Uh now we're going to show
+you guys a demo using the simulator. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys a demo using the simulator. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys a demo using the simulator. Um
+however the text to speech doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the text to speech doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the text to speech doesn't
+actually play on a laptop. So we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play on a laptop. So we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play on a laptop. So we will
+play it for you on our iPad. Um, but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it for you on our iPad. Um, but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it for you on our iPad. Um, but as
+you can see, we have the app working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see, we have the app working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see, we have the app working on
+both the phone and the iPad. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the phone and the iPad. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the phone and the iPad. So, it's
+customizable for both. Trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customizable for both. Trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customizable for both. Trying to find
+your screen. Pull that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Seems like the simulator cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems like the simulator cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems like the simulator cannot be
+dragged.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It can't be dragged over. Yeah, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It can't be dragged over. Yeah, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It can't be dragged over. Yeah, it
+cannot be dragged over. Can you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be dragged over. Can you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be dragged over. Can you switch
+it? We can. No. Can you You can switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? We can. No. Can you You can switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? We can. No. Can you You can switch
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+I don't remember how to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, in any event, we do have um Wait,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, in any event, we do have um Wait,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, in any event, we do have um Wait,
+you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really
+system preferences. Sorry. So, in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system preferences. Sorry. So, in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system preferences. Sorry. So, in any
+event, we do have the app loaded onto uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event, we do have the app loaded onto uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event, we do have the app loaded onto uh
+our iPad. So, we added the feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our iPad. So, we added the feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our iPad. So, we added the feature that
+she can uh compose a sentence with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can uh compose a sentence with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can uh compose a sentence with um
+previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+um set text and then she can play it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set text and then she can play it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set text and then she can play it in
+the end. So, she can store her name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end. So, she can store her name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end. So, she can store her name and
+whenever she has to type in her name,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever she has to type in her name,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever she has to type in her name,
+it's always there for her. Uh we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always there for her. Uh we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always there for her. Uh we also
+added that she can delete so she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that she can delete so she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added that she can delete so she can
+delete her messages and she can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete her messages and she can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete her messages and she can go to
+her history and in her history she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her history and in her history she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her history and in her history she can
+favorite the items and then if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite the items and then if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite the items and then if she
+deletes these items, this is awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes these items, this is awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletes these items, this is awesome.
+So, yeah, she can play it. Um, a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah, she can play it. Um, a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah, she can play it. Um, a little
+plug in there. And if she deletes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in there. And if she deletes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in there. And if she deletes these
+from her, this is awesome. I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her, this is awesome. I'm sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from her, this is awesome. I'm sorry.
+If she deletes these from her favorites,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If she deletes these from her favorites,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If she deletes these from her favorites,
+it reflects in her history. And since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects in her history. And since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects in her history. And since we
+also deleted from the history, it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also deleted from the history, it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also deleted from the history, it no
+longer shows up. Um, we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer shows up. Um, we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer shows up. Um, we have another
+more intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technical.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical.
+Sorry, I the simulator too big for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, I the simulator too big for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, I the simulator too big for that
+screen. So, we'll just have to go. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen. So, we'll just have to go. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen. So, we'll just have to go. So,
+um yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah.
+So, we'll just continue on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll just continue on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll just continue on.
+It's fine. We'll just continue on. It'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's fine. We'll just continue on. It'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's fine. We'll just continue on. It'll
+be fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine.
+I don't I don't know how to use this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um
+just present present present.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So yeah so um that's most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah so um that's most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah so um that's most of the
+functionality and now it's connected as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality and now it's connected as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality and now it's connected as
+well. Uh and she's been using this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Uh and she's been using this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Uh and she's been using this for
+the past week uh past yeah week and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past week uh past yeah week and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past week uh past yeah week and a
+half or so. Um so we did a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or so. Um so we did a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or so. Um so we did a couple
+experiments with her to see how well our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with her to see how well our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with her to see how well our
+app work compared to all the other ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app work compared to all the other ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app work compared to all the other ways.
+So um we asked her to say a short phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um we asked her to say a short phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um we asked her to say a short phrase
+first. So just to say hi my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. So just to say hi my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. So just to say hi my name is
+Barbara four different ways. First by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbara four different ways. First by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barbara four different ways. First by
+speaking and then writing on the boogie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and then writing on the boogie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and then writing on the boogie
+board and then script speak and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and then script speak and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and then script speak and then
+also her app prologue. As you can see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also her app prologue. As you can see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also her app prologue. As you can see um
+the second time the blue is after she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second time the blue is after she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second time the blue is after she
+has the orange is when she writes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the orange is when she writes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the orange is when she writes the
+phrase the very first time and then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the very first time and then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the very first time and then she
+saves it in the app and then when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves it in the app and then when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves it in the app and then when she
+tries to she gets uh she closes the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to she gets uh she closes the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to she gets uh she closes the app
+and then access it the second time. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then access it the second time. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then access it the second time. Um
+script speak is a lot faster. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script speak is a lot faster. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script speak is a lot faster. Um the
+first time is takes a while because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time is takes a while because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time is takes a while because um
+this was on her iPad which is new. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was on her iPad which is new. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was on her iPad which is new. So
+the autocorrect wasn't trained enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autocorrect wasn't trained enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autocorrect wasn't trained enough
+with what she usually says. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so another thing that we also measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so another thing that we also measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so another thing that we also measure
+was the number of clicks that we it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the number of clicks that we it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the number of clicks that we it
+takes also for script speak it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes also for script speak it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes also for script speak it takes a
+lot fewer clicks um as you can see here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot fewer clicks um as you can see here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot fewer clicks um as you can see here.
+And also for prologue, the other app, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also for prologue, the other app, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also for prologue, the other app, it
+um is very inconsistent and because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is very inconsistent and because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is very inconsistent and because it's
+very confusing for her. So um even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confusing for her. So um even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confusing for her. So um even
+though she saved it, she couldn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though she saved it, she couldn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though she saved it, she couldn't find
+it. So she had to like end up typing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So she had to like end up typing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So she had to like end up typing it
+again, which is why it takes so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, which is why it takes so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, which is why it takes so many
+clicks. Um this is a video of her using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks. Um this is a video of her using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks. Um this is a video of her using
+um prologue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prologue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prologue.
+Play it. Um sorry, we don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Play it. Um sorry, we don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Play it. Um sorry, we don't have time
+for video. It's okay. Just um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for video. It's okay. Just um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for video. It's okay. Just um just
+play it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh my gosh. Okay, we can move on then.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh my gosh. Okay, we can move on then.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh my gosh. Okay, we can move on then.
+Yeah. Yeah. Just so basically in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Just so basically in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Just so basically in the
+video, you see that she uh doesn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, you see that she uh doesn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, you see that she uh doesn't feel
+comfortable with prologue. So, we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with prologue. So, we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with prologue. So, we asked
+her to repeat the phrase and she has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to repeat the phrase and she has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to repeat the phrase and she has to
+type out the entire phrase again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type out the entire phrase again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type out the entire phrase again because
+she doesn't know where it's stored.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't know where it's stored.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't know where it's stored.
+Whereas in our application, she was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas in our application, she was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas in our application, she was able
+to go to the other screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the other screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the other screen and
+immediately just find it in her history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately just find it in her history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately just find it in her history
+and then she favored it after that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she favored it after that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then she favored it after that and
+she had it as well. So she was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had it as well. So she was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had it as well. So she was able to
+play it from the history page without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it from the history page without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it from the history page without
+any real time. It was like a five a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real time. It was like a five a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any real time. It was like a five a
+three four second time um to reply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four second time um to reply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four second time um to reply
+whereas the other sec was just as when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the other sec was just as when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the other sec was just as when
+she typed it. And then we have and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she typed it. And then we have and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she typed it. And then we have and then
+we asked her to repeat the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked her to repeat the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we asked her to repeat the experiment
+this time with a longer phrase. And as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time with a longer phrase. And as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time with a longer phrase. And as
+you can see the second time is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the second time is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the second time is a lot
+shorter. With prologue it seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter. With prologue it seems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter. With prologue it seems like the
+second time is also a lot shorter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time is also a lot shorter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time is also a lot shorter but
+actually it didn't really work. So she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it didn't really work. So she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it didn't really work. So she
+clicked it and the phrase was entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked it and the phrase was entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked it and the phrase was entered
+into her um text like multiple times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into her um text like multiple times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into her um text like multiple times and
+she was like very confused about it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was like very confused about it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was like very confused about it. So
+actually even though it was fast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even though it was fast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually even though it was fast it
+didn't work well. And um as for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work well. And um as for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work well. And um as for the
+number of clicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um similarly it was like fewer clicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly it was like fewer clicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similarly it was like fewer clicks
+but it didn't work. So that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it didn't work. So that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it didn't work. So that didn't
+accomplish the goal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the goal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the goal.
+Um this is the amount of um time she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is the amount of um time she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is the amount of um time she
+used it. So we left the app with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it. So we left the app with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it. So we left the app with her
+over a weekend and she used um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a weekend and she used um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a weekend and she used um this is
+the information we got from her iPad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we got from her iPad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we got from her iPad.
+She used this phrase like twice, three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She used this phrase like twice, three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She used this phrase like twice, three
+times. So she was actually like using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. So she was actually like using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. So she was actually like using
+this app to speak and um she also used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app to speak and um she also used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app to speak and um she also used
+it on her phone more but um we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on her phone more but um we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on her phone more but um we couldn't
+get the data for that. So um maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the data for that. So um maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the data for that. So um maybe we'll
+stop here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here.
+Thanks very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Questions. I I know that you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions. I I know that you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions. I I know that you in the
+beginning you were going with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you were going with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you were going with a
+different direction with right for kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction with right for kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction with right for kind
+of a door automation or something. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a door automation or something. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a door automation or something. It
+was really difficult for your team to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really difficult for your team to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really difficult for your team to
+kind of switch gears and direction when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of switch gears and direction when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of switch gears and direction when
+you realized that the first goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realized that the first goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realized that the first goal
+wouldn't be achievable. Um yeah, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be achievable. Um yeah, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be achievable. Um yeah, that
+was probably the hardest thing we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the hardest thing we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the hardest thing we had to
+deal with all semester because um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with all semester because um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with all semester because um when
+we finally chose our idea to go software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally chose our idea to go software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally chose our idea to go software
+and develop an app, uh we lost um around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop an app, uh we lost um around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop an app, uh we lost um around
+a month's time. So we had to really cram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month's time. So we had to really cram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month's time. So we had to really cram
+it all in. But it basically made us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all in. But it basically made us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all in. But it basically made us
+realize that um early on you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that um early on you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that um early on you got to
+learn how to fail fast. And so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to fail fast. And so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to fail fast. And so you can
+go with an idea, but only until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with an idea, but only until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with an idea, but only until you
+realize that it's like not possible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that it's like not possible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that it's like not possible or
+not. And you shouldn't just hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. And you shouldn't just hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. And you shouldn't just hold on to
+one thing because you think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing because you think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing because you think that that's
+the only idea that she wants. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only idea that she wants. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only idea that she wants. And so
+it's really important to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to always
+communicate with your client and throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with your client and throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with your client and throw
+out any ideas you have as well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any ideas you have as well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out any ideas you have as well because
+you're also part of the solution and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also part of the solution and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also part of the solution and you
+have as much say in it as they do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as much say in it as they do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as much say in it as they do and
+you can bounce ideas off each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bounce ideas off each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bounce ideas off each other and
+come up with something really awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with something really awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with something really awesome.
+Um, another part of that is that we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another part of that is that we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another part of that is that we like
+part of uh what we have here in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of uh what we have here in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of uh what we have here in our
+lessons learn is uh we came up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learn is uh we came up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learn is uh we came up with an
+idea of the script speak that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the script speak that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the script speak that we were
+never asked for initially. She really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never asked for initially. She really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never asked for initially. She really
+didn't think of it as a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think of it as a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think of it as a possible
+solution. and she wanted home automation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. and she wanted home automation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. and she wanted home automation
+and we focused on that until we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we focused on that until we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we focused on that until we found
+out by regulations that we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by regulations that we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by regulations that we would have
+too long too short of a time to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long too short of a time to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long too short of a time to actually
+make a difference. So we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference. So we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference. So we were able to
+like make an idea and like converse with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make an idea and like converse with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make an idea and like converse with
+her about something that she didn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her about something that she didn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her about something that she didn't uh
+particularly want. And then the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly want. And then the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly want. And then the moment
+we g came up with that idea she was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we g came up with that idea she was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we g came up with that idea she was like
+oh I love that do that like forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I love that do that like forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I love that do that like forget the
+door. So it was it was a hard process,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. So it was it was a hard process,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. So it was it was a hard process,
+but we ended up like liking the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we ended up like liking the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we ended up like liking the pro
+liking the projects we had and we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liking the projects we had and we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liking the projects we had and we're all
+CS majors, so it was definitely our home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS majors, so it was definitely our home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS majors, so it was definitely our home
+field advantage. So was it something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field advantage. So was it something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field advantage. So was it something you
+just intuitively knew would help her?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just intuitively knew would help her?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just intuitively knew would help her?
+Um, so she actually mentioned many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so she actually mentioned many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so she actually mentioned many times
+that she would like an app that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she would like an app that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she would like an app that would
+help her speak better cuz it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help her speak better cuz it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help her speak better cuz it's the most
+difficult problem she deals with. She
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem she deals with. She
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem she deals with. She
+just didn't know that it was possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't know that it was possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't know that it was possible to
+create something that could fix it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something that could fix it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create something that could fix it. And
+so we realized that, hey, we're CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we realized that, hey, we're CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we realized that, hey, we're CS
+majors. We can definitely do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors. We can definitely do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors. We can definitely do this for
+you. and she was amazed to see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. and she was amazed to see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. and she was amazed to see that it
+was actually possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Other questions or comments?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other questions or comments?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other questions or comments?
+Okay, I think we're at time today. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I think we're at time today. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I think we're at time today. Thank
+you very much, team Barbara.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much, team Barbara.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much, team Barbara.
+All right, well done though today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, well done though today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, well done though today
+everybody. Uh, thanks for coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. Uh, thanks for coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. Uh, thanks for coming out
+these three hours of presentations. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three hours of presentations. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three hours of presentations. We
+will have a class lecture next Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a class lecture next Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a class lecture next Wednesday
+at 1:00 and then the showcase is uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1:00 and then the showcase is uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1:00 and then the showcase is uh from
+3:00 to 5:00 uh next Wednesday. Thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 to 5:00 uh next Wednesday. Thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 to 5:00 uh next Wednesday. Thanks
+very much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yndgIDO0zQQ.txt b/yndgIDO0zQQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c3ec8f647f91136c2f8a76becf152a32bcc771e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yndgIDO0zQQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning everybody
+how's everybody doing nice uh long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's everybody doing nice uh long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's everybody doing nice uh long
+weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+we just came from i'm doing well i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just came from i'm doing well i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just came from i'm doing well i'm
+actually getting over a little cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting over a little cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting over a little cold
+uh oh yeah unfortunately uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh yeah unfortunately uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh yeah unfortunately uh
+but after this i i don't have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after this i i don't have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after this i i don't have anything
+else this week so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this week so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else this week so that's good
+um okay so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so last time
+last week we talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week we talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week we talked about how
+we looked at the search problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the search problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the search problem
+that we talked about uh earlier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about uh earlier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about uh earlier that
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+and showed that in a certain model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showed that in a certain model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and showed that in a certain model of
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+where i kind of could only compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i kind of could only compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i kind of could only compare
+two objects that i'm storing in my that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects that i'm storing in my that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects that i'm storing in my that
+i'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm storing
+and get some constant number of outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some constant number of outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get some constant number of outputs
+on what i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what i could
+how i could identify these things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i could identify these things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i could identify these things like
+equal or less than or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or less than or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal or less than or something like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+then we drew a decision tree and we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we drew a decision tree and we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we drew a decision tree and we got
+this this bounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this bounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this bounds that
+if i had n outputs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had n outputs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had n outputs right
+i would require my decision tree to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would require my decision tree to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would require my decision tree to be
+at least log n height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least log n height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least log n height
+and so in this model i can't find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this model i can't find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this model i can't find the
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+in faster than log n time but luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in faster than log n time but luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in faster than log n time but luckily
+we are in a model of computation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are in a model of computation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are in a model of computation which
+has a stronger operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a stronger operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a stronger operation
+namely random accessing and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely random accessing and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely random accessing and if we
+stored uh the things that we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored uh the things that we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored uh the things that we're looking
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+we have unique keys and those keys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have unique keys and those keys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have unique keys and those keys are
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+then if i have an item with key k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i have an item with key k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i have an item with key k
+i if i store it at index k in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if i store it at index k in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if i store it at index k in my
+array then i can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array then i can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array then i can find it
+and manipulate it in constant time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manipulate it in constant time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manipulate it in constant time right
+that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool
+that's what we call the direct access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call the direct access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call the direct access
+array a direct access array really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array a direct access array really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array a direct access array really not
+different than a regular array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than a regular array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than a regular array
+except how we're using it when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except how we're using it when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except how we're using it when we're
+talking about sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sequences
+is we are giving kind of extrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we are giving kind of extrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we are giving kind of extrinsic
+semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics
+to the slots where we are storing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slots where we are storing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slots where we are storing these
+things basically i could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things basically i could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things basically i could put
+any item in any slot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any item in any slot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any item in any slot right
+where it was in my array had nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was in my array had nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was in my array had nothing to
+do with what those things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with what those things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with what those things were
+here we are imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are imposing
+intrinsic semantics on my array that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic semantics on my array that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic semantics on my array that if
+i have an item with k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an item with k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an item with k
+k it must be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k it must be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k it must be at
+index k right that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index k right that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index k right that's that's the
+the thing that we're taking advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that we're taking advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that we're taking advantage of
+here and then we can use this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we can use this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we can use this nice
+powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+linear branching random access operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear branching random access operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear branching random access operation
+to find that thing in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find that thing in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find that thing in constant time
+because that's our model of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's our model of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's our model of computation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then what was the problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what was the problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what was the problem with this
+direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array
+anyone shouted out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space right so we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right so we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right so we had to
+instantiate a direct access array that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate a direct access array that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate a direct access array that
+was the size of the space of our keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the size of the space of our keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the size of the space of our keys
+right in general my index location is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general my index location is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general my index location is
+could go from zero to some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go from zero to some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go from zero to some positive
+number right if i have very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right if i have very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right if i have very large
+positive numbers if i was sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers if i was sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers if i was sorting
+if i was searching among your mit ids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was searching among your mit ids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was searching among your mit ids
+i'd have to have a direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd have to have a direct access array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd have to have a direct access array
+that was that spans that space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that spans that space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that spans that space of
+possible keys you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible keys you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible keys you could have
+right and that could be much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that could be much larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that could be much larger than
+n and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and so
+the rest of the time we talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the time we talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the time we talked about how
+to fix that space problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix that space problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix that space problem
+we can reduce the space by taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reduce the space by taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reduce the space by taking that
+larger key space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger key space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger key space
+from 0 to u which could be very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to u which could be very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to u which could be very large
+and map it down to a small space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map it down to a small space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map it down to a small space
+now in general if i give you a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general if i give you a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in general if i give you a fixed
+hash function there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function there
+that's not going to be good in for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be good in for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be good in for all
+inputs if your inputs are you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs if your inputs are you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs if your inputs are you know very
+well distributed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well distributed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well distributed over
+over the key space then it is good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the key space then it is good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the key space then it is good but
+in general there would be hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general there would be hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general there would be hash functions
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+some inputs that will be bad right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inputs that will be bad right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inputs that will be bad right
+that's what we kind of argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we kind of argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we kind of argued
+and so for the the rest of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for the the rest of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for the the rest of the time
+there we talked about hash families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we talked about hash families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we talked about hash families
+choosing a hash function randomly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a hash function randomly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a hash function randomly from
+among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among
+a large set of hash functions which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large set of hash functions which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large set of hash functions which had
+a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property
+that if i chose this thing randomly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i chose this thing randomly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i chose this thing randomly and
+you generating your input didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generating your input didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generating your input didn't know
+which random numbers i was picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the expectation over my random choice me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation over my random choice me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation over my random choice me
+i'm the one running the algorithm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm the one running the algorithm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm the one running the algorithm not
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+giving me the input that random choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me the input that random choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me the input that random choice
+my algorithm actually behaves really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm actually behaves really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm actually behaves really
+well in expectation in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in expectation in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in expectation in particular
+i got constant time for finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got constant time for finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got constant time for finding
+inserting and deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting and deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting and deleting
+into this data structure in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this data structure in expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this data structure in expectation
+we did a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a little
+proof of of of that the chain lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of of of that the chain lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of of of that the chain lengths
+where we stored collisions in our hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we stored collisions in our hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we stored collisions in our hash
+function in our hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in our hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in our hash table
+sorry those wouldn't be very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry those wouldn't be very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry those wouldn't be very long
+and so if they were constant then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if they were constant then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if they were constant then i
+don't have to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to search
+more than a constant number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a constant number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a constant number of things
+when i go to an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i go to an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i go to an index
+a hashed index location does everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hashed index location does everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hashed index location does everyone
+remember what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we talked about
+last week and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week and we
+then uh i didn't show you this chart at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh i didn't show you this chart at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh i didn't show you this chart at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+but i'm showing it to you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm showing it to you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm showing it to you now
+essentially what we had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we had was
+we have a bunch of different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bunch of different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bunch of different ways to
+deal with this set interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this set interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this set interface
+and last week we talked about the sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last week we talked about the sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last week we talked about the sorted
+array and then we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and then we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and then we talked about this
+direct access array in this hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array in this hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array in this hash table
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+which do better for these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do better for these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do better for these uh
+uh dictionary the find and insert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dictionary the find and insert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dictionary the find and insert and
+delete operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete operations
+or at least better in an expected sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least better in an expected sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least better in an expected sense
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+what's the worst case performance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the worst case performance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the worst case performance of a
+hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table
+if i have to look up something in a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have to look up something in a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have to look up something in a hash
+table and i happen to choose a bad hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and i happen to choose a bad hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and i happen to choose a bad hash
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+hash function what's the worst case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function what's the worst case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function what's the worst case here
+what n right it's worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what n right it's worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what n right it's worse than
+a sorted array right because potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorted array right because potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorted array right because potentially
+i hashed everything that i was storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hashed everything that i was storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hashed everything that i was storing
+to the same index in my hash table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same index in my hash table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same index in my hash table and
+and to be able to distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be able to distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be able to distinguish between
+them i can't do anything more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them i can't do anything more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them i can't do anything more than a
+linear search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear search
+right i mean i could store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean i could store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean i could store a
+another sets data structure as my chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sets data structure as my chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sets data structure as my chain
+and do better that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do better that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do better that way
+that's actually how java does it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how java does it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how java does it they
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+a data structure we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data structure we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data structure we're going to be
+talking about next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about next week
+as the chains so that they can get worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the chains so that they can get worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the chains so that they can get worst
+case log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case log n
+but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general
+that hash table is only good if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hash table is only good if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hash table is only good if we're
+allowing okay i want this to be expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing okay i want this to be expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing okay i want this to be expected
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+but in the worst case if i really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the worst case if i really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the worst case if i really need
+that operation to be worst case right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operation to be worst case right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operation to be worst case right
+i really can't afford linear time ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really can't afford linear time ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really can't afford linear time ever
+for an operation of that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an operation of that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an operation of that kind
+then i don't want to use a hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i don't want to use a hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i don't want to use a hash table
+and so on your pset 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on your pset 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on your pset 2
+everything we ask you for is worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we ask you for is worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we ask you for is worst case
+so probably you don't want to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably you don't want to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably you don't want to be using
+hash tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash tables
+right okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yes
+what does the subject e mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the subject e mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the subject e mean that's
+great in this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in this chart
+uh i have putting a subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i have putting a subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i have putting a subscript
+on this is an expected runtime right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is an expected runtime right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is an expected runtime right
+or an a meaning this is an amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an a meaning this is an amortized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an a meaning this is an amortized
+runtime at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime at the end
+we talked about how if we had too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how if we had too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how if we had too many
+things in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in our
+hash table then as long as we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table then as long as we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table then as long as we didn't do
+it too often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it too often
+right this is a little handwave argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a little handwave argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a little handwave argument
+but the same kinds of ideas as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same kinds of ideas as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same kinds of ideas as the
+dynamic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic array
+if whenever we got a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if whenever we got a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if whenever we got a linear
+we were more than a linear factor away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were more than a linear factor away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were more than a linear factor away
+from where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where we were
+trying uh basically the fill factor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying uh basically the fill factor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying uh basically the fill factor we
+were trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to be
+then we could just completely rebuild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could just completely rebuild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could just completely rebuild
+the hash table with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash table with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash table with a new
+hash function randomly chosen from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function randomly chosen from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function randomly chosen from our
+hash table with a new size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table with a new size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash table with a new size
+and we could get amortized bounce and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could get amortized bounce and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could get amortized bounce and so
+that's what python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what python
+how python implements dictionaries or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how python implements dictionaries or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how python implements dictionaries or
+sets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or
+even objects when when it's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even objects when when it's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even objects when when it's trying to
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+keys to different things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys to different things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys to different things uh
+so that's hash tables that's great the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's hash tables that's great the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's hash tables that's great the
+key thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing here is
+well actually if your range of keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually if your range of keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually if your range of keys
+is small or if you as a programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small or if you as a programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small or if you as a programmer
+have the ability to choose the keys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ability to choose the keys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ability to choose the keys that
+you identify your objects with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify your objects with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify your objects with
+you can actually choose that range to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually choose that range to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually choose that range to be
+small to be linear to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small to be linear to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small to be linear to be
+small with respect to your items and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small with respect to your items and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small with respect to your items and you
+don't need a hash table you can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a hash table you can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a hash table you can just use
+a direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct access array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct access array
+right because if you know your key space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you know your key space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you know your key space
+is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small
+that's great so a lot of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so a lot of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so a lot of c
+programmers probably would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers probably would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers probably would like to do
+something like that because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because they don't
+have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to
+maybe c plus programmers would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe c plus programmers would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe c plus programmers would have
+access to their hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to their hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to their hash table
+any questions on this stuff before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this stuff before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this stuff before we
+move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it expected right when i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it expected right when i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it expected right when i'm
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+i could insert i'm inserting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could insert i'm inserting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could insert i'm inserting these
+things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from
+x one by one into my hash table each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one by one into my hash table each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one by one into my hash table each of
+those insert operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those insert operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those insert operations
+i potentially have uh i'm looking up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i potentially have uh i'm looking up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i potentially have uh i'm looking up to
+see whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether that
+an item with that key already exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item with that key already exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an item with that key already exists in
+my hash table and so i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hash table and so i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hash table and so i have to
+look down a chain to see where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down a chain to see where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down a chain to see where it is
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+if i happen to know that all of my keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i happen to know that all of my keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i happen to know that all of my keys
+are unique in my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique in my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique in my input
+right all the items i'm trying to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the items i'm trying to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all the items i'm trying to store
+are unique then i don't have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique then i don't have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique then i don't have to do that
+check and i can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and i can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and i can get
+worst case linear time is that does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case linear time is that does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case linear time is that does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+all right it's a subtlety but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's a subtlety but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's a subtlety but that's a
+great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question
+okay so uh today instead of talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh today instead of talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh today instead of talking
+about searching we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about searching we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about searching we're talking about
+sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting
+okay last week we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last week we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last week we saw
+a few ways to do sort some of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few ways to do sort some of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few ways to do sort some of them were
+quadratic insertion sort and selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic insertion sort and selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic insertion sort and selection
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+and then we had one that was n log n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had one that was n log n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had one that was n log n and
+this this thing and log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing and log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing and log n
+seemed pretty good but can i do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed pretty good but can i do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed pretty good but can i do better
+right can i do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can i do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can i do better
+well what we're going to show at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we're going to show at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we're going to show at the
+beginning of this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this class is
+in this comparison model no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this comparison model no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this comparison model no
+and log n is optimal and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log n is optimal and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and log n is optimal and we're going to
+go through the exact same line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the exact same line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the exact same line of
+reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+that we had last week so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had last week so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had last week so in the
+comparison model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we were trying to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were trying to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were trying to make this
+argument that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that any
+comparison model algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison model algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison model algorithm
+was going to take at least log n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to take at least log n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to take at least log n time
+what we did was we said okay i can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we said okay i can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we said okay i can think
+of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any
+model in the comparison model uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the comparison model uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the comparison model uh any
+algorithm in the comparison model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the comparison model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in the comparison model
+as kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some comparisons happen they branch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comparisons happen they branch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comparisons happen they branch in
+a binary sense but you could have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary sense but you could have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary sense but you could have it
+generalized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized to
+any constant branching factor but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant branching factor but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any constant branching factor but for
+our purposes binary is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purposes binary is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purposes binary is fine
+and what we said was that there were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we said was that there were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we said was that there were at
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+n output really n plus 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n output really n plus 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n output really n plus 1 but
+you know at least order n outputs and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at least order n outputs and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at least order n outputs and we
+showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that
+or we argued to you that the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we argued to you that the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we argued to you that the height of
+this tree had to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree had to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree had to be at least
+log n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n right
+log the number of leaves it had to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log the number of leaves it had to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log the number of leaves it had to be at
+least log the number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least log the number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least log the number of leaves
+that was the height of the decision tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the height of the decision tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the height of the decision tree
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if this decision tree represented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this decision tree represented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this decision tree represented a
+search algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search algorithm
+i had to walk down and perform these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to walk down and perform these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to walk down and perform these
+comparisons in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons in order
+reach a leaf where i would output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a leaf where i would output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a leaf where i would output
+something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so
+i i need if if the minimum height of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i need if if the minimum height of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i need if if the minimum height of any
+binary tree on a linear number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree on a linear number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree on a linear number of leaves
+is log n then any algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n then any algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n then any algorithm
+in the comparison model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison model
+also has to take log n time because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to take log n time because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to take log n time because it
+has to do that many comparisons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do that many comparisons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do that many comparisons to
+differentiate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between
+all possible outputs does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible outputs does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible outputs does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+all right so in the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many possible outputs are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the output of a sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+what what's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's up
+a list in particular given my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list in particular given my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list in particular given my input
+right like some set of uh items a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like some set of uh items a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like some set of uh items a
+that has size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has size n
+right what i'm going to give you is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what i'm going to give you is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what i'm going to give you is some
+permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation
+of that list right so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that list right so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that list right so for each
+index say i could tell you where it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index say i could tell you where it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index say i could tell you where it goes
+right another way i could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right another way i could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right another way i could say
+is where does the first item go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where does the first item go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where does the first item go to
+where does the second item go to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the second item go to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the second item go to where
+does the third item go to blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the third item go to blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the third item go to blah blah blah
+like that right so how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right so how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right so how many different
+choices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of
+a permutation are there well how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permutation are there well how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permutation are there well how many
+choices do i have for the first thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices do i have for the first thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices do i have for the first thing of
+where it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it could
+be in the final sorted array it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the final sorted array it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the final sorted array it could be
+in any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of the
+places right so it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places right so it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places right so it's n
+how about this one the second one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this one the second one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this one the second one well
+it can't go to where this one went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't go to where this one went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't go to where this one went
+right but it can go anywhere else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it can go anywhere else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it can go anywhere else so
+it's n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n minus one
+and since these are independent choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since these are independent choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since these are independent choices
+i'm making if i multiply them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm making if i multiply them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm making if i multiply them all
+together i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together i get
+n factorial permutations that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial permutations that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial permutations that are the
+number of possible outputs that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible outputs that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible outputs that i have
+to my sorting algorithm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my sorting algorithm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my sorting algorithm right
+so for me to have an output to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me to have an output to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me to have an output to my
+sorting algorithm be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm be correct
+i need at least n factorial leaves does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need at least n factorial leaves does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need at least n factorial leaves does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the nice thing about doing this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about doing this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about doing this last
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+is this is really just the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is really just the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is really just the number of
+leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves
+and this is really the number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really the number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really the number of leaves
+right so what's the number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the number of leaves
+is theta n factorial here it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta n factorial here it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta n factorial here it's actually
+n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial
+but i'm just going to put it there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just going to put it there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just going to put it there and
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+we get an n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an n factorial
+i think this is i see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is i see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is i see so
+it's at least omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least omega
+n factorial does that make you happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial does that make you happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial does that make you happier
+theta here thank you has to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta here thank you has to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta here thank you has to be at least
+so this was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so at least this many i i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at least this many i i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so at least this many i i could
+there are there are algorithms that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are algorithms that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are algorithms that if
+it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got
+to it could take two different routes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it could take two different routes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it could take two different routes to
+get to the same output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the same output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the same output
+right so this is a lower bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a lower bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a lower bound on the
+number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves
+okay so what this argument is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this argument is saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this argument is saying is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if i just replace the number of leaves n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just replace the number of leaves n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just replace the number of leaves n
+here with n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with n factorial
+i get a similar comparison sort lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get a similar comparison sort lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get a similar comparison sort lower
+bound now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound now
+so what is log of n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is familiar from p set one maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is familiar from p set one maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is familiar from p set one maybe
+so one thing i could do is i could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing i could do is i could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing i could do is i could put
+in sterling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sterling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sterling
+formula right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that'll give me something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll give me something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll give me something of the
+form n log n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form n log n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form n log n but
+what's another way i could lower bound n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another way i could lower bound n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another way i could lower bound n
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+well i have a bunch of things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's n factorial half of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n factorial half of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n factorial half of these things
+these half and over two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these half and over two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these half and over two things
+are bigger than or equal to n over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger than or equal to n over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger than or equal to n over 2.
+that makes sense so i can certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so i can certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so i can certainly
+lower bound this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound this thing
+by n over 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n over 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n over 2 to the n
+over 2 that's a little easier thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 that's a little easier thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 that's a little easier thing to
+take a log of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a log of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a log of right
+if you take a log of that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a log of that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a log of that that's
+asymptotically n log n so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically n log n so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically n log n so what we're
+getting here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting here is
+any sorting algorithm here takes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sorting algorithm here takes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sorting algorithm here takes at
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+n log n comparisons and so merge sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n comparisons and so merge sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n comparisons and so merge sorts
+the best we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we can do
+okay that makes sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that makes sense everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that makes sense everybody
+we're just piggybacking on the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just piggybacking on the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just piggybacking on the analysis
+we had about decision trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had about decision trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had about decision trees
+leaves with the minimum height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves with the minimum height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves with the minimum height of
+any binary tree on that number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any binary tree on that number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any binary tree on that number of leaves
+and just replacing n with n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just replacing n with n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just replacing n with n factorial
+nothing super interesting here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing super interesting here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing super interesting here yeah
+yeah sure you can just plug in sterling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure you can just plug in sterling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure you can just plug in sterling
+formula but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but i
+i did this so i might as well clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did this so i might as well clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did this so i might as well clarify
+there are n terms here in the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n terms here in the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n terms here in the product
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+half of them are at least n over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them are at least n over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of them are at least n over two
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+so i can replace i can lower bound this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can replace i can lower bound this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can replace i can lower bound this
+product by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product by
+something smaller than half of the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller than half of the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something smaller than half of the terms
+the product of that and that'll be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of that and that'll be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of that and that'll be fine
+right so i'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm taking
+n over two of them and i'm multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two of them and i'm multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two of them and i'm multiplying
+n over two all together n over two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two all together n over two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two all together n over two times
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's just providing a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just providing a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just providing a lower bound
+right i just need something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i just need something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i just need something that's
+smaller than all of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than all of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than all of these terms
+and multiply them all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply them all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply them all together and
+that'll give me a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we can't do better than n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can't do better than n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can't do better than n log n
+in the comparison model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comparison model
+but what we did last week was use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we did last week was use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we did last week was use
+random access and a direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access and a direct access array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access and a direct access array
+to do better okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do better okay
+so how can anyone think of how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can anyone think of how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can anyone think of how to use
+that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea
+to sort faster and i'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort faster and i'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort faster and i'm going to give you
+a caveat here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a caveat here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a caveat here
+i'm going to let you assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to let you assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to let you assume that the
+keys of the things you're trying to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys of the things you're trying to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys of the things you're trying to sort
+are unique okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unique okay
+and say they're in a bound in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say they're in a bound in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say they're in a bound in a small
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how could i use a direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could i use a direct access array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could i use a direct access array
+to sort faster any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what your colleague is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what your colleague is saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what your colleague is saying is
+exactly correct it's something that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct it's something that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly correct it's something that i
+like to call direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call direct
+access array sort we won't really call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array sort we won't really call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array sort we won't really call
+it that because there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that because there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that because there's something
+more general that we'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general that we'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general that we'll talk about in
+just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second
+but what your colleague was saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what your colleague was saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what your colleague was saying is
+instantiate a big direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate a big direct access array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate a big direct access array
+direct access array sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array sort
+right i'm instantiating this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm instantiating this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm instantiating this big
+direct access array of this the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array of this the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array of this the space of
+my keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my keys
+right and what your colleague was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what your colleague was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what your colleague was saying
+was i take each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i take each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i take each one of the
+items in my the things that i'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items in my the things that i'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items in my the things that i'm trying
+to sort i look at each one of their keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort i look at each one of their keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort i look at each one of their keys
+and i stick it in the direct access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i stick it in the direct access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i stick it in the direct access
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+exactly where it needs to go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where it needs to go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where it needs to go right
+in constant time that's great now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time that's great now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time that's great now
+i gave you this caveat that all the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave you this caveat that all the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave you this caveat that all the keys
+were unique so i don't have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unique so i don't have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unique so i don't have to deal with
+collisions here right but then after i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions here right but then after i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions here right but then after i'm
+done with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this
+all of these things are now in sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are now in sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are now in sorted
+order and what i can do is i can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and what i can do is i can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and what i can do is i can just
+walk down this list a lot of these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk down this list a lot of these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk down this list a lot of these cells
+are empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are empty
+potentially right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially right well
+some of the keys might not be there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the keys might not be there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the keys might not be there but
+what i can do is just walk down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i can do is just walk down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i can do is just walk down this
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+pick off every item that does exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick off every item that does exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick off every item that does exist
+stick them in an array i'm done right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick them in an array i'm done right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick them in an array i'm done right
+so what's the uh stick a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the uh stick a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the uh stick a key
+into here and then so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here and then so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here and then so all right
+uh make direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+store items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh item x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+index x dot key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+walk down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk down
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and return
+items seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items seen
+in order does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order does that make sense to
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+all right how long does this step take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+building a direct access array order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a direct access array order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a direct access array order you
+okay so this is order u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is order u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is order u
+long does this take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many items do i have to insert order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many items do i have to insert order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many items do i have to insert order
+n or just n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or just n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or just n
+and how long does it take to insert each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how long does it take to insert each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how long does it take to insert each
+one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things
+into my direct access array worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my direct access array worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my direct access array worst case
+constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time
+right so this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is n
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+times worst case constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times worst case constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times worst case constant time
+great how long does this last one take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone of you also right because i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone of you also right because i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone of you also right because i'm
+walking down the entire length of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this algorithm takes in total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this algorithm takes in total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this algorithm takes in total
+n plus u time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus u time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus u time
+this is great if u u is bigger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great if u u is bigger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great if u u is bigger than n
+because we assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed
+distinct keys right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct keys right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct keys right
+but if u is on the order of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if u is on the order of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if u is on the order of n
+then we now have a linear time sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we now have a linear time sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we now have a linear time sorting
+algorithm yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sorry you have to speak up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh how do i attach keys to my inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do i attach keys to my inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do i attach keys to my inputs
+in my so uh in for a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my so uh in for a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my so uh in for a set
+data structure that we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that we've been talking
+about all of my items have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of my items have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of my items have
+keys that's just something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that's just something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that's just something that we
+impose on our input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each of the keys is in this case it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the keys is in this case it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the keys is in this case it has
+to be a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a number
+right so it's a that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a that's a nice
+point right we do this to uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right we do this to uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right we do this to uh kind of
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+sorting items generally so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting items generally so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting items generally so that
+uh we don't have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't have to deal with
+potentially if these keys have values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if these keys have values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if these keys have values
+associated with or other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with or other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with or other stuff
+associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with
+put them on that item and they'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on that item and they'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on that item and they'll still
+be there but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there but in general
+if you just wanted to sort integers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just wanted to sort integers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just wanted to sort integers you
+could say that dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that dot
+key is points back to the object itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is points back to the object itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is points back to the object itself
+if you want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to just
+sort some integers does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort some integers does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort some integers does that make sense
+it's a good question though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question though
+okay so that gives us a linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives us a linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives us a linear time
+algorithm when u is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm when u is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm when u is small
+right and under this condition that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and under this condition that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and under this condition that i
+have unique keys when i want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unique keys when i want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unique keys when i want to sort
+right those are fairly restrictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are fairly restrictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are fairly restrictive
+so we might want to generalize this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might want to generalize this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might want to generalize this a
+little bit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay
+so that's direct access array sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's direct access array sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's direct access array sort
+what if we had a set of keys that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we had a set of keys that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we had a set of keys that was a
+little larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little larger
+right instead of enforcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say u is
+theta n implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta n implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta n implies
+implies linear time sorting that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies linear time sorting that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies linear time sorting that's great
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now what happens if we expand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what happens if we expand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what happens if we expand that
+range a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range a little bit
+say u is less than or equal to n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say u is less than or equal to n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say u is less than or equal to n squared
+maybe just less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just less than
+okay okay this is a bigger range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay this is a bigger range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay this is a bigger range
+right and if we instantiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a direct access array of quadratic size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct access array of quadratic size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct access array of quadratic size
+we'd have a quadratic time algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a quadratic time algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have a quadratic time algorithm
+this is not helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not helpful
+right anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anyone
+have a way in which we could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers that are between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that are between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that are between zero and
+n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe using the stuff that we had above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your colleague is saying exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colleague is saying exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colleague is saying exactly the
+thing that i'm looking for which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i'm looking for which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i'm looking for which is
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+which is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is maybe
+we could break this larger number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could break this larger number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could break this larger number
+into two smaller numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two smaller numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two smaller numbers
+right any uh integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any uh integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any uh integer
+that is between zero and n squared can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is between zero and n squared can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is between zero and n squared can
+be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written
+as a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a key
+can be some a and b where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be some a and b where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be some a and b where
+a is essentially the higher kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is essentially the higher kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is essentially the higher kind of
+n and b is kind of the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and b is kind of the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and b is kind of the lower
+n this is kind of weird okay so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is kind of weird okay so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is kind of weird okay so what do
+i actually mean by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually mean by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually mean by this
+i mean that let's let a be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k when i divide it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k when i divide it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k when i divide it by
+n integer the floor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n integer the floor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n integer the floor right
+key integer to divide by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key integer to divide by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key integer to divide by n
+right and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and b
+equals k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k
+mod n so this is a number that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n so this is a number that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n so this is a number that's less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+n and this is a number that's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this is a number that's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this is a number that's less than
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+does that make sense and actually i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense and actually i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense and actually i can
+recover k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover k
+at any time by saying k equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time by saying k equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time by saying k equals a
+n plus b i've essentially decomposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus b i've essentially decomposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus b i've essentially decomposed
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+into a base n representation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a base n representation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a base n representation of this
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i have two digits in that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have two digits in that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have two digits in that number
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+kind of nth n digit and this is the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nth n digit and this is the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nth n digit and this is the ones
+digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit
+does that make sense all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense all right so
+now let's say i have this list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say i have this list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say i have this list of
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um 17 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 17 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 17 3
+24 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12.
+how i could here i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i could here i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i could here i have
+five numbers so what's n in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five numbers so what's n in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five numbers so what's n in this case
+five okay not so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay not so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay not so interesting
+n is five here and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is five here and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is five here and i'm going to
+represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this
+as five pairs of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as five pairs of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as five pairs of numbers
+that are each within the bounds of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are each within the bounds of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are each within the bounds of zero
+to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four
+right does that make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense so
+what is my a b representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my a b representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my a b representation of
+seventeen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two
+okay so yeah so there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so there are three
+times 5 plus 2 that's good that's 17.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 5 plus 2 that's good that's 17.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 5 plus 2 that's good that's 17.
+yeah i think i your colleague did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think i your colleague did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think i your colleague did that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh i have all of these written down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i have all of these written down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i have all of these written down so
+i'm just going to write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i hope i did it correctly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope i did it correctly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope i did it correctly okay
+three two zero three four four four two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two zero three four four four two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two zero three four four four two
+two two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two okay
+so now i have a bunch of things that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i have a bunch of things that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i have a bunch of things that i
+want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on this function that i have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this function that i have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this function that i have right
+these are no longer just integers that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are no longer just integers that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are no longer just integers that i
+need to sort i need to sort by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort i need to sort by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sort i need to sort by
+this transformation of this thing into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation of this thing into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation of this thing into a
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+does that make sense so anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so anyone have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so anyone have any
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+on how we could so by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how we could so by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how we could so by the way
+these are both in uh constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both in uh constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both in uh constant time
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+on your computer as long as it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your computer as long as it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your computer as long as it's an
+integer division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer division
+right and this is mod python also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is mod python also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is mod python also has a
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+thing i think in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i think in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i think in uh
+in its uh standard operations which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its uh standard operations which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its uh standard operations which is
+div mod of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div mod of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div mod of
+kn is that right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn is that right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn is that right yeah
+so if you want to use that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to use that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to use that you can
+okay so how do we sort these tuples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we sort these tuples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we sort these tuples
+these are tuples right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are tuples right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are tuples right
+you guys are i'm sure very familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are i'm sure very familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are i'm sure very familiar with
+tuples by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuples by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuples by now
+okay how do i sort these tuples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the most important digit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most important digit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most important digit of this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+if i had to sort one of the digits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had to sort one of the digits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had to sort one of the digits and
+get something that's close to sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's close to sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's close to sorted
+what's more important the ones digit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more important the ones digit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more important the ones digit or
+the ends digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends digit
+and okay we have discrepancy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay we have discrepancy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay we have discrepancy here
+who says one who says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says one who says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says one who says
+n someone who said n tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n someone who said n tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n someone who said n tell me what
+oh you all think that way for no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry this is a little confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry this is a little confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry this is a little confusing
+this is the ones digit this is the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ones digit this is the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ones digit this is the ends
+digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit
+this is the ends digit this is the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ends digit this is the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ends digit this is the ones
+digit in how i'm writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit in how i'm writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit in how i'm writing this
+does that make sense yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly yeah so what your your colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah so what your your colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah so what your your colleague
+is saying is exactly correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is exactly correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying is exactly correct
+i could very be all i want right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could very be all i want right with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could very be all i want right with
+the same a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same a
+if i change a by one it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i change a by one it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i change a by one it doesn't matter
+what b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what b
+is it's going to be bigger right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that that make sense right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that that make sense right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that that make sense right the the
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+is much more sensitive to a than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more sensitive to a than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more sensitive to a than it is
+to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b
+right so a is more important than b does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a is more important than b does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a is more important than b does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+so if i just wanted to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i just wanted to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i just wanted to get some
+linear time algorithm i could just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time algorithm i could just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time algorithm i could just sort
+by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+bigger digits and hope they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger digits and hope they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger digits and hope they don't
+don't differ very much on the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't differ very much on the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't differ very much on the smaller
+things i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i've
+kind of sorted these things does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sorted these things does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sorted these things does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+okay what if i actually want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if i actually want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if i actually want to sort
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i need to i need to sort on both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i need to i need to sort on both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i need to i need to sort on both in
+some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense
+in particular i like to think of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular i like to think of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular i like to think of what
+i'm going to tell you right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to tell you right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to tell you right now
+is is an algorithm that i like to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an algorithm that i like to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an algorithm that i like to call
+tuple sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple sort
+but you can also think of it as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also think of it as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also think of it as like
+excel spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel spreadsheet
+sort right i have an excel spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort right i have an excel spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort right i have an excel spreadsheet
+of a bunch of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bunch of data
+i have a prioritization on how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a prioritization on how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a prioritization on how important
+the keys are to me the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys are to me the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys are to me the columns
+right and if i have a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if i have a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if i have a very important
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+and an order of the columns of how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an order of the columns of how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an order of the columns of how how
+important they are to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important they are to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important they are to me
+i can repeatedly sort on the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can repeatedly sort on the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can repeatedly sort on the columns
+until they're sorted based on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they're sorted based on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they're sorted based on my
+preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference
+that's something that you may have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that you may have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that you may have done
+now if i have an ordering on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i have an ordering on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i have an ordering on the
+preferences of my columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences of my columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences of my columns
+do i start by sorting all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i start by sorting all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i start by sorting all of them
+on the most important thing or the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the most important thing or the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the most important thing or the least
+important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing
+what who says most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what who says most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what who says most
+who says least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's discrepancy here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's discrepancy here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's discrepancy here all right
+let's try it out all right tuple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try it out all right tuple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try it out all right tuple
+sort let's start by sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort let's start by sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort let's start by sorting
+these things by least significant first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things by least significant first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things by least significant first
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+no most significant first and then least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no most significant first and then least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no most significant first and then least
+significant that was the first thing i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant that was the first thing i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant that was the first thing i
+asked you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you right
+all right so these are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these are the most
+significant things the first ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant things the first ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant things the first ones and
+these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+less significant things all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less significant things all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less significant things all right
+instead of writing it as tuples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing it as tuples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing it as tuples
+i'm going to write them as 32 0 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write them as 32 0 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write them as 32 0 3
+44 42 22 is everyone cool with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 42 22 is everyone cool with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 42 22 is everyone cool with that
+this is just base 5 representation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just base 5 representation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just base 5 representation okay
+all right so let's start by sorting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start by sorting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start by sorting all
+of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things
+by the most significant thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the most significant thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the most significant thing right
+which is by this guy this guy this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by this guy this guy this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by this guy this guy this guy
+this guy and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and this guy
+okay so how do i do the first one is o3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do i do the first one is o3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do i do the first one is o3
+second one is 22 the next one is 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is 22 the next one is 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is 22 the next one is 32
+uh 42 and then 44.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe 44. i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 44. i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 44. i don't know
+does it matter the order in which i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter the order in which i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter the order in which i put
+these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things
+i don't know i'm just going to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i'm just going to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i'm just going to keep it
+the same order for now all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same order for now all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same order for now all right
+so i've sorted it by the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've sorted it by the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've sorted it by the least
+significant or the most significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant or the most significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant or the most significant
+sorry the leading term and now i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the leading term and now i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the leading term and now i'm going
+to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort
+by the least significant so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the least significant so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the least significant so what's the
+least significant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+22 then 2 is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 then 2 is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 then 2 is also
+this is also 2 this is also 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also 2 this is also 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also 2 this is also 2
+this is 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 3 and
+sorted list voila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why did that not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what happened is i did take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what happened is i did take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what happened is i did take into
+account the significant digit sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the significant digit sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the significant digit sort
+but when i did the less significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when i did the less significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when i did the less significant
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+it erased all of my work from up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it erased all of my work from up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it erased all of my work from up here
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+in the case of ties we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of ties we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of ties we want
+the more significant thing to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more significant thing to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more significant thing to take
+precedence so we want to do that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence so we want to do that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence so we want to do that thing
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+does that make sense so the right way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so the right way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so the right way to
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is uh most significant first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh most significant first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh most significant first
+add okay not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add okay not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add okay not good
+all right least significant first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right least significant first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right least significant first let's
+try that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that
+uh so least significant here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so least significant here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so least significant here is
+two okay so i see a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+32 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 42
+22 03 and then 44.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 03 and then 44.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 03 and then 44.
+okay sound good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sound good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sound good
+least significant first now i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least significant first now i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least significant first now i do
+most significant i sort the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant i sort the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant i sort the most
+significant thing okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant thing okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant thing okay so what's the
+most significant thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant thing
+zero three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three
+22 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 32
+most significant 4 44 and 42.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant 4 44 and 42.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant 4 44 and 42.
+cool we're sorted right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool we're sorted right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool we're sorted right
+i did what you told me to do i sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did what you told me to do i sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did what you told me to do i sorted
+by the most significant thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's what's the problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the problem here
+what did i do wrong you wanted me to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i do wrong you wanted me to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i do wrong you wanted me to put
+42 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 here
+and 44 here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because 42 came first in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 42 came first in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 42 came first in the input
+and 44 came second right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if a sorting algorithm maintains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if a sorting algorithm maintains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if a sorting algorithm maintains
+this property that if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property that if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property that if they have
+they are the same thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same thing right
+then the output maintains their order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the output maintains their order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the output maintains their order
+from the input to the output their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the input to the output their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the input to the output their
+relative order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative order
+that's what we call a stable sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call a stable sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call a stable sorting
+algorithm right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right and so
+if we have a stable sorting algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a stable sorting algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a stable sorting algorithm
+when we're doing tuple sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing tuple sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing tuple sort
+when we're sorting on different keys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're sorting on different keys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're sorting on different keys or
+columns of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a set
+right we really want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we really want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we really want to be
+using a stable sorting algorithm does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a stable sorting algorithm does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a stable sorting algorithm does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+because otherwise we may mess up work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we may mess up work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we may mess up work we
+did before in a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before in a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before in a previous
+sort of the less significant things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the less significant things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the less significant things and
+so yes we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes we want a
+stable sorting algorithm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because then we will end up sorting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we will end up sorting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we will end up sorting our
+thing does that make sense yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what your colleague is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what your colleague is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what your colleague is saying
+let's sort by most significant then look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sort by most significant then look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sort by most significant then look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+all of the things with one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things with one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things with one of those
+that that are the same and now sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's something we could do okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we could do okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we could do okay how
+long would that take well let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i didn't use half of my more significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't use half of my more significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't use half of my more significant
+set of digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of digits
+right say i'm only using n over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say i'm only using n over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say i'm only using n over two
+or that's not quite quite going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's not quite quite going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's not quite quite going to get
+what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say say again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what we're going to do if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what we're going to do if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what we're going to do if we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+direct access array sort if i then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array sort if i then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array sort if i then go
+into each one of these digits and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each one of these digits and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each one of these digits and try to
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+the things that are in there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that are in there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that are in there that's
+going to take time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take time right
+it's going to take time for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take time for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take time for each of
+those digits now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those digits now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those digits now
+each there might be at uh a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each there might be at uh a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each there might be at uh a ton of
+collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions
+into one of the things and so i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of the things and so i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of the things and so i might
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+more time to sort that than linear does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time to sort that than linear does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time to sort that than linear does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+so i would prefer to do this tuple sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would prefer to do this tuple sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would prefer to do this tuple sort
+kind of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior
+sorting the smaller thing sorting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting the smaller thing sorting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting the smaller thing sorting the
+bigger thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger thing
+and because i only have a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because i only have a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because i only have a constant
+number of things in my tuples this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things in my tuples this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things in my tuples this is
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+because i only have two things i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i only have two things i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i only have two things i'm
+worried about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about here
+i only have to do two passes of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only have to do two passes of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i only have to do two passes of a
+sorting algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm
+to be able to sort these numbers however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to sort these numbers however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to sort these numbers however
+can i use direct access array sort here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i use direct access array sort here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i use direct access array sort here
+what was the initial stipulation i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the initial stipulation i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the initial stipulation i had
+on direct access array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on direct access array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on direct access array
+that the keys were unique that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the keys were unique that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the keys were unique that's exactly
+the opposite of what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of what we have here
+we have things that could be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we give up can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we do instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we yeah
+you've already said the thing that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already said the thing that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already said the thing that i'm
+looking for so that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so that's great
+your your colleague said why can't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your colleague said why can't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your colleague said why can't we
+just put more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put more things
+at a key right why can't we put a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a key right why can't we put a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a key right why can't we put a list
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+that's exactly what we do this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we do this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we do this is called
+counting sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we do here is we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do here is we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do here is we still have
+this direct axis array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direct axis array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direct axis array
+a space u minus 0 to u minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space u minus 0 to u minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space u minus 0 to u minus one
+but instead of have storing one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of have storing one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of have storing one thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+at each key k we store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each key k we store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each key k we store
+a pointer to a chain this sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pointer to a chain this sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pointer to a chain this sounds like
+hashing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing right
+but the important thing is that i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing is that i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing is that i need
+to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+as i'm inserting things in here then i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm inserting things in here then i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm inserting things in here then i'm
+maintaining the order in which they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the order in which they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the order in which they came
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+right i can't just throw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can't just throw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can't just throw them
+willy-nilly or else we have this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly or else we have this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly or else we have this problem
+up here that we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here that we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here that we had before
+right so i need what i would say is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i need what i would say is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i need what i would say is a
+sequence data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence data structure
+right something that will maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right something that will maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right something that will maintain the
+order that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that i
+the extrinsic order that i had when i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extrinsic order that i had when i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extrinsic order that i had when i'm
+putting these things in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these things in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these things in right
+so as i have multiple things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i have multiple things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i have multiple things with
+k right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k right
+i'm going to put them in the order i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put them in the order i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put them in the order i can
+basically i can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically i can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically i can put
+have a pointer to a dynamic ray or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pointer to a dynamic ray or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pointer to a dynamic ray or a
+linked list where i just add things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list where i just add things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list where i just add things to
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+and then at the end of my algorithm when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end of my algorithm when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the end of my algorithm when
+i read off the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read off the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read off the things
+i can just look at anyone that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can just look at anyone that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can just look at anyone that has a
+non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty
+data structure under here and read them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure under here and read them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure under here and read them
+off in the order that they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the order that they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in the order that they came
+does that make sense so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so for
+this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm just going to do this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to do this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to do this last
+step here from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here from the first
+row to the second row i'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the second row i'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the second row i'm going to have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+direct access array with 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array with 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array with 0 1
+2 3 4 on the slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 on the slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 on the slots
+right so how am i going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how am i going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how am i going to do this
+counting sort now i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting sort now i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting sort now i have
+32 42 22 03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 42 22 03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 42 22 03
+and 44. i'm going to take the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 44. i'm going to take the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 44. i'm going to take the first one
+32 i'm sorting by the most significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 i'm sorting by the most significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 i'm sorting by the most significant
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+i stick it here 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stick it here 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stick it here 32
+and then 42 4 okay 42 sorry 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 42 4 okay 42 sorry 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 42 4 okay 42 sorry 42
+22 all right this is not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 all right this is not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 all right this is not so much
+different yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yet
+then dynamic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dynamic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dynamic array
+direct access array sort but when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array sort but when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access array sort but when we get
+to this duplicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this duplicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this duplicate
+uh right 44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right 44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right 44
+here we now have two things in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we now have two things in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we now have two things in this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+and because we are keeping them in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we are keeping them in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we are keeping them in order
+in this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence
+i'm appending to the end then when i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm appending to the end then when i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm appending to the end then when i go
+and read off the different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read off the different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read off the different things
+then i'm returning them in a stable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm returning them in a stable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm returning them in a stable way
+in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way
+that i want them to be does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want them to be does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want them to be does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+and it's not overriding the work i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not overriding the work i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not overriding the work i did
+on the lower significant digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower significant digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower significant digits
+okay so how long does this take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this also only takes order n plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because i'm instantiating this thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm instantiating this thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm instantiating this thing of
+size u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size u
+and then how big are these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how big are these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how big are these data
+structures well maybe i'm storing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures well maybe i'm storing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures well maybe i'm storing one
+a constant amount for each index so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant amount for each index so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant amount for each index so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+a u overhead and then i'm paying one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u overhead and then i'm paying one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u overhead and then i'm paying one for
+every item i'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every item i'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every item i'm storing
+right these things are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these things are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these things are only
+the lengths the sum total of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths the sum total of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths the sum total of their
+lengths is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths is n
+right because i'm only storing n things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i'm only storing n things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i'm only storing n things
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+so the total amount of space the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total amount of space the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total amount of space the total
+amount of work i have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work i have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work i have to do
+is order i need to be able to append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is order i need to be able to append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is order i need to be able to append
+in constant time and i need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time and i need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in constant time and i need to be able
+to cycle through these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cycle through these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cycle through these things
+iterate over them in linear time but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over them in linear time but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over them in linear time but if
+i have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that
+i get n plus u yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get n plus u yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get n plus u yeah
+ah so your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so your uh
+your colleague is saying how do i ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colleague is saying how do i ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your colleague is saying how do i ensure
+that the things in these lists that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the things in these lists that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the things in these lists that
+there are they collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they collide
+how do you ensure that they're sorted i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you ensure that they're sorted i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you ensure that they're sorted i
+don't i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't i
+just ensure that they came in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ensure that they came in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ensure that they came in in the
+order that they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that they came
+right but as long as i sorted the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but as long as i sorted the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but as long as i sorted the lower
+order digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order digits
+correctly in the previous things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly in the previous things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly in the previous things
+then i'm assuming that their order as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm assuming that their order as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm assuming that their order as
+they come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in
+will be sorted if they collide that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sorted if they collide that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sorted if they collide that's
+the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption
+that's the reason why i'm doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why i'm doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why i'm doing these
+building up from the least significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up from the least significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up from the least significant
+to the most significant it's so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the most significant it's so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the most significant it's so that
+i know that when they collide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know that when they collide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know that when they collide the
+underlying stuff there is sorted already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying stuff there is sorted already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying stuff there is sorted already
+in the input does that make sense great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the input does that make sense great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the input does that make sense great
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this one is still i'm using a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one is still i'm using a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one is still i'm using a direct
+access array on the keys though this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array on the keys though this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array on the keys though this is
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+this is n because i chose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is n because i chose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is n because i chose uh
+so counting sword is general for any u i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so counting sword is general for any u i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so counting sword is general for any u i
+just happen to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to pick
+u being n in this case when i broke this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u being n in this case when i broke this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u being n in this case when i broke this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+up into n squared but this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into n squared but this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into n squared but this general
+concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is
+it uh it doesn't matter what i choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh it doesn't matter what i choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh it doesn't matter what i choose
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but we will use that right now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we will use that right now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we will use that right now to
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+larger ranges of numbers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ranges of numbers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ranges of numbers okay
+so the idea here this was exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here this was exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here this was exactly the
+idea we're going to combine tuple sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we're going to combine tuple sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we're going to combine tuple sort
+use counting sort as its auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use counting sort as its auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use counting sort as its auxiliary
+sorting stab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting stab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting stab
+a stable sorting algorithm right to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable sorting algorithm right to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable sorting algorithm right to do
+all its work on these digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its work on these digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its work on these digits
+right and so to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so to sort
+on n squared size numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n squared size numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on n squared size numbers
+i get linear time which is great right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get linear time which is great right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get linear time which is great right
+because u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because u
+is n in this case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but can i extend that what if i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but can i extend that what if i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but can i extend that what if i had
+n cubed what if i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed what if i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed what if i had
+up to size u equals n cubed or less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to size u equals n cubed or less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to size u equals n cubed or less than
+n cubed how many digits would i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed how many digits would i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed how many digits would i have
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many size and digits would i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many size and digits would i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many size and digits would i need to
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+a number of size n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did we do here we divided off an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we do here we divided off an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we do here we divided off an n
+we took it and stored it we're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took it and stored it we're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took it and stored it we're left with
+something of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size n
+right if i had a number of size n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i had a number of size n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i had a number of size n cubed
+i could divide off an n i'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could divide off an n i'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could divide off an n i'm left with
+something of n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of n squared
+i don't know how to deal with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how to deal with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how to deal with something
+of n squared actually i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n squared actually i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n squared actually i do
+i can split it up into two size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can split it up into two size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can split it up into two size and
+numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right
+so if i had numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i had numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i had numbers
+bound upper bounded by a cubic right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound upper bounded by a cubic right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound upper bounded by a cubic right and
+cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed
+i could split it up into three digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could split it up into three digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could split it up into three digits
+three is still constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is still constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is still constant
+right and so i could split it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so i could split it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so i could split it up into
+three digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three digits
+tuples sort them in their increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuples sort them in their increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuples sort them in their increasing
+priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority
+and sort those again i'm doing linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort those again i'm doing linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort those again i'm doing linear
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+per digit i have a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per digit i have a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per digit i have a constant number of
+digits so i get a linear time algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so
+it's always going to be big o of n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be big o of n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be big o of n plus
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+but because i'm bounding my digit size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because i'm bounding my digit size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because i'm bounding my digit size
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+n u is n there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n u is n there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n u is n there
+and so i'm getting linear time does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm getting linear time does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm getting linear time does that
+make sense yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah so
+the idea here this is what we call radix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here this is what we call radix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here this is what we call radix
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+radix sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh max size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh max size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh max size
+u into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u into
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+a base n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base n
+tuple right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple right
+so basically each one of my digits can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically each one of my digits can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically each one of my digits can
+range from zero to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from zero to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from zero to n
+right how many digits do i have if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many digits do i have if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many digits do i have if i
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+how many base n digits do i have if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many base n digits do i have if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many base n digits do i have if i
+have a number of size u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah log n of u number of digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah log n of u number of digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah log n of u number of digits
+is log n of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n of u
+log base n of u right so how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base n of u right so how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base n of u right so how long
+does ray and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does ray and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does ray and then
+tuple sort on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple sort on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple sort on
+digits using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits using
+counting sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from least
+to most significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to most significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to most significant
+right that's the algorithm how long does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the algorithm how long does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the algorithm how long does
+that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how long does it take to sort on a digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take to sort on a digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take to sort on a digit
+that spans the key 0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spans the key 0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spans the key 0 to n
+linear time right order n time how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time right order n time how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time right order n time how many
+times do i have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times do i have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times do i have to do this
+tuple sort the number of digits times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple sort the number of digits times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple sort the number of digits times
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so the running time of this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the running time of this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the running time of this algorithm
+first i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i have to do this stuff break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have to do this stuff break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have to do this stuff break
+up each of the integers that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up each of the integers that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up each of the integers that takes
+n time right n times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time right n times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time right n times the number of
+digits i had to create each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits i had to create each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits i had to create each one of these
+uh tuples right so n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tuples right so n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tuples right so n
+plus n times the number of digits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n times the number of digits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n times the number of digits right
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log base n of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base n of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base n of u
+right so here i had to loop through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here i had to loop through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here i had to loop through all
+the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things
+and then here for each thing i broke it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here for each thing i broke it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here for each thing i broke it
+up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log base and view digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base and view digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base and view digits
+and that's how long the first thing took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how long the first thing took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how long the first thing took
+and then how long did it take me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how long did it take me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how long did it take me to
+tuple sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuple sort
+end time per digit so i also get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end time per digit so i also get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end time per digit so i also get this
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how long did how long is that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how long did how long is that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how long did how long is that is that
+good is that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is that bad
+for what values of u is this linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if u is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if u is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if u is less than
+n to the c for some constancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this c comes out of the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this c comes out of the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this c comes out of the logarithm
+log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n
+of n is one and we get a linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is one and we get a linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is one and we get a linear time
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+does that make sense okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so that's
+how we can sort in linear time if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can sort in linear time if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can sort in linear time if our
+things are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are only
+polynomially large right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomially large right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomially large right
+so in counting sort we get n plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in counting sort we get n plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in counting sort we get n plus u
+in radix sort we get also a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in radix sort we get also a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in radix sort we get also a stable
+sorting algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithm
+where the running time is n plus n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the running time is n plus n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the running time is n plus n times
+log base n of u does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base n of u does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base n of u does that make sense
+and then in the situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the situations where
+uh there's a typo there and counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a typo there and counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a typo there and counting
+sort that should be when u is order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that should be when u is order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort that should be when u is order n
+counting sort runs in linear time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting sort runs in linear time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting sort runs in linear time and
+it's linear time also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear time also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear time also
+in the case of rating sort if our things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of rating sort if our things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of rating sort if our things
+are bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bounded
+by a polynomial in n right by n to the c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a polynomial in n right by n to the c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a polynomial in n right by n to the c
+for some constant c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some constant c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some constant c
+does that make sense all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense all right
+so that's how to sort in linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how to sort in linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how to sort in linear time
+with the caveat that your numbers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the caveat that your numbers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the caveat that your numbers aren't
+too big okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big okay
+see you next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ypX20WnHNQw.txt b/ypX20WnHNQw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5a6727b020d46c12542cc8b3bdfb776808485e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ypX20WnHNQw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2107 @@
+All right.
+Good morning,
+
+all.
+So we take another big step
+
+forward today and get onto a new
+plane of understanding,
+
+if you will.
+In the last week and a half,
+
+our focus was on the storage
+element or storage elements
+
+called inductors and capacitors.
+And capacitors stored change
+
+and inductors essentially stored
+energy in the field,
+
+the magnetic flux.
+And the state variable for an
+
+inductor was the current while
+that for a capacitor was the
+
+capacitor voltage.
+We also looked at circuits
+
+containing a single storage
+element, we looked at RC
+
+circuits and we also looked at
+circuits containing a single
+
+inductor.
+And this was a single inductor
+
+with a resistor and a current
+source or a voltage source and
+
+so on.
+What we are going to do today
+
+is do what are called
+"second-order systems".
+
+So they are on the next plane
+now.
+
+And with this second-order of
+systems, they are characterized
+
+by circuits containing two
+independent storage elements.
+
+They could be an inductor and a
+capacitor or two independent
+
+capacitors.
+And you will see towards the
+
+end what I mean by two
+independent capacitors.
+
+If I have two capacitors in
+parallel, they can be
+
+represented as a single
+equivalent capacitor so that
+
+doesn't count.
+It has to be two independent
+
+energy storage elements and
+resistors and voltage sources
+
+and so on.
+And what we end up getting is
+
+what is called "second-order
+dynamics".
+
+And much as first order
+circuits were represented using
+
+first order differential
+equations, this kind you end up
+
+getting second-order
+differential equations.
+
+Before we go into this,
+I would like to start
+
+motivating this and give you one
+example of why this is important
+
+to study.
+There are many,
+
+many examples but I will give
+you one.
+
+What I would like to do is draw
+your attention to our good old
+
+inverter driving a second
+inverter.
+
+The same circuit that we used
+to motivate RC studies,
+
+one inverter driving another.
+So let me draw the circuit.
+
+Here is one inverter.
+This is, let's say,
+
+5 volts and this is,
+let's say, 2 kilo ohms.
+
+And I connect the output of
+this inverter to a second
+
+inverter.
+And what we saw in the last few
+
+lectures was that in this
+specific example there was a
+
+parasitic capacitor or a
+capacitor associated with the
+
+gate of this MOSFET.
+And that could be modeled by
+
+sticking a capacitor CGS between
+the gate of the MOSFET and
+
+ground.
+And we saw that the waveforms
+
+here, if I had some kind of step
+here.
+
+Let's say, for example,
+a step that went from high to
+
+low.
+Then out here I would have a
+
+transition that instead of going
+up rapidly like this would
+
+transition a little bit more
+slowly.
+
+And this transition was
+characterized by an RC time
+
+constant.
+And this is what gave rise to a
+
+delay in the eventual output.
+So that is what we saw
+
+previously, single energy
+storage element.
+
+Today what we are going to do
+is we are going to look at the
+
+same circuit,
+the exact same circuit,
+
+and have some fun with it.
+What we are going to say is
+
+look, this thing is pretty slow,
+so what I would like to do is
+
+-- why don't we go ahead and put
+that up.
+
+What we are going to see is
+that the yellow waveform is the
+
+waveform at the input here.
+And the green waveform here is
+
+the waveform at this
+intermediate node.
+
+And notice that this waveform
+here is characterized by the
+
+slowly rising characteristics
+that are typical of an RC
+
+circuit.
+There are some other
+
+weirdnesses and so on going on
+here like a little bump and
+
+stuff like that.
+You can ignore all of that for
+
+now.
+It happens because of certain
+
+other very subtle circuit
+effects that you won't be
+
+dealing with,
+called Miller effects and so on
+
+that you won't be dealing with
+in 6.002.
+
+So focus then on this part
+here.
+
+It is pretty slow.
+And because of that slow
+
+rising, I get a very slow
+transition and I get some delay
+
+in my inverter.
+So you say ah-ha,
+
+we learned about this in 6.002,
+I can make it go faster.
+
+How can you make the circuit go
+faster?
+
+What could you do?
+This is rising very slowly.
+
+How can you make it go faster?
+Anybody?
+
+You have multiple choices,
+actually.
+
+What are your choices here?
+Pardon.
+
+Decrease the time constant.
+And how would you decrease the
+
+time constant?
+The capacitance is connected to
+
+this MOSFET gate here.
+I didn't want it in the first
+
+place but it is there,
+I cannot help it,
+
+so I can decrease the
+resistance.
+
+Good.
+Let me go ahead and do that.
+
+What I will do is I am going to
+knock this sucker out and stick
+
+in a new resistance that is say
+50 ohms, a much smaller
+
+resistance.
+That should speed things up,
+
+right?
+That should make things go much
+
+faster because this is a smaller
+time constant because R is
+
+smaller, correct?
+OK, let's go do it.
+
+And let's see if we get what we
+expect.
+
+I have a little switch here.
+And using that switch,
+
+I am going to switch in this
+little resistance.
+
+Whoa, what on earth is
+happening out there?
+
+This is so much fun.
+What I did is I switched in a
+
+small resister here to decrease
+the time constant,
+
+but it looks like I got a whole
+bunch of crapola that I did not
+
+bargain for.
+This is certainly very fast,
+
+it goes up really fast,
+but I am not sure where it is
+
+going, though.
+Let's stare at that a little
+
+while longer.
+Let me expand the time scale
+
+for you.
+Look at this.
+
+Instead of a nice little smooth
+thing going up.
+
+I get something that looks like
+this.
+
+It looks something like a
+sinusoid.
+
+It looks sinusoidal,
+but then it is a sinusoid that
+
+kind of gives up and kind of
+gets tired and kind of goes
+
+away.
+Right?
+
+It kind of dies out.
+So nothing that you have
+
+learned so far has prepared you
+for this.
+
+And, trust me,
+when I first did some circuit
+
+designs myself a long,
+long time ago I got nailed by
+
+that.
+I looked at my circuit,
+
+and what ended up happening was
+I was noticing these sharp lines
+
+at all my transitions.
+When I looked at my scope,
+
+I expected to see nice little
+square waves but I saw these
+
+little nasty spikes sitting out
+there.
+
+And then when I stared at it
+more carefully,
+
+those spikes were really
+sinusoids that seemed to kind of
+
+get tired and kind of go away.
+So those are nasty,
+
+those are real and they happen
+all the time.
+
+And what we will do today is
+try to get into that and
+
+understand why that is the case.
+We will understand how to
+
+design that away.
+And that is a real problem,
+
+by the way.
+And the reason that is a real
+
+problem is the following.
+Look at this.
+
+Look down here.
+Because this intermediate
+
+voltage is meandering all over
+the countryside here,
+
+at this particular point the
+intermediate voltage dips quite
+
+low.
+And because it dips quite low
+
+look at the output.
+The output has a bump here.
+
+And it is quite possible for
+this output bump to now go into
+
+the forbidden region.
+Or worse.
+
+If this swing here was higher,
+this could have actually gone
+
+onto a one, so I would have
+gotten a false one pulse here.
+
+Instead of having a nice one to
+zero transition,
+
+I would have gotten a one to
+zero, oh, back to one,
+
+oh, back to zero and then back
+down to zero.
+
+So this is nasty stuff,
+really, really nasty stuff.
+
+What we will do is understand
+why that is the case today and
+
+see if we can explain it.
+What is going on here?
+
+What is really going on here is
+take a look at this circuit
+
+here.
+I will take a look at this path
+
+here.
+So this is your VS voltage
+
+source.
+Path kind of goes like this and
+
+around.
+It turns out that this circuit
+
+is a loop here.
+And when there is current flow,
+
+going down to basic physics you
+remember that I also enclose
+
+some amount.
+So there is a current flowing
+
+in a loop.
+And because of that there is an
+
+effective inductance here.
+And, in fact,
+
+any current flowing through a
+wire above a ground plane,
+
+for that matter,
+can be characterized by the
+
+inductance.
+So I can model that by sticking
+
+a little inductor here.
+So my real circuit is not
+
+exactly a resistor and a
+capacitor, but my real circuit
+
+is an inductor as well that
+comes into play because of this
+
+wire.
+Every wire, when there is a
+
+current flow,
+has an inductance associated
+
+with it.
+And because of that the real
+
+circuit is resistor,
+inductor and capacitor.
+
+So I end up with two storage
+elements now,
+
+and the dynamics of that are
+very different from that with a
+
+single storage element.
+That is just a bit of
+
+motivation for why our study of
+inductors is important.
+
+And I can draw a quick circuit
+here.
+
+If you look at the circuit,
+start from ground,
+
+the voltage VS and there is a
+resistor here.
+
+And then I have an inductor and
+then I have a capacitor.
+
+So it is a voltage source,
+resistor, inductor and
+
+capacitor.
+For this whole week we will be
+
+looking at circuits like this.
+Today what I would like to do
+
+is start very simple,
+start with the simplest
+
+possible form of this so that
+you can begin building up your
+
+insight and then go into more
+complicated cases.
+
+Today what I will do is simply
+begin with a case where I don't
+
+have a resistor here and simply
+study a voltage source,
+
+an inductor and a capacitor and
+understand what the voltage
+
+looks like out here.
+So we look at the dynamics of a
+
+little system like this.
+Before we go on,
+
+I want to caution you about
+something.
+
+It is just happenstance that I
+have introduced for you
+
+capacitors based on the
+parasitic capacitance here and
+
+inductance based on parasitic
+inductance.
+
+I would hate to leave you with
+the impression that inductors
+
+and capacitors are "bad".
+Because when you think of a
+
+parasitic, you know,
+parasites.
+
+These are parasitic.
+You didn't expect them there,
+
+didn't expect this here and we
+got the weird behavior.
+
+So parasitics have a bad
+connotation to them.
+
+I do not want to leave you with
+a bad taste in your mouth about
+
+capacitors and inductors that
+these are just bad things.
+
+We just have to deal with them
+and deal with second-order
+
+differential equations and all
+that stuff because they're just
+
+bad stuff and we just have to
+deal with them.
+
+I don't want you to end up
+going through life hating
+
+capacitors and inductors.
+Just because of my choice of
+
+examples, it just happened to be
+introducing them as capacitors.
+
+I want to point out that these
+are fundamental lumped elements
+
+in their own right.
+They are very,
+
+incredibly important and useful
+circuits where we designed
+
+capacitors and inductors because
+we want to have them in there.
+
+There are many circuits that we
+will look at where we really
+
+want the inductor in there.
+We will design an inductor by
+
+wrapping wire around in a coil
+and get bigger inductances and
+
+so.
+Just remember that this can be
+
+parasitic in some cases,
+but in many cases it's good,
+
+inductors are good,
+so just stick with that
+
+thought.
+These are mostly good so don't
+
+go around hating them.
+All right.
+
+Let's go on and analyze a basic
+circuit like this.
+
+And what I would like to cover
+in the next hour are the
+
+foundations of something like
+that.
+
+I will take you through the
+foundations so you understand
+
+how it works.
+And, as always,
+
+what I am going to end up with
+is build up the foundations,
+
+help you understand why we got
+where we were and then help you
+
+build intuition.
+And then show you a really,
+
+really simple intuitive way of
+doing things in terms of how
+
+experts do it.
+And the real cool thing about
+
+EECS is that the way experts do
+things, things are really,
+
+really very simple in the end.
+But you need to build up some
+
+intuition to get there.
+So our circuit looks like this
+
+in terms of my two storage
+elements.
+
+I have a voltage vI,
+inductor L, capacitor C and I
+
+am going to look at the voltage
+across the capacitor and my
+
+current through the capacitor.
+So v(t) is the voltage across
+
+the capacitor and my current is
+the current through this loop
+
+here, which is the same as the
+current through the capacitor or
+
+the current through the
+inductor.
+
+And we are going to proceed in
+exactly the same manner as we
+
+did for first order differential
+equations, write the equations
+
+down and just boom,
+boom, boom, boom,
+
+go down the same sets of steps
+but just get to some place
+
+different.
+We are going to start by
+
+writing a node equation for this
+node here.
+
+That's the only node for which
+I have an unknown voltage.
+
+The node here is vI,
+so I need to find this,
+
+there's just one unknown node
+voltage.
+
+And I am going to need some
+element laws.
+
+For the capacitor I know the iV
+relation is given by the i for
+
+the capacitor is Cdv/dt.
+And just to show the capacitor
+
+I am just calling it dvc/dt.
+Similarly, for an inductor,
+
+L, the voltage across the
+inductor is given by Ldi/dt.
+
+So this is the vI relation for
+the capacitor,
+
+the vI relation for an
+inductor.
+
+It also suits us to write this
+in an integral form.
+
+So if I integrate both sides of
+this equation and I bring L down
+
+to this side,
+I end up getting something like
+
+this, 1/L minus infinity to t,
+VLdt, and that is simply iL.
+
+I am just simply replacing this
+with an integral form.
+
+So this is a VI relationship
+for the inductor and this is for
+
+the capacitor.
+So let me now go ahead and
+
+apply the node method for my
+circuit here.
+
+Here, for the node method,
+I have to equate the currents
+
+coming into the node or sum the
+currents coming into the node
+
+and equate that to zero.
+And while I do that I simply
+
+replace the currents by the
+corresponding voltages using the
+
+element laws.
+So what do I get?
+
+I get the current going in here
+to the inductor is equal to the
+
+current going through the
+capacitor.
+
+What is the current going the
+capacitor?
+
+In terms of its v relationship
+it is Cdv/dt.
+
+And the current going to the
+inductor is given by this
+
+relation here,
+which is simply 1/L minus
+
+infinity to t.
+The voltage across the
+
+capacitor is simply (vI-v)dt.
+I have just written down the
+
+node quotation for this node
+here.
+
+Now I will just apply a bit of
+math and simplify it and get the
+
+resulting equation.
+What I can do is simply
+
+differentiate with respect to t
+here.
+
+And get this to be Cd^2v/dt^2,
+the second derivative of v.
+
+And here what I end up getting
+is 1/L(vI-v).
+
+So I just differentiated the
+whole thing by d/dt here.
+
+And then I just move L up here.
+I bring d^2v/dt^2 out here.
+
+And then I get a minus v here,
+and that will be equal to,
+
+oh, I'm sorry.
+Let me leave this here.
+
+Bring the minus v to this side
+so it becomes a plus and leave
+
+vI on this side.
+So I end up getting
+
+LCd^2v/dt^2.
+I bring L up here.
+
+And then I take v to the other
+side.
+
+Plus v and leave vI here so I
+get vI.
+
+That is second order
+differential equation that
+
+governs the characteristics of
+the voltage, v.
+
+So much as the voltage across
+the capacitor was a state
+
+variable in our RC circuits or
+the current through the inductor
+
+was a state variable in our RL
+circuits, out here both the
+
+current through the inductor and
+the voltage across the capacitor
+
+are my two state variables.
+And so here I have a
+
+second-order equation in my
+voltage, v.
+
+Again, going through the
+foundations here,
+
+I am now going to go through a
+bunch of math.
+
+Up to here it was circuit
+analysis, and now I am just
+
+going to do math.
+For the next three or four
+
+blackboards just math.
+You can solve this second-order
+
+differential equation any which
+way you want.
+
+But just to keep things as
+simple as possible,
+
+in 6.002 I solve all the
+differential equations,
+
+it turns out we are fortunate
+enough we can do that,
+
+using the exact same method
+again and again and again,
+
+the same thing can be applied.
+And the method that we use to
+
+solve it is the method of
+homogenous and particular
+
+solutions.
+So the first step we are going
+
+to find the particular solution,
+vP.
+
+Second step we find the
+homogenous solution,
+
+vH.
+And the third step we are going
+
+to find the total solution as
+the sum of, v is simply the
+
+particular plus the homogenous
+solution and then solve for
+
+constants based on the initial
+conditions and the applied
+
+voltage.
+So let's write down initial
+
+conditions.
+Let's assume,
+
+for simplicity,
+that my initial conditions are
+
+simply the voltage across the
+capacitor is zero to begin and
+
+the current through my inductor
+is also zero as I begin life.
+
+Now, this is what is called
+"zero state".
+
+v and i are both zero,
+and so the response of my
+
+circuit for some input is going
+to be called ZSR.
+
+You've probably heard this term
+in one of your recitations.
+
+So zero state response simply
+says I start with my circuit at
+
+rest and looks at how it behaves
+for some given input.
+
+That is a little term you may
+end up using.
+
+My input next.
+I am going to use the following
+
+input.
+vI of t is going to be a step,
+
+is going to look like this.
+My input is at t=0 v is going
+
+from zero to some voltage VI and
+then stay at that voltage.
+
+It is going to be a step.
+Kaboom.
+
+And you can see why I am going
+with this set of variables,
+
+because I want make this
+situation as close as possible
+
+to the funny behavior we
+observed there.
+
+Remember we had a step,
+and because of the step we had
+
+some behavior at that node?
+So I will try to bring you as
+
+close to that.
+In tomorrow's lecture,
+
+I am going to close the loop
+around that and derive for you
+
+exactly the behavior we saw on
+the scope.
+
+And to get there I am going to
+be try to be as close as
+
+possible to the constants and
+other parameters in the demo.
+
+So VI is a step and zero state.
+Just in terms of notation,
+
+this kind of a step input
+occurs pretty frequently.
+
+And we just have a special
+notation for it.
+
+We simply call it VI is the
+final value here.
+
+And we call it u(t).
+So VIu(t), u(t) simply
+
+represents a step at time t=0,
+steps from zero volts to VI.
+
+That is just a little more
+notation that will come in handy
+
+at some point.
+More math now.
+
+Three steps,
+particular solution,
+
+homogenous solution,
+total solution/constants.
+
+This is almost like a mantra
+here, like a chorus.
+
+Homogenous solution we compute
+using a four-step method.
+
+And four-step method for
+homogenous solutions,
+
+it turns out that it happens to
+be that way for all the
+
+equations we will see in our
+course.
+
+The first step would be assume
+a solution of the form Ae^st.
+
+Exactly as with RCs.
+If you close your eyes and do
+
+exactly what you did for RCs you
+will get to where you want to
+
+be.
+You assume a solution of the
+
+form Ae^st.
+Substitute that into your
+
+homogenous equation.
+Obtain the characteristic
+
+equation.
+Solve for the roots.
+
+And then write down your
+homogenous solution.
+
+Same sort of steps again and
+again and again until you get
+
+bored to tears.
+Particular solution.
+
+For the particular solution,
+I simply need to find a
+
+solution, any solution,
+if not the most general one but
+
+any solution that satisfies the
+particular equation which
+
+satisfies that equation.
+LCd^2vP/dt^2+vP=VI.
+
+My input is a step and I am
+going to look for the solution
+
+for time t greater than zero.
+Notice that for time t less
+
+than or equal to zero,
+v is going to be zero.
+
+So I am looking for a solution
+greater than t=0.
+
+Here, if I substitute vP=VI,
+that is a particular solution.
+
+Because if I substitute VI here
+this goes to zero and then I get
+
+VI=VI, so this works.
+I promised you this was going
+
+to be simple.
+You cannot get any simpler than
+
+that.
+I have done my first step.
+
+I found the particular
+solution.
+
+And VI is a good enough
+particular solution so I will
+
+use it, I will take it.
+As my second step I am going to
+
+find vH or the solution to the
+homogenous equation.
+
+And the homogenous equation is
+simply that equation with drive
+
+set to zero.
+What I get here is
+
+LCd^2vH/dt^2+vH=0.
+That is my homogenous equation.
+
+I simply set the drive to be
+zero.
+
+And to find the solution here,
+I go through my four-step
+
+method.
+Again, in 6.002 following the
+
+kind of Occam's principle,
+we just show you the absolute
+
+minimum necessary to get to
+where you want.
+
+The absolute minimum necessary
+is it turns out that we can
+
+solve all our differential
+equations that we use here by
+
+using the methods of homogenous
+and particular solutions.
+
+And every homogenous solution
+can be solved by a four-step
+
+method.
+That is about as minimal as it
+
+can get.
+So no extraneous stuff there.
+
+The four-step method,
+four steps.
+
+The first step is assume a
+solution of the form vH=Ae^st.
+
+What I have noticed is that
+students starting out are
+
+usually scared of differential
+equations.
+
+I know I was when I was a
+student.
+
+And the trick with differential
+equations is that it is all a
+
+matter of psych.
+Just because you see some
+
+squigglies and squagglies and a
+bunch of math and so on you say
+
+oh, that must be hard.
+But differential equations are
+
+actually the simplest thing
+there is because in a large
+
+majority of cases the way you
+solve them is you assume you
+
+know the answer,
+someone tells you the answer.
+
+And then all you are left to do
+is shove the answer into the
+
+equation and find out the
+constants that makes it the
+
+answer.
+Just a matter of psych.
+
+Psych yourselves that this
+stuff is easy,
+
+because I am telling you what
+the solution is.
+
+All you have to do is
+substitute and verify.
+
+If you think about differential
+equations that way or a large
+
+majority of them,
+it really is very simple if you
+
+can just get past the squigglies
+here.
+
+Just get past the squigglies
+and then just simply stick in
+
+some simple stuff and it works.
+I mean it just cannot get any
+
+easier.
+I cannot think of any other
+
+field where the way you find a
+solution is assume you know the
+
+solution and stick it in.
+It has never made any sense to
+
+me but that is how it is.
+So we assume the solution to
+
+the form Ae^st,
+you stick it in there,
+
+and you have to find out the A
+and s that make it so.
+
+It cannot get any simpler than
+that.
+
+Let's stick the sucker in here
+and see what we can get.
+
+Substitute Ae^st here I get
+LCA, and second derivative,
+
+so it's s^2 e^st.
+And Ae^st on this one here.
+
+And that equals zero.
+And then let me just solve for
+
+whatever I can find.
+Assuming I don't take the
+
+trivial case A=0,
+I cancel these guys out.
+
+And what I am left with is
+simply LCs^2+1=0.
+
+In other words,
+what I end up getting is B,
+
+s^2=-1/LC.
+My first step was,
+
+I am giving you solutions,
+stick them in there,
+
+assume a solution of this form.
+Second step is get the
+
+characteristic equation.
+And the way you get the
+
+characteristic equation is that
+you simply stick this guy in
+
+there.
+And what you end up getting is
+
+some equation in s^2.
+Do you remember what you got
+
+for first order circuits?
+What s was?
+
+What is s?
+For first order circuits,
+
+what did you get as a
+characteristic equation?
+
+s+1/RC=0.
+The same thing.
+
+Just remember to blindly apply
+the steps.
+
+It will lead you to the answer.
+This is called the
+
+"characteristic equation".
+This is incredibly important.
+
+You will see in about a couple
+weeks from now that once you
+
+write the characteristic
+equation down for a circuit,
+
+it tells you all there is to
+know about the circuit.
+
+And often times you can stop
+solving right here.
+
+To experienced circuit
+designers this tells me
+
+everything there is to know.
+This is really key.
+
+That's why it's called a
+characteristic equation.
+
+I believe in problem number
+three of the homework that will
+
+be coming out this week,
+that is exactly what you are
+
+going to do.
+I am going to give you a
+
+circuit, ask you to get to the
+characteristic equation quickly
+
+and then from there intuit the
+solution.
+
+Write the characteristic
+equation and then just intuit
+
+solution, it's that simple.
+So, step A, assume a solution
+
+of the form, step B,
+write the characteristic
+
+equation down.
+And let me just simplify that a
+
+little bit.
+I go ahead and find my roots.
+
+And my roots here,
+remember that j is the square
+
+root of minus one.
+And so what I end up getting
+
+is, my two roots here are,
+plus j square root of 1/LC and
+
+minus j square root of 1/LC.
+Two roots.
+
+And just as a shorthand
+notation, much like I had a
+
+shorthand notation for RC,
+what was my shorthand notation
+
+for RC?
+Tau.
+
+Just as tau was big in first
+order, we have a corresponding
+
+thing that is big in second
+order and that is omega nought.
+
+Omega nought is simply square
+root 1/LC.
+
+Just as tau was RC,
+omega nought is a shorthand
+
+here.
+And so s is simply plus or
+
+minus j omega nought.
+Notice that in this equation
+
+here, if you take the square
+root of LC there that has units
+
+of time, so one divided by that
+has units of frequency.
+
+Notice that this guy is a
+frequency in radians.
+
+I end up getting my roots of
+the homogenous equation,
+
+and that is my third step.
+And as my fourth step,
+
+I simply write down the
+homogenous solution as
+
+substituting s with its roots
+and writing the most general
+
+possible form of the solution,
+and that would be A1e^(j omega
+
+nought t)+A2e^(-j omega nought
+t).
+
+Done.
+Some constant times this
+
+solution plus some other
+constant times,
+
+the other solution.
+Plus zero omega nought.
+
+Remember it comes from here,
+Ae^st.
+
+I assume the solution of this
+form, so my solution in this
+
+most general case would be s
+being j omega nought in one
+
+case, minus j omega nought in
+the other case,
+
+and I sum the two to get the
+most general solution.
+
+So blasting ahead.
+I now have my homogenous
+
+solution.
+And as my third step of
+
+solution to differential
+equations I write down the total
+
+solution, v=vP+vH,
+particular plus the homogenous
+
+solutions.
+And v=VI, was my particular
+
+solution, +A1e^(j omega nought
+t)+A2e^(-j omega nought t) is my
+
+complete solution.
+The final step,
+
+write down the total solution
+and find the constants from the
+
+initial conditions.
+To find the constants from the
+
+initial conditions,
+let's start with,
+
+the voltage is zero to begin
+with.
+
+This equation governs the
+characteristics of v,
+
+so I need to find the initial
+conditions.
+
+First of all,
+I know that know that v(0)=0.
+
+From there I substitute t=0.
+And so this goes to one,
+
+this goes to one,
+and I end up getting
+
+0=VI+A1+A2.
+That is my first expression.
+
+And then I am also given that
+i(0)=0.
+
+And so I can get that as well.
+How do I get i?
+
+This is v.
+I know that i=Cdv/dt,
+
+so I can get i by simply
+multiplying by C and
+
+differentiating this with
+respect to t.
+
+I get C, this guy vanishes so I
+get d/dt of this.
+
+So it is CA1(j omega nought)
+e^(j omega nought t)+CA2(-j
+
+omega nought)e^(-j omega nought
+t).
+
+From here I am given that that
+is zero, and so therefore this
+
+guy becomes a one,
+this guy becomes a one,
+
+j omega nought,
+j omega nought cancel out.
+
+What I end up getting is A1=A2.
+From the second initial
+
+condition I get A1=A2.
+From these two,
+
+if I substitute here for A2,
+I get VI + 2A1 = 0,
+
+or A1=-VI/2.
+That is also equal to A2.
+
+Therefore, my total solution
+now can be written in terms of
+
+the actual values of the
+constants I have obtained.
+
+I get VI-VI/2.
+So A1 and A2 are equal.
+
+I just pull them outside.
+I pull VI-2 outside and I stick
+
+these two guys in parenthesis
+in.
+
+Again, I promised you no more
+circuits from here on until the
+
+very last board or something
+like that.
+
+It is all math,
+so not much else happening
+
+there.
+More math.
+
+If you would like,
+I could skip all the way to the
+
+end and show you the answer.
+But I just love to write
+
+equations on the board so let me
+just go through that.
+
+I am going to simplify this a
+little further here.
+
+And we should remember this
+form by the Euler relation,
+
+ejx=cos x+j sin x.
+And by the same token,
+
+(e^jx + e^-jx)/2=cos x.
+You all should know this from
+
+the Euler relation.
+So were are using this guy
+
+here, ej^x + e^-jx=2cos x.
+And so this one is 2 cosine of
+
+omega nought t,
+2 and 2 cancel out,
+
+and what I am left with is
+v(t)=VI-VI cos( omega nought t).
+
+And the current is Cdv/dt,
+which is simply CVI sin( omega
+
+nought t).
+Just remember that omega nought
+
+is the square root of 1/LC.
+We are done.
+
+In fact, I did not give that
+answer the importance that was
+
+due so let me just draw.
+
+There.
+That is better.
+
+Enough math.
+In a nutshell,
+
+what did we do.
+We wrote the node method,
+
+it's a very simple circuit,
+to write down the equation
+
+governing that circuit.
+And then we grunged through a
+
+bunch of math.
+Not a whole lot here.
+
+It is pretty simple.
+And ended up with a relation
+
+that says the voltage across the
+capacitor for a step input,
+
+assuming zero state,
+is a constant VI-VI cos omega
+
+t.
+Notice that even though I have
+
+a step input,
+the circuit dynamics are such
+
+that I get a cosine in there.
+You can begin to see where
+
+these cosines are coming from
+now.
+
+They come in here.
+And if you recall the example I
+
+showed you earlier of the
+inverter circuit,
+
+remember there was a cosine
+that decayed,
+
+that was sort of losing energy
+and kind of dying out?
+
+So you can see where the
+cosines are coming from.
+
+And just to draw you a little
+sketch here.
+
+Let me draw v and i for you and
+let me plot omega t,
+
+pi/2, pi and so on.
+Let me plot VI.
+
+When time t=0,
+VI=0, cosine omega t is one,
+
+and so VI-VI=0.
+That is simply a cosine that
+
+starts out at zero here,
+and at pi I get cosine omega t
+
+is minus one,
+so I get plus VI on the other
+
+side.
+So I end up at +2VI.
+
+At this point the voltage is
+here.
+
+And notice that this guy looks
+like this.
+
+It is a cosine that is
+translated up so that its mean
+
+value is not zero but VI.
+It is just a translation up of
+
+a cosine.
+Similarly, in this case for the
+
+current it is a sinusoidal
+characteristic.
+
+And it looks something like
+this where the peak is given by
+
+CVI, oh, I messed up.
+
+When I differentiated this is
+missed the omega nought out
+
+there.
+
+What I would like to do now --
+This is the form of the output
+
+for a step input.
+What I would like to do next is
+
+show you a demo.
+But before I show you a demo,
+
+I always found it strange that
+I have a step input and then I
+
+have two little elements,
+how can I get a sine coming out
+
+of the output?
+I would like to get some
+
+intuition as to why things
+behave the way they are.
+
+I could go and pray to find
+out, but let me just give you
+
+some very basic insight as to
+why this behaves the way it
+
+does.
+Let me draw the circuit for you
+
+here.
+And this is my inductor L and
+
+capacitance C.
+Remember this is v.
+
+Let me just walk you through
+what is happening there and get
+
+you to understand this.
+Now, you have seen sines occur
+
+before.
+If you go and write down the
+
+equation of motion of a
+pendulum, you know,
+
+you have a pendulum,
+you move it to one side,
+
+let go.
+It is also governed by
+
+sinusoidal characteristics.
+And you will find that the
+
+equation governing its motion is
+very much of the same form,
+
+and you get the sinusoid where
+you have energy that is sloshing
+
+back and forth between maximum
+potential energy to maximum
+
+kinetic energy and zero
+potential energy back to maximum
+
+potential energy,
+zero kinetic.
+
+So it is energy sloshing back
+and forth.
+
+The same way here.
+Capacitors and inductors store
+
+energy.
+Let's walk through and see what
+
+happens.
+I start off with both of them
+
+having the stage zero,
+zero current,
+
+zero voltage.
+I apply a step here.
+
+Boom, the step comes
+instanteously to VI.
+
+I notice that the capacitor
+voltage cannot change instantly
+
+unless there is an infinite
+pulse of a sort,
+
+so this guy cannot change
+instantly.
+
+And so its voltage starts off
+being zero.
+
+So the entire voltage here,
+KVL must be true no matter
+
+what.
+They are absolutely fundamental
+
+principles from Maxwell's
+equations.
+
+KVL must hold,
+which means that the entire
+
+voltage VI must appear across
+the inductor.
+
+I put a big voltage across the
+inductor and its current begins
+
+to build up.
+There you go.
+
+A voltage across the inductor,
+its current begins to build up.
+
+As its current begins to build
+up that current must flow
+
+through the capacitor,
+too.
+
+And as current flows through a
+capacitor it is depositing
+
+charge into the capacitor.
+As the capacitor begins to get
+
+charge deposited on it,
+its voltage begins to rise.
+
+Let's see what happens here.
+Its voltage keeps rising.
+
+At some point,
+the voltage across the
+
+capacitor is equal to VI.
+But then VI equals this VI
+
+here.
+So when the two become VI,
+
+the inductor has zero volts
+across it.
+
+So there is no longer a
+potential difference that is
+
+increasing the current in that
+direction.
+
+At that point,
+at pi divided by 2,
+
+I have some current going into
+the inductor so there is no
+
+longer a pressure that is
+forcing more current through the
+
+inductor because this voltage
+reaches VI.
+
+But remember capacitors like to
+sit around holding voltages.
+
+Just remember that demo.
+That rinky-dink capacitor sat
+
+there stubbornly holding its
+voltage.
+
+And it had a huge spark towards
+the end.
+
+It just sat there holding its
+voltage.
+
+In the same manner,
+inductors love to sit around
+
+holding a current.
+They will do whatever they can
+
+to keep the current going
+through them.
+
+It has got the current going
+through.
+
+And few forces on earth can
+change that.
+
+And so therefore,
+even though the capacitor
+
+voltage is VI and the voltage
+drop across the inductor is
+
+zero, it still keeps supplying a
+current.
+
+It has got the current.
+It's got inertia.
+
+It keeps going.
+It is like a runaway train.
+
+You may not be pushing the
+train from the back,
+
+but once it is running it has
+got kinetic energy and is going
+
+to run no matter what for a
+least some more time,
+
+even if you take away the force
+on the train.
+
+So I have taken away the force
+on the punching more current
+
+through, but it has kinetic
+energy.
+
+It has current flowing through
+it so it continues to supply a
+
+current.
+Because it continues to supply
+
+the current the capacitor
+voltage keeps increasing.
+
+This is a subtle insight which
+is absolutely spectacular that
+
+with zero volts across it,
+it still keeps pumping that
+
+current.
+Capacitor voltage has gone up.
+
+And guess what?
+The voltage on this side is
+
+higher now but this guy is still
+pumping a current.
+
+Man, I have been born to do
+this, you know,
+
+I shall pump a current.
+However, because the voltage
+
+has now gone up here gradually
+the current begins to diminish.
+
+So the capacitor is concerned.
+You pump a current into me,
+
+my voltage goes up.
+At some point,
+
+like a runaway train,
+it comes to a halt.
+
+The current through the
+capacitor drains and now goes to
+
+zero and the capacitor voltage
+reaches 2VI.
+
+So this is at 2VI now and this
+is at VI.
+
+Now the situation is not in
+equilibrium.
+
+At this point there is zero
+current through it,
+
+but guess what?
+I have a VI pumping in this
+
+direction now.
+I have the same VI punching in
+
+this direction.
+So guess what?
+
+Its current must now build up
+in this direction and its
+
+current begins to build up in
+that direction.
+
+That begins to discharge the
+capacitor and the capacitor then
+
+goes on to a negative,
+or the current goes down to a
+
+maximum negative current,
+and this process continues.
+
+What you are seeing here is
+energy.
+
+It is sloshing back and forth
+between the two,
+
+and that is kind of a key.
+I will just quickly put up a
+
+demo that you can watch as you
+are walking out.
+
+With a step input,
+notice the green is the voltage
+
+across the capacitor and the
+orange is the current through
+
+the capacitor.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zNGKX-4PRsk.txt b/zNGKX-4PRsk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44e18dab4e4ee1fa59bd9badc6fc3c0101b03d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zNGKX-4PRsk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, welcome everybody. really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, welcome everybody. really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, welcome everybody. really
+pleased to see you all here today um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased to see you all here today um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased to see you all here today um for
+what will be the first of a nine lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the first of a nine lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the first of a nine lecture
+course uh called signal processing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh called signal processing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh called signal processing on
+databases and this is a really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and this is a really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and this is a really uh
+special day for me because this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special day for me because this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special day for me because this sort of
+represents a big step in a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a big step in a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a big step in a set of
+technology that I've been working on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that I've been working on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that I've been working on for
+a couple of decades and you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of decades and you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of decades and you know really
+been working intensely on for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working intensely on for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working intensely on for the last
+three or four years And um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four years And um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four years And um this is the
+first course on what we hope will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first course on what we hope will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first course on what we hope will be a
+technology that will become very widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that will become very widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that will become very widely
+used. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is a completely unique course on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a completely unique course on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a completely unique course on a
+completely unique technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unique technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unique technology.
+So I want to thank you for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to thank you for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want to thank you for being
+the guinea pigs of this course. Um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guinea pigs of this course. Um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guinea pigs of this course. Um it's
+hard enough just doing a new course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough just doing a new course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard enough just doing a new course on
+an existing topic. uh doing a new course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing topic. uh doing a new course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing topic. uh doing a new course
+on a on a novel topic is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a novel topic is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a on a novel topic is quite a
+challenge. So, we're going to be trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge. So, we're going to be trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge. So, we're going to be trying
+a few different things here. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few different things here. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few different things here. You're
+going to be certain topics covered from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be certain topics covered from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be certain topics covered from
+more than one angle and we'll see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one angle and we'll see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one angle and we'll see which
+ones sort of make the most sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones sort of make the most sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones sort of make the most sense for
+you. Um the first thing I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Um the first thing I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Um the first thing I'd like to do
+is talk a little bit about the title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talk a little bit about the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is talk a little bit about the title of
+the course, which is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course, which is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course, which is a little bit
+different. title is signal processing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. title is signal processing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. title is signal processing on
+databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases
+which is not two phrases signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not two phrases signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not two phrases signal
+processing and databases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and databases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and databases that are
+usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+connected together very often. And so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together very often. And so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together very often. And so uh
+signal processing as we all know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing as we all know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing as we all know is
+here at Lincoln Labs one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at Lincoln Labs one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at Lincoln Labs one of the most
+core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core
+things that we do in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we do in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we do in terms of a
+technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology.
+It's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's almost
+uh difficult to imagine a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh difficult to imagine a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh difficult to imagine a technology
+that's more core to what we do. The only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more core to what we do. The only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more core to what we do. The only
+thing I could think of was systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I could think of was systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I could think of was systems
+engineering maybe, but signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering maybe, but signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering maybe, but signal processing
+is really at the heart of what we do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really at the heart of what we do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really at the heart of what we do.
+Mathematically, signal processing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematically, signal processing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematically, signal processing really
+the heart of that is detection theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of that is detection theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of that is detection theory.
+How do you find things given sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you find things given sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you find things given sets of
+data? How do you, you know, eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data? How do you, you know, eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data? How do you, you know, eliminate
+things you're not looking for and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're not looking for and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're not looking for and find
+the things that you are looking for? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you are looking for? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you are looking for? And
+then mathematically, the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then mathematically, the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then mathematically, the heart of
+detection theory is linear algebra. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection theory is linear algebra. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection theory is linear algebra. And
+so, um, just a show of hands, how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, um, just a show of hands, how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, um, just a show of hands, how many
+people have had a linear algebra course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have had a linear algebra course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have had a linear algebra course
+in there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there?
+See, that's that's really awesome. See,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, that's that's really awesome. See,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, that's that's really awesome. See,
+at Lincoln, that's probably this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Lincoln, that's probably this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Lincoln, that's probably this is one
+of the few places in the world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few places in the world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few places in the world where
+that was pretty unanimous. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty unanimous. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty unanimous. You know,
+there's not too many places where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not too many places where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not too many places where that's
+the case. And so this technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case. And so this technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case. And so this technology is
+really designed for you because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really designed for you because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really designed for you because it
+really assumes a foundation in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really assumes a foundation in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really assumes a foundation in linear
+algebra. And that's not as common as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. And that's not as common as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. And that's not as common as you
+might think. And so people who haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think. And so people who haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think. And so people who haven't
+had linear algebra, it's much harder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had linear algebra, it's much harder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had linear algebra, it's much harder for
+them to take advantage of the ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take advantage of the ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take advantage of the ideas that
+we're going to talk about. So signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about. So signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about. So signal
+processing, detection theory, linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing, detection theory, linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing, detection theory, linear
+algebra. That's sort of kind of the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. That's sort of kind of the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. That's sort of kind of the root
+of that first phrase. The second phrase,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that first phrase. The second phrase,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that first phrase. The second phrase,
+databases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases.
+Um, when we think of databases, we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, when we think of databases, we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, when we think of databases, we think
+of of typically, you know, maybe things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of typically, you know, maybe things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of typically, you know, maybe things
+that you do searching on the web, text,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do searching on the web, text,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do searching on the web, text,
+you know, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe
+other things like like like that, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like like like that, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like like like that, which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not necessarily consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily consistent with the
+mathematics that we think about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that we think about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that we think about when we
+think about signal processing, detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about signal processing, detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about signal processing, detection
+theory, and linear algebra. we naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, and linear algebra. we naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory, and linear algebra. we naturally
+go on to like real numbers, matrices,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to like real numbers, matrices,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to like real numbers, matrices,
+those types of things. So what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of things. So what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of things. So what we're
+really doing here is we're connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing here is we're connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing here is we're connecting
+that mathematics with sort of a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematics with sort of a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematics with sort of a whole
+new branch of data, words and strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new branch of data, words and strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new branch of data, words and strings
+and relationships. And so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationships. And so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationships. And so that's kind of
+the really novel piece of it. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really novel piece of it. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really novel piece of it. And that's
+really the core idea that we're bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the core idea that we're bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the core idea that we're bringing
+here is we're going to bring all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're going to bring all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we're going to bring all that
+machinery that we know so well and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that we know so well and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that we know so well and we're
+going to try and and apply it to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and and apply it to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and and apply it to this
+new area which is becoming increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new area which is becoming increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new area which is becoming increasingly
+important for us. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us. So that's the
+explanation of the title that that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the title that that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of the title that that's how
+we pick picked the title. We could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick picked the title. We could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pick picked the title. We could have
+there's other titles and so um so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other titles and so um so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other titles and so um so I just
+wanted to spend a little time on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to spend a little time on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to spend a little time on on
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh an enormous number of people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh an enormous number of people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh an enormous number of people have
+contributed to this work. This this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to this work. This this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to this work. This this is a
+list of of the people that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of of the people that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of of the people that I could
+remember at the time that I typed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at the time that I typed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember at the time that I typed the
+slide, but no doubt I have forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide, but no doubt I have forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide, but no doubt I have forgotten
+somebody important and so I apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody important and so I apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody important and so I apologize
+for that. But you know certainly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. But you know certainly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. But you know certainly these
+people uh and uh and the whole uh team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh and uh and the whole uh team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh and uh and the whole uh team
+have been uh very uh instrumental in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been uh very uh instrumental in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been uh very uh instrumental in
+allowing this technology to move to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing this technology to move to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing this technology to move to move
+forward here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is going to be the outline for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is going to be the outline for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is going to be the outline for
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+lecture and there's going to be a rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and there's going to be a rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and there's going to be a rhythm
+to most of these lectures which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to most of these lectures which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to most of these lectures which is going
+there's going to be a lecture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lecture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lecture which is
+going to be PowerPoint. I apologize we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be PowerPoint. I apologize we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be PowerPoint. I apologize we
+all see plenty of PowerPoint mainly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all see plenty of PowerPoint mainly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all see plenty of PowerPoint mainly to
+introduce ideas and then there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce ideas and then there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce ideas and then there will be
+sort of a demo which will go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a demo which will go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a demo which will go through
+code that is actually available in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that is actually available in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that is actually available in your
+L grid accounts. Now, uh, and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L grid accounts. Now, uh, and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L grid accounts. Now, uh, and some of
+that code will even be part of homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that code will even be part of homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that code will even be part of homework
+assignments if you so choose to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments if you so choose to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments if you so choose to do the
+homework assignments. And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignments. And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignments. And so that's
+going to be the flavor. We'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the flavor. We'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the flavor. We'll do the
+slides, we'll take a short break, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides, we'll take a short break, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides, we'll take a short break, and
+then we'll do, uh, the the examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do, uh, the the examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll do, uh, the the examples and
+talk about them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, let me talk about some of the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me talk about some of the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me talk about some of the kinds
+of uh, and I stole the slide. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh, and I stole the slide. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh, and I stole the slide. Let me
+talk about some of the kinds of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of the kinds of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of the kinds of data
+that the technology that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the technology that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the technology that we're going to
+be talking about today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about today.
+um uh really really enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh really really enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh really really enables
+um it allows us to deal with data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it allows us to deal with data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it allows us to deal with data that
+has to deal with relationships.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to deal with relationships.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to deal with relationships.
+Uh relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh relationships
+uh you can particularly as those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can particularly as those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can particularly as those
+represented by graphs. So uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by graphs. So uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by graphs. So uh for example
+you might have vehicle tracks those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have vehicle tracks those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have vehicle tracks those
+represent relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent relationships between
+locations. you know, a car goes from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations. you know, a car goes from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations. you know, a car goes from one
+place to another. That's a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to another. That's a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to another. That's a relationship
+between those location. Um, another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those location. Um, another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those location. Um, another is
+social networks. You know, everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social networks. You know, everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social networks. You know, everyone
+wants to know who their friends are, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know who their friends are, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know who their friends are, how
+many friends they are, who their friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many friends they are, who their friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many friends they are, who their friends
+of friends are, those types of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friends are, those types of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friends are, those types of things.
+So, that's another type of set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's another type of set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's another type of set of
+relationship. Um, again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. Um, again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. Um, again,
+very uh textual and oriented, very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh textual and oriented, very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh textual and oriented, very much
+oriented towards words and not numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented towards words and not numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented towards words and not numbers.
+Uh another area is uh is cyber networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh another area is uh is cyber networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh another area is uh is cyber networks
+very uh opropo topic that people are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh opropo topic that people are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh opropo topic that people are you
+know at least everyone is impacted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least everyone is impacted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least everyone is impacted by
+and many people are doing work on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people are doing work on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people are doing work on which
+is you know relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know relationships between
+computers, communication between web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers, communication between web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers, communication between web
+servers those types of things and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers those types of things and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers those types of things and again
+uh uh uh that is a very important area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh that is a very important area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh that is a very important area
+for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to give you sort of a big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you sort of a big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you sort of a big picture
+here of like well why am I even here why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of like well why am I even here why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of like well why am I even here why
+why do I care about this what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I care about this what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I care about this what are the
+things that that we can do I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that we can do I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that we can do I'm going to
+kind of walk through an example of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of walk through an example of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of walk through an example of some
+of the things that we have used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we have used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we have used this
+technology for that have been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for that have been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology for that have been very
+exciting for us and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting for us and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting for us and so
+trying and we'll have examples like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying and we'll have examples like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying and we'll have examples like that
+throughout the course you know uh uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course you know uh uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course you know uh uh how
+you can actually use this how this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually use this how this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually use this how this has
+had really a real impact and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had really a real impact and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had really a real impact and so the
+first one we want to talk about is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one we want to talk about is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one we want to talk about is is
+some work we've done in the cyber domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work we've done in the cyber domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work we've done in the cyber domain
+so here's Here's an example of a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's Here's an example of a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's Here's an example of a data
+set which is a graph that is a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is a graph that is a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is a graph that is a web
+traffic. And so if we see here, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic. And so if we see here, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic. And so if we see here, this is
+the source IPs. So you can imagine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source IPs. So you can imagine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source IPs. So you can imagine these
+are the computers that are on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the computers that are on the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the computers that are on the inside
+of some domain. And then these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some domain. And then these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some domain. And then these are the
+destination IPs. All the web servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination IPs. All the web servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination IPs. All the web servers
+that they hit are the green ones around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they hit are the green ones around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they hit are the green ones around
+here. Uh this is sometimes referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh this is sometimes referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh this is sometimes referred to
+in graph theory as a bipartite graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory as a bipartite graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory as a bipartite graph.
+It's basically two separate sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's basically two separate sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's basically two separate sets of
+vertices that talk to each other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that talk to each other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that talk to each other but
+have no at least in this data set we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no at least in this data set we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no at least in this data set we are
+not recording any connections within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recording any connections within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recording any connections within
+within the sets. And then hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the sets. And then hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the sets. And then hopefully you
+can see here these faint blue lines here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here these faint blue lines here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here these faint blue lines here
+that are the actual connections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the actual connections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the actual connections that
+show you you know which which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you you know which which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you you know which which of these
+computers are connecting to which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are connecting to which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are connecting to which of
+these computers. There's obviously a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these computers. There's obviously a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these computers. There's obviously a lot
+of data, web traffic data, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data, web traffic data, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data, web traffic data, there's
+enormous amount of it. This shows 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of it. This shows 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of it. This shows 90
+minutes of data and um you know uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of data and um you know uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of data and um you know uh and
+in this particular case there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case there was
+actually a malicious activity that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a malicious activity that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a malicious activity that you
+know we were looking to to detect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were looking to to detect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we were looking to to detect in
+this data set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So one of the biggest challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the biggest challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the biggest challenges
+that you have in any data set like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in any data set like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in any data set like this
+is data representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is data representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is data representation
+and you know sometimes in database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know sometimes in database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know sometimes in database
+parliament this is called the schema. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament this is called the schema. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament this is called the schema. So
+how you represent your data is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you represent your data is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you represent your data is usually
+if you can figure that out you're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can figure that out you're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can figure that out you're almost
+halfway to solving the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway to solving the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway to solving the problem.
+And so uh given that in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so uh given that in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so uh given that in this case we
+wanted to use graph techniques, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use graph techniques, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use graph techniques, we
+discovered that our data almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that our data almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that our data almost always
+doesn't come to us in a nicely form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come to us in a nicely form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come to us in a nicely form
+formed graph. And so we have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed graph. And so we have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed graph. And so we have to go
+through a lot of steps here. And so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of steps here. And so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a lot of steps here. And so one
+thing you'll see is with this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you'll see is with this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you'll see is with this technology
+is that it's almost always part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's almost always part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's almost always part of a
+pipeline from from raw data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline from from raw data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline from from raw data to
+conditioning the raw data to inserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning the raw data to inserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning the raw data to inserting
+it into a database to doing analytics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a database to doing analytics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a database to doing analytics uh
+to doing uh queries and other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing uh queries and other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing uh queries and other types of
+things. You're you're always really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You're you're always really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You're you're always really
+going to be using a pipeline and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using a pipeline and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using a pipeline and you're
+going to be wanting to use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be wanting to use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be wanting to use different
+technology tools for different stages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology tools for different stages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology tools for different stages in
+the pipeline. We're not in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline. We're not in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline. We're not in any way
+trying to suggest that the technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to suggest that the technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to suggest that the technologies
+we're talking about today are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about today are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about today are the only
+pieces. Uh it's an important piece the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. Uh it's an important piece the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. Uh it's an important piece the
+technologies we're talking about, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we're talking about, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we're talking about, but
+they're not the only pieces and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the only pieces and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the only pieces and you're
+always really functioning in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always really functioning in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always really functioning in the context
+of a pipeline.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this just shows kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this just shows kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this just shows kind of the
+technology stack that we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack that we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology stack that we will be
+leveraging that we typically leverage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging that we typically leverage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging that we typically leverage in
+those types of things. Ultimately, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of things. Ultimately, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of things. Ultimately, our
+goal is to get up here to these graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to get up here to these graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to get up here to these graph
+analytics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics.
+Uh, one of the things we'll talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, one of the things we'll talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, one of the things we'll talking
+about most in these course is the highle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about most in these course is the highle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about most in these course is the highle
+languages that allow you to essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that allow you to essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that allow you to essentially
+do graph analytics very easily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do graph analytics very easily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do graph analytics very easily and
+bridge between the databases themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge between the databases themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge between the databases themselves
+and the high performance computing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high performance computing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high performance computing that
+you will need. So again, not only do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need. So again, not only do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need. So again, not only do you
+have a pipeline of of software and data,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pipeline of of software and data,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pipeline of of software and data,
+you have a pipeline or a stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pipeline or a stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pipeline or a stack of
+technology. So when you're addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. So when you're addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. So when you're addressing
+problems like this, usually you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this, usually you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this, usually you're
+starting at one place, but you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at one place, but you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at one place, but you will
+almost always when you build a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always when you build a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always when you build a system
+work out and deal with these other types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out and deal with these other types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out and deal with these other types
+of things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? So that's sort of just a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that's sort of just a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that's sort of just a quick
+overview and example and I don't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and example and I don't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and example and I don't expect
+any of you to be, you know, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you to be, you know, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you to be, you know, that's
+probably just kind of the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just kind of the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just kind of the purpose of
+example is probably to raise more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is probably to raise more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is probably to raise more
+questions. Well, how how do you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Well, how how do you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Well, how how do you really
+do this? So now I'm going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this? So now I'm going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this? So now I'm going to sort of
+take a bit of a right turn here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bit of a right turn here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bit of a right turn here and
+really talk about what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk about what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk about what the what the
+course is about. Okay? And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is about. Okay? And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is about. Okay? And I'm going to
+actually talk about the course a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about the course a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about the course a little
+bit of of big picture. And I always felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of of big picture. And I always felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of of big picture. And I always felt
+that every course should uh should tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every course should uh should tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every course should uh should tell
+you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why
+that course is the most important course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that course is the most important course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that course is the most important course
+you will ever take in your career. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will ever take in your career. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will ever take in your career. You
+know, I think every single course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I think every single course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I think every single course you
+can come up with an argument for that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with an argument for that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come up with an argument for that,
+but people don't say that. So, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people don't say that. So, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people don't say that. So, I'm going
+to tell you why, you know, this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you why, you know, this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you why, you know, this course
+is the most important course you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most important course you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most important course you will
+ever take. Of course, every course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever take. Of course, every course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever take. Of course, every course is
+the most important course you'll ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important course you'll ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important course you'll ever
+take, but I'm going to tell you why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take, but I'm going to tell you why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take, but I'm going to tell you why this
+one is. So stepping way back, we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is. So stepping way back, we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is. So stepping way back, we're all
+part of MIT here and MIT has a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of MIT here and MIT has a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of MIT here and MIT has a formula
+for success.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for success.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for success.
+MIT is the number one science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is the number one science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is the number one science and
+engineering university on earth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering university on earth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering university on earth.
+We can actually by any reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can actually by any reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can actually by any reasonable
+measure that is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that is true
+and uh in fact by the people who track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in fact by the people who track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in fact by the people who track
+this it's it's true by a lot you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's true by a lot you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's true by a lot you know
+and so you know it's a real honor to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know it's a real honor to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know it's a real honor to be
+associated with this organization to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this organization to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this organization to be
+at an organization that's at its at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an organization that's at its at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an organization that's at its at its
+zenith and MIT has has had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zenith and MIT has has had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zenith and MIT has has had this
+incredible run of success over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible run of success over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible run of success over the last
+60 years because fundamentally they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 years because fundamentally they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 years because fundamentally they
+recognize the formula for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the formula for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the formula for making
+discoveries is a combination an atheian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries is a combination an atheian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries is a combination an atheian
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+bringing those two together and as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing those two together and as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing those two together and as an
+organization we've actually organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we've actually organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we've actually organized
+ourselves MIT is organized around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves MIT is organized around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves MIT is organized around this
+formula in that we have theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in that we have theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in that we have theory and
+experiment and theory is the academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and theory is the academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and theory is the academic
+part of the the mission um that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the mission um that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the mission um that's that's
+run out of departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of departments
+typically it involves mathematics this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it involves mathematics this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it involves mathematics this
+is a place I mean everyone here raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a place I mean everyone here raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a place I mean everyone here raised
+their hands to linear algebra and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands to linear algebra and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hands to linear algebra and I can
+go to any part of MIT and be and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to any part of MIT and be and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to any part of MIT and be and that
+that will be true. We probably have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be true. We probably have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be true. We probably have the
+highest mathematical literacy of any or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest mathematical literacy of any or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest mathematical literacy of any or
+inst organization on earth and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inst organization on earth and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inst organization on earth and that's a
+very powerful powerful capability. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful powerful capability. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful powerful capability. The
+mathematics that we use they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that we use they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that we use they become
+manifest or real typically in the forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest or real typically in the forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifest or real typically in the forms
+of algorithms and our algorithms become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithms and our algorithms become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithms and our algorithms become
+real in the form of software. Likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real in the form of software. Likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real in the form of software. Likewise
+on the experimental side you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the experimental side you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the experimental side you know that's
+the research that we conduct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that we conduct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research that we conduct.
+MIT is actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT is actually has
+large laboratories, laboratories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large laboratories, laboratories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large laboratories, laboratories that
+are fully peered with the departments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fully peered with the departments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fully peered with the departments.
+That is actually quite a unique thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is actually quite a unique thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is actually quite a unique thing
+for an academic institution to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an academic institution to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an academic institution to have
+laboratories and laboratory heads that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories and laboratory heads that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories and laboratory heads that
+are, you know, right up there and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, you know, right up there and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are, you know, right up there and with
+the with the department heads and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the department heads and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the department heads and how
+they're how they're positioned. Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're how they're positioned. Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're how they're positioned. Lincoln
+being the largest of them. Seale the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the largest of them. Seale the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the largest of them. Seale the
+media lab there's there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab there's there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media lab there's there's a number of
+them at at so we have this thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at at so we have this thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at at so we have this thing and the
+focus of research of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of research of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of research of course is
+measurement which is data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement which is data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement which is data
+which often gets reduced to bytes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which often gets reduced to bytes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which often gets reduced to bytes and so
+often implementing this MIT formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often implementing this MIT formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often implementing this MIT formula
+comes down to marrying software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to marrying software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to marrying software and
+bytes together in a computer. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes together in a computer. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes together in a computer. That's
+that's sort of where we bring these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of where we bring these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of where we bring these two
+ideas together. And so we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas together. And so we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas together. And so we're going to be
+talking a lot about that. Implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot about that. Implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a lot about that. Implementing
+software,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software,
+bringing bites together, analyzing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing bites together, analyzing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing bites together, analyzing them
+together. That's where these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. That's where these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. That's where these two things
+come together. And I think that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together. And I think that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together. And I think that's really
+really important. Now, what's the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important. Now, what's the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important. Now, what's the tool
+we use? What's what's the machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use? What's what's the machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use? What's what's the machine that
+we use to bring these together? It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to bring these together? It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to bring these together? It's a
+computer. All right? And nowadays,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. All right? And nowadays,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. All right? And nowadays,
+computers have gotten a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers have gotten a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers have gotten a little bit more
+complicated than the way we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the way we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the way we used to
+think about them. We used to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them. We used to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them. We used to think about
+them typically as a vonoyman machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them typically as a vonoyman machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them typically as a vonoyman machine
+which means you got data and operations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you got data and operations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you got data and operations.
+You know bytes and software and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know bytes and software and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know bytes and software and the
+bytes go into a part of the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes go into a part of the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes go into a part of the computer
+they get operate on they they come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get operate on they they come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get operate on they they come out
+and that model is still true at the at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that model is still true at the at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that model is still true at the at a
+high level but but the computers we tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level but but the computers we tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level but but the computers we tend
+to deal with now are much much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with now are much much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with now are much much much more
+complicated. So on the left is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. So on the left is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. So on the left is a
+standard parallel computer. Almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard parallel computer. Almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard parallel computer. Almost every
+computer you use today looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you use today looks like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you use today looks like this.
+You have processors, you have memory,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have processors, you have memory,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have processors, you have memory,
+you have some kind of persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some kind of persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some kind of persistent
+storage, uh you have a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage, uh you have a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage, uh you have a network
+connecting them together. And these form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting them together. And these form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting them together. And these form
+a very complicated what we call memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very complicated what we call memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very complicated what we call memory
+hierarchy that begins with uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy that begins with uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy that begins with uh uh
+registers here at the top, caches, local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers here at the top, caches, local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers here at the top, caches, local
+memory, remote memory, and then storage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory, remote memory, and then storage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory, remote memory, and then storage.
+And these are the units that go between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these are the units that go between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these are the units that go between
+them. And there's a lot of implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And there's a lot of implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And there's a lot of implications
+of this this hierarchy in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this hierarchy in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this hierarchy in terms of what
+what things are you know bandwidth goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things are you know bandwidth goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things are you know bandwidth goes
+up as you go this way latency goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as you go this way latency goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as you go this way latency goes down
+programmability generally goes up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmability generally goes up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmability generally goes up the
+closer you are you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you are you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you are you don't have to worry
+about things and likewise the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things and likewise the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things and likewise the capacity
+of data goes down as you go traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data goes down as you go traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data goes down as you go traverse
+this way in the hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way in the hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way in the hierarchy
+so all modern computers you that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all modern computers you that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all modern computers you that you use
+are are these vonoyman architectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are these vonoyman architectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are these vonoyman architectures
+with the multi-level memory hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the multi-level memory hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the multi-level memory hierarchy
+and fundamentally the thing you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fundamentally the thing you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fundamentally the thing you have to
+know is that this This this architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that this This this architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that this This this architecture
+selects the algorithms you use. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects the algorithms you use. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects the algorithms you use. If
+algorithms are not going to run well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are not going to run well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are not going to run well in
+this architecture, you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this architecture, you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this architecture, you probably don't
+implement them. So one has to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement them. So one has to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement them. So one has to be very
+much aware of one's algorithms respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much aware of one's algorithms respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much aware of one's algorithms respect
+to this architecture because if you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this architecture because if you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this architecture because if you pick
+algorithms that aren't going to run well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that aren't going to run well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that aren't going to run well
+in this architecture, it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this architecture, it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this architecture, it's going to be
+very very difficult.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+goal of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of this course
+is to teach you techniques that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to teach you techniques that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to teach you techniques that will
+allow you to get your work done faster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to get your work done faster.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to get your work done faster.
+And so this is a rather complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is a rather complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is a rather complicated
+drawing here, but this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here, but this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing here, but this shows
+given a problem that you want to solve,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a problem that you want to solve,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a problem that you want to solve,
+if you implement it in software using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you implement it in software using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you implement it in software using a
+variety of techniques,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of techniques,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of techniques,
+you how how what the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how how what the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how how what the performance of
+those techniques is. So in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those techniques is. So in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those techniques is. So in a certain
+sense you could view this as the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you could view this as the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you could view this as the volume
+of code that you have right to write to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code that you have right to write to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code that you have right to write to
+solve a problem and we have implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem and we have implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a problem and we have implementing
+the program and C as a reference point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program and C as a reference point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program and C as a reference point.
+So as you move over here and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as you move over here and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as you move over here and you do
+things like in assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like in assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like in assembly
+or Java map produce you end up writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Java map produce you end up writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Java map produce you end up writing
+more code. You move over here and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more code. You move over here and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more code. You move over here and do
+things like in C++ or Java or mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like in C++ or Java or mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like in C++ or Java or mat lab
+you write less code. And this shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write less code. And this shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write less code. And this shows you
+the relative performance. Again as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative performance. Again as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative performance. Again as you
+do things in lower level environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things in lower level environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things in lower level environments
+like assembly you can get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like assembly you can get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like assembly you can get more
+performance and as you do things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and as you do things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and as you do things in
+higher level environments like mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level environments like mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level environments like mat lab
+you get you get less performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get less performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get less performance and
+this is a fairly general tradeoff space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fairly general tradeoff space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a fairly general tradeoff space
+here. If we add parallel programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. If we add parallel programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. If we add parallel programming
+models here of which there's many we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models here of which there's many we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models here of which there's many we
+have direct memory access we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direct memory access we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have direct memory access we have
+message passing we have a manager worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message passing we have a manager worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message passing we have a manager worker
+style or map produce style we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style or map produce style we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style or map produce style we have a
+whole different styles of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different styles of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different styles of of of
+programming here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming here.
+We're going to want to try and be here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to want to try and be here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to want to try and be here.
+We're going to want to do things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to want to do things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to want to do things that
+take less effort and deliver you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take less effort and deliver you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take less effort and deliver you more
+performance. And so we are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. And so we are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. And so we are going to be
+mostly focusing on mat lab in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly focusing on mat lab in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly focusing on mat lab in this class
+and a technology we call D4M. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a technology we call D4M. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a technology we call D4M. I'll
+describe that more later. But this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that more later. But this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that more later. But this is a
+software combination that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software combination that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software combination that allows you to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+relatively good performance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively good performance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively good performance at
+significantly reduced effort. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly reduced effort. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly reduced effort. And that's
+really the only thing we're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only thing we're doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only thing we're doing in
+this course. We're just saying if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course. We're just saying if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course. We're just saying if you're
+doing these types of problems, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these types of problems, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these types of problems, there's a
+right tool for the job or there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tool for the job or there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tool for the job or there are
+right tools for the job. And if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tools for the job. And if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right tools for the job. And if you use
+the right tool for the job, it will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right tool for the job, it will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right tool for the job, it will take
+you less time to get the job done. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you less time to get the job done. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you less time to get the job done. And
+we're going to try and teach you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and teach you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and teach you about
+these tools and how they actually work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools and how they actually work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools and how they actually work.
+Now, a little bit of bait and switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, a little bit of bait and switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, a little bit of bait and switch
+here. We call the core signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We call the core signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We call the core signal processing
+databases, but we're going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases, but we're going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases, but we're going to get to
+databases at the very end,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases at the very end,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases at the very end,
+unfortunately, to disappoint you all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately, to disappoint you all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately, to disappoint you all.
+And the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason is because
+databases are good for one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases are good for one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases are good for one type of
+problem, but it's often the at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, but it's often the at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, but it's often the at the very
+end of the game where you really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the game where you really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the game where you really need to
+work with databases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with databases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with databases.
+So to understand, we have a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to understand, we have a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to understand, we have a variety of
+different ways we can solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we can solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we can solve problems
+with algorithms. Okay, we can solve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with algorithms. Okay, we can solve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with algorithms. Okay, we can solve our
+problems just using a single computer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just using a single computer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just using a single computer's
+memory. We can solve our problems using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. We can solve our problems using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. We can solve our problems using
+a uh m the memory on multiple computers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh m the memory on multiple computers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh m the memory on multiple computers.
+We can solve our problems uh using using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can solve our problems uh using using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can solve our problems uh using using
+disk or storage or even with many discs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk or storage or even with many discs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk or storage or even with many discs.
+Okay. And as we go this way, we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And as we go this way, we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And as we go this way, we can do
+more and more and more data. But one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more data. But one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more data. But one of
+the things that really matters and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that really matters and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that really matters and it
+kind of goes back to that to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes back to that to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes back to that to the other
+chart there is well when I'm working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart there is well when I'm working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart there is well when I'm working
+with this data, what is the chunk size?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this data, what is the chunk size?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this data, what is the chunk size?
+How what what what what are the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How what what what what are the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How what what what what are the blocks
+that I need to get the data in?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to get the data in?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need to get the data in?
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+if I need to get the data in very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I need to get the data in very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I need to get the data in very very
+small chunks, well then obviously having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small chunks, well then obviously having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small chunks, well then obviously having
+the data in memory is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in memory is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in memory is going to be the
+most efficient thing I can do. If I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient thing I can do. If I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient thing I can do. If I want
+to just get one one record out of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just get one one record out of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just get one one record out of many
+records, then that's the me most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records, then that's the me most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records, then that's the me most
+efficient having the data in memory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient having the data in memory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient having the data in memory.
+Likewise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise.
+So, so that's where we typically start,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so that's where we typically start,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so that's where we typically start,
+right? If our problem is small, when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If our problem is small, when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If our problem is small, when we
+almost always try and start with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always try and start with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always try and start with our
+problems with small,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with small,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with small,
+we're going to be working here. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be working here. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be working here. We're
+going to be writing what we call serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be writing what we call serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be writing what we call serial
+programs on one one computer. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on one one computer. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on one one computer. And then
+the great thing about serial memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thing about serial memory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thing about serial memory is
+that it, you know, even as our request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it, you know, even as our request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it, you know, even as our request
+size gets gets gets larger, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size gets gets gets larger, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size gets gets gets larger, they're
+they're really not going to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really not going to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really not going to do anything
+better than just having the data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than just having the data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than just having the data in
+memory. So we'll be able to grow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. So we'll be able to grow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory. So we'll be able to grow that
+model up to data sets that aren't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model up to data sets that aren't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model up to data sets that aren't that
+are that are fairly small, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are fairly small, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are fairly small, maybe
+gigabytes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes,
+and uh and we can continue to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and we can continue to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and we can continue to use that
+model just fine. And then if we decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model just fine. And then if we decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model just fine. And then if we decide
+well we're really moving beyond that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're really moving beyond that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're really moving beyond that we
+need to do more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do more data
+uh uh we can we can go to a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we can we can go to a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh we can we can go to a parallel
+program to get to get more memory or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to get to get more memory or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to get to get more memory or we
+can use data in files we can write our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use data in files we can write our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use data in files we can write our
+data to files we can read them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to files we can read them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to files we can read them in
+process them and read them out and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process them and read them out and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process them and read them out and that
+model works very very well and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model works very very well and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model works very very well and in fact
+particularly if we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if we're going to be
+accessing the data in large chunks if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing the data in large chunks if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing the data in large chunks if I
+have a lot of data and look I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of data and look I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of data and look I want to do
+some processing on the whole whole bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some processing on the whole whole bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some processing on the whole whole bit
+whole piece of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Likewise, if we go to very large data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, if we go to very large data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, if we go to very large data
+sets, we find that we can even do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets, we find that we can even do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets, we find that we can even do
+parallel programs writing files in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel programs writing files in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel programs writing files in
+parallel if we want to do extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel if we want to do extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel if we want to do extremely
+large problems that we want to traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large problems that we want to traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large problems that we want to traverse
+all the data. But finally, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data. But finally, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data. But finally, we're going
+to come back to this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to this case
+where we need a database. And a database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we need a database. And a database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we need a database. And a database
+is when we have very large amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we have very large amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we have very large amounts of
+data, but we want to access, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, but we want to access, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, but we want to access, you know,
+data bas data that won't fit in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bas data that won't fit in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bas data that won't fit in our
+memory, but we want to access in little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory, but we want to access in little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory, but we want to access in little
+bits. We want to look up something. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. We want to look up something. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. We want to look up something. And
+that's really the only time we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the only time we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the only time we really
+need a database. Unless of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a database. Unless of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a database. Unless of course
+someone says this is your data. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says this is your data. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone says this is your data. It is
+available to you on a database. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you on a database. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you on a database. That's
+the only way you're going to access it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you're going to access it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way you're going to access it.
+So, but if you have control, so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but if you have control, so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but if you have control, so you
+always want to follow this path. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to follow this path. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to follow this path. You
+want to start with your serial program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start with your serial program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start with your serial program
+in memory. Maybe go to parallel program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory. Maybe go to parallel program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory. Maybe go to parallel program
+using files, maybe parallel files, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using files, maybe parallel files, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using files, maybe parallel files, and
+then the LA the database is almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the LA the database is almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the LA the database is almost the
+tool of last resort because it adds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool of last resort because it adds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool of last resort because it adds a
+great deal of complexity. And while it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of complexity. And while it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of complexity. And while it
+can look up things much quicker, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look up things much quicker, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look up things much quicker, if you
+actually end up doing something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up doing something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up doing something where
+you're going to be traversing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be traversing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be traversing a
+significant fraction of the data, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the data, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the data, you
+will find it's actually significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find it's actually significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find it's actually significantly
+slower than if you had the data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than if you had the data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than if you had the data on
+files. So, we're going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files. So, we're going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files. So, we're going to show you
+techniques. we're going to follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. we're going to follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. we're going to follow this
+path and then hopefully by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and then hopefully by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and then hopefully by the end
+you'll be like, "Oh, well, yes, now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be like, "Oh, well, yes, now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be like, "Oh, well, yes, now I
+know I would use a database for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I would use a database for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I would use a database for these
+instances, but I realize that I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances, but I realize that I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances, but I realize that I can get
+most of my work done using these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of my work done using these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of my work done using these other
+techniques that work just fine."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that work just fine."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that work just fine."
+So hopefully you're going to be learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hopefully you're going to be learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hopefully you're going to be learning
+what we call the fast path. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the fast path. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the fast path. So
+if you want to get a certain level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get a certain level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get a certain level of
+performance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance,
+okay, if you have no training or minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, if you have no training or minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, if you have no training or minimal
+training, this is the path that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training, this is the path that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training, this is the path that you
+follow. You you begin using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow. You you begin using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow. You you begin using a
+technology. Your program gets slower for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Your program gets slower for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Your program gets slower for
+a while. You beat your head against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while. You beat your head against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while. You beat your head against the
+wall and the web for a while. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and the web for a while. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and the web for a while. Maybe
+eventually after days, you get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually after days, you get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually after days, you get back to
+where you were. And then slowly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you were. And then slowly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you were. And then slowly you
+climb up here to get it to some level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb up here to get it to some level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb up here to get it to some level of
+performance weeks later. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance weeks later. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance weeks later. This is
+something that we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we observe
+time and time again. And typically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and time again. And typically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and time again. And typically what
+happens is that right around here people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that right around here people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that right around here people
+just give up with the technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give up with the technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give up with the technology and
+they say the technology didn't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say the technology didn't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say the technology didn't work for
+them. So we're the point of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So we're the point of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So we're the point of this class
+is to give you the techniques that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you the techniques that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you the techniques that an
+expert would have. an expert could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert would have. an expert could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert would have. an expert could use
+the technology, know exactly how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology, know exactly how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology, know exactly how to use
+it, and then can go on this path where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, and then can go on this path where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, and then can go on this path where
+basically within hours they're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically within hours they're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically within hours they're getting
+good performance, and if they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good performance, and if they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good performance, and if they really
+want to take it to the next level, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take it to the next level, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take it to the next level, they
+can spend days doing that. And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spend days doing that. And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spend days doing that. And so that's
+kind of our whole philosophy here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our whole philosophy here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our whole philosophy here.
+So, we're going to actually have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to actually have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to actually have some
+new concepts in this course. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new concepts in this course. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new concepts in this course. I think
+they're talked about in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talked about in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talked about in the um
+in the um the course outline a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um the course outline a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um the course outline a little
+bit. uh some of the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. uh some of the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. uh some of the really
+new ideas that you probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas that you probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ideas that you probably wouldn't
+have run across in in other courses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run across in in other courses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run across in in other courses.
+So, we're going to talking about graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to talking about graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to talking about graphs
+a lot in this course. Um the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in this course. Um the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in this course. Um the standard
+graph that uh how many people have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that uh how many people have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that uh how many people have taken
+a a graph theory course or a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a graph theory course or a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a graph theory course or a computer
+science course that talked about graphs?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science course that talked about graphs?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science course that talked about graphs?
+See, most most I'm glad to see linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, most most I'm glad to see linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, most most I'm glad to see linear
+algebra is still the stronger one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is still the stronger one here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is still the stronger one here.
+uh that's more important. We don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's more important. We don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's more important. We don't
+between the two having the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two having the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two having the linear
+algebra background is the more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra background is the more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra background is the more important
+but and I can if you know linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and I can if you know linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and I can if you know linear algebra
+I can teach you graph theory pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can teach you graph theory pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can teach you graph theory pretty
+easily. Um the traditional definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily. Um the traditional definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily. Um the traditional definitions
+of graphs though that are taught in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs though that are taught in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs though that are taught in most
+computer science courses they tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science courses they tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science courses they tend to
+focus on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on um
+what we call uh undirected unweighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call uh undirected unweighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call uh undirected unweighted
+graphs. So these are a graph is a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. So these are a graph is a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. So these are a graph is a set of
+vertices and edges. And so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edges. And so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edges. And so what we're
+saying when we say it's an undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying when we say it's an undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying when we say it's an undirected
+unweighted graph is that all the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted graph is that all the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted graph is that all the edges
+are the same between any two vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same between any two vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same between any two vertices
+there's no real difference between them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real difference between them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real difference between them.
+Either an edge exists or it doesn't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Either an edge exists or it doesn't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Either an edge exists or it doesn't.
+It's kind of like a zero or a one. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of like a zero or a one. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of like a zero or a one. And
+then it doesn't really when we say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't really when we say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't really when we say you
+know two vertices connected there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two vertices connected there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two vertices connected there's no
+directionality of that. And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality of that. And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality of that. And so that's
+the the the majority of graph theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the majority of graph theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the majority of graph theory and
+what's taught in class sort of bas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's taught in class sort of bas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's taught in class sort of bas is
+based on that. Excuse me. Unfortunately,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that. Excuse me. Unfortunately,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that. Excuse me. Unfortunately,
+when we get into the real world,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get into the real world,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get into the real world,
+excuse me here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Unfortunately, when we get into the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, when we get into the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, when we get into the real
+world, we find that I've never run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world, we find that I've never run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world, we find that I've never run into
+that kind of graph in the real world. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of graph in the real world. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of graph in the real world. In
+the years I've been doing this, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years I've been doing this, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years I've been doing this, I've
+never actually, you know, run into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually, you know, run into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never actually, you know, run into that
+kind of graph. In fact, another part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of graph. In fact, another part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of graph. In fact, another part of
+that is they'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they'll talk about the
+distribution. In fact, you'll often hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. In fact, you'll often hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. In fact, you'll often hear
+something called an Erdish reny graph,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called an Erdish reny graph,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called an Erdish reny graph,
+which is just a random connection that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a random connection that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a random connection that
+is any two vertices are randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any two vertices are randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any two vertices are randomly
+connected with maybe some probability,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with maybe some probability,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with maybe some probability,
+you know, and uh and again, I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and uh and again, I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and uh and again, I've never
+run into that either in the real world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into that either in the real world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into that either in the real world.
+So the focus of graph theory that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the focus of graph theory that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the focus of graph theory that we
+have now that we have all this data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now that we have all this data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now that we have all this data and
+compare the theory and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the theory and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the theory and the data
+comparing the theory of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the theory of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the theory of the experiment
+we see that the theory is is wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the theory is is wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the theory is is wanting
+that the theory is not a good stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theory is not a good stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theory is not a good stepping
+stone into the into the data and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone into the into the data and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone into the into the data and so what
+we see is that the real data is uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is that the real data is uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is that the real data is uh it's
+not random. It's often what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not random. It's often what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not random. It's often what we call a
+power law distribution. That is certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law distribution. That is certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law distribution. That is certain
+vertices are very popular and many most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are very popular and many most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are very popular and many most
+vertices are don't have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are don't have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices are don't have a lot of
+connections to them. Usually the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to them. Usually the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to them. Usually the edges
+are directed that is there's meaning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are directed that is there's meaning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are directed that is there's meaning you
+know I send uh if I if I friend you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I send uh if I if I friend you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I send uh if I if I friend you it's
+not the same as you friending me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as you friending me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as you friending me on
+Facebook or Twitter or you Twitterface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook or Twitter or you Twitterface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook or Twitter or you Twitterface
+or whatever the whatever the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever the whatever the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever the whatever the technology
+is of the future. Um um usually the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the future. Um um usually the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the future. Um um usually the edge
+itself has meaning has weight. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has meaning has weight. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has meaning has weight. That
+weight could be a value, it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight could be a value, it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight could be a value, it could be
+words, it could be other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, it could be other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, it could be other types of
+things. Uh the uh the you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Uh the uh the you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Uh the uh the you can have
+typically you have multiple edges. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you have multiple edges. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you have multiple edges. I
+could send you many friend requests. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could send you many friend requests. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could send you many friend requests. You
+know, that's not the same thing as me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that's not the same thing as me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that's not the same thing as me
+sending you one friend request. Maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending you one friend request. Maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending you one friend request. Maybe I
+can't send you friend requests. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't send you friend requests. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't send you friend requests. I
+multiple one friend friend requests. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple one friend friend requests. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple one friend friend requests. I
+don't know. But but but you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. But but but you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. But but but you can have
+multiple edges between vertices. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple edges between vertices. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple edges between vertices. And
+probably most importantly is edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most importantly is edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most importantly is edges are
+often what we call hyper. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often what we call hyper. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often what we call hyper. And this is
+very important concept that is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept that is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept that is not that
+is almost never touched on in graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost never touched on in graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost never touched on in graph
+theory which is that an edge can connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which is that an edge can connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory which is that an edge can connect
+multiple vertices at the same time. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple vertices at the same time. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple vertices at the same time. A
+classic example would be an email that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example would be an email that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example would be an email that
+you send to multiple people. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send to multiple people. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send to multiple people. In fact,
+most emails these days have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most emails these days have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most emails these days have more than
+one recipient. And so there is a me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recipient. And so there is a me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one recipient. And so there is a me
+sending an email to everyone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending an email to everyone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending an email to everyone in the
+class. One email to everyone in class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. One email to everyone in class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. One email to everyone in class is
+a hyper edge. That edge the email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hyper edge. That edge the email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hyper edge. That edge the email
+connects and has direction. You know me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects and has direction. You know me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects and has direction. You know me
+with all the recipients. That's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the recipients. That's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the recipients. That's very
+different than me individually sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than me individually sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than me individually sending
+an email to every single one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email to every single one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email to every single one of you
+which would be a standard edge. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a standard edge. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a standard edge. So this
+is an important concept not typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important concept not typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important concept not typically
+discussed a lot in standard graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a lot in standard graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a lot in standard graph
+theory. That's very important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. That's very important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. That's very important.
+So, we're going to move beyond the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to move beyond the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to move beyond the sort
+of standard definition of graphs in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard definition of graphs in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard definition of graphs in this
+class, and that's going to be hard. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, and that's going to be hard. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, and that's going to be hard. Um,
+we're going to deal with a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to deal with a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to deal with a bigger
+definition of linear algebra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of linear algebra.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of linear algebra.
+Traditionally, linear algebra is dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traditionally, linear algebra is dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traditionally, linear algebra is dealing
+with matrices that have indices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matrices that have indices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matrices that have indices for the
+rows and the columns, and the values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and the columns, and the values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and the columns, and the values are
+are real numbers, maybe integers, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real numbers, maybe integers, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real numbers, maybe integers, maybe
+complex numbers. We we deal with complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers. We we deal with complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers. We we deal with complex
+numbers here a lot, but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here a lot, but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here a lot, but we're going to
+be dealing with things like strings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with things like strings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with things like strings.
+We're going to be taking linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to be taking linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to be taking linear algebra
+and applying it to things like words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying it to things like words.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying it to things like words.
+And so that's going to be different. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's going to be different. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's going to be different. In
+fact, it's actually one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, it's actually one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, it's actually one of my favorite
+may it might be the part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may it might be the part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may it might be the part of the course
+that puts you all to sleep, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts you all to sleep, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts you all to sleep, but it's
+actually one of my favorite parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of my favorite parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of my favorite parts of the
+course. And then bigger definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. And then bigger definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. And then bigger definition of
+processing. Um, one of the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing. Um, one of the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing. Um, one of the dominant
+things you'll hear about in this space,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you'll hear about in this space,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you'll hear about in this space,
+there's a lot of technologies out there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of technologies out there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of technologies out there.
+uh popular technology is called Hadoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh popular technology is called Hadoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh popular technology is called Hadoop
+and it's map produced parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's map produced parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's map produced parallel
+programming paradigm which is u a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming paradigm which is u a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming paradigm which is u a great
+technology to kind of get people started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to kind of get people started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to kind of get people started
+um but but for people with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but for people with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but for people with the
+mathematical sophistication that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical sophistication that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical sophistication that we have
+we can use programming models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use programming models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use programming models that are
+that are simply better if you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are simply better if you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are simply better if you understand
+mathematics to the level that we do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to the level that we do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to the level that we do we
+can give you tools for programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you tools for programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you tools for programming
+parallel computers that are just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel computers that are just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel computers that are just more
+efficient in terms of you write less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in terms of you write less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient in terms of you write less
+code and you get better performance than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you get better performance than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you get better performance than
+using techniques that really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using techniques that really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using techniques that really are
+designed for people that don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for people that don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for people that don't have the
+mathematical the linear algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical the linear algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical the linear algebraic
+background that you have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that you have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that you have.
+So this is really going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is really going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is really going to be the
+foundation of the course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of the course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of the course.
+So let me continue here with the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me continue here with the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me continue here with the course
+outline. So this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline. So this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline. So this is going to be
+essentially the nine lectures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the nine lectures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the nine lectures of the
+course. I think this is still pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. I think this is still pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. I think this is still pretty
+accurate. So we're in the introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate. So we're in the introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate. So we're in the introductory
+course here. We're going to review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here. We're going to review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here. We're going to review the
+course and goals. The next course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and goals. The next course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and goals. The next course is
+really going to be dealing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be dealing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be dealing with this
+concept of associative arrays which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of associative arrays which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of associative arrays which is
+the core technology that sort of brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core technology that sort of brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core technology that sort of brings
+all this together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this together.
+When I talk about extending linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I talk about extending linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I talk about extending linear
+algebra to words using funny using sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra to words using funny using sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra to words using funny using sorry
+funny using fuzzy algebra that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny using fuzzy algebra that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny using fuzzy algebra that's really
+gets into mathematical abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into mathematical abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into mathematical abstract
+algebraic concepts called group theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic concepts called group theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic concepts called group theory.
+Uh it's not nearly as scary as it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's not nearly as scary as it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's not nearly as scary as it may
+sound. Uh uh we'll we'll get into that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. Uh uh we'll we'll get into that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. Uh uh we'll we'll get into that.
+It's actually I think quite elegant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually I think quite elegant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually I think quite elegant and
+really good to know uh good to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good to know uh good to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good to know uh good to know that
+when you work with the technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work with the technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work with the technology and
+you work with associative arrays that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with associative arrays that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with associative arrays that
+we've actually thought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually thought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually thought about the
+mathematics of how these things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of how these things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of how these things work
+together and when we add a feature it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and when we add a feature it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and when we add a feature it's
+usually because it fits mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually because it fits mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually because it fits mathematically
+and when we don't add a feature it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we don't add a feature it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we don't add a feature it's
+usually because someone has made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually because someone has made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually because someone has made a
+request like yeah that's really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request like yeah that's really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request like yeah that's really going to
+take people into a bad place. Um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take people into a bad place. Um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take people into a bad place. Um then
+we're going to get into really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get into really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get into really sort of
+uh the sort of the center part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of the center part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sort of the center part of the
+class where we're going to show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where we're going to show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where we're going to show you how
+we do analysis of enies on unstructured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do analysis of enies on unstructured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do analysis of enies on unstructured
+data and then doing analysis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then doing analysis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then doing analysis on
+structured data. We're going to I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured data. We're going to I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured data. We're going to I've
+talked about power laws. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about power laws. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about power laws. We're going to
+have a whole class on power law data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole class on power law data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole class on power law data
+modeling of that. Uh deal with then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of that. Uh deal with then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of that. Uh deal with then we
+have another class on crossorrelation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another class on crossorrelation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another class on crossorrelation.
+And then we're really going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we're really going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we're really going to get into
+parallel processing and databases. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel processing and databases. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel processing and databases. And
+the last two classes aren't even going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two classes aren't even going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two classes aren't even going
+to merely be lectures. They're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to merely be lectures. They're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to merely be lectures. They're going to
+be really just the demos and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really just the demos and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really just the demos and really
+because that's where we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where we're going to be
+really bringing a lot of things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bringing a lot of things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bringing a lot of things together
+and I'm going to walk you through code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to walk you through code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to walk you through code
+examples but we're going to need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but we're going to need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but we're going to need to take
+some time to really walk you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time to really walk you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time to really walk you through
+them because you're going to see wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because you're going to see wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because you're going to see wow
+there's all these ideas that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these ideas that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these ideas that we've
+talked about coming together in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about coming together in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about coming together in these
+code examples. So there is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code examples. So there is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code examples. So there is we have
+lectures if you see in the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures if you see in the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures if you see in the software
+that's available in your L grid accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available in your L grid accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available in your L grid accounts
+all the lectures are there already and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lectures are there already and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lectures are there already and
+um I think we have lectures 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think we have lectures 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think we have lectures 1 through
+seven so seven is the eighth lecture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so seven is the eighth lecture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so seven is the eighth lecture or
+I'm sorry 0 through seven so seven is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry 0 through seven so seven is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry 0 through seven so seven is
+the eighth lecture and then um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth lecture and then um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth lecture and then um and that
+that will be kind of a short lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be kind of a short lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be kind of a short lecture and
+then nine you know the ninth lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nine you know the ninth lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nine you know the ninth lecture
+will be just going through examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be just going through examples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be just going through examples.
+So we believe in this whole philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we believe in this whole philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we believe in this whole philosophy
+philosophy of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of of of of
+taking a linear algebraic point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a linear algebraic point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a linear algebraic point of view
+from with graphs so much that we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from with graphs so much that we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from with graphs so much that we even
+wrote a book about it. So and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book about it. So and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book about it. So and you have
+all been given copies of this book. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been given copies of this book. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been given copies of this book. This
+really um gives you kind of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um gives you kind of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um gives you kind of the the the
+philosophy and the power of if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and the power of if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and the power of if you think
+about graphs using that technique. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about graphs using that technique. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about graphs using that technique. So I
+highly encourage you to to flip through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly encourage you to to flip through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly encourage you to to flip through
+it. Um there's certain parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um there's certain parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um there's certain parts of this
+certain sections here that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sections here that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sections here that are really
+almost taken directly out of this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost taken directly out of this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost taken directly out of this book
+and uh but a lot of it is supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but a lot of it is supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but a lot of it is supplementary
+material. And what you'll discover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And what you'll discover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And what you'll discover is
+that this course is really the bridge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this course is really the bridge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this course is really the bridge to
+these techniques. This course allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques. This course allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques. This course allows you
+to go from kind of this mess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from kind of this mess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from kind of this mess of
+unstructured words and other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured words and other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured words and other types of
+things and then put them into this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then put them into this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then put them into this nice
+linear algebraic format so that now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraic format so that now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraic format so that now you
+can do you know these these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do you know these these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do you know these these techniques
+that are described in the book. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are described in the book. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are described in the book. So so
+this is almost a bridge to that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is almost a bridge to that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is almost a bridge to that and I
+you know I certainly encourage you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I certainly encourage you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I certainly encourage you to to
+to look at that and to ask me questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at that and to ask me questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at that and to ask me questions
+about it at any time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it at any time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it at any time.
+So now I'm going to come back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm going to come back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'm going to come back to our
+original example which was this cyber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example which was this cyber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example which was this cyber
+thing and kind of walk through that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and kind of walk through that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and kind of walk through that a
+little bit more detail and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail and maybe
+highlight a few of the things that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight a few of the things that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight a few of the things that I've
+talked about already.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about already.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about already.
+So here's a very standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's a very standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's a very standard
+data processing pipeline.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data processing pipeline.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data processing pipeline.
+So what we want to do is we have raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we want to do is we have raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we want to do is we have raw
+data in this case our raw cyber data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in this case our raw cyber data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in this case our raw cyber data
+which is a series of records and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a series of records and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a series of records and we need
+to convert that into ver a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert that into ver a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert that into ver a set of
+vertices and edge lists from which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edge lists from which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edge lists from which we
+can then do get graphs and graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then do get graphs and graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then do get graphs and graphs
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+and as you'll see uh typically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you'll see uh typically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you'll see uh typically what you
+do is you write parsers that convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you write parsers that convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you write parsers that convert
+this data from some raw format to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data from some raw format to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data from some raw format to some
+format that is sort of the next step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format that is sort of the next step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format that is sort of the next step in
+your processing chain and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your processing chain and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your processing chain and then we
+convert these edge lists into adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert these edge lists into adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert these edge lists into adjacency
+matrices which is how we we uh we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices which is how we we uh we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices which is how we we uh we uh
+view our graphs. Uh one word on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view our graphs. Uh one word on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view our graphs. Uh one word on
+adjacency matrix let me go back here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a graph for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a graph for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a graph for those of you who
+don't know. It's a set of vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. It's a set of vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. It's a set of vertices and
+edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges.
+Okay. And this is an adjacy matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is an adjacy matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is an adjacy matrix of
+that graph. Basically every single row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph. Basically every single row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph. Basically every single row
+is a vertex. Every single column is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vertex. Every single column is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vertex. Every single column is a
+vertex and if an edge exists, we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and if an edge exists, we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and if an edge exists, we put a
+dot here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot here.
+There's a formal duality between graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a formal duality between graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a formal duality between graph
+theory. The fundamental operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. The fundamental operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. The fundamental operation of
+graph theory is what's called red for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory is what's called red for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory is what's called red for
+searcherts which is shown here. Giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searcherts which is shown here. Giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searcherts which is shown here. Giving a
+starting vertex,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting vertex,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting vertex,
+you know, traverse its edges to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, traverse its edges to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, traverse its edges to its
+neighbors. And we have the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors. And we have the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors. And we have the same thing
+going on here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here.
+Given a starting vertex in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given a starting vertex in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given a starting vertex in a in a
+vector, we do a matrix multiply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, we do a matrix multiply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, we do a matrix multiply to
+identify the neighbors. And so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the neighbors. And so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the neighbors. And so at the
+deepest most fundamental level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest most fundamental level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest most fundamental level
+graph theory and linear algebra are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory and linear algebra are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory and linear algebra are
+linked because the fundamental operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked because the fundamental operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked because the fundamental operation
+of graph theory is breford's search and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graph theory is breford's search and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graph theory is breford's search and
+the fundamental operation of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental operation of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental operation of linear
+algebra is vector matrix multiply.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we are wish to form these adjacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we are wish to form these adjacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we are wish to form these adjacy
+matrices so we can take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so we can take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so we can take advantage of
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+Here's a little bit more detail how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a little bit more detail how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a little bit more detail how
+we're going to use this technology D4M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this technology D4M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this technology D4M
+to do that. So you have a raw data. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that. So you have a raw data. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that. So you have a raw data. We
+convert the raw data into CSV file.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the raw data into CSV file.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the raw data into CSV file.
+Stands for commaepparated value files.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stands for commaepparated value files.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stands for commaepparated value files.
+It's sort of the default format of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's sort of the default format of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's sort of the default format of
+spreadsheets and tables. It's become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets and tables. It's become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets and tables. It's become
+very popular over the years. Remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular over the years. Remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular over the years. Remember it
+first came out 20 or 30 years ago. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first came out 20 or 30 years ago. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first came out 20 or 30 years ago. It
+wasn't that popular. You know, it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that popular. You know, it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that popular. You know, it's like
+people did but now it's become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did but now it's become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did but now it's become
+extraordinarily popular. Uh file format.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily popular. Uh file format.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily popular. Uh file format.
+It really is ideally suited for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It really is ideally suited for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It really is ideally suited for this
+kind of data. So we convert that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data. So we convert that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of data. So we convert that into
+CSV files.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV files.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV files.
+We then take those CSV files, read them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We then take those CSV files, read them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We then take those CSV files, read them
+in using our D4M technology to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in using our D4M technology to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in using our D4M technology to insert
+them into a distributed database.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a distributed database.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a distributed database.
+We can then query that distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can then query that distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can then query that distributed
+database to get these associative arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to get these associative arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to get these associative arrays
+and then we can from the associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can from the associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can from the associative
+arrays. Now we have the full power to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. Now we have the full power to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. Now we have the full power to do
+our graph algorithms. So D4M really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph algorithms. So D4M really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph algorithms. So D4M really
+helps you in going you know these few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you in going you know these few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you in going you know these few
+steps and setting the table so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and setting the table so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and setting the table so that you
+can then do graph algorithms and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then do graph algorithms and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then do graph algorithms and you can
+even then do the graph algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then do the graph algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then do the graph algorithms
+without even using D4M at all. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even using D4M at all. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even using D4M at all. You can
+just use regular linear algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use regular linear algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use regular linear algebraic
+operations in mat lab just fine but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in mat lab just fine but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in mat lab just fine but this
+is that bridge that connector. In fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that bridge that connector. In fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that bridge that connector. In fact I
+highly recommend people do that. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend people do that. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend people do that. I
+highly recommend you use D4M for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend you use D4M for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend you use D4M for the
+only the parts of your problem that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the parts of your problem that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the parts of your problem that that
+it is good for and use other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is good for and use other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is good for and use other
+technologies you know like mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies you know like mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies you know like mat lab
+ordinary matrices and other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary matrices and other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary matrices and other types of
+things that's good for you you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's good for you you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's good for you you'll get
+better performance it's good for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better performance it's good for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better performance it's good for me
+because if you have problems you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have problems you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have problems you'll
+bother somebody else and not us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother somebody else and not us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother somebody else and not us so
+that's good it's good for everybody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So an example of kind of what this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So an example of kind of what this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So an example of kind of what this looks
+like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like.
+Here's a proxy log that we got from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a proxy log that we got from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a proxy log that we got from from
+the data shows a web uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data shows a web uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data shows a web uh you know
+essentially a web a web log. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a web a web log. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a web a web log. The first
+thing we do is essentially convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do is essentially convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do is essentially convert this
+into a CSV file. So basically each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a CSV file. So basically each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a CSV file. So basically each
+essentially entry here gets a column. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially entry here gets a column. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially entry here gets a column. We
+have an ID for the for the actual entry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ID for the for the actual entry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ID for the for the actual entry.
+you in this case it's a source IP, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in this case it's a source IP, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in this case it's a source IP, a
+server IP, a timestamp and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server IP, a timestamp and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server IP, a timestamp and then the
+actual line of text that's associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual line of text that's associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual line of text that's associated
+with with it. And this can go on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with it. And this can go on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with it. And this can go on and on
+and on. We can have many different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on. We can have many different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on. We can have many different types
+here. And uh and if you were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And uh and if you were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And uh and if you were um
+doing standard database person,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing standard database person,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing standard database person,
+you put your SQL hat, which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your SQL hat, which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your SQL hat, which is sort of
+the standard database on, you would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard database on, you would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard database on, you would just
+take that data and you would make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that data and you would make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that data and you would make a
+table that would have these columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that would have these columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that would have these columns and
+you would insert them and away you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would insert them and away you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would insert them and away you would
+go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go.
+Okay. But what we discover is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But what we discover is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But what we discover is that
+the challenge becomes when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge becomes when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge becomes when you want to
+look up data quickly or you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up data quickly or you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up data quickly or you want to
+insert data, let's say you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert data, let's say you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert data, let's say you have an
+enormous volume of data that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous volume of data that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous volume of data that you want to
+insert and you want to be able to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and you want to be able to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and you want to be able to look
+up any say IP address or any time stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up any say IP address or any time stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up any say IP address or any time stamp
+or something like that. What you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. What you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. What you
+discover is that you know SQL might give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that you know SQL might give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that you know SQL might give
+you good performance but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you good performance but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you good performance but there are
+databases out there and technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases out there and technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases out there and technologies
+that will give you better performance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And these databases are called triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these databases are called triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these databases are called triple
+stores because they store all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores because they store all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores because they store all the data
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+anyone anyone triples. Yes, they store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone anyone triples. Yes, they store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone anyone triples. Yes, they store
+all the data as triples. So which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data as triples. So which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data as triples. So which means
+we'll have a row and a column and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a row and a column and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a row and a column and a
+value associated with everything. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value associated with everything. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value associated with everything. So
+what we do is we take our dense data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we take our dense data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we take our dense data and
+we do what we call create an exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do what we call create an exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do what we call create an exploded
+table. So essentially we have the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. So essentially we have the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. So essentially we have the log
+ID, we append that and we take the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID, we append that and we take the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID, we append that and we take the the
+column name and we append its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column name and we append its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column name and we append its
+value to it and the server IP. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to it and the server IP. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to it and the server IP. This is
+what we call an exploded table. Now, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call an exploded table. Now, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call an exploded table. Now, if
+you're an old SQL person like me, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an old SQL person like me, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an old SQL person like me, this
+this schema will immediately give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this schema will immediately give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this schema will immediately give you
+hives and other type of allergic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hives and other type of allergic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hives and other type of allergic
+reactions and you won't want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and you won't want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and you won't want to go to
+the hospital because you're creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital because you're creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital because you're creating an
+enormous number of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous number of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous number of columns
+and and and in SQL you can dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and in SQL you can dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and in SQL you can dynamically
+uh create columns but at your peril at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh create columns but at your peril at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh create columns but at your peril at
+your basically you can create columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basically you can create columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basically you can create columns
+dynamically but the database reserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically but the database reserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically but the database reserves
+the right to recopy the entire table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to recopy the entire table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to recopy the entire table and
+reformat the entire table if it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformat the entire table if it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformat the entire table if it so
+requires. Well, triple stores don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires. Well, triple stores don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires. Well, triple stores don't have
+this requirement. Triple stores only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this requirement. Triple stores only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this requirement. Triple stores only
+store the non non-blank entries. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the non non-blank entries. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the non non-blank entries. And so
+they're perfectly happy with as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're perfectly happy with as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're perfectly happy with as many
+columns as you want. You have a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns as you want. You have a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns as you want. You have a billion
+rows, 10 billion columns, completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows, 10 billion columns, completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows, 10 billion columns, completely
+fine with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine with that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine with that.
+So that's a powerful thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a powerful thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a powerful thing.
+So I think we've talked about that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think we've talked about that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think we've talked about that. So
+we use the indices as rows and we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the indices as rows and we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the indices as rows and we create
+unique type value pairs for every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique type value pairs for every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique type value pairs for every single
+column.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now,
+by itself,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself,
+this schema does you absolutely no good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this schema does you absolutely no good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this schema does you absolutely no good.
+You basically just made your life harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You basically just made your life harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You basically just made your life harder
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+by itself, all most database tables uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself, all most database tables uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself, all most database tables uh
+database systems including triple stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database systems including triple stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database systems including triple stores
+are going to have an orientation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have an orientation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have an orientation.
+They're going to be row oriented or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're going to be row oriented or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're going to be row oriented or
+column oriented. In in this case, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column oriented. In in this case, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column oriented. In in this case, the
+databases we will be talking about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases we will be talking about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases we will be talking about are
+almost always row oriented, which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always row oriented, which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always row oriented, which means
+they can get a row in constant time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get a row in constant time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get a row in constant time.
+Give it a row key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Give it a row key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Give it a row key
+like this and you can look it up very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you can look it up very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you can look it up very
+quickly and it will give it back to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and it will give it back to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and it will give it back to you
+very quickly. That's what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly. That's what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly. That's what they're
+designed to do. And you can insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to do. And you can insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to do. And you can insert
+enormous volumes of data and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous volumes of data and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous volumes of data and they will
+they will they will preserve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will they will preserve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will they will preserve that
+contract. You can be inserting millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract. You can be inserting millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract. You can be inserting millions
+of entries per second and you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries per second and you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries per second and you can still
+look up stuff in in milliseconds. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up stuff in in milliseconds. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up stuff in in milliseconds. It's a
+very powerful technology, but all we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful technology, but all we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful technology, but all we've
+done so far is made it so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far is made it so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far is made it so that the
+format of uh of my data is in this funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of uh of my data is in this funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of uh of my data is in this funny
+format coming out the other side. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format coming out the other side. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format coming out the other side. I've
+just made myself hard my my harder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made myself hard my my harder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made myself hard my my harder.
+Well, we there is a payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+we also store the transpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also store the transpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also store the transpose of the
+table. So to anybody who's used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. So to anybody who's used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. So to anybody who's used to
+sparse linear algebra, this is an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse linear algebra, this is an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse linear algebra, this is an old
+and ancient technique. We almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ancient technique. We almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ancient technique. We almost always
+store a and a transpose because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a and a transpose because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a and a transpose because in
+sparse linear algebra, we'll either have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse linear algebra, we'll either have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse linear algebra, we'll either have
+a a row oriented or column based store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a row oriented or column based store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a row oriented or column based store
+and and then we just want to keep one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then we just want to keep one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then we just want to keep one
+around because certain operations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around because certain operations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around because certain operations are
+going to be faster with the transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be faster with the transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be faster with the transpose
+and certain operations are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain operations are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certain operations are going to be
+faster with the matrix. We do the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster with the matrix. We do the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster with the matrix. We do the exact
+same thing here and combined with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here and combined with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here and combined with our
+exploded schema. Now every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema. Now every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema. Now every single one of
+those columns is a row. And now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns is a row. And now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns is a row. And now we have
+indexed every single string in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed every single string in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed every single string in the
+entire database once with one simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire database once with one simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire database once with one simple
+schema of two tables. And not to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema of two tables. And not to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema of two tables. And not to say
+that, you know, all your databases will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, all your databases will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, all your databases will
+only have two tables,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have two tables,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have two tables,
+but they might be three tables or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they might be three tables or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they might be three tables or four
+tables is typically what we see, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables is typically what we see, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables is typically what we see, which
+is a huge reduction compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a huge reduction compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a huge reduction compared to the
+standard database schemas that one uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard database schemas that one uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard database schemas that one uses
+where it's easy to have dozens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's easy to have dozens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's easy to have dozens and
+dozens of tables, even hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of tables, even hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of tables, even hundreds of
+tables in a sort of wellthoughtout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables in a sort of wellthoughtout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables in a sort of wellthoughtout
+schema. here essentially it's one schema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema. here essentially it's one schema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schema. here essentially it's one schema
+to rule them all one table and its pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rule them all one table and its pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rule them all one table and its pair
+and you've indexed every single thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've indexed every single thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've indexed every single thing
+and the cost is you've doubled your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cost is you've doubled your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cost is you've doubled your
+storage and every single database person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and every single database person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and every single database person
+that you talk to if I said in exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you talk to if I said in exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you talk to if I said in exchange
+for doubling your storage I will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doubling your storage I will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doubling your storage I will give
+you fast index access to every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fast index access to every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fast index access to every single
+string in your database they'll usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in your database they'll usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in your database they'll usually
+take that deal 100 times out of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that deal 100 times out of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that deal 100 times out of 100
+so that's the power here of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the power here of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the power here of this
+technology is you can uh reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is you can uh reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is you can uh reference
+enormous uh data sets and we'll will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous uh data sets and we'll will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous uh data sets and we'll will
+come back to this schema over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this schema over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this schema over and over
+again. But that's sort of the madness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. But that's sort of the madness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. But that's sort of the madness
+we'll be as we move forward with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be as we move forward with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be as we move forward with
+associated arrays. We always view things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated arrays. We always view things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated arrays. We always view things
+in this way. And I want you to know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way. And I want you to know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way. And I want you to know at
+the end there's a really good reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end there's a really good reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end there's a really good reason why
+we do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we've ingested our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we've ingested our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we've ingested our data
+into the database and we can do queries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the database and we can do queries.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the database and we can do queries.
+So if I have a binding to a table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I have a binding to a table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I have a binding to a table and
+one of the things in the deformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things in the deformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things in the deformed
+technology that we do that's very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we do that's very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we do that's very nice
+for you is if you're using a table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is if you're using a table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is if you're using a table and
+it's transpose we hide that for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transpose we hide that for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transpose we hide that for you
+completely. If you do an insert into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely. If you do an insert into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely. If you do an insert into the
+table it will automatically insert as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it will automatically insert as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it will automatically insert as
+transpose and if you do a lookup on rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and if you do a lookup on rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and if you do a lookup on rows
+it will know to use one table and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will know to use one table and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will know to use one table and if it
+does a lookup on columns it will know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lookup on columns it will know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lookup on columns it will know to
+use the other table. So here we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the other table. So here we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the other table. So here we're doing
+essentially a range query. This just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a range query. This just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a range query. This just
+says give me all the data from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says give me all the data from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says give me all the data from this
+range, you know, time stamp, May,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range, you know, time stamp, May,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range, you know, time stamp, May,
+whatever to this looks like about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to this looks like about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever to this looks like about a
+three-hour time window. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-hour time window. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-hour time window. So that's a
+query into the database and it returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query into the database and it returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query into the database and it returns
+an associative array of keys. And here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array of keys. And here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array of keys. And here's
+what that looks like. It looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that looks like. It looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that looks like. It looks like a
+bunch of triples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to then take those the rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to then take those the rows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to then take those the rows of
+those keys. So basically I found every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those keys. So basically I found every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those keys. So basically I found every
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+row within a particular time stamp. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row within a particular time stamp. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row within a particular time stamp. I
+now want to get the whole row. So I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want to get the whole row. So I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want to get the whole row. So I can
+get the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the row
+of that and pass that back in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and pass that back in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and pass that back in the table
+to get the actual data. Now you see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the actual data. Now you see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the actual data. Now you see I
+get the whole row. So I get the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole row. So I get the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the whole row. So I get the server
+IP and all that stuff. The complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP and all that stuff. The complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP and all that stuff. The complete
+list.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now I'm going to do a little algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to do a little algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to do a little algebra
+here. I want to create the the graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I want to create the the graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I want to create the the graph.
+It's all source IPs and server IPs. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's all source IPs and server IPs. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's all source IPs and server IPs. So I
+get to do this with this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do this with this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do this with this basically
+correlation here which is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation here which is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation here which is essentially a
+matrix matrix multiply. That's it. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix matrix multiply. That's it. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix matrix multiply. That's it. I've
+just constructed the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constructed the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constructed the entire
+source IP and server IP graph from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source IP and server IP graph from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source IP and server IP graph from all
+the data in this time window. That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in this time window. That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in this time window. That is
+the power of D4M is it allows you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of D4M is it allows you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of D4M is it allows you to do
+correlations on this kind of data. same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations on this kind of data. same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations on this kind of data. same
+way we do correlations in using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we do correlations in using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we do correlations in using
+traditional techniques in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional techniques in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional techniques in linear
+algebra. And you can be like, well, wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. And you can be like, well, wow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. And you can be like, well, wow.
+Well, this you're I just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this you're I just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this you're I just this is
+motivational at this point. We'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational at this point. We'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational at this point. We'll get
+into exactly how you do this and exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into exactly how you do this and exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into exactly how you do this and exactly
+how you uh uh how this works in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you uh uh how this works in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you uh uh how this works in the
+example, but this is really what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, but this is really what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, but this is really what people
+use D4M for is to get to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use D4M for is to get to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use D4M for is to get to this point
+where they can do these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can do these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can do these types of
+manipulations. And the key to detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations. And the key to detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations. And the key to detection
+theory is doing correlations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is doing correlations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is doing correlations.
+correlations allow us to determine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations allow us to determine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations allow us to determine what
+the backgrounds of our data are, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backgrounds of our data are, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backgrounds of our data are, what
+the what the clutter of our data are,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the clutter of our data are,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the clutter of our data are,
+and then we can we're on our way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can we're on our way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can we're on our way with
+traditional detection theory and signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional detection theory and signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional detection theory and signal
+processing techniques and all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing techniques and all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing techniques and all the things
+that we know we love. So this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know we love. So this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know we love. So this is kind of
+that that connection made manifest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that connection made manifest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that connection made manifest.
+And so here you can see we now have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here you can see we now have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here you can see we now have an
+associative array or an adjacy matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array or an adjacy matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array or an adjacy matrix
+that's a s you know eventually of source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a s you know eventually of source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a s you know eventually of source
+IPs and their server IPs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPs and their server IPs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPs and their server IPs.
+We can actually plot that and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can actually plot that and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can actually plot that and that's how
+we got if I get the adjacy matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got if I get the adjacy matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got if I get the adjacy matrix of
+this graph G. This is what it is. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph G. This is what it is. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph G. This is what it is. That's
+how we constructed. This is the code we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we constructed. This is the code we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we constructed. This is the code we
+actually used to construct that graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, moving on here. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, moving on here. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, moving on here. So, this
+just shows the kind of the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows the kind of the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows the kind of the whole thing
+here. We had a whole week's worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We had a whole week's worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We had a whole week's worth of
+proxy data. This just shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy data. This just shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy data. This just shows you the
+timing that it took about two hours to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing that it took about two hours to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing that it took about two hours to
+ingest it and about three hours to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingest it and about three hours to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingest it and about three hours to do
+this processing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this processing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this processing.
+uh you know 100 million proxy logs, 44.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know 100 million proxy logs, 44.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know 100 million proxy logs, 44.5
+billion triples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion triples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion triples.
+This is big data. You know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is big data. You know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is big data. You know this is
+really this is big data. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is big data. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this is big data. This is the
+kind of thing that you can do. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that you can do. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that you can do. Um you
+know whatever anybody else is doing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever anybody else is doing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever anybody else is doing you
+should be able to do it on larger scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do it on larger scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do it on larger scales
+than other people using this technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other people using this technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other people using this technology.
+So that brings us to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that brings us to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that brings us to the end of the
+lecture. So just to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. So just to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. So just to summarize
+you know big data of this type is found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big data of this type is found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know big data of this type is found
+in a wide range of areas you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wide range of areas you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wide range of areas you know
+document analysis computer networks DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document analysis computer networks DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document analysis computer networks DNA
+sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing
+there's a kind of a gap between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of a gap between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of a gap between the
+tools that people traditionally use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that people traditionally use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that people traditionally use to
+to do this problem and D4M this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this problem and D4M this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this problem and D4M this
+technology uh fills this gap so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh fills this gap so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh fills this gap so with
+that are there any questions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are there any questions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are there any questions before we
+get on to the examples slide yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on to the examples slide yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on to the examples slide yes
+you had two fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the data so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the data so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the data so so we
+repeat the question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question.
+Oh yes the question was does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yes the question was does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yes the question was does it
+generalize to multi-dimensions I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to multi-dimensions I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to multi-dimensions I guess
+and so um there may be kind of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um there may be kind of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um there may be kind of two
+questions there. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there. So um
+if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had
+if I just correlated all the data took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just correlated all the data took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just correlated all the data took
+those took that table out and just fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those took that table out and just fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those took that table out and just fully
+correlated with I would end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with I would end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with I would end up with a
+giant matrix of blocks each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant matrix of blocks each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant matrix of blocks each one
+representing different correlations. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing different correlations. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing different correlations. So
+the source IP server IP correlation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source IP server IP correlation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source IP server IP correlation the
+source IP source IP correlation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source IP source IP correlation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source IP source IP correlation which
+would be empty because it's a bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be empty because it's a bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be empty because it's a bipartite
+graph and then all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then all the other
+correlations would form different blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations would form different blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations would form different blocks
+in that type of thing. So in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that type of thing. So in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that type of thing. So in that sense
+we support multi-dimensions whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we support multi-dimensions whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we support multi-dimensions whether we
+support but supporting multi-dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support but supporting multi-dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support but supporting multi-dimensions
+in terms of tensors. Okay well generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of tensors. Okay well generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of tensors. Okay well generally
+in sparse linear algebra there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sparse linear algebra there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sparse linear algebra there's very
+minimal support for higher dimensions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal support for higher dimensions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal support for higher dimensions.
+Uh, I'll put a little shout out to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I'll put a little shout out to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I'll put a little shout out to my
+friend Tammy Cola who has a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend Tammy Cola who has a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend Tammy Cola who has a technology
+called the uh, sparse tensor toolbox.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the uh, sparse tensor toolbox.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the uh, sparse tensor toolbox.
+She's a scientist at uh, Sandia and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's a scientist at uh, Sandia and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's a scientist at uh, Sandia and so I
+encourage you to to do that. But all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to to do that. But all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to to do that. But all of
+our stuff is in two dimensions from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stuff is in two dimensions from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stuff is in two dimensions from a
+linear algebraic perspective. Also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraic perspective. Also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraic perspective. Also
+linear algebraically the math there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraically the math there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraically the math there is a
+little bit more common than when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more common than when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more common than when you get
+into the tensor and then you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tensor and then you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the tensor and then you have these
+kind of weird products that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird products that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird products that you're
+starting which you can define but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting which you can define but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting which you can define but are
+just not commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not commonly
+taught. So uh and you might be like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught. So uh and you might be like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught. So uh and you might be like well
+you're really losing something there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really losing something there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really losing something there.
+I'd really like to have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd really like to have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd really like to have multiple
+multiple dimensions. Well, when we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple dimensions. Well, when we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple dimensions. Well, when we've
+looked at it, the fact of the matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it, the fact of the matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it, the fact of the matter is
+the sparsity always increases as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sparsity always increases as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sparsity always increases as you go
+to higher dimensions and the sparsity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher dimensions and the sparsity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher dimensions and the sparsity is
+sparse enough. So, typically the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse enough. So, typically the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse enough. So, typically the kinds
+of data that we'll have if you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that we'll have if you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that we'll have if you have n
+vertices, you'll have maybe 10 times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices, you'll have maybe 10 times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices, you'll have maybe 10 times n
+edges. So, the sparsity is you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So, the sparsity is you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So, the sparsity is you know is
+extremely low. If we added a dimension,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low. If we added a dimension,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low. If we added a dimension,
+the sort of internal data structure cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of internal data structure cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of internal data structure cost
+associated with adding that dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with adding that dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with adding that dimension
+would not reap the benefits because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not reap the benefits because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not reap the benefits because now
+your sparity is even lower. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sparity is even lower. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sparity is even lower. And so
+that's generally not something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally not something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally not something that is
+as commonly used. But if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as commonly used. But if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as commonly used. But if you're
+interested in exploring that, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in exploring that, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in exploring that, I
+certainly encourage people to download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly encourage people to download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly encourage people to download
+that toolbox. Very well written software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toolbox. Very well written software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toolbox. Very well written software
+and people can can people uh explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can can people uh explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people can can people uh explore
+that. Other questions? That was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Other questions? That was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Other questions? That was an
+outstanding question. Any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding question. Any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding question. Any other
+questions at this time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at this time?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions at this time?
+Very good. All right. Well, why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good. All right. Well, why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good. All right. Well, why don't we
+stop the recording right now and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the recording right now and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the recording right now and then we
+will switch take a why don't we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will switch take a why don't we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will switch take a why don't we take
+like a five minute break. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a five minute break. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a five minute break. I think
+there's some water out there and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some water out there and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some water out there and stuff
+for people and then we'll get back to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people and then we'll get back to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people and then we'll get back to um
+the act the examples which probably will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act the examples which probably will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act the examples which probably will
+be a lot more fun. So hopefully wake you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot more fun. So hopefully wake you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot more fun. So hopefully wake you
+up after after this uh this these view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up after after this uh this these view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up after after this uh this these view
+graphs.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zbu8KQx9bqM.txt b/zbu8KQx9bqM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fe1a78658174718c4a3ec9ca5f4d5a84c417bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zbu8KQx9bqM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the subject of this segment is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of this segment is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject of this segment is the
+calculation of the PMF of the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the PMF of the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the PMF of the sum of two
+independent discrete random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent discrete random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent discrete random variables
+this is the simplest example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simplest example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simplest example of a
+function of two random variables a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two random variables a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of two random variables a
+function of the form G of X and Y where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the form G of X and Y where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the form G of X and Y where
+the function G happens to be just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function G happens to be just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function G happens to be just the
+sum of the two arguments this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two arguments this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two arguments this is a very
+important example because there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example because there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example because there are many
+situations where random variables get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where random variables get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where random variables get
+added to each other we work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to each other we work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to each other we work with
+discrete random variables as a warm-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variables as a warm-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variables as a warm-up
+and later we will consider the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later we will consider the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later we will consider the case of
+continuous random variables so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous random variables so suppose
+that we know the PMF of X and Y and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know the PMF of X and Y and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know the PMF of X and Y and that
+we want to compute the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to compute the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to compute the probability that
+the sum is equal to 3 it always helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is equal to 3 it always helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is equal to 3 it always helps to
+have a picture the sum of x and y will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture the sum of x and y will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a picture the sum of x and y will
+be equal to 3 this is an event that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 3 this is an event that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 3 this is an event that can
+happen in many ways for example X could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in many ways for example X could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in many ways for example X could
+be 3 and Y could be 0 or X could be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3 and Y could be 0 or X could be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3 and Y could be 0 or X could be 1
+and Y be equal to 2 the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y be equal to 2 the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y be equal to 2 the probability of
+the event of interest that the sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of interest that the sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of interest that the sum is
+equal to 3 is going to be the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 is going to be the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 is going to be the sum of the
+probabilities of all the different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the different ways
+that this event can happen so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this event can happen so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this event can happen so it is
+going to be a sum of various terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a sum of various terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a sum of various terms and
+the typical term will be the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical term will be the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical term will be the probability
+let's say of this outcome which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say of this outcome which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say of this outcome which is that
+X is equal to 0 and Y is equal to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to 0 and Y is equal to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is equal to 0 and Y is equal to 3
+another typical term in the sum will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another typical term in the sum will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another typical term in the sum will be
+the probability of this outcome here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this outcome here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this outcome here the
+probability that X is equal to 1 Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is equal to 1 Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is equal to 1 Y is
+equal to 2 and so on now here comes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and so on now here comes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and so on now here comes an
+important step because we have assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important step because we have assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important step because we have assumed
+that x and y are independent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x and y are independent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x and y are independent the
+probability of these two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of these two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of these two events
+happening is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is the product of the
+probabilities of each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of each one of these
+events so it is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so it is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so it is the product of the
+probability that X is equal to 0 who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is equal to 0 who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is equal to 0 who are
+now I'm using PMF notation times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm using PMF notation times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm using PMF notation times the
+probability that Y is equal to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is equal to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is equal to 3
+similarly the next term is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the next term is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the next term is the
+probability that X is equal to 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is equal to 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X is equal to 1 times
+the probability that y is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that y is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that y is equal to 2
+again we can do this because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can do this because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we can do this because we are
+assuming that our two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that our two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that our two random variables
+are independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of
+now let us generalize in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us generalize in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let us generalize in the general
+case the probability that the sum takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the probability that the sum takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the probability that the sum takes
+on a particular value little Z can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular value little Z can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular value little Z can be
+calculated as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated as follows
+we look at all the different ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at all the different ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at all the different ways that
+the sum of little Z can be obtained one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of little Z can be obtained one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of little Z can be obtained one
+way is that the random variable X takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is that the random variable X takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is that the random variable X takes
+on specific value little X and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on specific value little X and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on specific value little X and at the
+same time the random variable Y takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the random variable Y takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the random variable Y takes
+the value that's needed so that the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that's needed so that the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that's needed so that the sum
+of the two is equal to little Z for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two is equal to little Z for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two is equal to little Z for a
+given value of x of little X we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value of x of little X we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value of x of little X we have a
+particular way that the sum is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way that the sum is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way that the sum is equal to
+Z and this particular way has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and this particular way has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and this particular way has a certain
+probability but little X could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but little X could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but little X could be
+anything and different choices of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and different choices of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and different choices of little
+X give us different ways that the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X give us different ways that the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X give us different ways that the event
+of interest can happen so we add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest can happen so we add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest can happen so we add those
+probabilities over all possible X's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities over all possible X's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities over all possible X's and
+then we proceed as follows we invoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we proceed as follows we invoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we proceed as follows we invoke
+Independence of x and Y to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence of x and Y to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence of x and Y to write this
+probability as a product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability as a product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability as a product of two
+probabilities and then we use PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and then we use PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and then we use PMF
+notation instead of probability notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation instead of probability notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation instead of probability notation
+to obtain this expression here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain this expression here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain this expression here this
+formula is called the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is called the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is called the convolution
+formula it is the convolution of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it is the convolution of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it is the convolution of two
+pmfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmfs
+what convolution means is that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what convolution means is that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what convolution means is that somebody
+gives us the PMF of one random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the PMF of one random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the PMF of one random variable
+gives us also the PMF of another random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us also the PMF of another random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us also the PMF of another random
+variable and when we say were given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and when we say were given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and when we say were given the
+PMF it means were given the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF it means were given the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF it means were given the values of
+the PMF for all possible choices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMF for all possible choices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PMF for all possible choices of
+little X and little Y the arguments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X and little Y the arguments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X and little Y the arguments of
+the two pmfs then the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pmfs then the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two pmfs then the convolution
+formula does a certain calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula does a certain calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula does a certain calculation and
+spits out now a new PMF which is the PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out now a new PMF which is the PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out now a new PMF which is the PMF
+of the random variable Z let us now take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable Z let us now take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable Z let us now take
+a closer look of what it takes to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closer look of what it takes to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closer look of what it takes to carry
+out the calculations involved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the calculations involved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the calculations involved in this
+convolution formula let us proceed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution formula let us proceed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution formula let us proceed by a
+simple example that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example that will
+the methodology were given to pmf's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology were given to pmf's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology were given to pmf's of
+two random variables and assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables and assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables and assuming that
+they're independent the PMF of their sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent the PMF of their sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent the PMF of their sum
+is determined by this formula here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by this formula here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by this formula here and
+we want to see what those terms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see what those terms in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see what those terms in this
+summation would be suppose that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation would be suppose that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation would be suppose that were
+interested in the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the probability that the
+sum is equal to three now the sum is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is equal to three now the sum is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is equal to three now the sum is it
+going to be equal to three this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to three this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to three this can
+happen in several ways we could have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in several ways we could have X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in several ways we could have X
+equal to 1 and y equal to 2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and y equal to 2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and y equal to 2 this
+combination is one way that the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is one way that the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is one way that the sum of
+three can be obtained and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three can be obtained and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three can be obtained and that
+combination has a probability of 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination has a probability of 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination has a probability of 1/3
+times 3 sixths and that would be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 sixths and that would be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 3 sixths and that would be one of
+the terms in this summation another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms in this summation another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms in this summation another way
+that the sum of 3 can be obtained is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of 3 can be obtained is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of 3 can be obtained is by
+having X equal to 4 and y equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having X equal to 4 and y equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having X equal to 4 and y equal to minus
+1 and by multiplying this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and by multiplying this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and by multiplying this probability
+2/3 with 2/6 we obtain another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 with 2/6 we obtain another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 with 2/6 we obtain another
+contribution to this summation however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to this summation however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to this summation however
+keeping track of these correspondences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of these correspondences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of these correspondences
+here can become a little complicated if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can become a little complicated if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can become a little complicated if
+we have richer pmfs so an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have richer pmfs so an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have richer pmfs so an alternative
+way of arranging the calculation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of arranging the calculation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of arranging the calculation is the
+following let us take the PMF of Y flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following let us take the PMF of Y flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following let us take the PMF of Y flip
+it along this vertical axis so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along this vertical axis so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along this vertical axis so these two
+terms will go to the left side and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms will go to the left side and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms will go to the left side and this
+term will go to the right hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will go to the right hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will go to the right hand side and
+then draw it underneath the PMF of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then draw it underneath the PMF of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then draw it underneath the PMF of X
+this is what we obtain then let us take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we obtain then let us take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we obtain then let us take
+this drawing here and shift it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drawing here and shift it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drawing here and shift it to the
+right by 3 so the entry of -2 goes to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by 3 so the entry of -2 goes to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by 3 so the entry of -2 goes to 1
+minus 1 goes to 2 and 1 goes to 4 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 goes to 2 and 1 goes to 4 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 goes to 2 and 1 goes to 4 so
+what have we accomplished by these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we accomplished by these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we accomplished by these two
+transformations well the term that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations well the term that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations well the term that had
+probability three sixths and which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability three sixths and which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability three sixths and which were
+to be multiplied with the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be multiplied with the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be multiplied with the probability
+1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3
+on that side now these three sixths sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that side now these three sixths sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that side now these three sixths sits
+here so we have this correspondence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have this correspondence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have this correspondence and
+we need to multiply 1/3 by 3 sixths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to multiply 1/3 by 3 sixths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to multiply 1/3 by 3 sixths
+similarly the multiplication of 2/3 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the multiplication of 2/3 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the multiplication of 2/3 with
+2 sixths corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sixths corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sixths corresponds to the
+multiplication of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of this problem
+here times the probability of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times the probability of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times the probability of this term
+here so when the diagrams are arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when the diagrams are arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when the diagrams are arranged
+this way then we have a simpler job to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way then we have a simpler job to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way then we have a simpler job to
+do we look at corresponding terms those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we look at corresponding terms those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we look at corresponding terms those
+that sit on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sit on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sit on top of each other
+multiply them do that for all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them do that for all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them do that for all possible
+choices and then add those products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and then add those products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and then add those products
+together and this is what we do if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this is what we do if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this is what we do if we're
+shifting by three now if we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting by three now if we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting by three now if we wanted to
+find the probability that is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability that is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability that is equal to
+four we would be doing the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we would be doing the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we would be doing the same thing
+except that this diagram would need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that this diagram would need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that this diagram would need to
+be shifted by one more unit to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shifted by one more unit to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shifted by one more unit to the right
+so that we have a total shift of four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we have a total shift of four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we have a total shift of four so
+we just repeat this procedure for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just repeat this procedure for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just repeat this procedure for all
+possible values of Z which corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of Z which corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of Z which corresponds
+to taking this diagram here and shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to taking this diagram here and shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to taking this diagram here and shifting
+it progressively by different amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it progressively by different amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it progressively by different amounts
+this turns out to be a fairly simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be a fairly simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be a fairly simple and
+systematic way of arranging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way of arranging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way of arranging the
+calculations at least if you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations at least if you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations at least if you are doing
+them by hand of course an alternative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by hand of course an alternative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by hand of course an alternative is
+to carry out the calculations on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out the calculations on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out the calculations on a
+computer this is a pretty simple formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer this is a pretty simple formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer this is a pretty simple formula
+that is not hard to implement on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not hard to implement on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not hard to implement on a
+computer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zv2iDnxWJfM.txt b/zv2iDnxWJfM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..624b19256a22eb3b6b3ca8493ffe8bf03a51cb91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zv2iDnxWJfM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi my name is Viper and today we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Viper and today we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Viper and today we will
+learn about functions so functions are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about functions so functions are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about functions so functions are a
+very important concept both for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept both for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept both for your
+engineering entrance exams and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering entrance exams and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering entrance exams and also in
+order to understand various concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to understand various concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to understand various concepts in
+mathematics it's a very fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it's a very fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics it's a very fundamental
+concept and it is used to describe a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and it is used to describe a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and it is used to describe a lot
+of phenomena in both the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phenomena in both the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phenomena in both the physical
+chemical and other other phenomenon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and other other phenomenon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical and other other phenomenon that
+happens in the real world so and also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the real world so and also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the real world so and also a
+lot of a lot of chapters that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of chapters that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a lot of chapters that you will
+learn further on such as like limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn further on such as like limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn further on such as like limits
+derivatives continuity and like be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives continuity and like be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives continuity and like be it
+any other chapter in mathematics here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other chapter in mathematics here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other chapter in mathematics here
+knowing functions is very important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing functions is very important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing functions is very important so
+it's a very fundamental chapter it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very fundamental chapter it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very fundamental chapter it has
+various definitions and a lot of use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various definitions and a lot of use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various definitions and a lot of use for
+the next topics that you learn so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topics that you learn so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topics that you learn so we'll
+start with a with an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a with an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a with an intuitive
+definition of functions something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of functions something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of functions something which
+use which will try to understand using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which will try to understand using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which will try to understand using
+examples and then we will try to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then we will try to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and then we will try to go into
+a more mathematically precise definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more mathematically precise definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more mathematically precise definition
+so functions are used to describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+special relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between two variables so here the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two variables so here the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two variables so here the world
+relation is a mathematical concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is a mathematical concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is a mathematical concept that
+will understand later but this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand later but this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand later but this is a very
+intuitive concept where like what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive concept where like what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive concept where like what we are
+trying to see is we have two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see is we have two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see is we have two variables
+of interest and we are trying to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest and we are trying to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest and we are trying to define
+the what is the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the relationship between
+them and that that is something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that that is something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that that is something which is
+important in a lot of places because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a lot of places because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a lot of places because you
+always have something such as an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have something such as an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have something such as an input
+to a system and an output to a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system and an output to a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system and an output to a system
+and you want to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to figure out what the
+system is doing and functions come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is doing and functions come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is doing and functions come in
+handy at that place a lot so and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy at that place a lot so and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy at that place a lot so and so this
+is a very intuitive sort of description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very intuitive sort of description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very intuitive sort of description
+of functions and in order to define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions and in order to define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions and in order to define it
+using for our use we took like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for our use we took like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for our use we took like
+mathematicians use different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians use different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians use different types of
+descriptors for functions and typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors for functions and typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptors for functions and typically
+functions are described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd rule or an equation and now we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rule or an equation and now we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd rule or an equation and now we will
+see like how the system so when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like how the system so when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like how the system so when you have
+two variables either you can draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables either you can draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables either you can draw a
+graph draw a plot to show how they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph draw a plot to show how they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph draw a plot to show how they are
+related or you can have a very intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related or you can have a very intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related or you can have a very intuitive
+rule which you can very easily describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule which you can very easily describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule which you can very easily describe
+or at times like as we will see in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at times like as we will see in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at times like as we will see in more
+and more will be using equations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more will be using equations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more will be using equations to
+describe a function so let's begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a function so let's begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a function so let's begin with
+a very simple example we'll take a life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example we'll take a life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example we'll take a life
+of a typical student who is studying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a typical student who is studying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a typical student who is studying for
+who's studying for an exam and going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's studying for an exam and going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's studying for an exam and going to
+school and we want to figure out how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and we want to figure out how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and we want to figure out how how
+his or her day goes so let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her day goes so let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her day goes so let's call that
+student so know and we want to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student so know and we want to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student so know and we want to find out
+how so new statement and the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so new statement and the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so new statement and the variable
+that we are interested in is how far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are interested in is how far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are interested in is how far so
+know is from home so variable one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is from home so variable one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is from home so variable one and
+that will predict this time and variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will predict this time and variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will predict this time and variable
+two will be so knows distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from home now let's go to our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from home now let's go to our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from home now let's go to our first
+definition that we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we wrote
+so first description for function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first description for function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first description for function this
+function is a special relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a special relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a special relation between
+two variables and here what we have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables and here what we have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables and here what we have are
+two variables of interest one is time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables of interest one is time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables of interest one is time of
+the day and how far Stoneham is from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and how far Stoneham is from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and how far Stoneham is from his
+own so let's let's try to make a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so let's let's try to make a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own so let's let's try to make a plot
+for like a typical day I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a typical day I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a typical day I'll try to
+remember how my school days were and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how my school days were and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how my school days were and try
+to make a plot based on that so so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a plot based on that so so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a plot based on that so so I'll
+just divide so on x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just divide so on x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just divide so on x-axis
+I'll draw time of day and on y-axis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw time of day and on y-axis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw time of day and on y-axis I
+will draw a distance from home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we will count time from midnight so 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will count time from midnight so 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will count time from midnight so 0
+and in 24-hour format so 0 then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 24-hour format so 0 then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 24-hour format so 0 then let's
+say 5 10 15 20 and 24 because the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 5 10 15 20 and 24 because the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 5 10 15 20 and 24 because the day
+has 24 hours and then we want to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 24 hours and then we want to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 24 hours and then we want to figure
+out how the day went so in morning sono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how the day went so in morning sono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how the day went so in morning sono
+was at home till 6 o clock then he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at home till 6 o clock then he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at home till 6 o clock then he went
+went to school so the distance was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to school so the distance was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to school so the distance was some
+distance how how much fire the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance how how much fire the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance how how much fire the school
+was and then he was at school to roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then he was at school to roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and then he was at school to roughly
+2 p.m. which is 14 hours then he went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 p.m. which is 14 hours then he went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 p.m. which is 14 hours then he went to
+a friend then let's say he goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friend then let's say he goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friend then let's say he goes to a
+friend's place spend some time there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's place spend some time there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend's place spend some time there and
+then comes back at to home and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back at to home and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back at to home and then
+spends the rest of the time at home so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends the rest of the time at home so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends the rest of the time at home so
+here we see that very intuitively we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that very intuitively we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that very intuitively we can
+describe relationship between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe relationship between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe relationship between two
+variables using a plot and this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables using a plot and this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables using a plot and this plot
+essentially is describing a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is describing a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is describing a function of
+where the rail zone is throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rail zone is throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rail zone is throughout the
+day like how far Sonam is from his home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day like how far Sonam is from his home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day like how far Sonam is from his home
+throughout the day with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the day with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the day with respect to the
+time of the day so similarly we can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the day so similarly we can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the day so similarly we can draw
+such graphs or such relations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such graphs or such relations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such graphs or such relations for
+different variables so taking an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables so taking an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables so taking an example
+from physics let's say we want to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physics let's say we want to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physics let's say we want to study
+a similar thing but for a object which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar thing but for a object which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar thing but for a object which
+is moving with a constant velocity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving with a constant velocity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving with a constant velocity so
+let's take another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you want to draw a plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to draw a plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to draw a plot of the
+distance of this object from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of this object from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of this object from the
+starting point it will be something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point it will be something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point it will be something very
+similar to this the nature of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this the nature of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this the nature of the graph
+will be different but essentially we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be different but essentially we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be different but essentially we are
+plotting similar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting similar things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting similar things
+so again variable one will be time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again variable one will be time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again variable one will be time and
+variable two will be distance from start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable two will be distance from start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable two will be distance from start
+and we know if an object is moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know if an object is moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know if an object is moving with
+the constant velocity it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant velocity it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant velocity it can be
+described by an equation which is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by an equation which is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by an equation which is let's
+say we'd describe variable two using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we'd describe variable two using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we'd describe variable two using the
+variable D and this is described by T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable D and this is described by T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable D and this is described by T so
+D will be equal to and let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D will be equal to and let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D will be equal to and let's say the
+speed is one which is given so one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is one which is given so one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is one which is given so one times
+T where T is in hours so now this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T where T is in hours so now this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T where T is in hours so now this is an
+example where we describe the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we describe the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we describe the function
+with an equation so we saw that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an equation so we saw that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an equation so we saw that a
+function can be described by a graph a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be described by a graph a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be described by a graph a
+rule so at first the rule was where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so at first the rule was where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so at first the rule was where you
+are from home or it could be a rule like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from home or it could be a rule like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from home or it could be a rule like
+object moving with constant speed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object moving with constant speed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object moving with constant speed and
+then at time so you also use equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time so you also use equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at time so you also use equations
+and they are interchangeable so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are interchangeable so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are interchangeable so here we
+can write this rule as an equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this rule as an equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this rule as an equation and
+this equation as a graph so let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation as a graph so let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation as a graph so let me try
+to draw a straight line and this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a straight line and this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a straight line and this is how
+how the distance varies with time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the distance varies with time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the distance varies with time so
+these are some examples of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some examples of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some examples of functions
+which occur in like day to day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occur in like day to day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which occur in like day to day
+activities and in these examples we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and in these examples we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and in these examples we see
+that the functions input is the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the functions input is the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the functions input is the variable
+one was always time in both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was always time in both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was always time in both of these
+example but that doesn't have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but that doesn't have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but that doesn't have to be the
+case functions can have different with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case functions can have different with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case functions can have different with
+different notions of variable one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different notions of variable one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different notions of variable one and
+variable two depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable two depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable two depending on the
+application another interesting way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application another interesting way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application another interesting way to
+look at functions is as an input-output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at functions is as an input-output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at functions is as an input-output
+relation so here in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples that we studied we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we studied we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we studied we had two
+variables and we can also think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we can also think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we can also think of them
+as a relation between input function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a relation between input function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a relation between input function
+which goes through a function and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes through a function and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes through a function and out
+comes output so in example 1 input was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes output so in example 1 input was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes output so in example 1 input was
+time of day and output was distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of day and output was distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of day and output was distance from
+home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly an example to the input was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly an example to the input was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly an example to the input was
+time in hours and output was distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in hours and output was distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in hours and output was distance
+from starting location so we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from starting location so we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from starting location so we have seen
+multiple ways of intuitively describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways of intuitively describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways of intuitively describing
+the function so either it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so either it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so either it could be a
+special type of relation between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special type of relation between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special type of relation between two
+variables which could be described using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which could be described using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which could be described using
+a graph rule or equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph rule or equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph rule or equation
+it could be thing thought of as a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be thing thought of as a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be thing thought of as a system
+which converts an input to an output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which converts an input to an output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which converts an input to an output and
+that is and whenever we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and whenever we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and whenever we have something
+anything of this sort we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything of this sort we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything of this sort we can use
+functions to describe them now once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to describe them now once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to describe them now once we
+have these functions like there they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these functions like there they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these functions like there they are
+very useful and they can be they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful and they can be they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful and they can be they can be
+manually manipulated to figure out a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually manipulated to figure out a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually manipulated to figure out a lot
+of properties of the system so so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties of the system so so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties of the system so so far we
+have seen like a few examples now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen like a few examples now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen like a few examples now I
+would request you to take some time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would request you to take some time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would request you to take some time to
+think about other functions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about other functions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about other functions that you
+encounter in daily life so for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in daily life so for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in daily life so for those of
+you who like sports you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who like sports you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who like sports you can think of
+something let's say in cricket your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let's say in cricket your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let's say in cricket your
+favorite batsman hits a ball and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite batsman hits a ball and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite batsman hits a ball and you
+want to figure out how fast the ball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out how fast the ball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out how fast the ball is
+moving so you can have time after which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so you can have time after which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so you can have time after which
+the ball was hit and the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball was hit and the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball was hit and the speed of the
+ball and it doesn't have to be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and it doesn't have to be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and it doesn't have to be anything
+to do with speed or time it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with speed or time it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with speed or time it could be
+something altogether different so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something altogether different so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something altogether different so let's
+say you are traveling in a train from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you are traveling in a train from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you are traveling in a train from
+Bombay to Delhi and at Mumbai 20 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay to Delhi and at Mumbai 20 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bombay to Delhi and at Mumbai 20 people
+ride on the train and then the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride on the train and then the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride on the train and then the number of
+people changes every station and based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people changes every station and based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people changes every station and based
+on the distance from Mumbai you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the distance from Mumbai you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the distance from Mumbai you can
+figure out the number of passengers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the number of passengers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the number of passengers in
+the train so in in this example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train so in in this example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train so in in this example in the
+train example so distance is the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train example so distance is the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train example so distance is the input
+variable or variable one distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or variable one distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or variable one distance from
+start and output variable is number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and output variable is number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and output variable is number of
+passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly you can make other for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can make other for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can make other for
+other functions you can find other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions you can find other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions you can find other
+functions in your day-to-day activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in your day-to-day activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in your day-to-day activities
+and they they occur in like almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they occur in like almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they occur in like almost all
+physical and in various physical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and in various physical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and in various physical and
+chemical phenomenon and so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical phenomenon and so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical phenomenon and so a lot of
+things that you are learning in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you are learning in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you are learning in physics
+and chemistry are also typical so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemistry are also typical so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemistry are also typical so like
+functions are also used for their to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are also used for their to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are also used for their to
+describe this phenomenon so like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this phenomenon so like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this phenomenon so like yeah
+again takes some time to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again takes some time to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again takes some time to think about
+examples of functions and also one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of functions and also one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of functions and also one thing
+that that is very important to see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is very important to see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is very important to see here
+is what makes variable one go on the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes variable one go on the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes variable one go on the x
+axis and variable y go on the Y so is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and variable y go on the Y so is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and variable y go on the Y so is it
+possible to flip time and distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to flip time and distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to flip time and distance from
+home in this in this graph so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home in this in this graph so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home in this in this graph so think
+think about Y variable when one is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Y variable when one is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Y variable when one is on
+x-axis and variable two is on Y axis one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and variable two is on Y axis one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and variable two is on Y axis one
+way to reason you could think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to reason you could think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to reason you could think of as
+variable one is sort of input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable one is sort of input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable one is sort of input and
+variable two is output but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable two is output but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable two is output but there are
+other reasons as we will see as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons as we will see as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons as we will see as we go
+ahead so this was a very intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so this was a very intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so this was a very intuitive
+definition of functions now let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of functions now let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of functions now let's try to
+see it from a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it from a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it from a mathematical
+mathematically precise perspective so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically precise perspective so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically precise perspective so
+for that we'll go back to our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we'll go back to our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we'll go back to our original
+statement that functions are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that functions are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that functions are used to
+describe a special relation between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a special relation between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a special relation between two
+variables so here we have like a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so here we have like a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so here we have like a few
+mathematical terms we have relations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical terms we have relations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical terms we have relations and
+we have variables and we will try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have variables and we will try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have variables and we will try to see
+how how they relate to the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how they relate to the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how they relate to the mathematical
+concepts that we already know so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that we already know so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that we already know so one
+thing that you have already learned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you have already learned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you have already learned is
+sets sets are a collection of items and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets sets are a collection of items and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets sets are a collection of items and
+so let's say we have a set a and B where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we have a set a and B where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we have a set a and B where
+a could be like any any object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a could be like any any object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a could be like any any object of
+interest and B could be another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and B could be another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and B could be another set of
+object of interest and let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of interest and let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of interest and let's say we
+denote elements of a by a small a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote elements of a by a small a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote elements of a by a small a and
+elements of B by small V so once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of B by small V so once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of B by small V so once we have
+this set we have variables from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set we have variables from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set we have variables from these
+sets and we can use and whenever there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and we can use and whenever there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and we can use and whenever there
+is any relationship between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any relationship between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any relationship between these
+variables we can define them using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we can define them using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we can define them using
+certain mathematical constructs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mathematical constructs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mathematical constructs
+so one construct is a Cartesian product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one construct is a Cartesian product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one construct is a Cartesian product
+of two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a Cartesian product of two sets a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a Cartesian product of two sets a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a Cartesian product of two sets a B
+is given by a cross P and includes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by a cross P and includes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by a cross P and includes all
+the elements a comma B so let's say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements a comma B so let's say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements a comma B so let's say if
+set a has two variables let's say a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a has two variables let's say a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a has two variables let's say a 1
+and a 2 and set B has one variable B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2 and set B has one variable B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a 2 and set B has one variable B 1
+then a cross B will have three variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a cross B will have three variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a cross B will have three variables
+because a 1 comma B 1 a 2 comma B 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a 1 comma B 1 a 2 comma B 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a 1 comma B 1 a 2 comma B 1 and
+oh sorry it will have two variables as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry it will have two variables as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry it will have two variables as
+well but if set we had another variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but if set we had another variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but if set we had another variable
+B 2 then the additional variables will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 2 then the additional variables will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 2 then the additional variables will
+be 4 so a 1 comma B 1 B 2 and a 2 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4 so a 1 comma B 1 B 2 and a 2 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4 so a 1 comma B 1 B 2 and a 2 comma
+B 2 so Cartesian product of two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 2 so Cartesian product of two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 2 so Cartesian product of two sets
+essentially includes number of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially includes number of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially includes number of elements
+from set a x number of elements from set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from set a x number of elements from set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from set a x number of elements from set
+B and this is a very big set and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and this is a very big set and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and this is a very big set and a
+relation is defined as a subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is defined as a subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is defined as a subset of the
+Cartesian product so let's say for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian product so let's say for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian product so let's say for some
+reason you are only interested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you are only interested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you are only interested in a
+subset of this this Cartesian product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of this this Cartesian product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of this this Cartesian product
+set we let's say call it by R so this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we let's say call it by R so this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we let's say call it by R so this R
+let's say has a 1 comma B 1 and a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say has a 1 comma B 1 and a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say has a 1 comma B 1 and a 2
+comma B 2 and so this is any subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma B 2 and so this is any subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma B 2 and so this is any subset of
+the Cartesian product is it's a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cartesian product is it's a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cartesian product is it's a relation
+so now we have defined some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have defined some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have defined some of the
+quantities that we needed to know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we needed to know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we needed to know in
+order to sort of understand our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to sort of understand our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to sort of understand our
+intuitive definition of functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive definition of functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive definition of functions and
+now that we have defined like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have defined like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have defined like the
+important concepts that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts that we need to
+define our precise definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define our precise definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define our precise definition of
+functions we'll see in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we'll see in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we'll see in the next lecture
+how we combine sets Cartesian products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we combine sets Cartesian products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we combine sets Cartesian products
+and relations specifically relations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relations specifically relations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relations specifically relations to
+figure out what is special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is special about
+functions
\ No newline at end of file